Tattaunawar user:Gwanki

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      <comment>/* Feminism and Folklores  2024 Organizers Feedback */ sabon sashe</comment>
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      <text bytes="29741" sha1="9m2l39kdocxno1oplu5wi3od2yty2ql" xml:space="preserve">==Article about Tony Rinaudo?==
In Niger's desolate Sahel region, Australian agricultural expert Tony Rinaudo found out that even the most devastated regions are criss-crossed by an endless network of roots: &quot;An underground forest&quot;. 
Would you like to write an article about him ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rinaudo Tony Rinaudo]) as &quot;He inspired farmers to carry on this work over the years. Rinaudo's pioneering technique is called Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, or FMNR.&quot;[8] The FMNR website describes the technique as a &quot;low-cost land restoration technique used to combat poverty and hunger amongst poor subsistence farmers by increasing food and timber production and resilience to climate extremes&quot;.[8][9][10] He consequently earned the nickname &quot;the Forest Maker&quot;.[11]&quot; Yours --[[User:Cethegus|Cethegus]] ([[User talk:Cethegus|talk]]) 18:51, 6 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! ==

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[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]]

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Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:37, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)
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My heartfelt congratulations! --[[User:Cethegus|Cethegus]] ([[User talk:Cethegus|talk]]) 22:03, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you very much [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:19, 26 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)
::Assalamu Alaikum , Masha Allah ina godiya mln Abu amma Dan Allah ina bukatar ka Dan bani dama koda a chart ne yadda zamu kara tattaunawa akan gyaregyare na wadan da ya kamata ace na gyara ina godiya. [[User:Ustaxabunuhu|Ustaxabunuhu]] ([[User talk:Ustaxabunuhu|talk]]) 16:38, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)
::Hey oga gwanki I hope you so much you are doing well edit saratu gidado article in fulfulde and hausa [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|talk]]) 20:24, 10 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Share Shafi ==

Share shafi [[Sahrul Projectt]] Sockpuppet ne ya ƙirƙira. Dubi: [[:id:Wikipedia:Penyalahgunaan_jangka_panjang/Sahrul_Projectt]]. [[User:Willnothappen|Willnothappen]] ([[User talk:Willnothappen|talk]]) 09:19, 23 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)

== Email ==

Aslm, Barka da Aiki @[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]]. Na maka magana ta Email, ta hanyar (Email This User). [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:57, 24 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

:Assalam Alaikum [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] I'm sorry, na ga sakon ka na kuma fahimci komi. Zan maka karin bayani a email din, sorry for late reply. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:23, 24 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Spam ==

‎[[Viraj Ashwin]], ‎[[Abhay Kumar]] Spam [[User:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|talk]]) 18:28, 10 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== [[Sushi Kaneyoshi]] ==

Barka da Sir Na kirkiro wannan labarin tare da taimakon fassarar MinT Machine shine wannan labarin mai kyau? Ina inganta kwarewata na gyara? ko don Allah ku shawarce ni da wasu ci gaba. Zan bi su a shafi na gaba. [[User:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|talk]]) 15:34, 16 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2024 Writing Competition ==

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[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
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Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Hope you are doing well, Wishing you a Happy New Year!.

We extend a heartfelt invitation to you to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition, which is scheduled to take place from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024. This year's edition of Feminism and Folklore will concentrate on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics, aligning with a Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus and featuring a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

This year we have created two new Tools for the Feminism and Folklore project. The tool is called '''Campwiz'''. This tool is created by the international Tech team of Wiki Loves Folkore especially crafted for Feminism and Folklore project. The tool works as same as fountain or dashboard but has extra abilities required for jury and submission of articles.   

To create a new campaign on Campwiz, organizers to follow these steps:

# Go to the tool link: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
# Select your wiki on which you want to organize the campaign (enter the name or short code, such as &quot;{{CONTENTLANG}}&quot; for {{#language:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} {{SITENAME}}).
# Give your campaign a name example &quot;Feminism and Folklore 2024 on {{#language:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} {{SITENAME}})&quot;.
# Select the start and end dates (note: keep your start date as Feb 1 and end date as March 31).
# Provide a description for your campaign (you can briefly describe the campaign in this section).
# Make sure to keep the checkboxes ticked for &quot;Allow users to submit articles that were not created but expanded.&quot; if you want to use the campaign for expanded articles also. 
# Keep minimum added bytes as 4000 and minimum added words as 400 and click next.
# In the jury section, keep the checkboxes ticked for &quot;Allow jury members to participate in the campaign&quot; and &quot;Prevent jury members from seeing each other's votes.&quot; As per your preference.
# Under the jury search box, type the username of your jury and click on the &quot;+&quot; button to add; you can add multiple jury members.
# Click next to review and then click on save.

With this we have also created a '''Missing article tool'''. This tool identifies articles in the English Wikipedia that are absent from your native language Wikipedia. You can customize your selection criteria, and our tool will provide you with a table displaying the missing articles along with suggested titles. You also have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats.

Both tools, the Missing Article Tool and the Campwiz Tool, are now available for public use during the Feminism and Folklore campaign. You can find more information about these tools here: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

There are also some changes in the rules and criteria's. Please go through the rules below.

# '''Minimum Length:''' The expanded or new article should have a minimum of '''''4000 bytes or 400 words''''', ensuring sufficient depth and coverage of the chosen topic. The local organizers are free to choose the minimum length criteria as per needs of their local Wikipedia and must be clearly mention on local project page.
# '''Language Quality:''' Articles should not be poorly machine-translated, ensuring that language quality and readability are maintained at a high standard.
# '''Timeline of Creation or Expansion:''' The article should be created or expanded between 1 February and 31 March, aligning with the specified contest timeline.
# '''Theme Relevance''': Articles should directly address the theme of feminism and folklore, exploring connections between gender, cultural traditions, and intangible heritage.
# '''No Orphaned Articles:''' Articles must not be orphaned, meaning they should be linked from at least one other article to ensure visibility within the Wikipedia ecosystem.
# '''No Copyright violations:''' There should be no copyright violations, and articles should adhere to local Wikipedia policies on notability, ensuring that the content meets the standards for notability.
# '''Adequate references and Citations:''' Each article should include proper references and citations following local Wikipedia policies, ensuring the reliability and credibility of the information presented.

Learn more about the contest details and prizes on our project page [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|here]]. Should you require any assistance, please feel free to contact us on our meta talk page or via email.

We eagerly anticipate your enthusiastic coordination and participation in Feminism and Folklore 2024.

Thank you and Best wishes,

'''Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team'''

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:51, 18 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)
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== [[Anthony Kiedis]] ==

@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]]Shin za ku bincika cewa wannan labarin da aka kirkira yana da kyau? [[User:Bilal Mustafa Sheikh|Bilal Mustafa Sheikh]] ([[User talk:Bilal Mustafa Sheikh|talk]]) 08:05, 28 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

==Aisha Aliyu Bokuta==
Salam @[[Gwanki]] na Lura kaman ka dakatar da edit da nakeyi yanzu. Ko meyasa?
[[User:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|Aisha Aliyu Bokuta]] ([[User talk:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|talk]]) 15:38, 31 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

:Wls @[[User:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|Aisha Aliyu Bokuta]], A'a ban kulle ki ba, na dai goge wata muƙalar da kika yi guda daya ne Sammakon ba makala kika fassara ba. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 20:04, 31 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Organising Feminism and Folklore ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | 350px | right]]

Hello Community Organizers,

Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia.

To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners:

*First Prize: $15 USD
*Second Prize: $10 USD
*Best Jury Article: $5 USD

All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page 

The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. 

We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 50 organizers and Jury members for who request for it. Remember, only 50 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 50 registrations, and the deadline is March 15, 2024. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdnytyact-HR6DvsWwnrVeWuzMfuNH1dSjpF24m6od-f3LzZQ/viewform here]. 

Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $30 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest.  

We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for office hours on '''Saturday, March 2, 2024'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2024_Office_Hour_2  meta page].

Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia!

Best regards,

Rockpeterson

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:56, 29 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC)
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== Wai kai ya zaka bataman aiki bayan kuma baka kara wani abu akan articles din ==

Imposter [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 00:19, 10 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

:Aslm @[[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]], Ni bana ɓata aikin kowa sai dai na gyara. Kayi maƙaloli sama da 600 amma kaso 90% ba masu kyau ne ba. A baya na gyara kusan 40% na maƙalolin ka wajen haɗa su da Wikidata. Yanzu ma na ga ka dawo ka ci gaba da yin irin su saboda haka ka daina yin reverts na gyaran da na ma ba tare da dalili ba. Cigaba da yin haka sabawa ƙa'idar editing Wikipedia ne. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 06:32, 10 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== Reporting unattributed machine translations + copyright violations ==

Hello! I'm Vermont, a [[m:Stewards|steward]]. Apologies for writing in English. I couldn't find whether the Hausa Wikipedia has an admin noticeboard, so I'm messaging you directly.

Yesterday I noticed that [[Special:CentralAuth/787IYO|787IYO]] has been creating many pages which are just English Wikipedia articles put through Google Translate. I spot-checked 5 articles, and none of their text was modified from the Google Translate'd version at all. Unmodified machine translations are generally not very good, and also has resulted in broken links and tables, examples: [[Harshen Bilen]] and [[Harshen Lemerig]].

I left the user a [[:meta:User talk:787IYO#Copyright violations and machine translation|message on their Meta-Wiki talk page]] asking them to go back and add attribution to the English Wikipedia articles (which is required by the CC BY-SA 4.0 license) and check for errors in translation. 787IYO confirmed that they would do this, however...

When I checked their edits today, I noticed they just created this article: [[Hutun Haihuwa]]. The one source is a copyrighted website, and the article's content is machine-translated from that website. Specifically, from the first paragraph &quot;Maternity leave refers to...&quot; and the &quot;How long is maternity leave?&quot; section. Given that the website's content is copyrighted, this article should be deleted.

Best regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 15:43, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

:Dear @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]],
:Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I appreciate your efforts in highlighting the issues with [[User:787IYO|787IYO]]'s contributions. I will thoroughly review the user's contributions and take appropriate action, including the deletion of any non-compliant articles. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:15, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)
::Hi! Thanks. To note, it's ongoing: [[Shareefah Ibrahim]] (created 3 hours ago) is an unmodified Google Translate of [https://authorpedia.net/our-authors/sheefah-zarma/ this copyrighted authorpedia.net] post. Best regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 21:01, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)
::This has not yet been resolved, and the user was unfortunately elected as an administrator. I've left another message on their talk page. In a worst case, you or someone else can probably just delete the content. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 16:05, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Next Steps and Feedback Request for Feminism and Folklore Organizers ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]

Dear Organizer,

I hope this message finds you well.

First and foremost, I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause.

As the campaign draws to a close, I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|sign-up page]].

Once the jury process is completed, kindly update the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2024'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on our Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed.

Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights.

Therefore, I kindly ask you to spare just 10 minutes to share your progress and achievements with us through a Google Form survey. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful.

Here's the link to the survey: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfCkFONXlPVlakMmdh-BWtZp0orYBCSVvViJPbsjf2TIXAWvw/viewform?usp=sf_link Survey Google Form Link]

Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon.

Warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team #WeTogether'''

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:26, 7 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)
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== Article created by LTA==
Hello, the article [[Nick Barua]] should be deleted. This was created by a LTA from IP. This article has been deleted from many wikis multiple time, including enwiki [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nick Barua]], [[:pt:Wikipédia:Páginas para eliminar/Nick Barua]], [[:ja: Wikipedia:削除依頼/ニック・バルア]], bnwiki etc. [[User:আফতাবুজ্জামান|আফতাবুজ্জামান]] ([[User talk:আফতাবুজ্জামান|talk]]) 18:07, 14 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:Hey oga gwanki master of hausa Wikipedia I hope you so much I am fulfulde Wikipedia editer Adamu from yobe state you a doing well in hausa Wikipedia keep trying￼ sir gwanki [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|talk]]) 09:02, 19 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia,

Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC.

Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a.

Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki.

A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC)
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== Spam ==

Hi, I am from the English Wikipedia. The page [[Namaste Henry]] was created by a spammer. Please delete it. [[User:Un assiolo|Un assiolo]] ([[User talk:Un assiolo|talk]]) 19:49, 12 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

== Gaisuwa masu kyau daga sabon wikipedian ==

Hello Admin (Gwanki) am new in hausa wikipedia, please guide me how to contribute here, hereby am afraid of getting unwanted ban / ip block. if such issue is there kindly drop a message on my talk page please, because i don't want any issue here, so am happy to contribute here, thank you, do guide and tell me if i have done any mistake or anything else . thank you .  [[User:EspeeCat|EspeeCat]] ([[User talk:EspeeCat|talk]]) 06:51, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

:Assalamu alaikum Admin (Gwanki) am new in hausa wikipedia, da fatan za a bani gudunmawar da zan bayar a nan, don haka ina tsoron samun ban / ip block maras so. idan irin wannan batu yana da kyau a sauke sako a shafina don Allah, saboda ba na son wani batu a nan, don haka ina farin cikin bayar da gudummawa a nan, na gode, yi jagora kuma ku gaya mani idan na yi kuskure ko wani abu. na gode . [[User:EspeeCat|EspeeCat]] ([[User talk:EspeeCat|talk]]) 06:52, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

== Thank You for Your Contribution to Feminism and Folklore 2024! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|center|500px]]

{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in organizing the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeHYAhFA9Q5vUs9UA1N45TOUxUdSNO8igGTmg4oPUL_qXS1EQ/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] by August 15th, 2024.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2025. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:28, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;.
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2024&amp;oldid=26557949 --&gt;

== Neman taimako kan saka hoto ==

@user gwanki ina saka hotunan kasa idan na lurabda cewa mukalar tana magana kan dan kasar bansan hakan ya sabawa doka ba,kna bukatar karin bayani pls [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 21:28, 19 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== Gyaran akan WPWP ==

@Gwanki zan gyara nagode [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 05:29, 20 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== Inquiry ==

Hello, why did you delete my article titled ([[Tarihin daular Safawiyya]])?! [[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]] ([[User talk:Zarrest|talk]]) 16:07, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]], the article is already exist as [[Daular Safawiyya]]. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:36, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)
::There is a difference between the two articles. The first article ([[Daular Safawiyya]]) deals with the subject from all aspects in brief, while the article ([[Tarihin daular Safawiyya]]) deals only with the historical aspect and conveys it in detail, and this is very common in Wikipedia in all languages. In addition, the article you deleted contains very detailed and important information that I collected from Persian, English and Arabic sources, and I put a great effort into it, so I hope you restore the article. [[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]] ([[User talk:Zarrest|talk]]) 13:59, 21 Satumba 2024 (UTC)
:::Hello @[[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]], Thanks for improving Hausa Wikipedia. I understand your request and I restored it. Thank you for understanding [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:37, 22 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Report ==

Hello, please check this IP for advertising/spam: [[Musamman:Contributions/2401:4900:7165:970A:8C46:A2FF:FE18:828B]]

Thanks. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 21:19, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the alarming. 22:30, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC) [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 22:30, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Karin Bayani  ==

@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] barka da kokari, naga ka goge mukalar &quot;Hispanophone&quot; ko zan iya sanin dalili? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 06:14, 28 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Turai ==

Hello, Gwanki. You appear to have partly hijacked the article on Europe in Hausa [[Turai|ha:Turai]] to replace it with an article about a personal name. This is clearly wrong. You should have created a separate article about the name, not hijacked it. You have then changed the enwiki entry in [[wikidata:Q46|Q46]] to point to [[:en:Turai]] instead of [[:en:Europe]]. This caused a serious problem in enwiki (the article [[:en:Europe]] was no longer linked to other articles about Europe), and I have changed it back. What should happen is that your Hausa article should be moved to a different name (in enwiki is would be something like &quot;Turai (name)&quot;), and the original [[Turai|ha:Turai]] article about Europe should be restored;  Then you can create a new Wikidata item about the name &quot;Turai&quot; and link your new Hausa article and [[:en:Turai]] through it.

(I have posted on your User Talk page in Wikidata as well, and on the Interwiki conflicts page in Wikidata).  [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 15:37, 25 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklores  2024 Organizers Feedback ==

Dear Organizer,
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We extend our heartfelt gratitude for your invaluable contributions to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024]. Your dedication to promoting feminist perspectives on Wikimedia platforms has been instrumental in the campaign's success.

To better understand your initiatives and impact, we invite you to participate in a short survey (5-7 minutes). 

Your feedback will help us document your achievements in our report and showcase your story in our upcoming blog, highlighting the diversity of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore] initiatives.

Click to participate in the [https://forms.gle/dSeoDP1r7S4KCrVZ6  survey]. 

By participating in the By participating in the survey, you help us share your efforts in reports and upcoming blogs. This will help showcase and amplify your work, inspiring others to join the movement.

The survey covers:
#Community engagement and participation
#Challenges and successes
#Partnership

Thank you again for your tireless efforts in promoting  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore].

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:23, 26 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&amp;oldid=27662256 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9m2l39kdocxno1oplu5wi3od2yty2ql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536880</id>
      <parentid>536852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ColinFine</username>
        <id>5516</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Turai */</comment>
      <origin>536880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29870" sha1="12g7a0lyvas5w1xb9ldi4i4oolm08lq" xml:space="preserve">==Article about Tony Rinaudo?==
In Niger's desolate Sahel region, Australian agricultural expert Tony Rinaudo found out that even the most devastated regions are criss-crossed by an endless network of roots: &quot;An underground forest&quot;. 
Would you like to write an article about him ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rinaudo Tony Rinaudo]) as &quot;He inspired farmers to carry on this work over the years. Rinaudo's pioneering technique is called Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration, or FMNR.&quot;[8] The FMNR website describes the technique as a &quot;low-cost land restoration technique used to combat poverty and hunger amongst poor subsistence farmers by increasing food and timber production and resilience to climate extremes&quot;.[8][9][10] He consequently earned the nickname &quot;the Forest Maker&quot;.[11]&quot; Yours --[[User:Cethegus|Cethegus]] ([[User talk:Cethegus|talk]]) 18:51, 6 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]]

{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:37, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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My heartfelt congratulations! --[[User:Cethegus|Cethegus]] ([[User talk:Cethegus|talk]]) 22:03, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)

:Thank you very much [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:19, 26 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC)
::Assalamu Alaikum , Masha Allah ina godiya mln Abu amma Dan Allah ina bukatar ka Dan bani dama koda a chart ne yadda zamu kara tattaunawa akan gyaregyare na wadan da ya kamata ace na gyara ina godiya. [[User:Ustaxabunuhu|Ustaxabunuhu]] ([[User talk:Ustaxabunuhu|talk]]) 16:38, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC)
::Hey oga gwanki I hope you so much you are doing well edit saratu gidado article in fulfulde and hausa [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|talk]]) 20:24, 10 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Share Shafi ==

Share shafi [[Sahrul Projectt]] Sockpuppet ne ya ƙirƙira. Dubi: [[:id:Wikipedia:Penyalahgunaan_jangka_panjang/Sahrul_Projectt]]. [[User:Willnothappen|Willnothappen]] ([[User talk:Willnothappen|talk]]) 09:19, 23 Oktoba 2023 (UTC)

== Email ==

Aslm, Barka da Aiki @[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]]. Na maka magana ta Email, ta hanyar (Email This User). [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:57, 24 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

:Assalam Alaikum [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] I'm sorry, na ga sakon ka na kuma fahimci komi. Zan maka karin bayani a email din, sorry for late reply. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:23, 24 Disamba 2023 (UTC)

== Spam ==

‎[[Viraj Ashwin]], ‎[[Abhay Kumar]] Spam [[User:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|talk]]) 18:28, 10 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== [[Sushi Kaneyoshi]] ==

Barka da Sir Na kirkiro wannan labarin tare da taimakon fassarar MinT Machine shine wannan labarin mai kyau? Ina inganta kwarewata na gyara? ko don Allah ku shawarce ni da wasu ci gaba. Zan bi su a shafi na gaba. [[User:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil]] ([[User talk:Muhammad Bilal Muzzamil|talk]]) 15:34, 16 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2024 Writing Competition ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;center&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/center&gt;

Dear {{PAGENAME}},

Hope you are doing well, Wishing you a Happy New Year!.

We extend a heartfelt invitation to you to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition, which is scheduled to take place from February 1, 2024, to March 31, 2024. This year's edition of Feminism and Folklore will concentrate on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics, aligning with a Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus and featuring a folk culture theme on Wikipedia.

This year we have created two new Tools for the Feminism and Folklore project. The tool is called '''Campwiz'''. This tool is created by the international Tech team of Wiki Loves Folkore especially crafted for Feminism and Folklore project. The tool works as same as fountain or dashboard but has extra abilities required for jury and submission of articles.   

To create a new campaign on Campwiz, organizers to follow these steps:

# Go to the tool link: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;
# Select your wiki on which you want to organize the campaign (enter the name or short code, such as &quot;{{CONTENTLANG}}&quot; for {{#language:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} {{SITENAME}}).
# Give your campaign a name example &quot;Feminism and Folklore 2024 on {{#language:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} {{SITENAME}})&quot;.
# Select the start and end dates (note: keep your start date as Feb 1 and end date as March 31).
# Provide a description for your campaign (you can briefly describe the campaign in this section).
# Make sure to keep the checkboxes ticked for &quot;Allow users to submit articles that were not created but expanded.&quot; if you want to use the campaign for expanded articles also. 
# Keep minimum added bytes as 4000 and minimum added words as 400 and click next.
# In the jury section, keep the checkboxes ticked for &quot;Allow jury members to participate in the campaign&quot; and &quot;Prevent jury members from seeing each other's votes.&quot; As per your preference.
# Under the jury search box, type the username of your jury and click on the &quot;+&quot; button to add; you can add multiple jury members.
# Click next to review and then click on save.

With this we have also created a '''Missing article tool'''. This tool identifies articles in the English Wikipedia that are absent from your native language Wikipedia. You can customize your selection criteria, and our tool will provide you with a table displaying the missing articles along with suggested titles. You also have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats.

Both tools, the Missing Article Tool and the Campwiz Tool, are now available for public use during the Feminism and Folklore campaign. You can find more information about these tools here: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

There are also some changes in the rules and criteria's. Please go through the rules below.

# '''Minimum Length:''' The expanded or new article should have a minimum of '''''4000 bytes or 400 words''''', ensuring sufficient depth and coverage of the chosen topic. The local organizers are free to choose the minimum length criteria as per needs of their local Wikipedia and must be clearly mention on local project page.
# '''Language Quality:''' Articles should not be poorly machine-translated, ensuring that language quality and readability are maintained at a high standard.
# '''Timeline of Creation or Expansion:''' The article should be created or expanded between 1 February and 31 March, aligning with the specified contest timeline.
# '''Theme Relevance''': Articles should directly address the theme of feminism and folklore, exploring connections between gender, cultural traditions, and intangible heritage.
# '''No Orphaned Articles:''' Articles must not be orphaned, meaning they should be linked from at least one other article to ensure visibility within the Wikipedia ecosystem.
# '''No Copyright violations:''' There should be no copyright violations, and articles should adhere to local Wikipedia policies on notability, ensuring that the content meets the standards for notability.
# '''Adequate references and Citations:''' Each article should include proper references and citations following local Wikipedia policies, ensuring the reliability and credibility of the information presented.

Learn more about the contest details and prizes on our project page [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|here]]. Should you require any assistance, please feel free to contact us on our meta talk page or via email.

We eagerly anticipate your enthusiastic coordination and participation in Feminism and Folklore 2024.

Thank you and Best wishes,

'''Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team'''

--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 06:51, 18 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf&amp;oldid=26088038 --&gt;

== [[Anthony Kiedis]] ==

@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]]Shin za ku bincika cewa wannan labarin da aka kirkira yana da kyau? [[User:Bilal Mustafa Sheikh|Bilal Mustafa Sheikh]] ([[User talk:Bilal Mustafa Sheikh|talk]]) 08:05, 28 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

==Aisha Aliyu Bokuta==
Salam @[[Gwanki]] na Lura kaman ka dakatar da edit da nakeyi yanzu. Ko meyasa?
[[User:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|Aisha Aliyu Bokuta]] ([[User talk:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|talk]]) 15:38, 31 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

:Wls @[[User:Aisha Aliyu Bokuta|Aisha Aliyu Bokuta]], A'a ban kulle ki ba, na dai goge wata muƙalar da kika yi guda daya ne Sammakon ba makala kika fassara ba. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 20:04, 31 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC)

== Organising Feminism and Folklore ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | 350px | right]]

Hello Community Organizers,

Thank you for organising Feminism and Folklore writing competition on your wiki. We congratulate you in joining and celebrating our cultural heritage and promoting gender equality on Wikipedia.

To encourage boost for the contributions of the participants, we're offering prizes for Feminism and Folklore local prizes. Each Wikipedia will have three local winners:

*First Prize: $15 USD
*Second Prize: $10 USD
*Best Jury Article: $5 USD

All this will be in '''gift voucher format only'''. Kindly inform your local community regarding these prizes and post them on the local project page 

The Best Jury Article will be chosen by the jury based on how unique the article is aligned with the theme. The jury will review all submissions and decide the winner together, making sure it's fair. These articles will also be featured on our social media handles. 

We're also providing internet and childcare support to the first 50 organizers and Jury members for who request for it. Remember, only 50 organizers will get this support, and it's given on a first-come, first-served basis. The registration form will close after 50 registrations, and the deadline is March 15, 2024. This support is optional and not compulsory, so if you're interested, fill out the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdnytyact-HR6DvsWwnrVeWuzMfuNH1dSjpF24m6od-f3LzZQ/viewform here]. 

Each organizer/jury who gets support will receive $30 USD in gift voucher format, even if they're involved in more than one wiki. No dual support will be provided if you have signed up in more than one language. This support is meant to appreciate your volunteer support for the contest.  

We also invite all organizers and jury members to join us for office hours on '''Saturday, March 2, 2024'''. This session will help you understand the jury process for both contests and give you a chance to ask questions. More details are on  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2024_Office_Hour_2  meta page].

Let's celebrate our different cultures and work towards gender equality on Wikipedia!

Best regards,

Rockpeterson

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:56, 29 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC)
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== Wai kai ya zaka bataman aiki bayan kuma baka kara wani abu akan articles din ==

Imposter [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 00:19, 10 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

:Aslm @[[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]], Ni bana ɓata aikin kowa sai dai na gyara. Kayi maƙaloli sama da 600 amma kaso 90% ba masu kyau ne ba. A baya na gyara kusan 40% na maƙalolin ka wajen haɗa su da Wikidata. Yanzu ma na ga ka dawo ka ci gaba da yin irin su saboda haka ka daina yin reverts na gyaran da na ma ba tare da dalili ba. Cigaba da yin haka sabawa ƙa'idar editing Wikipedia ne. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 06:32, 10 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

== Reporting unattributed machine translations + copyright violations ==

Hello! I'm Vermont, a [[m:Stewards|steward]]. Apologies for writing in English. I couldn't find whether the Hausa Wikipedia has an admin noticeboard, so I'm messaging you directly.

Yesterday I noticed that [[Special:CentralAuth/787IYO|787IYO]] has been creating many pages which are just English Wikipedia articles put through Google Translate. I spot-checked 5 articles, and none of their text was modified from the Google Translate'd version at all. Unmodified machine translations are generally not very good, and also has resulted in broken links and tables, examples: [[Harshen Bilen]] and [[Harshen Lemerig]].

I left the user a [[:meta:User talk:787IYO#Copyright violations and machine translation|message on their Meta-Wiki talk page]] asking them to go back and add attribution to the English Wikipedia articles (which is required by the CC BY-SA 4.0 license) and check for errors in translation. 787IYO confirmed that they would do this, however...

When I checked their edits today, I noticed they just created this article: [[Hutun Haihuwa]]. The one source is a copyrighted website, and the article's content is machine-translated from that website. Specifically, from the first paragraph &quot;Maternity leave refers to...&quot; and the &quot;How long is maternity leave?&quot; section. Given that the website's content is copyrighted, this article should be deleted.

Best regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 15:43, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)

:Dear @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]],
:Thank you for bringing this to my attention. I appreciate your efforts in highlighting the issues with [[User:787IYO|787IYO]]'s contributions. I will thoroughly review the user's contributions and take appropriate action, including the deletion of any non-compliant articles. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 17:15, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)
::Hi! Thanks. To note, it's ongoing: [[Shareefah Ibrahim]] (created 3 hours ago) is an unmodified Google Translate of [https://authorpedia.net/our-authors/sheefah-zarma/ this copyrighted authorpedia.net] post. Best regards, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 21:01, 11 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC)
::This has not yet been resolved, and the user was unfortunately elected as an administrator. I've left another message on their talk page. In a worst case, you or someone else can probably just delete the content. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 16:05, 25 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Next Steps and Feedback Request for Feminism and Folklore Organizers ==

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]

Dear Organizer,

I hope this message finds you well.

First and foremost, I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause.

As the campaign draws to a close, I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|sign-up page]].

Once the jury process is completed, kindly update the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2024'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on our Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed.

Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights.

Therefore, I kindly ask you to spare just 10 minutes to share your progress and achievements with us through a Google Form survey. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful.

Here's the link to the survey: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfCkFONXlPVlakMmdh-BWtZp0orYBCSVvViJPbsjf2TIXAWvw/viewform?usp=sf_link Survey Google Form Link]

Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon.

Warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team #WeTogether'''

[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 08:26, 7 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)
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== Article created by LTA==
Hello, the article [[Nick Barua]] should be deleted. This was created by a LTA from IP. This article has been deleted from many wikis multiple time, including enwiki [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nick Barua]], [[:pt:Wikipédia:Páginas para eliminar/Nick Barua]], [[:ja: Wikipedia:削除依頼/ニック・バルア]], bnwiki etc. [[User:আফতাবুজ্জামান|আফতাবুজ্জামান]] ([[User talk:আফতাবুজ্জামান|talk]]) 18:07, 14 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

:Hey oga gwanki master of hausa Wikipedia I hope you so much I am fulfulde Wikipedia editer Adamu from yobe state you a doing well in hausa Wikipedia keep trying￼ sir gwanki [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] ([[User talk:Adamu ab|talk]]) 09:02, 19 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC)

== Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko ==

&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= {{int:please-translate}}]''

Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia,

Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC.

Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a.

Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]].

Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki.

A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;

[[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&amp;oldid=26721207 --&gt;

== Spam ==

Hi, I am from the English Wikipedia. The page [[Namaste Henry]] was created by a spammer. Please delete it. [[User:Un assiolo|Un assiolo]] ([[User talk:Un assiolo|talk]]) 19:49, 12 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

== Gaisuwa masu kyau daga sabon wikipedian ==

Hello Admin (Gwanki) am new in hausa wikipedia, please guide me how to contribute here, hereby am afraid of getting unwanted ban / ip block. if such issue is there kindly drop a message on my talk page please, because i don't want any issue here, so am happy to contribute here, thank you, do guide and tell me if i have done any mistake or anything else . thank you .  [[User:EspeeCat|EspeeCat]] ([[User talk:EspeeCat|talk]]) 06:51, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

:Assalamu alaikum Admin (Gwanki) am new in hausa wikipedia, da fatan za a bani gudunmawar da zan bayar a nan, don haka ina tsoron samun ban / ip block maras so. idan irin wannan batu yana da kyau a sauke sako a shafina don Allah, saboda ba na son wani batu a nan, don haka ina farin cikin bayar da gudummawa a nan, na gode, yi jagora kuma ku gaya mani idan na yi kuskure ko wani abu. na gode . [[User:EspeeCat|EspeeCat]] ([[User talk:EspeeCat|talk]]) 06:52, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)

== Thank You for Your Contribution to Feminism and Folklore 2024! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|center|500px]]

{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikimedian,

We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor.

As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in organizing the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeHYAhFA9Q5vUs9UA1N45TOUxUdSNO8igGTmg4oPUL_qXS1EQ/viewform?usp=sf_link this form] by August 15th, 2024.

Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2025. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity.

Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia.

With warm regards,

'''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''.
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:28, 21 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;.
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== Neman taimako kan saka hoto ==

@user gwanki ina saka hotunan kasa idan na lurabda cewa mukalar tana magana kan dan kasar bansan hakan ya sabawa doka ba,kna bukatar karin bayani pls [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 21:28, 19 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== Gyaran akan WPWP ==

@Gwanki zan gyara nagode [[User:Dev moha2507|Dev moha2507]] ([[User talk:Dev moha2507|talk]]) 05:29, 20 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)

== Inquiry ==

Hello, why did you delete my article titled ([[Tarihin daular Safawiyya]])?! [[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]] ([[User talk:Zarrest|talk]]) 16:07, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

:Hi @[[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]], the article is already exist as [[Daular Safawiyya]]. [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 18:36, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)
::There is a difference between the two articles. The first article ([[Daular Safawiyya]]) deals with the subject from all aspects in brief, while the article ([[Tarihin daular Safawiyya]]) deals only with the historical aspect and conveys it in detail, and this is very common in Wikipedia in all languages. In addition, the article you deleted contains very detailed and important information that I collected from Persian, English and Arabic sources, and I put a great effort into it, so I hope you restore the article. [[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]] ([[User talk:Zarrest|talk]]) 13:59, 21 Satumba 2024 (UTC)
:::Hello @[[User:Zarrest|Zarrest]], Thanks for improving Hausa Wikipedia. I understand your request and I restored it. Thank you for understanding [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 05:37, 22 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Report ==

Hello, please check this IP for advertising/spam: [[Musamman:Contributions/2401:4900:7165:970A:8C46:A2FF:FE18:828B]]

Thanks. [[User:Ternera|Ternera]] ([[User talk:Ternera|talk]]) 21:19, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

:Thanks for the alarming. 22:30, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC) [[User:Gwanki|&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FF00FF&quot;&gt;Gwanki&lt;/b&gt;]][[User talk:Gwanki|&lt;sup style=&quot;color:#800000&quot;&gt;(Yi Min Magana)&lt;/sup&gt;]] 22:30, 19 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Karin Bayani  ==

@[[User:Gwanki|Gwanki]] barka da kokari, naga ka goge mukalar &quot;Hispanophone&quot; ko zan iya sanin dalili? [[User:Pharouqenr|Pharouqenr]] ([[User talk:Pharouqenr|talk]]) 06:14, 28 Satumba 2024 (UTC)

== Turai ==

Hello, Gwanki. You appear to have partly hijacked the article on Europe in Hausa [[Turai|ha:Turai]] to replace it with an article about a personal name. This is clearly wrong. You should have created a separate article about the name, not hijacked it. You have then changed the enwiki entry in [[wikidata:Q46|Q46]] to point to [[:en:Turai]] instead of [[:en:Europe]]. This caused a serious problem in enwiki (the article [[:en:Europe]] was no longer linked to other articles about Europe), and I have changed it back. What should happen is that your Hausa article should be moved to a different name (in enwiki is would be something like &quot;Turai (name)&quot;), and the original [[Turai|ha:Turai]] article about Europe should be restored;  Then you can create a new Wikidata item about the name &quot;Turai&quot; and link your new Hausa article and [[:en:Turai]] through it.

(I have posted on your User Talk page in Wikidata as well, and on the Interwiki conflicts page in Wikidata).  [[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 15:37, 25 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)

::Thank you for correcting [[Turai]]. --[[User:ColinFine|ColinFine]] ([[User talk:ColinFine|talk]]) 21:32, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Feminism and Folklores  2024 Organizers Feedback ==

Dear Organizer,
[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg | right | frameless]]

We extend our heartfelt gratitude for your invaluable contributions to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore_2024 Feminism and Folklore 2024]. Your dedication to promoting feminist perspectives on Wikimedia platforms has been instrumental in the campaign's success.

To better understand your initiatives and impact, we invite you to participate in a short survey (5-7 minutes). 

Your feedback will help us document your achievements in our report and showcase your story in our upcoming blog, highlighting the diversity of [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore] initiatives.

Click to participate in the [https://forms.gle/dSeoDP1r7S4KCrVZ6  survey]. 

By participating in the By participating in the survey, you help us share your efforts in reports and upcoming blogs. This will help showcase and amplify your work, inspiring others to join the movement.

The survey covers:
#Community engagement and participation
#Challenges and successes
#Partnership

Thank you again for your tireless efforts in promoting  [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Feminism_and_Folklore Feminism and Folklore].

Best regards,&lt;br&gt;
[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|&lt;span class=&quot;signature-talk&quot;&gt;{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}&lt;/span&gt;]]) 14:23, 26 October 2024 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Joris Darlington Quarshie@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joris_Darlington_Quarshie/FnF1&amp;oldid=27662256 --&gt;</text>
      <sha1>12g7a0lyvas5w1xb9ldi4i4oolm08lq</sha1>
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[[File:Milk with honey.jpg|thumb|left|Madara da zuma]]
[[File:F.jpg Nono.jpg|thumb|left|Nono da kankara a Cikin shi din ya sashi sanyi]]
[[File:Good breastfeeding latch and breast compression.ogv|thumb|left|Mahaifiya ta na shayar da jariri nono]]
[[File:Evaporated Milk and Sweetened Condensed Milk at Wellcome Supermarket Possession Street shop.jpg|thumb|Fakiti da gwangwanayen madara]]
[[File:Cappuccino milk froth.jpg|thumb|Madara akofi]]
[[File:Mali milk seller.jpg|thumb|yarinya ta dakko nono a gora]]
[[File:Stew milks the goat 04.jpg|thumb|ana tatsan nonon akuya]]
[[File:Bleu de Gex.jpg|thumb|Hasashshen nono]]
[[File:Milk and straw.jpg|thumb|milk and straw]]
[[Fayil:Milk container types.jpg|thumb|yanda ake sarrafa madara]]
[[Fayil:Milk 001.JPG|thumb|madara]]
'''Madara''' ko '''Nono''' dukkanin kalmomin biyu suna nufin abu ɗaya ne sai dai akan banbanta halittar mama ta Ɗan Adam a kirata da Kalmar ''Nono'' kawai ba'a kiranta da madara. Idan aka ce Nono to ana nufin ruwan dake fita daga nonuwan [[halitta]] walau ta [[Dan Adam|Ɗan Adam]] ko ta [[Dabba]] misali [[mace]] tana fitar da nono a sanda ta [[Haihuwa|haihu]] Dan shayar da jaririnta, haka kuma dabbobi kamar [[saniya]], [[tunkiya]], [[akuya]], suma suna fitar da nono dan shayarwa, sa'annan idan kuma aka ce Madara to anan ana nufin nono ne wanda aka samosa ba daga jikin halitta ba amma dai ansa mesa ne daga wasu nau'ukan bishiyoyi, tsirrai, ko kayan abinci, kamar [[kwa-kwa]], [[waken-suya]], [[gyada|gyaɗa]], dadai sauransu.
Madara ko Nono dai wani farin [[ruwa]] ne dake ɗauke da sinadarai masu amfani a jikin dan Adam, madara dai ta kasance ita kaɗai ce ake amfani da ita domin samarwa jarirai abinci na ɗan Adam ko dabba kafin su kuma iya fara cin abinci, nono na dauke da wasu kwayoyin halittu dake fita daga jikin uwa zuwa jikin [[jariri]] dan su kareshi daga cututtukan da zasu iya samun jaririn, wannan yasa uwa ta shayar da jaririnta abu ne mafi mahimmanci a rayuwar jariri.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madara}}
[[Category:Abinsha]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talgu</title>
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[[Fayil:Ancient Telugu Script displayed at Telugu Museum 1.jpg|thumb|kayan tarihin Telugu na da]]
[[Fayil:Telugu.svg|thumb|ributun telugu]]
[[Fayil:Idioma telugu.png|thumb|manuniyar telegu]]
'''Talgu''' dayane daga cikkin manyan yarukan kasar [[Indiya]].

== Tarihi ==
[[Fayil:Spread of Telugu.png|thumb|Inda lalegu ta barbaza]]

== Jinsi ==

== Al'ada ==

== Yanki ==

== Mutane ==

== Hoto ==
{{Stub}}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Harsuna]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jinin Haida</title>
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'''Jinin Haida'''((حيض)) to muna farawa da sunan [[Allah]] mai
Rahma mai Jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah
Annabin tsira [[Annabi Muhammad]], da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.web.darulfikr.com/read_article/94|date=10 July 2016|accessdate=10 August 2021|publisher=Darurfikr.com|last=Basheer Ridwan|first=Muḥammad|title=ALAMOMIN ƊAUKEWAR JININ HAILA !}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/SheikhJafar.Org/posts/924760954314729&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara daya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=363012365086682&amp;id=100212108033377&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-53734261|date=16 August 2020|accessdate= 10 August 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|title=Jinin Haila: Abubuwan da suka kamata ki sani kan al'ada da daukar ciki}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Masana sun kayyade cewa lafiyayyen jinin al'ada yakan shafe kwanaki huɗu (4) zuwa kwanaki bakwai (7) yana zuba sannan ya dauke, idan ya dauke yakan shafe kwanaki ashirin da daya (21) zuwa kwanaki talatin da biyar (35) kamin kuma ya sake [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt;

==Menene Jinin Al'ada==
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
daukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Wadannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.

==Mafi Karancin sa==
Malamai sun karawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne dugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.

==Mafi Yawansa==
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
#'''''Kasa da shekara tara''''' Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
#'''''Tara Zuwa Sama''''' Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
#'''''Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50''''' Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
#'''''Daga 50 - 69''''' Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
#'''''Daga 70''''' Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin [[abinci]] da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.

==Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada==
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
[[Alkur'ani]] mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
''Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shidinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka''. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam''. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
[[File:A 'free-bleeding' girl from the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|wannan yadda jinin al'ada yake kwarara kenan daga jikin wata baturiya]].

==Karkasuwar Mata==
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa matan da suka [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/02/bayani-game-da-yadda-maza-da-mata-ke.html balaga] zuwa kashi uku
dangane da [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html jinin al'ada], kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: 
[[File:Menstrual art menstruation art with blood 6.jpg|thumb|digon Jinin al'ada]]
#'''''Wacce Ta Fara''''' Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi.  
#'''''Wacce Ta Saba'''' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnahmedianigeria.wordpress.com/2015/04/01/9795999/&lt;/ref&gt;
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin wadancan kare-karen kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta Kara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya dauke a kwana na
daya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
#'''''Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki)''''' Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita .
Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
#'''''Bushewar Gaba''''': Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
#'''''Farar Kumfa''''': wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:


1. '''''Sallah''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.


2. '''''Saki''''': Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.


3. '''''Dawafi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.


4. '''''Zama A Masallaci''''': mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.


5. '''''Azumi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.


6. '''''Daukaa Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.


7. '''''Karatun Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.


8. '''''Saduwa''''': Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.


9. '''''Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki''''': Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.


10. '''''Wajabta Wanka''''': Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. 

Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.

==Manazarta==
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        <id>23573</id>
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      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Lacuna66|Lacuna66]] ([[User talk:Lacuna66|talk]]) to last version by Wikiabdull: unnecessary links or spam</comment>
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'''Jinin Haida'''((حيض)) to muna farawa da sunan [[Allah]] mai
Rahma mai Jinkai, tsira da amincin
Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah
Annabin tsira [[Annabi Muhammad]], da Iyalan
shi da Sahabban shi baki daya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.web.darulfikr.com/read_article/94|date=10 July 2016|accessdate=10 August 2021|publisher=Darurfikr.com|last=Basheer Ridwan|first=Muḥammad|title=ALAMOMIN ƊAUKEWAR JININ HAILA !}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/SheikhJafar.Org/posts/924760954314729&lt;/ref&gt; Bayan
haka ga wasu daga
abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen
jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci
sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada,
muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane
kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da
yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna
da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin
al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi,
wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta
bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a
sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan
ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin
al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta
ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta
kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon
aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne
watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara daya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi
ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen
wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata
bane kadai har da maza.&lt;ref&gt;https://m.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=363012365086682&amp;id=100212108033377&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-53734261|date=16 August 2020|accessdate= 10 August 2021|publisher=bbc hausa|title=Jinin Haila: Abubuwan da suka kamata ki sani kan al'ada da daukar ciki}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Masana sun kayyade cewa lafiyayyen jinin al'ada yakan shafe kwanaki huɗu (4) zuwa kwanaki bakwai (7) yana zuba sannan ya dauke, idan ya dauke yakan shafe kwanaki ashirin da daya (21) zuwa kwanaki talatin da biyar (35) kamin kuma ya sake [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/01/rikicewar-alada-jinin-haila-da-kuma.html?m=1&lt;/ref&gt;

==Menene Jinin Al'ada==
Jinin al'ada jini ne da
yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban
macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki
ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyarba.
Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da
aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan
idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba
kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko
kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan
bai zama jinin al'adaba.
Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita
ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama
jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a
al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan
ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya
daukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to
wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba.
Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce
kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya
wuce kwanaki sha biyar (15) to bai zamo kuma
jinin al'adaba.
Wadannan nau'uka da akace basu zama
jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai
hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin
ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya
sawwake.

==Mafi Karancin sa==
Malamai sun karawa juna
sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi
karancinsa shi ne dugo guda ɗaya kenan idan
ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi
al'ada kuma ta dauke.

==Mafi Yawansa==
Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin
al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan
idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin
al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani
mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan
muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna
jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada
ba ne, kamar haka:
#'''''Kasa da shekara tara''''' Idan jinin ya
zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara
tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan
ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi
magani.
#'''''Tara Zuwa Sama''''' Idan ya zamana jinin ya
zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara
zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan
lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da
likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko
na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da
kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da
wahala suna tasiri.
#'''''Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50''''' Idan jinin ya
zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa
shekaru hamsin (50) kai tsaye malamai sun
tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane.
#'''''Daga 50 - 69''''' Idan jini ya zo wa mace
a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga
shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara
(50-69) to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi
kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin
wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada.
#'''''Daga 70''''' Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta
cika shekara saba'in (70) zuwa sama to
malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin
al'ada bane.
Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba
karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya
gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana
gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci,
wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har
zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata
haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin
littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji
kansa da gafara.
Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin [[abinci]] da
da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna
tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan
jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to
kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa
lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa
yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin
jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma
wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka
zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni
uku.
Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya
zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya
tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta
balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen
musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin
Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta
bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a
rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta
yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu,
kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta
sha.

==Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada==
Shifa abin da ya
shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah
maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin
[[Alkur'ani]] mai girma, Allah yana cewa:
''Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da
al'ada, Kace: Shidinnan cutane, ku nisanci
(saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada
ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin
ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi
wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya
umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu
yawan tuba kuma yana son masu
tsarkaka''. Bakara, ayata: 222.
Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace;
(Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa
mata 'ya'yan Adam''. Ashe ba shaci-fadin
da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa
mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan
bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan
aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya
rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya
amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi.
Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya
domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da
Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar.
Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da
yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a
lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya
haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a
lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin
inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a
abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu
sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci
gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace
tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada.
Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da
shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da
suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya
zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma
bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai
je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne
mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne
wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan
karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda
bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah-
gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa.
[[File:A 'free-bleeding' girl from the Netherlands.jpg|thumb|wannan yadda jinin al'ada yake kwarara kenan daga jikin wata baturiya]].

==Karkasuwar Mata==
Mawallafin littafin
Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku
dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko;
ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma;
wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku;
mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu
kamar haka: 
[[File:Menstrual art menstruation art with blood 6.jpg|thumb|digon Jinin al'ada]]
#'''''Wacce Ta Fara''''' Ita wacce ta fara
al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin
al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki
nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba
zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya
wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan
kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan
mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune
kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa
kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya
zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani,
anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan
'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna
fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi
domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini
ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka,
wata babbar mace ce amma bata san
menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce
tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu
kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi.  
#'''''Wacce Ta Saba'''' Abinda ake nufi da
wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da
al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda,
misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki
biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki
biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar,
to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta
saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko
kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki
biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a
kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba
ta da tsayayyun kwanaki.&lt;ref&gt;https://sunnahmedianigeria.wordpress.com/2015/04/01/9795999/&lt;/ref&gt;
Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da
sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan
kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan
kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke
sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da
ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika
al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara
kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki
uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali
idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma
jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta
kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar
sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke
shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke
ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan
takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai
daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana
daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai
ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke
ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada
makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar
kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa
ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta
(Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin wadancan kare-karen kwanaki
da aka yi inda ace bayan ta Kara kwana
uku na saurare sai ya dauke a kwana na
daya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi
wankan tsarki.
Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata
shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha-
biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba.
#'''''Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki)''''' Galibin mata
masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka
da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai
kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci
wurin tuntubar likita .
Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to
idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata
iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa
ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni
shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki
ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a
sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da
juna biyu kuma aka ga jini.
Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana
mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma
ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya
dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta
tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa
kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin
al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin
bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da
hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada,
misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta
farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku
da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma
bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya
zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai
muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin
kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira
(Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada.
Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki
takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa
da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon
jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba.
Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin
al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta
sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan
cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu
sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin
gashin kantane, sune kamar haka:
#'''''Bushewar Gaba''''': Abinda ake nufi anan
shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga
cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba
wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga
haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke.
#'''''Farar Kumfa''''': wannan wani ruwane fari
mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada,
idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan
al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala.
Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna
daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata
taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai
ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye
ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba,
amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga
bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata
zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran
kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar
zababban lokacin sallah ba.
A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin
wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna
samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu
alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin
tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki
domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan
bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke
mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata
yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu.
Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko
diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin
al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da
harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta
ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a
karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu
Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da
amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace:
((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi-
fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da
cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na:
307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah
Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865.
Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a
lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma
lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi
cikin dareba domin ta duba.
Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa)
ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar
azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan
kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji
to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha.
Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai-
al'adaba:
Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu
halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata
ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma:


1. '''''Sallah''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi
ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi,
sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata
rama sallolinba.


2. '''''Saki''''': Baya halatta matar da take
al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa
karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda
yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta
kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya
saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin
al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi
ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba.


3. '''''Dawafi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran
dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar
tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana
muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai
sauransu.


4. '''''Zama A Masallaci''''': mai al'adah ba zata
zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron
karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai
sauransu.


5. '''''Azumi''''': Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi
azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma
bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin
da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta
ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin
gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo
to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to
dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar
jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara
al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi.


6. '''''Daukaa Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani
kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma
ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya
hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta
gyara masa wuri.


7. '''''Karatun Alkur'ani''''': mai al'ada bata
karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu
malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta
karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta
sabanin dauka.


8. '''''Saduwa''''': Bai halattaba saduwa da
mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da
mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada
ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi
biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da
mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta
dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan
koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi
wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya
halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a
jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan
ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta
zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har
sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka,
hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a
jikinsa duk da tana al'ada.


9. '''''Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki''''': Al'ada
tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata
da tsarki.


10. '''''Wajabta Wanka''''': Al'ada tana wajabta
wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada
kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya
wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da
suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle
jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce
yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi
yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata
akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to
lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. 

Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>njxcr4gitybe4whvk4kx9ffb0b3d47j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>21908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536879</id>
      <parentid>536804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:26:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci</comment>
      <origin>536879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4654" sha1="ahdvleqhuve2a92cpltsk75c7gr790i" xml:space="preserve">Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
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!Edita
!Gudummuwa
!Lokacin rajista
|-
|1
|[[User:SpencerWave|SpencerWave]]
|[[Special:Contributions/SpencerWave|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|2
|[[User:Zachapertio|Zachapertio]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Zachapertio|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|3
|[[User:Wilmesch|Wilmesch]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Wilmesch|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|4
|[[User:Fatou Jagne|Fatou Jagne]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Fatou Jagne|Gudummuwa]]
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|-
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|[[User:Leomessichristanoronaldo|Leomessichristanoronaldo]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Leomessichristanoronaldo|Gudummuwa]]
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|-
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|[[User:Haidar Schwarzenberger|Haidar Schwarzenberger]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Haidar Schwarzenberger|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|7
|[[User:Laneboy03|Laneboy03]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Laneboy03|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|8
|[[User:Kabirukebi|Kabirukebi]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Kabirukebi|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|9
|[[User:Naon77|Naon77]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Naon77|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|10
|[[User:شادي|شادي]]
|[[Special:Contributions/شادي|Gudummuwa]]
|Laraba, 23 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|11
|[[User:Arif80s|Arif80s]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Arif80s|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|12
|[[User:Tenpop421|Tenpop421]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Tenpop421|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
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|[[User:Ceancata|Ceancata]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Ceancata|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
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|[[User:Maty Aletheia|Maty Aletheia]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Maty Aletheia|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|15
|[[User:BAswim|BAswim]]
|[[Special:Contributions/BAswim|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|16
|[[User:Syazwi Irfan|Syazwi Irfan]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Syazwi Irfan|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|17
|[[User:EmpressDesu|EmpressDesu]]
|[[Special:Contributions/EmpressDesu|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|18
|[[User:Yankeeguy123|Yankeeguy123]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Yankeeguy123|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|19
|[[User:Executive20000|Executive20000]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Executive20000|Gudummuwa]]
|Alhamis, 24 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|20
|[[User:Gelbom|Gelbom]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Gelbom|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|21
|[[User:Sellena8053|Sellena8053]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Sellena8053|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|22
|[[User:Benzeemax1|Benzeemax1]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Benzeemax1|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|23
|[[User:Tantanbara|Tantanbara]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Tantanbara|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|24
|[[User:Jlwoodwa|Jlwoodwa]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Jlwoodwa|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
|25
|[[User:Gyalsey|Gyalsey]]
|[[Special:Contributions/Gyalsey|Gudummuwa]]
|Jumma'a, 25 ga Oktoba 2024
|-
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  <page>
    <title>Ƙungiyar Ƴanci ta Ɗan Adam ta Duniya</title>
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[[File:Germany_International_meeting_for_Human_Right_UN.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Jamus don kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.]]
[[File:Joachim_Gauck_IGFM_01.jpg|thumb| Dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam Joachim Gauck yana halartar taron manema labarai na Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya.]]
[[File:Nummer_28.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam.]]
'''Ƙungiyar Ƴanci ta Ɗan Adam ta Duniya''' (ISHR) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyar [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam]] tare da Matsayin Shiga tare da Majalisar Turai kuma memba ne na Kwamitin '''Sadarwa na ƙungiyoyi Masu Zaman Kansu a Majalisar ta Turai.''' Kungiyar ta ISHR tana da matsayin mai sanya ido tare da Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Bil'adama da Na Afirka. Tana da matsayi tare da kuma Ma'aikatar Bayanin Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Roster Consultative Status tare da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (ECOSOC).

ISHR yana zaune a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], [[Jamus]], kuma an kafa shi a Yammacin Jamus a cikin Shekara ta 1972 a matsayin Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte (GfM), da nufin inganta fahimtar duniya da haƙuri da juna a duk fannoni na al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma kuma don haka an yi hakan ne daga farawa don tallafawa kawai ga waɗanda ke da wannan ka'ida kuma, saboda haka, suna ƙoƙari ba tare da tashin hankali ba don haƙƙinsu. Wanda ya fara wannan aikin shi ne Iwan I. Agrusow, wani tsohon dan kwadago na Rasha, wanda ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Yammacin Jamus bayan yakin duniya na biyu saboda kula da tsoffin ma’aikata da aka tilastawa a Tarayyar Soviet (da yawa daga cikinsu an tura su Gulag bayan sun dawo).

Al'umma ta zama Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya a Shekara ta 1982, tare da kafuwar rassa a Austria, Switzerland, UK da Faransa. Tun daga wannan lokacin ya girma ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙasa guda 47, da Kwamitocin Yanki da ƙungiyoyin Haɗin gwiwa a duk duniya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ishr.org/regions/ All ISHR sections can be found in the map on this site.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igfm.de/igfm-weltweit/ All ISHR sections are also listed on the website of the German ISHR section.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanannun membobin ƙungiyar ISHR sun hada da shugabar gwamnatin Jamus ta Yamma Ludwig Erhard, tsohon Yarima Austro-Hungary Yarima Otto von Habsburg, tsohon Babban Lauyan Jamus Ludwig Martin da mai rajin kare haƙƙin dan Adam dan ƙasar China Harry Wu.

A lokacin Yaƙin Cacar Baki, ƙungiyar  'Yancin ɗan Adam ta Duniya ta fi mai da hankali kan take haƙƙin ɗan adam a jihohin yankin Gabas . Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Jamusawa (Gabashin Jamus) ta ayyana Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya a matsayin &quot;makiyin kasa&quot; a shekara ta 1975, kuma Stasi ta kaddamar da kamfe a kan kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, da kokarin bata mata suna.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igfm.de/igfm-im-visier-der-stasi/ Die IGFM im Visier der Stasi]&lt;/ref&gt; Kwanan nan, kungiyar ISHR ta mayar da hankali kan ‘yancin yin addini da kuma batun‘ yan jarida a kasashe irin su [[Vietnam]] da [[Sin|China]].

Society suna buga nasu Newsletter na yau da kullun&lt;ref&gt;[https://ishr.org/our-work/newsletter/ ISHR Newsletter]&lt;/ref&gt; (a Turanci) da kuma Jamusanci “Menschenrechte”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.igfm.de/news-presse/ IGFM News: Magazine Menschenrechte]&lt;/ref&gt; Shugaban Majalisar ƙasashen Duniya na kungiyar ISHR shi ne Farfesa Dr Dr Thomas Schirrmacher . Karl Hafen shi ne ma'aji, Marie Gerrard, Dr René Gomez, Dr Liubov Nemcinova, Dr Haydee Marin, Simone Schlegel da Farfesa Dr Andrey Sukhorukov su ne mataimakan shugaban kasa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ishr.org/about/ About the ISHR.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==
* [https://www.ishr.org Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Societyungiyar forungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya (ISHR)]
{{authority control}}
[[Category:Ƴancin ɗan adam]]
[[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]]
[[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya</title>
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[[File:Hauwa_Ibrahim_human_rights_lawyer.jpg  |thumb|Hauwa Ibrahim lauyar kare hakkin dan Adam]]
[[File:Beatrice_Jedy-Agba_of_Nigeria.jpg  |thumb| Beatrice Jedy Agba, yar fafutukar game da masu safarar mutane a Najeriya na ganin ta kare haƙƙin dan Adam]] 
'''Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Nijeriya''' an kiyaye a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu na shekara ta 1999. Duk da yake [[Najeriya]] ta samu cigaba sosai game da [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam| ƴancin ɗan adam]] a ƙarƙashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, Rahoton Yancin Ɗan Adam na Amurka na Shekara ta 2012, ya lura da wurare da yawa da ake buƙatar ƙarin haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa da:&lt;ref&gt;Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Human Rights Practices for 2012. 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; cin zarafin da [[Boko Haram]], kashe-kashe daga sojojin gwamnati, rashin dai-daito tsakanin jama'a da batutuwa tare da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]]. Rahoton Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya na Shekara ta 2015, ya kuma nuna cewa tsananin tashin hankali daga [[Boko Haram|kungiyar Boko Haram]], takaita hakkokin LGBTIQ da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati na ci gaba da lalata matsayin [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|'yancin dan adam]] a [[Najeriya]].

== Tarihi tun daga samun 'yancin kai ==
A tsakanin Ƴancin ta a shekara ta 1960, da dawowar mulkin dimokiraɗiyya a Shekara ta 1999, [[Najeriya|Nijeriya ta]] sami zaɓaɓɓun Shugabannin ƙasashe biyu, ɗayan da aka naɗa, magajin soja ɗaya da juyin mulki sau 7, watau mulkin soja. Juyin mulki a cikin sauki yana nufin yakin da aka yi tsakanin shugabannin sojoji da ke jagorantar wata jiha don kwace ko hambarar da shugaban kasa mai ci, ko dai saboda mai ci ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma ba zai iya cika duk abubuwan da yake ganin ya dace da ƙasar a ciki ba lokacin aikinsa. A cikin Shekara ta 1979, [[Najeriya|Najeriya ta]] amince da tsarin shugaban kasa domin a tabbatar da daman zaben wadanda za su mulke su da sabon [https://forible.xyz kundin tsarin mulki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191140/https://forible.xyz/ |date=2021-07-09 }}. Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da tabbaci [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|game da 'yancin ɗan adam]] wanda ke taɓarɓarewa ko yaushe.

Gwamnatin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]], da sauransu, an lura da ita wajen [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|keta haddin dan adam]]. &lt;ref&gt;McCarthy-Arnolds,Eileen. &quot;Africa, Human Rights, and the Global System: The Political Economy of Human Rights in a Changing World&quot;. 30 December 1993&lt;/ref&gt;

Kodayake Nijeriya ta himmatu wajen rattaba hannu tare da rattaba hannu kan [[Hakkokin ɗan'adam|yarjeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na]] duniya, to amma ta ga kalubale lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin aiwatar da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi a cikin gida. [[Najeriya]] tana aiki ne a ƙarƙashin tsari biyu kuma ba za ta iya amfani da yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba sai dai idan [[Majalisar Najeriya|majalisun dokokin Najeriya sun amince da su]]. Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya kare Haƙƙoƙin jama'a da siyasa, amma yarjeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Afirka suma sun fadada kariya ga al'adu, tattalin arziki, da 'yancin kungiyoyi. Saboda kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya doka ce mafi girma, [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] sau da yawa takan warware rikice-rikice don nuna goyon baya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don haka take takaita fadada yiwuwar 'yancin dan Adam.

== 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. ==
Lokacin da [[Ibrahim Babangida|Janar Babangida]] ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1985, ya soke Dokar mai lamba 4, na Shekara ta 1984, dokar da ta sanya aikata laifi a buga duk wani abu da ake ganin abin kunya ne ko kuma ya saba wa bukatun gwamnati, &lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;&gt;MCathy-Arnolds, Penna, and Sobrepena (1994). &quot;Africa, Human Rights, and the Global System&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; akwai sabon fata na [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] da jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin [[Ibrahim Babangida|mulkin Babangida]], haƙuri na siyasa ya faru na ɗan lokaci. Ko yaya, wannan taƙaitacciyar hanyar neman 'yancin ɗan adam ta ɓarke lokacin da gwamnatin ta fara kulle masu sukarta da korar ma'aikata waɗanda ba su inganta ra'ayoyinsu da manufofinsu. Wannan gwamnatin ta rufe jaridu da haramtattun kungiyoyi fiye da kowane a tarihin Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka. 

Paparazzi a Najeriya galibi ya kasance yana fuskantar dabarun tsoro da tursasawa. An yi wa ‘yan jarida“ tattaunawa ”tare da Hukumar tsaron Jiha wanda ya shafi barazanar da kuma yiwuwar ɗaure shi. &lt;ref name=&quot;speech&quot;&gt;MCathy-Arnolds, Penna, and Sobrepena (1994). &quot;Africa, Human Rights, and the Global System&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ana cigaba da rufe jaridar. A cikin Shekara ta 1990, ''Jamhuriyar'', ''Newbreed'', ''Lagos Daily News'', ''The Punch'', da sauran jaridu daban-daban gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe su a wani lokaci. &lt;ref&gt;Africa Watch. &quot;Academic Freedom&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

A shekara ta 1999, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya sami kariya [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|daga faɗin albarkacin baki]]  Sai dai kuma daga baya aka zartar da dokokin &lt;ref name=&quot;Right to Freedom of Expression And The Law of Defamation In Nigeria&quot;&gt;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ijalsg2&amp;div=7&amp;id=&amp;page= Right To Freedom Of Expression And the Law of Defamation In Nigeria ]&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 26, ga Afrilu, 2020, rahoton ‘Yan Jarida ba tare da Border World Press Freedom Index ya fitar da Nijeriya 115, cikin kasashe 180, da aka gudanar da bincike ba.  Masu rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba sun ba da misali da kashewa, tsarewa da kuma cin zarafin ‘yan jarida tare da kokarin rage gwamnatin da ke yankin a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka kara darajar.  Koyaya, wannan darajar ta fi ta 146, wacce Transparency International ta baiwa [[Najeriya]] a farkon wannan shekarar dangane da cin hanci da rashawa  Rahoton ''Reporters without Border'' ya kuma cigaba da cewa “Tare da sama da jaridu masu zaman kansu sama da 100, kasar da ta fi kowace kasa yawan jama’a a Afirka na jin dadin kafafen yada labarai na gaske amma bayar da labaran da suka shafi siyasa, ta’addanci ko satar kudade daga masu karfi yana da matukar matsala. ” 

== Take hakkin Gwamnati. ==

=== Sojoji ===
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa wasu sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da damar karancin abinci a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin [[Borno|jihar Borno]] tare da yi wa mata fyade a sansanonin yan gudun hijira da aka tanadar mata don ba su abincin. Wadannan karancin abinci na yan gudun hijirar suma sun haifar da mutuwar &quot;dubunnan mutane&quot; tun daga shekara ta 2015. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu Sojoji uku a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] saboda bayar da barazanar fyade ga mata. A ranar 21 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke jihar Legas, Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph saboda samun su da hannu a kisan wani dan sanda mai mukamin sajan a ranar 10, ga Mayun shekara ta 2020. Masu harbe-harben, wadanda daga baya aka tsare su a hannun sojoji, wani jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya ya taimaka ma su kuma ana neman su da &quot;laifukan ta'addanci.&quot;

=== Ƴan sanda ===
A Nijeriya ana kallon [[Rundunar ƴan Sandan Najeriya|Yan Sandan Najeriya]] a matsayin marasa inganci da cin rashawa. Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa ta Najeriya (JTF) ta ba da isasshen martani da karfi wajen kai hare-hare na ƙungiyar Boko Haram. JTF na da hannu wajen kashe wadanda ake zargi ba tare da fuskantar shari'a ba tare da kashe bazuwar al'ummomin da ake zargi da tallafawa ƙungiyar Boko Haram. &lt;ref name=&quot;Human Rights Watch 2012&quot;&gt;Human Rights Watch. &quot;Spiraling Violence: Boko Haram Attacks and Security Force Abuses in Nigeria&quot;. 2012.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Everyone's in on the Game- Corruption and Human Rights Abuses by the Nigerian Police Force&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corrupt&quot;&gt;Human Rights Watch. &quot;Criminal Politics&quot;. October 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma. ==

* Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Kasa (Najeriya)
* Fataucin mutane a Najeriya.
* Binciken yanar gizo da sa ido a Najeriya.
* Hakkokin (LGBT) a Najeriya 
* Siyasar Najeriya.
* [[Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya]]
* Ajiye Childrenananan Witan mayu na Afirka.

== Manazarta. ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [https://informushollywood.xyz Wakokin GQOM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190640/https://informushollywood.xyz/ |date=2021-07-09 }}
* [https://fakazasong.com Fakaz A Song]
* [https://forible.xyz Mai yiwuwa Télécharger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191140/https://forible.xyz/ |date=2021-07-09 }}
* [https://dfactual.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709192427/https://dfactual.com/ |date=2021-07-09 }}
* [https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/nigeria/report-2012 Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104182903/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/nigeria/report-2012 |date=2015-01-04 }}, na [[Amnesty International]]
* [http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/nigeria Rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Rahoton Duniya na 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416033734/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/nigeria |date=2016-04-16 }}, na Freedom House
* [https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-nigeria Rahoton Duniya na 2012], na Human Rights Watch
* [http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/NHRA/nigeria.pdf Tsarin Ayyuka na Kasa don Ingantawa &amp; Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nijeriya, 2006]
[[Category:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Ƴancin muhalli]]
[[Category:Muhalli]]
[[Category:Yanayi]]
[[Category:Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]]
[[Category:Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki]]
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sonny Okosun</title>
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'''Sonny Okosun''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1947  - ya mutu a ranar 24 Mayun shekara ta 2008 a [[Washington DC|Washington, DC]] ). Ya kasance mawaƙi daga [[Edo|jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]] kuma an fi saninsa da shugaban ƙungiyar Ozzidi. Ya sanya wa ƙungiyar sa suna Ozzidi bayan wani sanannen [[Harshen Ijaw|allahn kogin Ijaw]], amma ga Okosun ma'anar &quot; ''akwai sako'' &quot;. Sunan mahaifinsa wani lokaci ana rubuta shi '''Okosuns''' kuma sunan farko '''Sunny''' . Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan mawaƙan Najeriya daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1970 zuwa tsakiyar shekara ta 1980s. &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;''The Independent'', 24 June 2008: [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20080624/ai_n27514739 Sonny Okosun obituary.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Alamar Okosun ta pop pop African, Ozzidi, kira ce ta Afro-Beat, reggae da funk .  Daga shekara ta 1977, ya zama sananne ga waƙoƙin zanga-zanga game da Pan-Africanism, 'yanci da wasu' yan sauran al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa da suka shafi Afirka.

== Rayuwar farko ==
Yayinda yake karamin yaro, Okosun ya kasance tare da kakarsa a Ibore, kusa da [[Esan ta Tsakiya|Irrua]] a [[Edo|jihar Edo]], daga nan, ya koma [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu]] ya zauna tare da iyayensa kuma inda mahaifinsa yake aiki tare da [[Nigerian Railway Corporation|Kamfanin]] Jirgin Ƙasa na Najeriya.  Okosun ya halarci makarantun horo daban-daban da suka fara da St Brigid's School, Asata, Enugu kafin ta yi rajista a cibiyar kasuwanci ta gwamnati a Enugu. Ya bar cibiyar horo kafin ya kammala karatunsa.  Kasancewa cikin nishadi da nishadantarwa, ya yi tattaki zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] domin ya kara sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo. A Legas, ya ɗauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar wasan kwaikwayo a [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] amma ya tafi bayan 'yan watanni ya dawo Enugu. A Enugu, Okosun ya sami dama a cikin kananan mukamai inda ya shiga cikin wasu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo; ya kuma yi aiki tare da sanannen malamin koyar da wasan kwaikwayo na Enugu, farfesa John Okwerri.  Kasancewarsa cikin ƙungiyar Okwerri da jajircewarsa na samun nasara a cikin nishadi ya sa aka sanya shi cikin wasu wasannin rediyo da TV tare da Gidan Talabijin na Gabashin Najeriya.

== Ayyuka ==

=== 1960s: Shekarun farko ===
Okwerri memba ne na kungiyar Mbari, ƙungiyar da Ulli Beier ya fara, tare da JP Clark da [[Wole Soyinka|Wole Soyinka sun]] kasance wurin haduwa ga masu zane da marubuta. A can ne Okosun ya fara haɓaka sha'awar waƙa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 135&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 135.&lt;/ref&gt; Bayyanar da aka yi a gidan talabijin na yankin Gabas ya sami sanarwa daga Mariam Okagbue, wacce ta saya masa kida kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya ci gaba da aikin waƙa. A cikin shekarar 1965, ya kasance mai shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a wata gasa, wasan da kungiyar ta samu nasara ya zama fim mai ban mamaki na JP Clark's ''Song of a Goat'' and Okwerri's ''Masquerades'' .  A matsayin kungiyar da ta ci nasara sun wakilci Najeriya a bikin baje kolin Arts na Commonwealth na shekarar 1965 wanda aka gudanar a London. Ya yi amfani da damar don yawon shakatawa a Ingila don halartar kide kide da Rolling Stones, The Who, da Herman's Hermits. Lokacin da ya dawo, Okosun ya shiga cikin 'yan wasa na ''Ukonu's Club'', wani shirin talabijin na Gabashin Najeriya inda ya sami damar nuna kidan sa na kida.  

A cikin shekara ta 1966, ya shiga ƙungiyar Postmen.  a matsayin mai kidan ridi.  ƙngiyar ta kunna kiɗan Cliff Richard, Elvis Presley da Beatles . &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 135&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 135.&lt;/ref&gt;

A farkon yaƙin basasa, Okosun da danginsa waɗanda suka fito daga [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Mid-West]] ba daga Gabashin Najeriya ba dole suka gudu daga yankin suka koma Lagos. A Legas, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da tallafi ga gidan talabijin kuma ya cushe da ƙungiyoyi da yawa. A cikin shekara ta 1969, ya sami tsayayyen aiki a matsayin mai kida a karo na biyu a cikin Victor Uwaifo 's Maestros. Uwaifo har yanzu yana kan abin da yake bugawa, &quot;Joromi&quot;, ya ɗauki ƙungiyarsa zuwa yawon shakatawa a Japan da Turai. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 137&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da yake, ya kasance tare da Uwaifo, ya girmama ƙwarewar sa a fannin kide kide da wake-wake ta hanyar yin gwaji tare da haɗakar Afirka da rawar riya. 

=== 1970s: Sautin Ozzidi ===
Daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1974, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar da a da ake kira Paperback Limited amma daga baya suka sake haɗuwa a matsayin Ozzidi.  Kafin sake haduwa a matsayin Ozzidi, shi da wasu mambobin kungiyar sa sun hada kai da [[Fela Kuti|Fela]] da kungiyar sa, Koola Lobitos, don yin kade kade a yankin Yaba da ke Legas. Bayan ƙirƙirar Ozzidi, Okosun ya fitar da fayafayai da yawa ko dai tare da ƙungiyar ko kuma a matsayin mai fasaha.  Kundin sun hada da ''Ozzidi'', ''Music mai rai'' da ''Ozzidi na Siyarwa'' . Sautin Ozzidi na farko ya haɗu da asalin asalin asalin Edo tare da taɓa giyar guitar. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 134&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;

Yana da hutun farko tare da &quot;Taimako&quot; guda ɗaya, wanda aka siyar da kusan kofe dubu ɗari a ƙasar Najeriya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 137&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; Jerin kungiyar Ozzidi ya kasance karkashin jagorancin Okosun a matsayin jagora mai kida, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga masu rawa uku, dan kunna trombone, madannan keyboard, bass da gangaren tarko.

Zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 1970s, Okosun ya fara sakin jerin gwanon reggae wanda aka saka waƙar Afro-pop. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collins 2002, p. 134&quot;&gt;Collins 2002, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt; Waƙarsa ta shekara ta 1977 &quot;Wuta a Soweto&quot; ta zama babbar fitacciyar ƙasa da ƙasa  kuma kundin waƙoƙin zinare na farko.  An saka shi a cikin kundin yaki da wariyar launin fata ''Sun City'', kuma wakarsa &quot;Highlife&quot; tana kan sautin fim din 1986 ''wani abu mai suna Wildness'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;independent&quot;&gt;''The Independent'', 24 June 2008: [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20080624/ai_n27514739 Sonny Okosun obituary.]&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake fitar da wani kundin wakoki na LP, ''Power to the People'', ya biyo baya da rangadi a wasu biranen Najeriya.

=== 1980s ===
Ya fitar da kundi na farko na Amurka a shekara ta 1984 ƙarƙashin Shanachie Records . &lt;ref&gt;Pareles, J. (1984, May 13). &quot;WITH THE TRADITIONAL AND THE EXOTIC, AFRICA INVIGORATES POP&quot;. ''The New York Times''.&lt;/ref&gt; Rikodin sa na gaba na Amurka, ''Wace Way Nijeriya'', an sake shi a cikin shekara ta 1985 a ƙarƙashin EMI a cikin Nijeriya kuma an ba shi lasisi ga Jive Records don ci gaban duniya. &lt;ref&gt;Music-records: Okosun blasts jive diskery for alleged South African ties (1985, September 04). ''Variety'' (Archive: 1905-2000), 320, 79.&lt;/ref&gt;

Babban nasararsa ta fara dusashe a ƙarshen shekara ta 1980s, amma ya ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin mawaƙin bishara da sunan Evangelist Sonny Okosun. 

== Daga baya rayuwa ==
Ya mutu yana da shekaru 61 sakamakon cutar kansa a ranar 24 Mayun shekara ta 2008 a Asibitin Jami'ar Howard, Washington DC.  Salon kiɗan sa ya haɗa da reggae, highlife, Afro-funk, da bishara, da sauransu.  Ya yi kiɗa a cikin harsuna da yawa, ciki har da Esan, [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]], [[Yarbanci|Yoruba]], [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . &lt;ref&gt;[http://allafrica.com/stories/200805261326.html &quot;Music Icon, Sonny Okosun, Dies At 61&quot;], ''Leadership'', 26 May 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Majiya ==

* Collins, J. (1992). ''Tushen Pop din Afirka ta Yamma'' . Philadelphia: Jami'ar Haikali ta Latsa.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okosun, Sonny}}
[[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]]
[[Category:Mawaka]]
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[[File:Voice_of_labor_1938-12-01_cover_page.jpg  |thumb|Taken “Muryar Ma'aikata” a kan bangon wata jarida ta shekarar 1938]] 
[[File:Empleada_del_hogar_trabajadora_dom%C3%A9stica_derechos_Valladolid_2022.jpg  |thumb| Haƙƙin ma'aikacin cikin gida, Valladolid 2022.]] 
[[File:WMBE-How to work successfully with Wikipedia.pdf|thumb|Ma'aikata]]
'''Hakkokin''' '''ma'aikata''' ko haƙƙin '''ma'aikaci''' duka haƙƙoƙin doka ne da haƙƙin [[Hakkokin Yan-adam|ɗan adam ɗaya]] waɗanda suka shafi alaƙar aiki tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikatan ta. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an tsara su a cikin dokar ƙwadago da aikin yi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Gaba ɗaya, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna tasiri yanayin aiki a cikin alaƙar aiki domin kashe zaman banza. Dayan shahararru shine haƙƙin yancin tarayya, in ba haka ba ana kiransa da yancin tsari. Ma'aikata da aka tsara a cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago suna amfani da haƙƙin yarjejeniyar gama gari don inganta yanayin aiki.

== Bayanin aiki ==
A cikin tarihi, ma'aikata masu da'awar wasu masu radin haƙƙoƙin mutane sun bada gudunmuwar su domin tabbatar da dokar aiki. Kuma a lokacin tsakiyar zamani, tawayen manoma a Ingila sun kuma nuna buƙatar mafi kyawun albashi da yanayin aiki. Daya daga cikin shugabannin masu tawayen, John Ball ya shahara da jayayya cewa an haife mutane daidai yana cewa, &quot;Lokacin da [[Adam|Adam ya yi]] tunani kuma [[Hauwa'u|Hauwa ta]] faɗi, wane ne mutumin kirki?&quot; Ma'aikata sukan yi kira ga haƙƙin gargajiya. Alal misali, manoman Ingila sun yi yaƙi da yadi motsi, wanda ya ɗauki al'ada da zamantakewa da ƙasashe sanya su masu zaman kansu.

Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Masana’antu ta 1833 wacce ta nuna cewa yara ‘yan ƙasa da shekaru 9 ba za su iya yin aiki ba, yara‘ yan shekara 9 zuwa 13 za su iya yin aikin awanni 8 ne kawai a rana, sannan yara ‘yan shekaru 14-18 za su iya yin aiki na awanni 12 kawai a rana ba tare da sun jikata ba. 
[[File:Work Conditions, Ingersoll Watch Company (2871179994).jpg|thumb|Rukunin wasu ma'aikata]]
'Yancin ma'aikata kwatankwacin sabon tsari ne ga tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani. Tunanin wannan lokacin game da haƙƙin ma'aikata ya kasance ne tun ƙarni na 19 bayan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu bin tsarin masana'antu. [[Karl Marx]] ya fito a matsayin ɗayan farko kuma sanannen mai ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Falsafar sa da ka'idar tattalin arziki ya mai da hankali kan lamuran kwadago kuma yana ba da shawarar tsarin tattalin arzikin sa na gurguzu, al'ummar da ma'aikata za su mulke ta. Yawancin motsi na zamantakewar al'umma don haƙƙin ma'aikata sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin da Marx ya rinjayi kamar masu ra'ayin gurguzu da [[kwaminisanci]]  yan gurguzu masu ra'ayin gurguzu da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun goyi bayan bukatun ma'aikacin kuma. Kaddamar da haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata na kwanan nan ya mai da hankali ne ga irin rawar da ake ciki, amfani da ita, da bukatun mata mata, da kuma yawan zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jama'a ta duniya na baƙi, sabis, ko baƙi ma'aikata.

=== Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) ===
An kafa Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya (ILO) a shekarar ta alif 1919, a matsayin wani bangare na Kungiyar Kasashe don kare hakkin ma'aikaci. (ILO) daga baya ya zama cikin [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]]. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kanta ta goyi bayan hakkokin ma'aikata ta hanyar sanya abubuwa da yawa a cikin bayanai biyu na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam]], wanda shine tushen Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu (Labari na 6-8). Wadannan karanta:

# Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami aiki, da yancin ya zabi aikin da yake so, kuma ya sami halin yin aiki daidai wa daida kuma ya sami kariya daga rashin aiki.
# Kowane mutum, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, yana da hakkin ya sami aikin yi daidai da na aiki daidai wa daida .
# Duk wanda ke aiki na da hakkin a ba shi albashi mai kyau wanda zai tabbatar wa kansa da iyalinsa wanzuwa wanda ya cancanci mutuncin ɗan adam, kuma idan ya cancanta, a ba shi damar yin hakan, ta wata hanyar ba da kariya ta zaman jama'a .
# Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya kafa kungiya, ya shiga kungiyar kwadago don kiyaye bukatunsa. 

# Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya huta da dama, ciki har da ma ya rage mata aiki sa'o'i da kuma lokaci-lokaci holidays albashinsa .

(ILO) da wasu kungiyoyi da yawa sun nemi matsayin kwadago na kasa da kasa don samar da 'yancin doka ga ma'aikata a fadin duniya. Hakanan an yi yunkuri na baya-bayan nan don karfafawa ƙasashe gwiwa don inganta haƙƙin ƙwadago a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar ciniki mai adalci. 

=== Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Lebura sashen Duniya (ILRF) ===
[[File:Men at work benches in C&amp;P telephone company, Washington, D.C. LCCN2001706158.jpg|thumb|Ma'aikatan Kamfani]]
Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILRF) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a kan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Manufar su ita ce cimma mutunci da adalci ga ma'aikata a duk duniya.  Ta hanyar yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyi a duk duniya, gami da ƙungiyar ƙwadago da ƙungiyoyin addinai, suna iya yin tasiri ga gwamnatoci da kamfanoni don canji.

== Matsayin ƙa'idodin aiki ==
Kungiyar ta (ILO) ce ta gano shi a cikin sanarwar akan Ka'idoji da Hakkoki na Aiki,  babban matsayin kwadago &quot;an yarda da cewa yana da matukar muhimmanci&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 1996 'Trade, Employment and Labour Standards: A Study of Core Workers' Rights and International Trade'&lt;/ref&gt; Suna aiki a duk duniya, ba tare da la'akari da ko an amince da yarjejeniyoyin da suka dace ba, matakin cigaban ƙasa ko ƙimar al'adu.  Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun haɗu da ƙimar cancanta, ba ƙididdiga masu yawa ba kuma ba su kafa takamaiman matakin aiki, albashi ko ƙa'idodin lafiya da aminci.  abinda ba'a so shine lalata damar yancin aiki na dan Adam a duniya domin hakan aka sako wata cibiya a ƙasashe masu haƙƙin ɗan Adam da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin ɗan Adam ta (CROC), yarjejeniya mafi ƙarancin haƙƙin ɗan Adam tare da ɓangarorin 193, da kuma (ICCPR) tare da jam'iyyun 160.  An saka su cikin tanade-tanade daban-daban waɗanda suke da alaƙa da aiki a cikin kayan aiki masu laushi kamar UN ''Compact Global'', da (OECD) ''Guidelines'', da kuma (ILO MNE) ''Declaration''. 

Manufofin kwadago sune:

* '''Yancin ƙungiya''': &lt;ref&gt;ICCPR Art.22, ILO Convention 87&lt;/ref&gt; ma'aikata suna iya shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago waɗanda ba su da 'yanci daga tasirin gwamnati da tasirin ma'aikata;
* '''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Yancin cinikin gama gari:''' &lt;ref&gt;ICCPR Art.22, ILO Convention 98&lt;/ref&gt; ma'aikata na iya yin shawarwari tare da ma'aikata a dunkule, sabanin daidaiku;
* '''Haramcin dukkan nau'ikan aikin karfi:''' &lt;ref&gt;ICCPR Art. 8, ILO Conventions 29 and 105&lt;/ref&gt; ya hada da tsaro daga aikin gidan yari da bautar, da kuma hana ma'aikata tilasta musu yin aiki cikin tilas; 
* '''Kawar da munanan ayyukan kwadago:''' &lt;ref&gt;CROC Art. 32 ILO Convention 138&lt;/ref&gt; aiwatar da mafi karancin shekarun aiki da wasu sharuɗɗan yanayin aiki ga yara;
* '''Rashin nuna wariya a aikin yi:''' daidaiton albashi don aikin daidai .

A kasashe kaɗan ne daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar (ILO) suka amince da duk waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin saboda matsalolin cikin gida duk da haka tunda waɗannan haƙƙoƙin an yarda da su a cikin (UDHR), kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada suna da niyyar mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Don tattaunawa kan sanya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙin ƙwadago a cikin tsarin kungiyar Ciniki ta duniya, duba ƙa'idodin ƙwadago a cikin kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya . Akwai wasu batutuwa da yawa a waje da wannan asalin, a cikin haƙƙin ma'aikacin Burtaniya ya haɗa da haƙƙin bayanan aiki, bayanin biyan kuɗi da aka tsara, tsarin horo wanda suke da 'yancin kasancewa tare da su, hutun yau da kullum, hutun hutu, hutu da aka biya da sauransu . 

== Batutuwan haƙƙin ma'aikata ==
Baya ga haƙƙin tsarawa, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago sun yi kamfen a kan wasu batutuwa daban-daban waɗanda za a iya cewa suna da nasaba da haƙƙin ma'aikata. Kungiyoyin kwadago sun fara inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikata. Tun daga shekarar 1768 yajin aikin farko a New York masu zanga-zangar nuna adawa da rage albashi. Wanda hakan ke tasiri sosai wajen kwato hakkin ma'aikata musamman a bangaren albashi Wannan shine farkon motsi. Kusa da karni na 18, an kafa kungiyoyin kwadago don inganta yanayin aiki ga dukkan ma'aikata. ya yi yaƙi don samun mafi kyawun albashi, awanni masu dacewa da yanayin tsaro mai aminci. Kungiyar kwadago ta jagoranci ƙoƙari don dakatar da bautar da yara, ba da fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ba da taimako ga ma'aikatan da suka ji rauni ko suka yi ritaya. Anyi bayanin masu zuwa a cikin sassan masu zuwa. 

=== Iyakance sa'o'i ===
Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ma'aikata da yawa yana da alaƙa da iyakance sa'o'i a cikin wurin aiki. Kungiyoyin kwadago na ƙarni na 19 sun yi kamfen na kwana takwas . Kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari na ma'aikata sun kuma nemi iyakance lokutan aiki, suna yin makon aiki na awanni 40 ko kuma mafi ƙarancin daidaito a ƙasashe da yawa. An kafa aiki na tsawon awanni 35 a Faransa a 2000, ko da yake wannan ƙa'idar ta yi rauni sosai tun daga lokacin. Ma'aikata na iya yarda da masu daukansu aiki don aikin na tsawon, amma karin sa'o'i ne a biya ƙarin aiki bayan lokaci. A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] aikin mako yana da iyaka zuwa awanni 48 ''gami da'' karin lokaci (duba kuma Dokar Lokacin Aiki 2003).

=== Bautar da yara ===
[[File:ChildLabor1910.png|thumb| 11Rose Biodo, 1216 Annan St., Philadelphia. Shekara 10. Aiki 3 lokacin rani. Zukatan yara da ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace, peck biyu a lokaci guda. Whites Bog, Brown Mills, NJ Wannan shine sati na huɗu na makaranta kuma mutane anan suna tsammanin zasu kasance da sati biyu. Shaida EF Brown. Wuri: Browns Mills, New Jersey /.]]
Masu rajin kare hakkin kwadago sun kuma yi aiki don yaki da bautar da yara . Suna ganin bautar da yara a matsayin cin amana, kuma galibi tana lalata tattalin arziki. Abokan adawar bautar da yara galibi suna jayayya cewa yara masu aiki ba su da ilimi. A cikin 1948 sannan kuma a cikin 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa yara suna da haƙƙin kiyaye zamantakewar jama'a. 

Yana da wahala yara suyi gwagwarmayar neman hakkinsu na asali, musamman a wuraren aiki. Sau da yawa ana basu kulawa. Masu ba da aiki suna amfani da aikin ƙuruciya saboda ba su da ikon yin ciniki tare kuma da yin aiki a wurin aiki mara kyau. Kusan kashi 95% na bautar yara na faruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Misali na masana'antar da misalan ayyukan yara da ke haifar da mummunan rauni ko mutuwa  da aka lura da su shi ne [[Hakar ma'adinai|hakar]] ma'adanin ''cobal'' a [[Jamhuriyar dimokuradiyya Kwango|DRC]] da kuma haƙar ma'adinai na tagulla [[Zambiya|a Zambiya]], inda aka ba da rahoton yara suna shiga cikin kowane nau'i na hakar ma'adinai a kan kudin karatunsu. Akwai damuwa mai girma cewa karuwar buƙatu na albarkatu waɗanda suka haɗa da bautar da yara ga masana'antu kamar samar da batirin motar lantarki, zai ƙara kawo take haƙƙin ma'aikata.  A Indiya da Pakistan, yara suna aiki na dogon lokaci a masana'antu daban-daban saboda bashin da iyayensu suka ci. &lt;ref&gt;See Tucker, supra note 7, at 573; Weissman, supra note 7, at 11 ; Human Rights Watch, supra note 15, at 2; Cox, supra note 16, at 115.&lt;/ref&gt; Iyalai marasa galibu a wasu lokutan suna dogaro da kudin shigar 'yayan su dan biyan kudi. A Misira, kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 ‘yan kasa da shekaru 14 suna aiki duk da cewa akwai dokokin aiki na kare yara. 

==== Bautar da yara a Amurka ====
A Amurka, Dokar Ka'idar Ka'idodin Aiki ta 1938 (FLSA) ta hana aikin yara kanana domin tabbatar da yancin su. (FLSA) ta ayyana mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aiki zuwa shekaru 14 don ayyukan da ba na aikin gona ba tare da takaita awoyi, takura awoyi ga matasa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16, kuma ya hana aiki da yara yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 a cikin sana'o'in da Sakatare ke ganin haɗari na Kwadago. 

A shekarar 2007, Massachusetts ta sabunta dokokin kwadagon yaransu da suka bukaci duk kananan yara su sami izinin aiki. 

=== Yanayin wurin aiki ===
Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun yi aiki don haɓaka yanayin wurin aiki wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin da aka kafa. A lokacin Cigaban Zamani, Amurka ta fara sake fasalin wuraren aiki, wanda ya sami tallata talla daga Upton Sinclair 's ''The Jungle'' da kuma abubuwan da suka faru kamar 1911 ''Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire.'' Masu ba da shawara game da ƙwadago da sauran ƙungiyoyi galibi suna sukar kayan aikin samarwa tare da yanayin aiki mara kyau kamar gumi da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na aiki, da kamfen don ingantaccen ayyukan kwadago da amincewa da haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk duniya domin zai taimaka wajen inganta dokar

=== Tsaro da dorewar zamantakewa ===
Abubuwan da aka gabatar na baya-bayan nan a fagen dorewa sun haɗa da mai da hankali kan ɗorewar zamantakewar, wanda ya haɗa da haɓaka haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki, rigakafin fataucin mutane, da kawar da bautar da yara ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga samfuran da aiyukan da ake samu.  Kungiyoyi kamar su ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka da kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka sun fitar da karatu kan kayayyakin da aka gano cewa suna amfani da ayyukan yara da masana'antu ta hanyar amfani da su ko kuma samar da su ta hanyar safarar mutane. An bayyana haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar tushe kamar su Hukumar Kula da Jama'a ta  da ƙa'idodin aikin ''performanceasa na Financeasa'' na Duniya . 

=== Albashin rayuwa ===
Kungiyar kwadago ta matsa lamba don tabbatar da dokokin mafi ƙarancin albashi, wanda hakan Kai taimaka wajen inganta kuma ana cigaba da tattaunawa game da ƙarin zuwa mafi ƙarancin albashin. Ko yaya, yan adawa suna ganin mafi karancin dokokin albashi suna iyakance damar aiki ga marassa kwarewa da masu matakin shiga.

Galibi ana jayayya akan fa'idodi da farashin saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje akan haƙƙin ƙwadago. Nazarin na Payton da Woo ya nuna cewa duk da cewa &quot;ma'aikata ba za su iya ganin an sami kari mai yawa a mafi karancin albashi ba amma za su iya samun damar cin gajyar albashi ko kuma wasu kariyar da aka bayar a doka, a hankali a hankali za a inganta yanayin aiki gaba daya, yayin da karin (FDI) ke shigowa. &quot; 

=== Ma'aikatan ƙaura ===
Wasu lokuta ana cin zarafin ma'aikatan ƙaura na doka. Misali, bakin haure sun gamu da wasu zarge-zargen cin zarafi a hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ( [[Dubai (birni)|gami da Dubai]] ). Kungiyar ta ''Human Rights Watch'' ta lissafa matsaloli da dama da suka hada da &quot;rashin biyan albashi, tsawan lokutan aiki ba tare da biyan wani karin lokaci ba, yanayin aikin da ba shi da hadari da ke haifar da mutuwa da rauni, yanayin rayuwa mara kyau a sansanonin kwadago, da kuma hana fasfo da takaddun tafiye-tafiye da masu daukar ma'aikata suka yi. Duk da dokokin da suka hana hakan, masu daukar ma'aikata suna kwace fasfotin ma'aikata bakin haure. Ba tare da fasfo dinsu ba, ma'aikata ba za su iya sauya aiki ko komawa gida ba. Wadannan ma'aikata ba su da wata ma'ana don cin zarafin ma'aikata, amma yanayin ya inganta. Ministan kwadago da jin dadin jama'a Ali bin Abdullah al-Kaabi ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye da dama domin taimakawa inganta ayyukan kwadago a kasarsa. 

An yi Allah wadai da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa a cikin wani rahoto da Cibiyar Demokradiyya ta nuna gaskiya ta fitar a watan Afrilun 2021 yana kiran al’ummar kasar da cin zarafinsu da wariyar da suke yi wa ‘yan kasashen waje da‘ yan cirani a kan ’yan Masarautar. A cewar (DCT), baƙi da baƙi a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa galibi ana fuskantar wariyar jinsi da wariyar launin fata, wariyar launin fata, fataucin mutane, da tilasta musu aiki. Kamar yadda binciken da (DCT) ta gudanar, wadannan batutuwan ba a bayar da rahoto ba saboda barazana da tursasawa daga masu ba su aiki ta hanyar rasa aiki ko tuhumar aikata laifi. Rahoton ya nuna wariyar da cin zarafin sun ci gaba duk da an sassauta tsarin Kafala a masarautar. (DCT) ta kammala rahotonta inda ta bukaci (UAE) da ta magance matsalolin sannan ta kawo karshen matsayin launin fata da wariyar da ake nuna wa wadanda ba ‘yan kasa ba.  

''Koelnmesse'', kamfanin da ke da alhakin kula da rumfar da ke wakiltar [[Jamus]] a ''Expo 2020'' ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tare da ''Emirati Transguard Group'' don wanki, tsaftacewa, da ayyukan tsaro. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam sun yi ikirarin cewa yayin sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin kamfanonin biyu, ba a manta da shaidun da ke tabbatar da hakkin dan Adam ba. An ce kamfanin ya hana fasfot da albashin ma’aikatan da ke karbar mafi karancin albashi sannan ya dakatar da su daga aikin ba tare da sanarwa ba.  

=== Ma'aikatan da ba su da rajista ===
Hakki na daidaita daidaito, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, asali da bayyana, [[addini]], yanayin jima'i, kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin haƙƙin ma'aikaci ne. Nuna wariyar launin fata a wurin aiki haramtacce ne a kasashe da yawa, amma wasu na ganin bambancin albashi tsakanin jinsi da sauran kungiyoyi a matsayin wata matsala ce ta cigaba.

Yawancin ma'aikata masu ƙaura basa samun haƙƙin ma'aikata musamman saboda ba sa jin yaren gida, ba tare da la'akari da matsayin doka ba.  Wadansu sun lura cewa ba sa samun daidai adadin kudin a kan albashinsu yayin da wasu kuma ba a biyansu.

==== Ma'aikatan da ba su da izini a Amurka ====
Dokar Hulɗa da Ma’aikata ta kasa ta amince da leburori marasa aiki a matsayin ma’aikata. Ko yaya, shari'ar babban kotun ''Hoffman Plastics Compounds, Inc. v.'' ''NLRB ya'' tabbatar da cewa ba za a iya bayar da bashin ba ga ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun doka ba bisa doka ba game da Dokar Shige da Fice da Kula da Shige da Fice ta 1986.  A cikin wannan shawarar da kotu ta yanke, an kuma bayyana cewa Amurka za ta tallafawa (FLSA) da (MSPA), ba tare da la'akari da ko an rubuta wani ba ko a'a.  Har ila yau, ma'aikatan da ba su da takardun izini, suna da kariya ta doka game da nuna bambanci dangane da asalinsu. Hukuncin shari'ar babbar kotun Hoffman da farko ya shafi leburori da ba su da takardu ta hanyar hana su samun kudaden da/ko mayar da su. 

Duk da yake babu wani mutum da ba shi da takardu da zai iya aiki a Amurka ta hanyar doka, amma masu rubutun ba su da kaso 5% na ma'aikata. A Amurka, mutanen da aka haifa a wajen ƙasar sukan yi aiki a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari kuma suna da damar fuskantar mutuwa a bakin aiki. Sassan ɓangarorin albashi, waɗanda yawancin mutane marasa aiki ke aiki a ciki, suna da mafi girman ƙimar albashi da cin zarafin sa'a.  Kididdiga sunyi iƙirarin cewa 31% na mutanen da ba su da takardu suna aiki a ayyukan sabis. Aikin abinci musamman yana da kashi 12% na ma'aikata marasa rajista.

Mutanen da ba su da rajista za su iya kuma sun shiga ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, har ma takaddar yabo ta 2008 ta ba su &quot;don ƙarfafa&quot; ƙungiyar kwadago. Saboda (NLRA) tana kare ma’aikatan da ba su da takardu, yana kare haƙƙinsu na tsaro. Ko yaya (NLRA) tana cire ma'aikata waɗanda ke aikin gona, na gida, na kwangila masu zaman kansu, na gwamnati, ko kuma masu alaƙa da masu ɗaukar su aiki.  An sake kare haƙƙin yin magana akan cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar dokar sake fasalin shige da fice a cikin 2013 tare da dokar POWER, wanda ke nufin kare ma'aikatan da suka yi magana game da ayyukan kwadago daga fuskantar tsarewa ko kora.  

Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ba lallai bane su maraba da ma'aikatan baƙi. A cikin ƙungiyoyin kwadago, akwai gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar lokacin da masu kula da baƙi na Los Angeles suka sake tsara ma'aikatan sabis. Kasancewa cikin kungiyar kwadagon ba lallai bane ya magance dukkan bukatun ma’aikatan bakin haure, don haka samun karfi a cikin kungiyar shine matakin farko ga ma’aikatan bakin haure don magance bukatunsu. 

Ma'aikatan baƙi suna yawan haɗuwa fiye da ƙungiyoyi, ta hanyar yin kamfen a cikin al'ummominsu kan al'amuran da suka shafi ƙaura, wariya, da kuma rashin da'a na 'yan sanda. 

=== Dunkulewar duniya ===
A watan Maris na 2004, Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Zamani ta Duniya ta ba da rahoto mai suna &quot;Kyakkyawan Dunkulewar Duniya: Kirkirar dama ga kowa&quot;.  Rahoton ya yarda da yadda tasirin dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar 'yancin ma'aikata. Sake fasalin dunkulewar duniya zai bukaci hadin kai ba kawai a cikin kasar ba har ma a matakin duniya.  Ya nuna cewa hukumomin siyasa su &quot;sabunta hankalinsu ga dunkulewar duniya&quot;. 

Masu rajin kare haƙƙin ma'aikata sun damu da yadda dunkulewar duniya zai iya shafar haƙƙin ma'aikata a ƙasashe daban-daban. Wasu hukumomin duniya suna ganin tilasta aiwatar da aiki zai takaita cigaban tattalin arzikin wata kasa.  Kamar yadda kamfanoni ke ba da aikinsu ga ma'aikata daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin albashi, gwamnatoci za su sassauta dokokinsu don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa.  A sakamakon haka, kasashe matalauta suna aiwatar da ƙananan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin gogayya da sauran ƙasashe. Binciken Layna Mosley ya nuna cewa haƙƙin haƙƙin ma'aikata ya ƙi tun lokacin da aka faɗaɗa duniya a kwanan nan.  Ta hanyar samun ƙasashe da yawa sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyi, ana iya kiyaye haƙƙin ma'aikata a duk faɗin duniya. Ko yaya, wasu ƙasashe suna sanya hannu akan shi duk da cewa basa shirin bin ƙa'idodin. Sabili da haka, akwai damar samun damar ayyukan haƙƙin ma'aikata don wahala. 

Ko yaya, wasu sun yi ikirarin cewa dunkulewar duniya na iya inganta aiwatar da haƙƙin ma'aikata ta hanyar amsa buƙatun wata ƙasa. Gwamnatoci za su yi aiki don bukatun kasa, don haka a lokacin da wata muhimmiyar kasa ta kasuwanci ta bukaci a karfafa karfi da hakkin 'yan kwadago, za su yi aiki yadda ya kamata. 

=== Nuna wariyar ma'aikata ===
Kungiyoyin kwadago da aka kafa a duk masana'antar. Kungiyoyin kwadago a cikin kere-kere sun gano wahalar kafa kungiyoyin kwadago a matakan kwarewa daban-daban. Wadannan rukunin kungiyoyin kwararrun sukan sami rarrabuwa ta hanyoyin wariyar launin fata da na jima'i. A cikin 1895 farar fata kawai kungiyar Masana'antu ta Duniya. Shiga cikin Baƙin Amurkawa ƙarni na 20 ya ƙaura daga kudu zuwa arewa kawai don gano cewa akwai wariya a cikin damar tattalin arziki. Anyi amfani da kwatancen launin fata don rarraba ajin aiki da ƙirƙirar rarrabuwa. Wannan daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ƙirƙirar baƙin lambobi da dokokin (Jim Crow) don iyakance ikon Baƙin Amurkawa don ƙirƙirar wa kansu rayuwa. Dokokin (Jim Crow) da aka zartar a cikin shekarun 1800 sune Dokokin da suka hana Baƙin Amurkawa zama cikin fararen anguwanni, tare da keɓancewa a wuraren taron jama'a. wadannan an tilasta su don wuraren waha na jama'a, rumfunan waya, asibitoci, mafaka, gidajen yari da gidajen zama na tsofaffi da naƙasassu da ƙari. 

== Duba kuma ==

== Bayani ==
 

== Hanyoyin haɗin waje ==

* [http://www.cleanclothes.org/ Gangamin Tsabtace Tufafi]
* [http://www.amrc.org.hk/ Cibiyar Kula da Asiya ta Asiya]
* [http://www.laborrights.org/ Rightsungiyar Rightsancin Kasashen Duniya]
* [http://www.sweatfree.org/ Weungiyoyin SweatFree]
* [https://www.hrw.org/labor/ Human Rights Watch]
* [http://www.ilo.org/ Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160323111100/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/issues/worker-rights/ Shafin haƙƙin ma'aikata a Ofishin Harkokin Kodago na Duniya, Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka]
* [http://www.escr-net.org Cibiyar sadarwa ta Duniya don 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu]
* [https://www.ituc-csi.org/ituc-global-rights-index-2020 Bayanin 'Yancin Duniya na ITUC 2020]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Toumoukoro</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Smshika</username>
        <id>14840</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="953" sha1="5z2nk2gj3tlg02juzlqysr4eitq5vlg" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Toumoukoro'''(wanda kuma ake kira '''Toumoukro,''' birni ne, da ke a arewacin arewacin [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]]. Yana da wani sub-prefecture na Ouangolodougou Department a Tchologo Region, Savanes District . Tsallaken iyaka da [[Mali]] yana da tazarar kilomita biyar a arewacin garin.

Toumoukoro ya kasance ƙungiya ce har zuwa Maris 2012, lokacin da ta zama ɗaya daga cikin larduna guda 1126 na ƙasar da aka soke. &lt;ref&gt;[http://news.abidjan.net/h/428492.html &quot;Le gouvernement ivoirien supprime 1126 communes, et maintient 197 pour renforcer sa politique de décentralisation en cours&quot;], ''news.abidjan.net'', 7 March 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekara ta 2014, yawan ƙaramar hukumar Toumoukoro ya kai 34,200. 

== Kauyuka ==
Ƙauyuka guda 13 na ƙaramar hukumar Toumoukoro da yawansu a shekara ta 2014 sune kamar haka: 

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category: Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Birane]]
[[Category:Garuruwa]]
[[Category:Gini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fiqhun Gadon Musulunci</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
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      <comment>Nayi Gyara</comment>
      <origin>536921</origin>
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      <text bytes="25635" sha1="ox0x3cuq2tic85buhskr1f5uysmh3to" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks&quot;
| class=&quot;sidebar-pretitle&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;&quot; |Part of [[:Category:Islamic jurisprudence|a series]] on
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-title-with-pretitle&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.25em;&quot; |[[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(''fiqh'')]]
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-image&quot; |
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;[[Ibadah|Ritual]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
''[[Shahada]]''
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; style=&quot;padding-bottom:0.5em;&quot; |
''[[Sallah|Salat]]''
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Raka'ah''
* ''[[Alƙibila|Qibla]]''
* ''Turbah''
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; &quot;&gt;''[[Sallar Sunnah|Sunnah salat]]'' &lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated&quot;&gt;
* (''[[Tahajjud]]''
* ''[[Sallah Tarawihi|Tarawih]]'') &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
* ''Witr''
* ''[[Sallar Nafila|Nafl salat]]''
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
''[[Azumi a Musulunci|Sawm]]''
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
''[[Zakka|Zakat]]''
|-
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
''[[Aikin Hajji|Hajj]]''
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Ihram''&amp;nbsp;(clothing
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Mut'ah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
* ''[[Kaaba|Tawaf]]''
* ''[[Umrah]]''&amp;nbsp;(and &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hajj&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;)
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Political&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;
* Islamic leadership

&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* [[Khalifofi|Caliphate]]
* ''Majlis-ash-Shura''
* ''Imamah''
* ''Wilayat al-faqih''
* ''Bay'ah''
* ''Dhimmi''
* ''Aman''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Family&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
[[Nikah|Marriage]]
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* Contract
* ''Mahr''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Misyar''
* ''Halala''
* ''Urfi''
* ''[[Auren mut'ah|Mut‘ah]]''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* Polygyny
* Divorce
** ''Khula''
** ''Zihar''
* ''Iddah''
* ''Kafa'ah''
&lt;/div&gt;

* Adoption
* Breastfeeding
|}

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
Sexual
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Awrah''
* ''Abortion''
* ''Baligh''
* ''Haya''
* ''Hygiene''
* ''Rape''
* ''Zina''
* ''Masturbation''
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Criminal&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
* ''Hudud''
* Blasphemy
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Maisir&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(gambling)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Zina&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(illicit sex)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Hirabah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(unlawful warfare and banditry)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Fasad&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(&quot;mischief&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Mofsed-e-filarz &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(&quot;spreading corruption&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;
* Fitna &amp;nbsp;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(&quot;sedition&quot;)&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Rajm&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(stoning)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
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* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Tazir&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(discretionary)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Qisas&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(retaliation)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Diya&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(compensation)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Etiquette&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Adab''
* Gender segregation (Purdah)
* ''Mahram''
* Honorifics
* Toilet
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Economic&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
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[[Tarihin Tattalin Arzikin Musulunci|History]]
|-
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''[[Zakka|Zakat]]''
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| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Jizya''
* ''Nisab''
* ''Khums''
* ''Sadaqah''&amp;nbsp;(''Waqf'')
&lt;/div&gt;

* ''Bayt al-mal''
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Banking
|-
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&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Riba''
* ''Murabaha''
* ''Takaful''
* ''Sukuk''
&lt;/div&gt;
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Inheritance
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Hygiene&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;sidebar nomobile nowraplinks&quot; style=&quot;background-color: transparent; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none&quot;
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* Sexual
* Toilet
* ''Taharah''
* ''Ihram''
* ''[[Alwala|Wudu]]''
* ''Masah''
* ''Ghusl''
* ''Tayammum''
* ''Miswak''
* ''Najis''
&lt;/div&gt;
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! class=&quot;sidebar-heading&quot; |
Dietary
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-content&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;hlist hlist-separated &quot;&gt;
* ''Dhabihah''
* Alcohol
* Pork
&lt;/div&gt;

* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;Comparison with &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;kashrut&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-title&quot; style=&quot;background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:center;padding-right:0.4em;&quot;&gt;Military&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist&quot; style=&quot;padding-left:1.5em;padding-right:1.5em;&quot;&gt;
* ''[[Jihadi|Jihad]]''
* ''Hudna''
* &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i&gt;Istijarah&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(asylum)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Prisoners of war
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;sidebar-below&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px solid  #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid  #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;&quot; |
[[Ilimin Musulunci|Islamic studies]]
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| class=&quot;sidebar-navbar&quot; |
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== Gado a Qur'ani ==
[[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] ya gabatar da wasu hakkoki daban-daban da bayar da hakkoki a kan al'amuran gado, ciki har da abin da a wancan lokacin ke kawo ingantuwa gaba daya kan mu'amalar mata da rayuwar iyali.  Kur'ani ya kuma gabatar da kokarin gyara dokokin gado, da kuma samar da cikakken tsarin shari'a. Wannan ci gaban ya bambanta da al'ummomin jahiliyya inda ka'idojin gado suka bambanta sosai. &lt;ref name=&quot;EI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers|volume=7|pages=106–113|last=Schacht|first=Joseph|title=Mīrāth|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|isbn=90-04-09419-9|year=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; Suna, duk da haka, kuma sun bambanta da ci gaban da aka samu na daidaici na duniya tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau.

Bugu da kari [[Alkur'ani|Alƙur ani]] ya gabatar da karin magada wadanda ba a ba su  gado ba a zamanin jahiliyya, inda ya ambaci dangi tara musamman wadanda shida mata ne uku kuma maza. Haka nan kuma dokokin rabon gado a cikin [[Alkur’ani]] sun hada da sauran ’yan uwa maza, irin su miji da ’yan’uwa maza da mata daga wajen uwa, waxanda aka cire su daga gado a tsohuwar al’ada. Magada da aka ambata a cikin [[Alkur’ani]] su ne uwa, uba, miji, mata, ‘ya, dan’uwa da suke uwa daya, cikakkiyar ‘yar’uwa, ‘yar’uwar uwa daya, da ’yar’uwa mazabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;&gt;[http://www.islam101.com/sociology/inheritance.htm Islamic Laws of Inheritance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125183001/http://www.islam101.com/sociology/inheritance.htm |date=2021-01-25 }}{{spaced ndash}}Dr. Abid Hussain&lt;/ref&gt;

Gabaɗaya, [[kur'ani]] ya inganta matsayin mata ta hanyar bayyana rabon gadonsu a bayyane. Haka nan kuma ya haramta gadon zawarawa gaba daya. &lt;sup&gt;[4:19]&lt;/sup&gt; Masanin Gabas Joseph Schacht ya ce &quot;wannan ba yana nufin a matsayin ka'ida ta yau da kullum ba, amma wani bangare ne na kokarin Kur'ani don inganta matsayin mata.&quot;  Alkur'ani bai fayyace karara ba a kan rabon 'yan uwa maza, kamar dan wanda ya rasu, amma ya tanadi ka'idar cewa rabon da ya ninka na 'ya mace. Malaman tauhidi musulmai sun yi bayanin wannan fanni na gado ta hanyar duban [[Shari'a|shari’ar Musulunci]] gaba dayanta, wacce ta dora nauyi ga mazaje wajen samar da kariya, kariya da ciyar da mata. &lt;sup&gt;[Qur'an 4:34]&lt;/sup&gt; . &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt; Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa ‘ya mace ke da hakkin rabin na ‘ya, shi ne, Musulunci ya hukunta cewa mata, idan sun yi aure, basu da ‘yancin yin “saki” daga miji (ban da duk wani tanadi da iyayenta za su yi). Bayan haka wajibin miji ne ya kula da matarsa da kuma kula da “dakin” don haka a zahiri gaba ne na haqqoqin gado daga dukiyar mijinta. Baya ga sauye-sauyen da suka gabata, Kur'ani ya ba wa musulmi iko na wasiyya wajen kawar da dukiyoyinsu. &lt;sup&gt;[Alkurani, 2:180–182, 2:240, 4:33, 5:106–107]&lt;/sup&gt; A cikin wasiyyarsu mai suna ''washayya'', an yarda musulmi su bayar da mafi girman kashi daya bisa uku na dukiyoyinsu. Haka kuma an yi kira ga musulmi da su baiwa marayu da gajiyayyu kudi idan suna wurin rabon dukiya.
[[Fayil:Islamic books shelf.jpg|thumb|littafan musulunci aciki harda fiqhu]]

== Daga baya ci gaba ==
Kur'ani ya ƙunshi ayoyi uku ne kawai &lt;sup&gt;[4:11, 4:12 da 4:176]&lt;/sup&gt; waɗanda ke ba da takamaiman bayani game da gado da rabo, baya ga ayoyi kaɗan da suka yi magana game da ikon wasiyya. Haka nan kuma ya zo a cikin [[Hadisi]] cewa [[Muhammad|Annabi Muhammadu]] ya ba da muhimmanci ga dokokin gado kuma ya umurci mabiyansa da su koya da karantar da su.  Malaman shari’a na musulmi sun yi amfani da waxannan ayoyi a matsayin mafari wajen fayyace hukunce-hukuncen rabon gado har ma da yin amfani da [[Hadisi]], da kuma hanyoyin hukumci na shari’a, kamar qiyasi. A cikin lokuttan baya, an rubuta manyan kundin aiki a kan batun. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt;

Wannan hadewar tsohuwar al'adun agnatic da [[Shari'a|shari'ar Musulunci ta]] haifar da matsaloli da cece-kuce da malaman fikihu musulmi suka warware ta hanyoyi daban-daban. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt; Ta hanyar yin amfani da rabe-raben tunani ( Qiyas ), malaman fikihu musulmi sun kara wasu magada uku: kakan uba, kakar uwa, da jikanyar agnatic. Wadannan magada, idan sun cancanci gado, ana ba su kayyadaddun kasonsu, sauran kuma sauran magada ('aṣaba) ne suka gaji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot; /&gt; Wannan ya haifar da ‘yan bambance-bambance a tsakanin mazhabobin fikihu na [[Mazhab|mazhabar]] [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunna]]. Haka nan kuma dokokin gado ga ‘yan [[Ƴan Sha Biyu|Shi’a]] [[Shi'a|‘yan]] -sha-biyu, duk da cewa sun ginu a kan ka’idoji iri daya, amma sun sha bamban ta fuskoki da dama, saboda qin wasu bayanan [[Hadisi]] da kuma fahimtarsu da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a farkon [[Musulunci]].  A daya bangaren kuma tsarin gadon Kharajite Ibadiyya [[Ibadi|da]] Zaidiyya ya yi kama da na tsarin [[Ahlus-Sunnah]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;EI2&quot; /&gt; A kasashen musulmi na zamani, yawanci cakudewar mazhabobi daban-daban na fikihu (ciki har da [[Shi'a]]) yana aiki, baya ga wasu muhimman gyare-gyare ga tsarin gargajiya. Babban nasarorin irin wannan tsarin na zamani shi ne tsara dokokin gado. &lt;ref name=&quot;EI2&quot; /&gt;

== Cikakken bayani akan gado a shari'ar musulunci ==
Ana ɗaukar gado a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na [[Shari'a|Dokar Shariah]]. Musulmai suna gadar juna kamar yadda ya zo a cikin Alkur'ani. &lt;sup&gt;[4:7]&lt;/sup&gt; Saboda haka, akwai kaso na shari'a ga dangin mamacin a cikin dukiyarsa. Manyan hukunce-hukuncen gado an yi su dalla-dalla a cikin [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da [[Hadisi]] da [[Fiƙihu|Fiqhu]].

Idan musulmi ya mutu akwai ayyuka guda hudu da ya kamata a yi. Su ne:

# Biyan kudin jana'iza da jana'iza.
# Biyan bashi na mamaci.
# Ƙayyade ƙima/wasiyyar mamaci idan akwai (wanda aka keɓe shi zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar kamar yadda shari'ar ta yanke saura).
# A raba sauran kadarori ga ‘yan uwan mamacin kamar yadda shari’a ta tanada.

Don haka ya zama wajibi a tantance ‘yan uwan mamatan da ke da hakkin cin gado, da kasonsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt;

Wadannan dokoki sun fi daukaka a [[Musulunci]] saboda takurawa wanda aka yi wasici (mutumin da ya yi wasiyya). Shari’ar Musulunci ta sanya nau’ukan hani ga mai wasiyya.

# Wadanne mutane ne za su yi wasiyya da dukiyarsu.
# Adadin da za su yi wasiyya (wanda bai kamata ya wuce kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukiyar mamaci ba). &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt;

=== Daban-daban na magada ===
Magada da ake magana da su a matsayin magada na farko suna da haƙƙin rabon gadon; Ba a taɓa keɓe su gaba ɗaya ba. Wadannan magadan na farko sun hada da ma'aurata, duka iyaye, da da 'ya. Duk sauran magada za a iya keɓe su gaba ɗaya ta gaban sauran magada. Amma a cikin wasu yanayi, sauran magada kuma na iya gado a matsayin sauran, wato uba, kakan uba, 'ya, jikanyar agnatic, 'yar uwa cikakkiya, 'yar'uwar mazakuta, da uwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt; Wadanda suka gada galibi ana kasasu kashi uku:

# Masu rabon gado (dhawu al-farāʾḍ), Wannan rukunin ya ƙunshi maza huɗu mata takwas.  Mazajen rabon rabon maza su ne miji, uba, kakan uba da kanin uwa. Magada mata sune mata, diya, jika, uwa, kaka, cikakkar 'yar'uwa, 'yar uwar uba da 'yar uwar uwa. Duk da haka, akwai al'amuran da zasu iya motsa 'ya, jikoki, uba, kaka, ƴan uwan juna da ƴan uwa na uba zuwa rukuni na biyu ('asaba).
# Membobin ʿaṣaba (raguwa), yawanci haɗakar dangi maza (wasu lokacin mata) waɗanda suke gada a matsayin ragowar bayan an raba hannun jarin Magada. 
# 'Yan uwa masu girma (dhawu al arham): Wannan ya hada da duk wani dan uwa na jini wanda ba magaji ba ko 'asaba (raguwa). Misalai sun haɗa da kakan uwa, ƴan uwa, ƴan uwa da ƴan uwan mata.

=== Tsarin Gado ===
Ana rarraba gadon bisa ga tsari kamar haka: 

# An raba duk magada rabon hannun jarin su. Idan wannan ya ƙare kayan, aikin ya ƙare. In ba haka ba, je mataki na gaba.
# Ragowar magada suna samun ragowar kayan.
# Idan babu ragowar, amma akwai ma'auni daga mataki (1), to, an sake rarraba kuɗin daidai da magada. Ana kiran wannan tsari ( ''al rad'' ).
# Idan ba a sami magada ba kuma babu sauran magada, to ana rarraba dukiyar ga dangi.
# Idan babu magada, kuma babu sauran magada, to dukiyar ta zarce zuwa baitul malin gwamnati, Bayt al-mal . 

Matsayin mazhabar [[Malikiyya]] da Shafi’i  na al’ada shi ne, idan ba a samu rabo ko wasu magada ba, to kai tsaye dukiyar ta je baitul malin gwamnati, watau mataki na (3) da (4) a tsallake. Sai dai duk da haka dukkan makarantun biyu sun bi sahun mazhabar [[Hanafiyya]] da Hanbali  wajen daukar matakai guda biyar da suka gabata saboda rashin tsari na Bayt al-mal.

=== Dokokin haɗawa da keɓancewa ===
A cikin [[Shari'a|shari'ar Musulunci]], dangi ne kawai da ke da halaltacciyar dangantaka ta jini da mamaci ke da hakkin samun gado. Don haka ’ya’yan shege da ’ya’yan da aka karbe ba su da wani kaso a cikin gado. Gabaɗaya, cikakken ɗan'uwa zai keɓe ɗan'uwa wanda yake rabon uba ɗaya (&quot; consanguine &quot; ɗan'uwa), amma ba ɗan'uwan da ke raba uwa ɗaya ba. Idan mamaci ya bar mace mai ciki, za a keɓe kason ɗan da ba a haifa ba. Haka nan mace a lokacin jira (‘iddat) bayan rabuwar aure ana daukarta a matsayin matar mamaci don rabon gado. 

Akwai ma ƙarin ƙa'idodi na keɓancewa da haɗa dangi daban-daban. “Halayen da suka dace” kawai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da rashin cancanta su ne bambance-bambancen addini da kisan kai. Amma mazhabobin shari’a sun banbanta ko musulmi zai iya gado daga wanda ba musulmi ba ko a’a. Dukkan malaman fiqihu sun yi ittifaqi a kan cewa kisa da gangan ko rashin hujja zai kebe mutum daga gado. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt;

=== Mata a gado ===
A Musulunci, mata suna da haƙƙin gado,  ko da yake gabaɗaya, Musulunci ya ba wa mata rabin rabon gadon da ake samu ga maza idan sun gaji uba ɗaya. Misali, inda wanda ya rasu yake da ‘ya’ya maza da mata, rabon da ya ninka na ‘ya mace. &lt;ref&gt;[[Alqur'ani mai girma|Qur'an]], {{Cite Quran|4|11}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwai wasu yanayi inda mata za su sami rabo daidai gwargwado ga maza. Misali, rabon uwa da uba na marigayi wanda ya bar ‘ya’ya. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;''(I)f the deceased left children behind, each of the parents shall get one sixth of the estate, but if the deceased left no children and the parents are the only heirs, the mother shall get one third of the estate...''&quot;&quot;[[Sura 4]]:11 &lt;/ref&gt; Haka kuma rabon dan uwan da suke uwa daya, daidai yake da kason ‘yar uwar da suke uwa daya, haka ma na zuri’arsu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Dr. A. Hussain&quot;/&gt;

Akwai wasu da ke cewa mata suna da hakki daidai gwargwado a Musulunci.   A cikin karni na goma sha bakwai biranen Ottoman, irin su [[Bursa]], an saba magance matsalolin gado a kotuna, tare da wadanda ake kara har ma da kasancewa dangin mata ne da ke karar su. &lt;ref&gt;Gerber, Haim. “Social and Economic Position of Women in an Ottoman City, Bursa, 1600-1700.” ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', vol. 12, no. 3, 1980, pp. 231–244. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/163000.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wani lokaci, mata suna samun ninki biyu kamar na maza; misali, idan iyaye da miji ne kawai, miji zai karɓi rabi, uba yana da 1/6, uwa ta sami 2/6. Wannan shi ne tafsirin Ibn Abbas na aya ta 11, 12 a cikin suratun Nisa’i. {{Cite Quran|4|11,12}}

Hatta Alkur'ani ya banbance tsakanin maza da mata a yanayin ''alaka'' . &lt;ref&gt;&quot;If a man or a woman is made an heir on account of his [or her] ''kalalah'' relationship [with the deceased] and he [or she] has one brother or sister, then the brother or sister shall receive a sixth, and if they be more than this, then they shall be sharers in one-third, after payment of any legacies bequeathed and any [outstanding] debts – without harming anyone. This is a command from God, and God is Gracious and All-Knowing.&quot; [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Qur'an]], {{Cite Quran|4|12}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;People ask your pronouncement. Say: God enjoins you about your ''kalalah'' heirs that if a man dies childless and he has only a sister, then she shall inherit half of what he leaves and if a sister dies childless, then her brother shall be her heir; and if there are two sisters, then they shall inherit two-thirds of what he [or she] leaves. If there are many brothers and sisters, then the share of each male shall be that of two females. God expounds unto you that you err not and God has knowledge of all things.&quot; [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Qur'an]], {{Cite Quran|4|176}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kalalah'' ya siffanta mutumin da bai bar iyaye ko ‘ya’ya ba; kuma tana nufin dukkan dangin mamaci in ban da mahaifansa da ‘ya’yansa, haka nan kuma tana nuni da alakar da ba ta iyaye ko ‘ya’yanta (marigayin) ba. Malaman Musulunci suna ganin cewa, asali dalilan da suka haifar da wadannan bambance-bambancen su ne nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan ma'aurata. Dole ne miji a Musulunci ya yi amfani da gadonsa wajen ciyar da iyalinsa yayin da mace ba ta da wajibcin tallafi. Bugu da kari, al'ummar Larabawa sun saba yin al'adar farashin amarya ko sadaki maimakon sadaki ; watau namiji ya biya wa matarsa ko danginta kyauta lokacin aure, maimakon akasin haka, yana dora nauyin kudi a kan maza inda babu ko daya a kan mata. An ci gaba da wannan al'ada amma Musulunci ya canza ta zahiri. Umurnin Allah ya yi nuni da cewa hakkin sadaki (mahr) na 'ya mace ne kawai ba danginta ba. Hakanan za'a iya jinkirta ta ta yadda za a rage nauyi idan mijin ya kasa biyan kudin sadakin da ake nema a lokacin daurin auren. Matar za ta iya jinkirta shi har zuwa ranar da aka kayyade ko kuma ya zama bashi a gidan idan mijin ya mutu. Kuma ku bãyar da sadakinsu ga mãtã, da yardarsu, kuma idan sun bãyar da wani yanki na sadakin da kansu, to, ku ji daɗi da shi. &lt;ref&gt;Surah An Nisa verse 5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Matsayin gadon Musulunci wajen bunkasa ilimin lissafi ==
Shari'ar [[Musulunci]] ta gado ta kasance yunƙuri a bayan haɓakar algebra (wanda aka samo daga [[Larabci]] ''al-jabr'' ) na [[Muhammad Ibn Musa Alkhwarizmi|Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī]] da sauran masana ilimin lissafi na Islama na tsakiya . ''Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala'' na Al-Khwarizmi, asalin rubutun algebra, ya sadaukar da babinsa na uku kuma mafi tsayi don magance matsalolin da suka shafi gadon Musulunci ta amfani da algebra. Ya tsara ka'idojin gado a matsayin ma'auni na layi, don haka ba a buƙatar iliminsa na ma'auni guda huɗu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=319–91}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Hassār, masanin lissafi daga Maghreb ( Arewacin Afirka ) ƙwararre a fannin ilimin fikihu na gado na Musulunci a ƙarni na 12, ya haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga na alama na zamani don ɓangarori, inda ake raba ƙididdiga ta hanyar ma'aunin kwance. Su ma “ kurar da ya yi amfani da su sun yi kusan kama da lambobi da ake amfani da su a cikin lambobin Larabci na Yamma na yanzu. Waɗannan lambobi iri ɗaya da ƙima suna bayyana ba da daɗewa ba a cikin aikin Fibonacci a cikin karni na 13.   

A karni na 15, Abū al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasādi, ƙwararre ne a fannin [[Fiƙihu|fikihu]] na gado na [[Musulunci]], ya yi amfani da haruffa daga haruffan [[Larabci]] a matsayin tsarin ƙididdiga na lissafi a cikin lissafin algebraic. &lt;ref name=&quot;MacTutor&quot;&gt;{{MacTutor|id=Al-Qalasadi|title=Abu'l Hasan ibn Ali al Qalasadi}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Duba kuma ==

* Mata da Musulunci
* Lissafi a Musulunci na tsakiyar zamani

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150220104104/http://www.quraanicstudies.com/no-error-in-qur-an-division-of-inheritance-according-to-quran/ Rarraba Gado Kamar yadda Alqur'ani ya fada]
* [http://www.learndeen.org/cms/english-blog/fiqh/inheritance-in-islam-1 Gado a Musulunci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153616/http://learndeen.org/cms/english-blog/fiqh/inheritance-in-islam-1 |date=2022-11-18 }}
* [https://www.islamicinheritancelaw.com Dokar gado ta Musulunci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702132748/https://www.islamicinheritancelaw.com/ |date=2022-07-02 }}
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ox0x3cuq2tic85buhskr1f5uysmh3to</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mazaɓar Majalisar Dattawa ta Babban Birnin Tarayya</title>
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      <comment>Nahi gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="2117" sha1="jb4341umdb5dvuwkqr3yz0j8l6fz7yc" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Mazaɓar Sanatan Babban Birnin Tarayya''' a [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayyar]] Najeriya, ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi 6 da suka haɗa da:Abuja, Abaji, Kwali, Bwari, Gwagwalada da Kuje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/news/fct-aborigines-ask-for-more-senatorial-districts-constituencies/|website=guardian.ng|access-date=2020-05-16|title=FCT Aborigines ask for more senatorial districts, constituencies|date=4 January 2020|archive-date=2021-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411105323/https://guardian.ng/news/fct-aborigines-ask-for-more-senatorial-districts-constituencies/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=FCT election: PDP loses out as APC wins five seats|url=https://punchng.com/fct-election-pdp-loses-out-as-apc-wins-five-seats/|website=Punch Newspapers|date=14 April 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gundumar majalisar dattijai ta FCT tana a cikin yankinta na ikon Nigeriya (Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa da hedkwatar Shari'a). [[Philips Tanimu Aduda|Philip Aduda]] shine wakilin FCT Senatorial District.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PDP's Aduda Emerges Winner of FCT Senatorial Election|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/25/pdps-aduda-emerges-winner-of-fct-senatorial-election/|last=editor|date=2019-02-25|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Phillip Aduda returns to Senate for Abuja|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/316344-phillip-aduda-returns-to-senate-for-abuja.html|last=Iroanusi|first=QueenEsther|date=2019-02-26|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jerin Sanatocin da ke wakiltar Babban Birnin Taraiya Abuja. ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Sanata
! Biki
! Shekara
! Majalisa
! Tarihin zabe
|-
| Khairat Abdulrazaq-Gwadabe
| PDP
| 1999-2003
| 4th
|
|-
| Isa Maina
| PDP
| 2003-2007
| 5th
|
|-
| Adamu Sidi Ali
| PDP
| 2007-2011
| 6 ta
|
|-
| Philip Tanimu Aduda
| PDP
| 2011 - yanzu
| 7th
8th

9 ta
|
|}

== Nassoshi ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Abuja]]
[[Category:Majalisar Dokoki (Najeriya)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Musa Kaka</title>
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      <text bytes="9692" sha1="7p2gotwvsjr9tjantfmmust28i5y5pb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|Musa Kaka}}
'''Moussa Kaka,''' ɗan jarida ne na gidan rediyon Nijar kuma darektan gidan rediyon [[Saraounia FM]] dake [[Maradi|Maraɗi]], haka kuma wakilin [[Radio France Internationale|gidan rediyon Faransa]] na Faransa.Sau biyu gwamnatin shugaba [[Mamadou Tandja]] na kama shi saboda rahoton da ya bayar. Yana cikin tsakiyar shari'ar da gwamnatin Nijar ta shigar a gaban kotu a shekarar 2008 kan hirar da ya yi da 'yan tawayen ƙungiyar Movement of Niger for Justice (MNJ) a 2007.

== Aikin jarida ==
A cikin ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da uku 1993)na Miladiyya (A.c), Moussa ya zama wakilin Nijar a [[Radio France Internationale|gidan rediyon Faransa]], Faransa. A wancan lokacin ya kasance ɗan jarida na buga jarida mai zaman kanta na [[Niamey|Yamai]] mai suna [[Le Républicain-Niger]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/104/article_1454.asp&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 2002, an naɗa Kaka daraktan labarai na Saraounia FM, gidan rediyo a babban birnin [[Maradi|Maraɗi]], inda yake aiki tun 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_59464.html |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2012-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519162122/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_59464.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nijar na da karfin yada labaran rediyo, saboda yawan jahilci da ƙarancin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ya sa ta zama babbar kafar yaɗa labarai ga yawancin al'ummar ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-84162-152-4&lt;/nowiki&gt;￼&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da irin kamawa da tsare 'yan jarida, masu sa ido a yammacin Afirka gabaɗaya sun yi la'akari da cewa jaridun Nijar na da 'yancin kai da kuma zage-zage wajen kai wa gwamnati hari.&lt;ref&gt;https://reliefweb.int/report/niger/niger-press-harassment-hinders-development-watchdogs-warn?OpenDocument=&lt;/ref&gt;

== 2002 kama ==
A shekara ta 2002, an kama Kaka saboda rahoton wani kisan gilla da [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|sojojin Nijar suka]] yi a babban birnin yankin [[Diffa (gari)|Diffa]] a farkon watan Agustan 2002. A ranar 23 ga Agusta, an kama Kaka tare da yi masa tambayoyi a hedkwatar Gendarmarie ta [[Niamey|Yamai]] A wannan yanayin an sake shi, tare da wasu 'yan jarida da dama, cikin kwanaki. Gwamnatin Nijar ta ce ana binciken 'yan jarida ne bisa karya dokokin da suka shafi &quot; yada labarai, ta kowace hanya ta hanyar sadarwa, na rahotanni ko zarge-zargen da ke da alhakin sanya shakku kan ayyukan tsaron kasa.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; Kaka ya kuma yi fice a cikin wata sanarwa da gwamnati ta fitar. Wani gidan talabijin na jama'a da aka watsa a lokacin yunkurin juyin mulkin da ake kira Kaka da kuma manajan editan Le Républicain [[Mamane Abou]] &quot;marasa kasa [...] masu aiki ga 'yan adawa&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?country=%2FKW0001%2FKW0006%2FKW0170%2F |access-date=2023-03-04 |archive-date=2007-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819195557/http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?country=%2FKW0001%2FKW0006%2FKW0170%2F |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== 2007-2008 kama ==
A farkon shekara ta 2007 ne aka fara tayar da ƙayar bayan Abzinawa a arewacin ƙasar. An shiga takun saƙa tsakanin jaridun ƙasashen waje, kuma an haramta wa 'yan jarida yin rahoto daga [[Yankin Agadez|yankin arewacin Agadez]] a watan Yunin 2007. Kaka, a matsayin wakilin Rediyo Faransa, abin ya shafa musamman. A watan Yuni ne dai aka dakatar da RFI daga yaɗa labarai ko watsa shirye-shirye a Jamhuriyar Nijar, kamar yadda gwamnatin ƙasar ta yi iƙirarin nuna son kai ga 'yan tawayen. Kaka ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa shugaban [[Rundunar Tsaron Nijar|rundunar sojojin Nijar]] Janar [[Moumouni Boureima]] ya yi barazana ga rayuwarsa a gidan jakadan Faransa a Nijar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt;  

A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2007, an kama Kaka bayan ya yi hira ta wayar tarho guda uku ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar Neja Movement for Justice (MNJ), ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, a lokacin aikinsa na wakilin Nijar na [[Radio France Internationale|Rediyo Faransa]]. Gwamnatin Nijar ta nadi waɗannan hirarrakin ta wayar tarho tare da kama Kaka saboda &quot;damuwa da shi wajen yin barazana ga tsaron jihar&quot;. Waɗannan tuhume-tuhumen sun yi daidai da cin amanar ƙasa, kuma suna da hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai.&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; An amince da tuhume-tuhumen na farko, amma Alƙalin Kotun Mai Shari’a na Jihar Yamai a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2007 ya ƙi amincewa da maganganun da aka naɗe a matsayin shaida, saboda an same su ba bisa ƙa’ida ba. Kotun ƙolin Nijar ta yanke hukunci a watan Fabrairun 2008 cewa za a iya amfani da waɗannan kaset a matsayin shaida.&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; Kotun ta kuma ce ba a tauye haƙƙin Kaka ta hanyar sa ido, tsarewa ba tare da shari’a ba, ko kuma irin tuhumar da ake yi masa.&lt;ref&gt;http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/101/article_400.asp&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2008, Alƙali mai shigar da ƙara ya yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya sakin Kaka na wani ɗan lokaci kafin a fara shari’a, hukuncin da nan take gwamnati ta ɗaukaka ƙara, ma’ana wanda ake ƙara ya ci gaba da zama a gidan yari. Bayan wata ɗaya, Alƙalin kotun ya bayar da umarnin soke ofishinsa da ya yi watsi da tuhumar da ake yi wa Kaka, hukuncin da ita ma gwamnatin ƙasar ta ɗaukaka ƙara nan take.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;RSF:19 August 2008&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta Yamai ta soke hukuncin da Majistare ta yanke.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; A cikin watan Satumban 2008, Alƙalin Kotun Mai Shari'a na Yankin Yamai ya ba da shawarar a sake watsi da tuhumar Kaka kuma a maimakon haka a tuhume shi da &quot;keta mutuncin yankin ƙasa ta hanyar wata [[wiktionary:entente|yarjejeniya]] da 'yan tawayen MNJ&quot;, ƙaramin tuhuma, amma wanda ke da iyakacin iyaka. hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari.&lt;ref&gt;https://cpj.org/2008/10/cpj-welcomes-release-of-moussa-kaka/&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 7 ga Oktoban 2008 ne kotun Majistare ta Yamai ta sake shi na wucin gadi, yayin da yake jiran shari'a.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.apanews.net/apa.php?page=show_article_eng&amp;id_article=77236{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/106/article_1790.asp&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Yakin duniya ===
Kaka ya kasance a tsakiyar wani kamfen a [[Faransa]] da sauran wurare na neman 'yancinsa, wanda gidan rediyon Faransa International da shugabanta Alain de Pouzilhac, Reporters Without Borders (duka ƙungiyoyin da Kaka ke Nijar Wakilinsu)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.francetvinfo.fr/spip.php?article151727&amp;theme=14&amp;sous_theme=18{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; da kuma ƙungiyoyin 'yan jaridu&lt;ref&gt;https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr43/002/2007/en/&lt;/ref&gt; na Nijar da suka haɗa da ƙungiyar ma'aikatan jarida ta Nijar (SYNATIC) da jaridar Le Republicain.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.republicain-niger.com/Index.asp?affiche=News_Display.asp&amp;articleid=4732&amp;rub=actualit%C3%A9s&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sauran ayyukan gwamnati ===
Yayin da aka ɗaure Kaka mafi daɗewa ga ɗan jarida tun farkon tawayen Abzinawa a watan Fabrairun 2007, wasu shari'o'i da dama sun shiga hannun kafafen yaɗa labarai na duniya. A shekarar 2007 ne sojojin Nijar suka tsare 'yan jaridar Faransa [[Thomas Dandois]] da [[Pierre Creisson]] a [[Agadez]] tsawon wata guda a shekara ta 2007 kafin a sako su.&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt;  An kama editan jaridar [[L’Evénement|L'Evénement]] na mako-mako a [[Niamey|Yamai]] a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2008, ana tuhumarsa da &quot;bayyana sirrin tsaro&quot; bayan da ya bayar da rahoton cewa an alaƙanta wani jami'in soja da wata ma'ajiyar makaman da aka gano a babban birnin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20090322061330/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=28018&lt;/ref&gt; Hukumar kula da harkokin yaɗa labarai ta gwamnati, babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (CSC) ta rufe gidan talabijin na Dounia TV da ke Yamai na tsawon wata ɗaya a cikin watan Agustan 2008, kuma ta rufe na wani lokaci na tsawon lokaci [[Sahara FM|na Sahara FM]], babban gidan rediyo a [[Agadez]] a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2008. watsa hirarraki da mutanen da suka yi iƙirarin cewa sojojin gwamnati ne suka ci zarafinsu.&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; A watan Yunin 2007, gwamnatin Agadez ta rufe [[Aïr-Info]] na mako-mako na tsawon watanni uku, yayin da a lokaci guda kuma ta aika da gargaɗi ga wasu jaridu uku (Libération, L'Opinion da L'Evènement) don bayar da rahoto game da rikicin arewacin. wanda gwamnati ta ce tana &quot;ƙoƙarin tabbatar da aikata laifuka da tashin hankali.&quot; Editan Aïr-Info [[Ibrahim Manzo Diallo]], bayan yunƙurin buɗe wata sabuwar takarda ta mako-mako, an kama shi kuma aka sake shi. An kuma kama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridarsa a [[In-Gall|Ingal]] a watan Oktoba,&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; kuma a watan Oktoba an kama Diallo yana kokarin shiga jirgi zuwa Turai kuma an tuhume shi da &quot;mamban kungiyar masu laifi&quot; &lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt; Diallo an sake shi yana jiran shari'a a Fabrairu 2008.&lt;ref&gt;https://rsf.org/en&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tun lokacin da aka ɗaure ==
A cikin 2011, Kaka ya yi magana mai kyau game da gwamnatin [[Mahamadou Issoufou]], wanda aka zaɓa a watan Fabrairu na wannan shekara Majalisar ƙoli ta Maido da Demokaraɗiyya, gwamnatin mulkin soja wacce ta riga Issoufou da nufin maido da mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a cikin al'umma, ya sanya aikin jarida mara kyau da tsari. al'amura a cikin al'amuran jama'a (maimakon siyasa ko shari'a).&lt;ref&gt;https://www.frontlineclub.com/meeting_moussa_kaka/&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;0&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fish Markham</title>
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      <comment>Nayi Gyara</comment>
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'''Lawrence Anderson''' &quot; '''Kifi''' &quot; '''Markham''' (an haifeshi ranar 12 ga  watan Satumba, 1924 - 5 ga watan Agusta, 2000), [[Kurket|ɗan wasan kurket]] ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya taka leda a gwaji ɗaya a shekarar dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da tara 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/851/851.html| title = Fish Markham | publisher = www.cricketarchive.com | accessdate = 2012-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Markham ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na hannun dama kuma ɗan ƙaramin ɗan jemagu na hannun dama. Gwajin sa guda ɗaya shi ne wasa na huɗu na jerin balaguron balaguron Ingila na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948 – 1949 kuma shine ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na uku tare da Tufty Mann da Athol Row. Ya zura ƙwallaye guda ashirin ras 20 a cikin innings guda ɗaya kuma ya ci kwallo daya kacal a wasan kuma an jefar da shi a wasa na gaba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=4th Test, Johannesburg, Feb 12 - 16 1949, England tour of South Africa |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-marylebone-cricket-club-tour-of-south-africa-1948-49-61696/south-africa-vs-england-4th-test-62698/full-scorecard |website=Cricinfo |access-date=12 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ya buga wasan kurket na aji na farko don Natal daga shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da shida 1946 zuwa ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da hamsin 1950. Mafi kyawun alkalummansa shi ne bakwai 7 don ɗari da shida 106 akan Lardin Yamma a gasar cin kofin Currie na shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da bakwai 1947 zuwa shekara ta alif dubu ɗaya da ɗari tara da arba'in da takwas 1948.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Western Province v Natal 1947-48|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18340.html|website=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Makinsa mafi girma shi ne ɗari da talatin da huɗu 134, inda ya yi nasara a lamba tara a kan Orange Free State bayan 'yan makonni, lokacin da ya je wicket a ɗari da sittin da shida 166 don 7 kuma ya kara ɗari da saba'in da huɗu 174 don wicket na takwas tare da Ossie Dawson ; sannan ya ɗauki wikiti uku a kowane innings don baiwa Natal nasara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Natal v Orange Free State 1947-48|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/18/18376.html|website=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Shi kaɗai ne dan wasan kurket na Gwaji da aka haifa a [[ESwatini|Swaziland]] .

== Duba kuma ==

* Jerin Gwajin kurket da aka Haifa a cikin ƙasashen da ba Gwaji ba

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Fish Markham at ESPNcricinfo
* Fish Markham at CricketArchive (subscription required)
[[Category:Haifaffun 1924]]
[[Category:Mutuwan 2000]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sadisu Abba Sawaba</title>
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        <username>Smshika</username>
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      <comment>Nayi gyara</comment>
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'''Sadisu Abba Sawaba''' jarumi ne a masana'antar fim ta Hausa wato [[Kannywood]] ya Daɗe Yana fim a masana'antar yayi fina finai da dama a kanniwud.&lt;ref&gt;http://hausafilms.tv/actor/sadisu_abba_sawaba&lt;/ref&gt;

== Takaitaccen Tarihin Sa. ==
Cikakken sunan sa shine sadisu Abba Sawaba amma anfi sanin sa da said Sawaba , Haifaaffen jihar filato ne a garin jos. Ya shiga Masana'antar fim ta hanyar Dan uwa Kuma aboki s.b Mansur  daga Nan ya fara fim , yayi fina finai da dama a masana'antar sannan Kuma fitattun fina finai a masana'antar.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.blueprint.ng/kannywoods-problem-is-giving-lead-roles-to-only-famous-actors-sadi-sawaba/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karatu ==
Yayi karatun firamare a ''St. Paul Primary School Jenta Jos'', yayi karatun Sakandire a garin Jos, daga nan yazo Nuhu Bamalli [[Jihar Kaduna|Kaduna]] yayi karatu. Daga nan ya tafi Abubakar Tafawa Balewa bauchi , daga Nan ya tafi jami,ar Jos, ta karshen da yayi itace Ambrose Alli university edo. A yanzun haka shi malamin makaranta ne a makarantar kofar kudu primary school a jihar kaduna&lt;ref&gt;https://labarai.com.ng/tag/sadi-sawaba/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Category:Hausawa]]
[[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]]
[[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umm kulthum</title>
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[[File:Umm Kulthum 2.jpg|thumb]]
Um-Kulthum  (31 Disamba 1898   - 3 Fabrairu 1975) mawaƙiyar Masar ce, marubuciya, kuma 'yar wasan fim mai aiki daga 1920s zuwa 1970s. An ba ta lakabi mai girma Kawkab al-Sharq (&quot;Star of the East&quot;).  An yi mata suna a cikin &quot;Mafi Girman Mawaƙa na Duk Lokaci 200&quot; ' Rolling Stone,  kuma tambarin ƙasa ce a ƙasarta ta Masar ; An yi mata lakabi da &quot;Muryar Masar&quot;,   da &quot; Pyramid na Hudu na Masar&quot;.  

== Tarihi da Rayuwar farko ==
[[Fayil:Umm Kulthum in 1950.jpg|thumb|Umm kulthum]]
[[Fayil:Umm Kulthum 1969.jpg|thumb|Umm kulthum]]
An haifi Umm Kulthum a ƙauyen Tamay e-Zahayra, na birnin Senbellawein, Dakahlia Governorate, a cikin Kogin Nilu  ga dangin da ke da tushen addini kamar yadda mahaifinta Ibrahim El-Sayyid El-Beltagi limami ne. Daga cikin karkarar Masar, mahaifiyarta Fatmah El-Maleegi, matar gida ce.  Ta koyi yadda ake rera waƙa ta wajen sauraron yadda mahaifinta ke koya wa yayanta Khalid. Tun tana ƙarama, ta nuna gwanintar waƙa na musamman. Ta hanyar mahaifinta, ta koyi karatun kur'ani, kuma an ruwaito cewa ta haddace dukan littafin .  Kakanta shima sanannen karatun Alqur'ani ne sai ta tuna yadda mutanen garin suke saurarensa idan yana karatun Alqur'ani.  Sa’ad da take ’yar shekara 12, da ya lura da ƙarfinta na waƙa, mahaifinta ya tambaye ta ta shiga ƙungiyar iyali, inda ta shiga a matsayin murya mai goyon baya, da farko tana maimaita abin da sauran suka rera.  A kan dandamali ta sanya alkyabbar wani yaro tare da lullube kai don kawar da damuwar mahaifinta game da martabarta da ayyukan jama'a.  Tana da shekaru 16, Mohamed Abo Al-Ela, sanannen mawaƙi ne, ya lura da ita, wanda ya koya mata tsohuwar waƙar Larabci. Bayan 'yan shekaru, ta hadu da shahararren mawaki kuma mai ba da labari Zakariyya Ahmad, wanda ya kai ta Alkahira . Ko da yake ta kai ziyara da dama a Alkahira a farkon shekarun 1920, ta jira har zuwa 1923 kafin ta koma can na dindindin. An gayyace ta a lokuta da dama zuwa gidan Amin Beh Al Mahdy, wanda ya koya mata wasan oud, irin na lute. Ta ƙulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da Rawheya Al-Mahdi, diyar Amin, kuma ta zama amininta na kusa. Ummu Kulthum ma ta halarci bikin diyar Rawheya, duk da cewa ta fi son kada ta fito a fili (a waje).

A cikin shekarun farkon aikinta, ta fuskanci gasa sosai daga fitattun mawaƙa biyu: Mounira El Mahdeya da Fatheya Ahmed, waɗanda suke da muryoyinsu iri ɗaya.Abokin El Mahdeya, wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin edita a Al-Masra, ta ba da shawarar sau da yawa cewa Umm Kulthum ta auri ɗaya daga cikin baƙin da ke yawan ziyartar gidanta; hakan ya shafi mahaifinta mai ra’ayin mazan jiya har ya yanke shawarar cewa duk iyalin su koma kauyensu.[16] Sai dai ya canza ran ahimsa bayan an lallashe shi da hujjar Amin Al Mahd&lt;ref&gt;hujja&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta &lt;ref&gt;''Harvard Magazine''. 1 July 1997.&lt;/ref&gt; ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ababene</title>
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      <text bytes="1164" sha1="1hhn5vjn2dp53lqibv2ep5eay21oi8s" xml:space="preserve">'''Ababene''' ƙauye ne ra ƙaramar hukumar [[Obubra]] a [[Cross River|jihar Kuros Riba]], [[Najeriya]].&lt;ref&gt;https://theliteraryfair.com/2018/05/11/villages-in-abi-l-g-a-cross-river-state/|title=Villages{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} in Abi L.G.A, Cross River State {{!}} The Literary Fair|website=theliteraryfair.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512112332/https://theliteraryfair.com/2018/05/11/villages-in-abi-l-g-a-cross-river-state/%7Carchive-date%3D2018-05-12%7Curl-status%3Ddead%7D%7D&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/09/police-broker-peace-contending-c-river-communities/|title=Police{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} broker peace between contending C-River communities - Vanguard News|date=2017-09-18|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-05-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://books.google.com/books?id=SDKlJQBZ92IC&amp;q=Ababene|title=National Gazetteer of Place Names: Cross River State|date=1985|publisher=National Population Bureau, Demographic Division|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tarihin mulkin mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya</title>
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      <comment>/* 'Yanci */</comment>
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Da farko,shigar Birtaniyya a Arewacin Najeriya ya shafi kasuwanci ne kuma ya shafi fadada Kamfanin Royal Niger Company￼￼.Yankunan cikin gida na Kamfanin Royal Niger sun bazu arewa daga inda [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Neja]] da [[Benue (kogi)|kogin Benue]] suka hade,a Dutsen Patti,Lokoja.  Kamfanin ba ya wakiltar barazana kai tsaye ga yawancin [[Daular Sokoto|Halifancin Sokoto]] ko kuma yawancin jihohin Arewacin Najeriya. Hakan ya canza ne lokacin da [[Frederick Lugard]] da Taubman Goldie suka gindaya wani gagarumin shiri na daidaita al'amuran cikin gida na Najeriya tare da hada ta da sauran [[Daular Biritaniya|daular Burtaniya]].

== Kariya ==
Frederick Lugard ya shelanta kariyar Arewacin Najeriya a [[Idah|Ida]] a Kogi a ranar 1 ga Janairu,1897.Tushen mulkin mallaka shi ne yerjejeniyar Berlin ta 1885,wadda ta bai wa Arewacin Najeriya gabaɗaya ga Biritaniya bisa tushen kariyar da take da shi a Kudancin Najeriya.Ba da jimawa ba aka yi ta fama da Daular Sakkwato mai ƙarfi.Masarautar Kabba,Kotogora da Illorin sune na farko da turawan Ingila suka mamaye.A watan Fabrairun 1903,an kama babban katangar Kano,wurin [[Masarautar Kano|daular Kano]],sannan Sokoto da sauran da yawa daga cikin khalifancinta suka biyo baya ba da jimawa ba.Ranar 13 ga Maris,1903, Babbar Shura ta Khalifancin Sakkwato ta amince da bukatar Lugard.

Lugard ya zama gwamna;tare da karancin kayan aiki,ya gudanar da yankin tare da amincewar sarakunan yankin.Ya yi mulki ne ta hanyar siyasar mulkin kai tsaye, wadda ya ɓullo da ita zuwa ƙayyadaddun ka'idar siyasa.Lugard ya bar kariyar bayan wasu shekaru,yana aiki a [[Hong Kong]], amma daga bisani ya koma aiki a Najeriya,inda ya yanke shawarar hadewar Arewacin Najeriya da Kudancin Najeriya a 1914. &lt;ref&gt;The Brief history of Nigeria during the colony 1900. ''Nigeria National library''&lt;/ref&gt;Tashin hankali don samun 'yancin kai daga kariyar Kudancin Kudancin daban-daban,duk da haka,ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin 1940s.Kundin tsarin mulkin Richards, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin 1945, ya ba da yancin cin gashin kai ga Arewa. Wannan 'yancin cin gashin kansa daga ƙarshe ya haɗa da fagagen majalisun dokoki na dangantakar kasashen waje da manufofin kwastam.

== Nassoshi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tarihin Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (1917-1942)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Ingantawa</comment>
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      <text bytes="8909" sha1="gqvfvftj83kwm6ldi2rtxnbad0431ms" xml:space="preserve">[[Fayil:1936 US Olympic Ice Hockey Team.jpg|thumb]]
An kafa Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa (NHL) a cikin 1917 bayan mutuwar ƙungiyar da ta gabace ta, [[Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Ƙasa|Kungiyar Hockey ta Kasa]] (NHA). A cikin ƙoƙari na cire [[Eddie Livingstone ne adam wata|Eddie Livingstone]] a matsayin mai shi na [[Toronto Blueshirts]], mafi rinjaye na NHA franchises (The [[Montreal Kanada|Montreal Canadiens]], [[Montreal Wanderers]], [[Sanatocin Ottawa (na asali)|Ottawa Senators]] and [[Quebec Bulldog|Quebec Bulldogs]] ) sun dakatar da NHA kuma sun kafa sabuwar NHL. Quebec Bulldogs, yayin da yake memba, ba su yi aiki a cikin NHL na shekaru biyu na farko ba. Madadin haka masu [[Lambunan fagen fama|Gidan Lambun Arena]] na Toronto sun gudanar da sabon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani na Toronto. Yayin da aka yi nufin NHL a matsayin ma'auni na wucin gadi, ci gaba da takaddama tare da Livingstone ya haifar da taron masu NHA guda hudu tare da sanya dakatar da NHA ta dindindin shekara guda bayan haka.

Ƙarni na farko na NHL ya ga gasar ta fafatawa da manyan gasa biyu masu hamayya, [[Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast]] da [[Western Canada Hockey League]], don 'yan wasa da [[Kofin Stanley|gasar Stanley]] . NHL ta fara faɗaɗa cikin Amurka a cikin 1924 tare da kafuwar [[Boston Bruins]], kuma ya zuwa 1926 ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi goma a cikin [[Ontario]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], [[Yankin Great Lakes|yankin Manyan Tafkuna]] da [[Arewa maso gabashin Amurka|Arewa maso Gabashin Amurka]] . A lokaci guda, NHL ta fito a matsayin babbar gasar lig guda ɗaya kuma ita kaɗai ce mai fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Stanley.

Wasan da kansa ya ci gaba da bunkasa a wannan lokacin. An gabatar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa ga ƙa'idodi da kayan aiki yayin da NHL ke ƙoƙarin haɓaka kwararar wasan da kuma sa wasan ya fi son abokantaka. NHL ta taka leda tare da maza shida zuwa gefe maimakon bakwai na gargajiya, kuma tana cikin ƙungiyoyin farko don ba da damar masu gola su bar ƙafafunsu don yin ceto. Sawun NHL ya bazu ko'ina cikin Kanada yayin da aka ji watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon [[Foster Hewitt ne adam wata|Foster Hewitt]] daga bakin teku zuwa bakin teku tun daga 1933

An gina [[Dandalin Montreal]] da [[Lambunan Maple Leaf|Maple Leaf Gardens]], kuma kowannensu ya buga bakuncin wasannin fa'idar All-Star da aka gudanar don tara kuɗi don tallafawa [[Ace Bailey]] da dangin [[Howie Morenz]] a [[Toronto]] da [[Montréal|Montreal]], bi da bi. Ayyukan 'yan wasan biyu sun ƙare saboda wani abin da ya faru a kan kankara, tare da Morenz ya mutu a ƙarshe, wata guda bayan ya sami rauni na farko. Waɗannan wasannin farko na NHL All-Star za su kai ga wasannin All-Star na shekara-shekara waɗanda ke ci gaba a yau.

[[Great Depression|Babban Bala'in]] da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya rage gasar zuwa ƙungiyoyi shida ta 1942. Ƙungiyoyin kafa Ottawa, da ƙungiyoyin fadada [[New York Amurkawa|New York Amirkawa]], [[Montreal Maroons]] da [[Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL)|Pittsburgh Pirates]] / [[Philadelphia Quakers (NHL)|Philadelphia Quakers]] sun wuce daga wurin. Ƙungiyar Faɗawa [[Detroit Falcons (NHL)|Detroit Falcons]] ta ayyana fatarar kudi a cikin 1932 kuma ta tsira ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Chicago Shamrocks na Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Amurka da kuma aljihun mai wadata [[James E. Norris|James Norris]] ya zama [[Detroit Red Wings]] . Matsanancin yanayi a Montreal yana nufin cewa birnin ya kusan rasa duka ƙungiyoyin sa a cikin 1930s; Canadiens sun kusan ƙaura zuwa [[Cleveland]], amma sun tsira saboda ƙarfin goyon bayansa. Ƙungiyoyin shida da suka bar tsaye a cikin 1942 (Boston Bruins, [[Chicago Blackhawks|Chicago Black Hawks]], Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens, [[New York Rangers]] da [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ) an san su a yau a matsayin &quot; [[Asalin Shida|Asali shida]] &quot;

== Shekarun farko ==
Babban tauraron NHL na farko shine &quot;Phantom&quot; [[Joe Malone (Hockey)|Joe Malone]] . Zakaran zira kwallaye na NHA sau biyu, Malone ya zira kwallaye biyar ga Montreal Canadiens a nasara 7–4 akan Sanatocin Ottawa a daren bude NHL. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pincus21&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pincus|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malone ya ci gaba da yin rikodin burin 44 na jagora a cikin wasanni 20 a cikin [[1917-18 NHL kakar|1917–18]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya sake jagorantar NHL wajen zira kwallaye a cikin [[1919-20 NHL kakar|1919–20]], inda ya zira kwallaye 39 a wasanni 24 tare da Quebec. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A lokacin wannan kakar, a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1920, Malone ya zira kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya a kan [[Toronto St. Patricks]], rikodin da ke tsaye a yau. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; An zaɓi Malone zuwa [[Hockey Hall of Fame|Gidan Hockey na Fame]] a cikin 1950. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Burin farko a tarihin NHL shine [[Dave Ritchie (Hockey)|Dave Ritchie]] na Montreal Wanderers ya ci minti daya cikin nasara 10 – 9 akan Toronto, wanda shine nasarar da Wanderers suka yi a cikin NHL. Ranar 2 ga Janairu, 1918, wuta ta lalata [[Montreal Arena|filin wasa na Montreal]], gida ga duka Wanderers da Kanada. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da Canadiens suka koma [[Jubilee Arena]] na 3,000, Lichtenhein ya zaɓi ya janye Wanderers, yana nuna rashin samun 'yan wasa saboda yakin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; NHL ta ci gaba da kasancewa ta ƙungiyoyi uku har zuwa lokacin da Quebec ya dawo gare ta a cikin 1919. &lt;ref name=&quot;pincus24&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pincus|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin shekarunta na farko, NHL ta ci gaba da tsarin [[Raba kakar|tsagawar lokacin]] NHA. Zakaran rabin na farko Canadiens ya fadi a hannun zakaran rabin na biyu na Toronto a gasar cin [[O'Brien Trophy (Hockey)|kofin O'Brien]] na 1918 ta hanyar hada maki 10–7 a wasa biyu, jimillar jerin raga. &lt;ref name=&quot;pincus22&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pincus|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nasarar ta baiwa Toronto damar fuskantar zakaran [[Ƙungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast|Kungiyar Hockey ta Pacific Coast]], the [[Vancouver Millionaires]], a Gasar Gasar Cin Kofin Stanley. Torontos ta doke Vancouver don zama ƙungiyar NHL ta farko da ta lashe Kofin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Holzman|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Canadiens sun ci gasar NHL akan Sanatoci a [[1918-19 NHL kakar|1918–19]], kuma sun yi tafiya yamma don saduwa da zakaran PCHA, [[Seattle Metropolitans|Babban Birnin Seattle]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;pincus23&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pincus|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; An fi tunawa da jerin gwanon don sokewar sa tare da jerin da aka ɗaure a nasara biyu, asara biyu, da kunnen doki (2–2–1) saboda [[Cutar mura ta Spain|cutar sankarau ta Sipaniya]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan wasa da yawa daga kungiyoyin biyu sun kamu da rashin lafiya, lamarin da ya sa jami'an kiwon lafiya a [[Seattle]] soke wasan na shida, da yanke hukunci. &lt;ref name=&quot;pincus23&quot; /&gt; Mai tsaron lafiyar Kanada [[Joe Hall (Hockey)|Joe Hall]] ya mutu sakamakon mura a ranar 5 ga Afrilu, 1919. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A halin da ake ciki, zakarun na Toronto sun ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe a cikin rabi na 1918–19. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 1919, Toronto ta sanar da ƙungiyar cewa ta janye daga gasar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Holzman|2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; NHL ta guji ragewa zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu don 1919–20 lokacin da aka sake tsara ƙungiyar azaman Toronto St. Patricks. &lt;ref name=&quot;pincus242&quot;&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Pincus|2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Har ila yau, ikon mallakar Quebec ya dawo, (wanda aka sani da kakar wasa ta ''Quebec Athletic Club'' ) yana kara gasar zuwa kungiyoyi hudu. Kulob din Quebec ya buga rikodin 4 – 20 a cikin 1919 – 20, duk da dawowar Malone. Lokaci ne na ƙarshe na ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin birnin Quebec, yana ƙaura zuwa [[Hamilton, Ontario]], a cikin 1920 don zama [[Hamilton Tigers]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasa tare da WCHL ==
Tun daga cikin 1921, NHL ta fuskanci gasa daga babban gasa na uku, ƙungiyar Hockey [[Kanadiya Prairies|ta]] [[Western Canada Hockey League|Western Canada]] (WCHL). Tare da gasar lig guda uku da ke fafatawa don hazaka, 'yan wasan hockey na kankara sun kasance cikin ƴan wasa mafiya samun kuɗi a Arewacin Amurka. Sun ba da umarnin albashi daidai da manyan 'yan wasan [[Babban League Baseball|Baseball]] na lokacin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sandor|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; WCHL ta rayu tsawon yanayi shida kawai, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da PCHA a cikin 1924, amma ta ƙalubalanci NHL don Kofin Stanley sau huɗu. A cikin [[1923 Gasar Cin Kofin Stanley|1923 Stanley Cup Finals]], Sanatoci sun ci [[Edmonton Eskimos (Hockey)|Edmonton Eskimos]] bayan sun kawar da PCHA's Vancouver Millionaires. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citation}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin [[1924 Gasar cin Kofin Stanley|1924]], Canadiens sun ci nasara akan PCHA's Millionaires da WCHL's [[Calgary Tigers]] a kan ƙarfin rufewar biyu ta [[Georges Vézina|Georges Vezina]] da kuma wani mummunan mummunan nunawa ta hanyar rookie na gaba [[Howie Morenz]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sandor|2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Global rename script moved page [[Tattaunawar user:P0RVAR1]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Porvari]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/P0RVAR1|P0RVAR1]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Porvari|Porvari]]&quot;</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pietiboii! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pietiboii|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 26 Nuwamba, 2023 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mohammed Hamad Satti</title>
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Mohamed Hamad Satti ( Larabci: محمد حمد ساتي‎ &lt;/link&gt; , 1913 - 15 Maris 2005) likitan Sudan ne wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin uban bincike na Likita a Sudan. Ya kasance yana da tsarin taimakon jin kai ga likitanci, kuma an san shi da kasancewa malami mai nishadantarwa wanda ya danganta bayanan kimiyya da labarai daga aikin sa. Satti ya sami lambar yabo ta Shousha daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, da kuma odar kogin Nilu biyu . Dr Satti Foundation don binciken likitanci an kirkiro shi ne don girmama shi.￼

== Rayuwa da aiki ==

=== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ===
An haifi Mohamed Hamad Satti a Shendi, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, a cikin 1913. Mahaifinsa ya rasu yana dan shekara 15. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;  Ya halarci makarantun firamare da matsakaita a Atbara, kafin ya shiga Gordon Memorial College (Makarantar Sakandare) a 1927. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ya sauke karatu da Diploma na Kitchener School of Medicine (DKSM) ( Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum ), a 1935. 
[[File:Satti_1952.jpg|left|thumb| Satti a tsakiya a ca. 1952, UK]]
Satti ya fara horon aikin likita yana aiki a matsayin jami'in kiwon lafiya a yankunan da ke fama da cutar Leishmaniasis tsakanin 1936 zuwa 1946 ciki har da Singa da Port-Sudan .  Ya shiga dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Stack Medical Research Laboratories a shekarar 1946, kafin ya koma kasar Ingila ya kuma kammala digiri na biyu a fannin likitancin cikin gida (1952-1954) inda ya kasance shugaban [[Sudanese Student Society|kungiyar daliban Sudan]] a Burtaniya.  Da ya dawo kasar Sudan, sai aka nada shi a matsayin likitan dabbobi, inda ya fara da nazari kan cutar visceral leishmaniasis a shekarar 1956, kafin ya tafi Amurka ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a a Makarantar Tsaftar Jama’a da Johns Hopkins. Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Baltimore. 

=== Sana'a ===
An zabi Satti a matsayin memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] game da cututtukan parasitic (1962-1980). Ya kuma zama darektan Stack Medical Research Laboratories (1963-1968), ya gaji [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]] wanda ya bar mukamin ya zama shugaban Sudan na farko na tsangayar ilimin likitanci na Jami'ar Khartoum. 

Satti ya mallaki mukamai da yawa a {{Interlanguage link|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية}} . Ya kasance malami a Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum (1946-1948, 1963-1969) kuma mai bincike na kwayoyin cuta, ilimin dabbobi, likitanci, cututtukan cututtuka, likitanci, da ilimin cututtuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1667–1669}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya aza harsashin ginin dakunan gwaje-gwaje da dama da cibiyoyin bincike na magunguna masu zafi a kasar Sudan wadanda suka hada da dakunan gwaje-gwajen kiwon lafiya na kasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Kasa, Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (1966), Makarantar Magungunan Nahiyoyi (1966), Majalisar Kasa ta Kasa. Bincike (1970), da Cibiyar Fasahar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Lafiya.    Ya kasance darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Wuta a Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci, Sudan. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Satti ba shi da asibiti mai zaman kansa a tsawon aikinsa. An san shi da kasancewa malami mai nishadantarwa wanda ke danganta bayanan kimiyya da labarai daga aikin sa. Satti yana da tsarin jin kai sosai game da magani yayin da ya taɓa sake fasalin motar sa ta sirri azaman motar asibiti.  

Da zarar ya yi ritaya a cikin 1969, ya zama mai ba da shawara ga [[Sudanese Medical Research Association|Ƙungiyar Binciken Likitoci ta Sudan]] .  Ya yi aiki tare da WHO a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan cututtukan cututtuka kuma mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar jama'a don nazarin tasirin muhalli na [[Tafkin Nasser|Lake Nasser]] a 1970.  Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kwararru na WHO Onchocerciasis a 1986. 

=== Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa ===
[[File:Sati_1994.jpg|thumb| Satti tare da jikansa Ahmad. ca. 1994]]
Satti ya auri Fatma Hassan el Nor kuma tare da ita sun haifi 'ya'ya goma sha uku. Ya mutu daga sanadin halitta a ranar 15 ga Maris 2005, kuma an binne shi a [[Faroug Cemetery, Khartoum|makabartar Faroug, Khartoum]] . 

== Bincike ==
[[File:Ahmed_Mohamed_El_Hassan_and_Mohamed_Hamad_Satti.jpg|thumb| Layi na 1 daga hagu, [[Mansour Ali Haseeb|Mansour Haseeb]], HV Morgan da Satti. Layi na 2, hagu mai nisa, [[Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan|Ahmed M. El Hassan]] . ca. 1965]]
Satti ya gudanar da ayyuka masu yawa da kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje a kan leishmaniasis a gabashi da kudancin Sudan, zazzabin rawaya a cikin tsaunin Nuba da Kurmuk,  Klumpke paralysis da cutaneous larva migranes a Kordofan, onchocerciasis a Bahr el Ghazal,  zazzabin cizon sauro a Shendi, [[Hepatitis C]], Kwalara da Leptospirosis a kan mutanen Nuer,  [[Masasaku|schistosomiasis]] a Gezira, typhoid a Sudan ta Yamma, [[Agana|cutar sankara]] a kan [[kabilar Beni Halba]] a Singa, [[Shawara|jaundice]] a Al Qadarif,  presbycusis a [[Mabans tribe|kabilar Mabans]] da ke zaune a kudancin Funj,  [6  filariasis a cikin Geneina, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=115–122}}&lt;/ref&gt; illar shan ruwan rijiyar nitrate a ƙauyuka biyu a Arewacin Kordofan, da kuma yanayin kiwon lafiya na Rahad Irrigation Project. 

Ya gabatar da bincikensa a taron farko na Italiyanci na likitancin wurare masu zafi a Gabashin Afirka, [[Asmara]],  a 1952, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Magungunan Magunguna da Malaria (1958-1986).  Ya bar ilimin kimiya na kwarai wanda ya sa aka masa suna ''Uban binciken Likitanci a Sudan. '' 

== Kyaututtuka da karramawa ==
Satti ya sami digiri na girmamawa a cikin 1980 daga Jami'ar Khartoum. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Shousha daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a 1985,  &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url-status=1667–1669}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29519416 &quot;Medical News&quot;]. ''British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition)''. '''290''' (6482): 1667–1669. 1985. [[ISSN (mai ganowa)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[[issn:0267-0623|0267-0623]]. [[JSTOR (mai ganowa)|JSTOR]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29519416 29519416]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221128195248/https://www.jstor.org/stable/29519416 Archived] from the original on 2022-11-28&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; kuma an ba shi Order of the Niles Biyu a 1989.  A cikin 2011, an kafa gidauniya, ''Dokta Satti Foundation don binciken likita,'' don girmama shi.  

== Duba kuma ==

* [[El Hadi Ahmad El-Sheikh|El-Hadi Ahmed El-Sheikh]]
* [[El Sheikh Mahgoub Gaafar|El-Sheikh Mahgoub Gaafar]]
* [[Mohammed El-Amin Ahmed El-Tom]]

== Manazarta ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Likitoci]]
[[Category:Sudan]]
[[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciwon farji</title>
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{{Infobox medical condition|name=Vaginal trauma|image=|caption=|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Rape, Sexual assault|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}}
[[Fayil:Cesarea.jpg|thumb|sabon haihuwa]]
[[Al'aurar Mace|Ciwon]] '''farji''' rauni ne ga farji. Hakan Yana iya faruwa ne a lokacin [[Jego|hauhuwa]], cin zarafi, da  abubuwan da suka faru na bazata.&lt;ref name=Williams&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hoffman|first1=Barbara L.|title=Williams Gynecology|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=9780071716727|edition= 2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin manya, farji yana da kariya sosai daga rauni saboda aikin kariya na  [[:en:Mons_pubis|mons pubis]] da  [[:en:Labia_majora|labia majora]]. Wannan kariyar ba ta da kyau ga 'yan matan da ba su da kitse  don kare farji. Ciwon farji na iya faruwa idan aka shigar da wani abu a cikin al'aura, misali wani abu mai kaifi yana haifar da rauni. Ciwon farji na iya faruwa a sakamakon jin zafi na jima'i ko cin zarafin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/vagina/art-20046562|title=Vagina: What's normal, what's not|work=Mayo Clinic|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon farji na iya faruwa a cikin yara sakamakon raunin da aka yi musu. Yawancin waɗannan, kodayake suna da damuwa, ba mummunan rauni ba ne.

A wasu lokuta, rauni mai tsanani yana faruwa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa na gaggawa, musamman idan jinin bai tsaya ba.

Har ila yau raunin farji yana faruwa a lokacin  [[:en:Episiotomy|episiotomy]]  da kuma wajen haihuwa. Nisantar raunin da ya faru a cikin farji yayin haihuwa zai taimaka wajen hana sake dawowa asibiti da ciwon ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/blog/2012/07/vaginal-trauma-you-fell-what|title=Vaginal Trauma: You Fell On What? {{!}} Texas Children's Hospital|website=www.texaschildrens.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235214/https://www.texaschildrens.org/blog/2012/07/vaginal-trauma-you-fell-what|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/symptom-index/genital-injury-female/|title=Genital Injury - Female|website=www.seattlechildrens.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235115/http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/symptom-index/genital-injury-female/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Nau’ika ==
Alamomi da Nau’ika sun hada da: [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2022/12/ciwon-mara-ga-mata-lokacin-jinin.html ciwon mara], [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2024/09/zubar-farin-ruwa-da-jini-gaban-jarirai.html zubar jini], [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2024/08/bayani-game-da-tsiro-kololo-ko-kumburi.html kumburi], kasala, fitar farji, abin da ke ciki a cikin al'aura, ciwon al'aura, kumburi, amai, fitsari mai radadi, rashin iya fitsari, gaban rauni, rahoton cin zarafi, da jini a cikin fitsari. [[:en:Hematoma|hematoma]]  na iya tasowa bayan rauni na farji. Hoto na iya gano kasancewar jinin da aka tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shobeiri|first1=S. Abbas|last2=Rostaminia|first2=Ghazaleh|last3=White|first3=Dena|last4=Quiroz|first4=Lieschen H.|last5=Nihira|first5=Mikio A.|date=2013-08-01|title=Evaluation of Vaginal Cysts and Masses by 3-Dimensional Endovaginal and Endoanal Sonography|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|language=en|volume=32|issue=8|pages=1499–1507|doi=10.7863/ultra.32.8.1499|pmid=23887963|s2cid=34402240|issn=1550-9613|doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==

=== Dangantakar juna biyu ===
Yayin haihuwa, raunin farji ko na haihuwa na iya faruwa kuma ana iya buƙatar tiyata dan samun lafiya. Wani lokaci farji yakan ji rauni a lokacin aikin naƙuda ko kuma hawaye na ɓarna daga farji zuwa wurare daban-daban na perineum.

=== Rashin ciki mai Alaka ===
Abubuwan da basu barin haihuwa sun haɗa da: cin zarafin jima'i, jima'i na qin yarda, karaya daga ƙashin ƙugu, wani abu da bai kamata ba da aka saka a cikin farji,  ko kuma mummunan rauni, kamar su durkusa a makwancinta yayin gasar jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stratog.rcog.org.uk/tutorial/easi-resource/vaginal-and-cervical-trauma-5045|title=Vaginal and cervical trauma|website=stratog.rcog.org.uk|language=en-uk|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235207/https://stratog.rcog.org.uk/tutorial/easi-resource/vaginal-and-cervical-trauma-5045|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadari ===
Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da: farkon farkon jima'i na qin yarda, shayarwa da illolin magani.

== Rigakafi ==
Za a iya samar da yanayi mai aminci ga yara ƙanana dan yin nesa da ƙananan abubuwan da zai cutar dasu.&lt;ref name=mci2017&gt;{{cite book |first=Thomas K. |last=McInerny |date=2017 |title=Textbook of Pediatric Care - 2nd Edition |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |isbn=978-1-58110-966-5}}  [http://online.statref.com/Do STAT!Ref Online Electronic Medical Library]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;sup&gt;[subscription required]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana farawa da jinya tare da cikakken kimantawa. Kasancewar wanda zai ba da tallafi yayin jarrabawa yana da matukar fa'ida. Irin wannan tallafin yana ba da fifiko musamman a lokuta na raunin farji saboda cin zarafin jima'i. Mutumin da ke goyon baya yana ba da goyon baya na motsin rai kuma yana iya taimakawa rage radadin  rauni. Waɗanda ke jinyar waɗanda abin ya shafa suna ɗaukar ma'aikacin jinya/masu binciken lafiya (SAN/FEs) tare da takama yan horo don kula da waɗanda suka fuskanci fyade ko cin zarafi. Suna iya gudanar da jarrabawar shari'a ta likita da aka mayar da hankali. Idan ba a sami irin wannan ƙwararren likitan ba, sashen gaggawa yana da ka'idar cin zarafi da aka kafa don magani da kuma tattara shaidu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/hcsats/training/core_sane/wednesday/Genital%20Findings.pdf Genital Findings of Women After Consensual and Nonconsensual Intercourse] - Journal of Forensic Nursing&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537091</id>
      <parentid>537081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:28:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A09</username>
        <id>23573</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Lacuna66|Lacuna66]] ([[User talk:Lacuna66|talk]]) to last version by Smshika: unnecessary links or spam</comment>
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      <text bytes="5901" sha1="t673ngyu0ml2pha178jyzny2zat0dcm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{{Infobox medical condition|name=Vaginal trauma|image=|caption=|symptoms=|complications=|onset=|duration=|types=|causes=Rape, Sexual assault|risks=|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=|deaths=}}
[[Fayil:Cesarea.jpg|thumb|sabon haihuwa]]
[[Al'aurar Mace|Ciwon]] '''farji''' rauni ne ga farji. Hakan Yana iya faruwa ne a lokacin [[Jego|hauhuwa]], cin zarafi, da  abubuwan da suka faru na bazata.&lt;ref name=Williams&gt;{{cite book|last1=Hoffman|first1=Barbara L.|title=Williams Gynecology|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=9780071716727|edition= 2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin manya, farji yana da kariya sosai daga rauni saboda aikin kariya na  [[:en:Mons_pubis|mons pubis]] da  [[:en:Labia_majora|labia majora]]. Wannan kariyar ba ta da kyau ga 'yan matan da ba su da kitse  don kare farji. Ciwon farji na iya faruwa idan aka shigar da wani abu a cikin al'aura, misali wani abu mai kaifi yana haifar da rauni. Ciwon farji na iya faruwa a sakamakon jin zafi na jima'i ko cin zarafin jima'i.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/womens-health/in-depth/vagina/art-20046562|title=Vagina: What's normal, what's not|work=Mayo Clinic|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ciwon farji na iya faruwa a cikin yara sakamakon raunin da aka yi musu. Yawancin waɗannan, kodayake suna da damuwa, ba mummunan rauni ba ne.

A wasu lokuta, rauni mai tsanani yana faruwa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa na gaggawa, musamman idan jinin bai tsaya ba.

Har ila yau raunin farji yana faruwa a lokacin  [[:en:Episiotomy|episiotomy]]  da kuma wajen haihuwa. Nisantar raunin da ya faru a cikin farji yayin haihuwa zai taimaka wajen hana sake dawowa asibiti da ciwon ciki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.texaschildrens.org/blog/2012/07/vaginal-trauma-you-fell-what|title=Vaginal Trauma: You Fell On What? {{!}} Texas Children's Hospital|website=www.texaschildrens.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235214/https://www.texaschildrens.org/blog/2012/07/vaginal-trauma-you-fell-what|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/symptom-index/genital-injury-female/|title=Genital Injury - Female|website=www.seattlechildrens.org|language=en|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235115/http://www.seattlechildrens.org/medical-conditions/symptom-index/genital-injury-female/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alamomi da Nau’ika ==
Alamomi da Nau’ika sun hada da: ciwon ciki, zubar jini, kumburi, kasala, fitar farji, abin da ke ciki a cikin al'aura, ciwon al'aura, kumburi, amai, fitsari mai radadi, rashin iya fitsari, gaban rauni, rahoton cin zarafi, da jini a cikin fitsari. [[:en:Hematoma|hematoma]]  na iya tasowa bayan rauni na farji. Hoto na iya gano kasancewar jinin da aka tara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Shobeiri|first1=S. Abbas|last2=Rostaminia|first2=Ghazaleh|last3=White|first3=Dena|last4=Quiroz|first4=Lieschen H.|last5=Nihira|first5=Mikio A.|date=2013-08-01|title=Evaluation of Vaginal Cysts and Masses by 3-Dimensional Endovaginal and Endoanal Sonography|journal=Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine|language=en|volume=32|issue=8|pages=1499–1507|doi=10.7863/ultra.32.8.1499|pmid=23887963|s2cid=34402240|issn=1550-9613|doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dalilai ==

=== Dangantakar juna biyu ===
Yayin haihuwa, raunin farji ko na haihuwa na iya faruwa kuma ana iya buƙatar tiyata dan samun lafiya. Wani lokaci farji yakan ji rauni a lokacin aikin naƙuda ko kuma hawaye na ɓarna daga farji zuwa wurare daban-daban na perineum.

=== Rashin ciki mai Alaka ===
Abubuwan da basu barin haihuwa sun haɗa da: cin zarafin jima'i, jima'i na qin yarda, karaya daga ƙashin ƙugu, wani abu da bai kamata ba da aka saka a cikin farji,  ko kuma mummunan rauni, kamar su durkusa a makwancinta yayin gasar jiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://stratog.rcog.org.uk/tutorial/easi-resource/vaginal-and-cervical-trauma-5045|title=Vaginal and cervical trauma|website=stratog.rcog.org.uk|language=en-uk|access-date=2018-02-10|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210235207/https://stratog.rcog.org.uk/tutorial/easi-resource/vaginal-and-cervical-trauma-5045|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hadari ===
Abubuwan haɗari sun haɗa da: farkon farkon jima'i na qin yarda, shayarwa da illolin magani.

== Rigakafi ==
Za a iya samar da yanayi mai aminci ga yara ƙanana dan yin nesa da ƙananan abubuwan da zai cutar dasu.&lt;ref name=mci2017&gt;{{cite book |first=Thomas K. |last=McInerny |date=2017 |title=Textbook of Pediatric Care - 2nd Edition |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |isbn=978-1-58110-966-5}}  [http://online.statref.com/Do STAT!Ref Online Electronic Medical Library]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;sup&gt;[subscription required]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Magani ==
Ana farawa da jinya tare da cikakken kimantawa. Kasancewar wanda zai ba da tallafi yayin jarrabawa yana da matukar fa'ida. Irin wannan tallafin yana ba da fifiko musamman a lokuta na raunin farji saboda cin zarafin jima'i. Mutumin da ke goyon baya yana ba da goyon baya na motsin rai kuma yana iya taimakawa rage radadin  rauni. Waɗanda ke jinyar waɗanda abin ya shafa suna ɗaukar ma'aikacin jinya/masu binciken lafiya (SAN/FEs) tare da takama yan horo don kula da waɗanda suka fuskanci fyade ko cin zarafi. Suna iya gudanar da jarrabawar shari'a ta likita da aka mayar da hankali. Idan ba a sami irin wannan ƙwararren likitan ba, sashen gaggawa yana da ka'idar cin zarafi da aka kafa don magani da kuma tattara shaidu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://depts.washington.edu/hcsats/training/core_sane/wednesday/Genital%20Findings.pdf Genital Findings of Women After Consensual and Nonconsensual Intercourse] - Journal of Forensic Nursing&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lionel Ruzindana</title>
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    <id>73598</id>
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      <id>536904</id>
      <parentid>390860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T09:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>536904</origin>
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'''Lionel Ruzindana''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987 a matsayin Ruzindana Lionel), [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Belgium wanda ɗan asalin [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne.&lt;ref name= igihe&gt;{{cite web | url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibyo-wamenya-lionel-ruzindana-undi-munyarwanda-uri-muri-filime-iri-kubica-kuri| title=What you know about Lionel Ruzindana, another Rwandan in a movie that is killing them on Netflix| publisher=igihe | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a cikin fina-finan Earth and Blood, Third Wedding da Red Soil.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wunschliste.de/person/lioneel-ruzindana| title=Lionel Ruzindana| publisher=wunschliste | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
An haife shi a cikin shekarar 1987 a garin [[Kigali]], [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] a matsayin ɗan fari a gida kuma ya girma a [[Gikondo]] har zuwa shekarar 1994. Ya yi karatun firamare a ƙasar Rwanda a [[Kigali|birnin Kigali]], har ya kai shekara 7. Ya koma Belgium sannan ya zauna a [[Faransa]] kusan shekara guda.&lt;ref name= igihe&gt;{{cite web | url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibyo-wamenya-lionel-ruzindana-undi-munyarwanda-uri-muri-filime-iri-kubica-kuri| title=What you know about Lionel Ruzindana, another Rwandan in a movie that is killing them on Netflix| publisher=igihe | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo yayin da ya koma Belgium. Ya fara kammala karatu daga Cibiyar Sainte Marie da ke Belgium. A halin yanzu, ya shiga kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu kuma ya karanci wasan kwaikwayo daki-daki. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayo na al'ada a cikin shekarar 2015. A cikin shekarar 2018, ya zama tauraro a cikin fim ɗin ''Troisièmes Noces'' wanda David Lambert ya jagoranta. Sannan ya shiga wasan a ''Plein La Vue'' a 2019 tare da taimakon Philippe Lyon. Ya kuma yi fim ɗin ''Rouge'' wanda Farid Bentoumi ya ba da umarni a matsayin 'guardian'.&lt;ref name= igihe&gt;{{cite web | url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibyo-wamenya-lionel-ruzindana-undi-munyarwanda-uri-muri-filime-iri-kubica-kuri| title=What you know about Lionel Ruzindana, another Rwandan in a movie that is killing them on Netflix| publisher=igihe | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin shekarar 2020 ya yi fim a cikin fim din ''Duniya da Jini'' tare da rawanda ya taka a matsayin 'Süleyman'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemagia.ro/actori/lionl-ruzindana-1824411/?&amp;ref=mobile| title=Lionël Ruzindana: Filme cu Lionël Ruzindana| publisher=cinemagia | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A cikin shekarar 2020, ya yi aiki a cikin fim ɗin ''La Terre et Le Sang'' mai shirya fina-finai Julien Leclerq wanda yanzu ke fitowa akan Netflix.&lt;ref name= igihe&gt;{{cite web | url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibyo-wamenya-lionel-ruzindana-undi-munyarwanda-uri-muri-filime-iri-kubica-kuri| title=What you know about Lionel Ruzindana, another Rwandan in a movie that is killing them on Netflix| publisher=igihe | access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Shekara
! Fim
! Matsayi
! Salon
! Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''Bikin aure na uku (Troisièmes noces)''
|
| Fim
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Plein da vue''
| K- yen
| Fim
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Duniya da Jini''
| Sulaiman
| Fim
|
|-
| 2020
| ''Jan Kasa''
| Le vigile
| Fim
|
|-
| 2022
| ''Flo''
| Le kine
| Fim
|
|}

== Manazarta ==

[[Category:Haihuwan 1987]]
[[Category:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta São Tomé da Príncipe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>76812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537009</id>
      <parentid>408151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:05:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dallatu001</username>
        <id>31521</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1237621415|São Tomé and Príncipe women's national football team]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Kungiyar Kwallon ƙafa na mata ta [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|São Tomé da Príncipe]]''' tana wakiltar São Tomé le Príncipe a kwallon kafa ta duniya. Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta São Toméan ce take jagorantar kungiyar. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida da FIFA ta amince da su, kuma FIFA ba ta taba sanya su a duniya ba. Har ila yau, kasar tana da tawagar kasa da shekaru 19.

== Tarihi ==
A shekara ta 1985, kusan babu wata ƙasa a duniya da ke da kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata, Tare da São Tomé da Príncipe waɗanda ba su buga wasan farko da aka amince da su na FIFA ba har zuwa 2002 lokacin da suka samu shiga cikin cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta 2003. &lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-saotome&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcup2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Previous Tournaments |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa2003/preliminaries/preliminary=6758/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227053322/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/womensworldcup/usa2003/preliminaries/preliminary=6758/index.html |archive-date=27 December 2011 |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin tarihin tawagar, sun buga wasanni shida da FIFA ta amince da su. A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2002 a [[Sao Tomé|São Tome]], São Tomé da Príncipe sun sha kaye a hannun Gabon 0-2 bayan sun sauka 0-1 a rabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-saotome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sao Tome e Principe: Fixtures and Results |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=stp/fixturesresults/gender=f/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110621195850/http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=stp/fixturesresults/gender=f/index.html |archive-date=21 June 2011 |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcup2003&quot; /&gt; A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2002 a Libreville, São Tomé da Príncipe sun sha kaye a hannun Gabon 0-6 bayan sun sauka 0-3 a rabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-saotome&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcup2003&quot; /&gt; Sun gama a karshe a zagaye na farko na kungiya , inda suka ci wasa  0 kuma sun zira kwallaye 8 a kansu a wasanni guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;worldcup2003&quot; /&gt; A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2006 a São Tomé da Príncipe, São Tomé le Príncipe sun rasa 0-3 ga Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-saotome&quot; /&gt; A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2006 a [[Togo]], São Tomé da Príncipe sun rasa 0-6 ga Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifa-saotome&quot; /&gt; A shekarar 2010, kasar ba ta da wata kungiya da ke wasa a gasar zakarun mata ta Afirka a lokacin zagaye na farko  ko kuma a wasannin a nahiyar Afrika  na 2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;2010-african-women-championship&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fixtures – African Women Championship 2010 – CAF |url=http://www.cafonline.com/competition/african-women-championship_2010/results |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Cafonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;all-africa-2011-rounds&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Groups &amp; standings – All Africa Games women 2011 – CAF |url=http://www.cafonline.com/competition/all-africa-games-women_2011/groups |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Cafonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan yuni na 2012, FIFA ba ta sanya kungiyar a duniya ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;world-rank-fifa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=The FIFA Women's World Ranking |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/women/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008164448/http://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/women/index.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 |access-date=7 June 2012 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt; FIFA ba ta taba sanya kungiyar a matsayin ta ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;fifarankers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sao Tome e Principe: FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking |url=https://www.fifa.com/associations/association=stp/ranking/gender=f/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070923011916/http://fifa.com/associations/association=stp/ranking/gender=f/index.html |archive-date=23 September 2007 |access-date=16 April 2012 |publisher=FIFA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2021, São Tomé da Príncipe sun shiga zagaye na farko na cancantar lashe kofin mata ta Afirika ta 2022, wanda yayi aiki a matsayin zagaye na biyu na 'yan wasan cin kofin duniya na mata na Afirka na 2023, amma sun janye bayan sun rasa kashi na farko ga Togo 0-5, Wanda yayi silar da aka soke wasa na biyu da kuma kawar da tawagar.

A  cikin shekara ta 2002, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa da kasa ta São Tomé da Principe ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata na   mata yan  kasa da shekaru 19 na Afirka, gasar da aka gudanar a karon farko. A zagayen farko, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ‘yan kasa da shekaru 19 ta kasar Mali sau biyu da maki 0–6 da kuma 1–4.[1][2] Daga baya an canza rukunin shekarun gasar kofin matasa daga ’yan kasa da shekara 19 zuwa kasa da 20.[3] Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta São Tomé da Principe ta kasa da kasa da shekaru 20 ya kamata ta buga da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a gasar cin kofin duniya na mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a 2010 a shekarar 2010 a 2010 amma São Tomé da Príncipe sun fice kuma Jamhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka ta samu. zagayawa a wasannin da suka shirya da kasar[4].

Kasar tsibirin ta samu yancin  kai a shekarar 1975, a cikin shekarar ne aka kirkiri kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. Kungiyar ta sami amincewar FIFA a shekarar 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;goalsprogram1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2009 |title=Goal! Football: São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/goalproject/stp_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145410/http://www.fifa.com/mm/goalproject/stp_eng.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=5 June 2012 |publisher=FIFA |page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fifabook&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=FIFA |year=2006 |title=Women's Football Today |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/women/93/77/21/factsheets.pdf |url-status=dead |page=166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814213100/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/women/93/77/21/factsheets.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan wasan mata sun yi rajista tare da ƙungiyar ƙasa tun suna da shekaru 16 na haihuwa. A shekara ta 2009, akwai kungiyoyi hudu kawai na mata a kasar, wanda ya kafa gasar kasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;goalsprogram3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 April 2009 |title=Goal! Football: São Tomé and Príncipe |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/goalproject/stp_eng.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222145410/http://www.fifa.com/mm/goalproject/stp_eng.pdf |archive-date=22 February 2014 |access-date=5 June 2012 |publisher=FIFA |page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ci gaban farko na wasan mata a lokacin ya fara ne lokacin da ikon mulkin mallaka ya kawo kwallon kafa zuwa nahiyar ya iyakance yayin da ikon mulkin kama-karya a yankin ke ɗaukar ra'ayoyin shugabanci da kuma shiga mata a wasanni tare da su ga al'adun yankin da ke da irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi da aka riga aka saka a cikinsu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alegi2010&quot; /&gt; Rashin ci gaban tawagar kasa a kan matakin kasa da kasa wanda ke nuna alamun dukkan kungiyoyin Afirka shine sakamakon dalilai da yawa, gami da iyakance damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al-umma wanda a wasu lokuta yana ba da damar cin zarafin mata. Lokacin da aka haɓaka 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata masu inganci, sukan bar don ƙarin dama a ƙasashen waje. A ko'ina cikin nahiyar, kudade ma batun ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba da ke fitowa daga [[FIFA]], ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kuhn2011&quot; /&gt; Nasarar gaba ga kwallon kafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara da ingantaccen kayan aiki da kuma samun damar mata zuwa waɗannan wuraren. Yin ƙoƙari ya sayar da wasan kuma ya sa ya zama mai cinikayya ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda kasancewar matasa da sansanonin kwallon kafa na mata da aka gudanar a duk faɗin nahiyar.

Wadannan sune jerin sakamakon wasan a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata, da kuma duk wani wasannin da aka shirya a nan gaba.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nijar a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1988</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77097</id>
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      <id>536925</id>
      <parentid>410896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:23:34Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
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      <comment>Nayi Gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="2519" sha1="1f4cppeebaxtedqc9r6jyg0gw95dar3" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
[[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] ta fafata a gasar na Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1988 a [[Seoul|birnin Seoul]] [[Koriya ta Kudu|na kasar Koriya ta Kudu]].

== Masu fafatawa ==
Mai zuwa shine jerin adadin masu fafatawa a gasar. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympedia.org/countries/NIG/editions/22 Niger at the 1988 Summer Olympics]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! width=&quot;180&quot; |Wasanni
! width=&quot;55&quot; | Maza
! width=&quot;55&quot; | Mata
! width=&quot;55&quot; | Jimlar
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Wasan motsa jiki
| 3
| 0
| 3
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Dambe
| 3
| -
| 3
|-
! Jimlar
! 6
! 0
! 6
|}

== Wasan motsa jiki ==

; Maza
; Waƙa da abubuwan hanya

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dan wasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lamarin
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Zafi
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Kwata-kwata
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Semi-final
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karshe
|- style=&quot;font-size:95%&quot;
! Sakamako
! Daraja
! Sakamako
! Daraja
! Sakamako
! Daraja
! Sakamako
! Daraja
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Inni Aboubakar]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; | Marathon|
| 2:28:15
| 59
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Hassan Karimou|Hassan Karim]]|
| 2:43:51
| 80
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Abdou Manzo|Abdu Manzo]]|
| 2:25:05
| 47
|}

== Dambe ==

; Maza

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Dan wasa
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Lamarin
! 1 Zagaye
! 2 Zagaye
! 3 Zagaye
! Quarter final
! Wasannin kusa da na karshe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Karshe
|- style=&quot;font-size:95%&quot;
! Adawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sakamako
! Adawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sakamako
! Adawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sakamako
! Adawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sakamako
! Adawa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Sakamako
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Daraja
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Badie Ovnteni
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Nauyin tashi|
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Melvin de Leon]]|DOM|1988 Summer}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''Saukewa: RSC''' -1 |
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | [[Moumouni Siuley]]
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Bantamweight
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Tiui Faamaoni]]|SAM|1988 Summer}}&lt;/img&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''Saukewa:''' RSC-3
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Justin Chikwanda]]|ZAM|1988 Summer}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''Saukewa: RSC''' -1
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; | bai ci gaba ba
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Djingarey Mamoudou
| align=&quot;left&quot; | Nauyin gashin tsuntsu
|{{FlagIOCathlete|[[Tomasz Nowak (boxer)|Tomasz Nowak]]|POL|1988 Summer}}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; '''L''' 0-5| 
|}

== Magana ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Théo Hernandez</title>
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      <id>536863</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Umar A Muhammad</username>
        <id>22698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nayi Gyara</comment>
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[[Fayil:FC Salzburg vs. AC Mailand (UEFA Championsleague 2022-09-06) Théo Hernandez.jpg|thumb|Théo Hernandez]]
[[Fayil:Theo Milan-Torino 2021-22.jpg|thumb|Théo Hernandez acikin filin wasa]]
[[Fayil:TheoHernandez2022Salzburg.jpg|thumb|Théo Hernandez]]
[[Fayil:Theo Hernández.jpg|thumb|Théo Hernandez a madrid]]
'''Théo Bernard François Hernandez''' (lafazin Faransanci: [teo ɛʁnɑ̃dɛz, - ɛʁnandɛs]; An haife shi 6 [[Oktoba]] 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na [[Faransa]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na hagu don ƙungiyar AC Milan ta Serie A da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. An san shi da saurinsa, ɗigon ruwa, da kuma iya zira kwallaye, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƴan baya a duniya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best defenders in the world 2023 |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sport/football/best-defenders-world/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Radio Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Footballorbit |date=2023-05-20 |title=Top 10 Best Full-backs In The World 2023 |url=https://www.footballorbit.com/best-full-backs-world-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=FootballOrbit |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230114/https://www.footballorbit.com/best-full-backs-world-2023/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Soriano |first=Joe |date=2023-07-01 |title=Ranking the 10 best left backs in the world right now in 2023 |url=https://thetrivelaeffect.com/best-left-backs/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=The Trivela Effect |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Kamran |date=2023-05-27 |title=Top 10 Best Left Backs In The World 2023 |url=https://www.sportshubnet.com/top-10-best-left-backs-in-the-world/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=Sportshubnet |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Swarup |date=2023-06-13 |title=Top 10 Best Left Backs In Football 2023 |url=https://sillyseason.com/list/top-10/best-left-backs-in-football-79470/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Fayil:Theo e Calabria.jpg|thumb|Théo Hernandez]]
Kane ne ga ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[Lucas Hernandez]], kuma ɗan Jean-François Hernandez, ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa mai ritaya.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marc Bernal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>84253</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536908</id>
      <parentid>523124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:07:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar kungiya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1957" sha1="hc3opidznmhc4xh6wh7pahc16uwsepv" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.[10] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.[12]


==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536909</id>
      <parentid>536908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar kungiya */</comment>
      <origin>536909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2132" sha1="853hiros71q30nf1zs4thaze3hrldxo" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.[12]


==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>853hiros71q30nf1zs4thaze3hrldxo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536910</id>
      <parentid>536909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:10:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar kungiya */</comment>
      <origin>536910</origin>
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      <text bytes="2159" sha1="ta8r9fm6ff2bh6yy5wle3x37x8jh6ee" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.[12]


==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536918</id>
      <parentid>536910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:19:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwar kungiya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2265" sha1="g0oe0th742i3fghkyygm9i2q6mkxm36" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;


==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536931</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar kungiya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2293" sha1="iypb7kkavqwu82gwwnuv72vyk6y8rz6" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

====== ==Salon wasa== ======


==Manazarta==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536933</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <comment>/* ==Salon wasa== */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2287" sha1="3ag9knb3o9a56sv44ak02anmkclc73b" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Salom wasa =====


==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536948</id>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>31123</id>
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      <comment>/* Salom wasa */</comment>
      <origin>536948</origin>
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      <text bytes="2676" sha1="1sxc1rup9asbqgcop6b5u7tqz0e05u4" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Salom wasa =====

Bernal ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai ƙafar ƙafar hagu wanda yawanci ke buga wasan tsakiya na tsaro, amma kuma yana iya yin wasa da tashin hankali idan an buƙata. Yana da karfin jiki, kuma yana da gwanintar wucewa. Yana da kan gaba kuma yana iya wucewa da kyau idan aka matsa masa&lt;ref&gt;Plaza, Guillermo Gutierrez (5 October 2023). &quot;Marc Bernal, el arte de recibir perfilado&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536952</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:40:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salon wasa */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2676" sha1="hjco1nlqlftib5ko5px7rfuwc5fqele" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Salon wasa =====

Bernal ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai ƙafar ƙafar hagu wanda yawanci ke buga wasan tsakiya na tsaro, amma kuma yana iya yin wasa da tashin hankali idan an buƙata. Yana da karfin jiki, kuma yana da gwanintar wucewa. Yana da kan gaba kuma yana iya wucewa da kyau idan aka matsa masa&lt;ref&gt;Plaza, Guillermo Gutierrez (5 October 2023). &quot;Marc Bernal, el arte de recibir perfilado&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:48:28Z</timestamp>
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        <id>31123</id>
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'''Marc Bernal'''
Marc Bernal ( an haife shi a ranar 26 da watan mayu a shekara ta 2007) kwararren dan kwallaon sifaniya ne wanda yake buga lamba 4 ( dan tsakiya mai tare) a kungiyar Barcelona dake buga gasar La liga.
==Rayuwar kungiya==
An haife shi a Berga, Barcelona, Catalonia, Bernal matashin dan wasa ne na CE Berga da Gimnástic Manresa, sannan ya matsa zuwa La masia yana dan shekara shida (6) inda ya nuna bajintar shi ta yarinta.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la promesa de Berga que despunta al Barça&quot;. 13 August 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Marc Bernal, la perla de La Masia que ya derriba la puerta con 16 años&quot;. Mundo Deportivo. 23 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; A ranar 23 ga watan yuni shekara ta 2023 yasa kwantiragi a kungiyar ta Barcelona har zuwa 2026.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Saiba quem é a joia que está enchendo o Barcelona de esperança para o futuro&quot;. 23 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya fara buga kwararren wasa da kungiyar kwallon ta Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da su kayi rashin nasara 1-0 a hannun Logroñés a ranar 27 ga watan Ogosta shekara ta 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Pérez, Daniel Íñiguez (28 August 2023). &quot;Logroñés 1-0 Barça Atlètic: Gol en Las Gaunas y primeros 3 puntos&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Ya zura kwallon sa farko a Barcelona Atlètic a wasan da Barcelona Atlètic ta doke Sestao da ci 3-1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 2023.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Is Marc Bernal the next La Masia player ready to break into Barça's first team?&quot;. sport. 24 October 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar kasa da kasa ==
An kira Bernal zuwa sansanin horo na U16 na Spain a watan Oktoba 2022.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | Cambio en la lista de convocados para las jornadas de entrenamiento en la Ciudad del Fútbol | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol.&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin watan Agusta 2023, an ba shi suna zuwa sansanin horo na U18 na Spain.&lt;ref&gt;OFICIAL | Convocatoria sub-18 para los entrenamientos de Alfaz del Pi (Alicante) | www.rfef.es&quot;. Web oficial de la Real Federación Española de Fútbol. 22 August 2023&lt;/ref&gt; An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-17 na 2023.[11] An nada shi cikin 'yan wasan karshe na Spain U17 a gasar 2024 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;OFICIAL | La lista definitiva de la Selección sub-17 para el Europeo&quot;. ''RFEF.ES''. 17 May 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Salon wasa =====

Bernal ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya ne mai ƙafar ƙafar hagu wanda yawanci ke buga wasan tsakiya na tsaro, amma kuma yana iya yin wasa da tashin hankali idan an buƙata. Yana da karfin jiki, kuma yana da gwanintar wucewa. Yana da kan gaba kuma yana iya wucewa da kyau idan aka matsa masa&lt;ref&gt;Plaza, Guillermo Gutierrez (5 October 2023). &quot;Marc Bernal, el arte de recibir perfilado&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tella Adeyinka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:37:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Yusuf Gusau</username>
        <id>14813</id>
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      <comment>/* Sana'a, */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3335" sha1="i60656qlras27m0w7ariewbacl1mq8m" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Adeyinka Tella
| birth_name         = Adeyinka
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|10}}
| nationality        = [[Nigerian]]
| education          = St.Andrews College of Education (NCE)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (B.sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (M.Sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Botswana]] (Ph.D)
| occupation         = [[Librarian]] [[Lecturer]]
| employer           = [[University of Ilorin]]
| notable_works      = {{bulleted list|Social Media Strategies for Dynamic Library Service Development| Perception and Use of YouTube by Music Lecturers and Librarians in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria|Assessment of Nigerian University Library Web Sites/Web Pages|The perspective of undergraduate students on information needs and seeking behavior through YouTube|Attitudinal Correlates of Selected Nigerian Librarians Towards the Use of Information Technology}}
| title              = [[Professor]]
| awards             = {{bulleted list|[[Commonwealth Scholarship]] (2005)|Federal Government of Nigeria Postgraduate Scholarship Award (2002)|[[CODESRIA]] Award (2007)|}}
}}
'''Adeyinka Tella''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972) [[Ma'aikacin Labura]] ne kuma Farfesan Najeriya a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] [[Nigeria]], kuma shi ne Babban Editan Jami'ar Ilorin na yanzu. Jaridar Duniya ta Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
Adeyinka wanda aka haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1972, ya fara balaguron neman ilimi a St.
Andrews College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria, inda ya samu takardar shedar ilimi ta kasa (NCE) a shekarar 1992. Wannan ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ne ya sa ya shiga aikin koyarwa. Daga nan sai ya yi karatu mai zurfi a Jami'ar Ibadan ta Najeriya inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Guidance and Counselling/Political Science. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Ibadan, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Digiri na farko na digirinsa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin Laburare da Nazarin Labarai a 2004, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir. daga Sashen Laburare da Nazarin Watsa Labarai, Jami'ar Botswana a 2009.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-9&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sana'a,==
Tare da littattafan ilimi sama da 200 da aka buga, ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike tare da mai da hankali kan fannoni kamar ICT don Ci gaba, koyan e-learning, ilimin bayanai, da fasahar sadarwar bayanai a cikin ɗakunan karatu. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa a cikin shahararrun mujallu na duniya kuma ya ba da gudummawar babi ga littattafan ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-11&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya reshen jihar Kwara,

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536882</id>
      <parentid>536881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:38:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Yusuf Gusau</username>
        <id>14813</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sana'a, */</comment>
      <origin>536882</origin>
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      <text bytes="3426" sha1="o69aunen8hop8uf03g9eflbfr2ndkz3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Adeyinka Tella
| birth_name         = Adeyinka
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|10}}
| nationality        = [[Nigerian]]
| education          = St.Andrews College of Education (NCE)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (B.sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (M.Sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Botswana]] (Ph.D)
| occupation         = [[Librarian]] [[Lecturer]]
| employer           = [[University of Ilorin]]
| notable_works      = {{bulleted list|Social Media Strategies for Dynamic Library Service Development| Perception and Use of YouTube by Music Lecturers and Librarians in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria|Assessment of Nigerian University Library Web Sites/Web Pages|The perspective of undergraduate students on information needs and seeking behavior through YouTube|Attitudinal Correlates of Selected Nigerian Librarians Towards the Use of Information Technology}}
| title              = [[Professor]]
| awards             = {{bulleted list|[[Commonwealth Scholarship]] (2005)|Federal Government of Nigeria Postgraduate Scholarship Award (2002)|[[CODESRIA]] Award (2007)|}}
}}
'''Adeyinka Tella''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972) [[Ma'aikacin Labura]] ne kuma Farfesan Najeriya a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] [[Nigeria]], kuma shi ne Babban Editan Jami'ar Ilorin na yanzu. Jaridar Duniya ta Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
Adeyinka wanda aka haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1972, ya fara balaguron neman ilimi a St.
Andrews College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria, inda ya samu takardar shedar ilimi ta kasa (NCE) a shekarar 1992. Wannan ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ne ya sa ya shiga aikin koyarwa. Daga nan sai ya yi karatu mai zurfi a Jami'ar Ibadan ta Najeriya inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Guidance and Counselling/Political Science. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Ibadan, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Digiri na farko na digirinsa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin Laburare da Nazarin Labarai a 2004, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir. daga Sashen Laburare da Nazarin Watsa Labarai, Jami'ar Botswana a 2009.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-9&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sana'a,==
Tare da littattafan ilimi sama da 200 da aka buga, ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike tare da mai da hankali kan fannoni kamar ICT don Ci gaba, koyan e-learning, ilimin bayanai, da fasahar sadarwar bayanai a cikin ɗakunan karatu. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa a cikin shahararrun mujallu na duniya kuma ya ba da gudummawar babi ga littattafan ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-11&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya reshen jihar Kwara, kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya da malaman ilimin kimiyyar bayanai,

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:39:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abubakar Yusuf Gusau</username>
        <id>14813</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sana'a, */</comment>
      <origin>536883</origin>
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      <text bytes="3590" sha1="e037mejxmry1cc6pq47h616sw1rlr0r" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name               = Adeyinka Tella
| birth_name         = Adeyinka
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1972|2|10}}
| nationality        = [[Nigerian]]
| education          = St.Andrews College of Education (NCE)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (B.sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Ibadan]] (M.Sc)&lt;br&gt;[[University of Botswana]] (Ph.D)
| occupation         = [[Librarian]] [[Lecturer]]
| employer           = [[University of Ilorin]]
| notable_works      = {{bulleted list|Social Media Strategies for Dynamic Library Service Development| Perception and Use of YouTube by Music Lecturers and Librarians in Selected Tertiary Institutions in Kwara State, Nigeria|Assessment of Nigerian University Library Web Sites/Web Pages|The perspective of undergraduate students on information needs and seeking behavior through YouTube|Attitudinal Correlates of Selected Nigerian Librarians Towards the Use of Information Technology}}
| title              = [[Professor]]
| awards             = {{bulleted list|[[Commonwealth Scholarship]] (2005)|Federal Government of Nigeria Postgraduate Scholarship Award (2002)|[[CODESRIA]] Award (2007)|}}
}}
'''Adeyinka Tella''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972) [[Ma'aikacin Labura]] ne kuma Farfesan Najeriya a [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] [[Nigeria]], kuma shi ne Babban Editan Jami'ar Ilorin na yanzu. Jaridar Duniya ta Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-3&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-5&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi==
Adeyinka wanda aka haife shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 1972, ya fara balaguron neman ilimi a St.
Andrews College of Education, Oyo, Nigeria, inda ya samu takardar shedar ilimi ta kasa (NCE) a shekarar 1992. Wannan ƙwararren ƙwararren masani ne ya sa ya shiga aikin koyarwa. Daga nan sai ya yi karatu mai zurfi a Jami'ar Ibadan ta Najeriya inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin Guidance and Counselling/Political Science. Ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Ibadan, inda ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu. Digiri na farko na digirinsa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin Laburare da Nazarin Labarai a 2004, sannan ya kammala digirin digirgir. daga Sashen Laburare da Nazarin Watsa Labarai, Jami'ar Botswana a 2009.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-8&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-9&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sana'a,==
Tare da littattafan ilimi sama da 200 da aka buga, ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike tare da mai da hankali kan fannoni kamar ICT don Ci gaba, koyan e-learning, ilimin bayanai, da fasahar sadarwar bayanai a cikin ɗakunan karatu. Ya rubuta labarai da yawa a cikin shahararrun mujallu na duniya kuma ya ba da gudummawar babi ga littattafan ilimi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tella_Adeyinka#cite_note-11&lt;/ref&gt; Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya reshen jihar Kwara, kuma mataimakin shugaban kungiyar laburare ta Najeriya da malaman ilimin kimiyyar bayanai, shi ma memba ne na kwamitin edita na yanar gizo na Kimiyya da yawa da mujallun LIS na tushen Scopus, Falsafa da Ayyukan Laburare, Jami'ar Nebraska Lincoln, Amurka,

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Turai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86533</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536885</id>
      <parentid>536764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T22:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Al'adu da Yare */</comment>
      <origin>536885</origin>
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      <text bytes="2101" sha1="5kiqut9yst7h97zn6rjrfhsonblzx3a" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Turai''' wata [[nahiya]] ce dake Arewacin duniya, wadda ke da muhimmanci a fannin tarihi, al'adu, da ci gaban kimiyya. Ta shahara da kyawawan al'adu, birane masu tarihi, da kuma karfin tattalin arziki. A cikin yankin, akwai kasashe da dama masu cin gashin kansu, kowannensu na da salon mulki, harshe, da al'adun da suka bambanta.

== Tarihi ==

An samo tarihin Turai tun kafin zamanin [[Daular Rumawa|daular Roma]], lokacin da tsoffin ƙabilu kamar su Celtics da Greeks suka fara rayuwa a can. Daular Roma ta yi tasiri sosai wajen yada al'adunta, addininta, da tsarin mulki zuwa wasu sassan duniya. Bayan rugujewar daular Roma, Turai ta shiga wani lokaci na duhu, wanda daga baya aka san shi da Dark Ages. Sai dai daga ƙarni na sha huɗu, nahiyar ta sake farfadowa ta fuskar ilimi da kimiyya, wanda aka fi sani da Renaissance. Wannan lokaci ya kawo ci gaba sosai a fannoni daban-daban kamar fasaha, kimiyya, da falsafa.

== Yankuna da Kasashe ==

Turai ta kasu kashi daban-daban kamar su:

*Arewacin Turai: Wanda ya haɗa da kasashen [[Sweden]], [[Norway]], da [[Finland]].

*Yammacin Turai: Wanda kasashen [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], da [[Holand|Holland]] suke ciki.

*Gabashin Turai: Kasashen [[Poland]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], da Czech Republic suna nan.

*Kudancin Turai: Wanda ya kunshi Italiya, Spain, da Portugal.

== Tattalin Arziki ==

Turai tana da karfin tattalin arziki, musamman a kasashe kamar Jamus, Faransa, da Italiya. [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) wani rukuni ne na kasashen Turai da suke aiki tare domin bunkasa tattalin arziki da zaman lafiya a nahiyar. Kungiyar EU tana da tasiri sosai wajen sauya yanayin kasuwanci, al'adu, da tsarin mulki a Turai.

== Al'adu da Yare ==

Turai tana da yare da yawa, ciki har da [[Turanci]], [[Faransanci]], Jamusanci, da [[Italiyanci]]. Wannan bambancin yare ya taimaka wajen bunkasa al'adu daban-daban da ke jan hankalin yawon shakatawa daga sassan duniya. Musamman biranen [[Rum|Roma]], [[Faris|Paris]], da [[Landan|London]] suna da mashahurin tarihi da kuma wuraren tarihi kamar Colosseum, [[Eiffel Tower]], da Big Ben.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cibiyar Abul-warakat</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T14:17:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>105.113.30.211</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: CIBIYAR ABUL-WARAKAT (ABUL-WARAKAT FOUNDATION / مؤسسة أبي الورقات)</comment>
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      <text bytes="81" sha1="cxpyz0cq7on6oq134wt3hn05um1bov6" xml:space="preserve">CIBIYAR ABUL-WARAKAT (ABUL-WARAKAT FOUNDATION / مؤسسة أبي الورقات)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536851</id>
      <parentid>536850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T14:21:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>105.113.30.211</ip>
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      <text bytes="1964" sha1="a9v7viowg5xwmpydzoe106xqazvh85g" xml:space="preserve">CIBIYAR ABUL-WARAKAT (ABUL-WARAKAT FOUNDATION / مؤسسة أبي الورقات)

Cibiya ce da kwararren marubuci, mawaki kuma malami Binyamin Zakari Hamisu da ake wa lakabi da Abul-warakat ya samar a jahar Kano, cikin jamhuriyyar Najeriya, cikin shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://youtu.be/-uZPRLMeNlk?si=eeHdBblCyD2lszW9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

MANUFOFI :

An samar da tubalin wannan cibiya ne bisa cim ma manufofi masu zuwa :

- Bayar da horo da dabarun kwarewar a fannonin neman kudi da kasuwanci, domin samun sana'o'in dogaro da kai, musamman a shafukan sadarwa na zamani.

- Cibiyar wani zaure ne na kwararru a rubutun fim (scrift writing), wanda suke aikin samar da ingantattun labaran dim, masu gajeren zango da masu dogon zango, wadanda za su ginu bisa kula da harshe da nagartattun al'adun Hausawa da addininsu. Bugu da kari, a wannan bangaren, cibiyar ta fara kokarin samar da fim din Hausawa na farko a Najeriya cikin harshen Larabci, mai taken Alfakaru Wal Gina الفقر والغنى  wato Talauci da Wadata.

- Har ila yau, fassara wani jigo ne a tafiyar da wannan cibiya, wadda ta sa dambar fassara cikin yarurrukan Ingilishi, Larabci zuwa Hausa.

- Koyar da darussa ta wayar hannu (Online), inda cibiyar ta fara samar da ajujuwa a shafukan sadarwar zamani, domin koyar da yarurrukan Arabiyya da Ingilishi, da ma iliman na'ura mai kwakwalwa da fasahar zamani.

- Samar da ingantattun litattafai da wakoki na ilmantarwa, fadakarwa, nishadantarwa da siyasa.

- Samar da litattafai da kuma buga su.

- Gabatar da ayyukan taimaki da tallafa wa al'umma, d.s.

A jawabinsa ranar samar da cibiyar, ranar Litinin 1 ga watan Ranadhan na shekarar 1445, wanda ya yi daidai da 11/3/2024, Shugaban cibiyar Binyamin Zakari Hamisu, ya bayyana wadannan manufofi, ya kara da cewa &quot;Duk mutumin da yake tunanin yau zai mutu ko gobe zai mutu, ba shi da lokacin bata lokaci domin ya nemi suna ko ya nemi daukaka... Ba cibiya ce ta daukaka Kai ba, cibiya ce ta daukaka aiki&quot;.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536860</id>
      <parentid>536851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T16:06:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tanbiruzzaman</username>
        <id>22406</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Requesting speedy deletion (Spam). ([[:meta:Countervandalism Network|Countervandalism Unit]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="1982" sha1="k607dikkrx1aw1mqm0k8ejo5scy0mc5" xml:space="preserve">{{Gogewa|1=Spam}}
CIBIYAR ABUL-WARAKAT (ABUL-WARAKAT FOUNDATION / مؤسسة أبي الورقات)

Cibiya ce da kwararren marubuci, mawaki kuma malami Binyamin Zakari Hamisu da ake wa lakabi da Abul-warakat ya samar a jahar Kano, cikin jamhuriyyar Najeriya, cikin shekarar 2024.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://youtu.be/-uZPRLMeNlk?si=eeHdBblCyD2lszW9&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

MANUFOFI :

An samar da tubalin wannan cibiya ne bisa cim ma manufofi masu zuwa :

- Bayar da horo da dabarun kwarewar a fannonin neman kudi da kasuwanci, domin samun sana'o'in dogaro da kai, musamman a shafukan sadarwa na zamani.

- Cibiyar wani zaure ne na kwararru a rubutun fim (scrift writing), wanda suke aikin samar da ingantattun labaran dim, masu gajeren zango da masu dogon zango, wadanda za su ginu bisa kula da harshe da nagartattun al'adun Hausawa da addininsu. Bugu da kari, a wannan bangaren, cibiyar ta fara kokarin samar da fim din Hausawa na farko a Najeriya cikin harshen Larabci, mai taken Alfakaru Wal Gina الفقر والغنى  wato Talauci da Wadata.

- Har ila yau, fassara wani jigo ne a tafiyar da wannan cibiya, wadda ta sa dambar fassara cikin yarurrukan Ingilishi, Larabci zuwa Hausa.

- Koyar da darussa ta wayar hannu (Online), inda cibiyar ta fara samar da ajujuwa a shafukan sadarwar zamani, domin koyar da yarurrukan Arabiyya da Ingilishi, da ma iliman na'ura mai kwakwalwa da fasahar zamani.

- Samar da ingantattun litattafai da wakoki na ilmantarwa, fadakarwa, nishadantarwa da siyasa.

- Samar da litattafai da kuma buga su.

- Gabatar da ayyukan taimaki da tallafa wa al'umma, d.s.

A jawabinsa ranar samar da cibiyar, ranar Litinin 1 ga watan Ranadhan na shekarar 1445, wanda ya yi daidai da 11/3/2024, Shugaban cibiyar Binyamin Zakari Hamisu, ya bayyana wadannan manufofi, ya kara da cewa &quot;Duk mutumin da yake tunanin yau zai mutu ko gobe zai mutu, ba shi da lokacin bata lokaci domin ya nemi suna ko ya nemi daukaka... Ba cibiya ce ta daukaka Kai ba, cibiya ce ta daukaka aiki&quot;.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ɓula</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86555</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536853</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T15:48:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Ɓula abinci ne wanda ake sarrafa shi da gero. An fi sanin ɓula a jihar Zamfara da wasu sassa na jihar Sokoto.</comment>
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      <text bytes="111" sha1="ntbzqhpky2jaj3dcnz36e9r0b3invoy" xml:space="preserve">Ɓula abinci ne wanda ake sarrafa shi da gero. An fi sanin ɓula a jihar Zamfara da wasu sassa na jihar Sokoto.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536854</id>
      <parentid>536853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T15:50:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>536854</origin>
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      <text bytes="129" sha1="elu0ml47mgk9pxgxwwhj6w0ut69tr17" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɓula''' abinci ne wanda ake sarrafa shi da [[gero]]. An fi sanin ɓula a [[Jihar Zamfara]] da wasu sassa na [[Jihar Sokoto]].</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536855</id>
      <parentid>536854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T15:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
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      <text bytes="179" sha1="8znq5p83uwzrjzudq18wi5i3j8ot3r7" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɓula''' abinci ne wanda ake sarrafa shi da [[gero]]. An fi sanin ɓula a [[Jihar Zamfara]] da wasu sassa na [[Jihar Sokoto]].&lt;ref&gt;https://cookpad.com/ng/search/%C9%93ula&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <id>536856</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
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      <text bytes="196" sha1="gwz31fwto898ri1u9vw6ytts90hdxsr" xml:space="preserve">'''Ɓula''' abinci ne wanda ake sarrafa shi da [[gero]]. An fi sanin ɓula a [[Jihar Zamfara]] da wasu sassa na [[Jihar Sokoto]].&lt;ref&gt;https://cookpad.com/ng/search/%C9%93ula&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uzazi</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251240733|Uzazi]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Fayil:Uzazi_220x206.jpg|right|thumb| Busassun 'ya'yan itacen Uzazi]]
&quot;'''Uzazi'''&quot; sunan ƴaƴan ita ruwa ne na Najeriya wato itacen 'prickly ash' na jinsin ''Zanthoxylum tessmannii'' / ''Fagara tessmannii'' / ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'', dangin itatuwan Rutaceae, mai asali da ƙasashen Afirka [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|ta Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin]] Afirka, kuma itacen na kama da barkono Sichuan . Yawancin lokaci yana nufin musamman ga kayan yaji da aka yi daga 'ya'yan itace da kuma pericarp, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana amfani da wasu sassansa kamar ganyensa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dkunkel |date=2018-04-20 |title=Subgroup 028B Fruit or berry |url=https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf#page=16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184719/https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=CLASS A: PRIMARY FOOD COMMODITIES OF PLANT ORIGIN, TYPE 05: HERBS AND SPICES, GROUP 027 HERBS |publisher=College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University |publication-place=Raleigh, NC |quote=HS 3330, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman, basionym: Fagara tessmannii}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ladinakeelne nimetus: Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor |url=http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20(Engl.)%20Ayafor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012013951/http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20%28Engl.%29%20Ayafor |archive-date=2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Eestikeelsete taimenimede andmebaas |language=et |quote=Eestikeelne nimetus: Tessmanni koldpuu; saadus (maitseaine): uzazi, puit: olon}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brifo |first=Kojo |date=2022-12-01 |title=Creating Flavors for Africans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201185437/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Vanguard News |publisher=Vanguard Media Limited |publication-place=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170020/https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06?page=1 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=WFO Plant List |publisher=World Flora Online |id=wfo-0000429498 |quote=This species name was first published in Taxon 23: 363 (1975) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii, author: (Engl.) Ayafor, protologue: Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972889-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000429464 ... Fagara tessmannii, author: Engl., protologue: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:773556-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000685011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775746-1 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en |quote=Fagara tessmannii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor in Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984) ... Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-03-24 |orig-date=2013-12-10 |title=How to make Nigerian Fish Pepper Soup |url=https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224727/https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Souldeliciouz |language=en |publication-place=London |postscript=. WARNING: Avast flags this webpage as URL:Phishing, though VirusTotal gives 0 detections.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kowane gungu ya ƙunshi berries 20 zuwa 30. Kowane berry zagaye ne, yana da girman 3.5 zuwa 6 mm (1/8 inch zuwa 1/4 inch), yana da kututture, kuma ya ƙunshi babban baƙar fata. Berry yana juya ja idan ya girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi alkaloid da aka sani a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland kamar sanshol . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An kwatanta shi da yaji kuma mai zafi, fiye da barkonon Sichuan, da ɗaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEvans&quot;&gt;Evans, Dyfed Lloyd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi &quot;Spice Guide Uzazi&quot;]. ''Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes''. Archived from [https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi the original] on 2007-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar niƙa shi a cikin foda a haɗa shi cikin miya, stews, kayan yaji, da miya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Cassava Soup |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date=2007-09-27 |title=West African Fish Rub |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko a Afirka ta Yamma wannan kayan yaji ne da ba kasafai ba{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}kuma yawanci busassun 'ya'yan itace biyar ko shida kawai ake sakawa a cikin tasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin magani na ganye, ana amfani dashi don magance ciwace-ciwacen daji da raunuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan kayan yaji ya samo asali ne daga harshen Inyamuranci, wani yare a Najeriya, inda ake noman kayan yaji da kuma girbe shi ta hanyar kasuwanci.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)&quot;&gt;abubuwan da ake bukata&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Magana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Uzazi_220x206.jpg|right|thumb| Busassun 'ya'yan itacen Uzazi]]
&quot;'''Uzazi'''&quot; sunan ƴaƴan ita ruwa ne na Najeriya wato itacen 'prickly ash' na jinsin ''Zanthoxylum tessmannii'' / ''Fagara tessmannii'' / ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'', dangin itatuwan Rutaceae, mai asali da ƙasashen Afirka [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|ta Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin]] Afirka, kuma itacen na kama da barkono Sichuan . Yawancin lokaci yana nufin musamman ga kayan yaji da aka yi daga 'ya'yan itace da kuma pericarp, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana amfani da wasu sassansa kamar ganyensa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dkunkel |date=2018-04-20 |title=Subgroup 028B Fruit or berry |url=https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf#page=16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184719/https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=CLASS A: PRIMARY FOOD COMMODITIES OF PLANT ORIGIN, TYPE 05: HERBS AND SPICES, GROUP 027 HERBS |publisher=College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University |publication-place=Raleigh, NC |quote=HS 3330, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman, basionym: Fagara tessmannii}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ladinakeelne nimetus: Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor |url=http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20(Engl.)%20Ayafor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012013951/http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20%28Engl.%29%20Ayafor |archive-date=2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Eestikeelsete taimenimede andmebaas |language=et |quote=Eestikeelne nimetus: Tessmanni koldpuu; saadus (maitseaine): uzazi, puit: olon}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brifo |first=Kojo |date=2022-12-01 |title=Creating Flavors for Africans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201185437/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Vanguard News |publisher=Vanguard Media Limited |publication-place=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170020/https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06?page=1 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=WFO Plant List |publisher=World Flora Online |id=wfo-0000429498 |quote=This species name was first published in Taxon 23: 363 (1975) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii, author: (Engl.) Ayafor, protologue: Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972889-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000429464 ... Fagara tessmannii, author: Engl., protologue: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:773556-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000685011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775746-1 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en |quote=Fagara tessmannii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor in Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984) ... Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-03-24 |orig-date=2013-12-10 |title=How to make Nigerian Fish Pepper Soup |url=https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224727/https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Souldeliciouz |language=en |publication-place=London |postscript=. WARNING: Avast flags this webpage as URL:Phishing, though VirusTotal gives 0 detections.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kowane gungu ya ƙunshi berries 20 zuwa 30. Kowane berry zagaye ne, yana da girman 3.5 zuwa 6 mm (1/8 inch zuwa 1/4 inch), yana da kututture, kuma ya ƙunshi babban baƙar fata. Berry yana juya ja idan ya girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi alkaloid da aka sani a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland kamar sanshol . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An kwatanta shi da yaji kuma mai zafi, fiye da barkonon Sichuan, da ɗaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEvans&quot;&gt;Evans, Dyfed Lloyd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi &quot;Spice Guide Uzazi&quot;]. ''Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes''. Archived from [https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi the original] on 2007-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar niƙa shi a cikin foda a haɗa shi cikin miya, stews, kayan yaji, da miya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Cassava Soup |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date=2007-09-27 |title=West African Fish Rub |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko a Afirka ta Yamma wannan kayan yaji ne da ba kasafai ba{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}kuma yawanci busassun 'ya'yan itace biyar ko shida kawai ake sakawa a cikin tasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin magani na ganye, ana amfani dashi don magance ciwace-ciwacen daji da raunuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan kayan yaji ya samo asali ne daga harshen Inyamuranci, wani yare a Najeriya, inda ake noman kayan yaji da kuma girbe shi ta hanyar kasuwanci.

== Magana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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[[Fayil:Uzazi_220x206.jpg|right|thumb| Busassun 'ya'yan itacen Uzazi]]
&quot;'''Uzazi'''&quot; sunan ƴaƴan ita ruwa ne na Najeriya wato itacen 'prickly ash' na jinsin ''Zanthoxylum tessmannii'' / ''Fagara tessmannii'' / ''Zanthoxylum gilletii'', dangin itatuwan Rutaceae, mai asali da ƙasashen Afirka [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|ta Tsakiya]] da [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin]] Afirka, kuma itacen na kama da barkono Sichuan . Yawancin lokaci yana nufin musamman ga kayan yaji da aka yi daga 'ya'yan itace da kuma pericarp, ko da yake a wasu lokuta ana amfani da wasu sassansa kamar ganyensa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dkunkel |date=2018-04-20 |title=Subgroup 028B Fruit or berry |url=https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf#page=16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011184719/https://ir4.cals.ncsu.edu/fooduse/Crop%20Grouping/Type%205%20Herbs%20and%20Spices%20CCPR%2050%202018.pdf |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=CLASS A: PRIMARY FOOD COMMODITIES OF PLANT ORIGIN, TYPE 05: HERBS AND SPICES, GROUP 027 HERBS |publisher=College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, NC State University |publication-place=Raleigh, NC |quote=HS 3330, Uzazi, Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman, basionym: Fagara tessmannii}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ladinakeelne nimetus: Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor |url=http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20(Engl.)%20Ayafor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012013951/http://taimenimed.ut.ee/cgi-bin/taimenimed.cgi?lang=ld&amp;query=Zanthoxylum%20tessmannii%20%28Engl.%29%20Ayafor |archive-date=2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Eestikeelsete taimenimede andmebaas |language=et |quote=Eestikeelne nimetus: Tessmanni koldpuu; saadus (maitseaine): uzazi, puit: olon}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Brifo |first=Kojo |date=2022-12-01 |title=Creating Flavors for Africans |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201185437/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/creating-flavors-for-africans-kojo-brifo/ |archive-date=2022-12-01 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Vanguard News |publisher=Vanguard Media Limited |publication-place=Nigeria}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011170020/https://wfoplantlist.org/plant-list/taxon/wfo-0000429498-2023-06?page=1 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=WFO Plant List |publisher=World Flora Online |id=wfo-0000429498 |quote=This species name was first published in Taxon 23: 363 (1975) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii, author: (Engl.) Ayafor, protologue: Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:972889-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000429464 ... Fagara tessmannii, author: Engl., protologue: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911), https://www.ipni.org/n/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:773556-1, http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000685011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:775746-1 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en |quote=Fagara tessmannii Engl. in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 46: 406 (1911) ... Zanthoxylum tessmannii (Engl.) Ayafor in Pl. Med. (Stuttgart) 50: 210 (1984) ... Kew Names and Taxonomic Backbone: The International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants 2023. Published on the Internet at http://www.ipni.org and https://powo.science.kew.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2015-03-24 |orig-date=2013-12-10 |title=How to make Nigerian Fish Pepper Soup |url=https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528224727/https://souldeliciouz.com/312/ |archive-date=2023-05-28 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Souldeliciouz |language=en |publication-place=London |postscript=. WARNING: Avast flags this webpage as URL:Phishing, though VirusTotal gives 0 detections.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kowane gungu ya ƙunshi berries 20 zuwa 30. Kowane berry zagaye ne, yana da girman 3.5 zuwa 6 mm (1/8 inch zuwa 1/4 inch), yana da kututture, kuma ya ƙunshi babban baƙar fata. Berry yana juya ja idan ya girma. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sun ƙunshi alkaloid da aka sani a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland kamar sanshol . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

An kwatanta shi da yaji kuma mai zafi, fiye da barkonon Sichuan, da ɗaci. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Spice Guide Uzazi |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEvans&quot;&gt;Evans, Dyfed Lloyd. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi &quot;Spice Guide Uzazi&quot;]. ''Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes''. Archived from [https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi the original] on 2007-09-27&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-13 |title=Uzazi |url=https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=OURFOOD NL |language=nl}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 &quot;Uzazi&quot;]. Rutaceae | Zanthoxylum; #oorsprong en verspreiding, #gezondheidsaspecten, #igi-ata. ''OURFOOD NL'' (in Dutch). 2020-06-13. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011230000/https://www.ourfood.nl/ingr/grfr_krsp/rutaceae/uzazi.html#gsc.tab=0 Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi ta hanyar niƙa shi a cikin foda a haɗa shi cikin miya, stews, kayan yaji, da miya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date= |title=Cassava Soup |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Dyfed Lloyd |date=2007-09-27 |title=West African Fish Rub |url=https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003050/https://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Uzazi |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Celtnet Recipes / Nemeton: The Sacred Grove: Home of Ancient Recipes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ko a Afirka ta Yamma wannan kayan yaji ne da ba kasafai ba{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2023}}kuma yawanci busassun 'ya'yan itace biyar ko shida kawai ake sakawa a cikin tasa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

A cikin magani na ganye, ana amfani dashi don magance ciwace-ciwacen daji da raunuka. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vetlesen |first=Kari |date=2022-12-08 |editor-last=Ervik |editor-first=Finn |editor2-last=Bolstad |editor2-first=Erik |title=uzazi |url=https://snl.no/uzazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi |archive-date=2023-10-11 |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Store norske leksikon |language=no}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFVetlesen2022&quot;&gt;Vetlesen, Kari (2022-12-08). Ervik, Finn; Bolstad, Erik (eds.). [https://snl.no/uzazi &quot;uzazi&quot;]. Biologi / Planteriket / Dekkfrøete planter / Tofrøbladete planter / Lønneordenen / Rutefamilien. ''Store norske leksikon'' (in Norwegian). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011231700/https://snl.no/uzazi Archived] from the original on 2023-10-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Sunan kayan yaji ya samo asali ne daga harshen Inyamuranci, wani yare a Najeriya, inda ake noman kayan yaji da kuma girbe shi ta hanyar kasuwanci.

== Magana ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>2nmrpa8iezf5l09b1wgxtvk7au8g0eb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:P0RVAR1</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <redirect title="Tattaunawar user:Porvari" />
    <revision>
      <id>536862</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T16:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Global rename script</username>
        <id>24066</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Global rename script moved page [[Tattaunawar user:P0RVAR1]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Porvari]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/P0RVAR1|P0RVAR1]]&quot; to &quot;[[Special:CentralAuth/Porvari|Porvari]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="38" sha1="bk692q4okzpe985guhmybivre7sifa0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Porvari]]</text>
      <sha1>bk692q4okzpe985guhmybivre7sifa0</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Honcharovv13</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:25:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1197" sha1="h3i7i95yf10hlgcq50ek25u2r5jorke" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Honcharovv13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Honcharovv13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>h3i7i95yf10hlgcq50ek25u2r5jorke</sha1>
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    <title>Tattaunawar user:AstuteFlicker</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="lp2rear604rr7p0641c6con3hanyl6s" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AstuteFlicker! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AstuteFlicker|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>lp2rear604rr7p0641c6con3hanyl6s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Aroonsaha</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1191" sha1="9983r8oibcmqgjawpvrrgzgio0nv7h3" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aroonsaha! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aroonsaha|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>9983r8oibcmqgjawpvrrgzgio0nv7h3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Lentokonefani</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>536873</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:25:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1199" sha1="kjzo3suycw96obsiplu1qu0qbhfk8mo" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lentokonefani! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lentokonefani|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>kjzo3suycw96obsiplu1qu0qbhfk8mo</sha1>
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    <title>Tattaunawar user:Sohvyan</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1187" sha1="cv58n9q7p27eq5dkkm6kdi1yhsxvl3v" xml:space="preserve">
== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sohvyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sohvyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cv58n9q7p27eq5dkkm6kdi1yhsxvl3v</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Julig07</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:26:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Julig07! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Julig07|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:26:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536876</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Плагмаш! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Плагмаш|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
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    <id>86565</id>
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      <id>536877</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:26:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, R u d r a 0! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/R u d r a 0|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tattaunawar user:Morountodarasimi</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>86566</id>
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      <id>536878</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-26T21:26:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>AmmarBot</username>
        <id>13973</id>
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      <comment>Barka da zuwa!</comment>
      <origin>536878</origin>
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== Barka da zuwa! ==
Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba.
[[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]]
Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Morountodarasimi! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Morountodarasimi|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta:
* [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]]
* [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]]
* [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]]
* [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]
* [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]]

Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (&lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 26 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jessica-Rose Clark</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Smshika</username>
        <id>14840</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242177009|Jessica-Rose Clark]]&quot;</comment>
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Jessica-Rose Clark, (an Haife ta s ranan 28 ga watan Nuwamba 1987) ƴar Australiya ce mai gaurayawan martial wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata na Bantamweight . Ta taba yin fafatawa a gasar zakarun Yaki (UFC). [1]

== Fage ==
An haifi Clark a Cairns, Ostiraliya, a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin yara tara. Mahaifiyarta da ba ta da lafiya ta kula da yaran yayin da suke zaune a kan hanya a cikin mota da al'umma. Jessica-Rose ta halarci makarantar yau da kullun a karon farko a aji na biyar lokacin da dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Queensland . Ta halarci jami'a bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare, amma ta bar karatu a lokacin karatun farko. Bayan ta fita waje, ta sami kickboxing kuma a hankali ta fara horar da hadaddiyar fasahar fada.

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Clark ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta halarta a karon a watan Disamba 2012 a ƙasarta ta Ostiraliya. Ta yi gwagwarmaya sau shida a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa don ci gaban yanki daban-daban, tare da samun tarihin nasara 5 da asara 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight Path: Jessy Jess found MMA after childhood wanderlust, living in a van |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2013/05/fight-path-jessy-jess-found-mma-after-childhood-wanderlust-living-in-a-van |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=MMAjunkie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA fighter sets her sights on the US - ABC Gold &amp; Tweed Coasts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/08/12/4291936.htm |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta FC ===
Bayan shafe kusan shekara guda daga wasanni, Clark ya fara halarta tare da Invicta FC a Yuli 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessy Rose Clark (aka Jessy Jess) signs with Invicta FC &amp;#124; FSA |url=https://fightsportasia.wordpress.com/2014/11/24/jessy-rose-clark-aka-jessy-jess-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=FightSport Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] a Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin kuma ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMADecisions.com |url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/8151/Pannie-Kianzad-vs-Jessica-Rose-Clark |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=MMADecisions.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya koma gabatarwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don fuskantar Pam Sorenson a Invicta FC 20: Evenger vs. Kunitskaya .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Vanessa Porto a Invicta FC 26 a watan Disamba 2017;  duk da haka, an cire ta daga katin lokacin da UFC ta buga ta a matsayin maye gurbin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Milana Dudieva Replaces Jessica-Rose Clark, Meets Vanessa Porto at Invicta FC 26 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Milana-Dudieva-Replaces-JessicaRose-Clark-Meets-Vanessa-Porto-at-Invicta-FC-26-128823 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Clark ta yi wasanta na farko na UFC a kan Bec Rawlings a cikin fafatawar da ake yi da tsalle-tsalle, ta maye gurbin Joanne Calderwood a UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura akan 19 Nuwamba 2017.  A awo-ins, Clark auna a a 128 fam, 2 fam a kan tashi sama iyakar 126 fam. Fadan ya ci gaba da nauyi kuma Clark ta yi asarar kashi 20% na jakarta zuwa Rawlings.  Clark ya yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Clark ya fuskanci Paige VanZant a kan 14 Janairu 2018 a UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi .  Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. 

Clark ya fuskanci Jessica Eye a kan 23 Yuni 2018 a UFC Fight Night 132 .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessica Eye Scores Emotional Win Over Jessica-Rose Clark (UFC Singapore Highlights) {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/jessica-eye-scores-emotional-win-over-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-singapore-highlights |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.mmaweekly.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sa ran Clark zai fuskanci Andrea Lee a kan 15 Disamba 2018 a UFC akan Fox 31 .  Duk da haka, an tilastawa Clark fita daga fafatawar yayin da take kwance a asibiti saboda matsalolin yanke kiba kuma likitocin UFC sun yi la'akari da rashin lafiyar likita. Sakamakon haka an soke fafatawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravens |first=Andrew |last2=MMA |first2=LowKick |date=2018-12-14 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Andrea Lee Pulled From UFC on FOX 31 |url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/jessica-rose-clark-vs-andrea-lee-scrapped-from-ufc-on-fox-31/ |access-date=2018-12-14 |website=LowKickMMA.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Talita Bernardo a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a UFC 237 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Jessica-Rose Clark keert terug tijdens UFC 237 in Rio de Janeiro tegen Talita Bernardo |url=http://mmadna.nl/jessica-rose-clark-keert-terug-tijdens-ufc-237-in-rio-de-janeiro-tegen-talita-bernardo/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an ba da rahoton a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019 cewa Clark ya fice daga fafatawar, saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2019-04-03 |title=Undefeated newcomer Melissa Gatto replaces injured Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC 237 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/3/18294584/undefeated-melissa-gatto-injured-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-237 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=MMA Fighting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa bantamweight ===
Clark ya fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] akan 9 Nuwamba 2019 a UFC akan ESPN + 21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Rematch tussen Jessica-Rose Clark en Pannie Kianzad tijdens UFC Moskou |url=https://mmadna.nl/rematch-tussen-jessica-rose-clark-en-pannie-kianzad-tijdens-ufc-moskou/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-11-09 |title=UFC Moscow Results: Pannie Kianzad Cruises to Decision Win in Rematch with Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/11/09/ufc-moscow-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-jessica-rose-clark/ |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Sarah Alpar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020 a UFC Fight Night 178 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Tees |date=2020-07-11 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark faces Sarah Alpar on September 26 UFC card |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/29567270/alexander-volkov-walt-harris-meet-ufc-254-october |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=fightful.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar bugun fasaha a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-09-19 |title=UFC Vegas 11 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Smashes Sarah Alpar, Repeatedly |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/19/ufc-vegas-11-results-jessica-rose-clark-vs-sarah-alpar/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fadan ta yaga ligament dinta na gaba wanda ya hana ta fada har tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harkness |first=Ryan |date=2020-10-01 |title=Jessy Jess tore her ACL in last fight, out until mid-2021 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2020/10/1/21497979/jessica-rose-clark-torn-acl-ufc-vegas-11-fight-sarah-alpar-out-until-mid-2021 |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=MMAmania.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan murmurewa daga tiyata, Clark ya dawo bayan shekara guda don fuskantar Joselyne Edwards a UFC Fight Night 196 akan 23 Oktoba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark to return from ACL injury vs. Joselyne Edwards at Oct. 23 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/30/22602130/jessica-rose-clark-to-return-from-acl-injury-vs-joselyne-edwards-at-oct-23-ufc-event |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ya ci yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-10-23 |title=UFC Vegas 41 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Outwrestles Joselyne Edwards |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/23/ufc-vegas-41-results-jessica-rose-clark-outwrestles-joselyne-edwards/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Stephanie Egger akan 19 Fabrairu 2022, a UFC Fight Night 201 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Stephanie Egger Set For February 19 UFC event |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/22/jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger-set-february-19-ufc-event/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-02-19 |title=UFC Vegas 48: Stephanie Egger's Judo the Story, Taps Jessica-Rose Clark with Arm-Bar |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/02/19/ufc-vegas-48-jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Julija Stoliarenko akan 2 Yuli 2022, a UFC 276 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2022-04-21 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Julija Stoliarenko agregado a UFC 276 |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-julija-stoliarenko-agregado-a-ufc-276/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar mika wuya kasa da minti daya zuwa zagaye daya, ta kawar da gwiwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2022-07-02 |title=UFC 276: Julija Stoliarenko Hits Arm-Bar, Leaves Jessica-Rose Clark With Mangled Limb |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/02/ufc-276-julija-stoliarenko-taps-jessica-rose-clark-less-minute/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Tainara Lisboa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2023, a UFC akan ABC 4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark vs. Lisboa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2023-02-08 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Tainara Lisboa agregado a UFC Fight Night del 13 de mayo |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa-agregado-a-ufc-fight-night-del-13-de-mayo/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan ta baya-tsirara shake a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2023-05-13 |title=UFC Charlotte: Tainara Lisboa Endures Nasty Cut, Submits Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/13/ufc-charlotte-jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fadan shine fada na karshe akan kwantiragin ta kuma ba a ba ta sabuwar kwangila ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newswire |first=MMA Fighting |date=2023-05-16 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark, two others are no longer on UFC roster |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/16/23725641/jessica-rose-clark-two-others-are-no-longer-on-ufc-roster |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Ji Yeon Kim Off Roster Following Controversial Fight, Two Other Fighters Gone Following UFC Charlotte |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/16/ji-yeon-kim-released-ufc-following-controversial-fight-two-fighters-gone/ |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar da nasarori ==

* '''WCK Muay Thai Champion'''
* '''Yaki Mara Makami Ya Fada'''
** Gasar Bantamweight Mata ta UCU (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)
* '''Gasar Yaƙin Xtreme'''
** XFC Ostiraliya Bantamweight Championship (lokaci ɗaya; tsohon)
* '''Roshambo MMA'''
** Roshambo Gasar Bantamweight Mata (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)

== Mixed Martial Art Records ==
{{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=1|ko-wins=3|sub-wins=2|dec-wins=6|ko-losses=0|sub-losses=3|dec-losses=6|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}}
|- 
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–9 (1)
|Tainara Lisboa
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC on ABC: Rozenstruik vs. Almeida]]
|{{dts|2023|May|13|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:20
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–8 (1)
|[[Julija Stoliarenko]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC 276]]
|{{dts|2022|July|02|format=dmy}} 
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:42
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–7 (1)
|[[Stephanie Egger]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Walker vs. Hill]]
|{{dts|2022|February|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:44
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–6 (1)
|[[Joselyne Edwards]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori]]
|{{dts|2021|October|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|{{nowrap|10–6 (1)}}
|Sarah Alpar
|TKO (punch and knee)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Covington vs. Woodley]]
|{{dts|2020|September|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|9–6 (1)
|[[Pannie Kianzad]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magomedsharipov vs. Kattar]] 
|{{dts|2019|November|9|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Moscow]], Russia
|{{Small|Return to Bantamweight.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Jessica Eye]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Edwards]]
|{{dts|2018|June|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Kallang]], Singapore
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–4 (1)
|[[Paige VanZant]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi]]
|{{dts|2018|January|14|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[St. Louis, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Bec Rawlings]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura]]
|{{dts|2017|November|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|{{Small|Return to Flyweight; Clark missed weight (128 lb).}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–4 (1)
|Carina Damm
|Decision (split)
|[[List of Titan FC events#Titan FC 45|Titan FC 45: Araujo vs. Capitulino]]
|{{dts|2017|August|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Pembroke Pines, Florida]], United States
|
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|6–4 (1)
|[[Sarah Kaufman]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|Battlefield Fighting Championships
|{{dts|2017|March|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Seoul]], South Korea
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|6–3 (1)
|[[Pam Sorenson]]
|Decision (split)
|[[List of Invicta FC events|Invicta FC 20: Evinger vs. Kunitskaya]]
|{{dts|2016|November|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Janay Harding]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|Eternal MMA 19
|{{dts|2016|July|30|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|{{Small|Return to Bantamweight.}}
|-   
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|5–2 (1)
|[[Emiko Raika]]
|NC (overturned)
|TTF Challenge 05
|{{dts|2015|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|{{Small|Flyweight debut; overturned due to Clark missing weight (131 lb).}}
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|5–2
|[[Pannie Kianzad]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[List of Invicta FC events|Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin]]
|{{dts|2015|July|9|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|5–1
|Rhiannon Thompson
|Decision (unanimous)
|Roshambo MMA 3
|{{dts|2014|July|26|format=dmy}}
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|[[Chandler, Queensland|Chandler]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the inaugural Roshambo MMA Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|4–1
|Kate Da Silva
|TKO (punches)
|XFC Australia 21
|{{dts|2014|June|14|format=dmy}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:07
|[[Brisbane]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the vacant XFC Australia Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|3–1
|Zoie Shreiweis
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Unarmed Combat Unleashed 2
|{{dts|2014|February|8|format=dmy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:33
|[[Emerald, Queensland|Emerald]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the inaugural UCU Women's Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|2–1
|Kyra Purcell
|Decision (unanimous)
|Fightworld Cup 16
|{{dts|2013|November|16|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Nerang, Queensland|Nerang]], Australia
|{{Small|Bantamweight debut. For the FWC Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–0
|[[Arlene Blencowe]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke) 
|Nitro MMA 9
|{{dts|2013|July|13|format=dmy}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:38
|[[Logan City]], Australia
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Mae-Lin Leow
|TKO (punches)
|Brace for War MMA 18
|{{dts|2012|December|21|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:17
|[[Canberra]], Australia
|{{Small|Featherweight debut.}}
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC
* Professional MMA record for Jessica-Rose Clark from Sherdog
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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 {{Databox}}

Jessica-Rose Clark, (an Haife ta s ranan 28 ga watan Nuwamba 1987) ƴar Australiya ce mai gaurayawan martial wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata na Bantamweight . Ta taba yin fafatawa a gasar zakarun Yaki (UFC). [1]

== Fage ==
An haifi Clark a Cairns, Ostiraliya, a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin yara tara. Mahaifiyarta da ba ta da lafiya ta kula da yaran yayin da suke zaune a kan hanya a cikin mota da al'umma. Jessica-Rose ta halarci makarantar yau da kullun a karon farko a aji na biyar lokacin da dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Queensland . Ta halarci jami'a bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare, amma ta bar karatu a lokacin karatun farko. Bayan ta fita waje, ta sami kickboxing kuma a hankali ta fara horar da hadaddiyar fasahar fada.

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Clark ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta halarta a karon a watan Disamba 2012 a ƙasarta ta Ostiraliya. Ta yi gwagwarmaya sau shida a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa don ci gaban yanki daban-daban, tare da samun tarihin nasara 5 da asara 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight Path: Jessy Jess found MMA after childhood wanderlust, living in a van |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2013/05/fight-path-jessy-jess-found-mma-after-childhood-wanderlust-living-in-a-van |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=MMAjunkie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA fighter sets her sights on the US - ABC Gold &amp; Tweed Coasts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/08/12/4291936.htm |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta FC ===
Bayan shafe kusan shekara guda daga wasanni, Clark ya fara halarta tare da Invicta FC a Yuli 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessy Rose Clark (aka Jessy Jess) signs with Invicta FC &amp;#124; FSA |url=https://fightsportasia.wordpress.com/2014/11/24/jessy-rose-clark-aka-jessy-jess-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=FightSport Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] a Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin kuma ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMADecisions.com |url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/8151/Pannie-Kianzad-vs-Jessica-Rose-Clark |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=MMADecisions.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya koma gabatarwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don fuskantar Pam Sorenson a Invicta FC 20: Evenger vs. Kunitskaya .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Vanessa Porto a Invicta FC 26 a watan Disamba 2017;  duk da haka, an cire ta daga katin lokacin da UFC ta buga ta a matsayin maye gurbin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Milana Dudieva Replaces Jessica-Rose Clark, Meets Vanessa Porto at Invicta FC 26 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Milana-Dudieva-Replaces-JessicaRose-Clark-Meets-Vanessa-Porto-at-Invicta-FC-26-128823 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Clark ta yi wasanta na farko na UFC a kan Bec Rawlings a cikin fafatawar da ake yi da tsalle-tsalle, ta maye gurbin Joanne Calderwood a UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura akan 19 Nuwamba 2017.  A awo-ins, Clark auna a a 128 fam, 2 fam a kan tashi sama iyakar 126 fam. Fadan ya ci gaba da nauyi kuma Clark ta yi asarar kashi 20% na jakarta zuwa Rawlings.  Clark ya yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Clark ya fuskanci Paige VanZant a kan 14 Janairu 2018 a UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi .  Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. 

Clark ya fuskanci Jessica Eye a kan 23 Yuni 2018 a UFC Fight Night 132 .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessica Eye Scores Emotional Win Over Jessica-Rose Clark (UFC Singapore Highlights) {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/jessica-eye-scores-emotional-win-over-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-singapore-highlights |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.mmaweekly.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sa ran Clark zai fuskanci Andrea Lee a kan 15 Disamba 2018 a UFC akan Fox 31 .  Duk da haka, an tilastawa Clark fita daga fafatawar yayin da take kwance a asibiti saboda matsalolin yanke kiba kuma likitocin UFC sun yi la'akari da rashin lafiyar likita. Sakamakon haka an soke fafatawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravens |first=Andrew |last2=MMA |first2=LowKick |date=2018-12-14 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Andrea Lee Pulled From UFC on FOX 31 |url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/jessica-rose-clark-vs-andrea-lee-scrapped-from-ufc-on-fox-31/ |access-date=2018-12-14 |website=LowKickMMA.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Talita Bernardo a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a UFC 237 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Jessica-Rose Clark keert terug tijdens UFC 237 in Rio de Janeiro tegen Talita Bernardo |url=http://mmadna.nl/jessica-rose-clark-keert-terug-tijdens-ufc-237-in-rio-de-janeiro-tegen-talita-bernardo/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an ba da rahoton a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019 cewa Clark ya fice daga fafatawar, saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2019-04-03 |title=Undefeated newcomer Melissa Gatto replaces injured Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC 237 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/3/18294584/undefeated-melissa-gatto-injured-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-237 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=MMA Fighting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa bantamweight ===
Clark ya fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] akan 9 Nuwamba 2019 a UFC akan ESPN + 21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Rematch tussen Jessica-Rose Clark en Pannie Kianzad tijdens UFC Moskou |url=https://mmadna.nl/rematch-tussen-jessica-rose-clark-en-pannie-kianzad-tijdens-ufc-moskou/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-11-09 |title=UFC Moscow Results: Pannie Kianzad Cruises to Decision Win in Rematch with Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/11/09/ufc-moscow-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-jessica-rose-clark/ |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Sarah Alpar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020 a UFC Fight Night 178 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Tees |date=2020-07-11 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark faces Sarah Alpar on September 26 UFC card |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/29567270/alexander-volkov-walt-harris-meet-ufc-254-october |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=fightful.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar bugun fasaha a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-09-19 |title=UFC Vegas 11 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Smashes Sarah Alpar, Repeatedly |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/19/ufc-vegas-11-results-jessica-rose-clark-vs-sarah-alpar/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fadan ta yaga ligament dinta na gaba wanda ya hana ta fada har tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harkness |first=Ryan |date=2020-10-01 |title=Jessy Jess tore her ACL in last fight, out until mid-2021 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2020/10/1/21497979/jessica-rose-clark-torn-acl-ufc-vegas-11-fight-sarah-alpar-out-until-mid-2021 |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=MMAmania.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan murmurewa daga tiyata, Clark ya dawo bayan shekara guda don fuskantar Joselyne Edwards a UFC Fight Night 196 akan 23 Oktoba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark to return from ACL injury vs. Joselyne Edwards at Oct. 23 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/30/22602130/jessica-rose-clark-to-return-from-acl-injury-vs-joselyne-edwards-at-oct-23-ufc-event |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ya ci yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-10-23 |title=UFC Vegas 41 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Outwrestles Joselyne Edwards |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/23/ufc-vegas-41-results-jessica-rose-clark-outwrestles-joselyne-edwards/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Stephanie Egger akan 19 Fabrairu 2022, a UFC Fight Night 201 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Stephanie Egger Set For February 19 UFC event |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/22/jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger-set-february-19-ufc-event/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-02-19 |title=UFC Vegas 48: Stephanie Egger's Judo the Story, Taps Jessica-Rose Clark with Arm-Bar |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/02/19/ufc-vegas-48-jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Julija Stoliarenko akan 2 Yuli 2022, a UFC 276 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2022-04-21 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Julija Stoliarenko agregado a UFC 276 |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-julija-stoliarenko-agregado-a-ufc-276/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar mika wuya kasa da minti daya zuwa zagaye daya, ta kawar da gwiwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2022-07-02 |title=UFC 276: Julija Stoliarenko Hits Arm-Bar, Leaves Jessica-Rose Clark With Mangled Limb |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/02/ufc-276-julija-stoliarenko-taps-jessica-rose-clark-less-minute/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Tainara Lisboa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2023, a UFC akan ABC 4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark vs. Lisboa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2023-02-08 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Tainara Lisboa agregado a UFC Fight Night del 13 de mayo |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa-agregado-a-ufc-fight-night-del-13-de-mayo/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan ta baya-tsirara shake a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2023-05-13 |title=UFC Charlotte: Tainara Lisboa Endures Nasty Cut, Submits Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/13/ufc-charlotte-jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fadan shine fada na karshe akan kwantiragin ta kuma ba a ba ta sabuwar kwangila ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newswire |first=MMA Fighting |date=2023-05-16 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark, two others are no longer on UFC roster |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/16/23725641/jessica-rose-clark-two-others-are-no-longer-on-ufc-roster |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Ji Yeon Kim Off Roster Following Controversial Fight, Two Other Fighters Gone Following UFC Charlotte |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/16/ji-yeon-kim-released-ufc-following-controversial-fight-two-fighters-gone/ |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar da nasarori ==

* '''WCK Muay Thai Champion'''
* '''Yaki Mara Makami Ya Fada'''
** Gasar Bantamweight Mata ta UCU (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)
* '''Gasar Yaƙin Xtreme'''
** XFC Ostiraliya Bantamweight Championship (lokaci ɗaya; tsohon)
* '''Roshambo MMA'''
** Roshambo Gasar Bantamweight Mata (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)

== Mixed Martial Art Records ==
{{MMArecordbox|draws=|nc=1|ko-wins=3|sub-wins=2|dec-wins=6|ko-losses=0|sub-losses=3|dec-losses=6|dq-wins=|dq-losses=|other-wins=|other-losses=}}{{MMA record start}}
|- 
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–9 (1)
|Tainara Lisboa
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|[[UFC on ABC: Rozenstruik vs. Almeida]]
|{{dts|2023|May|13|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:20
|[[Charlotte, North Carolina]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–8 (1)
|[[Julija Stoliarenko]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC 276]]
|{{dts|2022|July|02|format=dmy}} 
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:42
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|11–7 (1)
|[[Stephanie Egger]]
|Submission (armbar)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Walker vs. Hill]]
|{{dts|2022|February|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|3:44
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|11–6 (1)
|[[Joselyne Edwards]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Costa vs. Vettori]]
|{{dts|2021|October|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|{{nowrap|10–6 (1)}}
|Sarah Alpar
|TKO (punch and knee)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Covington vs. Woodley]]
|{{dts|2020|September|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|4:21
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|9–6 (1)
|[[Pannie Kianzad]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Magomedsharipov vs. Kattar]] 
|{{dts|2019|November|9|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Moscow]], Russia
|{{Small|Return to Bantamweight.}}
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|9–5 (1)
|[[Jessica Eye]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Edwards]]
|{{dts|2018|June|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Kallang]], Singapore
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|9–4 (1)
|[[Paige VanZant]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi]]
|{{dts|2018|January|14|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[St. Louis, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|8–4 (1)
|[[Bec Rawlings]]
|Decision (split)
|[[UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura]]
|{{dts|2017|November|19|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Sydney]], Australia
|{{Small|Return to Flyweight; Clark missed weight (128 lb).}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|7–4 (1)
|Carina Damm
|Decision (split)
|[[List of Titan FC events#Titan FC 45|Titan FC 45: Araujo vs. Capitulino]]
|{{dts|2017|August|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Pembroke Pines, Florida]], United States
|
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|6–4 (1)
|[[Sarah Kaufman]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|Battlefield Fighting Championships
|{{dts|2017|March|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Seoul]], South Korea
|
|-
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|6–3 (1)
|[[Pam Sorenson]]
|Decision (split)
|[[List of Invicta FC events|Invicta FC 20: Evinger vs. Kunitskaya]]
|{{dts|2016|November|18|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Kansas City, Missouri]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|6–2 (1)
|[[Janay Harding]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|Eternal MMA 19
|{{dts|2016|July|30|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]], Australia
|{{Small|Return to Bantamweight.}}
|-   
|{{nocontest}}NC
|align=center|5–2 (1)
|[[Emiko Raika]]
|NC (overturned)
|TTF Challenge 05
|{{dts|2015|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Tokyo]], Japan
|{{Small|Flyweight debut; overturned due to Clark missing weight (131 lb).}}
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|5–2
|[[Pannie Kianzad]]
|Decision (unanimous)
|[[List of Invicta FC events|Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin]]
|{{dts|2015|July|9|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Las Vegas, Nevada]], United States
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|5–1
|Rhiannon Thompson
|Decision (unanimous)
|Roshambo MMA 3
|{{dts|2014|July|26|format=dmy}}
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|[[Chandler, Queensland|Chandler]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the inaugural Roshambo MMA Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|4–1
|Kate Da Silva
|TKO (punches)
|XFC Australia 21
|{{dts|2014|June|14|format=dmy}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:07
|[[Brisbane]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the vacant XFC Australia Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|3–1
|Zoie Shreiweis
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Unarmed Combat Unleashed 2
|{{dts|2014|February|8|format=dmy}}
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:33
|[[Emerald, Queensland|Emerald]], Australia
|{{Small|Won the inaugural UCU Women's Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-   
|{{no2}}Loss
|align=center|2–1
|Kyra Purcell
|Decision (unanimous)
|Fightworld Cup 16
|{{dts|2013|November|16|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|[[Nerang, Queensland|Nerang]], Australia
|{{Small|Bantamweight debut. For the FWC Bantamweight Championship.}}
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|2–0
|[[Arlene Blencowe]]
|Submission (rear-naked choke) 
|Nitro MMA 9
|{{dts|2013|July|13|format=dmy}}
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:38
|[[Logan City]], Australia
|
|-
|{{yes2}}Win
|align=center|1–0
|Mae-Lin Leow
|TKO (punches)
|Brace for War MMA 18
|{{dts|2012|December|21|format=dmy}}
|align=center|3
|align=center|2:17
|[[Canberra]], Australia
|{{Small|Featherweight debut.}}
|}

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC
* Professional MMA record for Jessica-Rose Clark from Sherdog
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
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 {{Databox}}

Jessica-Rose Clark, (an Haife ta s ranan 28 ga watan Nuwamba 1987) ƴar Australiya ce mai gaurayawan martial wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata na Bantamweight . Ta taba yin fafatawa a gasar zakarun Yaki (UFC). [1]

== Fage ==
An haifi Clark a Cairns, Ostiraliya, a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin yara tara. Mahaifiyarta da ba ta da lafiya ta kula da yaran yayin da suke zaune a kan hanya a cikin mota da al'umma. Jessica-Rose ta halarci makarantar yau da kullun a karon farko a aji na biyar lokacin da dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Queensland . Ta halarci jami'a bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare, amma ta bar karatu a lokacin karatun farko. Bayan ta fita waje, ta sami kickboxing kuma a hankali ta fara horar da hadaddiyar fasahar fada.

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Clark ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta halarta a karon a watan Disamba 2012 a ƙasarta ta Ostiraliya. Ta yi gwagwarmaya sau shida a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa don ci gaban yanki daban-daban, tare da samun tarihin nasara 5 da asara 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight Path: Jessy Jess found MMA after childhood wanderlust, living in a van |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2013/05/fight-path-jessy-jess-found-mma-after-childhood-wanderlust-living-in-a-van |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=MMAjunkie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA fighter sets her sights on the US - ABC Gold &amp; Tweed Coasts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/08/12/4291936.htm |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta FC ===
Bayan shafe kusan shekara guda daga wasanni, Clark ya fara halarta tare da Invicta FC a Yuli 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessy Rose Clark (aka Jessy Jess) signs with Invicta FC &amp;#124; FSA |url=https://fightsportasia.wordpress.com/2014/11/24/jessy-rose-clark-aka-jessy-jess-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=FightSport Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] a Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin kuma ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMADecisions.com |url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/8151/Pannie-Kianzad-vs-Jessica-Rose-Clark |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=MMADecisions.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya koma gabatarwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don fuskantar Pam Sorenson a Invicta FC 20: Evenger vs. Kunitskaya .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Vanessa Porto a Invicta FC 26 a watan Disamba 2017;  duk da haka, an cire ta daga katin lokacin da UFC ta buga ta a matsayin maye gurbin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Milana Dudieva Replaces Jessica-Rose Clark, Meets Vanessa Porto at Invicta FC 26 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Milana-Dudieva-Replaces-JessicaRose-Clark-Meets-Vanessa-Porto-at-Invicta-FC-26-128823 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Clark ta yi wasanta na farko na UFC a kan Bec Rawlings a cikin fafatawar da ake yi da tsalle-tsalle, ta maye gurbin Joanne Calderwood a UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura akan 19 Nuwamba 2017.  A awo-ins, Clark auna a a 128 fam, 2 fam a kan tashi sama iyakar 126 fam. Fadan ya ci gaba da nauyi kuma Clark ta yi asarar kashi 20% na jakarta zuwa Rawlings.  Clark ya yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Clark ya fuskanci Paige VanZant a kan 14 Janairu 2018 a UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi .  Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. 

Clark ya fuskanci Jessica Eye a kan 23 Yuni 2018 a UFC Fight Night 132 .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessica Eye Scores Emotional Win Over Jessica-Rose Clark (UFC Singapore Highlights) {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/jessica-eye-scores-emotional-win-over-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-singapore-highlights |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.mmaweekly.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sa ran Clark zai fuskanci Andrea Lee a kan 15 Disamba 2018 a UFC akan Fox 31 .  Duk da haka, an tilastawa Clark fita daga fafatawar yayin da take kwance a asibiti saboda matsalolin yanke kiba kuma likitocin UFC sun yi la'akari da rashin lafiyar likita. Sakamakon haka an soke fafatawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravens |first=Andrew |last2=MMA |first2=LowKick |date=2018-12-14 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Andrea Lee Pulled From UFC on FOX 31 |url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/jessica-rose-clark-vs-andrea-lee-scrapped-from-ufc-on-fox-31/ |access-date=2018-12-14 |website=LowKickMMA.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Talita Bernardo a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a UFC 237 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Jessica-Rose Clark keert terug tijdens UFC 237 in Rio de Janeiro tegen Talita Bernardo |url=http://mmadna.nl/jessica-rose-clark-keert-terug-tijdens-ufc-237-in-rio-de-janeiro-tegen-talita-bernardo/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an ba da rahoton a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019 cewa Clark ya fice daga fafatawar, saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2019-04-03 |title=Undefeated newcomer Melissa Gatto replaces injured Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC 237 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/3/18294584/undefeated-melissa-gatto-injured-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-237 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=MMA Fighting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa bantamweight ===
Clark ya fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] akan 9 Nuwamba 2019 a UFC akan ESPN + 21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Rematch tussen Jessica-Rose Clark en Pannie Kianzad tijdens UFC Moskou |url=https://mmadna.nl/rematch-tussen-jessica-rose-clark-en-pannie-kianzad-tijdens-ufc-moskou/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-11-09 |title=UFC Moscow Results: Pannie Kianzad Cruises to Decision Win in Rematch with Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/11/09/ufc-moscow-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-jessica-rose-clark/ |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Sarah Alpar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020 a UFC Fight Night 178 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Tees |date=2020-07-11 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark faces Sarah Alpar on September 26 UFC card |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/29567270/alexander-volkov-walt-harris-meet-ufc-254-october |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=fightful.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar bugun fasaha a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-09-19 |title=UFC Vegas 11 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Smashes Sarah Alpar, Repeatedly |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/19/ufc-vegas-11-results-jessica-rose-clark-vs-sarah-alpar/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fadan ta yaga ligament dinta na gaba wanda ya hana ta fada har tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harkness |first=Ryan |date=2020-10-01 |title=Jessy Jess tore her ACL in last fight, out until mid-2021 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2020/10/1/21497979/jessica-rose-clark-torn-acl-ufc-vegas-11-fight-sarah-alpar-out-until-mid-2021 |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=MMAmania.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan murmurewa daga tiyata, Clark ya dawo bayan shekara guda don fuskantar Joselyne Edwards a UFC Fight Night 196 akan 23 Oktoba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark to return from ACL injury vs. Joselyne Edwards at Oct. 23 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/30/22602130/jessica-rose-clark-to-return-from-acl-injury-vs-joselyne-edwards-at-oct-23-ufc-event |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ya ci yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-10-23 |title=UFC Vegas 41 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Outwrestles Joselyne Edwards |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/23/ufc-vegas-41-results-jessica-rose-clark-outwrestles-joselyne-edwards/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Stephanie Egger akan 19 Fabrairu 2022, a UFC Fight Night 201 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Stephanie Egger Set For February 19 UFC event |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/22/jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger-set-february-19-ufc-event/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-02-19 |title=UFC Vegas 48: Stephanie Egger's Judo the Story, Taps Jessica-Rose Clark with Arm-Bar |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/02/19/ufc-vegas-48-jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Julija Stoliarenko akan 2 Yuli 2022, a UFC 276 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2022-04-21 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Julija Stoliarenko agregado a UFC 276 |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-julija-stoliarenko-agregado-a-ufc-276/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar mika wuya kasa da minti daya zuwa zagaye daya, ta kawar da gwiwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2022-07-02 |title=UFC 276: Julija Stoliarenko Hits Arm-Bar, Leaves Jessica-Rose Clark With Mangled Limb |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/02/ufc-276-julija-stoliarenko-taps-jessica-rose-clark-less-minute/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Tainara Lisboa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2023, a UFC akan ABC 4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark vs. Lisboa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2023-02-08 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Tainara Lisboa agregado a UFC Fight Night del 13 de mayo |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa-agregado-a-ufc-fight-night-del-13-de-mayo/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan ta baya-tsirara shake a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2023-05-13 |title=UFC Charlotte: Tainara Lisboa Endures Nasty Cut, Submits Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/13/ufc-charlotte-jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fadan shine fada na karshe akan kwantiragin ta kuma ba a ba ta sabuwar kwangila ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newswire |first=MMA Fighting |date=2023-05-16 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark, two others are no longer on UFC roster |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/16/23725641/jessica-rose-clark-two-others-are-no-longer-on-ufc-roster |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Ji Yeon Kim Off Roster Following Controversial Fight, Two Other Fighters Gone Following UFC Charlotte |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/16/ji-yeon-kim-released-ufc-following-controversial-fight-two-fighters-gone/ |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar da nasarori ==

* '''WCK Muay Thai Champion'''
* '''Yaki Mara Makami Ya Fada'''
** Gasar Bantamweight Mata ta UCU (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)
* '''Gasar Yaƙin Xtreme'''
** XFC Ostiraliya Bantamweight Championship (lokaci ɗaya; tsohon)
* '''Roshambo MMA'''
** Roshambo Gasar Bantamweight Mata (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC
* Professional MMA record for Jessica-Rose Clark from Sherdog
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536902</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T07:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
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      <text bytes="11743" sha1="o2a0jnv3tzdjs2sw5zqi74cg9qn9jmv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Jessica-Rose Clark, (an Haife ta s ranan 28 ga watan Nuwamba 1987) ƴar Australiya ce mai gaurayawan martial wacce ta fafata a rukunin mata na Bantamweight . Ta taba yin fafatawa a gasar zakarun Yaki (UFC).

== Fage ==
An haifi Clark a Cairns, Ostiraliya, a matsayin ɗan fari a cikin yara tara. Mahaifiyarta da ba ta da lafiya ta kula da yaran yayin da suke zaune a kan hanya a cikin mota da al'umma. Jessica-Rose ta halarci makarantar yau da kullun a karon farko a aji na biyar lokacin da dangin suka zauna a Arewacin Queensland . Ta halarci jami'a bayan ta kammala karatun sakandare, amma ta bar karatu a lokacin karatun farko. Bayan ta fita waje, ta sami kickboxing kuma a hankali ta fara horar da hadaddiyar fasahar fada.

== Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha ==

=== Farkon aiki ===
Clark ta yi ƙwararriyar MMA ta halarta a karon a watan Disamba 2012 a ƙasarta ta Ostiraliya. Ta yi gwagwarmaya sau shida a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa don ci gaban yanki daban-daban, tare da samun tarihin nasara 5 da asara 1. &lt;ref name=&quot;mmajunkie&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Fight Path: Jessy Jess found MMA after childhood wanderlust, living in a van |url=http://mmajunkie.com/2013/05/fight-path-jessy-jess-found-mma-after-childhood-wanderlust-living-in-a-van |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=MMAjunkie}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;abc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA fighter sets her sights on the US - ABC Gold &amp; Tweed Coasts |url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2015/08/12/4291936.htm |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Invicta FC ===
Bayan shafe kusan shekara guda daga wasanni, Clark ya fara halarta tare da Invicta FC a Yuli 2015. &lt;ref name=&quot;wordpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessy Rose Clark (aka Jessy Jess) signs with Invicta FC &amp;#124; FSA |url=https://fightsportasia.wordpress.com/2014/11/24/jessy-rose-clark-aka-jessy-jess-signs-with-invicta-fc/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |website=FightSport Asia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] a Invicta FC 13: Cyborg vs. Van Duin kuma ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMADecisions.com |url=http://mmadecisions.com/decision/8151/Pannie-Kianzad-vs-Jessica-Rose-Clark |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=MMADecisions.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya koma gabatarwa a watan Nuwamba 2016 don fuskantar Pam Sorenson a Invicta FC 20: Evenger vs. Kunitskaya .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Vanessa Porto a Invicta FC 26 a watan Disamba 2017;  duk da haka, an cire ta daga katin lokacin da UFC ta buga ta a matsayin maye gurbin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sherdog.com |title=Milana Dudieva Replaces Jessica-Rose Clark, Meets Vanessa Porto at Invicta FC 26 |url=http://www.sherdog.com/news/news/Milana-Dudieva-Replaces-JessicaRose-Clark-Meets-Vanessa-Porto-at-Invicta-FC-26-128823 |access-date=2017-12-22 |website=Sherdog}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gasar Yaƙin Ƙarshe ===
Clark ta yi wasanta na farko na UFC a kan Bec Rawlings a cikin fafatawar da ake yi da tsalle-tsalle, ta maye gurbin Joanne Calderwood a UFC Fight Night: Werdum vs. Tybura akan 19 Nuwamba 2017.  A awo-ins, Clark auna a a 128 fam, 2 fam a kan tashi sama iyakar 126 fam. Fadan ya ci gaba da nauyi kuma Clark ta yi asarar kashi 20% na jakarta zuwa Rawlings.  Clark ya yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar yanke shawara. 

Clark ya fuskanci Paige VanZant a kan 14 Janairu 2018 a UFC Fight Night: Stephens vs. Choi .  Ta yi nasara a yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. 

Clark ya fuskanci Jessica Eye a kan 23 Yuni 2018 a UFC Fight Night 132 .  Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jessica Eye Scores Emotional Win Over Jessica-Rose Clark (UFC Singapore Highlights) {{!}} MMAWeekly.com |url=https://www.mmaweekly.com/jessica-eye-scores-emotional-win-over-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-singapore-highlights |access-date=2018-06-23 |website=www.mmaweekly.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An sa ran Clark zai fuskanci Andrea Lee a kan 15 Disamba 2018 a UFC akan Fox 31 .  Duk da haka, an tilastawa Clark fita daga fafatawar yayin da take kwance a asibiti saboda matsalolin yanke kiba kuma likitocin UFC sun yi la'akari da rashin lafiyar likita. Sakamakon haka an soke fafatawar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ravens |first=Andrew |last2=MMA |first2=LowKick |date=2018-12-14 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Andrea Lee Pulled From UFC on FOX 31 |url=https://www.lowkickmma.com/jessica-rose-clark-vs-andrea-lee-scrapped-from-ufc-on-fox-31/ |access-date=2018-12-14 |website=LowKickMMA.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An shirya Clark zai fuskanci Talita Bernardo a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2019 a UFC 237 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Jessica-Rose Clark keert terug tijdens UFC 237 in Rio de Janeiro tegen Talita Bernardo |url=http://mmadna.nl/jessica-rose-clark-keert-terug-tijdens-ufc-237-in-rio-de-janeiro-tegen-talita-bernardo/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Duk da haka, an ba da rahoton a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2019 cewa Clark ya fice daga fafatawar, saboda rauni. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Guilherme |date=2019-04-03 |title=Undefeated newcomer Melissa Gatto replaces injured Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC 237 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2019/4/3/18294584/undefeated-melissa-gatto-injured-jessica-rose-clark-ufc-237 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=MMA Fighting}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Komawa zuwa bantamweight ===
Clark ya fuskanci [[Pannie Kianzad]] akan 9 Nuwamba 2019 a UFC akan ESPN + 21 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dorff |first=Marcel |title=Rematch tussen Jessica-Rose Clark en Pannie Kianzad tijdens UFC Moskou |url=https://mmadna.nl/rematch-tussen-jessica-rose-clark-en-pannie-kianzad-tijdens-ufc-moskou/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2019-11-09 |title=UFC Moscow Results: Pannie Kianzad Cruises to Decision Win in Rematch with Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2019/11/09/ufc-moscow-results-pannie-kianzad-vs-jessica-rose-clark/ |access-date=2019-11-09 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Sarah Alpar a ranar 19 ga Satumba 2020 a UFC Fight Night 178 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=David Tees |date=2020-07-11 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark faces Sarah Alpar on September 26 UFC card |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/29567270/alexander-volkov-walt-harris-meet-ufc-254-october |access-date=2020-08-03 |website=fightful.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi nasara a yakin ta hanyar bugun fasaha a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2020-09-19 |title=UFC Vegas 11 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Smashes Sarah Alpar, Repeatedly |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2020/09/19/ufc-vegas-11-results-jessica-rose-clark-vs-sarah-alpar/ |access-date=2020-09-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin fadan ta yaga ligament dinta na gaba wanda ya hana ta fada har tsakiyar 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Harkness |first=Ryan |date=2020-10-01 |title=Jessy Jess tore her ACL in last fight, out until mid-2021 |url=https://www.mmamania.com/2020/10/1/21497979/jessica-rose-clark-torn-acl-ufc-vegas-11-fight-sarah-alpar-out-until-mid-2021 |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=MMAmania.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan murmurewa daga tiyata, Clark ya dawo bayan shekara guda don fuskantar Joselyne Edwards a UFC Fight Night 196 akan 23 Oktoba 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mike Heck |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark to return from ACL injury vs. Joselyne Edwards at Oct. 23 UFC event |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/30/22602130/jessica-rose-clark-to-return-from-acl-injury-vs-joselyne-edwards-at-oct-23-ufc-event |publisher=mmafighting.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clark ya ci yaƙin ta hanyar yanke shawara gaba ɗaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Evanoff |first=Josh |date=2021-10-23 |title=UFC Vegas 41 Results: Jessica-Rose Clark Outwrestles Joselyne Edwards |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/10/23/ufc-vegas-41-results-jessica-rose-clark-outwrestles-joselyne-edwards/ |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Stephanie Egger akan 19 Fabrairu 2022, a UFC Fight Night 201 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Stephanie Egger Set For February 19 UFC event |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/12/22/jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger-set-february-19-ufc-event/ |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Cageside Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ne ta hanyar mika wuya a zagayen farko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Jay |date=2022-02-19 |title=UFC Vegas 48: Stephanie Egger's Judo the Story, Taps Jessica-Rose Clark with Arm-Bar |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/02/19/ufc-vegas-48-jessica-rose-clark-vs-stephanie-egger/ |access-date=2022-02-20 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Julija Stoliarenko akan 2 Yuli 2022, a UFC 276 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2022-04-21 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Julija Stoliarenko agregado a UFC 276 |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-julija-stoliarenko-agregado-a-ufc-276/ |access-date=2022-04-22 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara ta hanyar mika wuya kasa da minti daya zuwa zagaye daya, ta kawar da gwiwarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Behunin |first=Alex |date=2022-07-02 |title=UFC 276: Julija Stoliarenko Hits Arm-Bar, Leaves Jessica-Rose Clark With Mangled Limb |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2022/07/02/ufc-276-julija-stoliarenko-taps-jessica-rose-clark-less-minute/ |access-date=2022-07-03 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clark ya fuskanci Tainara Lisboa a ranar 13 ga Mayu 2023, a UFC akan ABC 4 . &lt;ref name=&quot;Clark vs. Lisboa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=ATSteveDuncan |date=2023-02-08 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark vs. Tainara Lisboa agregado a UFC Fight Night del 13 de mayo |url=https://mma.uno/jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa-agregado-a-ufc-fight-night-del-13-de-mayo/ |access-date=2023-02-08 |website=MMA.uno, #1 En noticias de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA) en Español. |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta yi rashin nasara a wasan ta baya-tsirara shake a zagaye na uku. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bitter |first=Shawn |date=2023-05-13 |title=UFC Charlotte: Tainara Lisboa Endures Nasty Cut, Submits Jessica-Rose Clark |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/13/ufc-charlotte-jessica-rose-clark-vs-tainara-lisboa/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fadan shine fada na karshe akan kwantiragin ta kuma ba a ba ta sabuwar kwangila ba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Newswire |first=MMA Fighting |date=2023-05-16 |title=Jessica-Rose Clark, two others are no longer on UFC roster |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2023/5/16/23725641/jessica-rose-clark-two-others-are-no-longer-on-ufc-roster |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jay Anderson |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Ji Yeon Kim Off Roster Following Controversial Fight, Two Other Fighters Gone Following UFC Charlotte |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2023/05/16/ji-yeon-kim-released-ufc-following-controversial-fight-two-fighters-gone/ |publisher=cagesidepress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gasar da nasarori ==

* '''WCK Muay Thai Champion'''
* '''Yaki Mara Makami Ya Fada'''
** Gasar Bantamweight Mata ta UCU (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)
* '''Gasar Yaƙin Xtreme'''
** XFC Ostiraliya Bantamweight Championship (lokaci ɗaya; tsohon)
* '''Roshambo MMA'''
** Roshambo Gasar Bantamweight Mata (lokaci ɗaya; kawai; tsohon)

== Manazarta ==
{{Reflist}}

== Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==

* Jessica-Rose Clark at UFC
* Professional MMA record for Jessica-Rose Clark from Sherdog
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]]
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
      <sha1>o2a0jnv3tzdjs2sw5zqi74cg9qn9jmv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Zethu Matebeni</title>
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    <id>86568</id>
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      <id>536893</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T06:38:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibkt</username>
        <id>10164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka baynai</comment>
      <origin>536893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="190" sha1="d0k0inerbolvbvsunpevu9azxhu3khe" xml:space="preserve">
Zethu Matebeni masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne, mai fafutuka, marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai, Farfesa kuma Shugaban Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu a ilimin jimai da na jinsi a Jami'ar Fort Hare .</text>
      <sha1>d0k0inerbolvbvsunpevu9azxhu3khe</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>536894</id>
      <parentid>536893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T06:39:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibkt</username>
        <id>10164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka sashe</comment>
      <origin>536894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="nt5cgdn2uxdicodxpoww44r7e1ny2xf" xml:space="preserve">
Zethu Matebeni masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne, mai fafutuka, marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai, Farfesa kuma Shugaban Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu a ilimin jimai da na jinsi a Jami'ar Fort Hare.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>nt5cgdn2uxdicodxpoww44r7e1ny2xf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>536895</id>
      <parentid>536894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T06:41:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibkt</username>
        <id>10164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka akwatin sako</comment>
      <origin>536895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="217" sha1="4k02xwypcupyuaxeag0dtpjuwwa9jjs" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Zethu Matebeni masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne, mai fafutuka, marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai, Farfesa kuma Shugaban Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu a ilimin jimai da na jinsi a Jami'ar Fort Hare.

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>4k02xwypcupyuaxeag0dtpjuwwa9jjs</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>536896</id>
      <parentid>536895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T06:42:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibkt</username>
        <id>10164</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
      <origin>536896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="558" sha1="svef7aih8tl4ep5il3534i6rnqv9hiu" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Zethu Matebeni masanin ilimin zamantakewa ne, mai fafutuka, marubuci, mai shirya fina-finai, Farfesa kuma Shugaban Bincike na Afirka ta Kudu a ilimin jimai da na jinsi a Jami'ar Fort Hare.Ta rike mukamai a Jami'ar Western Cape kuma ta kasance babban mai bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Dan Adam a Afirka (HUMA) a [[Jami'ar Cape Town|UCT]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=HSRC |url=http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/events/seminars/Breaking-Out-of-the-Box-Stories-of-Black-South-African-Lesbians |access-date=2016-01-28 |website=www.hsrc.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>svef7aih8tl4ep5il3534i6rnqv9hiu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Harshen Auyokawa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86569</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536897</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T07:21:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1235338155|Auyokawa language]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>536897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="289" sha1="m0im7g14jt9azl42b5wsb1zn0gge6ey" xml:space="preserve">'''Auyokawa''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tirio''', wani yare ne na rukunin Afro-Asiatic wanda a da ake magana da shi a ƙaramar hukumar [[Auyo]], [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] amma a yanzu harshen ya ɓace.  

== Bayanan kula ==

[[Rukuni:Harsuna]]
[[Rukuni:Haraji a najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>m0im7g14jt9azl42b5wsb1zn0gge6ey</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536898</id>
      <parentid>536897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T07:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>536898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="301" sha1="9ugf7q0imxirm9s53mnumxkqwj79lio" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Auyokawa''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tirio''', wani yare ne na rukunin Afro-Asiatic wanda a da ake magana da shi a ƙaramar hukumar [[Auyo]], [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] amma a yanzu harshen ya ɓace.  

== Bayanan kula ==

[[Rukuni:Harsuna]]
[[Rukuni:Haraji a najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>9ugf7q0imxirm9s53mnumxkqwj79lio</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536899</id>
      <parentid>536898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T07:22:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>536899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="512" sha1="dvwdqme4n53gpgcm4ccpd5wfoavfzc0" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Auyokawa''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tirio''', wani yare ne na rukunin Afro-Asiatic wanda a da ake magana da shi a ƙaramar hukumar [[Auyo]], [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] amma a yanzu harshen ya ɓace.&lt;ref name=&quot;e16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BlenchAtlas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayanan kula ==

[[Rukuni:Harsuna]]
[[Rukuni:Haraji a najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>dvwdqme4n53gpgcm4ccpd5wfoavfzc0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536900</id>
      <parentid>536899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T07:22:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gwanki</username>
        <id>3834</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>536900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="494" sha1="8kg688fk1c3aq86o5s4iqfo1zrcvl8t" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Auyokawa''', wanda kuma aka fi sani da '''Tirio''', wani yare ne na rukunin Afro-Asiatic wanda a da ake magana da shi a ƙaramar hukumar [[Auyo]], [[Jigawa|jihar Jigawa]], [[Najeriya]] amma a yanzu harshen ya ɓace.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlenchAtlas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Bayanan kula ==

[[Rukuni:Harsuna]]
[[Rukuni:Haraji a najeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>8kg688fk1c3aq86o5s4iqfo1zrcvl8t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xiang Yu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86570</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536905</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:04:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>536905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29050" sha1="pv367cuhgg2snc8hkvx34s5jdsm9n7w" xml:space="preserve">Taimaka zaɓi mafi kyawun hoto na shekara. Duba ƴan wasan ƙarshe kuma zaɓi waɗanda kuka fi so.

 [Taimaka tare da fassarorin!]

Xiang Yu

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

A cikin wannan sunan na Sin, sunan iyali shine Xiang.

Kada ku damu da Yuxiang.

￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han Content, wanda ya kare da shan kaye a yakin Gaixia da kuma kashe kansa.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Sunaye da lakabi

2Bayanin iyali

3 Rayuwa ta farko

4 Tawaye ga Qin

4.1 Yaƙin Yuli

4.2 Idi a Ƙofar Hong Kong

5 Rarraba daular

6Chu-Han Content

6.1 Yaƙin Pengcheng

6.2 Yakin Xingyang

6.3 Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

6.4 Yaƙin Guling

6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya

7.2 Zamanin Zamani

8 A cikin shahararrun al'adu

8.1 Waƙar Gaixia

8.2 Wakoki, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

8.3 Opera

8.4 TV da fim

9 Nassoshi

9.1 Cikakkun bayanai

9.2 Tushen

Sunaye da lakabi

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Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

Tarihin iyali

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Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

Rayuwar farko

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A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

Tawaye ga Qin

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Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

Yakin Julu

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

Biki a Hong Gate

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Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

Rabe-raben daular

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Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

Chu-Han Content

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Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

Yaƙin Pengcheng

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A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

Yakin Xingyang

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Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

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A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

Yakin Guling

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Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

Cin nasara da mutuwa

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

Kabarin Xiang Yu

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

Kimantawa

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Na gargajiya

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Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

Zamanin zamani

[gyara tushe]

Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu

[gyara tushe]

Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

Song of Gaixia

[gyara tushe]

Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

[gyara tushe]

Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

Operas

[gyara tushe]

Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

Talabijin da fim

[gyara tushe]

￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.</text>
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￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han Content, wanda ya kare da shan kaye a yakin Gaixia da kuma kashe kansa.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Sunaye da lakabi

2Bayanin iyali

3 Rayuwa ta farko

4 Tawaye ga Qin

4.1 Yaƙin Yuli

4.2 Idi a Ƙofar Hong Kong

5 Rarraba daular

6Chu-Han Content

6.1 Yaƙin Pengcheng

6.2 Yakin Xingyang

6.3 Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

6.4 Yaƙin Guling

6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya

7.2 Zamanin Zamani

8 A cikin shahararrun al'adu

8.1 Waƙar Gaixia

8.2 Wakoki, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

8.3 Opera

8.4 TV da fim

9 Nassoshi

9.1 Cikakkun bayanai

9.2 Tushen

Sunaye da lakabi

[gyara tushe]

Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

Tarihin iyali

[gyara tushe]

Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

Rayuwar farko

[gyara tushe]

A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

Tawaye ga Qin

[gyara tushe]

Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

Yakin Julu

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

Biki a Hong Gate

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

Rabe-raben daular

[gyara tushe]

Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

Chu-Han Content

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Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

Yaƙin Pengcheng

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A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

Yakin Xingyang

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Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

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A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

Yakin Guling

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Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

Cin nasara da mutuwa

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Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

Kabarin Xiang Yu

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

Kimantawa

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Na gargajiya

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Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

Zamanin zamani

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Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

A cikin shahararrun al'adu

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Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

Song of Gaixia

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Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

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Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

Operas

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Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

Talabijin da fim

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￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.</text>
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￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han Content, wanda ya kare da shan kaye a yakin Gaixia da kuma kashe kansa.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Sunaye da lakabi

2Bayanin iyali

3 Rayuwa ta farko

4 Tawaye ga Qin

4.1 Yaƙin Yuli

4.2 Idi a Ƙofar Hong Kong

5 Rarraba daular

6Chu-Han Content

6.1 Yaƙin Pengcheng

6.2 Yakin Xingyang

6.3 Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal

6.4 Yaƙin Guling

6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya

7.2 Zamanin Zamani

8 A cikin shahararrun al'adu

8.1 Waƙar Gaixia

8.2 Wakoki, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai

8.3 Opera

8.4 TV da fim

9 Nassoshi

9.1 Cikakkun bayanai

9.2 Tushen

==Sunaye da lakabi==


Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

==Tarihin iyali==


Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

==Rayuwar farko==


A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

===Tawaye ga Qin===


Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

==Yakin Julu==


===Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu===

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

===Biki a Hong Gate===


Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

==Rabe-raben daular==


Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

===Chu-Han Content===


Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

===Yaƙin Pengcheng===


A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

==Yakin Xingyang==


Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

===Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal===


A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

==Yakin Guling==


Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

==Cin nasara da mutuwa==


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

===Kabarin Xiang Yu===

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

==Kimantawa==


===Na gargajiya===


Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

==Zamanin zamani==


Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

===A cikin shahararrun al'adu===


Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

==Song of Gaixia==


Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

==Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai==


Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

===Operas===


Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

===Talabijin da fim===


￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.</text>
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￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han k
6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya
h

==Sunaye da lakabi==


Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

==Tarihin iyali==


Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

==Rayuwar farko==


A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

===Tawaye ga Qin===


Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

==Yakin Julu==


===Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu===

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

===Biki a Hong Gate===


Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

==Rabe-raben daular==


Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

===Chu-Han Content===


Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

===Yaƙin Pengcheng===


A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

==Yakin Xingyang==


Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

===Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal===


A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

==Yakin Guling==


Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

==Cin nasara da mutuwa==


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

===Kabarin Xiang Yu===

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

==Kimantawa==


===Na gargajiya===


Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

==Zamanin zamani==


Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

===A cikin shahararrun al'adu===


Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

==Song of Gaixia==


Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

==Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai==


Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

===Operas===


Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

===Talabijin da fim===


￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.</text>
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Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han k
6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya
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==Sunaye da lakabi==


Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

==Tarihin iyali==


Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

==Rayuwar farko==


A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

===Tawaye ga Qin===


Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

==Yakin Julu==


===Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu===

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

===Biki a Hong Gate===


Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

==Rabe-raben daular==


Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

===Chu-Han Content===


Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

===Yaƙin Pengcheng===


A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

==Yakin Xingyang==


Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

===Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal===


A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

==Yakin Guling==


Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

==Cin nasara da mutuwa==


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

===Kabarin Xiang Yu===

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

==Kimantawa==


===Na gargajiya===


Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

==Zamanin zamani==


Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

===A cikin shahararrun al'adu===


Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

==Song of Gaixia==


Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

==Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai==


Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

===Operas===


Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

===Talabijin da fim===


￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.</text>
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￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Fabrairu 2013) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Xiang Yu
項羽￼

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kundi na Hotunan Shahararrun Maza, c. 1900, yana zaune a cikin Gidan kayan gargajiya na Philadelphia

Mai Mulkin ChuReign206-202 BCPMagabacin Sarki Yi na Chu

An haife shi 232 BC
Suqian, Jiangsu ya rasu a shekara ta 202 BC (mai shekaru 29-30)
He County, AnhuiWifeConsort YuNames

Sunan iyali: Xiang (項)

Sunan sirri: Ji (籍)

Sunaye masu ladabi: Yu (羽)

FatherXiang ChaoXiang Yu na al'ada Sinanci項羽Sauƙaƙe Sinanci题羽showTranscriptionsHegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chun Sinanci西楚霸王showTranscriptions

Xiang Yu (c.  232 – c. Janairu 202 BC), [1] haifaffen Xiang Ji, shi ne Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu a zamanin Chu–Han Contention (206-202 BC) na kasar Sin. Wani mai martaba na kasar Chu, Xiang Yu ya yi tawaye ga daular Qin, inda ya lalata ragowarsu na karshe, ya kuma zama babban jagoran yaki. Sarki Huai II na jihar Chu mai dawo da shi ya ba shi taken &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公) a shekara ta 208 BC. A shekara mai zuwa, ya jagoranci sojojin Chu don samun nasara a yakin Julu da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han. Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya hau gadon sarauta a matsayin &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya mulki wani yanki mai fadi da ya ratsa tsakiya da gabashin kasar Sin, inda Pengcheng ya zama babban birninsa. Ya shagaltu da Liu Bang, wanda ya kafa daular Han, a cikin dogon gwagwarmayar neman mulki, wanda aka fi sani da Chu–Han k
6.5 Cin nasara da mutuwa

7Kima

7.1 Na gargajiya
h

==Sunaye da lakabi==


Sunan dangin Xiang Yu Xiang (項) yayin da aka ba shi suna Ji (籍) kuma sunansa na ladabi Yu (羽; Yǔ; Yü; Jyu5). An fi saninsa da Xiang Yu.

Xiang Yu sananne ne da sunan &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王; Xīchǔ bà wáng). Wani lokaci ana rage wannan take zuwa &quot;Ba Wang&quot;. Tun bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, kalmar &quot;Ba Wang&quot; ta zo da nufin Xiang ta musamman.

==Tarihin iyali==


Akwai asusun biyu na asalin dangin Xiang Yu. Na farko ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya fito daga gidan Mi (羋), dangin sarauta na jihar Chu a daular Zhou. Sarkin Chu ya ba kakanninsa kasar Xiang (項) kuma tun daga lokacin suka dauki &quot;Xiang&quot; a matsayin sunan danginsu. Wani labarin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasance zuriyar dangi mai daraja daga jihar Lu kuma danginsa sun yi aikin soja na Chu na tsararraki. Kakan Xiang Yu Xiang Yan [zh] sanannen janar ne wanda ya jagoranci sojojin Chu wajen tinkarar maharan Qin karkashin jagorancin Wang Jian, kuma an kashe shi a cikinA lokacin da Qin ya ci Chu a shekara ta 223 BC.

An haifi Xiang Yu a shekara ta 232 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a karshen zamanin jahohin kasar Sin, lokacin da jihar Qin ta fara hada kan sauran manyan jihohi shida. Bisa ga zuriyar dangin Xiang a Suqian, mahaifin Xiang Yu shi ne Xiang Chao (項超), babban ɗan Xiang Yan. Xiang Yu ya girma daga wurin kawunsa Xiang Liang saboda mahaifinsa ya rasu da wuri. A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, lokacin da Xiang Yu ya kai kimanin shekaru 11 da haihuwa, kasar Qin ta hade kasar Sin tare da kafa daular Qin.

Daya daga cikin idanun Xiang yana da almajiri biyu[2] kamar yadda sarkin almara Shun da Duke Wen na Jin. Don haka ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai ban mamaki domin ɗalibinsa na musamman na biyu alama ce ta sarki ko mai hikima a al'adar Sinawa. Xiang Yu ya dan fi tsayin chi takwas, ko kuma kusan 1.86 m (6 ft 1 in), kuma yana da karfin jiki da ba a saba gani ba, saboda yana iya daga wani abu.[2]

==Rayuwar farko==


A lokacin da yake karami, Xiang Yu ya kasance yana koyar da fasahar fasaha da takuba amma bai iya sarrafa abin da aka koya masa ba, kuma kawunsa Xiang Liang bai gamsu da shi sosai ba.[2] Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Littattafai suna da amfani ne kawai wajen taimaka mini in tuna sunana. Kwarewar takobi yana ba ni damar fuskantar abokin gaba daya kawai, don haka bai cancanci koyo ba. Ina so in koyi yadda zan yi nasara kan dubban makiya.&quot;[2] Kawu ya yi ƙoƙari ya ilimantar da shi dabarun soja da fasahar yaƙi a maimakon haka, amma Xiang Yu ya daina koyo bayan ya fahimci manyan ra'ayoyin; Xiang Liang ya ji takaicin dan dan uwansa, wanda ba ya nuna wata alamar kwazo ko hazaka a fili baya ga irin karfin da yake da shi, don haka ya hakura ya bar Xiang Yu ya yanke shawarar kansa.[2][3]

Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya girma, Xiang Liang ya kashe wani don haka suka gudu zuwa Wu don guje wa hukuma. A wancan lokacin, Qin Shi Huang ya kai ziyarar gani da ido a wannan yanki, kuma Xiang Yu da kawunsa suna kallon jerin gwanon da sarkin ke wucewa. Xiang Yu ya ce, &quot;Zan iya maye gurbinsa.&quot;[2] Xiang Liang ya gigice kuma nan da nan ya rufe bakin dan uwansa da hannunsa. Bayan haka, Xiang Liang ya fara ganin dan uwansa a wani yanayi na daban.

===Tawaye ga Qin===


Tashin hankalin daular Qin. An nuna yakin Xiang Yu da shudi.

A shekara ta 209 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, a zamanin Qin Er Shi, tawayen manoma ya barke a duk fadin kasar Sin, don hambarar da daular Qin, lamarin da ya jefa kasar Sin cikin wani yanayi na rashin kwanciyar hankali. Yin Tong [zh] (殷通), mai kula da Kuaiji, shi ma ya so ya fara tawaye, don haka ya gayyaci kawunsa Xiang Liang don ya gana da shi, su tattauna shirinsu. Ma'auratan sun jawo Yin Tong cikin tarko suka kashe shi maimakon haka, Xiang Yu da kansa ya kashe daruruwan mutanen Yin. Xiang Liang shi ne ya fara tawayen da kansa, ya kuma tara mutane kimanin 8,000 don su mara masa baya. Xiang Liang ya ayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban Kuaiji yayin da ya nada Xiang Yu a matsayin janar. Rundunar juyin juya hali ta Xiang Liang ta girma har zuwa tsakanin 60,000 zuwa 70,000. A shekara ta 208 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, Xiang Liang ya nada Mi Xin a matsayin sarki Huai na biyu na kasar Chu don samun goyon baya daga masu sha'awar taimaka masa wajen hambarar da daular Qin da kuma dawo da tsohuwar kasar Chu. Xiang Yu ya bambanta kansa a matsayin ƙwararren jarumi kuma ƙwaƙƙwaran jarumi a fagen fama yayin da yake halartar yaƙe-yaƙe da sojojin Qin.

A cikin wannan shekarar, an kashe Xiang Liang a yakin Dingtao da sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, kuma karfin soja na Chu ya fada hannun sarki da wasu janar-janar. A cikinlokacin hunturu na 208, wani dakarun 'yan tawaye da ke da'awar maido da jihar Zhao, karkashin jagorancin Zhao Xie [zh] (趙歙), Zhang Han ya kewaye a Handan. Zhao Xie ya nemi taimako daga Chu. Sarki Huai na biyu ya ba Xiang Yu lakabin &quot;Duke na Lu&quot; (魯公), kuma ya nada shi a matsayin shugaba na biyu ga Song Yi, wanda aka ba da umarnin jagorantar sojoji don karfafa Zhao Xie. A sa'i daya kuma, sarkin ya nada Liu Bang a matsayin kwamandan wata runduna don kai hari a Guanzhong, cibiyar tsakiya (babban birnin Qin). Sarkin ya yi alkawarin cewa duk wanda ya fara shiga Guanzhong za a ba shi lakabin &quot;Sarkin Guanzhong&quot;.

==Yakin Julu==


===Babban labarin: Yaƙin Julu===

Sojojin Chu karkashin jagorancin Song Yi da Xiang Yu sun isa Anyang, mai nisa daga Julu (巨鹿; Xingtai na zamani, Hebei), inda sojojin Zhao Xie suka koma. Song Yi ya umurci sojojin da su yi sansani na tsawon kwanaki 46, kuma ya ki amincewa da shawarar Xiang Yu na ci gaba. Xiang Yu ya dauki Song Yi da mamaki a wani taro inda ya kashe shi bisa zargin cin amanar kasa. Sauran ma'aikatan Song Yi sun ji tsoron Xiang Yu don haka suka bar shi ya zama babban kwamandan riko. Xiang Yu ya aika da manzo don sanar da sarki Huai na biyu kuma sarki ya amince da umarnin Xiang.

A shekara ta 207 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, sojojin Xiang Yu sun yi gaba zuwa Julu, inda ya aika Ying Bu da Zhongli Mo su jagoranci rundunar soji masu karfi 20,000 don tsallaka kogin, suka kai farmaki kan sojojin Qin karkashin jagorancin Zhang Han, yayin da ya bi baya tare da sauran sauran sojojin. . Bayan haye kogin, Xiang Yu ya umurci mutanensa da su nutse da kwale-kwalen da suke ciki tare da lalata dukkan kayayyakin abinci na kwanaki uku, in ban da kwanaki uku, domin tilasta wa mutanensa zabi tsakanin yin galaba a kan babbar matsala cikin kwanaki uku ko kuma a makale a gaban katangar birnin. babu kayayyaki ko wani begen tserewa. Duk da cewa an fi su da yawa, sojojin Chu sun sami gagarumar nasara bayan da aka yi fafatawa tara, inda suka fatattaki sojojin Qin 300,000 masu karfi. Bayan yakin, wasu sojojin 'yan tawaye, ciki har da wadanda ba na Chu ba, sun zo tare da Xiang Yu saboda sha'awar jajircewarsa. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya tarbe su a bakin kofa, shugabannin 'yan tawayen sun ji tsoronsa sosai, har suka durkusa, ba su ko dago da kallonsa ba.

Zhang Han ya aika mataimakiyarsa Sima Xin zuwa Xianyang don neman taimako da kayayyaki daga kotun daular Qin. Duk da haka, eunuch Zhao Gao ya yaudari sarki kuma sarki ya yi watsi da bukatar Zhang Han. Har ma Zhao Gao ya aika masu kisan gilla su kashe Sima Xin a lokacin da ta ke komawa sansanin Zhang Han, amma Sima ta yi nasarar tserewa da rai. A cikin mawuyacin hali, daga karshe Zhang Han da sojojinsa 200,000 sun mika wuya ga Xiang Yu a lokacin rani na shekara ta 207. Xiang Yu ya dauki sojojin Qin da suka mika wuya a matsayin rashin aminci da abin alhaki, kuma ya sa aka kashe su ta hanyar binne su da ransu a Xin'an (新安); Yima, Henan]). Zhang Han, tare da Sima Xin da Dong Yi, an kare su daga mutuwa. Xiang Yu ya nada Zhang Han a matsayin &quot;Sarkin Yong&quot;, yayin da Sima Xin da Dong Yi aka ba su lakabin &quot;Sarkin Sai&quot; da &quot;Sarkin Di&quot;.

===Biki a Hong Gate===


Babban labarin: Idi a Ƙofar Hong

Bayan nasarar da ya samu a yakin Julu, Xiang Yu ya shirya kai farmaki kan Guanzhong, cibiyar daular Qin. A cikin hunturu na shekara ta 207 BC, Ziying na Qin ya mika wuya ga Liu Bang a babban birnin Qin Xianyang, wanda ya kawo karshen daular Qin. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Hangu Pass, gabasKofar Guanzhong, ya ga cewa sojojin Liu Bang ne suka mamaye hanyar, lamarin da ke nuna cewa tuni Guanzhong ya kasance karkashin ikon Liu. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), wani ma'aikacin Liu Bang, ya aika da manzo don ganin Xiang Yu, yana mai cewa Liu zai zama sarkin Guanzhong bisa alkawarin da sarki Huai II ya yi a baya, yayin da za a nada Ziying a matsayin shugaban gwamnatin Liu. Xiang Yu ya fusata bayan jin haka. A wancan lokacin, yana da dakaru kusan 400,000 da ke karkashinsa yayin da Liu Bang ke da kashi hudu kawai na adadin.

Kamar yadda mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng ya ba shi kwarin gwiwa, Xiang Yu ya gayyaci Liu Bang don halartar liyafa a kofar Hong Kong, ya kuma shirya kashe Liu yayin liyafar. Duk da haka, daga baya Xiang Yu ya saurari kawunsa Xiang Bo kuma ya yanke shawarar yafewa Liu Bang. Liu Bang ya tsere ne a lokacin liyafar da niyyar zuwa dakin wanka.

Xiang Yu bai kula da lakabin da ake zato na Liu Bang ba, kuma ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Xianyang a shekara ta 206. Ya ba da umarnin kashe Ziying da iyalansa, tare da lalata fadar Epang da wuta. An ce, Xiang Yu zai bar baya da barna a wuraren da ya wuce, kuma jama'ar Guanzhong sun ji takaici da shi matuka.[4]

Duk da shawarar da al'ummarsa suka ba shi na su ci gaba da zama a Guanzhong da ci gaba da mamayar da ya yi, Xiang Yu ya dage kan komawa kasarsa ta Chu. Ya ce, &quot;Rashin komawa gida idan mutum ya yi dukiyarsa daidai yake da tafiya kan tituna da daddare sanye da kaya masu kyan gani. cewa mutanen Chu birai ne sanye da tufafin mutane.&quot; Xiang Yu ya sa mutumin ya tafasa da ransa lokacin da ya ji wannan zagi.[2]

==Rabe-raben daular==


Duba kuma:  Masarautu goma sha takwas

Bayan faduwar Qin, Xiang Yu ya ba wa Huai II lakabi mai daraja ta &quot;Sarkin Yi na Chu&quot; tare da bayyana shawararsa na raba tsohuwar daular Qin. Xiang Yu ya ayyana kansa &quot;Hegemon-Sarkin Yammacin Chu&quot; (西楚霸王) kuma ya shugabanci kwamandoji tara a tsoffin yankunan Liang da Chu, babban birninsa a Pengcheng. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 206, Xiang Yu ya raba tsohuwar daular Qin zuwa masarautu goma sha takwas, don a ba wa dakarun da ke karkashinsa da wasu shugabannin tsoffin sojojin 'yan tawaye. Ya mayar da wasu daga cikin sarakunan wasu jahohi zuwa wasu yankuna masu nisa, ya kuma ba da kasar Guanzhong ga manyan hafsoshin Qin guda uku da suka mika wuya, inda ya yi watsi da alkawarin da sarki Yi ya yi a baya na nada Liu Bang a matsayin sarkin wannan yankin. An mayar da Liu Bang zuwa yankin Hanzhong mai nisa kuma aka ba shi taken &quot;Sarkin Han&quot; (漢王).

Xiang Yu ya nada Janar-Janar da dama daga cikin kawancen 'yan tawaye a matsayin sarakunan zarmiya, duk da cewa wadannan janar-janar na karkashin wasu sarakuna ne, wadanda ya kamata su zama sarakuna a madadin mabiyansu. Xiang Yu ya kuma bar wasu muhimman shugabannin 'yan tawayen da ba su ba shi goyon baya ba tun da farko, amma sun ba da gudummawa wajen kifar da gwamnatin Qin. A lokacin hunturu, Xiang Yu ya tura sarki Yi zuwa yankin Chen mai nisa, inda ya tura sarkin tsana zuwa gudun hijira. A sa'i daya kuma, ya ba da umarni a asirce ga sarakunan mulkin mallaka na yankin, kuma ya sa aka kashe sarki a lokacin tafiyarsa a shekara ta 205. Liu Bang ya yi amfani da mutuwar sarki a matsayin farfagandar siyasa don tabbatar da yakin da ya yi da Xiang Yu.

Jim kadan bayan mutuwar sarki Yi, Xiang Yu ya sa aka kashe sarki Han Cheng tare da kwace filayen Han da kansa. Da yawaBayan watanni, shugaba Tian Rong na Qi ya karbi ragamar mulkin Qis guda uku (Jiaodong, Qi da Jibei) daga sarakunan su, ya mai da Tian Fu a matsayin sarkin Qi, amma shi da kansa ya hau kan karagar mulki bayan haka. Hakazalika, Chen Yu, tsohon mataimakin shugaban gwamnatin Zhao, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar adawa da Sarkin Changshan, Zhang Er, tare da kwace ikon Zhang tare da sake sanya Zhao Xie a matsayin Sarkin Zhao.

===Chu-Han Content===


Babban labarin: Chu–Han Contention

Taswirar Taswirar Chu-Han

===Yaƙin Pengcheng===


A shekara ta 206, Liu Bang ya jagoranci sojojinsa zuwa Guanzhong. A lokacin, Xiang Yu yana yaki da Qi kuma bai mai da hankali kan yin tir da sojojin Han ba. A shekara mai zuwa, Liu Bang ya kulla kawance da wasu masarautu guda biyar, ya kuma kai hari ga yammacin Chu da dakaru 560,000, inda suka kwace babban birnin Xiang Yu na Pengcheng. Da jin haka, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci mutane 30,000 don kai wa Liu Bang hari, ya kuma yi galaba a kan na baya-bayan nan a yakin Pengcheng, inda sojojin Han suka yi mummunar barna.

==Yakin Xingyang==


Liu Bang ya yi nasarar tserewa bayan shan kaye da sojojin Xiang Yu suka yi. Dakarun Han sun koma Xingyang sun kare birnin sosai, tare da hana sojojin Chu ci gaba da zuwa yamma, amma sun ci gaba har zuwa shekara ta 204 BC. Ma'aikacin Liu Bang Ji Xin ya yi kama da ubangijinsa ya mika wuya ga Xiang Yu, inda ya sayi lokacin da Liu Bang ya tsere. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya ji cewa an yaudare shi, sai ya fusata, ya sa Ji Xin ya kone kurmus. Bayan faduwar Xingyang, an raba dakarun Chu da Han ta bangarori biyu tare da Henan na yau. Duk da haka, sojojin Xiang Yu ba su da kyau a fagen daga a arewacin kogin Yellow, yayin da sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Han Xin suka fatattaki sojojinsa a kowane yaki. A sa'i daya kuma, Peng Yue mai goyon bayan Liu Bang, ya jagoranci mutanensa wajen muzgunawa Xiang Yu na baya.

===Yarjejeniyar Hong Canal===


A 203, igiyar ruwa ta juya zuwa ga Han. Xiang Yu ya yi nasarar kama mahaifin Liu Bang bayan da aka shafe tsawon shekara guda ana yi masa kawanya kuma ya yi barazanar tafasa mahaifin Liu da rai idan Liu ya ki mika wuya. Liu Bang ya bayyana cewa, shi da Xiang Yu sun kasance 'yan'uwa da aka rantse, [5] don haka idan Xiang ya kashe mahaifin Liu, zai kasance da laifin patricide. Xiang Yu ya nemi da a samar da makamai, wanda aka fi sani da yarjejeniyar Hong Canal, kuma ya mayar da mutanen da ya kama ga Liu Bang a wani bangare na yarjejeniyarsu. Yarjejeniyar ta raba kasar Sin zuwa gabas da yamma karkashin yankunan Chu da Han.

==Yakin Guling==


Ba da jimawa ba, yayin da Xiang Yu ke ja da baya a gabas, Liu Bang ya yi watsi da yarjejeniyar, ya jagoranci dakarunsa wajen kai hari a yammacin Chu. Liu Bang ya aika da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya nemi taimakonsu wajen kai hari ta hanyoyi uku kan Xiang Yu, amma Han Xin da Peng Yue ba su hada da sojojinsu ba, Xiang Yu ya ci nasara da Liu Bang a yakin Guling. . Liu Bang ya ja da baya ya kuma karfafa tsaronsa, yayin da ya aike da jakadu zuwa Han Xin da Peng Yue, inda ya yi alkawarin ba su manyan mukamai da mukamai na sarakuna idan za su hada kai da shi wajen kai wa yammacin Chu hari.

==Cin nasara da mutuwa==


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Gaixia

===Kabarin Xiang Yu===

A shekara ta 202, sojojin Han karkashin jagorancin Liu Bang, Han Xin, da Peng Yue sun kai hari a yammacin Chu daga bangarori uku, suka makale sojojin Xiang Yu, wadanda ba su da isasshen kayayyaki a Gaixia. Liu Bang ya umarci sojojinsa da su rera wakokin jama'a daga yankin Chu don haifar da karyaganin cewa sojojin Han sun mamaye kasar ta haihuwa Xiang Yu. Hankalin sojojin kasar Chu ya ragu sosai, kuma da yawa daga cikin sojojin Xiang Yu sun fice cikin fidda rai. Xiang Yu ya nutse cikin yanayin damuwa kuma ya shirya waƙar Gaixia. Matarsa ​​Consort Yu ta kashe kanta. Washegari da safe, Xiang Yu ya jagoranci wasu manyan sojojin dawaki 800 da suka rage a kokarinsu na ficewa daga kewayen, inda sojojin makiya 5,000 suka bi su.

Bayan haye kogin Huai, Xiang Yu ya rage da sojoji dari kadan. An yi hasarar su a Yinling (陰陵) kuma Xiang Yu ya nemi umarni daga wani manomi, wanda ya kai shi cikin kuskure zuwa wani fadama. Lokacin da Xiang Yu ya isa Dongcheng (東城), maza 28 ne kawai suka rage, yayin da sojojin Han suka bi shi. Xiang Yu ya yi jawabi ga mutanensa, inda ya ce faduwar tasa ta faru ne saboda nufin sama ba kasawar kansa ba. Bayan haka, sai ya jagoranci tuhume-tuhume daga cikin kewayen, inda ya kashe Janar Han daya a cikin yakin. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya raba mutanensa gida uku don rikitar da abokan gaba da jawo su rabu tare da kai farmaki kan kungiyoyin uku. Xiang Yu ya sake daukar sojojin Han da mamaki, ya kuma kashe wani kwamandan abokan gaba, inda ya yi sanadin jikkatar makiya kusan 100, yayin da ya rasa maza biyu kacal.

Xiang Yu ya koma bakin kogin Wu (kusa da gundumar He ta zamani, Maanshan, Anhui) kuma ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa a mashigin ruwa ya shirya masa jirgin ruwa domin ya ratsa kogin, inda ya karfafa masa gwiwar yin hakan saboda har yanzu Xiang Yu yana samun goyon bayan mutanen kasarsa a kudu. Xiang Yu ya ce, ya ji kunyar komawa gida ya fuskanci jama'arsa, domin babu daya daga cikin maza 8,000 na farko na Jiangdong da suka bi shi a yakin da ya yi. Ya ƙi hayewa ya umarci sauran mutanensa su sauko, yana neman mai jirgin ya ɗauki dokinsa Zhui (騅), ya koma gida.

Xiang Yu da mutanensa sun tsaya tsayin daka na karshe a kan igiyar ruwa bayan da sojojin Han suka yi ta kai ruwa rana har sai da Xiang da kansa ya tsira. Xiang Yu ya ci gaba da fafatawa tare da kashe sojojin abokan gaba sama da 100, amma kuma ya samu raunuka da dama a jikinsa. A daidai lokacin ne Xiang Yu ya ga wani tsohon abokinsa Lü Matong a cikin sojojin Han, sai ya ce wa Lü, &quot;Na ji cewa Sarkin Han (Liu Bang) ya sanya farashin zinare 1,000 da lakabin &quot;Wanhu Marquis&quot; (萬戶; lit. Daga nan Xiang Yu ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke makogwaronsa da takobinsa, kuma an yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Han da ke wurin, sakamakon tukuicin da Liu Bang ya bayar, kuma an ce an sassare gawar Xiang Yu tare da yanke jiki a fafatawar. Daga karshe Lü Matong da wasu mutane hudu suka yi ikirarin samun tukuicin.

Bayan mutuwar Xiang Yu, yammacin Chu ya mika wuya, kana kasar Sin ta kasance kasa daya a karkashin ikon Liu Bang, wanda ke nuna nasarar daular Han. Liu Bang ya yi babban jana'izar Xiang Yu a Gucheng (穀城; a gundumar Dongping, Tai'an, Shandong), tare da bikin da ya dace da taken Xiang &quot;Duke na Lu&quot;. An kare dangin Xiang Yu daga mutuwa, ciki har da Xiang Bo, wanda ya ceci rayuwar Liu Bang a kofar Hong, kuma an ba su lakabin marquis.[6]

==Kimantawa==


===Na gargajiya===


Tarihin Xiang Yu a cikin tarihin babban mawallafin tarihi ya bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi alfahari da nasarorin da ya samu, kuma ya dauki kansa sosai. Xiang Yu ya gwammace ya dogara da iyawar sa sabanin koyo da tawali'udaga wasu kafin shi. Sima Qian ya yi tunanin cewa Xiang Yu ya kasa ga nasa kurakurai, da kuma yin yunƙurin gyara kura-kuransa, har zuwa mutuwarsa. Sima Qian ta yi tunanin cewa abin ba'a ne lokacin da Xiang Yu ya yi iƙirarin cewa faɗuwar tasa ta kasance saboda nufin sama ne ba gazawarsa ba.[2] An bayyana Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba maras tausayi, inda ya ba da umarnin kisan gilla a daukacin biranen ko da bayan sun mika wuya cikin lumana. Hakan ya sa biranen suka yi turjiya sosai, domin sun san za a kashe su ko da sun mika wuya. Babban misali mafi shahara na zaluncinsa shi ne lokacin da ya ba da umarnin a binne sojojin Qin 200,000 da suka mika wuya bayan yakin Julu, [7] [7] [7] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] [8] makiya da masu suka. Sabanin haka, ana bayyana Liu Bang a matsayin shugaba mai wayo da wayo wanda zai iya yin zalunci a wasu lokuta,[4] amma ya hana sojojinsa wawure garuruwan da suka kama suka kuma ceci rayukan 'yan kasar, tare da samun goyon bayansu da amincewa. Labarin Xiang Yu ya zama misali ga 'yan Confucius wajen ba da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata shugabanni su yi mulki da kyautatawa, kada su yi mulki ta hanyar sanya tsoro a cikin jama'a. Burinsa ya kare ne da rugujewar yammacin Chu, da cin kashin da Liu Bang ya yi, da kuma mutuwarsa yana dan shekara 30.

Janar Han Xin na Liu Bang, wanda yana daya daga cikin abokan adawar Xiang Yu a fagen fama, ya yi wani jawabi inda ya soki Xiang cewa, &quot;Mutumin da ya zama jarumi mai tsananin gaske idan ya gamu da abokin hamayyar da ya fi shi karfi, amma kuma mai tausayi da taushin hali. Yana da zuciya lokacin da ya ga wanda ya fi shi rauni mutane.&quot; [9] [tabbaci da ake bukata]

Mawakin daular Tang Du Mu ya ambaci Xiang Yu a cikin daya daga cikin wakokinsa na Ti Wujiang Ting (題烏江亭): &quot;Nasara ko shan kashi na zama ruwan dare a wajen yaki, wanda ya jure wulakanci mutum ne na gaskiya. ya sani ko shi (Xiang Yu) zai iya dawowa? Yana da wuyar juyowa. Ko da yake akwai hazaka a Jiangdong, shin suna shirye su taimake shi? Har yanzu ana tunawa Xiang Yu, wanda ya ƙi komawa Jiangdong.&quot; [12]

Ana kallon Xiang Yu a matsayin shugaba mai jaruntaka amma ba shi da hikima, kuma an takaita halinsa yadda ya kamata ta hanyar amfani da kalmar Sinanci 有勇無謀; 有勇无谋; yǒu yǒng wú móu,[13] ma'ana &quot;yana da ƙarfin hali amma ba shi da dabara&quot;, &quot;wawa&quot;. Shugabannin soja na baya sun yi nazari kan dabarun yaki da Xiang Yu, yayin da kura-kuransa na siyasa suka zama tatsuniyar fadakarwa ga masu mulki daga baya. kuma miàn chǔ; 'Wakokin Chu sun kewaye', an kuma samo su daga yakin Gaixia, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen kwatanta wani a cikin wani mawuyacin hali ba tare da taimako ba. Wani maganar da Liu Bang ya yi cewa, &quot;Samun Fan Zeng amma ba za a iya amfani da shi ba&quot; (一一范增而不能用), an kuma yi amfani da shi wajen kwatanta dogaron Xiang Yu ga mai ba shi shawara Fan Zeng da gazawa a zahiri.saurari shawarar Fan.

==Zamanin zamani==


Binciken tarihi na zamani ya jawo kamanceceniya tsakanin hazakar sojan Xiang Yu da ta Hannibal na zamaninsa na Bahar Rum.[14] Masu binciken sun jaddada dabarun dabarun Xiang Yu, tare da yin amfani da duk wata damammaki wajen kai harin ba zata da safe a karkashin duhu, kamar yadda Xiang Yu ya yi fice a wannan fanni. Dabarar da ya kai wa makiya da sanyin safiya ya nuna cikakkiyar dabararsa ta hada kai da fasahar fasaha, duk da fuskantar rikice-rikicen da ba a taba gani ba.[14]

Har ila yau, Mao Zedong ya taba ambata Xiang Yu cewa, &quot;Ya kamata mu yi amfani da sauran karfinmu wajen fatattakar abokan gaba, maimakon tunanin samun shahara kamar wanda ya ci nasara.&quot; faduwa: rashin bin shawarar Fan Zeng na kashe Liu Bang a kofar Hong, da barin Liu ya tafi; bin ka'idojin yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba tare da la'akari da cewa Liu Bang na iya cin amanarsa ba; gina babban birninsa a Pengcheng.

===A cikin shahararrun al'adu===


Mashin opera na gargajiya na Beijing don Xiang Yu

==Song of Gaixia==


Waƙar Gaixia (垓下歌) waƙa ce da Xiang Yu ya tsara yayin da sojojin Liu Bang suka kama shi a Gaixia[2].

Wakokin a Turanci kamar haka su ne fassarar Burton Watson:[16]

《垓下歌》
力拔山兮氣蓋世。
時成兮騅不逝.
騅不逝兮可奈何！
虞兮虞兮奈若何！

Makoki na Hegemon
Ƙarfina ya ƙwace tuddai,
Ƙarfina ya inuwar duniya;
Amma lokuttan suna gaba da ni,
Kuma Dapple[a] ba ya gudu;
Lokacin da Dapple baya gudu,
To me zan iya yi?
Ah, Yu, Yu,
Menene makomarku zata kasance?

^ &quot;Dapple&quot; fassarar Watson ce ta sunan Xiang Yu's warhorse Zhui (騅)

Karfinta da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaki sun samu daukaka a cikin tatsuniyoyi da wakoki da litattafai na kasar Sin, kuma ya kasance batun fina-finai, talabijin, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan opera na kasar Sin, wasannin bidiyo da ban dariya. Hotonsa na al'ada ita ce ta jarumi da jajirtacce, amma jarumi mai girman kai da kishin jini. Soyayyarsa da matarsa ​​Consort Yu da kashe kansa sun kuma kara wa wani jarumi mai ban tausayi ga halinsa.[17]

==Waka, tatsuniyoyi, litattafai==


Ƙarfi da bajintar Xiang Yu a fagen yaƙi ya bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyi da waƙoƙin jama'a na kasar Sin, kamar a Gaixia.[18] Meng Ch'iu (蒙求), wani jigon kasar Sin na karni na 8 na masanin Li Han, ya ƙunshi ma'anar waƙoƙi mai haruffa huɗu &quot;Ji Xin yana kwaikwayon sarki&quot;. Ya yi ishara da abin da ya faru a yakin Xingyang lokacin da Ji Xin da mata 2,000 suka yi kama da Liu Bang da sojojinsa, don karkatar da hankalin Xiang Yu don ba da lokaci ga Liu Bang na tserewa daga birnin Xingyang.[19]

A cikin Romance na masarautu uku, ɗaya daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda huɗu na adabin Sinanci, Sun Ce ana yi masa laqabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; (小霸王) [20] kuma wani zamani ya kwatanta shi da Xiang Yu.[20] Wannan kwatancen an yi shi a zahiri a tarihi[21]. Sun Ce ya yi fice a yakin da ya yi a yankin Jiangdong wanda ya kafa harsashin jihar Gabashin Wu a zamanin masarautu uku. A cikin Margin Ruwa, wani daga cikin manyan litattafan gargajiya guda hudu, Zhou Tong, daya daga cikin haramtattun mutane 108, ana yi masa lakabi da &quot;Little Conqueror&quot; saboda kamanninsa da Xiang Yu.

A cikin Jin Ping Mei, (bugu na Ci Hua) an ambaci Xiang Yu a matsayin misali na wani hali mai ban tausayi a cikin waƙar a lokacin buɗewar farko.babi.[22]

Halin Mata Zyndu a cikin littafin tarihin fantasy na Ken Liu The Grace of Kings ya dogara ne akan Xiang Yu.

===Operas===


Shahararriyar wasan opera ta birnin Beijing, The Hegemon-King ta yi bankwana da uwargidansa, ta nuna irin abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin da Xiang Yu ya sha kaye a yakin Gaixia. An aro taken wasan ne a matsayin taken Sinawa na fim din Chen Kaige da ya lashe lambar yabo ta Farewell My Concubine.[23]

===Talabijin da fim===


￼

Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2024) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

Shek Sau ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 1985 The Battlefield.

Ray Lui ne ya zana shi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Hong Kong The Great Conqueror's Concubine.

Hu Jun ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2003 Labarin Daular Han.

Kwong Wah ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na Hong Kong na 2004 Labarin Nasara.

Tan Kai ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2010 The Myth.

Feng Shaofeng ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2011 White Vengeance.

Peter Ho ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2012 War War.

Ming Dao ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasar Sin na shekarar 2012 Beauties of the Emperor.

Daniel Wu ne ya zana shi a cikin fim din Sinanci na 2012 The Last Supper.

Qin Junjie ne ya zana shi a cikin jerin talabijin na kasar Sin na 2015 The Legend of Qin.


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* &lt;span title=&quot;Arabic-language text&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;ar&quot; dir=&quot;rtl&quot;&gt;Bullar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; (Arabic) 
* &lt;span title=&quot;Wolof-language romanization&quot;&gt;''Rashin jin daɗi''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_arabic.css&quot; /&gt;Sanya ([[Yare Wolof|Wolof]]) 
&lt;/div&gt;''Peul'' (Faransanci) &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #ffddaa;&quot; |Pulaar&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_adlam.css&quot; /&gt;Sadarwar Fuuta Sadarwar&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_arabic.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;rtl&quot; class=&quot;script-arabic script-Arab&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 125%; &quot;&gt;Sadarwa ta Tsakiya&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x68;&amp;#x61;&amp;#x75;&amp;#x5F;&amp;#x5F;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Script/styles_adlam.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;script-adlam&quot;&gt;Sanya ta gaba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |'Yan asalin ƙasar&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Gini|Guinea]], [[Gine-Bisau|Guinea-Bissau]], [[Senegal]], [[Gambiya]], [[Mali]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ƙabilar
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Fulani|Fula]], Mai taɓawa
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Masu magana da asali&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Miliyan 6.3 (2014-2022) &amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;Iyalin harshe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Nijar-Congo? 

* [[Harsunan Atlantic-Congo|Atlantic-Congo]]
** [[Harsunan Senegambian|Senegambian]]
*** [[Fillanci|Fula-Wolof]]
**** [[Fillanci|Fula]]
***** [[Fillanci|Yammacin Turai]]
****** '''Pulaar'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;Tsarin rubuce-rubuce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Larabci (Ajami) Adlam scriptFula haruffa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Harshen Fula
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #ffddaa;&quot; |Lambobin harshe
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:fuc|fuc]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''Glottolog''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pula1263 pula1263]&lt;/code&gt;
|}
'''Pulaar''' (a cikin [[Rubutun Adlam|Adlam]], a cikin [[Ajami]]) yare ne na [[Fulani|Fula]] wanda mutanen Fula da Toucouleur ke magana da farko a matsayin yare na farko Wanda yafi kowane yare shahara a yankin kwarin [[Kogin Senegal]] wanda aka fi sani da Futa Tooro da kuma kudu da gabas. Masu magana mafi hikimar zance da yaren pulaar, waɗanda aka sani da Haalpulaar'en mazauna a [[Senegal|kasar Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]], da yammacin [[Mali]]. Manyan masu magana da Pulaar guda biyu sune mutanen Toucouleur da Fulɓe (wanda aka fi sani da Fulani ko Peul). &lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mc Laughlin |first=Fiona |date=1995 |title=Haalpulaar identity as a response to Wolofization∗ |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09544169508717793 |journal=African Languages and Cultures |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=153–168 |doi=10.1080/09544169508717793 |issn=0954-416X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pulaar ita ce yaren gida na biyu da aka fi furtawa dayin magana a Senegal, kasancewar yare ne na farko ga kusan kashi 22% na yawan jama'a na amfani da yaren. Wannan yana da alaƙa da kashi 23.7% na ƙasar da Pulaar tanada yawan kabilu na yawan jama'a. yaren pulaar na ɗaya daga cikin yarukan ƙasa na Senegal mafi shahara tare da wasu 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; An shigar da shi a matsayin harshen hukuma, Wanda ya kasance a hukumance na Senegal ta hanyar dokar Shugaban kasa a shekarar 1971. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Akwai kusan sanannun yaruka 28 na Pulaar, mafi yawansu suna fahimtar juna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Pulaar |url=https://nalrc.indiana.edu/doc/brochures/pulaar.pdf |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=National African Language Resource Center – Indiana}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaren Pulaar, da sauran yarukan Afirka ta Yamma, galibi ana ambaton su a ƙarƙashin kalmar laima 'Fula'. Pulaar a matsayin harshen magana, duk da haka, ba a yawan ambaton shi a matsayin 'Fula'.

A cewar Ethnologue akwai nau'ikan yare da yawa kasar, amma duk suna fahimtar juna a dalilin Yan uwa taka ta kusa.
[[Rukuni:Harsunan Mali]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>Ibrahim abusufyan moved page [[Xiang yu]] to [[Xiang Yu]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>RFA Darkdale</title>
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        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1214656285|RFA Darkdale]]&quot;</comment>
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'''RFA ''''Darkdale''''''' wani tanki ne na Dale-class na Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1940 a matsayin Empire Oil, an kammala shi a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1940 kuma an canja shi zuwa RFA a matsayin Darkdale . An nutse ta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1941 a jirgin ruwa na Jamus U-68. Rushewarta a James Bay daga [[Saint Helena]]Jamestown, Saint Helena ta ci gaba da zubar da mai, wanda sana diyar haka mn ne ya haifar da barazanar muhalli da ba cewar ruwan bakin teku na Saint Helena, har sai Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta zubar da tankunan jirgin a cikin shekara ta 2015.

== Tarihi ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="716" sha1="iw6kc7pffia4iupf3h466uts710cetb" xml:space="preserve">
'''RFA ''''Darkdale''''''' wani tanki ne na Dale-class na Royal Fleet Auxiliary (RFA), wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 23 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 1940 a matsayin Empire Oil, an kammala shi a watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1940 kuma an canja shi zuwa RFA a matsayin Darkdale . An nutse ta a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1941 a jirgin ruwa na Jamus U-68. Rushewarta a James Bay daga [[Saint Helena]]Jamestown, Saint Helena ta ci gaba da zubar da mai, wanda sana diyar haka mn ne ya haifar da barazanar muhalli da ba cewar ruwan bakin teku na Saint Helena, har sai Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta zubar da tankunan jirgin a cikin shekara ta 2015.

== Tarihi ==
==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Victor Roelens</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Sabon muqala</comment>
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      <text bytes="49" sha1="bme5igjxxyxm439dhmeli8m5x0wd65a" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victor Roelens'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>bme5igjxxyxm439dhmeli8m5x0wd65a</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>536930</id>
      <parentid>536919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:25:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>536930</origin>
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      <text bytes="348" sha1="qwb1xy0x2yzjn3ibtsh3dvuwn9c9mfx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victor Roelens''' Victor Roelens, M. Afr. (21 Yuli 1858 - 5 Agusta 1947) wani limamin Katolika ne na Belgium wanda ya zama Vicar Apostolic na Upper Kongo a cikin 1895, kuma ya kasance babban bishop a cikin Kongo Free State, sannan Belgian Kongo, har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1941. Ya kasance memba. na Mishan na Afirka.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>536936</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="794" sha1="luhodn2eybza7ks7brstyg4r2cyx1v2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victor Roelens''' Victor Roelens, M. Afr. (21 Yuli 1858 - 5 Agusta 1947) wani limamin Katolika ne na Belgium wanda ya zama Vicar Apostolic na Upper Kongo a cikin 1895, kuma ya kasance babban bishop a cikin Kongo Free State, sannan Belgian Kongo, har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1941. Ya kasance memba. na Mishan na Afirka.


An haifi Roelens a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1858 a Ardooie a matsayin Victor Theodoor Roelens, ɗa na uku na Cesar Roelens da mahaifiyarsa, Rosalia Vervisch. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu Emiel da Adolf, da kanne mata biyu Lucia da Marie-Emily. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin lambu ne a kusa da Chateau des Comtes de Jonghe d'Ardoye. Kasancewa matalauta, dangin sun sami tallafin kuɗi daga sarakunan gidan sarauta kuma suna iya tura 'ya'yan uku zuwa kwaleji.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gyara</comment>
      <origin>536945</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1835" sha1="1vrvaniprffvs7d50254ypur598eesn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Victor Roelens''' Victor Roelens, M. Afr. (21 Yuli 1858 - 5 Agusta 1947) wani limamin Katolika ne na Belgium wanda ya zama Vicar Apostolic na Upper Kongo a cikin 1895, kuma ya kasance babban bishop a cikin Kongo Free State, sannan Belgian Kongo, har sai da ya yi ritaya a 1941. Ya kasance memba. na Mishan na Afirka.


An haifi Roelens a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1858 a Ardooie a matsayin Victor Theodoor Roelens, ɗa na uku na Cesar Roelens da mahaifiyarsa, Rosalia Vervisch. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu Emiel da Adolf, da kanne mata biyu Lucia da Marie-Emily. Mahaifinsa ma'aikacin lambu ne a kusa da Chateau des Comtes de Jonghe d'Ardoye. Kasancewa matalauta, dangin sun sami tallafin kuɗi daga sarakunan gidan sarauta kuma suna iya tura 'ya'yan uku zuwa kwaleji.


Kamar ’yan’uwansa da suka gabace shi, Victor ya shiga Kwalejin Sint-Jozef, Tielt, tun yana ɗan shekara 13. Ko da yake dukan azuzuwan suna cikin Faransanci, ya koyi yaren da sauri kuma ya fito a saman ajinsa a shekara ta farko. A lokacin hunturu, yayin da yake wasa a kan tafki a Pittem, ya zame ya karya hancinsa, wanda ya canza siffar zai kasance tare da shi har tsawon rayuwarsa. A koleji ya goyi bayan motsi na Flemish. Mafarkinsa na zuwa Afirka ne da farko wasu White Fathers biyu, Charmetant da Moinet, waɗanda suka ziyarci kwalejin don yin magana game da aikin mishan a Afirka. An ƙara ƙarfafawa lokacin da malaminsa Adolf Loosvelt ya ba da kansa don zuwa Afirka. A cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe (&quot;Rhetorica&quot;), kuma ba tare da kowa ya sani ba, Victor ya aika da wasiƙu uku zuwa umarni na addini guda uku, kuma a ƙarshe ya yanke shawarar shiga cikin White Fathers. Victor ya so barin kai tsaye bayan koleji amma mahaifinsa ya nace cewa ya ƙara ƙarin shekara guda a Makarantar Karamar Hukumar, Roeselare don nazarin falsafar.
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Himiko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86575</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536920</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="32781" sha1="6kuhtj8vsxc6l08d1qg2sf0g1l65e4c" xml:space="preserve">Taimaka zaɓi mafi kyawun hoto na shekara. Duba ƴan wasan ƙarshe kuma zaɓi waɗanda kuka fi so.

 [Taimaka tare da fassarorin!]

Himiko

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Don wasu amfani, duba Himiko (rashin fahimta).

￼

Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Yuli 2018) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

HimikoQueen or YamataikokuMasarautar

c. 180 AD-247/248 AD

[1]

(shekaru 67)

Magaji Sarkin da ba a san shi ba (magabacin Sarauniya Toyo)

Haihuwa 170 AD
Yamatai, JapanDied247/248 AD[2] (shekaru c. 78)Binne

Tunanin zama Hashihaka Kofun kusa da Nara (Japan)

Himiko (卑弥呼, c. 170–247/248 AD), kuma aka sani da Shingi Waō (親魏倭王, &quot;Mai mulkin Wa, Abokin Wei&quot;), [3][a][b] ya kasance abin kunya- Sarauniyar Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国). Tarihin daular Sinawa na farko sun ba da tarihin dangantakar daular tsakanin Sarauniya Himiko da Masarautar Cao Wei (220-265) kuma sun rubuta cewa zamanin Yayoi mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi tsakanin sarakunan Wa. Tarihin Jafananci na farko ba su ambaci Himiko ba, amma masana tarihi sun danganta ta da manyan mutane irin su Empress Consort Jingū, wadda aka ce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 201 zuwa 269.[6]

Takaddamar da masana suka yi dangane da sunan Himiko da kuma wurin da yankin yake, Yamatai, ya barke ne tun a karshen zamanin Edo, inda aka raba ra'ayoyi tsakanin arewacin Kyūshū ko lardin Yamato na gargajiya a Kinki a yau. Keiji Imamura ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Rikicin Yamatai&quot; shi ne &quot;babban muhawara kan tsohon tarihin Japan.&quot;[7] Ra'ayi da ya mamaye tsakanin malamai shi ne cewa za a iya binne ta a Hashihaka Kofun da ke lardin Nara[8].

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Nassoshi na tarihi

1.1 Madogararsa na kasar Sin

1.2 Jafananci

1.3 Yaren Koriya

2 Tafsiri

2.1 Sunaye

2.2 Halaye da tarihi

3 Hotunan zamani

3.1 Mascots na gari

3.2 Manga da litattafai masu hoto

3.3 Anime da wasannin bidiyo

3.4 Cinema

3.5 Tallace-tallace

3.6 Gasar Himiko

4 Abubuwan suna

5 Duba kuma

6 Bayanin bayani

7 Nassoshi

7.1 Nassosi

7.2 Gabaɗaya kuma nassoshi da aka ambata

8 Hagu na waje

Nassoshi na tarihi

[gyara tushe]

An rubuta Sarauniyar shaman Himiko a cikin tsoffin tarihi daban-daban, tun daga China a ƙarni na 3, Japan ta 8th, da Koriya ta 12.

￼“Littafin Wei” (Wei Zhi, 魏志), wani ɓangare na  Records of the Three Kingdoms, c. 297. Siffar pinghua (vernacular) ta Sanguozhi, tarihin da ke ɗauke da ambaton Yamatai da Himiko na farko.

Majiyoyin Sinanci

[gyara tushe]

Ana samun bayanan tarihi na farko na Himiko a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Sarautu Uku (Sanguo Zhi, 三國志), rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke zuwa c. 297. Duk da haka, maimakon Records of the Three Kingdoms, malaman Jafananci suna amfani da kalmar Gishi Wajin Den (魏志倭人伝, &quot;Records of Wei: Account of Wajin&quot;), raguwar Jafananci don asusun Wajin a cikin &quot;Biographies&quot;. na Wuhuan, Xianbei, da Dongyi' (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳), Juzu'i na 30 na &quot;Littafin Wei&quot; (魏書) na Recod of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)[9] Wannan sashe shine bayanin farko na Himiko (Pimiko) da Yamatai:

Mutanen Japan na Wa [倭人] suna zaune a tsakiyar teku a kan tsibiran tsaunuka kudu maso gabas na [lardin] Tai-fang. A da sun ƙunshi al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. A lokacin daular Han, [Wakilan Wa] sun bayyana a Kotun; yau talatin daga cikinsual'ummomi suna yin mu'amala [da mu] ta hanyar wakilai da marubuta. [10]

Wannan tarihin farko ya bayyana yadda Himiko ya hau karagar mulki:

Kasar a da tana da mutum a matsayin mai mulki. Kimanin shekaru saba'in ko tamanin bayan haka ana tashe-tashen hankula da yaki. Daga nan sai mutane suka amince da mace ga shugabar su. Sunanta Himiko [卑弥呼]. Ta shagaltu da sihiri da sihiri, tana mai da mutane. Ko da yake ta girma, ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba. Tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mata wajen mulkin ƙasar. Bayan ta zama mai mulki, kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Tana da mata dubu ɗaya a matsayin masu hidima, amma namiji ɗaya. Ya kai mata abinci da abin sha kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta kasance a cikin wani fada da aka kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace, tare da masu gadi dauke da makamai cikin yanayin tsaro a koda yaushe.[11]

&quot;Records of Wei&quot; kuma ya rubuta wakilai masu tafiya tsakanin kotunan Wa da Wei. Wakilan Himiko sun fara ziyartar kotun sarkin Wei Cao Rui a shekara ta 238, kuma ya amsa da cewa:

Anan muna magana da Himiko, Sarauniyar Wa, wanda a yanzu muke kiran abokin Wei a hukumance. […Manzon ku] sun iso nan da harajin ku, wanda ya kunshi bayi hudu maza da kuyangi mata shida, tare da tufa biyu masu zane, kowane tsayinsa kafa ashirin. Kuna zaune mai nisa a hayin teku; amma duk da haka kun aika da jakadanci da haraji. Amincinku da tsoronku muna godiya matuka. Muna ba ku, don haka, taken &quot;Sarauniyar Wa Friendly zuwa Wei,&quot; tare da kayan ado na hatimin zinariya tare da kintinkiri mai launin shuɗi. Na biyun, wanda ke kunshe da kyau, za a aiko muku ne ta hannun Gwamna. Muna sa ran ke sarauniya, ki yi mulkin mutanenki lafiya, ki yi qoqari wajen sadaukar da kai da biyayya[12].

A ƙarshe, &quot;Records of Wei&quot; [13] ya rubuta cewa a cikin 247 lokacin da sabon gwamna ya isa Daifang Kwamandan a Koriya, Sarauniya Himiko a hukumance ta koka game da tashin hankali da Himikuko (卑弥弓呼, ko Pimikuko), sarkin Kuna (ja) (狗奴, a zahiri &quot;bawan kare&quot;), ɗaya daga cikin sauran jihohin Wa. Gwamnan ya aike da &quot;Chang Chêng, mukaddashin sakataren tsaron kan iyaka&quot; tare da &quot;shela mai ba da shawara ga sulhu&quot;, sannan daga baya:

Lokacin da Himiko ya rasu, an yi wani babban tudu mai tsayi sama da ɗari. Sama da bayi dari maza da mata ne suka bi ta har lahira. Sai aka naɗa wani sarki a kan karagar mulki, amma jama'a ba su yi masa biyayya ba. Kisa da kisa ya biyo baya; an kashe fiye da dubu daya. Wani dangin Himiko mai suna Iyo [壹與], yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha uku, ta zama sarauniya kuma an maido da tsari. Chêng ya ba da sanarwar cewa Iyo shine mai mulki.[14]

Masu sharhi suna ɗaukar wannan 'Iyo' (壹與, tare da 壹, &quot;ɗaya&quot;, wani tsohon bambance-bambancen 一) a matsayin kuskuren Toyo (臺與, tare da 臺 &quot;dandamali; terrace&quot;) wanda ke daidaita da Wei Zhi rubuta Yamatai (邪馬臺) ) as Yamaichi (邪馬壹).

Wasu tarihin daular Sinawa guda biyu sun ambaci Himiko. Duk da yake dukansu sun haɗa da rahotannin Wei Zhi a fili, sun yi wasu sauye-sauye, kamar tantance &quot;shekaru saba'in ko tamanin&quot; na yakin Wa tsakanin 146 zuwa 189, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Han Huan da Ling. Na c. 432 Littafin Daga baya Han (Hou Han Shu 後漢書) ya ce &quot;Sarkin Great Wa yana zaune a ƙasar Yamadai&quot;, maimakon Sarauniya:

Wa na zaune ne a tsibiran tsaunuka a kudu maso gabas na Han [Korea] a tsakiyar teku, wanda ya kafa al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. Tun daga lokacin juyin mulkinko Chaoxian [Koriya ta arewa] ta Sarkin sarakuna Wu (BC 140-87), kusan talatin daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi mu'amala da kotun Han [daular] ta wakilai ko marubuta. Kowace al'umma tana da sarkinta, wanda ofishinsa na gado ne. Sarkin Great Wa [Yamato] yana zaune a kasar Yamadai.[15]

A lokacin mulkin Huan-di (147-168) da Ling-di (168-189), kasar Wa ta kasance cikin rudani mai yawa, yaki da rikici daga kowane bangare. Shekaru da yawa, babu mai mulki. Sai wata mata mai suna Himiko ta bayyana. Kasancewar ba ta yi aure ba, ta shagaltu da kanta da sihiri da sihiri kuma ta sihirce jama'a. Nan suka dora ta akan karagar mulki. Ta ajiye mata masu hidima dubu ɗaya, amma mutane kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Mutum daya ne kawai wanda ke kula da tufafinta da abinci kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta zauna a cikin wani fada da ke kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace tare da kariya daga masu gadi dauke da makamai. Dokoki da al'adu sun kasance masu tsauri da tsauri.[16]

Littafin Sui na 636 (Sui Shu, 隋書) ya canza adadin mataimakan Himiko:

A zamanin sarakuna Huan da Ling, ƙasar ta kasance cikin rudani sosai, kuma babu wani mai mulki na tsawon shekaru. [Sai] wata mata mai suna Himiko ta jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar sihiri. Ƙasar ta zama ɗaya ta zama sarauniya. Wani ƙane ya taimaka wa Himiko a harkokin mulkin ƙasar. Sarauniya [Himiko] tana kula da kuyangi dubu daya. Da kyar mutum ya samu albarka. Maza biyu ne kawai ta kasance. Suka yi mata hidimar abinci da abin sha kuma suka zama masu shiga tsakani. Sarauniyar ta zauna a cikin wani fada, wanda ke kewaye da katanga da ganuwar da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka karewa; horonsu ya kasance mai tsauri sosai[17].

Jafananci kafofin

[gyara tushe]

Babu ɗayan tsoffin tarihin Jafananci guda biyu - c. 712 Kojiki[18] da c. 720 Nihon Shoki[19] - ya ambaci Sarauniya Himiko. Halin da aka rubuta waɗannan littattafan wani batu ne na muhawara mara ƙarewa, kuma ko da an san Himiko ga marubuta, ƙila da gangan sun yanke shawarar kada su haɗa da ita.[20][21]. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da shaman na dangin sarki guda uku waɗanda aka gano tare da ita: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), innar Sarkin sarakuna Sujin (sarkin Jafananci na 10, ya yi sarauta 97-30 BC) da 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, 'yar Sarkin Suinin (labari na 11, yayi sarauta 29 BC-70 AD); da Empress Jingū (ta yi sarauta c. 209-269 AD), matar Sarkin sarakuna Chūai (sarki na 14 na almara, ya yi sarauta 192-200 AD). Waɗannan kwanakin, duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da tarihi ba.

Wani abin ban mamaki ga tarihin Japan na farko da ke kallon Himiko shine Nihon Shoki, yana ambaton Wei Zhi sau uku. A cikin 239, &quot;Sarauniya [女王] na Wa&quot; ta aika da wakilai zuwa Wei; a cikin 240, sun dawo &quot;ana tuhumar su da rubutun Imperial da hatimi da kintinkiri;&quot; kuma a cikin 243, “mai mulkin [王 “sarkin”] na Wa ya sake aika manyan hafsoshi a matsayin wakilai da haraji”.[22]

Yamato Totohi Momoso himemiko (倭迹迹日百襲媛命), shaman inna ta Sarkin sarakuna Sujin, da ake zaton ta kashe kanta bayan ta san mijinta ya kasance macijin maciji. Kojiki ba ya ambace ta, amma Nihon Shoki ya kwatanta ta da &quot;Goggon Sarkin sarakuna a wajen uba, mai wayo kuma mai hankali, wanda zai iya hango makomar gaba&quot;[23]. Bayan jerin bala'o'i na ƙasa, Sarkin sarakuna &quot;ya tattara dubunnan alloli 80&quot; kuma ya yi tambaya ta wurin duba. Yamato-totohi-momoso ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shiŌmononushi-nushi (&quot;Babban Bautawa na dukan alloli da ruhohi&quot;), [24] ya ce: &quot;Me ya sa Sarkin baƙin ciki a cikin rugujewar yanayin da kasar? &quot; Sarkin sarakuna ya tambaya, ya ce: &quot;Mene ne Allah wanda ya umurce ni?&quot; Amsar ita ce: &quot;Ni ne Allah wanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yamato, kuma sunana Oho-mono-nushi no Kami.&quot; [25] Yayin da bautar daular wannan allah (daga dutsen Miwa) ta kasance &quot;ba tare da shi ba. sakamako&quot;, Yamato-totohi-momoso daga baya ya aure shi.

Bayan wannan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya zama matar Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. Wannan Allah kuwa, ba a taɓa ganinsa da rana ba, sai da dare. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto ta ce wa mijinta: &quot;Kamar yadda Ubangijina ba a taba ganinsa da yini ba, ni ba na iya ganin fuskarsa da kyau; ina rokonsa da ya jinkirta wani lokaci.&quot; domin da safe in kalli girman kyawunsa”. Allah mai girma ya amsa ya ce: &quot;Abin da ka fada daidai ne, gobe da safe zan shiga akwatin bandakinka in zauna a can. Ina rokonka kada ka firgita da siffata.&quot; Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ta yi mamaki a asirce a cikin zuciyarta akan haka. Tana jira har gari ya waye ta duba akwatin toilet dinta. Akwai wata kyakkyawar macijiya mai kyau, tsawonta da kaurin igiyar riga. Can sai ta tsorata, ta furta. Allah Mai Girma ya ji kunya, sai ya rikide ya zama surar mutum kwatsam, ya yi magana da matarsa, ya ce: &quot;Ba ki dame ki ba, amma kin kunyatar da ni; Don haka yana taka Babban Void, ya hau Dutsen Mimoro. Nan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya duba ya yi nadama. Ta fado kan kujera da tsinke ta dabawa kanta wuka a pudenda har ta mutu. An binne ta a Oho-chi. Don haka mutanen wancan lokacin suna kiran kabarinta Hashi no haka [Kabarin Chopstick]. [26]

Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓, &quot;Kabari Chopstick&quot;) Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara yana da alaƙa da wannan almara.[20]

Yamatohime-no-mikoto (倭姫命), 'yar Emperor Suinin, da ake zaton ta kafa Ise Shrine ga allahn rana Amaterasu. Kojiki ya rubuta ta a matsayin ta huɗu a cikin 'ya'yan Suinin biyar, &quot;Augustness Yamato-hime, (ita ce babbar firist na haikalin Babban Allah na Ise)&quot;[27]. Nihon Shoki shima ya rubuta &quot;Yamato-hime no Mikoto&quot; [28] kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Sarki ya sanya Yamato-hime ya nemo wurin zama na dindindin a wurin ibadar Amaterasu, kuma bayan ya yi ta yawo tsawon shekaru, sai baiwar rana ta umurce ta da ta gina shi a Ise “inda ta fara saukowa daga sama”[29].

Empress Consort Jingū (ko Jingō (神功)) da ake zaton ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki bayan mutuwar mijinta Emperor Chūai (c. 200) har zuwa hawan danta Sarkin sarakuna Ōjin (sarki na 15th, r. 270-310). Kojiki[30] da Nihon Shoki[31] suna da irin wannan asusun. Sarki Chūai ya so ya mamaye Kumaso, kuma a lokacin da yake tuntubar ministocinsa, Jingū ya isar da saƙon shamaki cewa ya kamata ya mamaye Silla a maimakon haka. Kwatanta waɗannan:

Gimbiya ta Augustness Okinaga-tarashi, a wancan lokacin, Allah ya mallaka[c] […] ta tuhume shi da wannan umarni da nasiha: “Akwai wata ƙasa zuwa Yamma, kuma a cikin wannan ƙasa akwai tarin dukiya iri-iri masu kyalli da ido. , tun daga zinariya da azurfa zuwa ƙasa yanzu zan ba da wannan ƙasake.”[33] A wannan lokacin ne wani Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Sarauniya kuma ya umurce ta da cewa: “Me zai sa Sarkin ya damu domin Kumaso ba sa biyayya? Kasa ce mai so a kashin baya. Shin yana da daraja yayin tara sojoji don kai hari? Akwai wata ƙasa mafi kyau fiye da wannan, ƙasa mai kayatarwa, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kyakkyawar mace - ƙasar Mukatsu [ma'ana 'kishiya'; 'ko'ina'], kyalli ga idanuwa. A cikin ƙasar akwai zinariya da azurfa da launuka masu haske a yalwace. Ana kiranta Ƙasar Silla ko murfin takarda-mulberry. Idan ka bauta mini da gaskiya, ƙasar za ta yi biyayya da yardar rai, kuma gefen takobinka ba zai ƙasƙanta da jini ba.” [34]

Sarkin ya dauka cewa alloli na karya, ya ce kawai ya ga teku zuwa yamma, sannan ya mutu, ko dai nan da nan (Kojiki) ko kuma bayan ya mamaye Kumaso (Nihon Shoki). An yi zargin Jingū ta gano tana da juna biyu, ita da kanta ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci cin nasara a kan Silla, ta haifi sarki mai zuwa, kuma ta koma mulkin Yamato. Nihon Shoki[35] ya kara da cewa tun da Jingū ya so ya koyi ko wane alloli ne suka tsine wa Chūai, sai ta gina “gidajen ibada” na shamanic, “wanda aka ba shi mukamin firist da kansa”, kuma ta ji alloli suna bayyana kansu daga Ise ( Amaterasu) da Mukatsu (allahntakan Koriya da ba a bayyana sunansa ba). Kodayake tarihin tarihin Kojiki da Nihon Shoki da ake kira Jingū na farko na sarakunan Japan, masana tarihi na zamanin Meiji sun cire ta daga jerin sarakunan Japan, inda suka bar Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) a matsayin mace ta farko da aka tabbatar da tarihin Jafananci.

Majiyoyin Koriya

[gyara tushe]

Rubutun tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, &quot;Tarihi na Sarautu Uku [Korean]&quot;, an kammala shi a cikin 1145), ya rubuta cewa Sarauniya Himiko ta aika da manzo zuwa ga Sarki Adalla na Silla a watan Mayu 173.[36].

Tafsiri

[gyara tushe]

Masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita Himiko/Pimiko tsakanin tushen tarihi na Sin da Japan. Yayin da Wei Zhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin muhimmiyar shugaba a Japan na ƙarni na 3, masana tarihi na Japan na farko da gangan sun guje wa suna Himiko, ko da lokacin da Nihon Shoki ya nakalto Wei Zhi game da manzanni daga Wa.

Sunaye

[gyara tushe]

Haruffa na Sinanci guda uku 卑彌呼 (a sauƙaƙe: 卑弥呼) suna rubuta sunan Wa regent ana karanta himiko ko hibiko a Jafananci na zamani da bēimíhū ko bìmíhū a cikin Sinanci na zamani.

Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun na zamani sun bambanta sosai da yadda ake furta 'Himiko' a ƙarni na 3, na masu magana da harshen Wa da ba a san su ba da kuma na malaman China waɗanda suka rubuta shi. Yayin da fassara zuwa haruffan Sinanci na kalmomin waje yana da rikitarwa, zaɓin waɗannan haruffa guda uku yana da daure kai, tare da ma'anoni na zahiri 卑 &quot;ƙananan; maras kyau; tawali'u&quot;, 彌 (弥) &quot;cika, rufe; cika; duka, cikakke&quot;, da kuma呼 &quot;numfashi; fitar da numfashi; kuka; kira&quot;.

Dangane da ilimin sauti na kasar Sin na tarihi, bēimíhū na zamani (卑彌呼) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda ake zato na tsohuwar Sinanci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 ko farkon kalmar Sinanci ta Tsakiya. Kwatanta wadannan gyare-gyaren sunan a cikin Sinanci na Archaic ko Sinanci na tsakiya (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, da William H. Baxter), Sinanci na farko (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), kuma, mafi kusa a tarihi, Late Han Sinanci (Axel)Schuessler).

pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo (Karlgren)

pjie-mjie-χwo (Li)

pjie-mjie-xu (Baxter)

pji-mji-χɔ ko pjiə̌-mjiə̌-χɔ (Pulleyblank)

pie-mie-hɑ (Schuessler)

Dangane da ilimin harshe na Jafananci (wanda a tarihi ba shi da baƙar magana /h/ kuma wanda na zamani /h/ ya samo asali daga tarihi /p/),[37] karɓuwar karatun zamani na 'Himiko' zai yi daidai da Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko. Duk da haka, Roy Andrew Miller ya ce *Pimeko kuskure ne na ƙamus wanda ya samo asali daga rubutun Wei Zhi.

Mafi ruɗani a cikin jerin duka shine sunan sarauniyar al'ummar Yeh-ma-t'ai, Pi-mi-hu, pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo ta China. An bayyana wannan a al'ada kuma an fahimta a cikin Japan a matsayin fassarar wani tsohon nau'in Jafananci * Pimeko, wanda aka ce farkon kalmar ma'ana &quot;mace mai girma; gimbiya,&quot; da kuma samo daga Tsohon Jafananci Pime [ko Pi1me1] (har ma wani lokaci). Pimë [Fi1me2]), taken yabo ga mata masu tafiya tare da Piko [Fi1ko1] na maza. Daga baya Fime ya zo yana nufin &quot;gimbiya,&quot; amma wannan ma'anar ba ta da tushe ga matani na farko. […] Wahalar ta shafi kalmar tsohuwar kalmar Jafananci *Fimeko. Ko da yake irin wannan nau'i ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ƙamus na Jafananci na zamani (misali har ma da Kindaiichi's in ba haka ba gabaɗaya abin dogaro Jikai), a haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin fatalwa na ƙamus na Japan; lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin kamus na zamani, sifa ce ta “sikelin” da aka jera a can kawai bisa asusun Wei chih na farkon Japan. Ba a taɓa samun Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko; Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙƙwaran Sinanci ta Tsakiya χ na rubutun ya nuna cewa kashi na ƙarshe na ainihin kalmar da ba a san shi ba bai dace da Tsohon Jafananci -ko [-ko1] ba, wanda aka fassara a wani wuri - a cikin Piko [Fi1ko1], misali - tare da Sinanci ta Tsakiya. -k- kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na wannan rubutun, ya kasance a ɓoye, ko da yake akwai kyakkyawar dama cewa kashi na farko ya dace da wani nau'i mai alaka da Tsohon Jafananci Pime. Bayan haka, a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a tafi ba.

-  Roy Andrew Miller, 1967:22

Hime (Tsohuwar Jafananci Pi1me1), (姫, &quot;Yarinya mace mai daraja; gimbiya&quot;), in ji Miller, ta hanyar asali ta samo asali daga hi (Fi1) (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da ni (me1) (女, &quot;mace&quot;).

Tsunoda[38] ya lura cewa &quot;Pimiko daga babban take na Jafananci ne, himeko, ma'ana 'gimbiya'&quot;; wato, hime da sunan mace suffix -ko (子, &quot;yaro&quot;), wato. Sunan mai suna Himeko. Sauran shawarwarin ƙamus na Amaterasu na sunan Jafananci Himiko sun haɗa da hi (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da miko (覡 ko 巫女, &quot;shaman mace, shamaness; budurwar bautar; firist&quot;); ko haduwarsu hime-miko, “princess-pritess”.[citation need]

Bentley [39] ya ɗauki kalmar Baekje * pye, 'yamma', prefix mai daraja * ni da *hɔ, 'magaji', don haka yana fassara 卑彌呼 a matsayin 'magajin daraja na yamma'.

Identity da tarihi

[gyara tushe]

Gano Himiko/Pimiko ko Wa kai tsaye a cikin tarihin kasar Sin, amma matsala ce a cikin tarihin Japan. Wei Zhi na kasar Sin na karni na 3 (&quot;Records of Wei&quot;) ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da shaman Sarauniya Himiko da sadarwarta tare da sarakuna Cao Rui da Cao Fang. Kojiki na Jafananci na ƙarni na 8 (&quot;Records of Old Alters&quot;) da Nihon Shoki (&quot;Tarihi na Japan&quot;, wanda ya ɗauko Wei Zhi) ba su kula da Himiko, sai dai idan ita ce ke bayan bayanansu na Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no- mikoto, orYamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.[citation need]

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fitattun sarakunan Jafanawa guda uku da suka yi daidai da tarihin kasar Sin da bayanin Himiko. Idan aka yi la'akari da asusun Wei Zhi cewa Himiko ya mutu a shekara ta 248, idan mutum ya yarda da ƙawancen al'adun gargajiya na Japan, to, ta fi kusa da karni na 3 AD Empress Jingū fiye da karni na 1 BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto da Yamato-toto. -hi-momo-so-hime. A gefe guda, idan mutum ya yarda da gyare-gyaren kwanan wata kafin karni na 4, to Himiko ya kasance kusa da waɗannan shamans masu suna Yamato. Kojiki ko Nihon Shoki ba su ambaci Himiko ba ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci cewa ba ta yi aure ba, mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba, tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mulki (sai dai idan wannan yana nufin ɗan Jingū), ko yana da yawa (a alamance &quot; 1,000&quot;) mata masu hidima.

William Wayne Farris[40] yayi bitar tarihin muhawarar masana game da Himiko da yankinta Yamatai. Masana falsafar zamanin Edo Arai Hakuseki da Motoori Norinaga sun fara cece-kuce kan ko Yamatai yana Arewacin Kyushu ne ko kuma lardin Yamato a yankin Kinki da ke tsakiyar Honshū da kuma ko Wei Zhi ko Nihon Shoki sun fi amintacce a tarihi. Arai na Confucian ya yarda da tarihin kasar Sin a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma da farko ya kwatanta Himiko da Jingū da Yamatai da Yamato. Masanin kokugaku Motoori ya yarda da tarihin tatsuniyar Jafanawa na al'ada a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma ya yi watsi da ambatonsa na Wei Zhi a matsayin abin da ya dace daga baya. Ya yi hasashe cewa wani sarki daga Kumaso ya aika da jakadu wadanda suka yi kama da jami’an Jingū zuwa kotun Wei, wanda hakan ya sa Wei ya kuskure su a matsayin wakilan Himiko. Farris ya bayyana cewa &quot;Hasashen cin zarafin Motoori (gisen setsu) yana da nauyi mai girma na karni na gaba.&quot;[41].

Maimakon a haɗa shi da Yamataikoku (ba tare da la'akari da inda Yamataikoku yake ba), ƙila an haɗa Himiko da Nakoku (奴國, &quot;Na state of Wa&quot;) (wanda Tsunoda[38] yake a kusa da Hakata na yau a arewacin Kyūshū. ), inda aka aika da tambarin sarauta na zinare, ta Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu na daular Han. An ce Nakoku ya wanzu tun daga karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 3, kuma da alama ya kasance mai zaman kansa ko ma abokin hamayyar gidan sarauta na Japan na yanzu, wanda ake zaton a Yamato, Honshū. Hakazalika, duka Kojiki da Nihon Shoki sun rubuta cewa daular sarauta ta yanzu, wacce ta fara da Jimmu, ta samo asali ne daga yankin Kumaso na Takachiho, lardin Hyūga a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kyushu na yau.[42][43][44] Kumaso suna da alaƙa da Kunakoku (狗奴國), wanda abokin hamayyar Himiko, sarki Himikuko ya mulki.

Bayan Meiji Maidowa a cikin 1868, masana tarihi na Jafananci sun karɓi guraben karatu na tarihi na Turai, musamman tushen tushen hanyar Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo ya yi imani cewa tarihin Nihon Shoki bai yi daidai ba kafin karni na 4, don haka [45] &quot;Jingū ta zama sarauniya a karni na hudu wanda mulkinsa ba zai yiwu ya zo daidai da na Himiko ba.&quot; Masanin ilimin Sinanci Shiratori Kurakichi ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tara Nihon Shoki an jarabce su da su haɗa Jingū da ikon addini na Himiko. Naitō Torajiró yayi jayayya cewa Himiko shine babban firist na Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto kuma sojojin Wa sun sami iko da kudancin Koriya:

Wani masani [Higo Kazuo] ya tabbatar da cewa Himiko ya kasance da gaske Yamato-toto-momo-so-hime-no-mikoto, inna gaShahararren Sarkin sarakuna Sujin a wajen mahaifinsa, domin kabarinta da ake zaton a Hashihaka a Nara ya auna kimanin taki dari, gwargwadon ma'aunin kabarin Himiko. Wannan ka'idar ta sami mabiya a zamanin baya. Wani [Shida Fudomaru] ya ga a cikin Himiko yana nuna ikon mata na siyasa a farkon Japan.[46]

Wasu masana tarihi na Japan daga baya sun sake tsara Himiko ta fuskar tarihin Marxist. Masaaki Ueda ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;Himiko's wata kasa ce mai kaushi mai tsarin bawa&quot;,[47] yayin da Mitsusada Inoue ya tsara Yamatai a matsayin &quot;daidaita kananan jihohi&quot; tare da kadarorin jama'a da kuma sanannun maganganun siyasa. Bayan ƙarshen shekarun 1960 &quot;Yamatai boom&quot;, lokacin da yawancin masana tarihi na Japan, masana harshe, da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka buga sake kimanta Himiko da Yamatai, mahawarar ta samu shiga tsakanin 'yan kishin Jafanawa, marubutan asiri, da masana masu son son gani.

￼Kallon iska na Hasihaka Kofun. An yi shi ne bisa Bayanin Hoton Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Hotunan Launuka Mai launi), Ma'aikatar Filaye, Kayan Aiki, Sufuri da Yawon shakatawa

A cikin tarihin Jafananci da tarihin tarihi, zamanin Sarauniya Himiko na ƙarni na 2 da na 3 ya kasance tsakanin ƙarshen Yayoi da farkon lokacin Kofun. Kofun (古墳, &quot;tsohuwar tumulus&quot;) yana nufin halayen tudun binnewa mai siffar maɓalli, kuma Wei Zhi ya lura cewa &quot;An ɗaga babban tudu, fiye da taki ɗari a diamita&quot; don kabarin Pimiko, yana iya kasancewa farkon rubutaccen tarihin. a kofun. Wasu hakoran kayan tarihi na wuraren Yayoi da Kofun a yankin Kinki, sun nuna madubin tagulla irin na kasar Sin, wanda ake kira shinju-kyo (神獣鏡, &quot;dubi da aka yi wa ado da alloli da dabbobi&quot;). Yawancin malaman da ke goyan bayan ka'idar Kinki suna danganta waɗannan shinju-kyo tare da &quot;mudubin tagulla ɗari&quot; wanda Wei Zhi [13] ya rubuta Emperor Cao Rui ya gabatar wa Sarauniya Himiko, yayin da sauran malamai[48] [49] ke adawa da shi. Hashihaka Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara an ba shi haɓaka kwanan nan ta hanyar rediyo-carbon mai dangantaka kusan 240-60.[50] Rubuce-rubucen farko na kasar Sin na Himiko/Pimiko da mulkinta na Yamatai sun kasance wani abu na gwajin Rorschach. Ga masu fassara daban-daban, wannan Sarauniyar Shaman ta Jafananci na iya bayyana a matsayin shaida na gurguzu (Marxists), sarakunan firist Jōmon (Tarihin mata), mamayar Japanawa na Koriya, [51] cin nasarar Mongolian na Japan (Ka'idar Namio Egami's &quot;horserider theory&quot; (ee) )), tsarin daular wanda ya samo asali da tsarin mulkin kama-karya ta mace shaman da sarki namiji, [52] &quot;juyin juya hali na uba&quot; ya maye gurbin gumakan mata da firistoci tare da takwarorinsu maza, [53] ko mai ba da shawara na shamaki ga Tarayyar Wa sarakunan Wa wanda &quot; lallai ya zama kamar sarauniya mai mulki ga wakilan kasar Sin”[54].

Hotunan zamani

[gyara tushe]

￼

Wannan labarin yana iya ƙunsar nassoshi marasa mahimmanci ga sanannun al'adu. Da fatan za a taimaka wa Wikipedia don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar cire abun ciki ko ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe masu zaman kansu. (Mayu 2021)

Hotunan Himiko a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa uku: Himiko a matsayin mai hikima, tsohon mai mulki; Himiko da shaman kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari; ko kuma Himiko a matsayin boka mai lalata[55][20]. Ana danganta ta da wasu abubuwa na al'ada da suka hada da dotaku - manyan karrarawa guda biyu na tagulla da ake amfani da su a karshen zamanin Yayoi - da kuma reshen sakaki da madubin tagulla na kasar Sin. Wei Zhi ya kwatanta shamanism na Himiko a matsayin guidao, ko kido na Japan, wani nau'in addinin Daoist. Kamar haka, Himiko wani lokaci nemummunan alaƙa da baƙar sihiri ko aljanu. Hukunce-hukuncen lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin zamanin Yayoi da Kofun, hotunan Himiko galibi suna nuna sanye da tufafin da suka samo asali daga lokuta daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da abubuwa na maza. Wata sarauniya a lokacin marigayi Yayoi, mai yiwuwa Himiko ta saka kosode guda ɗaya mai fadi da hannu a ƙarƙashin riga da sash. Haka kuma ana yawan nuna ta tana sanye da gyalen magatama da diamita. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da abin da Himiko ya sa.[20]

Mascots na gari

[gyara tushe]

An yi amfani da tatsuniyar Himiko wajen tallata abubuwa iri-iri.[55] Kananan garuruwa daban-daban na neman yin amfani da Himiko a matsayin matsugunin su, suna masu iƙirarin garinsu a matsayin wurin haifuwarta, kodayake shaidar archaeological ta goyi bayan yankuna a cikin rafin Nara a matsayin babban birninta. Birnin Yoshinogari da birnin Sakurai da ke lardin Nara duk suna amfani da hotunan Himiko don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, ta yin amfani da hotuna irin su chibi Himiko-chan na maraba da matafiya zuwa yankin.[20]

Manga da litattafan hoto

[gyara tushe]

Himiko ya fito a cikin batutuwan manga daban-daban da ban dariya.

Ubangiji (manga)

Juzu'i na farko na Osamu Tezuka's Phoenix

Murfin Fujiwara Kamui's Himiko: Shūkan manga Nihonshi[20]

Manga Nihon no Rekishi na Gakken na Ōishi Manabu, Takano Kazuhiro, and Himekawa Akira[20]

Bayan makaranta Charisma ta Kumiko Suekane

Dark Horse Comics' 2014 Tomb Raider jerin wasan ban dariya da aka saita bayan abubuwan da suka faru na wasan, Himiko ya dawo cikin makircin don wasu batutuwa.

Anime da wasanni na bidiyo

[gyara tushe]

Himiko wani hali ne wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin bidiyo.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin anime Steel Jeeg, jerin Go Nagai daga 1970s.

Jerin wasan anime da wasan PlayStation Legend of Himiko yana da fasalin tafiyar lokaci tsakanin tsohuwar Yamatai da Japan ta zamani, tare da Himiko a ƙarshe yana taimakawa don ceton Yamatai.

Himiko na ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu goyan baya a wasan bidiyo na Ōkami, wasan da ke zana tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama na Japan don ba da labarin farar kerkeci Amaterasu da ƙoƙarinta na 'yantar da Japan daga duhu.

Himiko yana cikin sake kunnawa Tomb Raider na 2013 azaman na'urar makirci.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin wasan wayar hannu Fate/Grand Order a matsayin iyakataccen Bawa na aji 5-Star Ruler. Ta yi muhawara yayin taron Super Ancient Shinsengumi History GUDAGUDA Yamatai-koku 2020 taron.

A cikin yanayin Jarumai &amp; Legends na Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Himiko Jarumi ne wanda za'a iya daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin Warriors Orochi 2, halinta ya yi abota da Da Ji. Hakanan ta fito a cikin Musou Orochi Z, Warriors Orochi 3, da Warriors Orochi 4.

A cikin wasan kida/wasan kida Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, wakar shugabar karshe ta “One More Extra Stage” ana kiranta da sunan Himiko, wanda kuma aka nuna fassarar kamanninta.

A Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4, ita ce mutumiyar Rise Kujikawa.

A cikin Might &amp; Magic Heroes VI, Himiko tsohuwar firist Naga ce.

A cikin Tarihin Jafananci Meow Meow, an nuna Himiko a cikin kashi na farko.

A cikin Danganronpa V3: Kisan Harmony, masihirar jajayen mace mai kama da yaro ana kiranta Himiko

A cikin anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an nuna Himiko a takaice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan sihiri na tarihi waɗanda Madoka Kaname ya cece su.

A cikin wayewar Sid Meier na VII, Himiko jagora ne mai iya wasa.

Cinema

[gyara tushe]

A cikin fim ɗin Tomb Raider na 2018 wanda Roar Uthaug ya jagoranta (wanda aka daidaita shi daga wasan bidiyo na 2013 mai suna iri ɗaya), Himiko yana tsakiyar shirin.

Daraktan fina-finan Japan Masahiro Shinoda ne ya shirya wani fimgame da Himiko, mai suna Himiko.

Tallace-tallace

[gyara tushe]

Sanrio ya ƙirƙiri sarƙar maɓalli na Himiko.[20]

Wani mai bincike Laura Miller ya ba da labarin cin abinci mai suna Himiko a Shinobuan Cafe a cikin garin Moriyama, inda da alama sunan ya haifar da shaharar tasa.[55]

Gasar Himiko

[gyara tushe]

Gasar Sarauniya Himiko dai na gudana ne a kananan garuruwa inda ake bayar da kyautuka ga matan da suka haura shekaru sha takwas bisa fara'a da kuma bayyani. Ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan gasa ya fara a Yamatokoriyama a Nara. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gasa, Himikon, yana faruwa a cikin garin Moriyama. Asakura a Kyushu kuma yana gudanar da gasar Himiko a lokacin bikin Yamataikoku na furanni na shekara-shekara.[20]

Suna da mahimmanci

[gyara tushe]

An yi amfani da sunan da ya dace da Himiko daban-daban, ba kawai a cikin al'ummar Japan ba amma har ma a wasu wurare kamar su ilmin taurari. Himiko (卑弥呼) jirgin kasa ne a layin Amagi Railway Amagi da bas na ruwa ko Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Tokyo wanda Leiji Matsumoto ya tsara.[20]

An ba da sunan Himiko ga wani Lyman-alpha blob (wani babban taro na hydrogen gas da aka yi imani da cewa protogalaxy ne) wanda aka gano a cikin 2009. Massing kusa da rana biliyan 40 da kuma gano shekaru 12.9 haske daga duniya a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Cetus, kamar yadda na 2014 shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nisa sananne misali irinsa.

Filly ɗin dala miliyan ɗaya na 2015 ɗan Amurka Triple Crown 2015 Ba'amurke Pharoah da Untouched Talent (mahaifiyar 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) an kira shi Himiko.

￼

Jirgin kasa na Amagi, Himiko, a tashar Kiyama

 
￼

Wata motar bas ta ruwa a Tokyo Bay mai suna Himiko</text>
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Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Yuli 2018) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

HimikoQueen or YamataikokuMasarautar

c. 180 AD-247/248 AD

[1]

(shekaru 67)

Magaji Sarkin da ba a san shi ba (magabacin Sarauniya Toyo)

Haihuwa 170 AD
Yamatai, JapanDied247/248 AD[2] (shekaru c. 78)Binne

Tunanin zama Hashihaka Kofun kusa da Nara (Japan)

Himiko (卑弥呼, c. 170–247/248 AD), kuma aka sani da Shingi Waō (親魏倭王, &quot;Mai mulkin Wa, Abokin Wei&quot;), [3][a][b] ya kasance abin kunya- Sarauniyar Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国). Tarihin daular Sinawa na farko sun ba da tarihin dangantakar daular tsakanin Sarauniya Himiko da Masarautar Cao Wei (220-265) kuma sun rubuta cewa zamanin Yayoi mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi tsakanin sarakunan Wa. Tarihin Jafananci na farko ba su ambaci Himiko ba, amma masana tarihi sun danganta ta da manyan mutane irin su Empress Consort Jingū, wadda aka ce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 201 zuwa 269.[6]

Takaddamar da masana suka yi dangane da sunan Himiko da kuma wurin da yankin yake, Yamatai, ya barke ne tun a karshen zamanin Edo, inda aka raba ra'ayoyi tsakanin arewacin Kyūshū ko lardin Yamato na gargajiya a Kinki a yau. Keiji Imamura ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Rikicin Yamatai&quot; shi ne &quot;babban muhawara kan tsohon tarihin Japan.&quot;[7] Ra'ayi da ya mamaye tsakanin malamai shi ne cewa za a iya binne ta a Hashihaka Kofun da ke lardin Nara[8].

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Nassoshi na tarihi

1.1 Madogararsa na kasar Sin

1.2 Jafananci

1.3 Yaren Koriya

2 Tafsiri

2.1 Sunaye

2.2 Halaye da tarihi

3 Hotunan zamani

3.1 Mascots na gari

3.2 Manga da litattafai masu hoto

3.3 Anime da wasannin bidiyo

3.4 Cinema

3.5 Tallace-tallace

3.6 Gasar Himiko

4 Abubuwan suna

5 Duba kuma

6 Bayanin bayani

7 Nassoshi

7.1 Nassosi

7.2 Gabaɗaya kuma nassoshi da aka ambata

8 Hagu na waje

Nassoshi na tarihi

[gyara tushe]

An rubuta Sarauniyar shaman Himiko a cikin tsoffin tarihi daban-daban, tun daga China a ƙarni na 3, Japan ta 8th, da Koriya ta 12.

￼“Littafin Wei” (Wei Zhi, 魏志), wani ɓangare na  Records of the Three Kingdoms, c. 297. Siffar pinghua (vernacular) ta Sanguozhi, tarihin da ke ɗauke da ambaton Yamatai da Himiko na farko.

Majiyoyin Sinanci

[gyara tushe]

Ana samun bayanan tarihi na farko na Himiko a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Sarautu Uku (Sanguo Zhi, 三國志), rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke zuwa c. 297. Duk da haka, maimakon Records of the Three Kingdoms, malaman Jafananci suna amfani da kalmar Gishi Wajin Den (魏志倭人伝, &quot;Records of Wei: Account of Wajin&quot;), raguwar Jafananci don asusun Wajin a cikin &quot;Biographies&quot;. na Wuhuan, Xianbei, da Dongyi' (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳), Juzu'i na 30 na &quot;Littafin Wei&quot; (魏書) na Recod of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)[9] Wannan sashe shine bayanin farko na Himiko (Pimiko) da Yamatai:

Mutanen Japan na Wa [倭人] suna zaune a tsakiyar teku a kan tsibiran tsaunuka kudu maso gabas na [lardin] Tai-fang. A da sun ƙunshi al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. A lokacin daular Han, [Wakilan Wa] sun bayyana a Kotun; yau talatin daga cikinsual'ummomi suna yin mu'amala [da mu] ta hanyar wakilai da marubuta. [10]

Wannan tarihin farko ya bayyana yadda Himiko ya hau karagar mulki:

Kasar a da tana da mutum a matsayin mai mulki. Kimanin shekaru saba'in ko tamanin bayan haka ana tashe-tashen hankula da yaki. Daga nan sai mutane suka amince da mace ga shugabar su. Sunanta Himiko [卑弥呼]. Ta shagaltu da sihiri da sihiri, tana mai da mutane. Ko da yake ta girma, ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba. Tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mata wajen mulkin ƙasar. Bayan ta zama mai mulki, kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Tana da mata dubu ɗaya a matsayin masu hidima, amma namiji ɗaya. Ya kai mata abinci da abin sha kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta kasance a cikin wani fada da aka kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace, tare da masu gadi dauke da makamai cikin yanayin tsaro a koda yaushe.[11]

&quot;Records of Wei&quot; kuma ya rubuta wakilai masu tafiya tsakanin kotunan Wa da Wei. Wakilan Himiko sun fara ziyartar kotun sarkin Wei Cao Rui a shekara ta 238, kuma ya amsa da cewa:

Anan muna magana da Himiko, Sarauniyar Wa, wanda a yanzu muke kiran abokin Wei a hukumance. […Manzon ku] sun iso nan da harajin ku, wanda ya kunshi bayi hudu maza da kuyangi mata shida, tare da tufa biyu masu zane, kowane tsayinsa kafa ashirin. Kuna zaune mai nisa a hayin teku; amma duk da haka kun aika da jakadanci da haraji. Amincinku da tsoronku muna godiya matuka. Muna ba ku, don haka, taken &quot;Sarauniyar Wa Friendly zuwa Wei,&quot; tare da kayan ado na hatimin zinariya tare da kintinkiri mai launin shuɗi. Na biyun, wanda ke kunshe da kyau, za a aiko muku ne ta hannun Gwamna. Muna sa ran ke sarauniya, ki yi mulkin mutanenki lafiya, ki yi qoqari wajen sadaukar da kai da biyayya[12].

A ƙarshe, &quot;Records of Wei&quot; [13] ya rubuta cewa a cikin 247 lokacin da sabon gwamna ya isa Daifang Kwamandan a Koriya, Sarauniya Himiko a hukumance ta koka game da tashin hankali da Himikuko (卑弥弓呼, ko Pimikuko), sarkin Kuna (ja) (狗奴, a zahiri &quot;bawan kare&quot;), ɗaya daga cikin sauran jihohin Wa. Gwamnan ya aike da &quot;Chang Chêng, mukaddashin sakataren tsaron kan iyaka&quot; tare da &quot;shela mai ba da shawara ga sulhu&quot;, sannan daga baya:

Lokacin da Himiko ya rasu, an yi wani babban tudu mai tsayi sama da ɗari. Sama da bayi dari maza da mata ne suka bi ta har lahira. Sai aka naɗa wani sarki a kan karagar mulki, amma jama'a ba su yi masa biyayya ba. Kisa da kisa ya biyo baya; an kashe fiye da dubu daya. Wani dangin Himiko mai suna Iyo [壹與], yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha uku, ta zama sarauniya kuma an maido da tsari. Chêng ya ba da sanarwar cewa Iyo shine mai mulki.[14]

Masu sharhi suna ɗaukar wannan 'Iyo' (壹與, tare da 壹, &quot;ɗaya&quot;, wani tsohon bambance-bambancen 一) a matsayin kuskuren Toyo (臺與, tare da 臺 &quot;dandamali; terrace&quot;) wanda ke daidaita da Wei Zhi rubuta Yamatai (邪馬臺) ) as Yamaichi (邪馬壹).

Wasu tarihin daular Sinawa guda biyu sun ambaci Himiko. Duk da yake dukansu sun haɗa da rahotannin Wei Zhi a fili, sun yi wasu sauye-sauye, kamar tantance &quot;shekaru saba'in ko tamanin&quot; na yakin Wa tsakanin 146 zuwa 189, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Han Huan da Ling. Na c. 432 Littafin Daga baya Han (Hou Han Shu 後漢書) ya ce &quot;Sarkin Great Wa yana zaune a ƙasar Yamadai&quot;, maimakon Sarauniya:

Wa na zaune ne a tsibiran tsaunuka a kudu maso gabas na Han [Korea] a tsakiyar teku, wanda ya kafa al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. Tun daga lokacin juyin mulkinko Chaoxian [Koriya ta arewa] ta Sarkin sarakuna Wu (BC 140-87), kusan talatin daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi mu'amala da kotun Han [daular] ta wakilai ko marubuta. Kowace al'umma tana da sarkinta, wanda ofishinsa na gado ne. Sarkin Great Wa [Yamato] yana zaune a kasar Yamadai.[15]

A lokacin mulkin Huan-di (147-168) da Ling-di (168-189), kasar Wa ta kasance cikin rudani mai yawa, yaki da rikici daga kowane bangare. Shekaru da yawa, babu mai mulki. Sai wata mata mai suna Himiko ta bayyana. Kasancewar ba ta yi aure ba, ta shagaltu da kanta da sihiri da sihiri kuma ta sihirce jama'a. Nan suka dora ta akan karagar mulki. Ta ajiye mata masu hidima dubu ɗaya, amma mutane kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Mutum daya ne kawai wanda ke kula da tufafinta da abinci kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta zauna a cikin wani fada da ke kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace tare da kariya daga masu gadi dauke da makamai. Dokoki da al'adu sun kasance masu tsauri da tsauri.[16]

Littafin Sui na 636 (Sui Shu, 隋書) ya canza adadin mataimakan Himiko:

A zamanin sarakuna Huan da Ling, ƙasar ta kasance cikin rudani sosai, kuma babu wani mai mulki na tsawon shekaru. [Sai] wata mata mai suna Himiko ta jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar sihiri. Ƙasar ta zama ɗaya ta zama sarauniya. Wani ƙane ya taimaka wa Himiko a harkokin mulkin ƙasar. Sarauniya [Himiko] tana kula da kuyangi dubu daya. Da kyar mutum ya samu albarka. Maza biyu ne kawai ta kasance. Suka yi mata hidimar abinci da abin sha kuma suka zama masu shiga tsakani. Sarauniyar ta zauna a cikin wani fada, wanda ke kewaye da katanga da ganuwar da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka karewa; horonsu ya kasance mai tsauri sosai[17].

Jafananci kafofin

[gyara tushe]

Babu ɗayan tsoffin tarihin Jafananci guda biyu - c. 712 Kojiki[18] da c. 720 Nihon Shoki[19] - ya ambaci Sarauniya Himiko. Halin da aka rubuta waɗannan littattafan wani batu ne na muhawara mara ƙarewa, kuma ko da an san Himiko ga marubuta, ƙila da gangan sun yanke shawarar kada su haɗa da ita.[20][21]. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da shaman na dangin sarki guda uku waɗanda aka gano tare da ita: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), innar Sarkin sarakuna Sujin (sarkin Jafananci na 10, ya yi sarauta 97-30 BC) da 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, 'yar Sarkin Suinin (labari na 11, yayi sarauta 29 BC-70 AD); da Empress Jingū (ta yi sarauta c. 209-269 AD), matar Sarkin sarakuna Chūai (sarki na 14 na almara, ya yi sarauta 192-200 AD). Waɗannan kwanakin, duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da tarihi ba.

Wani abin ban mamaki ga tarihin Japan na farko da ke kallon Himiko shine Nihon Shoki, yana ambaton Wei Zhi sau uku. A cikin 239, &quot;Sarauniya [女王] na Wa&quot; ta aika da wakilai zuwa Wei; a cikin 240, sun dawo &quot;ana tuhumar su da rubutun Imperial da hatimi da kintinkiri;&quot; kuma a cikin 243, “mai mulkin [王 “sarkin”] na Wa ya sake aika manyan hafsoshi a matsayin wakilai da haraji”.[22]

Yamato Totohi Momoso himemiko (倭迹迹日百襲媛命), shaman inna ta Sarkin sarakuna Sujin, da ake zaton ta kashe kanta bayan ta san mijinta ya kasance macijin maciji. Kojiki ba ya ambace ta, amma Nihon Shoki ya kwatanta ta da &quot;Goggon Sarkin sarakuna a wajen uba, mai wayo kuma mai hankali, wanda zai iya hango makomar gaba&quot;[23]. Bayan jerin bala'o'i na ƙasa, Sarkin sarakuna &quot;ya tattara dubunnan alloli 80&quot; kuma ya yi tambaya ta wurin duba. Yamato-totohi-momoso ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shiŌmononushi-nushi (&quot;Babban Bautawa na dukan alloli da ruhohi&quot;), [24] ya ce: &quot;Me ya sa Sarkin baƙin ciki a cikin rugujewar yanayin da kasar? &quot; Sarkin sarakuna ya tambaya, ya ce: &quot;Mene ne Allah wanda ya umurce ni?&quot; Amsar ita ce: &quot;Ni ne Allah wanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yamato, kuma sunana Oho-mono-nushi no Kami.&quot; [25] Yayin da bautar daular wannan allah (daga dutsen Miwa) ta kasance &quot;ba tare da shi ba. sakamako&quot;, Yamato-totohi-momoso daga baya ya aure shi.

Bayan wannan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya zama matar Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. Wannan Allah kuwa, ba a taɓa ganinsa da rana ba, sai da dare. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto ta ce wa mijinta: &quot;Kamar yadda Ubangijina ba a taba ganinsa da yini ba, ni ba na iya ganin fuskarsa da kyau; ina rokonsa da ya jinkirta wani lokaci.&quot; domin da safe in kalli girman kyawunsa”. Allah mai girma ya amsa ya ce: &quot;Abin da ka fada daidai ne, gobe da safe zan shiga akwatin bandakinka in zauna a can. Ina rokonka kada ka firgita da siffata.&quot; Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ta yi mamaki a asirce a cikin zuciyarta akan haka. Tana jira har gari ya waye ta duba akwatin toilet dinta. Akwai wata kyakkyawar macijiya mai kyau, tsawonta da kaurin igiyar riga. Can sai ta tsorata, ta furta. Allah Mai Girma ya ji kunya, sai ya rikide ya zama surar mutum kwatsam, ya yi magana da matarsa, ya ce: &quot;Ba ki dame ki ba, amma kin kunyatar da ni; Don haka yana taka Babban Void, ya hau Dutsen Mimoro. Nan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya duba ya yi nadama. Ta fado kan kujera da tsinke ta dabawa kanta wuka a pudenda har ta mutu. An binne ta a Oho-chi. Don haka mutanen wancan lokacin suna kiran kabarinta Hashi no haka [Kabarin Chopstick]. [26]

Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓, &quot;Kabari Chopstick&quot;) Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara yana da alaƙa da wannan almara.[20]

Yamatohime-no-mikoto (倭姫命), 'yar Emperor Suinin, da ake zaton ta kafa Ise Shrine ga allahn rana Amaterasu. Kojiki ya rubuta ta a matsayin ta huɗu a cikin 'ya'yan Suinin biyar, &quot;Augustness Yamato-hime, (ita ce babbar firist na haikalin Babban Allah na Ise)&quot;[27]. Nihon Shoki shima ya rubuta &quot;Yamato-hime no Mikoto&quot; [28] kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Sarki ya sanya Yamato-hime ya nemo wurin zama na dindindin a wurin ibadar Amaterasu, kuma bayan ya yi ta yawo tsawon shekaru, sai baiwar rana ta umurce ta da ta gina shi a Ise “inda ta fara saukowa daga sama”[29].

Empress Consort Jingū (ko Jingō (神功)) da ake zaton ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki bayan mutuwar mijinta Emperor Chūai (c. 200) har zuwa hawan danta Sarkin sarakuna Ōjin (sarki na 15th, r. 270-310). Kojiki[30] da Nihon Shoki[31] suna da irin wannan asusun. Sarki Chūai ya so ya mamaye Kumaso, kuma a lokacin da yake tuntubar ministocinsa, Jingū ya isar da saƙon shamaki cewa ya kamata ya mamaye Silla a maimakon haka. Kwatanta waɗannan:

Gimbiya ta Augustness Okinaga-tarashi, a wancan lokacin, Allah ya mallaka[c] […] ta tuhume shi da wannan umarni da nasiha: “Akwai wata ƙasa zuwa Yamma, kuma a cikin wannan ƙasa akwai tarin dukiya iri-iri masu kyalli da ido. , tun daga zinariya da azurfa zuwa ƙasa yanzu zan ba da wannan ƙasake.”[33] A wannan lokacin ne wani Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Sarauniya kuma ya umurce ta da cewa: “Me zai sa Sarkin ya damu domin Kumaso ba sa biyayya? Kasa ce mai so a kashin baya. Shin yana da daraja yayin tara sojoji don kai hari? Akwai wata ƙasa mafi kyau fiye da wannan, ƙasa mai kayatarwa, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kyakkyawar mace - ƙasar Mukatsu [ma'ana 'kishiya'; 'ko'ina'], kyalli ga idanuwa. A cikin ƙasar akwai zinariya da azurfa da launuka masu haske a yalwace. Ana kiranta Ƙasar Silla ko murfin takarda-mulberry. Idan ka bauta mini da gaskiya, ƙasar za ta yi biyayya da yardar rai, kuma gefen takobinka ba zai ƙasƙanta da jini ba.” [34]

Sarkin ya dauka cewa alloli na karya, ya ce kawai ya ga teku zuwa yamma, sannan ya mutu, ko dai nan da nan (Kojiki) ko kuma bayan ya mamaye Kumaso (Nihon Shoki). An yi zargin Jingū ta gano tana da juna biyu, ita da kanta ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci cin nasara a kan Silla, ta haifi sarki mai zuwa, kuma ta koma mulkin Yamato. Nihon Shoki[35] ya kara da cewa tun da Jingū ya so ya koyi ko wane alloli ne suka tsine wa Chūai, sai ta gina “gidajen ibada” na shamanic, “wanda aka ba shi mukamin firist da kansa”, kuma ta ji alloli suna bayyana kansu daga Ise ( Amaterasu) da Mukatsu (allahntakan Koriya da ba a bayyana sunansa ba). Kodayake tarihin tarihin Kojiki da Nihon Shoki da ake kira Jingū na farko na sarakunan Japan, masana tarihi na zamanin Meiji sun cire ta daga jerin sarakunan Japan, inda suka bar Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) a matsayin mace ta farko da aka tabbatar da tarihin Jafananci.

Majiyoyin Koriya

[gyara tushe]

Rubutun tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, &quot;Tarihi na Sarautu Uku [Korean]&quot;, an kammala shi a cikin 1145), ya rubuta cewa Sarauniya Himiko ta aika da manzo zuwa ga Sarki Adalla na Silla a watan Mayu 173.[36].

Tafsiri

[gyara tushe]

Masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita Himiko/Pimiko tsakanin tushen tarihi na Sin da Japan. Yayin da Wei Zhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin muhimmiyar shugaba a Japan na ƙarni na 3, masana tarihi na Japan na farko da gangan sun guje wa suna Himiko, ko da lokacin da Nihon Shoki ya nakalto Wei Zhi game da manzanni daga Wa.

Sunaye

[gyara tushe]

Haruffa na Sinanci guda uku 卑彌呼 (a sauƙaƙe: 卑弥呼) suna rubuta sunan Wa regent ana karanta himiko ko hibiko a Jafananci na zamani da bēimíhū ko bìmíhū a cikin Sinanci na zamani.

Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun na zamani sun bambanta sosai da yadda ake furta 'Himiko' a ƙarni na 3, na masu magana da harshen Wa da ba a san su ba da kuma na malaman China waɗanda suka rubuta shi. Yayin da fassara zuwa haruffan Sinanci na kalmomin waje yana da rikitarwa, zaɓin waɗannan haruffa guda uku yana da daure kai, tare da ma'anoni na zahiri 卑 &quot;ƙananan; maras kyau; tawali'u&quot;, 彌 (弥) &quot;cika, rufe; cika; duka, cikakke&quot;, da kuma呼 &quot;numfashi; fitar da numfashi; kuka; kira&quot;.

Dangane da ilimin sauti na kasar Sin na tarihi, bēimíhū na zamani (卑彌呼) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda ake zato na tsohuwar Sinanci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 ko farkon kalmar Sinanci ta Tsakiya. Kwatanta wadannan gyare-gyaren sunan a cikin Sinanci na Archaic ko Sinanci na tsakiya (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, da William H. Baxter), Sinanci na farko (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), kuma, mafi kusa a tarihi, Late Han Sinanci (Axel)Schuessler).

pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo (Karlgren)

pjie-mjie-χwo (Li)

pjie-mjie-xu (Baxter)

pji-mji-χɔ ko pjiə̌-mjiə̌-χɔ (Pulleyblank)

pie-mie-hɑ (Schuessler)

Dangane da ilimin harshe na Jafananci (wanda a tarihi ba shi da baƙar magana /h/ kuma wanda na zamani /h/ ya samo asali daga tarihi /p/),[37] karɓuwar karatun zamani na 'Himiko' zai yi daidai da Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko. Duk da haka, Roy Andrew Miller ya ce *Pimeko kuskure ne na ƙamus wanda ya samo asali daga rubutun Wei Zhi.

Mafi ruɗani a cikin jerin duka shine sunan sarauniyar al'ummar Yeh-ma-t'ai, Pi-mi-hu, pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo ta China. An bayyana wannan a al'ada kuma an fahimta a cikin Japan a matsayin fassarar wani tsohon nau'in Jafananci * Pimeko, wanda aka ce farkon kalmar ma'ana &quot;mace mai girma; gimbiya,&quot; da kuma samo daga Tsohon Jafananci Pime [ko Pi1me1] (har ma wani lokaci). Pimë [Fi1me2]), taken yabo ga mata masu tafiya tare da Piko [Fi1ko1] na maza. Daga baya Fime ya zo yana nufin &quot;gimbiya,&quot; amma wannan ma'anar ba ta da tushe ga matani na farko. […] Wahalar ta shafi kalmar tsohuwar kalmar Jafananci *Fimeko. Ko da yake irin wannan nau'i ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ƙamus na Jafananci na zamani (misali har ma da Kindaiichi's in ba haka ba gabaɗaya abin dogaro Jikai), a haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin fatalwa na ƙamus na Japan; lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin kamus na zamani, sifa ce ta “sikelin” da aka jera a can kawai bisa asusun Wei chih na farkon Japan. Ba a taɓa samun Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko; Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙƙwaran Sinanci ta Tsakiya χ na rubutun ya nuna cewa kashi na ƙarshe na ainihin kalmar da ba a san shi ba bai dace da Tsohon Jafananci -ko [-ko1] ba, wanda aka fassara a wani wuri - a cikin Piko [Fi1ko1], misali - tare da Sinanci ta Tsakiya. -k- kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na wannan rubutun, ya kasance a ɓoye, ko da yake akwai kyakkyawar dama cewa kashi na farko ya dace da wani nau'i mai alaka da Tsohon Jafananci Pime. Bayan haka, a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a tafi ba.

-  Roy Andrew Miller, 1967:22

Hime (Tsohuwar Jafananci Pi1me1), (姫, &quot;Yarinya mace mai daraja; gimbiya&quot;), in ji Miller, ta hanyar asali ta samo asali daga hi (Fi1) (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da ni (me1) (女, &quot;mace&quot;).

Tsunoda[38] ya lura cewa &quot;Pimiko daga babban take na Jafananci ne, himeko, ma'ana 'gimbiya'&quot;; wato, hime da sunan mace suffix -ko (子, &quot;yaro&quot;), wato. Sunan mai suna Himeko. Sauran shawarwarin ƙamus na Amaterasu na sunan Jafananci Himiko sun haɗa da hi (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da miko (覡 ko 巫女, &quot;shaman mace, shamaness; budurwar bautar; firist&quot;); ko haduwarsu hime-miko, “princess-pritess”.[citation need]

Bentley [39] ya ɗauki kalmar Baekje * pye, 'yamma', prefix mai daraja * ni da *hɔ, 'magaji', don haka yana fassara 卑彌呼 a matsayin 'magajin daraja na yamma'.

Identity da tarihi

[gyara tushe]

Gano Himiko/Pimiko ko Wa kai tsaye a cikin tarihin kasar Sin, amma matsala ce a cikin tarihin Japan. Wei Zhi na kasar Sin na karni na 3 (&quot;Records of Wei&quot;) ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da shaman Sarauniya Himiko da sadarwarta tare da sarakuna Cao Rui da Cao Fang. Kojiki na Jafananci na ƙarni na 8 (&quot;Records of Old Alters&quot;) da Nihon Shoki (&quot;Tarihi na Japan&quot;, wanda ya ɗauko Wei Zhi) ba su kula da Himiko, sai dai idan ita ce ke bayan bayanansu na Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no- mikoto, orYamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.[citation need]

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fitattun sarakunan Jafanawa guda uku da suka yi daidai da tarihin kasar Sin da bayanin Himiko. Idan aka yi la'akari da asusun Wei Zhi cewa Himiko ya mutu a shekara ta 248, idan mutum ya yarda da ƙawancen al'adun gargajiya na Japan, to, ta fi kusa da karni na 3 AD Empress Jingū fiye da karni na 1 BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto da Yamato-toto. -hi-momo-so-hime. A gefe guda, idan mutum ya yarda da gyare-gyaren kwanan wata kafin karni na 4, to Himiko ya kasance kusa da waɗannan shamans masu suna Yamato. Kojiki ko Nihon Shoki ba su ambaci Himiko ba ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci cewa ba ta yi aure ba, mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba, tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mulki (sai dai idan wannan yana nufin ɗan Jingū), ko yana da yawa (a alamance &quot; 1,000&quot;) mata masu hidima.

William Wayne Farris[40] yayi bitar tarihin muhawarar masana game da Himiko da yankinta Yamatai. Masana falsafar zamanin Edo Arai Hakuseki da Motoori Norinaga sun fara cece-kuce kan ko Yamatai yana Arewacin Kyushu ne ko kuma lardin Yamato a yankin Kinki da ke tsakiyar Honshū da kuma ko Wei Zhi ko Nihon Shoki sun fi amintacce a tarihi. Arai na Confucian ya yarda da tarihin kasar Sin a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma da farko ya kwatanta Himiko da Jingū da Yamatai da Yamato. Masanin kokugaku Motoori ya yarda da tarihin tatsuniyar Jafanawa na al'ada a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma ya yi watsi da ambatonsa na Wei Zhi a matsayin abin da ya dace daga baya. Ya yi hasashe cewa wani sarki daga Kumaso ya aika da jakadu wadanda suka yi kama da jami’an Jingū zuwa kotun Wei, wanda hakan ya sa Wei ya kuskure su a matsayin wakilan Himiko. Farris ya bayyana cewa &quot;Hasashen cin zarafin Motoori (gisen setsu) yana da nauyi mai girma na karni na gaba.&quot;[41].

Maimakon a haɗa shi da Yamataikoku (ba tare da la'akari da inda Yamataikoku yake ba), ƙila an haɗa Himiko da Nakoku (奴國, &quot;Na state of Wa&quot;) (wanda Tsunoda[38] yake a kusa da Hakata na yau a arewacin Kyūshū. ), inda aka aika da tambarin sarauta na zinare, ta Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu na daular Han. An ce Nakoku ya wanzu tun daga karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 3, kuma da alama ya kasance mai zaman kansa ko ma abokin hamayyar gidan sarauta na Japan na yanzu, wanda ake zaton a Yamato, Honshū. Hakazalika, duka Kojiki da Nihon Shoki sun rubuta cewa daular sarauta ta yanzu, wacce ta fara da Jimmu, ta samo asali ne daga yankin Kumaso na Takachiho, lardin Hyūga a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kyushu na yau.[42][43][44] Kumaso suna da alaƙa da Kunakoku (狗奴國), wanda abokin hamayyar Himiko, sarki Himikuko ya mulki.

Bayan Meiji Maidowa a cikin 1868, masana tarihi na Jafananci sun karɓi guraben karatu na tarihi na Turai, musamman tushen tushen hanyar Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo ya yi imani cewa tarihin Nihon Shoki bai yi daidai ba kafin karni na 4, don haka [45] &quot;Jingū ta zama sarauniya a karni na hudu wanda mulkinsa ba zai yiwu ya zo daidai da na Himiko ba.&quot; Masanin ilimin Sinanci Shiratori Kurakichi ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tara Nihon Shoki an jarabce su da su haɗa Jingū da ikon addini na Himiko. Naitō Torajiró yayi jayayya cewa Himiko shine babban firist na Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto kuma sojojin Wa sun sami iko da kudancin Koriya:

Wani masani [Higo Kazuo] ya tabbatar da cewa Himiko ya kasance da gaske Yamato-toto-momo-so-hime-no-mikoto, inna gaShahararren Sarkin sarakuna Sujin a wajen mahaifinsa, domin kabarinta da ake zaton a Hashihaka a Nara ya auna kimanin taki dari, gwargwadon ma'aunin kabarin Himiko. Wannan ka'idar ta sami mabiya a zamanin baya. Wani [Shida Fudomaru] ya ga a cikin Himiko yana nuna ikon mata na siyasa a farkon Japan.[46]

Wasu masana tarihi na Japan daga baya sun sake tsara Himiko ta fuskar tarihin Marxist. Masaaki Ueda ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;Himiko's wata kasa ce mai kaushi mai tsarin bawa&quot;,[47] yayin da Mitsusada Inoue ya tsara Yamatai a matsayin &quot;daidaita kananan jihohi&quot; tare da kadarorin jama'a da kuma sanannun maganganun siyasa. Bayan ƙarshen shekarun 1960 &quot;Yamatai boom&quot;, lokacin da yawancin masana tarihi na Japan, masana harshe, da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka buga sake kimanta Himiko da Yamatai, mahawarar ta samu shiga tsakanin 'yan kishin Jafanawa, marubutan asiri, da masana masu son son gani.

￼Kallon iska na Hasihaka Kofun. An yi shi ne bisa Bayanin Hoton Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Hotunan Launuka Mai launi), Ma'aikatar Filaye, Kayan Aiki, Sufuri da Yawon shakatawa

A cikin tarihin Jafananci da tarihin tarihi, zamanin Sarauniya Himiko na ƙarni na 2 da na 3 ya kasance tsakanin ƙarshen Yayoi da farkon lokacin Kofun. Kofun (古墳, &quot;tsohuwar tumulus&quot;) yana nufin halayen tudun binnewa mai siffar maɓalli, kuma Wei Zhi ya lura cewa &quot;An ɗaga babban tudu, fiye da taki ɗari a diamita&quot; don kabarin Pimiko, yana iya kasancewa farkon rubutaccen tarihin. a kofun. Wasu hakoran kayan tarihi na wuraren Yayoi da Kofun a yankin Kinki, sun nuna madubin tagulla irin na kasar Sin, wanda ake kira shinju-kyo (神獣鏡, &quot;dubi da aka yi wa ado da alloli da dabbobi&quot;). Yawancin malaman da ke goyan bayan ka'idar Kinki suna danganta waɗannan shinju-kyo tare da &quot;mudubin tagulla ɗari&quot; wanda Wei Zhi [13] ya rubuta Emperor Cao Rui ya gabatar wa Sarauniya Himiko, yayin da sauran malamai[48] [49] ke adawa da shi. Hashihaka Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara an ba shi haɓaka kwanan nan ta hanyar rediyo-carbon mai dangantaka kusan 240-60.[50] Rubuce-rubucen farko na kasar Sin na Himiko/Pimiko da mulkinta na Yamatai sun kasance wani abu na gwajin Rorschach. Ga masu fassara daban-daban, wannan Sarauniyar Shaman ta Jafananci na iya bayyana a matsayin shaida na gurguzu (Marxists), sarakunan firist Jōmon (Tarihin mata), mamayar Japanawa na Koriya, [51] cin nasarar Mongolian na Japan (Ka'idar Namio Egami's &quot;horserider theory&quot; (ee) )), tsarin daular wanda ya samo asali da tsarin mulkin kama-karya ta mace shaman da sarki namiji, [52] &quot;juyin juya hali na uba&quot; ya maye gurbin gumakan mata da firistoci tare da takwarorinsu maza, [53] ko mai ba da shawara na shamaki ga Tarayyar Wa sarakunan Wa wanda &quot; lallai ya zama kamar sarauniya mai mulki ga wakilan kasar Sin”[54].

Hotunan zamani

[gyara tushe]

￼

Wannan labarin yana iya ƙunsar nassoshi marasa mahimmanci ga sanannun al'adu. Da fatan za a taimaka wa Wikipedia don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar cire abun ciki ko ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe masu zaman kansu. (Mayu 2021)

Hotunan Himiko a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa uku: Himiko a matsayin mai hikima, tsohon mai mulki; Himiko da shaman kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari; ko kuma Himiko a matsayin boka mai lalata[55][20]. Ana danganta ta da wasu abubuwa na al'ada da suka hada da dotaku - manyan karrarawa guda biyu na tagulla da ake amfani da su a karshen zamanin Yayoi - da kuma reshen sakaki da madubin tagulla na kasar Sin. Wei Zhi ya kwatanta shamanism na Himiko a matsayin guidao, ko kido na Japan, wani nau'in addinin Daoist. Kamar haka, Himiko wani lokaci nemummunan alaƙa da baƙar sihiri ko aljanu. Hukunce-hukuncen lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin zamanin Yayoi da Kofun, hotunan Himiko galibi suna nuna sanye da tufafin da suka samo asali daga lokuta daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da abubuwa na maza. Wata sarauniya a lokacin marigayi Yayoi, mai yiwuwa Himiko ta saka kosode guda ɗaya mai fadi da hannu a ƙarƙashin riga da sash. Haka kuma ana yawan nuna ta tana sanye da gyalen magatama da diamita. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da abin da Himiko ya sa.[20]

Mascots na gari

[gyara tushe]

An yi amfani da tatsuniyar Himiko wajen tallata abubuwa iri-iri.[55] Kananan garuruwa daban-daban na neman yin amfani da Himiko a matsayin matsugunin su, suna masu iƙirarin garinsu a matsayin wurin haifuwarta, kodayake shaidar archaeological ta goyi bayan yankuna a cikin rafin Nara a matsayin babban birninta. Birnin Yoshinogari da birnin Sakurai da ke lardin Nara duk suna amfani da hotunan Himiko don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, ta yin amfani da hotuna irin su chibi Himiko-chan na maraba da matafiya zuwa yankin.[20]

Manga da litattafan hoto

[gyara tushe]

Himiko ya fito a cikin batutuwan manga daban-daban da ban dariya.

Ubangiji (manga)

Juzu'i na farko na Osamu Tezuka's Phoenix

Murfin Fujiwara Kamui's Himiko: Shūkan manga Nihonshi[20]

Manga Nihon no Rekishi na Gakken na Ōishi Manabu, Takano Kazuhiro, and Himekawa Akira[20]

Bayan makaranta Charisma ta Kumiko Suekane

Dark Horse Comics' 2014 Tomb Raider jerin wasan ban dariya da aka saita bayan abubuwan da suka faru na wasan, Himiko ya dawo cikin makircin don wasu batutuwa.

Anime da wasanni na bidiyo

[gyara tushe]

Himiko wani hali ne wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin bidiyo.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin anime Steel Jeeg, jerin Go Nagai daga 1970s.

Jerin wasan anime da wasan PlayStation Legend of Himiko yana da fasalin tafiyar lokaci tsakanin tsohuwar Yamatai da Japan ta zamani, tare da Himiko a ƙarshe yana taimakawa don ceton Yamatai.

Himiko na ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu goyan baya a wasan bidiyo na Ōkami, wasan da ke zana tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama na Japan don ba da labarin farar kerkeci Amaterasu da ƙoƙarinta na 'yantar da Japan daga duhu.

Himiko yana cikin sake kunnawa Tomb Raider na 2013 azaman na'urar makirci.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin wasan wayar hannu Fate/Grand Order a matsayin iyakataccen Bawa na aji 5-Star Ruler. Ta yi muhawara yayin taron Super Ancient Shinsengumi History GUDAGUDA Yamatai-koku 2020 taron.

A cikin yanayin Jarumai &amp; Legends na Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Himiko Jarumi ne wanda za'a iya daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin Warriors Orochi 2, halinta ya yi abota da Da Ji. Hakanan ta fito a cikin Musou Orochi Z, Warriors Orochi 3, da Warriors Orochi 4.

A cikin wasan kida/wasan kida Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, wakar shugabar karshe ta “One More Extra Stage” ana kiranta da sunan Himiko, wanda kuma aka nuna fassarar kamanninta.

A Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4, ita ce mutumiyar Rise Kujikawa.

A cikin Might &amp; Magic Heroes VI, Himiko tsohuwar firist Naga ce.

A cikin Tarihin Jafananci Meow Meow, an nuna Himiko a cikin kashi na farko.

A cikin Danganronpa V3: Kisan Harmony, masihirar jajayen mace mai kama da yaro ana kiranta Himiko

A cikin anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an nuna Himiko a takaice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan sihiri na tarihi waɗanda Madoka Kaname ya cece su.

A cikin wayewar Sid Meier na VII, Himiko jagora ne mai iya wasa.

Cinema

[gyara tushe]

A cikin fim ɗin Tomb Raider na 2018 wanda Roar Uthaug ya jagoranta (wanda aka daidaita shi daga wasan bidiyo na 2013 mai suna iri ɗaya), Himiko yana tsakiyar shirin.

Daraktan fina-finan Japan Masahiro Shinoda ne ya shirya wani fimgame da Himiko, mai suna Himiko.

Tallace-tallace

[gyara tushe]

Sanrio ya ƙirƙiri sarƙar maɓalli na Himiko.[20]

Wani mai bincike Laura Miller ya ba da labarin cin abinci mai suna Himiko a Shinobuan Cafe a cikin garin Moriyama, inda da alama sunan ya haifar da shaharar tasa.[55]

Gasar Himiko

[gyara tushe]

Gasar Sarauniya Himiko dai na gudana ne a kananan garuruwa inda ake bayar da kyautuka ga matan da suka haura shekaru sha takwas bisa fara'a da kuma bayyani. Ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan gasa ya fara a Yamatokoriyama a Nara. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gasa, Himikon, yana faruwa a cikin garin Moriyama. Asakura a Kyushu kuma yana gudanar da gasar Himiko a lokacin bikin Yamataikoku na furanni na shekara-shekara.[20]

Suna da mahimmanci

[gyara tushe]

An yi amfani da sunan da ya dace da Himiko daban-daban, ba kawai a cikin al'ummar Japan ba amma har ma a wasu wurare kamar su ilmin taurari. Himiko (卑弥呼) jirgin kasa ne a layin Amagi Railway Amagi da bas na ruwa ko Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Tokyo wanda Leiji Matsumoto ya tsara.[20]

An ba da sunan Himiko ga wani Lyman-alpha blob (wani babban taro na hydrogen gas da aka yi imani da cewa protogalaxy ne) wanda aka gano a cikin 2009. Massing kusa da rana biliyan 40 da kuma gano shekaru 12.9 haske daga duniya a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Cetus, kamar yadda na 2014 shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nisa sananne misali irinsa.

Filly ɗin dala miliyan ɗaya na 2015 ɗan Amurka Triple Crown 2015 Ba'amurke Pharoah da Untouched Talent (mahaifiyar 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) an kira shi Himiko.

￼

Jirgin kasa na Amagi, Himiko, a tashar Kiyama

 
￼

Wata motar bas ta ruwa a Tokyo Bay mai suna Himiko</text>
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Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Yuli 2018) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

HimikoQueen or YamataikokuMasarautar

c. 180 AD-247/248 AD

[1]

(shekaru 67)

Magaji Sarkin da ba a san shi ba (magabacin Sarauniya Toyo)

Haihuwa 170 AD
Yamatai, JapanDied247/248 AD[2] (shekaru c. 78)Binne

==Tunanin zama Hashihaka Kofun kusa da Nara (Japan)==

Himiko (卑弥呼, c. 170–247/248 AD), kuma aka sani da Shingi Waō (親魏倭王, &quot;Mai mulkin Wa, Abokin Wei&quot;), [3][a][b] ya kasance abin kunya- Sarauniyar Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国). Tarihin daular Sinawa na farko sun ba da tarihin dangantakar daular tsakanin Sarauniya Himiko da Masarautar Cao Wei (220-265) kuma sun rubuta cewa zamanin Yayoi mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi tsakanin sarakunan Wa. Tarihin Jafananci na farko ba su ambaci Himiko ba, amma masana tarihi sun danganta ta da manyan mutane irin su Empress Consort Jingū, wadda aka ce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 201 zuwa 269.[6]

Takaddamar da masana suka yi dangane da sunan Himiko da kuma wurin da yankin yake, Yamatai, ya barke ne tun a karshen zamanin Edo, inda aka raba ra'ayoyi tsakanin arewacin Kyūshū ko lardin Yamato na gargajiya a Kinki a yau. Keiji Imamura ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Rikicin Yamatai&quot; shi ne &quot;babban muhawara kan tsohon tarihin Japan.&quot;[7] Ra'ayi da ya mamaye tsakanin malamai shi ne cewa za a iya binne ta a Hashihaka Kofun da ke lardin Nara[8].

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Nassoshi na tarihi

1.1 Madogararsa na kasar Sin

1.2 Jafananci

1.3 Yaren Koriya

2 Tafsiri

2.1 Sunaye

2.2 Halaye da tarihi

3 Hotunan zamani

3.1 Mascots na gari

3.2 Manga da litattafai masu hoto

3.3 Anime da wasannin bidiyo

3.4 Cinema

3.5 Tallace-tallace

3.6 Gasar Himiko

4 Abubuwan suna

5 Duba kuma

6 Bayanin bayani

7 Nassoshi

7.1 Nassosi

7.2 Gabaɗaya kuma nassoshi da aka ambata

8 Hagu na waje

==Nassoshi na tarihi==


An rubuta Sarauniyar shaman Himiko a cikin tsoffin tarihi daban-daban, tun daga China a ƙarni na 3, Japan ta 8th, da Koriya ta 12.

￼“Littafin Wei” (Wei Zhi, 魏志), wani ɓangare na  Records of the Three Kingdoms, c. 297. Siffar pinghua (vernacular) ta Sanguozhi, tarihin da ke ɗauke da ambaton Yamatai da Himiko na farko.

==Majiyoyin Sinanci==


Ana samun bayanan tarihi na farko na Himiko a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Sarautu Uku (Sanguo Zhi, 三國志), rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke zuwa c. 297. Duk da haka, maimakon Records of the Three Kingdoms, malaman Jafananci suna amfani da kalmar Gishi Wajin Den (魏志倭人伝, &quot;Records of Wei: Account of Wajin&quot;), raguwar Jafananci don asusun Wajin a cikin &quot;Biographies&quot;. na Wuhuan, Xianbei, da Dongyi' (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳), Juzu'i na 30 na &quot;Littafin Wei&quot; (魏書) na Recod of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)[9] Wannan sashe shine bayanin farko na Himiko (Pimiko) da Yamatai:

Mutanen Japan na Wa [倭人] suna zaune a tsakiyar teku a kan tsibiran tsaunuka kudu maso gabas na [lardin] Tai-fang. A da sun ƙunshi al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. A lokacin daular Han, [Wakilan Wa] sun bayyana a Kotun; yau talatin daga cikinsual'ummomi suna yin mu'amala [da mu] ta hanyar wakilai da marubuta. [10]

Wannan tarihin farko ya bayyana yadda Himiko ya hau karagar mulki:

Kasar a da tana da mutum a matsayin mai mulki. Kimanin shekaru saba'in ko tamanin bayan haka ana tashe-tashen hankula da yaki. Daga nan sai mutane suka amince da mace ga shugabar su. Sunanta Himiko [卑弥呼]. Ta shagaltu da sihiri da sihiri, tana mai da mutane. Ko da yake ta girma, ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba. Tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mata wajen mulkin ƙasar. Bayan ta zama mai mulki, kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Tana da mata dubu ɗaya a matsayin masu hidima, amma namiji ɗaya. Ya kai mata abinci da abin sha kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta kasance a cikin wani fada da aka kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace, tare da masu gadi dauke da makamai cikin yanayin tsaro a koda yaushe.[11]

&quot;Records of Wei&quot; kuma ya rubuta wakilai masu tafiya tsakanin kotunan Wa da Wei. Wakilan Himiko sun fara ziyartar kotun sarkin Wei Cao Rui a shekara ta 238, kuma ya amsa da cewa:

Anan muna magana da Himiko, Sarauniyar Wa, wanda a yanzu muke kiran abokin Wei a hukumance. […Manzon ku] sun iso nan da harajin ku, wanda ya kunshi bayi hudu maza da kuyangi mata shida, tare da tufa biyu masu zane, kowane tsayinsa kafa ashirin. Kuna zaune mai nisa a hayin teku; amma duk da haka kun aika da jakadanci da haraji. Amincinku da tsoronku muna godiya matuka. Muna ba ku, don haka, taken &quot;Sarauniyar Wa Friendly zuwa Wei,&quot; tare da kayan ado na hatimin zinariya tare da kintinkiri mai launin shuɗi. Na biyun, wanda ke kunshe da kyau, za a aiko muku ne ta hannun Gwamna. Muna sa ran ke sarauniya, ki yi mulkin mutanenki lafiya, ki yi qoqari wajen sadaukar da kai da biyayya[12].

A ƙarshe, &quot;Records of Wei&quot; [13] ya rubuta cewa a cikin 247 lokacin da sabon gwamna ya isa Daifang Kwamandan a Koriya, Sarauniya Himiko a hukumance ta koka game da tashin hankali da Himikuko (卑弥弓呼, ko Pimikuko), sarkin Kuna (ja) (狗奴, a zahiri &quot;bawan kare&quot;), ɗaya daga cikin sauran jihohin Wa. Gwamnan ya aike da &quot;Chang Chêng, mukaddashin sakataren tsaron kan iyaka&quot; tare da &quot;shela mai ba da shawara ga sulhu&quot;, sannan daga baya:

Lokacin da Himiko ya rasu, an yi wani babban tudu mai tsayi sama da ɗari. Sama da bayi dari maza da mata ne suka bi ta har lahira. Sai aka naɗa wani sarki a kan karagar mulki, amma jama'a ba su yi masa biyayya ba. Kisa da kisa ya biyo baya; an kashe fiye da dubu daya. Wani dangin Himiko mai suna Iyo [壹與], yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha uku, ta zama sarauniya kuma an maido da tsari. Chêng ya ba da sanarwar cewa Iyo shine mai mulki.[14]

Masu sharhi suna ɗaukar wannan 'Iyo' (壹與, tare da 壹, &quot;ɗaya&quot;, wani tsohon bambance-bambancen 一) a matsayin kuskuren Toyo (臺與, tare da 臺 &quot;dandamali; terrace&quot;) wanda ke daidaita da Wei Zhi rubuta Yamatai (邪馬臺) ) as Yamaichi (邪馬壹).

Wasu tarihin daular Sinawa guda biyu sun ambaci Himiko. Duk da yake dukansu sun haɗa da rahotannin Wei Zhi a fili, sun yi wasu sauye-sauye, kamar tantance &quot;shekaru saba'in ko tamanin&quot; na yakin Wa tsakanin 146 zuwa 189, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Han Huan da Ling. Na c. 432 Littafin Daga baya Han (Hou Han Shu 後漢書) ya ce &quot;Sarkin Great Wa yana zaune a ƙasar Yamadai&quot;, maimakon Sarauniya:

Wa na zaune ne a tsibiran tsaunuka a kudu maso gabas na Han [Korea] a tsakiyar teku, wanda ya kafa al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. Tun daga lokacin juyin mulkinko Chaoxian [Koriya ta arewa] ta Sarkin sarakuna Wu (BC 140-87), kusan talatin daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi mu'amala da kotun Han [daular] ta wakilai ko marubuta. Kowace al'umma tana da sarkinta, wanda ofishinsa na gado ne. Sarkin Great Wa [Yamato] yana zaune a kasar Yamadai.[15]

A lokacin mulkin Huan-di (147-168) da Ling-di (168-189), kasar Wa ta kasance cikin rudani mai yawa, yaki da rikici daga kowane bangare. Shekaru da yawa, babu mai mulki. Sai wata mata mai suna Himiko ta bayyana. Kasancewar ba ta yi aure ba, ta shagaltu da kanta da sihiri da sihiri kuma ta sihirce jama'a. Nan suka dora ta akan karagar mulki. Ta ajiye mata masu hidima dubu ɗaya, amma mutane kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Mutum daya ne kawai wanda ke kula da tufafinta da abinci kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta zauna a cikin wani fada da ke kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace tare da kariya daga masu gadi dauke da makamai. Dokoki da al'adu sun kasance masu tsauri da tsauri.[16]

Littafin Sui na 636 (Sui Shu, 隋書) ya canza adadin mataimakan Himiko:

A zamanin sarakuna Huan da Ling, ƙasar ta kasance cikin rudani sosai, kuma babu wani mai mulki na tsawon shekaru. [Sai] wata mata mai suna Himiko ta jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar sihiri. Ƙasar ta zama ɗaya ta zama sarauniya. Wani ƙane ya taimaka wa Himiko a harkokin mulkin ƙasar. Sarauniya [Himiko] tana kula da kuyangi dubu daya. Da kyar mutum ya samu albarka. Maza biyu ne kawai ta kasance. Suka yi mata hidimar abinci da abin sha kuma suka zama masu shiga tsakani. Sarauniyar ta zauna a cikin wani fada, wanda ke kewaye da katanga da ganuwar da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka karewa; horonsu ya kasance mai tsauri sosai[17].

===Jafananci kafofin===


Babu ɗayan tsoffin tarihin Jafananci guda biyu - c. 712 Kojiki[18] da c. 720 Nihon Shoki[19] - ya ambaci Sarauniya Himiko. Halin da aka rubuta waɗannan littattafan wani batu ne na muhawara mara ƙarewa, kuma ko da an san Himiko ga marubuta, ƙila da gangan sun yanke shawarar kada su haɗa da ita.[20][21]. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da shaman na dangin sarki guda uku waɗanda aka gano tare da ita: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), innar Sarkin sarakuna Sujin (sarkin Jafananci na 10, ya yi sarauta 97-30 BC) da 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, 'yar Sarkin Suinin (labari na 11, yayi sarauta 29 BC-70 AD); da Empress Jingū (ta yi sarauta c. 209-269 AD), matar Sarkin sarakuna Chūai (sarki na 14 na almara, ya yi sarauta 192-200 AD). Waɗannan kwanakin, duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da tarihi ba.

Wani abin ban mamaki ga tarihin Japan na farko da ke kallon Himiko shine Nihon Shoki, yana ambaton Wei Zhi sau uku. A cikin 239, &quot;Sarauniya [女王] na Wa&quot; ta aika da wakilai zuwa Wei; a cikin 240, sun dawo &quot;ana tuhumar su da rubutun Imperial da hatimi da kintinkiri;&quot; kuma a cikin 243, “mai mulkin [王 “sarkin”] na Wa ya sake aika manyan hafsoshi a matsayin wakilai da haraji”.[22]

Yamato Totohi Momoso himemiko (倭迹迹日百襲媛命), shaman inna ta Sarkin sarakuna Sujin, da ake zaton ta kashe kanta bayan ta san mijinta ya kasance macijin maciji. Kojiki ba ya ambace ta, amma Nihon Shoki ya kwatanta ta da &quot;Goggon Sarkin sarakuna a wajen uba, mai wayo kuma mai hankali, wanda zai iya hango makomar gaba&quot;[23]. Bayan jerin bala'o'i na ƙasa, Sarkin sarakuna &quot;ya tattara dubunnan alloli 80&quot; kuma ya yi tambaya ta wurin duba. Yamato-totohi-momoso ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shiŌmononushi-nushi (&quot;Babban Bautawa na dukan alloli da ruhohi&quot;), [24] ya ce: &quot;Me ya sa Sarkin baƙin ciki a cikin rugujewar yanayin da kasar? &quot; Sarkin sarakuna ya tambaya, ya ce: &quot;Mene ne Allah wanda ya umurce ni?&quot; Amsar ita ce: &quot;Ni ne Allah wanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yamato, kuma sunana Oho-mono-nushi no Kami.&quot; [25] Yayin da bautar daular wannan allah (daga dutsen Miwa) ta kasance &quot;ba tare da shi ba. sakamako&quot;, Yamato-totohi-momoso daga baya ya aure shi.

Bayan wannan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya zama matar Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. Wannan Allah kuwa, ba a taɓa ganinsa da rana ba, sai da dare. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto ta ce wa mijinta: &quot;Kamar yadda Ubangijina ba a taba ganinsa da yini ba, ni ba na iya ganin fuskarsa da kyau; ina rokonsa da ya jinkirta wani lokaci.&quot; domin da safe in kalli girman kyawunsa”. Allah mai girma ya amsa ya ce: &quot;Abin da ka fada daidai ne, gobe da safe zan shiga akwatin bandakinka in zauna a can. Ina rokonka kada ka firgita da siffata.&quot; Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ta yi mamaki a asirce a cikin zuciyarta akan haka. Tana jira har gari ya waye ta duba akwatin toilet dinta. Akwai wata kyakkyawar macijiya mai kyau, tsawonta da kaurin igiyar riga. Can sai ta tsorata, ta furta. Allah Mai Girma ya ji kunya, sai ya rikide ya zama surar mutum kwatsam, ya yi magana da matarsa, ya ce: &quot;Ba ki dame ki ba, amma kin kunyatar da ni; Don haka yana taka Babban Void, ya hau Dutsen Mimoro. Nan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya duba ya yi nadama. Ta fado kan kujera da tsinke ta dabawa kanta wuka a pudenda har ta mutu. An binne ta a Oho-chi. Don haka mutanen wancan lokacin suna kiran kabarinta Hashi no haka [Kabarin Chopstick]. [26]

Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓, &quot;Kabari Chopstick&quot;) Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara yana da alaƙa da wannan almara.[20]

Yamatohime-no-mikoto (倭姫命), 'yar Emperor Suinin, da ake zaton ta kafa Ise Shrine ga allahn rana Amaterasu. Kojiki ya rubuta ta a matsayin ta huɗu a cikin 'ya'yan Suinin biyar, &quot;Augustness Yamato-hime, (ita ce babbar firist na haikalin Babban Allah na Ise)&quot;[27]. Nihon Shoki shima ya rubuta &quot;Yamato-hime no Mikoto&quot; [28] kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Sarki ya sanya Yamato-hime ya nemo wurin zama na dindindin a wurin ibadar Amaterasu, kuma bayan ya yi ta yawo tsawon shekaru, sai baiwar rana ta umurce ta da ta gina shi a Ise “inda ta fara saukowa daga sama”[29].

Empress Consort Jingū (ko Jingō (神功)) da ake zaton ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki bayan mutuwar mijinta Emperor Chūai (c. 200) har zuwa hawan danta Sarkin sarakuna Ōjin (sarki na 15th, r. 270-310). Kojiki[30] da Nihon Shoki[31] suna da irin wannan asusun. Sarki Chūai ya so ya mamaye Kumaso, kuma a lokacin da yake tuntubar ministocinsa, Jingū ya isar da saƙon shamaki cewa ya kamata ya mamaye Silla a maimakon haka. Kwatanta waɗannan:

Gimbiya ta Augustness Okinaga-tarashi, a wancan lokacin, Allah ya mallaka[c] […] ta tuhume shi da wannan umarni da nasiha: “Akwai wata ƙasa zuwa Yamma, kuma a cikin wannan ƙasa akwai tarin dukiya iri-iri masu kyalli da ido. , tun daga zinariya da azurfa zuwa ƙasa yanzu zan ba da wannan ƙasake.”[33] A wannan lokacin ne wani Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Sarauniya kuma ya umurce ta da cewa: “Me zai sa Sarkin ya damu domin Kumaso ba sa biyayya? Kasa ce mai so a kashin baya. Shin yana da daraja yayin tara sojoji don kai hari? Akwai wata ƙasa mafi kyau fiye da wannan, ƙasa mai kayatarwa, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kyakkyawar mace - ƙasar Mukatsu [ma'ana 'kishiya'; 'ko'ina'], kyalli ga idanuwa. A cikin ƙasar akwai zinariya da azurfa da launuka masu haske a yalwace. Ana kiranta Ƙasar Silla ko murfin takarda-mulberry. Idan ka bauta mini da gaskiya, ƙasar za ta yi biyayya da yardar rai, kuma gefen takobinka ba zai ƙasƙanta da jini ba.” [34]

Sarkin ya dauka cewa alloli na karya, ya ce kawai ya ga teku zuwa yamma, sannan ya mutu, ko dai nan da nan (Kojiki) ko kuma bayan ya mamaye Kumaso (Nihon Shoki). An yi zargin Jingū ta gano tana da juna biyu, ita da kanta ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci cin nasara a kan Silla, ta haifi sarki mai zuwa, kuma ta koma mulkin Yamato. Nihon Shoki[35] ya kara da cewa tun da Jingū ya so ya koyi ko wane alloli ne suka tsine wa Chūai, sai ta gina “gidajen ibada” na shamanic, “wanda aka ba shi mukamin firist da kansa”, kuma ta ji alloli suna bayyana kansu daga Ise ( Amaterasu) da Mukatsu (allahntakan Koriya da ba a bayyana sunansa ba). Kodayake tarihin tarihin Kojiki da Nihon Shoki da ake kira Jingū na farko na sarakunan Japan, masana tarihi na zamanin Meiji sun cire ta daga jerin sarakunan Japan, inda suka bar Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) a matsayin mace ta farko da aka tabbatar da tarihin Jafananci.

===Majiyoyin Koriya===


Rubutun tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, &quot;Tarihi na Sarautu Uku [Korean]&quot;, an kammala shi a cikin 1145), ya rubuta cewa Sarauniya Himiko ta aika da manzo zuwa ga Sarki Adalla na Silla a watan Mayu 173.[36].

==Tafsiri==


Masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita Himiko/Pimiko tsakanin tushen tarihi na Sin da Japan. Yayin da Wei Zhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin muhimmiyar shugaba a Japan na ƙarni na 3, masana tarihi na Japan na farko da gangan sun guje wa suna Himiko, ko da lokacin da Nihon Shoki ya nakalto Wei Zhi game da manzanni daga Wa.

==Sunaye==


Haruffa na Sinanci guda uku 卑彌呼 (a sauƙaƙe: 卑弥呼) suna rubuta sunan Wa regent ana karanta himiko ko hibiko a Jafananci na zamani da bēimíhū ko bìmíhū a cikin Sinanci na zamani.

Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun na zamani sun bambanta sosai da yadda ake furta 'Himiko' a ƙarni na 3, na masu magana da harshen Wa da ba a san su ba da kuma na malaman China waɗanda suka rubuta shi. Yayin da fassara zuwa haruffan Sinanci na kalmomin waje yana da rikitarwa, zaɓin waɗannan haruffa guda uku yana da daure kai, tare da ma'anoni na zahiri 卑 &quot;ƙananan; maras kyau; tawali'u&quot;, 彌 (弥) &quot;cika, rufe; cika; duka, cikakke&quot;, da kuma呼 &quot;numfashi; fitar da numfashi; kuka; kira&quot;.

Dangane da ilimin sauti na kasar Sin na tarihi, bēimíhū na zamani (卑彌呼) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda ake zato na tsohuwar Sinanci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 ko farkon kalmar Sinanci ta Tsakiya. Kwatanta wadannan gyare-gyaren sunan a cikin Sinanci na Archaic ko Sinanci na tsakiya (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, da William H. Baxter), Sinanci na farko (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), kuma, mafi kusa a tarihi, Late Han Sinanci (Axel)Schuessler).

pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo (Karlgren)

pjie-mjie-χwo (Li)

pjie-mjie-xu (Baxter)

pji-mji-χɔ ko pjiə̌-mjiə̌-χɔ (Pulleyblank)

pie-mie-hɑ (Schuessler)

Dangane da ilimin harshe na Jafananci (wanda a tarihi ba shi da baƙar magana /h/ kuma wanda na zamani /h/ ya samo asali daga tarihi /p/),[37] karɓuwar karatun zamani na 'Himiko' zai yi daidai da Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko. Duk da haka, Roy Andrew Miller ya ce *Pimeko kuskure ne na ƙamus wanda ya samo asali daga rubutun Wei Zhi.

Mafi ruɗani a cikin jerin duka shine sunan sarauniyar al'ummar Yeh-ma-t'ai, Pi-mi-hu, pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo ta China. An bayyana wannan a al'ada kuma an fahimta a cikin Japan a matsayin fassarar wani tsohon nau'in Jafananci * Pimeko, wanda aka ce farkon kalmar ma'ana &quot;mace mai girma; gimbiya,&quot; da kuma samo daga Tsohon Jafananci Pime [ko Pi1me1] (har ma wani lokaci). Pimë [Fi1me2]), taken yabo ga mata masu tafiya tare da Piko [Fi1ko1] na maza. Daga baya Fime ya zo yana nufin &quot;gimbiya,&quot; amma wannan ma'anar ba ta da tushe ga matani na farko. […] Wahalar ta shafi kalmar tsohuwar kalmar Jafananci *Fimeko. Ko da yake irin wannan nau'i ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ƙamus na Jafananci na zamani (misali har ma da Kindaiichi's in ba haka ba gabaɗaya abin dogaro Jikai), a haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin fatalwa na ƙamus na Japan; lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin kamus na zamani, sifa ce ta “sikelin” da aka jera a can kawai bisa asusun Wei chih na farkon Japan. Ba a taɓa samun Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko; Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙƙwaran Sinanci ta Tsakiya χ na rubutun ya nuna cewa kashi na ƙarshe na ainihin kalmar da ba a san shi ba bai dace da Tsohon Jafananci -ko [-ko1] ba, wanda aka fassara a wani wuri - a cikin Piko [Fi1ko1], misali - tare da Sinanci ta Tsakiya. -k- kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na wannan rubutun, ya kasance a ɓoye, ko da yake akwai kyakkyawar dama cewa kashi na farko ya dace da wani nau'i mai alaka da Tsohon Jafananci Pime. Bayan haka, a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a tafi ba.

-  Roy Andrew Miller, 1967:22

Hime (Tsohuwar Jafananci Pi1me1), (姫, &quot;Yarinya mace mai daraja; gimbiya&quot;), in ji Miller, ta hanyar asali ta samo asali daga hi (Fi1) (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da ni (me1) (女, &quot;mace&quot;).

Tsunoda[38] ya lura cewa &quot;Pimiko daga babban take na Jafananci ne, himeko, ma'ana 'gimbiya'&quot;; wato, hime da sunan mace suffix -ko (子, &quot;yaro&quot;), wato. Sunan mai suna Himeko. Sauran shawarwarin ƙamus na Amaterasu na sunan Jafananci Himiko sun haɗa da hi (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da miko (覡 ko 巫女, &quot;shaman mace, shamaness; budurwar bautar; firist&quot;); ko haduwarsu hime-miko, “princess-pritess”.[citation need]

Bentley [39] ya ɗauki kalmar Baekje * pye, 'yamma', prefix mai daraja * ni da *hɔ, 'magaji', don haka yana fassara 卑彌呼 a matsayin 'magajin daraja na yamma'.

==Akida da tarihi==


Gano Himiko/Pimiko ko Wa kai tsaye a cikin tarihin kasar Sin, amma matsala ce a cikin tarihin Japan. Wei Zhi na kasar Sin na karni na 3 (&quot;Records of Wei&quot;) ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da shaman Sarauniya Himiko da sadarwarta tare da sarakuna Cao Rui da Cao Fang. Kojiki na Jafananci na ƙarni na 8 (&quot;Records of Old Alters&quot;) da Nihon Shoki (&quot;Tarihi na Japan&quot;, wanda ya ɗauko Wei Zhi) ba su kula da Himiko, sai dai idan ita ce ke bayan bayanansu na Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no- mikoto, orYamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.[citation need]

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fitattun sarakunan Jafanawa guda uku da suka yi daidai da tarihin kasar Sin da bayanin Himiko. Idan aka yi la'akari da asusun Wei Zhi cewa Himiko ya mutu a shekara ta 248, idan mutum ya yarda da ƙawancen al'adun gargajiya na Japan, to, ta fi kusa da karni na 3 AD Empress Jingū fiye da karni na 1 BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto da Yamato-toto. -hi-momo-so-hime. A gefe guda, idan mutum ya yarda da gyare-gyaren kwanan wata kafin karni na 4, to Himiko ya kasance kusa da waɗannan shamans masu suna Yamato. Kojiki ko Nihon Shoki ba su ambaci Himiko ba ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci cewa ba ta yi aure ba, mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba, tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mulki (sai dai idan wannan yana nufin ɗan Jingū), ko yana da yawa (a alamance &quot; 1,000&quot;) mata masu hidima.

William Wayne Farris[40] yayi bitar tarihin muhawarar masana game da Himiko da yankinta Yamatai. Masana falsafar zamanin Edo Arai Hakuseki da Motoori Norinaga sun fara cece-kuce kan ko Yamatai yana Arewacin Kyushu ne ko kuma lardin Yamato a yankin Kinki da ke tsakiyar Honshū da kuma ko Wei Zhi ko Nihon Shoki sun fi amintacce a tarihi. Arai na Confucian ya yarda da tarihin kasar Sin a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma da farko ya kwatanta Himiko da Jingū da Yamatai da Yamato. Masanin kokugaku Motoori ya yarda da tarihin tatsuniyar Jafanawa na al'ada a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma ya yi watsi da ambatonsa na Wei Zhi a matsayin abin da ya dace daga baya. Ya yi hasashe cewa wani sarki daga Kumaso ya aika da jakadu wadanda suka yi kama da jami’an Jingū zuwa kotun Wei, wanda hakan ya sa Wei ya kuskure su a matsayin wakilan Himiko. Farris ya bayyana cewa &quot;Hasashen cin zarafin Motoori (gisen setsu) yana da nauyi mai girma na karni na gaba.&quot;[41].

Maimakon a haɗa shi da Yamataikoku (ba tare da la'akari da inda Yamataikoku yake ba), ƙila an haɗa Himiko da Nakoku (奴國, &quot;Na state of Wa&quot;) (wanda Tsunoda[38] yake a kusa da Hakata na yau a arewacin Kyūshū. ), inda aka aika da tambarin sarauta na zinare, ta Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu na daular Han. An ce Nakoku ya wanzu tun daga karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 3, kuma da alama ya kasance mai zaman kansa ko ma abokin hamayyar gidan sarauta na Japan na yanzu, wanda ake zaton a Yamato, Honshū. Hakazalika, duka Kojiki da Nihon Shoki sun rubuta cewa daular sarauta ta yanzu, wacce ta fara da Jimmu, ta samo asali ne daga yankin Kumaso na Takachiho, lardin Hyūga a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kyushu na yau.[42][43][44] Kumaso suna da alaƙa da Kunakoku (狗奴國), wanda abokin hamayyar Himiko, sarki Himikuko ya mulki.

Bayan Meiji Maidowa a cikin 1868, masana tarihi na Jafananci sun karɓi guraben karatu na tarihi na Turai, musamman tushen tushen hanyar Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo ya yi imani cewa tarihin Nihon Shoki bai yi daidai ba kafin karni na 4, don haka [45] &quot;Jingū ta zama sarauniya a karni na hudu wanda mulkinsa ba zai yiwu ya zo daidai da na Himiko ba.&quot; Masanin ilimin Sinanci Shiratori Kurakichi ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tara Nihon Shoki an jarabce su da su haɗa Jingū da ikon addini na Himiko. Naitō Torajiró yayi jayayya cewa Himiko shine babban firist na Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto kuma sojojin Wa sun sami iko da kudancin Koriya:

Wani masani [Higo Kazuo] ya tabbatar da cewa Himiko ya kasance da gaske Yamato-toto-momo-so-hime-no-mikoto, inna gaShahararren Sarkin sarakuna Sujin a wajen mahaifinsa, domin kabarinta da ake zaton a Hashihaka a Nara ya auna kimanin taki dari, gwargwadon ma'aunin kabarin Himiko. Wannan ka'idar ta sami mabiya a zamanin baya. Wani [Shida Fudomaru] ya ga a cikin Himiko yana nuna ikon mata na siyasa a farkon Japan.[46]

Wasu masana tarihi na Japan daga baya sun sake tsara Himiko ta fuskar tarihin Marxist. Masaaki Ueda ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;Himiko's wata kasa ce mai kaushi mai tsarin bawa&quot;,[47] yayin da Mitsusada Inoue ya tsara Yamatai a matsayin &quot;daidaita kananan jihohi&quot; tare da kadarorin jama'a da kuma sanannun maganganun siyasa. Bayan ƙarshen shekarun 1960 &quot;Yamatai boom&quot;, lokacin da yawancin masana tarihi na Japan, masana harshe, da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka buga sake kimanta Himiko da Yamatai, mahawarar ta samu shiga tsakanin 'yan kishin Jafanawa, marubutan asiri, da masana masu son son gani.

￼Kallon iska na Hasihaka Kofun. An yi shi ne bisa Bayanin Hoton Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Hotunan Launuka Mai launi), Ma'aikatar Filaye, Kayan Aiki, Sufuri da Yawon shakatawa

A cikin tarihin Jafananci da tarihin tarihi, zamanin Sarauniya Himiko na ƙarni na 2 da na 3 ya kasance tsakanin ƙarshen Yayoi da farkon lokacin Kofun. Kofun (古墳, &quot;tsohuwar tumulus&quot;) yana nufin halayen tudun binnewa mai siffar maɓalli, kuma Wei Zhi ya lura cewa &quot;An ɗaga babban tudu, fiye da taki ɗari a diamita&quot; don kabarin Pimiko, yana iya kasancewa farkon rubutaccen tarihin. a kofun. Wasu hakoran kayan tarihi na wuraren Yayoi da Kofun a yankin Kinki, sun nuna madubin tagulla irin na kasar Sin, wanda ake kira shinju-kyo (神獣鏡, &quot;dubi da aka yi wa ado da alloli da dabbobi&quot;). Yawancin malaman da ke goyan bayan ka'idar Kinki suna danganta waɗannan shinju-kyo tare da &quot;mudubin tagulla ɗari&quot; wanda Wei Zhi [13] ya rubuta Emperor Cao Rui ya gabatar wa Sarauniya Himiko, yayin da sauran malamai[48] [49] ke adawa da shi. Hashihaka Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara an ba shi haɓaka kwanan nan ta hanyar rediyo-carbon mai dangantaka kusan 240-60.[50] Rubuce-rubucen farko na kasar Sin na Himiko/Pimiko da mulkinta na Yamatai sun kasance wani abu na gwajin Rorschach. Ga masu fassara daban-daban, wannan Sarauniyar Shaman ta Jafananci na iya bayyana a matsayin shaida na gurguzu (Marxists), sarakunan firist Jōmon (Tarihin mata), mamayar Japanawa na Koriya, [51] cin nasarar Mongolian na Japan (Ka'idar Namio Egami's &quot;horserider theory&quot; (ee) )), tsarin daular wanda ya samo asali da tsarin mulkin kama-karya ta mace shaman da sarki namiji, [52] &quot;juyin juya hali na uba&quot; ya maye gurbin gumakan mata da firistoci tare da takwarorinsu maza, [53] ko mai ba da shawara na shamaki ga Tarayyar Wa sarakunan Wa wanda &quot; lallai ya zama kamar sarauniya mai mulki ga wakilan kasar Sin”[54].

===Hotunan zamani===


￼

Wannan labarin yana iya ƙunsar nassoshi marasa mahimmanci ga sanannun al'adu. Da fatan za a taimaka wa Wikipedia don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar cire abun ciki ko ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe masu zaman kansu. (Mayu 2021)

Hotunan Himiko a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa uku: Himiko a matsayin mai hikima, tsohon mai mulki; Himiko da shaman kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari; ko kuma Himiko a matsayin boka mai lalata[55][20]. Ana danganta ta da wasu abubuwa na al'ada da suka hada da dotaku - manyan karrarawa guda biyu na tagulla da ake amfani da su a karshen zamanin Yayoi - da kuma reshen sakaki da madubin tagulla na kasar Sin. Wei Zhi ya kwatanta shamanism na Himiko a matsayin guidao, ko kido na Japan, wani nau'in addinin Daoist. Kamar haka, Himiko wani lokaci nemummunan alaƙa da baƙar sihiri ko aljanu. Hukunce-hukuncen lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin zamanin Yayoi da Kofun, hotunan Himiko galibi suna nuna sanye da tufafin da suka samo asali daga lokuta daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da abubuwa na maza. Wata sarauniya a lokacin marigayi Yayoi, mai yiwuwa Himiko ta saka kosode guda ɗaya mai fadi da hannu a ƙarƙashin riga da sash. Haka kuma ana yawan nuna ta tana sanye da gyalen magatama da diamita. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da abin da Himiko ya sa.[20]

===Mascots na gari===


An yi amfani da tatsuniyar Himiko wajen tallata abubuwa iri-iri.[55] Kananan garuruwa daban-daban na neman yin amfani da Himiko a matsayin matsugunin su, suna masu iƙirarin garinsu a matsayin wurin haifuwarta, kodayake shaidar archaeological ta goyi bayan yankuna a cikin rafin Nara a matsayin babban birninta. Birnin Yoshinogari da birnin Sakurai da ke lardin Nara duk suna amfani da hotunan Himiko don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, ta yin amfani da hotuna irin su chibi Himiko-chan na maraba da matafiya zuwa yankin.[20]

===Manga da litattafan hoto===


Himiko ya fito a cikin batutuwan manga daban-daban da ban dariya.

Ubangiji (manga)

Juzu'i na farko na Osamu Tezuka's Phoenix

Murfin Fujiwara Kamui's Himiko: Shūkan manga Nihonshi[20]

Manga Nihon no Rekishi na Gakken na Ōishi Manabu, Takano Kazuhiro, and Himekawa Akira[20]

Bayan makaranta Charisma ta Kumiko Suekane

Dark Horse Comics' 2014 Tomb Raider jerin wasan ban dariya da aka saita bayan abubuwan da suka faru na wasan, Himiko ya dawo cikin makircin don wasu batutuwa.

==Anime da wasanni na bidiyo==


Himiko wani hali ne wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin bidiyo.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin anime Steel Jeeg, jerin Go Nagai daga 1970s.

Jerin wasan anime da wasan PlayStation Legend of Himiko yana da fasalin tafiyar lokaci tsakanin tsohuwar Yamatai da Japan ta zamani, tare da Himiko a ƙarshe yana taimakawa don ceton Yamatai.

Himiko na ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu goyan baya a wasan bidiyo na Ōkami, wasan da ke zana tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama na Japan don ba da labarin farar kerkeci Amaterasu da ƙoƙarinta na 'yantar da Japan daga duhu.

Himiko yana cikin sake kunnawa Tomb Raider na 2013 azaman na'urar makirci.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin wasan wayar hannu Fate/Grand Order a matsayin iyakataccen Bawa na aji 5-Star Ruler. Ta yi muhawara yayin taron Super Ancient Shinsengumi History GUDAGUDA Yamatai-koku 2020 taron.

A cikin yanayin Jarumai &amp; Legends na Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Himiko Jarumi ne wanda za'a iya daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin Warriors Orochi 2, halinta ya yi abota da Da Ji. Hakanan ta fito a cikin Musou Orochi Z, Warriors Orochi 3, da Warriors Orochi 4.

A cikin wasan kida/wasan kida Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, wakar shugabar karshe ta “One More Extra Stage” ana kiranta da sunan Himiko, wanda kuma aka nuna fassarar kamanninta.

A Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4, ita ce mutumiyar Rise Kujikawa.

A cikin Might &amp; Magic Heroes VI, Himiko tsohuwar firist Naga ce.

A cikin Tarihin Jafananci Meow Meow, an nuna Himiko a cikin kashi na farko.

A cikin Danganronpa V3: Kisan Harmony, masihirar jajayen mace mai kama da yaro ana kiranta Himiko

A cikin anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an nuna Himiko a takaice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan sihiri na tarihi waɗanda Madoka Kaname ya cece su.

A cikin wayewar Sid Meier na VII, Himiko jagora ne mai iya wasa.

==Cinema==


A cikin fim ɗin Tomb Raider na 2018 wanda Roar Uthaug ya jagoranta (wanda aka daidaita shi daga wasan bidiyo na 2013 mai suna iri ɗaya), Himiko yana tsakiyar shirin.

Daraktan fina-finan Japan Masahiro Shinoda ne ya shirya wani fimgame da Himiko, mai suna Himiko.

===Tallace-tallace===


Sanrio ya ƙirƙiri sarƙar maɓalli na Himiko.[20]

Wani mai bincike Laura Miller ya ba da labarin cin abinci mai suna Himiko a Shinobuan Cafe a cikin garin Moriyama, inda da alama sunan ya haifar da shaharar tasa.[55]

==Gasar Himiko==


Gasar Sarauniya Himiko dai na gudana ne a kananan garuruwa inda ake bayar da kyautuka ga matan da suka haura shekaru sha takwas bisa fara'a da kuma bayyani. Ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan gasa ya fara a Yamatokoriyama a Nara. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gasa, Himikon, yana faruwa a cikin garin Moriyama. Asakura a Kyushu kuma yana gudanar da gasar Himiko a lokacin bikin Yamataikoku na furanni na shekara-shekara.[20]

===Suna da mahimmanci===

[gyara tushe

An yi amfani da sunan da ya dace da Himiko daban-daban, ba kawai a cikin al'ummar Japan ba amma har ma a wasu wurare kamar su ilmin taurari. Himiko (卑弥呼) jirgin kasa ne a layin Amagi Railway Amagi da bas na ruwa ko Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Tokyo wanda Leiji Matsumoto ya tsara.[20]

An ba da sunan Himiko ga wani Lyman-alpha blob (wani babban taro na hydrogen gas da aka yi imani da cewa protogalaxy ne) wanda aka gano a cikin 2009. Massing kusa da rana biliyan 40 da kuma gano shekaru 12.9 haske daga duniya a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Cetus, kamar yadda na 2014 shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nisa sananne misali irinsa.

Filly ɗin dala miliyan ɗaya na 2015 ɗan Amurka Triple Crown 2015 Ba'amurke Pharoah da Untouched Talent (mahaifiyar 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) an kira shi Himiko.

￼

Jirgin kasa na Amagi, Himiko, a tashar Kiyama

 
￼

Wata motar bas ta ruwa a Tokyo Bay mai suna Himiko</text>
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Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi jerin nassoshi gabaɗaya, amma ba shi da isassun ƙasidar layi. Da fatan za a taimaka don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar gabatar da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. (Yuli 2018) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon)

HimikoQueen or YamataikokuMasarautar

c. 180 AD-247/248 AD

[1]

(shekaru 67)

Magaji Sarkin da ba a san shi ba (magabacin Sarauniya Toyo)

Haihuwa 170 AD
Yamatai, JapanDied247/248 AD[2] (shekaru c. 78)Binne

==Tunanin zama Hashihaka Kofun kusa da Nara (Japan)==

Himiko (卑弥呼, c. 170–247/248 AD), kuma aka sani da Shingi Waō (親魏倭王, &quot;Mai mulkin Wa, Abokin Wei&quot;), [3][a][b] ya kasance abin kunya- Sarauniyar Yamatai-koku in Wakoku (倭国). Tarihin daular Sinawa na farko sun ba da tarihin dangantakar daular tsakanin Sarauniya Himiko da Masarautar Cao Wei (220-265) kuma sun rubuta cewa zamanin Yayoi mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba bayan shekaru da yawa na yaƙi tsakanin sarakunan Wa. Tarihin Jafananci na farko ba su ambaci Himiko ba, amma masana tarihi sun danganta ta da manyan mutane irin su Empress Consort Jingū, wadda aka ce ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki daga 201 zuwa 269.[6]

Takaddamar da masana suka yi dangane da sunan Himiko da kuma wurin da yankin yake, Yamatai, ya barke ne tun a karshen zamanin Edo, inda aka raba ra'ayoyi tsakanin arewacin Kyūshū ko lardin Yamato na gargajiya a Kinki a yau. Keiji Imamura ya rubuta cewa: &quot;Rikicin Yamatai&quot; shi ne &quot;babban muhawara kan tsohon tarihin Japan.&quot;[7] Ra'ayi da ya mamaye tsakanin malamai shi ne cewa za a iya binne ta a Hashihaka Kofun da ke lardin Nara[8].

Abubuwan da ke ciki

==Nassoshi na tarihi==


An rubuta Sarauniyar shaman Himiko a cikin tsoffin tarihi daban-daban, tun daga China a ƙarni na 3, Japan ta 8th, da Koriya ta 12.

￼“Littafin Wei” (Wei Zhi, 魏志), wani ɓangare na  Records of the Three Kingdoms, c. 297. Siffar pinghua (vernacular) ta Sanguozhi, tarihin da ke ɗauke da ambaton Yamatai da Himiko na farko.

==Majiyoyin Sinanci==


Ana samun bayanan tarihi na farko na Himiko a cikin Rubuce-rubucen Sarautu Uku (Sanguo Zhi, 三國志), rubutun gargajiya na kasar Sin da ke zuwa c. 297. Duk da haka, maimakon Records of the Three Kingdoms, malaman Jafananci suna amfani da kalmar Gishi Wajin Den (魏志倭人伝, &quot;Records of Wei: Account of Wajin&quot;), raguwar Jafananci don asusun Wajin a cikin &quot;Biographies&quot;. na Wuhuan, Xianbei, da Dongyi' (烏丸鮮卑東夷傳), Juzu'i na 30 na &quot;Littafin Wei&quot; (魏書) na Recod of the Three Kingdoms (三国志)[9] Wannan sashe shine bayanin farko na Himiko (Pimiko) da Yamatai:

Mutanen Japan na Wa [倭人] suna zaune a tsakiyar teku a kan tsibiran tsaunuka kudu maso gabas na [lardin] Tai-fang. A da sun ƙunshi al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. A lokacin daular Han, [Wakilan Wa] sun bayyana a Kotun; yau talatin daga cikinsual'ummomi suna yin mu'amala [da mu] ta hanyar wakilai da marubuta. [10]

Wannan tarihin farko ya bayyana yadda Himiko ya hau karagar mulki:

Kasar a da tana da mutum a matsayin mai mulki. Kimanin shekaru saba'in ko tamanin bayan haka ana tashe-tashen hankula da yaki. Daga nan sai mutane suka amince da mace ga shugabar su. Sunanta Himiko [卑弥呼]. Ta shagaltu da sihiri da sihiri, tana mai da mutane. Ko da yake ta girma, ta kasance ba ta yi aure ba. Tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mata wajen mulkin ƙasar. Bayan ta zama mai mulki, kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Tana da mata dubu ɗaya a matsayin masu hidima, amma namiji ɗaya. Ya kai mata abinci da abin sha kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta kasance a cikin wani fada da aka kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace, tare da masu gadi dauke da makamai cikin yanayin tsaro a koda yaushe.[11]

&quot;Records of Wei&quot; kuma ya rubuta wakilai masu tafiya tsakanin kotunan Wa da Wei. Wakilan Himiko sun fara ziyartar kotun sarkin Wei Cao Rui a shekara ta 238, kuma ya amsa da cewa:

Anan muna magana da Himiko, Sarauniyar Wa, wanda a yanzu muke kiran abokin Wei a hukumance. […Manzon ku] sun iso nan da harajin ku, wanda ya kunshi bayi hudu maza da kuyangi mata shida, tare da tufa biyu masu zane, kowane tsayinsa kafa ashirin. Kuna zaune mai nisa a hayin teku; amma duk da haka kun aika da jakadanci da haraji. Amincinku da tsoronku muna godiya matuka. Muna ba ku, don haka, taken &quot;Sarauniyar Wa Friendly zuwa Wei,&quot; tare da kayan ado na hatimin zinariya tare da kintinkiri mai launin shuɗi. Na biyun, wanda ke kunshe da kyau, za a aiko muku ne ta hannun Gwamna. Muna sa ran ke sarauniya, ki yi mulkin mutanenki lafiya, ki yi qoqari wajen sadaukar da kai da biyayya[12].

A ƙarshe, &quot;Records of Wei&quot; [13] ya rubuta cewa a cikin 247 lokacin da sabon gwamna ya isa Daifang Kwamandan a Koriya, Sarauniya Himiko a hukumance ta koka game da tashin hankali da Himikuko (卑弥弓呼, ko Pimikuko), sarkin Kuna (ja) (狗奴, a zahiri &quot;bawan kare&quot;), ɗaya daga cikin sauran jihohin Wa. Gwamnan ya aike da &quot;Chang Chêng, mukaddashin sakataren tsaron kan iyaka&quot; tare da &quot;shela mai ba da shawara ga sulhu&quot;, sannan daga baya:

Lokacin da Himiko ya rasu, an yi wani babban tudu mai tsayi sama da ɗari. Sama da bayi dari maza da mata ne suka bi ta har lahira. Sai aka naɗa wani sarki a kan karagar mulki, amma jama'a ba su yi masa biyayya ba. Kisa da kisa ya biyo baya; an kashe fiye da dubu daya. Wani dangin Himiko mai suna Iyo [壹與], yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha uku, ta zama sarauniya kuma an maido da tsari. Chêng ya ba da sanarwar cewa Iyo shine mai mulki.[14]

Masu sharhi suna ɗaukar wannan 'Iyo' (壹與, tare da 壹, &quot;ɗaya&quot;, wani tsohon bambance-bambancen 一) a matsayin kuskuren Toyo (臺與, tare da 臺 &quot;dandamali; terrace&quot;) wanda ke daidaita da Wei Zhi rubuta Yamatai (邪馬臺) ) as Yamaichi (邪馬壹).

Wasu tarihin daular Sinawa guda biyu sun ambaci Himiko. Duk da yake dukansu sun haɗa da rahotannin Wei Zhi a fili, sun yi wasu sauye-sauye, kamar tantance &quot;shekaru saba'in ko tamanin&quot; na yakin Wa tsakanin 146 zuwa 189, a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Han Huan da Ling. Na c. 432 Littafin Daga baya Han (Hou Han Shu 後漢書) ya ce &quot;Sarkin Great Wa yana zaune a ƙasar Yamadai&quot;, maimakon Sarauniya:

Wa na zaune ne a tsibiran tsaunuka a kudu maso gabas na Han [Korea] a tsakiyar teku, wanda ya kafa al'ummomi fiye da ɗari. Tun daga lokacin juyin mulkinko Chaoxian [Koriya ta arewa] ta Sarkin sarakuna Wu (BC 140-87), kusan talatin daga cikin waɗannan al'ummomi sun yi mu'amala da kotun Han [daular] ta wakilai ko marubuta. Kowace al'umma tana da sarkinta, wanda ofishinsa na gado ne. Sarkin Great Wa [Yamato] yana zaune a kasar Yamadai.[15]

A lokacin mulkin Huan-di (147-168) da Ling-di (168-189), kasar Wa ta kasance cikin rudani mai yawa, yaki da rikici daga kowane bangare. Shekaru da yawa, babu mai mulki. Sai wata mata mai suna Himiko ta bayyana. Kasancewar ba ta yi aure ba, ta shagaltu da kanta da sihiri da sihiri kuma ta sihirce jama'a. Nan suka dora ta akan karagar mulki. Ta ajiye mata masu hidima dubu ɗaya, amma mutane kaɗan ne suka gan ta. Mutum daya ne kawai wanda ke kula da tufafinta da abinci kuma ya zama hanyar sadarwa. Ta zauna a cikin wani fada da ke kewaye da hasumiyai da tarkace tare da kariya daga masu gadi dauke da makamai. Dokoki da al'adu sun kasance masu tsauri da tsauri.[16]

Littafin Sui na 636 (Sui Shu, 隋書) ya canza adadin mataimakan Himiko:

A zamanin sarakuna Huan da Ling, ƙasar ta kasance cikin rudani sosai, kuma babu wani mai mulki na tsawon shekaru. [Sai] wata mata mai suna Himiko ta jawo hankalin jama'a ta hanyar sihiri. Ƙasar ta zama ɗaya ta zama sarauniya. Wani ƙane ya taimaka wa Himiko a harkokin mulkin ƙasar. Sarauniya [Himiko] tana kula da kuyangi dubu daya. Da kyar mutum ya samu albarka. Maza biyu ne kawai ta kasance. Suka yi mata hidimar abinci da abin sha kuma suka zama masu shiga tsakani. Sarauniyar ta zauna a cikin wani fada, wanda ke kewaye da katanga da ganuwar da masu gadi dauke da makamai suka karewa; horonsu ya kasance mai tsauri sosai[17].

===Jafananci kafofin===


Babu ɗayan tsoffin tarihin Jafananci guda biyu - c. 712 Kojiki[18] da c. 720 Nihon Shoki[19] - ya ambaci Sarauniya Himiko. Halin da aka rubuta waɗannan littattafan wani batu ne na muhawara mara ƙarewa, kuma ko da an san Himiko ga marubuta, ƙila da gangan sun yanke shawarar kada su haɗa da ita.[20][21]. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da shaman na dangin sarki guda uku waɗanda aka gano tare da ita: Yamatototohimomosohime-no-Mikoto (ja), innar Sarkin sarakuna Sujin (sarkin Jafananci na 10, ya yi sarauta 97-30 BC) da 'yar Sarkin sarakuna Kōrei; Yamatohime-no-mikoto, 'yar Sarkin Suinin (labari na 11, yayi sarauta 29 BC-70 AD); da Empress Jingū (ta yi sarauta c. 209-269 AD), matar Sarkin sarakuna Chūai (sarki na 14 na almara, ya yi sarauta 192-200 AD). Waɗannan kwanakin, duk da haka, ba a tabbatar da tarihi ba.

Wani abin ban mamaki ga tarihin Japan na farko da ke kallon Himiko shine Nihon Shoki, yana ambaton Wei Zhi sau uku. A cikin 239, &quot;Sarauniya [女王] na Wa&quot; ta aika da wakilai zuwa Wei; a cikin 240, sun dawo &quot;ana tuhumar su da rubutun Imperial da hatimi da kintinkiri;&quot; kuma a cikin 243, “mai mulkin [王 “sarkin”] na Wa ya sake aika manyan hafsoshi a matsayin wakilai da haraji”.[22]

Yamato Totohi Momoso himemiko (倭迹迹日百襲媛命), shaman inna ta Sarkin sarakuna Sujin, da ake zaton ta kashe kanta bayan ta san mijinta ya kasance macijin maciji. Kojiki ba ya ambace ta, amma Nihon Shoki ya kwatanta ta da &quot;Goggon Sarkin sarakuna a wajen uba, mai wayo kuma mai hankali, wanda zai iya hango makomar gaba&quot;[23]. Bayan jerin bala'o'i na ƙasa, Sarkin sarakuna &quot;ya tattara dubunnan alloli 80&quot; kuma ya yi tambaya ta wurin duba. Yamato-totohi-momoso ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shiŌmononushi-nushi (&quot;Babban Bautawa na dukan alloli da ruhohi&quot;), [24] ya ce: &quot;Me ya sa Sarkin baƙin ciki a cikin rugujewar yanayin da kasar? &quot; Sarkin sarakuna ya tambaya, ya ce: &quot;Mene ne Allah wanda ya umurce ni?&quot; Amsar ita ce: &quot;Ni ne Allah wanda ke zaune a cikin iyakokin ƙasar Yamato, kuma sunana Oho-mono-nushi no Kami.&quot; [25] Yayin da bautar daular wannan allah (daga dutsen Miwa) ta kasance &quot;ba tare da shi ba. sakamako&quot;, Yamato-totohi-momoso daga baya ya aure shi.

Bayan wannan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya zama matar Oho-mono-nushi no Kami. Wannan Allah kuwa, ba a taɓa ganinsa da rana ba, sai da dare. Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime no Mikoto ta ce wa mijinta: &quot;Kamar yadda Ubangijina ba a taba ganinsa da yini ba, ni ba na iya ganin fuskarsa da kyau; ina rokonsa da ya jinkirta wani lokaci.&quot; domin da safe in kalli girman kyawunsa”. Allah mai girma ya amsa ya ce: &quot;Abin da ka fada daidai ne, gobe da safe zan shiga akwatin bandakinka in zauna a can. Ina rokonka kada ka firgita da siffata.&quot; Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ta yi mamaki a asirce a cikin zuciyarta akan haka. Tana jira har gari ya waye ta duba akwatin toilet dinta. Akwai wata kyakkyawar macijiya mai kyau, tsawonta da kaurin igiyar riga. Can sai ta tsorata, ta furta. Allah Mai Girma ya ji kunya, sai ya rikide ya zama surar mutum kwatsam, ya yi magana da matarsa, ya ce: &quot;Ba ki dame ki ba, amma kin kunyatar da ni; Don haka yana taka Babban Void, ya hau Dutsen Mimoro. Nan Yamato-toto-hi-momo-so-bime babu Mikoto ya duba ya yi nadama. Ta fado kan kujera da tsinke ta dabawa kanta wuka a pudenda har ta mutu. An binne ta a Oho-chi. Don haka mutanen wancan lokacin suna kiran kabarinta Hashi no haka [Kabarin Chopstick]. [26]

Hashihaka Kofun (箸墓, &quot;Kabari Chopstick&quot;) Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara yana da alaƙa da wannan almara.[20]

Yamatohime-no-mikoto (倭姫命), 'yar Emperor Suinin, da ake zaton ta kafa Ise Shrine ga allahn rana Amaterasu. Kojiki ya rubuta ta a matsayin ta huɗu a cikin 'ya'yan Suinin biyar, &quot;Augustness Yamato-hime, (ita ce babbar firist na haikalin Babban Allah na Ise)&quot;[27]. Nihon Shoki shima ya rubuta &quot;Yamato-hime no Mikoto&quot; [28] kuma yana ba da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai. Sarki ya sanya Yamato-hime ya nemo wurin zama na dindindin a wurin ibadar Amaterasu, kuma bayan ya yi ta yawo tsawon shekaru, sai baiwar rana ta umurce ta da ta gina shi a Ise “inda ta fara saukowa daga sama”[29].

Empress Consort Jingū (ko Jingō (神功)) da ake zaton ta yi aiki a matsayin mai mulki bayan mutuwar mijinta Emperor Chūai (c. 200) har zuwa hawan danta Sarkin sarakuna Ōjin (sarki na 15th, r. 270-310). Kojiki[30] da Nihon Shoki[31] suna da irin wannan asusun. Sarki Chūai ya so ya mamaye Kumaso, kuma a lokacin da yake tuntubar ministocinsa, Jingū ya isar da saƙon shamaki cewa ya kamata ya mamaye Silla a maimakon haka. Kwatanta waɗannan:

Gimbiya ta Augustness Okinaga-tarashi, a wancan lokacin, Allah ya mallaka[c] […] ta tuhume shi da wannan umarni da nasiha: “Akwai wata ƙasa zuwa Yamma, kuma a cikin wannan ƙasa akwai tarin dukiya iri-iri masu kyalli da ido. , tun daga zinariya da azurfa zuwa ƙasa yanzu zan ba da wannan ƙasake.”[33] A wannan lokacin ne wani Allah ya yi wahayi zuwa ga Sarauniya kuma ya umurce ta da cewa: “Me zai sa Sarkin ya damu domin Kumaso ba sa biyayya? Kasa ce mai so a kashin baya. Shin yana da daraja yayin tara sojoji don kai hari? Akwai wata ƙasa mafi kyau fiye da wannan, ƙasa mai kayatarwa, wanda za a iya kwatanta shi da yanayin kyakkyawar mace - ƙasar Mukatsu [ma'ana 'kishiya'; 'ko'ina'], kyalli ga idanuwa. A cikin ƙasar akwai zinariya da azurfa da launuka masu haske a yalwace. Ana kiranta Ƙasar Silla ko murfin takarda-mulberry. Idan ka bauta mini da gaskiya, ƙasar za ta yi biyayya da yardar rai, kuma gefen takobinka ba zai ƙasƙanta da jini ba.” [34]

Sarkin ya dauka cewa alloli na karya, ya ce kawai ya ga teku zuwa yamma, sannan ya mutu, ko dai nan da nan (Kojiki) ko kuma bayan ya mamaye Kumaso (Nihon Shoki). An yi zargin Jingū ta gano tana da juna biyu, ita da kanta ta shirya kuma ta jagoranci cin nasara a kan Silla, ta haifi sarki mai zuwa, kuma ta koma mulkin Yamato. Nihon Shoki[35] ya kara da cewa tun da Jingū ya so ya koyi ko wane alloli ne suka tsine wa Chūai, sai ta gina “gidajen ibada” na shamanic, “wanda aka ba shi mukamin firist da kansa”, kuma ta ji alloli suna bayyana kansu daga Ise ( Amaterasu) da Mukatsu (allahntakan Koriya da ba a bayyana sunansa ba). Kodayake tarihin tarihin Kojiki da Nihon Shoki da ake kira Jingū na farko na sarakunan Japan, masana tarihi na zamanin Meiji sun cire ta daga jerin sarakunan Japan, inda suka bar Empress Suiko (r. 593-628) a matsayin mace ta farko da aka tabbatar da tarihin Jafananci.

===Majiyoyin Koriya===


Rubutun tarihin Koriya mafi dadewa, Samguk Sagi (三國史記, &quot;Tarihi na Sarautu Uku [Korean]&quot;, an kammala shi a cikin 1145), ya rubuta cewa Sarauniya Himiko ta aika da manzo zuwa ga Sarki Adalla na Silla a watan Mayu 173.[36].

==Tafsiri==


Masu bincike sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita Himiko/Pimiko tsakanin tushen tarihi na Sin da Japan. Yayin da Wei Zhi ya bayyana ta a matsayin muhimmiyar shugaba a Japan na ƙarni na 3, masana tarihi na Japan na farko da gangan sun guje wa suna Himiko, ko da lokacin da Nihon Shoki ya nakalto Wei Zhi game da manzanni daga Wa.

==Sunaye==


Haruffa na Sinanci guda uku 卑彌呼 (a sauƙaƙe: 卑弥呼) suna rubuta sunan Wa regent ana karanta himiko ko hibiko a Jafananci na zamani da bēimíhū ko bìmíhū a cikin Sinanci na zamani.

Duk da haka, waɗannan karatun na zamani sun bambanta sosai da yadda ake furta 'Himiko' a ƙarni na 3, na masu magana da harshen Wa da ba a san su ba da kuma na malaman China waɗanda suka rubuta shi. Yayin da fassara zuwa haruffan Sinanci na kalmomin waje yana da rikitarwa, zaɓin waɗannan haruffa guda uku yana da daure kai, tare da ma'anoni na zahiri 卑 &quot;ƙananan; maras kyau; tawali'u&quot;, 彌 (弥) &quot;cika, rufe; cika; duka, cikakke&quot;, da kuma呼 &quot;numfashi; fitar da numfashi; kuka; kira&quot;.

Dangane da ilimin sauti na kasar Sin na tarihi, bēimíhū na zamani (卑彌呼) ya fi sauƙi fiye da yadda ake zato na tsohuwar Sinanci a ƙarshen ƙarni na 3 ko farkon kalmar Sinanci ta Tsakiya. Kwatanta wadannan gyare-gyaren sunan a cikin Sinanci na Archaic ko Sinanci na tsakiya (Bernhard Karlgren, Li Fanggui, da William H. Baxter), Sinanci na farko (Edwin G. Pulleyblank), kuma, mafi kusa a tarihi, Late Han Sinanci (Axel)Schuessler).

pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo (Karlgren)

pjie-mjie-χwo (Li)

pjie-mjie-xu (Baxter)

pji-mji-χɔ ko pjiə̌-mjiə̌-χɔ (Pulleyblank)

pie-mie-hɑ (Schuessler)

Dangane da ilimin harshe na Jafananci (wanda a tarihi ba shi da baƙar magana /h/ kuma wanda na zamani /h/ ya samo asali daga tarihi /p/),[37] karɓuwar karatun zamani na 'Himiko' zai yi daidai da Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko. Duk da haka, Roy Andrew Miller ya ce *Pimeko kuskure ne na ƙamus wanda ya samo asali daga rubutun Wei Zhi.

Mafi ruɗani a cikin jerin duka shine sunan sarauniyar al'ummar Yeh-ma-t'ai, Pi-mi-hu, pjiḙ-mjiḙ-χuo ta China. An bayyana wannan a al'ada kuma an fahimta a cikin Japan a matsayin fassarar wani tsohon nau'in Jafananci * Pimeko, wanda aka ce farkon kalmar ma'ana &quot;mace mai girma; gimbiya,&quot; da kuma samo daga Tsohon Jafananci Pime [ko Pi1me1] (har ma wani lokaci). Pimë [Fi1me2]), taken yabo ga mata masu tafiya tare da Piko [Fi1ko1] na maza. Daga baya Fime ya zo yana nufin &quot;gimbiya,&quot; amma wannan ma'anar ba ta da tushe ga matani na farko. […] Wahalar ta shafi kalmar tsohuwar kalmar Jafananci *Fimeko. Ko da yake irin wannan nau'i ya sami hanyar shiga cikin ƙamus na Jafananci na zamani (misali har ma da Kindaiichi's in ba haka ba gabaɗaya abin dogaro Jikai), a haƙiƙa yana ɗaya daga cikin kalmomin fatalwa na ƙamus na Japan; lokacin da ya bayyana a cikin kamus na zamani, sifa ce ta “sikelin” da aka jera a can kawai bisa asusun Wei chih na farkon Japan. Ba a taɓa samun Tsohon Jafananci *Pimeko; Bugu da ƙari, ƙwaƙƙwaran Sinanci ta Tsakiya χ na rubutun ya nuna cewa kashi na ƙarshe na ainihin kalmar da ba a san shi ba bai dace da Tsohon Jafananci -ko [-ko1] ba, wanda aka fassara a wani wuri - a cikin Piko [Fi1ko1], misali - tare da Sinanci ta Tsakiya. -k- kamar yadda mutum zai yi tsammani. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe na wannan rubutun, ya kasance a ɓoye, ko da yake akwai kyakkyawar dama cewa kashi na farko ya dace da wani nau'i mai alaka da Tsohon Jafananci Pime. Bayan haka, a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu a tafi ba.

-  Roy Andrew Miller, 1967:22

Hime (Tsohuwar Jafananci Pi1me1), (姫, &quot;Yarinya mace mai daraja; gimbiya&quot;), in ji Miller, ta hanyar asali ta samo asali daga hi (Fi1) (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da ni (me1) (女, &quot;mace&quot;).

Tsunoda[38] ya lura cewa &quot;Pimiko daga babban take na Jafananci ne, himeko, ma'ana 'gimbiya'&quot;; wato, hime da sunan mace suffix -ko (子, &quot;yaro&quot;), wato. Sunan mai suna Himeko. Sauran shawarwarin ƙamus na Amaterasu na sunan Jafananci Himiko sun haɗa da hi (日, &quot;rana&quot;) da miko (覡 ko 巫女, &quot;shaman mace, shamaness; budurwar bautar; firist&quot;); ko haduwarsu hime-miko, “princess-pritess”.[citation need]

Bentley [39] ya ɗauki kalmar Baekje * pye, 'yamma', prefix mai daraja * ni da *hɔ, 'magaji', don haka yana fassara 卑彌呼 a matsayin 'magajin daraja na yamma'.

==Akida da tarihi==


Gano Himiko/Pimiko ko Wa kai tsaye a cikin tarihin kasar Sin, amma matsala ce a cikin tarihin Japan. Wei Zhi na kasar Sin na karni na 3 (&quot;Records of Wei&quot;) ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da shaman Sarauniya Himiko da sadarwarta tare da sarakuna Cao Rui da Cao Fang. Kojiki na Jafananci na ƙarni na 8 (&quot;Records of Old Alters&quot;) da Nihon Shoki (&quot;Tarihi na Japan&quot;, wanda ya ɗauko Wei Zhi) ba su kula da Himiko, sai dai idan ita ce ke bayan bayanansu na Empress Jingū, Yamatohime-no- mikoto, orYamato-toto-hi-momo-so-hime-no-Mikoto.[citation need]

Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan fitattun sarakunan Jafanawa guda uku da suka yi daidai da tarihin kasar Sin da bayanin Himiko. Idan aka yi la'akari da asusun Wei Zhi cewa Himiko ya mutu a shekara ta 248, idan mutum ya yarda da ƙawancen al'adun gargajiya na Japan, to, ta fi kusa da karni na 3 AD Empress Jingū fiye da karni na 1 BC Yamato-hime-no-mikoto da Yamato-toto. -hi-momo-so-hime. A gefe guda, idan mutum ya yarda da gyare-gyaren kwanan wata kafin karni na 4, to Himiko ya kasance kusa da waɗannan shamans masu suna Yamato. Kojiki ko Nihon Shoki ba su ambaci Himiko ba ko kuma ɗaya daga cikin batutuwa masu mahimmanci cewa ba ta yi aure ba, mutane sun zaɓe ta a matsayin shugaba, tana da ƙane wanda ya taimaka mulki (sai dai idan wannan yana nufin ɗan Jingū), ko yana da yawa (a alamance &quot; 1,000&quot;) mata masu hidima.

William Wayne Farris[40] yayi bitar tarihin muhawarar masana game da Himiko da yankinta Yamatai. Masana falsafar zamanin Edo Arai Hakuseki da Motoori Norinaga sun fara cece-kuce kan ko Yamatai yana Arewacin Kyushu ne ko kuma lardin Yamato a yankin Kinki da ke tsakiyar Honshū da kuma ko Wei Zhi ko Nihon Shoki sun fi amintacce a tarihi. Arai na Confucian ya yarda da tarihin kasar Sin a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma da farko ya kwatanta Himiko da Jingū da Yamatai da Yamato. Masanin kokugaku Motoori ya yarda da tarihin tatsuniyar Jafanawa na al'ada a matsayin abin dogaro, kuma ya yi watsi da ambatonsa na Wei Zhi a matsayin abin da ya dace daga baya. Ya yi hasashe cewa wani sarki daga Kumaso ya aika da jakadu wadanda suka yi kama da jami’an Jingū zuwa kotun Wei, wanda hakan ya sa Wei ya kuskure su a matsayin wakilan Himiko. Farris ya bayyana cewa &quot;Hasashen cin zarafin Motoori (gisen setsu) yana da nauyi mai girma na karni na gaba.&quot;[41].

Maimakon a haɗa shi da Yamataikoku (ba tare da la'akari da inda Yamataikoku yake ba), ƙila an haɗa Himiko da Nakoku (奴國, &quot;Na state of Wa&quot;) (wanda Tsunoda[38] yake a kusa da Hakata na yau a arewacin Kyūshū. ), inda aka aika da tambarin sarauta na zinare, ta Sarkin sarakuna Guangwu na daular Han. An ce Nakoku ya wanzu tun daga karni na 1 zuwa farkon karni na 3, kuma da alama ya kasance mai zaman kansa ko ma abokin hamayyar gidan sarauta na Japan na yanzu, wanda ake zaton a Yamato, Honshū. Hakazalika, duka Kojiki da Nihon Shoki sun rubuta cewa daular sarauta ta yanzu, wacce ta fara da Jimmu, ta samo asali ne daga yankin Kumaso na Takachiho, lardin Hyūga a yankin kudu maso gabashin Kyushu na yau.[42][43][44] Kumaso suna da alaƙa da Kunakoku (狗奴國), wanda abokin hamayyar Himiko, sarki Himikuko ya mulki.

Bayan Meiji Maidowa a cikin 1868, masana tarihi na Jafananci sun karɓi guraben karatu na tarihi na Turai, musamman tushen tushen hanyar Leopold von Ranke. Naka Michiyo ya yi imani cewa tarihin Nihon Shoki bai yi daidai ba kafin karni na 4, don haka [45] &quot;Jingū ta zama sarauniya a karni na hudu wanda mulkinsa ba zai yiwu ya zo daidai da na Himiko ba.&quot; Masanin ilimin Sinanci Shiratori Kurakichi ya ba da shawarar cewa masu tara Nihon Shoki an jarabce su da su haɗa Jingū da ikon addini na Himiko. Naitō Torajiró yayi jayayya cewa Himiko shine babban firist na Ise shrine Yamato-hime-no-mikoto kuma sojojin Wa sun sami iko da kudancin Koriya:

Wani masani [Higo Kazuo] ya tabbatar da cewa Himiko ya kasance da gaske Yamato-toto-momo-so-hime-no-mikoto, inna gaShahararren Sarkin sarakuna Sujin a wajen mahaifinsa, domin kabarinta da ake zaton a Hashihaka a Nara ya auna kimanin taki dari, gwargwadon ma'aunin kabarin Himiko. Wannan ka'idar ta sami mabiya a zamanin baya. Wani [Shida Fudomaru] ya ga a cikin Himiko yana nuna ikon mata na siyasa a farkon Japan.[46]

Wasu masana tarihi na Japan daga baya sun sake tsara Himiko ta fuskar tarihin Marxist. Masaaki Ueda ya bayar da hujjar cewa &quot;Himiko's wata kasa ce mai kaushi mai tsarin bawa&quot;,[47] yayin da Mitsusada Inoue ya tsara Yamatai a matsayin &quot;daidaita kananan jihohi&quot; tare da kadarorin jama'a da kuma sanannun maganganun siyasa. Bayan ƙarshen shekarun 1960 &quot;Yamatai boom&quot;, lokacin da yawancin masana tarihi na Japan, masana harshe, da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suka buga sake kimanta Himiko da Yamatai, mahawarar ta samu shiga tsakanin 'yan kishin Jafanawa, marubutan asiri, da masana masu son son gani.

￼Kallon iska na Hasihaka Kofun. An yi shi ne bisa Bayanin Hoton Ƙasa na Ƙasa (Hotunan Launuka Mai launi), Ma'aikatar Filaye, Kayan Aiki, Sufuri da Yawon shakatawa

A cikin tarihin Jafananci da tarihin tarihi, zamanin Sarauniya Himiko na ƙarni na 2 da na 3 ya kasance tsakanin ƙarshen Yayoi da farkon lokacin Kofun. Kofun (古墳, &quot;tsohuwar tumulus&quot;) yana nufin halayen tudun binnewa mai siffar maɓalli, kuma Wei Zhi ya lura cewa &quot;An ɗaga babban tudu, fiye da taki ɗari a diamita&quot; don kabarin Pimiko, yana iya kasancewa farkon rubutaccen tarihin. a kofun. Wasu hakoran kayan tarihi na wuraren Yayoi da Kofun a yankin Kinki, sun nuna madubin tagulla irin na kasar Sin, wanda ake kira shinju-kyo (神獣鏡, &quot;dubi da aka yi wa ado da alloli da dabbobi&quot;). Yawancin malaman da ke goyan bayan ka'idar Kinki suna danganta waɗannan shinju-kyo tare da &quot;mudubin tagulla ɗari&quot; wanda Wei Zhi [13] ya rubuta Emperor Cao Rui ya gabatar wa Sarauniya Himiko, yayin da sauran malamai[48] [49] ke adawa da shi. Hashihaka Kofun a cikin Sakurai, Nara an ba shi haɓaka kwanan nan ta hanyar rediyo-carbon mai dangantaka kusan 240-60.[50] Rubuce-rubucen farko na kasar Sin na Himiko/Pimiko da mulkinta na Yamatai sun kasance wani abu na gwajin Rorschach. Ga masu fassara daban-daban, wannan Sarauniyar Shaman ta Jafananci na iya bayyana a matsayin shaida na gurguzu (Marxists), sarakunan firist Jōmon (Tarihin mata), mamayar Japanawa na Koriya, [51] cin nasarar Mongolian na Japan (Ka'idar Namio Egami's &quot;horserider theory&quot; (ee) )), tsarin daular wanda ya samo asali da tsarin mulkin kama-karya ta mace shaman da sarki namiji, [52] &quot;juyin juya hali na uba&quot; ya maye gurbin gumakan mata da firistoci tare da takwarorinsu maza, [53] ko mai ba da shawara na shamaki ga Tarayyar Wa sarakunan Wa wanda &quot; lallai ya zama kamar sarauniya mai mulki ga wakilan kasar Sin”[54].

===Hotunan zamani===


￼

Wannan labarin yana iya ƙunsar nassoshi marasa mahimmanci ga sanannun al'adu. Da fatan za a taimaka wa Wikipedia don inganta wannan labarin ta hanyar cire abun ciki ko ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe masu zaman kansu. (Mayu 2021)

Hotunan Himiko a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labaru na Japan sun ɗauki ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwa uku: Himiko a matsayin mai hikima, tsohon mai mulki; Himiko da shaman kyakkyawa kuma mai kuzari; ko kuma Himiko a matsayin boka mai lalata[55][20]. Ana danganta ta da wasu abubuwa na al'ada da suka hada da dotaku - manyan karrarawa guda biyu na tagulla da ake amfani da su a karshen zamanin Yayoi - da kuma reshen sakaki da madubin tagulla na kasar Sin. Wei Zhi ya kwatanta shamanism na Himiko a matsayin guidao, ko kido na Japan, wani nau'in addinin Daoist. Kamar haka, Himiko wani lokaci nemummunan alaƙa da baƙar sihiri ko aljanu. Hukunce-hukuncen lokacin tsaka-tsaki tsakanin zamanin Yayoi da Kofun, hotunan Himiko galibi suna nuna sanye da tufafin da suka samo asali daga lokuta daban-daban, galibi suna kunshe da abubuwa na maza. Wata sarauniya a lokacin marigayi Yayoi, mai yiwuwa Himiko ta saka kosode guda ɗaya mai fadi da hannu a ƙarƙashin riga da sash. Haka kuma ana yawan nuna ta tana sanye da gyalen magatama da diamita. Duk da haka, babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da abin da Himiko ya sa.[20]

===Mascots na gari===


An yi amfani da tatsuniyar Himiko wajen tallata abubuwa iri-iri.[55] Kananan garuruwa daban-daban na neman yin amfani da Himiko a matsayin matsugunin su, suna masu iƙirarin garinsu a matsayin wurin haifuwarta, kodayake shaidar archaeological ta goyi bayan yankuna a cikin rafin Nara a matsayin babban birninta. Birnin Yoshinogari da birnin Sakurai da ke lardin Nara duk suna amfani da hotunan Himiko don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido, ta yin amfani da hotuna irin su chibi Himiko-chan na maraba da matafiya zuwa yankin.[20]

===Manga da litattafan hoto===


Himiko ya fito a cikin batutuwan manga daban-daban da ban dariya.

Ubangiji (manga)

Juzu'i na farko na Osamu Tezuka's Phoenix

Murfin Fujiwara Kamui's Himiko: Shūkan manga Nihonshi[20]

Manga Nihon no Rekishi na Gakken na Ōishi Manabu, Takano Kazuhiro, and Himekawa Akira[20]

Bayan makaranta Charisma ta Kumiko Suekane

Dark Horse Comics' 2014 Tomb Raider jerin wasan ban dariya da aka saita bayan abubuwan da suka faru na wasan, Himiko ya dawo cikin makircin don wasu batutuwa.

==Anime da wasanni na bidiyo==


Himiko wani hali ne wanda ke fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da wasannin bidiyo.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin anime Steel Jeeg, jerin Go Nagai daga 1970s.

Jerin wasan anime da wasan PlayStation Legend of Himiko yana da fasalin tafiyar lokaci tsakanin tsohuwar Yamatai da Japan ta zamani, tare da Himiko a ƙarshe yana taimakawa don ceton Yamatai.

Himiko na ɗaya daga cikin jarumai masu goyan baya a wasan bidiyo na Ōkami, wasan da ke zana tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi da dama na Japan don ba da labarin farar kerkeci Amaterasu da ƙoƙarinta na 'yantar da Japan daga duhu.

Himiko yana cikin sake kunnawa Tomb Raider na 2013 azaman na'urar makirci.

Himiko ya bayyana a cikin wasan wayar hannu Fate/Grand Order a matsayin iyakataccen Bawa na aji 5-Star Ruler. Ta yi muhawara yayin taron Super Ancient Shinsengumi History GUDAGUDA Yamatai-koku 2020 taron.

A cikin yanayin Jarumai &amp; Legends na Sid Meier's Civilization VI, Himiko Jarumi ne wanda za'a iya daukar ma'aikata.

A cikin Warriors Orochi 2, halinta ya yi abota da Da Ji. Hakanan ta fito a cikin Musou Orochi Z, Warriors Orochi 3, da Warriors Orochi 4.

A cikin wasan kida/wasan kida Beatmania IIDX 16: Empress, wakar shugabar karshe ta “One More Extra Stage” ana kiranta da sunan Himiko, wanda kuma aka nuna fassarar kamanninta.

A Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4, ita ce mutumiyar Rise Kujikawa.

A cikin Might &amp; Magic Heroes VI, Himiko tsohuwar firist Naga ce.

A cikin Tarihin Jafananci Meow Meow, an nuna Himiko a cikin kashi na farko.

A cikin Danganronpa V3: Kisan Harmony, masihirar jajayen mace mai kama da yaro ana kiranta Himiko

A cikin anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, an nuna Himiko a takaice a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 'yan matan sihiri na tarihi waɗanda Madoka Kaname ya cece su.

A cikin wayewar Sid Meier na VII, Himiko jagora ne mai iya wasa.

==Cinema==


A cikin fim ɗin Tomb Raider na 2018 wanda Roar Uthaug ya jagoranta (wanda aka daidaita shi daga wasan bidiyo na 2013 mai suna iri ɗaya), Himiko yana tsakiyar shirin.

Daraktan fina-finan Japan Masahiro Shinoda ne ya shirya wani fimgame da Himiko, mai suna Himiko.

===Tallace-tallace===


Sanrio ya ƙirƙiri sarƙar maɓalli na Himiko.[20]

Wani mai bincike Laura Miller ya ba da labarin cin abinci mai suna Himiko a Shinobuan Cafe a cikin garin Moriyama, inda da alama sunan ya haifar da shaharar tasa.[55]

==Gasar Himiko==


Gasar Sarauniya Himiko dai na gudana ne a kananan garuruwa inda ake bayar da kyautuka ga matan da suka haura shekaru sha takwas bisa fara'a da kuma bayyani. Ɗaya daga cikin farkon waɗannan gasa ya fara a Yamatokoriyama a Nara. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan gasa, Himikon, yana faruwa a cikin garin Moriyama. Asakura a Kyushu kuma yana gudanar da gasar Himiko a lokacin bikin Yamataikoku na furanni na shekara-shekara.[20]

===Suna da mahimmanci===

[gyara tushe

An yi amfani da sunan da ya dace da Himiko daban-daban, ba kawai a cikin al'ummar Japan ba amma har ma a wasu wurare kamar su ilmin taurari. Himiko (卑弥呼) jirgin kasa ne a layin Amagi Railway Amagi da bas na ruwa ko Jirgin Ruwa na Jirgin Ruwa na Tokyo wanda Leiji Matsumoto ya tsara.[20]

An ba da sunan Himiko ga wani Lyman-alpha blob (wani babban taro na hydrogen gas da aka yi imani da cewa protogalaxy ne) wanda aka gano a cikin 2009. Massing kusa da rana biliyan 40 da kuma gano shekaru 12.9 haske daga duniya a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Cetus, kamar yadda na 2014 shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi nisa sananne misali irinsa.

Filly ɗin dala miliyan ɗaya na 2015 ɗan Amurka Triple Crown 2015 Ba'amurke Pharoah da Untouched Talent (mahaifiyar 2012 Kentucky Derby second Bodemeister) an kira shi Himiko.

￼

Jirgin kasa na Amagi, Himiko, a tashar Kiyama

 
￼

Wata motar bas ta ruwa a Tokyo Bay mai suna Himiko</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rubaya mines</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
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      <comment>An kirkiri sabon shafi na Rubaya Mines</comment>
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      <text bytes="473" sha1="nsp9vatjm1k3lkvblilvvtyopg1l0ii" xml:space="preserve">Ma'adanan Rubaya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Bibatama Mining Concession, jerin wuraren hakar ma'adinai ne a kusa da garin Rubaya a cikin Masisi Territory, Arewacin Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A hukumance, Société Minière de Bisunzu Sarl (SMB) ne ke riƙe da lasisin hakar ma'adinan, wanda ke da alaƙa da dan majalisar dattawan Kongo Édouard Mwangachuchu. Takamaimai wuraren sun haɗa da Bibatama D2, Luwowo, Gakombe D4, Koyi, Mataba D2, Bundjali, da Bibatama.</text>
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      <text bytes="485" sha1="druuspxm4117636dsofipsw3ubueww2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Ma'adanan Rubaya, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Bibatama Mining Concession, jerin wuraren hakar ma'adinai ne a kusa da garin Rubaya a cikin Masisi Territory, Arewacin Kivu, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. A hukumance, Société Minière de Bisunzu Sarl (SMB) ne ke riƙe da lasisin hakar ma'adinan, wanda ke da alaƙa da dan majalisar dattawan Kongo Édouard Mwangachuchu. Takamaimai wuraren sun haɗa da Bibatama D2, Luwowo, Gakombe D4, Koyi, Mataba D2, Bundjali, da Bibatama.</text>
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    <title>Sahrawis</title>
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      <comment>Kirkirar makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="209" sha1="2d2cvgvpf0l5m4y7xquj425g1f4mwsx" xml:space="preserve">Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare da</text>
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      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="215" sha1="hgx03ppopq97k5hjrhrxaimxlbpb554" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare da</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536935</origin>
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      <text bytes="367" sha1="lwlobctxkpuf1gm9fjeeiv9jpbewxaz" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.[9]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="384" sha1="nvgqbabmo4x7vn0redhkhb6ev6a6ap1" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.[9]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>536941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="477" sha1="q9iorjz3bmuvng6r28yi5l1sj3h84nw" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536944</id>
      <parentid>536941</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="574" sha1="qu0sotchhxfrlqcyzo78btq9e28fwnk" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.[10]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536950</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>536950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="717" sha1="9x21p1zell6agqbnqyzo4junz9u7r05" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>9x21p1zell6agqbnqyzo4junz9u7r05</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="745" sha1="bq7ccz4myddgmmc8bvjsd7ny2b9vzje" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536968</id>
      <parentid>536960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1041" sha1="1f1ivigy83cjjy9ibf3ju74qz1bxebh" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==
Kalmar Larabci Saḥrāwī (صحراوي) a zahiri tana nufin &quot;Mazaunin Hamada&quot;. Kalmar Sahrawi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Saḥrā' (صحراء), ma'ana &quot;Hamada&quot;. Ana kiran namiji Sahrawi, mace kuma ana kiranta Sahrawiya. A cikin wasu harsuna ana furta shi ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta:

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536978</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>536978</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1319" sha1="f0jeqboloo8drn9kf1lotczepkybeyk" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==
Kalmar Larabci Saḥrāwī (صحراوي) a zahiri tana nufin &quot;Mazaunin Hamada&quot;. Kalmar Sahrawi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Saḥrā' (صحراء), ma'ana &quot;Hamada&quot;. Ana kiran namiji Sahrawi, mace kuma ana kiranta Sahrawiya. A cikin wasu harsuna ana furta shi ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta:

Berber: Aseḥrawi ⴰⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ko Aneẓrofan  Turanci: Sahrawi ko Saharawi Mutanen Espanya: Saharaui (saharauita, saharuiya) Faransanci: Sahraoui Italiyanci: Saharaui, Sahraui,[11] Sahrawi ko Saharawi Fotigal: Saarauís[12][13][14][15][16] Jamusanci: Sahraui(s)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536986</id>
      <parentid>536978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:58:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>536986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1497" sha1="7ohmh93zii3s8p209235enqwbg1su3p" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==
Kalmar Larabci Saḥrāwī (صحراوي) a zahiri tana nufin &quot;Mazaunin Hamada&quot;. Kalmar Sahrawi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Saḥrā' (صحراء), ma'ana &quot;Hamada&quot;. Ana kiran namiji Sahrawi, mace kuma ana kiranta Sahrawiya. A cikin wasu harsuna ana furta shi ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta:

Berber: Aseḥrawi ⴰⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ko Aneẓrofan  Turanci: Sahrawi ko Saharawi Mutanen Espanya: Saharaui (saharauita, saharuiya) Faransanci: Sahraoui Italiyanci: Saharaui, Sahraui,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ufficio delle pubblicazioni — Manuale interistituzionale di convenzioni redazionali — Allegato A5 — Elenco degli Stati, dei territori e delle monete&quot;. ''europa.eu''.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabras ko Saharawi Fotigal: Saarauís[12][13][14][15][16] Jamusanci: Sahraui(s)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>536996</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1627" sha1="aa85hcwh0an9836576fklpcrjvxakdz" xml:space="preserve">'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma  da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==
Kalmar Larabci Saḥrāwī (صحراوي) a zahiri tana nufin &quot;Mazaunin Hamada&quot;. Kalmar Sahrawi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Saḥrā' (صحراء), ma'ana &quot;Hamada&quot;. Ana kiran namiji Sahrawi, mace kuma ana kiranta Sahrawiya. A cikin wasu harsuna ana furta shi ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta:

Berber: Aseḥrawi ⴰⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ko Aneẓrofan  Turanci: Sahrawi ko Saharawi Mutanen Espanya: Saharaui (saharauita, saharuiya) Faransanci: Sahraoui Italiyanci: Saharaui, Sahraui,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ufficio delle pubblicazioni — Manuale interistituzionale di convenzioni redazionali — Allegato A5 — Elenco degli Stati, dei territori e delle monete&quot;. ''europa.eu''.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabras ko Saharawi Fotigal: Saarauís&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rajoy viaja para Rabat para manter boas relações com Marrocos | VEJA.com&quot;. ''Veja.abril.com.br''. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;Jamusanci: Sahraui(s)

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <parentid>536996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537005</origin>
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      <text bytes="1637" sha1="ttihebm7lxn01d5933z3z308zp6ospr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sahrawis, ko Sahrawi''' (Larabci: صحراويون ṣaḥrāwīyūn), ƙabila ce ta asalin yankin yammacin hamadar Sahara, wanda ya haɗa da Sahara ta Yamma, Kudancin Maroko, yawancin Mauritania, da kuma tare daiyakar kudu maso yammacin Aljeriya. Su na gauraye ne Hassani Larabawa  da Sanhaji Berber , da kuma  Afirka ta Yamma { da sauran 'yan asalin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;atlasofhumanity.com. &quot;Sahrawi People&quot;. ''Atlas Of Humanity''. Retrieved 25 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;Sahrawis sun ƙunshi kabilu da yawa kuma galibinsu masu magana da yaren Hassaniya na Larabci.&lt;ref&gt;Julio, Javi (21 November 2015). &quot;Desert schools bloom in Sahrawi refugee camps – in pictures&quot;. ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 4 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ilimin Halin Rayuwa ==
Kalmar Larabci Saḥrāwī (صحراوي) a zahiri tana nufin &quot;Mazaunin Hamada&quot;. Kalmar Sahrawi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Saḥrā' (صحراء), ma'ana &quot;Hamada&quot;. Ana kiran namiji Sahrawi, mace kuma ana kiranta Sahrawiya. A cikin wasu harsuna ana furta shi ta hanyoyi iri ɗaya ko mabanbanta:

Berber: Aseḥrawi ⴰⵙⴻⵃⵔⴰⵡⵉ ko Aneẓrofan  Turanci: Sahrawi ko Saharawi Mutanen Espanya: Saharaui (saharauita, saharuiya) Faransanci: Sahraoui Italiyanci: Saharaui, Sahraui,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ufficio delle pubblicazioni — Manuale interistituzionale di convenzioni redazionali — Allegato A5 — Elenco degli Stati, dei territori e delle monete&quot;. ''europa.eu''.&lt;/ref&gt; Sabras ko Saharawi Fotigal: Saarauís&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rajoy viaja para Rabat para manter boas relações com Marrocos | VEJA.com&quot;. ''Veja.abril.com.br''. 17 January 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;Jamusanci: Sahraui(s)

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>ttihebm7lxn01d5933z3z308zp6ospr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rhene ruwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86578</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536926</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:23:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1226632858|Rhene amanzi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>536926</origin>
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      <text bytes="964" sha1="aowlckkgbvdh5xyky67f5bao3lfgbx2" xml:space="preserve">
== Etimology da taxonomy ==
Rhene amanzi wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba ne na dangin Salticidae, wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Charles Haddad suka fara bayyanawa a cikin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2023 |title=''Rhene amanzi'' Wesolowska &amp; Haddad, 2013 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/32336 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i daban-daban sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a cikin aikinta, wanda ya sa ta zama marubuciya mafi yawa a cikin horo tun lokacin Eugène Simon . {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun ba da shi ga jinsin ''Rhene'', wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan sunan mace na Girkanci wanda aka raba ta hanyar almara.{{Sfn|Thorell|1869}} An sanya wa jinsin suna ne bayan Amanzi Private Game Reserve, inda aka tattara misalin farko.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2013}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536928</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:24:39Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
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      <text bytes="989" sha1="93rjf9y6wrzxglbp8b5fekzn3avzzkw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
== Etimology da taxonomy ==
Rhene amanzi wani nau'in gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle, memba ne na dangin Salticidae, wanda Wanda Wesołowska da Charles Haddad suka fara bayyanawa a cikin shekara ta alif dubu biyu da goma sha ukku 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;wsc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=World Spider Catalog |year=2023 |title=''Rhene amanzi'' Wesolowska &amp; Haddad, 2013 |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/32336 |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum |place=Bern}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin nau'o'i daban-daban sama da 500 da Wesołowska ta gano a cikin aikinta, wanda ya sa ta zama marubuciya mafi yawa a cikin horo tun lokacin Eugène Simon . {{Sfn|Wiśniewski|2020}} Sun ba da shi ga jinsin ''Rhene'', wanda aka sanya masa suna bayan sunan mace na Girkanci wanda aka raba ta hanyar almara.{{Sfn|Thorell|1869}} An sanya wa jinsin suna ne bayan Amanzi Private Game Reserve, inda aka tattara misalin farko.{{Sfn|Wesołowska|Haddad|2013}}
==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>93rjf9y6wrzxglbp8b5fekzn3avzzkw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harshen Pular</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86579</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536932</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:28:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kakaki247</username>
        <id>28214</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251531705|Pular grammar]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>536932</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="qaid88sqn9dxp1vjxo575w0ih9u0mdw" xml:space="preserve">'''Harshen Pular''' shine tsarin Wanda ya tabbata abisa ka'idojin tsarin da ke mulkin yaren Pular, ɗaya ne daga cikin yarukan Fula na dangin yaren kasashen Nijar-Congo da ake magana dasu a [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]]. Yana da rikitarwa kuma ya bambanta da sauran dangogin yaruka daga yanki zuwa yanki. Wannan na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa kusan ba zai yiwu a sami wallafe-wallafen da mukalloli da ke koyar da batutuwa  na chigaba masu ci a cikin harshen Pular ba. Bayani mai zuwa ya shafi yadda yaren Pular da ake magana a [[Fouta Djallon|Futa jalon]]. Don sauƙaƙe ilmantarwa, ana fassara duk maganganu zuwa yaren [[Turanci]].

== Sunayen, sunaye da adjectives ==

=== Sunaye da abubuwan da suka faru ===
Tunda labarai   sunaye sunsamu bambanta sosai, ya fi kyau a koyi kowane sunan a ware, Pular tare sahihan  labaran da suka dace. Har ila yau, yana da amfani sosai don koyon nau'ikan jam'i da nau'ikan sunayen Pular a  tare saboda babu dokoki masu sauƙi dasuka a bayyane don tafiya daga nau'ikan guda zuwa nau'ikan Jam'i a zance, duk da haka, ana iya yin wasu ƙididdiga.

* Sunayen Pular ba su da ma'anar da ba ta da iyaka. Don haka aka cire labarin yaren  a cikin Turanci a cikin Pular. Misali: hannu = ''jungo''.
* Abubuwan da aka fi sani da su, da suka danganci sunayen jam'i sune: __yue____yue____yan____yue__ (wanda aka tanada don sunayen da ke nuna mutane da yawa), ɗin, da kuma gara. Ana amfani da labaran biyu na ƙarshe don sunayen da ke nufin abu guda ko abubuwa dayawa. Wannan ya '''da''' da &quot;the&quot; a cikin yaren Turanci.
* An yi amfani da nau'i ɗaya na wani abu mafi kusanci wajen fassar mukalar, kuma ana amfani da shi don sunayen da ke nuna mutum ɗaya kokuma sauran jam'o'i na kalmomi. 
* Sunayen da aka shigo da su daga wasu makwabtan harsuna, musamman yaren Faransanci, suna bin wasu alamu na tsarurruka iri daya. A cikin nau'i na musamman na sunan, takamaiman labarin yan'''a kan''' (akwai wasu yanayi inda wasu labaran zasu iya aiki, amma labarin da '''a kan''' yana aiki koyaushe). Idan sunan yana nuna wani abu ko wata abu, ana kirkirar nau'in jam'i na sunan ta hanyar ƙara harafin ̊ '''ji''' a ƙarshen nau'in guda ɗaya, kuma ana amfani da harafin din a matsayin labarin don nau'in Jam'i. Idan sunan da aka shigo da shi yana nuna mutum, nau'in sunan zai ƙare da harafin '''jo''', amma nau'in jam'i zai ƙare da hanyar, kuma ana amfani da shi azaman labarin don nau'in Jam'i.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Na'urar hangen nesa ta redcliff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86580</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536934</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>Ƙirƙirar muƙala</comment>
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      <text bytes="2130" sha1="kj4w0vk8094y7urug86gy6z4axref39" xml:space="preserve">'''Na'urar hangen nesa ta Radcliffe''' shine 74 a cikin (1.9m) na gani/kusa da infrared mai nuna na'urar hangen nesa wanda yake a Cibiyar Kula da Astronomical ta Afirka ta Kudu a Sutherland, Arewacin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;1.9-m (Radcliffe) Telescope&quot;. SAAO website. South African Astronomical Observatory. 23 February 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Lokacin da aka kammala ginin a cikin 1948, Radcliffe shine mafi girman na'urar hangen nesa a Kudancin Hemisphere, kuma haɗin gwiwa-na huɗu mafi girma a duniya. An sanye da na'urar hangen nesa da kewayon na'urori masu aiki don daukar hoto, spectroscopy da polarimetry. Kwararrun masana ilmin taurari ne ke amfani da waɗannan don gudanar da bincike mai faɗi da yawa.

== Labari ==

== Yanki ==
Ƙarin bayani: Radcliffe Observatory John Radcliffe, wanda amintaccen sadaka ya ba da gudummawar Radcliffe Observatory John Radcliffe (1650–1714) likitan Ingilishi ne kuma memba na Majalisar; Almajirinsa shine Jami'ar Oxford. Bai taba yin aure ba kuma ba shi da magada, don haka da ya rasu ya yi wasiyya da dimbin dukiyarsa ta sadaka&lt;ref&gt;Glass, I. S. (1989). &quot;The Story of the Radcliffe Telescope&quot;. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 30: 33. Bibcode:1989QJRAS..30...33G.&lt;/ref&gt;. Wannan Radcliffe Trust ya ba da tallafin ayyukan jama'a a ciki da wajen Oxford, gami da Kamara na Radcliffe da Radcliffe Infirmary. Bisa shawarar Thomas Hornsby, a cikin 1773 dogara ya kafa Radcliffe Observatory a lokacin da ke bayan arewacin Oxford; ita ce cibiyar lura ta dindindin ta biyu da aka kafa a Biritaniya (bayan Greenwich Observatory).&lt;ref&gt;Thackeray, A. D. (1972). &quot;Two Hundred Years of the Radcliffe Observatory&quot;. Nature. 239 (5371): 313–5. Bibcode:1972Natur.239..313T. doi:10.1038/239313a0. &lt;nowiki&gt;PMID 12635217&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; Wannan dakin binciken ya gudanar da bincike kan ilmin taurari, tun farko a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Savilian na Jami'ar Oxford. A cikin 1839 Radcliffe Trust ta fara ba da tallafin kai tsaye ga Radcliffe Observer don gudanar da binciken, kuma lura a Oxford ya ci gaba da amfani ga mafi yawan ƙarni na gaba.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Collines</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>536939</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:32:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
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      <comment>Kirkirar shafi</comment>
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      <text bytes="89" sha1="9vt4g3uv6r8735x3pkm0586d8d2ubg5" xml:space="preserve">'''Collines''' Collines na iya koma zuwa: Collines Department,

Benin Collines na Burundi</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cecil Rhodes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86582</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536942</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:35:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249339420|Cecil Rhodes]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>536942</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1372" sha1="6mtvhzw589t2axzs6za73h1qept2580" xml:space="preserve">== Asalin ==
An haifi Rhodes a shekara ta 1853 a Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, kasar Ingila, ɗan na biyar na Reverend Francis William Rhodes ne (a shekara ta 1807 zuwa shekara ta 1878) da matarsa, Louisa Peacock .  Francis wani limami ne na Ikilisiyar Ingila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Brentwood, Essex a (shekara ta 1834 zuwa shekara ta 1843), sannan kuma a matsayin mai ba da izini na Bishop's Stortford a (shekara ta 1849 zuwa shekara ta 1876), inda aka san shi sosai saboda bai taɓa yin wa'azi ba fiye da minti goma.

Francis shi ne ɗan fari a wajan William Rhodes ( shekara ta 1774 zuwa shekara ta 1855), mai ƙera tubali daga Hackney, Middlesex . Iyalin sun mallaki manyan kadarori a Hackney da Dalston a kasar London wanda Cecil daga baya ya gaji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE RHODES SETTLED ESTATES |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9e2b1c35-c6e2-48a4-b87b-dbd3efa6d684 |website=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon kakannin Cecil Rhodes shine James Rhodes (fl.1660) na Snape Green, Whitmore, Staffordshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;bodl_Pape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Papers of the Rhodes Family (Hildersham Hall collection) |url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/blcas/rhodes-fam.html |access-date=4 August 2019 |website=bodley.ox.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan uwan Cecil sun hada da Frank Rhodes, jami'in Sojojin kasar Burtaniya.</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:36:35Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
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      <text bytes="1398" sha1="gcao2al2bm7zrvv9u1utgs2khao5lv5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
== Asalin ==
An haifi Rhodes a shekara ta 1853 a Bishop's Stortford, Hertfordshire, kasar Ingila, ɗan na biyar na Reverend Francis William Rhodes ne (a shekara ta 1807 zuwa shekara ta 1878) da matarsa, Louisa Peacock .  Francis wani limami ne na Ikilisiyar Ingila wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Brentwood, Essex a (shekara ta 1834 zuwa shekara ta 1843), sannan kuma a matsayin mai ba da izini na Bishop's Stortford a (shekara ta 1849 zuwa shekara ta 1876), inda aka san shi sosai saboda bai taɓa yin wa'azi ba fiye da minti goma.

Francis shi ne ɗan fari a wajan William Rhodes ( shekara ta 1774 zuwa shekara ta 1855), mai ƙera tubali daga Hackney, Middlesex . Iyalin sun mallaki manyan kadarori a Hackney da Dalston a kasar London wanda Cecil daga baya ya gaji shi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE RHODES SETTLED ESTATES |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9e2b1c35-c6e2-48a4-b87b-dbd3efa6d684 |website=The National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsohon kakannin Cecil Rhodes shine James Rhodes (fl.1660) na Snape Green, Whitmore, Staffordshire . &lt;ref name=&quot;bodl_Pape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Papers of the Rhodes Family (Hildersham Hall collection) |url=http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/blcas/rhodes-fam.html |access-date=4 August 2019 |website=bodley.ox.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 'Yan uwan Cecil sun hada da Frank Rhodes, jami'in Sojojin kasar Burtaniya.
==Manazarta==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dan Sarki Shōtoku</title>
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    <id>86583</id>
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      <id>536943</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="9809" sha1="97k16knff0mdbfuyci5kd811t0xy7ux" xml:space="preserve">￼

AfroCuisine X AfroFestival
Ku ɗanɗani ɗanɗano, ku yi bikin Al'adu

Ba da gudummawa, haɗin kai, da bikin al'adun Afirka - shiga cikin editan-a-thon a yau!

[ Taimaka tare da fassarori! ]

Prince Shotoku

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Kada ku ruɗe da Empress Shotoku.

Shotoku

Yarima Shotoku tare da ƙane (hagu: Prince Eguri) da ɗan fari (dama: Yarima Yamashiro)[1]

Shugaban YamatoRegency593-622

Haihuwar Fabrairu 7, 574Ya mutu Afrilu 8, 622 (shekaru 48) MagidantaUji no Shitsukahi
Tojiko no IratsumeIssuePrince YamashiroHouseKōshitsuUbaSarki YomeiUwarAnahobe no Hashihito

Prince Shōtoku (聖徳太子, Shōtoku Taishi, Fabrairu 7, 574 - Afrilu 8, 622[2]), wanda kuma aka sani da Prince Umayado (厩戸皇子, Umayado no ōjî, Umayado no miko) ko Prince Kamitsumiya (上子宐) ōji, Kamitsumiya no miko), ɗan siyasa ne na ɗan tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa na zamanin Asuka a Japan wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Empress Suiko. Shi ɗa ne ga Sarkin sarakuna Yōmei da uwargidansa, Gimbiya Anahobe no Hashihito, wadda ita ma kanwar Yomei ce. Amma daga baya, Yarima Shotoken ya karbe shi. Iyayensa dangi ne na dangin Soga mai mulki[3] sannan kuma ya kasance yana da hannu wajen cin kashin kabilanci na Mononobe.[4] Babban tushen rayuwa da nasarorin Yarima Shotoku ya fito ne daga Nihon Shoki. Yariman ya shahara wajen zamanantar da gwamnatin gwamnati da kuma inganta addinin Buddah a Japan.[5] Yana kuma da iyalai biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka yi yaƙi a kan tsare shi.

A cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, wata ibada ta ibada ta taso a kusa da siffar Yarima Shōtoku don kariyar Japan, Iyalin Imperial, da kuma addinin Buddah. Manyan mutane masu addini irin su Saichō, Shinran da sauransu sun yi iƙirarin wahayi ko hangen nesa da aka danganta ga Yarima Shotoku.[4]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1Tsarin asali

2 Tarihin Rayuwa

3 Legends

4 Laƙabi da sunaye

5 Gado

5.1 Kuɗi

6 Gallery

6.1 Zane

6.2 Abubuwan sassaka

7 Duba kuma

8 Bayanan kula

9 Nassoshi

10 Littafi Mai Tsarki

11 Hagu na waje

Asalin asali

[gyara tushe]

Iyaye

Uba: Emperor Yōmei (用明日皇, 517 – 21 ga Mayu 587)

Uwa: (Empress) Princess Anahobe no Hashihito [ja] (穴穂部間人皇女, d 622)

Matan aure

Gimbiya Uji no Kaitako (菟道貝蛸皇女, b.570), diyar Emperor Bidatsu and Empress Suiko

Tachibana-no-Oiratsume, daughter of Prince Owari (橘大郎女)

Son: Prince Shiragabe (白髪部王; d.30 Disamba 643),

Daughter: Princess Tejima (手島女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Tojiko no Iratsume, daughter of Soga no Umako and Lady Mononobe (刀自古郎女)

Sun: Prince Yamashiro (山背大兄王; 30 Disamba 643)

Daughter: Princess Zai (財王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Hioki (日置王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar: Gimbiya Kataoka (礼岡女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Lady Kawahide no Iratsume (膳大郎女)

Son: Prince Hatsuse no Okimi (泊瀬王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Saegusa (三枝王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Tomoshiko (伊止志古王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Asaryoko (麻呂古王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar:Sarauniya Tsukishine (舂米女王; 30 Disamba 643) ta auri Yarima Yamashiro

Daughter: Princess Kunami (久波太女王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar: Gimbiya Torybushi (波止利 女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Daughter: Princess Umayako (馬屋古女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Tarihin Rayuwa

[gyara tushe]

￼Shotoku a matsayin mahajjacin addinin Buddah yana dan shekara sha hudu.
Launuka akan siliki. Muromachi Period, karni na 14.

Bisa ga al'ada, an nada Shōtoku mai mulki (Sesshō) a cikin 593 ta Empress Suiko (554-628), mahaifiyarsa. Shotoku, wanda koyarwar Buddha ya yi wahayi, ya yi nasara wajen kafa gwamnati ta tsakiya a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin 603, ya kafa tsarin Cap da Rank Level a kotu. An yaba masa da kaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki mai kunshe da sha bakwai.

Shōtoku ɗan Buda ne mai ƙwazo kuma a al'adance ana danganta shi da marubucin Sangyō Gisho ko &quot;Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras&quot; (Lotus Sutra, da Vimalakirti Sutra, da Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra). Na farko daga cikin wadannan sharhin, Hokke Gisho, an rubuta shi a al'ada zuwa 615 kuma don haka ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin &quot;rubutun Jafananci na farko&quot;, wanda hakan ya sa Shotoku ya zama sanannen marubucin Jafananci na farko.

A ƙarshen karni na 6, Shōtoku ya jagoranci babban aikin ƙasa don haɓaka addinin Buddha kuma ya ba da umarnin gina Shitennō-ji.[7][5] An gina haikalin addinin Buddah ne a lardin Settsu (Osaka na yanzu) bayan nasarar da ya samu na soja a kan dangin Mononobe mai karfi, domin an ce [da wane ne?] ya kira su don murkushe abokan gabansa. An danganta sunan Shotoku da Hōryū-ji, wani haikali a lardin Yamato, da sauran haikali da yawa a yankin Kansai. Takaddun shaida a Hōryū-ji sun yi iƙirarin cewa Suiko da Shōtoku sun kafa haikalin a shekara ta 607. Binciken archaeological a 1939 ya tabbatar da cewa fadar Yarima Shotoku, Ikaruga no miya (斑鳩宮), ta tsaya a gabashin rukunin haikalin na yanzu, inda To-in (東院) yana zaune a yau.[8] Duk da cewa an lasafta shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa addinin Buddha na Japan, an kuma ce Yarima yana mutunta Shinto kuma bai taba ziyartar haikalin addinin Buddah ba tare da ziyartar wuraren ibada na Shinto ba.[9] Shahararriyar zance da aka danganta ga Shotoku wanda ya zama tushen tushen imani na Buddha a Japan an fassara shi da “Duniya banza ce kuma yaudara ce, kuma mulkin Buddha kadai gaskiya ne.”[10].

A cikin wasiƙarsa da Sarkin sarakuna Yang na Sui, wasiƙar Shōtoku ta ƙunshi sanannun rubutaccen misali wanda a cikinsa ake kiran tsibirin Jafananci da kalmar ma'ana &quot;ƙasar fitowar rana.&quot; Sarkin Sui ya aika da sako a cikin 605 wanda ya ce, &quot;masaraucin Sui ya yi tambaya cikin girmamawa game da mai mulkin Wa,&quot; kuma Shōtoku ya amsa ta hanyar daukar nauyin manufa ta Ono no Imoko a cikin 607, wanda ya kawo bayanin kula: &quot;Daga mai mulkin qasar fitowar rana (hi izuru tokoro) zuwa ga mai mulkin qasar faɗuwar rana.” [11][12][13]

An ce an binne shi a Shinaga da ke KawachiLardi (Lardin Osaka na zamani).[14]

Tatsuniyoyi

[gyara tushe]

￼Sashin Sharhin Lotus Sutra, wanda aka ce a rubuta a hannun Shotoku.

Wani almara ya yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da Bodhidharma ya zo Japan, ya sadu da Yarima Shotoku yayin da yake fakewa da maroƙi mai yunwa. Yarima ya nemi marokin da ya bayyana kansa, amma mutumin bai amsa ba. Maimakon Shotoku ya ci gaba, sai ya ba shi abinci, ya sha, ya lullube shi da rigar purple, ya ce masa ya kwanta lafiya. Shotoku sai ya rera waka ga mai yunwa.

Kash! Domin
Dan hanya yana karya
Kuma yunwar shinkafa
A kan tudun Kataoka
(Sunshine)
Shin ka zama
Mara iyaye?
Ba ka da ubangiji
Gari kamar bamboo?
Kash! Domin
Dan hanya yana karya
Kuma yunwar shinkafa!

A rana ta biyu, Shotoku ya aika manzo zuwa ga mutumin da ke fama da yunwa, amma ya riga ya mutu. Anan yayi baƙin ciki sosai kuma ya ba da umarnin a binne shi. Daga baya Shotoku ya dauka mutumin ba talaka ba ne tabbas, sai ya aika wani manzo, ya gano kasa ba ta damu ba. A bude kabarin babu gawa a ciki, sai rigar Yarima mai ruwan shunayya ta kwanta a jikin akwatin. Sai Yarima ya sake aika wani dan aike domin ya nemi rigar, ya ci gaba da sawa kamar da. Cikin tsananin tsoro sai mutanen suka yaba wa Yarima: “Gaskiya ne mai hikima ya san mai hikima.”[15] Wannan tatsuniya tana da alaƙa da haikalin Daruma-ji da ke Ōji, Nara, inda aka sami wani tudu na dutse a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. wanda ke da wuyar gaske.

Lakabi da sunaye

[gyara tushe]

Ana san Shōtoku da laƙabi da yawa, kodayake ainihin sunansa Yarima Umayado ( 厩戸皇子, Umayado no oji, a zahiri 'bariman mai tsayayye') tun lokacin da aka haife shi a gaban wata bargo[16]. Ana kuma san shi da Toyosatomimi (豊聡耳) ko Kamitsumiyaō (上宮王). An kuma san shi da ɗaukar sunan Sanskrit Dharma Bhavyaśīla [17] wanda Bodhidharma ya ba shi. A cikin Kojiki, sunansa ya bayyana a matsayin Kamitsumiya no Umayado no Toyosatomimi no Mikoto (上宮之厩戸豊聡耳命). A cikin Nihon Shoki, ban da Umayado no oji, ana kiransa Toyosamimi Shōtoku (豊聡耳聖徳), Toyosatomimi no Nori no Ōkami (豊聡耳法大王), kuma kawai Nori no Ushi no ).

Sunan da aka fi saninsa da shi a yau, Prince Shotoku, ya fara bayyana a Kaifūsō, wanda aka rubuta fiye da shekaru 100 bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 622 AD.

Gado

[gyara tushe]

￼

Shotoku ya fito akan takardar banki ¥ 10,000, wanda aka buga a cikin 1958.

￼

Shotoku akan tambarin 1948.

Yawancin cibiyoyi ana kiran su da sunan Shōtoku, kamar Jami'ar Shotoku Gakuen da ƙaramar kwalejin da ke da alaƙa (dukansu a Gifu). Harshen farko na sunansa (聖), ana iya karanta sho a cikin Go-on kuma ana iya karanta sei cikin Kan-on. Ana samun karatun daga baya a Jami'ar Seitoku da karamar kwalejin da ke da alaƙa (dukansu a cikin Matsudo, Chiba) da kuma tsohuwar Kwalejin Gina Jiki ta Seitoku Junior (kuma a kaikaice ta maye gurbin Kwalejin Seiei).

Kudi

[gyara tushe]

Hoton Yarima Shotoku ya bayyanaakan lissafin yen 100, 1,000, 5,000 da 10,000 yen.[18] An kuma bayar da takardar kudi guda biyu da aka yi da kayan aiki daban-daban da tawada na musamman masu darajar fuska 100,000,000 (Yen miliyan dari). Siffar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ita ce suna da iyaka a kusa da su don hana canjinsa. A matsayin halaye, yana da hatimi da adadi a wurare daban-daban waɗanda suka fara daga tsakiya zuwa waje. Ma'auni na waɗannan batutuwa 2 na takardun kuɗi sune 35.3 cm x 16 cm kuma ɗayan tare da ƙaramin bambancin 34.3 ta 16.5 cm. An yi amfani da waɗannan tikitin tufafi don musayar mahimman dabi'u.

Gallery

[gyara tushe]

Zane

[gyara tushe]

￼

Zanen Yarima Shotoku tare da masu hidima biyu. Launuka akan siliki, Zaman Kamakura, karni na 13

 
￼

Zanen Shotoku da masu hidima biyu, daga haikalin Kakurin-ji a Kakogawa. Yankin Hyogo

 
￼</text>
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        <id>19233</id>
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      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
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Prince Shōtoku (聖徳太子, Shōtoku Taishi, Fabrairu 7, 574 - Afrilu 8, 622[2]), wanda kuma aka sani da Prince Umayado (厩戸皇子, Umayado no ōjî, Umayado no miko) ko Prince Kamitsumiya (上子宐) ōji, Kamitsumiya no miko), ɗan siyasa ne na ɗan tarihi kuma ɗan siyasa na zamanin Asuka a Japan wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Empress Suiko. Shi ɗa ne ga Sarkin sarakuna Yōmei da uwargidansa, Gimbiya Anahobe no Hashihito, wadda ita ma kanwar Yomei ce. Amma daga baya, Yarima Shotoken ya karbe shi. Iyayensa dangi ne na dangin Soga mai mulki[3] sannan kuma ya kasance yana da hannu wajen cin kashin kabilanci na Mononobe.[4] Babban tushen rayuwa da nasarorin Yarima Shotoku ya fito ne daga Nihon Shoki. Yariman ya shahara wajen zamanantar da gwamnatin gwamnati da kuma inganta addinin Buddah a Japan.[5] Yana kuma da iyalai biyu daban-daban waɗanda suka yi yaƙi a kan tsare shi.

A cikin tsararraki masu zuwa, wata ibada ta ibada ta taso a kusa da siffar Yarima Shōtoku don kariyar Japan, Iyalin Imperial, da kuma addinin Buddah. Manyan mutane masu addini irin su Saichō, Shinran da sauransu sun yi iƙirarin wahayi ko hangen nesa da aka danganta ga Yarima Shotoku.[4]

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1Tsarin asali

2 Tarihin Rayuwa

3 Legends

4 Laƙabi da sunaye

5 Gado

5.1 Kuɗi

6 Gallery

6.1 Zane

6.2 Abubuwan sassaka

7 Duba kuma

8 Bayanan kula

9 Nassoshi

10 Littafi Mai Tsarki

11 Hagu na waje

Asalin asali

[gyara tushe]

Iyaye

Uba: Emperor Yōmei (用明日皇, 517 – 21 ga Mayu 587)

Uwa: (Empress) Princess Anahobe no Hashihito [ja] (穴穂部間人皇女, d 622)

Matan aure

Gimbiya Uji no Kaitako (菟道貝蛸皇女, b.570), diyar Emperor Bidatsu and Empress Suiko

Tachibana-no-Oiratsume, daughter of Prince Owari (橘大郎女)

Son: Prince Shiragabe (白髪部王; d.30 Disamba 643),

Daughter: Princess Tejima (手島女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Tojiko no Iratsume, daughter of Soga no Umako and Lady Mononobe (刀自古郎女)

Sun: Prince Yamashiro (山背大兄王; 30 Disamba 643)

Daughter: Princess Zai (財王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Hioki (日置王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar: Gimbiya Kataoka (礼岡女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Lady Kawahide no Iratsume (膳大郎女)

Son: Prince Hatsuse no Okimi (泊瀬王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Saegusa (三枝王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Tomoshiko (伊止志古王; 30 Disamba 643)

Sun: Prince Asaryoko (麻呂古王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar:Sarauniya Tsukishine (舂米女王; 30 Disamba 643) ta auri Yarima Yamashiro

Daughter: Princess Kunami (久波太女王; 30 Disamba 643)

'Yar: Gimbiya Torybushi (波止利 女王; 30 Disamba 643)

Daughter: Princess Umayako (馬屋古女王; 30 Disamba 643)

==Tarihin Rayuwa==


￼Shotoku a matsayin mahajjacin addinin Buddah yana dan shekara sha hudu.
Launuka akan siliki. Muromachi Period, karni na 14.

Bisa ga al'ada, an nada Shōtoku mai mulki (Sesshō) a cikin 593 ta Empress Suiko (554-628), mahaifiyarsa. Shotoku, wanda koyarwar Buddha ya yi wahayi, ya yi nasara wajen kafa gwamnati ta tsakiya a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin 603, ya kafa tsarin Cap da Rank Level a kotu. An yaba masa da kaddamar da kundin tsarin mulki mai kunshe da sha bakwai.

Shōtoku ɗan Buda ne mai ƙwazo kuma a al'adance ana danganta shi da marubucin Sangyō Gisho ko &quot;Annotated Commentaries on the Three Sutras&quot; (Lotus Sutra, da Vimalakirti Sutra, da Śrīmālādevī Siṃhanāda Sūtra). Na farko daga cikin wadannan sharhin, Hokke Gisho, an rubuta shi a al'ada zuwa 615 kuma don haka ake ɗaukarsa a matsayin &quot;rubutun Jafananci na farko&quot;, wanda hakan ya sa Shotoku ya zama sanannen marubucin Jafananci na farko.

A ƙarshen karni na 6, Shōtoku ya jagoranci babban aikin ƙasa don haɓaka addinin Buddha kuma ya ba da umarnin gina Shitennō-ji.[7][5] An gina haikalin addinin Buddah ne a lardin Settsu (Osaka na yanzu) bayan nasarar da ya samu na soja a kan dangin Mononobe mai karfi, domin an ce [da wane ne?] ya kira su don murkushe abokan gabansa. An danganta sunan Shotoku da Hōryū-ji, wani haikali a lardin Yamato, da sauran haikali da yawa a yankin Kansai. Takaddun shaida a Hōryū-ji sun yi iƙirarin cewa Suiko da Shōtoku sun kafa haikalin a shekara ta 607. Binciken archaeological a 1939 ya tabbatar da cewa fadar Yarima Shotoku, Ikaruga no miya (斑鳩宮), ta tsaya a gabashin rukunin haikalin na yanzu, inda To-in (東院) yana zaune a yau.[8] Duk da cewa an lasafta shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa addinin Buddha na Japan, an kuma ce Yarima yana mutunta Shinto kuma bai taba ziyartar haikalin addinin Buddah ba tare da ziyartar wuraren ibada na Shinto ba.[9] Shahararriyar zance da aka danganta ga Shotoku wanda ya zama tushen tushen imani na Buddha a Japan an fassara shi da “Duniya banza ce kuma yaudara ce, kuma mulkin Buddha kadai gaskiya ne.”[10].

A cikin wasiƙarsa da Sarkin sarakuna Yang na Sui, wasiƙar Shōtoku ta ƙunshi sanannun rubutaccen misali wanda a cikinsa ake kiran tsibirin Jafananci da kalmar ma'ana &quot;ƙasar fitowar rana.&quot; Sarkin Sui ya aika da sako a cikin 605 wanda ya ce, &quot;masaraucin Sui ya yi tambaya cikin girmamawa game da mai mulkin Wa,&quot; kuma Shōtoku ya amsa ta hanyar daukar nauyin manufa ta Ono no Imoko a cikin 607, wanda ya kawo bayanin kula: &quot;Daga mai mulkin qasar fitowar rana (hi izuru tokoro) zuwa ga mai mulkin qasar faɗuwar rana.” [11][12][13]

An ce an binne shi a Shinaga da ke KawachiLardi (Lardin Osaka na zamani).[14]

==Tatsuniyoyi==


￼Sashin Sharhin Lotus Sutra, wanda aka ce a rubuta a hannun Shotoku.

Wani almara ya yi iƙirarin cewa lokacin da Bodhidharma ya zo Japan, ya sadu da Yarima Shotoku yayin da yake fakewa da maroƙi mai yunwa. Yarima ya nemi marokin da ya bayyana kansa, amma mutumin bai amsa ba. Maimakon Shotoku ya ci gaba, sai ya ba shi abinci, ya sha, ya lullube shi da rigar purple, ya ce masa ya kwanta lafiya. Shotoku sai ya rera waka ga mai yunwa.

Kash! Domin
Dan hanya yana karya
Kuma yunwar shinkafa
A kan tudun Kataoka
(Sunshine)
Shin ka zama
Mara iyaye?
Ba ka da ubangiji
Gari kamar bamboo?
Kash! Domin
Dan hanya yana karya
Kuma yunwar shinkafa!

A rana ta biyu, Shotoku ya aika manzo zuwa ga mutumin da ke fama da yunwa, amma ya riga ya mutu. Anan yayi baƙin ciki sosai kuma ya ba da umarnin a binne shi. Daga baya Shotoku ya dauka mutumin ba talaka ba ne tabbas, sai ya aika wani manzo, ya gano kasa ba ta damu ba. A bude kabarin babu gawa a ciki, sai rigar Yarima mai ruwan shunayya ta kwanta a jikin akwatin. Sai Yarima ya sake aika wani dan aike domin ya nemi rigar, ya ci gaba da sawa kamar da. Cikin tsananin tsoro sai mutanen suka yaba wa Yarima: “Gaskiya ne mai hikima ya san mai hikima.”[15] Wannan tatsuniya tana da alaƙa da haikalin Daruma-ji da ke Ōji, Nara, inda aka sami wani tudu na dutse a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. wanda ke da wuyar gaske.

===Lakabi da sunaye===


Ana san Shōtoku da laƙabi da yawa, kodayake ainihin sunansa Yarima Umayado ( 厩戸皇子, Umayado no oji, a zahiri 'bariman mai tsayayye') tun lokacin da aka haife shi a gaban wata bargo[16]. Ana kuma san shi da Toyosatomimi (豊聡耳) ko Kamitsumiyaō (上宮王). An kuma san shi da ɗaukar sunan Sanskrit Dharma Bhavyaśīla [17] wanda Bodhidharma ya ba shi. A cikin Kojiki, sunansa ya bayyana a matsayin Kamitsumiya no Umayado no Toyosatomimi no Mikoto (上宮之厩戸豊聡耳命). A cikin Nihon Shoki, ban da Umayado no oji, ana kiransa Toyosamimi Shōtoku (豊聡耳聖徳), Toyosatomimi no Nori no Ōkami (豊聡耳法大王), kuma kawai Nori no Ushi no ).

Sunan da aka fi saninsa da shi a yau, Prince Shotoku, ya fara bayyana a Kaifūsō, wanda aka rubuta fiye da shekaru 100 bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 622 AD.

==Gado==


￼

Shotoku ya fito akan takardar banki ¥ 10,000, wanda aka buga a cikin 1958.

￼

Shotoku akan tambarin 1948.

Yawancin cibiyoyi ana kiran su da sunan Shōtoku, kamar Jami'ar Shotoku Gakuen da ƙaramar kwalejin da ke da alaƙa (dukansu a Gifu). Harshen farko na sunansa (聖), ana iya karanta sho a cikin Go-on kuma ana iya karanta sei cikin Kan-on. Ana samun karatun daga baya a Jami'ar Seitoku da karamar kwalejin da ke da alaƙa (dukansu a cikin Matsudo, Chiba) da kuma tsohuwar Kwalejin Gina Jiki ta Seitoku Junior (kuma a kaikaice ta maye gurbin Kwalejin Seiei).

==Kudi==


Hoton Yarima Shotoku ya bayyanaakan lissafin yen 100, 1,000, 5,000 da 10,000 yen.[18] An kuma bayar da takardar kudi guda biyu da aka yi da kayan aiki daban-daban da tawada na musamman masu darajar fuska 100,000,000 (Yen miliyan dari). Siffar waɗannan kuɗaɗen ita ce suna da iyaka a kusa da su don hana canjinsa. A matsayin halaye, yana da hatimi da adadi a wurare daban-daban waɗanda suka fara daga tsakiya zuwa waje. Ma'auni na waɗannan batutuwa 2 na takardun kuɗi sune 35.3 cm x 16 cm kuma ɗayan tare da ƙaramin bambancin 34.3 ta 16.5 cm. An yi amfani da waɗannan tikitin tufafi don musayar mahimman dabi'u.

==Gallery==


==Zane==


￼

Zanen Yarima Shotoku tare da masu hidima biyu. Launuka akan siliki, Zaman Kamakura, karni na 13

 
￼

Zanen Shotoku da masu hidima biyu, daga haikalin Kakurin-ji a Kakogawa. Yankin Hyogo

 
￼</text>
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    <title>Evans Rutto</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Evans Rutto (an haife shi 8 Afrilu 1978 a Marakwet) ɗan tsere ne na Kenya. Ya yi tseren marathon na farko mafi sauri ta hanyar lashe tseren Marathon na Chicago a 2003 a cikin 2:05:50. Ya lashe gasar Marathon na London da kuma kambu na biyu a Chicago a shekara mai zuwa.  Bayan 2004, tasirin Rutto yayi kasa sosai, sai a cikin 2006 ya dauki lokaci daga tseren gudun fanfalaki saboda rauni. Har yanzu bai koma gasa ba, kodayake mafi kyawun nasa har yanzu yana sa shi cikin manyan 20...</comment>
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      <text bytes="515" sha1="do5wgav8m6b3hz2hhcxdt0xv5p4xi3t" xml:space="preserve">Evans Rutto (an haife shi 8 Afrilu 1978 a Marakwet) ɗan tsere ne na Kenya. Ya yi tseren marathon na farko mafi sauri ta hanyar lashe tseren Marathon na Chicago a 2003 a cikin 2:05:50. Ya lashe gasar Marathon na London da kuma kambu na biyu a Chicago a shekara mai zuwa.

Bayan 2004, tasirin Rutto yayi kasa sosai, sai a cikin 2006 ya dauki lokaci daga tseren gudun fanfalaki saboda rauni. Har yanzu bai koma gasa ba, kodayake mafi kyawun nasa har yanzu yana sa shi cikin manyan 20 mafi saurin gudu a kowane lokaci.</text>
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Evans Rutto (an haife shi 8 Afrilu 1978 a Marakwet) ɗan tsere ne na Kenya. Ya yi tseren marathon na farko mafi sauri ta hanyar lashe tseren Marathon na Chicago a 2003 a cikin 2:05:50. Ya lashe gasar Marathon na London da kuma kambu na biyu a Chicago a shekara mai zuwa.

Bayan 2004, tasirin Rutto yayi kasa sosai, sai a cikin 2006 ya dauki lokaci daga tseren gudun fanfalaki saboda rauni. Har yanzu bai koma gasa ba, kodayake mafi kyawun nasa har yanzu yana sa shi cikin manyan 20 mafi saurin gudu a kowane lokaci.</text>
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    <title>Mirginan dutse na Uganda</title>
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== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ragatinus Maddisoni</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:43:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>Ƙirƙirar muƙala</comment>
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      <text bytes="2244" sha1="llejlgkuyhejzvbgmwo576jser23cjl" xml:space="preserve">'''Ragatinus maddisoni''' shine nau'in nau'in nau'in jinsin Ragatinus. Wani nau'i ne na gizo-gizo mai tsalle wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Kenya, yana zaune a yankunan dajin afromontane. Da farko an bayyana shi a cikin 2016 ta Angelika Dawidowicz da Wanda Wesołowska, an ba shi suna bayan masanin ilimin kimiya na zamani Wayne Maddison. gizo-gizo yana da matsakaicin girma kuma gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa mai haske, tare da cephalothorax wanda ke tsakanin 2.0 da 3.0 mm (0.079 da 0.118 in) tsayi da ciki tsakanin 2.2 da 4.0 mm (0.087 da 0.157 in) tsayi. Yana da kafafu masu launin ruwan kasa, na gaba-gaba sun fi tsayi da duhu. An fi bambanta nau'in cikin sauƙi daga sauran gizo-gizo ta hanyar gabobin da ke tattare da su. Mace tana da baƙin ciki mai siffar triangular a tsakiyar epigyne kuma namiji yana da hakora tare da haƙoran da ke manne da tushe na lanƙwasa.

== Haraji ==
Ragtinus maddisoni gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Angelika Dawidowicz da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana shi a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;World Spider Catalog (2017). &quot;Ragatinus maddisoni Dawidowicz &amp; Wesolowska, 2016&quot;. World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 19 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan sama da 500 da Masanin ilimin kiwo na Poland Wesołowska ya gano yayin aikinta.&lt;ref&gt;Wiśniewski 2020&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi suna nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in sabon nau'in Ragatinus, wanda aka fara bayyana a lokaci guda. Sunan wannan jinsin ga dajin Ragati a kan gangaren dutsen Kenya inda aka fara samun gizo-gizo.&lt;ref&gt;Dawidowicz &amp; Wesołowska 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na Wayne Maddison. Halin jinsin memba ne na ƙabilar Thiratoscirtina, wanda Maddison da kansa shi ne ya fara bayyana ɗan gajeren lokaci a baya, tare da lura cewa yana da yawa ga Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. Ya jera shi, wanda kuma ya haɗa da jinsin Ajaraneola da Cembalea, Gramenca da Lamottella, a cikin kabilar Aelurillini, a cikin rukunin Saltafresia a cikin clade Salticoida. A cikin 2017, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in a cikin rukuni na jinsin mai suna Euodenines.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison 2015, p. 279–280&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da asalin Macaroeris.&lt;ref&gt;Prószyński 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2256" sha1="mhg7adwhtw7rp0l5xem4v4ppqtykbql" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Ragatinus maddisoni''' shine nau'in nau'in nau'in jinsin Ragatinus. Wani nau'i ne na gizo-gizo mai tsalle wanda ya zama ruwan dare a Kenya, yana zaune a yankunan dajin afromontane. Da farko an bayyana shi a cikin 2016 ta Angelika Dawidowicz da Wanda Wesołowska, an ba shi suna bayan masanin ilimin kimiya na zamani Wayne Maddison. gizo-gizo yana da matsakaicin girma kuma gabaɗaya launin ruwan kasa mai haske, tare da cephalothorax wanda ke tsakanin 2.0 da 3.0 mm (0.079 da 0.118 in) tsayi da ciki tsakanin 2.2 da 4.0 mm (0.087 da 0.157 in) tsayi. Yana da kafafu masu launin ruwan kasa, na gaba-gaba sun fi tsayi da duhu. An fi bambanta nau'in cikin sauƙi daga sauran gizo-gizo ta hanyar gabobin da ke tattare da su. Mace tana da baƙin ciki mai siffar triangular a tsakiyar epigyne kuma namiji yana da hakora tare da haƙoran da ke manne da tushe na lanƙwasa.

== Haraji ==
Ragtinus maddisoni gizo-gizo ne mai tsalle wanda Angelika Dawidowicz da Wanda Wesołowska suka fara bayyana shi a cikin 2016.&lt;ref&gt;World Spider Catalog (2017). &quot;Ragatinus maddisoni Dawidowicz &amp; Wesolowska, 2016&quot;. World Spider Catalog. 18.0. Bern: Natural History Museum. Retrieved 19 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan sama da 500 da Masanin ilimin kiwo na Poland Wesołowska ya gano yayin aikinta.&lt;ref&gt;Wiśniewski 2020&lt;/ref&gt; An ba shi suna nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in sabon nau'in Ragatinus, wanda aka fara bayyana a lokaci guda. Sunan wannan jinsin ga dajin Ragati a kan gangaren dutsen Kenya inda aka fara samun gizo-gizo.&lt;ref&gt;Dawidowicz &amp; Wesołowska 2016&lt;/ref&gt; Sunan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i na Wayne Maddison. Halin jinsin memba ne na ƙabilar Thiratoscirtina, wanda Maddison da kansa shi ne ya fara bayyana ɗan gajeren lokaci a baya, tare da lura cewa yana da yawa ga Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison 2015&lt;/ref&gt;. Ya jera shi, wanda kuma ya haɗa da jinsin Ajaraneola da Cembalea, Gramenca da Lamottella, a cikin kabilar Aelurillini, a cikin rukunin Saltafresia a cikin clade Salticoida. A cikin 2017, Jerzy Prószyński ya sanya nau'in a cikin rukuni na jinsin mai suna Euodenines.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison 2015, p. 279–280&lt;/ref&gt; Yana da alaƙa da asalin Macaroeris.&lt;ref&gt;Prószyński 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ruzizi Plain</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:43:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Filin Ruzizi (Faransanci: Plaine de la Ruzizi) wani kwari ne da ke tsakanin sarkar dutsen Mitumba da kogin Ruzizi. Yana nan ne a matsayin iyakar kasa, wanda ke raba Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) daga Burundi da Rwanda a daya bangaren. Filin Ruzizi wani yanki ne na babban yankin yammacin Rift Valley, wanda ya mamaye kasashen Afirka da dama. Kogin Ruzizi ne ya ratsa shi, wanda ke kwarara daga tafkin Kivu ta fili zuwa tafkin Tanganyika.</comment>
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      <text bytes="444" sha1="imm1mqexm70cyq1zmy4oh1hdvv1nlqz" xml:space="preserve">Filin Ruzizi (Faransanci: Plaine de la Ruzizi) wani kwari ne da ke tsakanin sarkar dutsen Mitumba da kogin Ruzizi. Yana nan ne a matsayin iyakar kasa, wanda ke raba Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) daga Burundi da Rwanda a daya bangaren. Filin Ruzizi wani yanki ne na babban yankin yammacin Rift Valley, wanda ya mamaye kasashen Afirka da dama. Kogin Ruzizi ne ya ratsa shi, wanda ke kwarara daga tafkin Kivu ta fili zuwa tafkin Tanganyika.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536961</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:47:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>536961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="456" sha1="4co5pqe59l5xc0o4uirldgqnjotk145" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Filin Ruzizi (Faransanci: Plaine de la Ruzizi) wani kwari ne da ke tsakanin sarkar dutsen Mitumba da kogin Ruzizi. Yana nan ne a matsayin iyakar kasa, wanda ke raba Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC) daga Burundi da Rwanda a daya bangaren. Filin Ruzizi wani yanki ne na babban yankin yammacin Rift Valley, wanda ya mamaye kasashen Afirka da dama. Kogin Ruzizi ne ya ratsa shi, wanda ke kwarara daga tafkin Kivu ta fili zuwa tafkin Tanganyika.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Herod the Great</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:44:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>536957</origin>
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      <text bytes="37719" sha1="n9h09hfool5j54cmc0gpikw39bxb36m" xml:space="preserve">Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

Hirudus

Sarcophagus na Hirudus, wanda aka nuna a gidan tarihin Isra'ila

Abokin ciniki na Romawa Sarkin Yahudiya 37-4 KZ (Schürer)
36–1 KZ (Filim)[1]Magabaci Sarauta ta kafa Magaji

Hirudus Archelaus

Hirudus Antipas

Philip da Tetrarch

Salome I

Haihuwa 72 KZ
Idumea, Hasmonean YahudiyaYa mutu Maris-Afrilu 4 KZ (Schürer) ko Janairu-Afrilu 1 KZ (Filmer)
Jericho, Yahudiya

Mafi m Herodium

Ma'aurata

Doris

Mariamne I

Mariamne II

Malthace

Cleopatra na Urushalima

da karin mata 5

Batu
tsakanin
wasu

Antipater II

Alexander

Aristobulus IV

Gimbiya Salampsio

Hirudus II

Hirudus Antipas

Hirudus Archelaus

Olympias na Herodian

Filibus

Salome

Daular Jarumi Uban Antipater the Idumaean MotherCyprosReligion Haikali na biyu Yahudanci

Hirudus I[2] [3] [a] ko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya.[4][5][6] An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensa[7] [8] [9] — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.[10]

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunci[10].

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da &quot;Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki&quot; duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Tarihin Rayuwa

2 Yi sarauta a Yahudiya

3 Hirudus da Augustus

4 Nasarorin gine-gine

5 Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

6 Mutuwa

6.1 Haɗuwa

6.2 Magada

7 kabarin Hirudus

8Ra'ayoyin mulkinsa

9 Tarihin tarihi

9.139-20 KZ

9.219-4 KZ

10 Mata da yara

11 Bishiyar iyali

11.1 Magabata

11.2 Aure da zuriya

12 Duba kuma

13 Bayanan kula

14 Nassoshi

14.1 Takaddun shaida

14.2 Abubuwan da aka ambata

14.2.1 Madogararsa na biyu

14.2.2 Maɓuɓɓugar manyan makarantu

15 Karin karatu

16 Hagu na waje

Tarihin Rayuwa

[gyara tushe]

￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZ[12] [13] a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.[14][15][16][17] Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.[18] Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.[19][20][21][22] Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na Hasmonawa[23].

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya [24]. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: &quot;shekaru 15&quot;).[25]. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.[26][27] Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosai[28]. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.[3] Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.[29] Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.[1] Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.[30][31] Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, &quot;sarki&quot;) don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 &quot;Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba&quot; a yankin.[32] In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, [34] kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.[2] Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,[35] wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.[36]

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

Mulki a Yahudiya

[gyara tushe]

￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara &quot;ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ&quot; (&quot;Basileōs Hērōdou&quot;) a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” [37]. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, [38] wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.[38] A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.[38] An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

Hirudus da Augustus

[gyara tushe]

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

Nasarorin gine-gine

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce &quot;tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi&quot;, [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus &quot;aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun&quot; [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

Mutuwa

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￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin &quot;Mugunta Hirudus&quot;. da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

saduwa

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Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

Magaji

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Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

kabarin Hirudus

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Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa &quot;wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi.&quot; [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

Ra'ayin mulkinsa

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Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya &quot;san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa.&quot; shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

Tarihi

[gyara tushe]

￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Herod the Great&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ

[gyara tushe]

￼ Kabarin Hirudus

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

Mata dayara

[gyara tushe]

Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

Bishiyoyin iyali

[gyara tushe]

A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa</text>
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      <text bytes="36974" sha1="ilvqp1posisydwm8tqxbj06pesqu19l" xml:space="preserve">Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

k I
k
h

Hirudus I[2] [3] [a] ko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya.[4][5][6] An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensa[7] [8] [9] — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.[10]

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunci[10].

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da &quot;Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki&quot; duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Tarihin Rayuwa

2 Yi sarauta a Yahudiya

3 Hirudus da Augustus

4 Nasarorin gine-gine

5 Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

6 Mutuwa

6.1 Haɗuwa

6.2 Magada

7 kabarin Hirudus

8Ra'ayoyin mulkinsa

9 Tarihin tarihi

9.139-20 KZ

9.219-4 KZ

10 Mata da yara

11 Bishiyar iyali

11.1 Magabata

11.2 Aure da zuriya

12 Duba kuma

13 Bayanan kula

14 Nassoshi

14.1 Takaddun shaida

14.2 Abubuwan da aka ambata

14.2.1 Madogararsa na biyu

14.2.2 Maɓuɓɓugar manyan makarantu

15 Karin karatu

16 Hagu na waje

Tarihin Rayuwa

[gyara tushe]

￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZ[12] [13] a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.[14][15][16][17] Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.[18] Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.[19][20][21][22] Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na Hasmonawa[23].

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya [24]. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: &quot;shekaru 15&quot;).[25]. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.[26][27] Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosai[28]. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.[3] Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.[29] Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.[1] Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.[30][31] Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, &quot;sarki&quot;) don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 &quot;Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba&quot; a yankin.[32] In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, [34] kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.[2] Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,[35] wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.[36]

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

Mulki a Yahudiya

[gyara tushe]

￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara &quot;ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ&quot; (&quot;Basileōs Hērōdou&quot;) a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” [37]. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, [38] wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.[38] A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.[38] An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

Hirudus da Augustus

[gyara tushe]

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

Nasarorin gine-gine

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce &quot;tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi&quot;, [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus &quot;aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun&quot; [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

Mutuwa

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￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin &quot;Mugunta Hirudus&quot;. da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

saduwa

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Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

Magaji

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Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

kabarin Hirudus

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Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa &quot;wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi.&quot; [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

Ra'ayin mulkinsa

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Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya &quot;san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa.&quot; shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

Tarihi

[gyara tushe]

￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Herod the Great&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ

[gyara tushe]

￼ Kabarin Hirudus

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

Mata dayara

[gyara tushe]

Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

Bishiyoyin iyali

[gyara tushe]

A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa</text>
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      <text bytes="36837" sha1="l2uah8q9e2hihuiyaycvql7im7quvvw" xml:space="preserve">Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

k I
k
h

Hirudus I[2] [3] [a] ko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya.[4][5][6] An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensa[7] [8] [9] — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.[10]

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunci[10].

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da &quot;Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki&quot; duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Tarihin Rayuwa

2 Yi sarauta a Yahudiya

3 Hirudus da Augustus

4 Nasarorin gine-gine

5 Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari

6 Mutuwa

6.1 Haɗuwa

6.2 Magada

7 kabarin Hirudus

8Ra'ayoyin mulkinsa

9 Tarihin tarihi

9.139-20 KZ

9.219-4 KZ

10 Mata da yara

11 Bishiyar iyali

11.1 Magabata

11.2 Aure da zuriya

12 Duba kuma

13 Bayanan kula

14 Nassoshi

14.1 Takaddun shaida

14.2 Abubuwan da aka ambata

14.2.1 Madogararsa na biyu

14.2.2 Maɓuɓɓugar manyan makarantu

15 Karin karatu

16 Hagu na waje

==Tarihin Rayuwa==


￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZ[12] [13] a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.[14][15][16][17] Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.[18] Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.[19][20][21][22] Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na Hasmonawa[23].

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya [24]. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: &quot;shekaru 15&quot;).[25]. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.[26][27] Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosai[28]. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.[3] Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.[29] Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.[1] Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.[30][31] Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, &quot;sarki&quot;) don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 &quot;Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba&quot; a yankin.[32] In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, [34] kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.[2] Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,[35] wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.[36]

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

===Mulki a Yahudiya===


￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara &quot;ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ&quot; (&quot;Basileōs Hērōdou&quot;) a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” [37]. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, [38] wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.[38] A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.[38] An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

==Hirudus da Augustus==


Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

==Nasarorin gine-gine==

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

===Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari===

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce &quot;tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi&quot;, [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus &quot;aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun&quot; [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

==Mutuwa==
￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin &quot;Mugunta Hirudus&quot;. da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

===saduwa===


Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

==Magaji==


Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

==kabarin Hirudus==


Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa &quot;wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi.&quot; [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

===Ra'ayin mulkinsa===


Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya &quot;san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa.&quot; shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

==Tarihi==


￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Herod the Great&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ


==Kabarin Hirudus==

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

==Mata dayara===


Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

===Bishiyoyin iyali===


A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa</text>
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      <text bytes="36337" sha1="j95kkz6rvca509uqwr27kilqgbbpkk2" xml:space="preserve">Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

k I
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Hirudus I[2] [3] [a] ko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya.[4][5][6] An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensa[7] [8] [9] — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.[10]

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunci[10].

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da &quot;Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki&quot; duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.


==Tarihin Rayuwa==


￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZ[12] [13] a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.[14][15][16][17] Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.[18] Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.[19][20][21][22] Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na Hasmonawa[23].

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya [24]. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: &quot;shekaru 15&quot;).[25]. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.[26][27] Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosai[28]. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.[3] Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.[29] Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.[1] Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.[30][31] Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, &quot;sarki&quot;) don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 &quot;Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba&quot; a yankin.[32] In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, [34] kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.[2] Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,[35] wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.[36]

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

===Mulki a Yahudiya===


￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara &quot;ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ&quot; (&quot;Basileōs Hērōdou&quot;) a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” [37]. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, [38] wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.[38] A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.[38] An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

==Hirudus da Augustus==


Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

==Nasarorin gine-gine==

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

===Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari===

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce &quot;tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi&quot;, [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus &quot;aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun&quot; [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

==Mutuwa==
￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin &quot;Mugunta Hirudus&quot;. da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

===saduwa===


Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

==Magaji==


Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

==kabarin Hirudus==


Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa &quot;wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi.&quot; [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

===Ra'ayin mulkinsa===


Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya &quot;san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa.&quot; shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

==Tarihi==


￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Herod the Great&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ


==Kabarin Hirudus==

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

==Mata dayara===


Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

===Bishiyoyin iyali===


A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa


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Hirudus Mai Girma

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Wannan labarin game da Sarkin Yahudiya ne da Romawa suka naɗa. Don wasu amfani, duba Hirudus, Hirudus Mai Girma (fim), da Hirudus Mai Girma (wasa).

k I
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Hirudus I[2] [3] [a] ko Hirudus Mai Girma (c. 72 KZ – c. 4 KZ) wani abokin ciniki Bayahude na Roma ne na masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya.[4][5][6] An san shi da manyan gine-ginen da yake yi a Yahudiya. Daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan akwai sake gina Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da kuma faɗaɗa tushensa[7] [8] [9] — bangon Yamma yana cikin sa. An rubuta muhimman bayanai game da rayuwarsa a cikin ayyukan ƙarni na 1 AD Ɗariari na Roman-Yahudawa Josephus.[10]

Duk da nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu, gami da ƙirƙira wani sabon sarki da hannu ɗaya ba tare da komai ba,[11] har yanzu ya sha suka daga masana tarihi daban-daban. Mulkinsa ya daidaita ra'ayi a tsakanin masana tarihi, wasu na kallon abin da ya gada a matsayin shaida ta nasara, wasu kuma suna kallonsa a matsayin abin tunawa da mulkinsa na zalunci[10].

Yayin da aka kwatanta Hirudus Mai Girma a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Kirista a matsayin marubucin Kisan Kisa na marasa laifi, ragowar nassoshi na Littafi Mai-Tsarki game da &quot;Hirudu biyu na Littafi Mai-Tsarki&quot; duk an danganta su ga Hirudus Antipas, ɗan Hirudus Mai Girma. Bayan mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 K.Z., Romawa sun raba mulkinsa tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku da ’yar’uwarsa: ɗansa Hirudus Antipas ya karɓi sarautar Galili da Farisa.

Sauran dangin Hirudus Mai Girma sun haɗa da ɗan Hirudus Archelaus wanda ya zama ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya, da Idumea; Ɗan Hirudus Filibus wanda ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Kogin Urdun; da ’yar’uwar Hirudus, Salome I, wadda aka ba wa sarauta har da garuruwan Jabne, da Ashdod, da Fasaelis.


==Tarihin Rayuwa==


￼Herod the Great medallion daga Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum, karni na 16

An haifi Hirudus a kusan 72 KZ[12] [13] a Idumea, kudancin Yahudiya. Shi ne ɗa na biyu na Antipater the Idumaean, babban jami'i a ƙarƙashin ethnoarch Hyrcanus II, da Cypros, wata ƴar Balaraba ta Nabatean daga Petra, a ƙasar Jordan ta yau. Mahaifin Hirudus ɗan Edom ne. kakanninsa sun koma addinin Yahudanci. Hirudus ya tashi a matsayin Bayahude.[14][15][16][17] Strabo, wanda ya yi zamani da Hirudus, ya ɗauka cewa Idumaeans, waɗanda ya ce ’yan asalin Nabataean ne, su ne mafi yawan al’ummar Yahudiya ta Yamma, inda suka yi tarayya da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adunsu.[18] Wannan ra'ayi ne kuma wasu ayyukan masana na zamani suka yi tarayya da su waɗanda ke ɗaukar Idumaean a matsayin asalin Larabawa ko Nabataean.[19][20][21][22] Don haka asalin kabilar Hirudus Balarabe ne daga bangarorin danginsa.[14] In ji Josephus, Hirudus zuriyar Eleazar Maccabeus ne(Auran) na Hasmonawa[23].

Hirudus ya hau kan karagar mulki ne ta hanyar kyakkyawar alakar mahaifinsa da Janar Janar na Roma kuma mai mulkin kama-karya Julius Kaisar, wanda ya damka wa Antipater al’amuran jama’a na Yahudiya [24]. An nada Hirudus gwamnan lardin Galili a c. 47 KZ, lokacin da yake kusan shekaru 25 ko 28 (Asali na Hellenanci: &quot;shekaru 15&quot;).[25]. A wurin ya yi noma da aminci ga Majalisar Dattawan Roma harajin yankin, kuma ya yi nasara wajen kawar da wannan yanki daga ‘yan fashi.[26][27] Babban ɗan Antipater, Phasael, ya yi hidima a matsayin gwamnan Urushalima. A wannan lokacin matashin Hirudus ya ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da Sextus Kaisar, gwamnan Roma na rikon kwarya na Siriya, wanda ya naɗa Hirudus a matsayin janar na Coelesyria da Samariya, yana faɗaɗa ikonsa sosai[28]. Ya ji daɗin goyon bayan Roma, amma Majalisar Sanhedrin ta yi Allah wadai da zaluncinsa.[3] Sa’ad da Hirudus ke zaman kansa, ya ƙudurta ya hukunta Hyrcanus Sarkin Hasmon, wanda ya taɓa kiran Hirudus don a yi masa shari’a don kisan kai, amma mahaifinsa da kuma babban ɗan’uwansa sun hana Hirudus yin haka.

A shekara ta 41 K.Z., shugaban Roma Mark Antony ya kira Hirudus da ɗan’uwansa Fasa’ilu a matsayin masu sarauta. An sanya su cikin wannan rawar don tallafawa Hyrcanus II. A shekara ta 40 K.Z., Antigonus, ɗan’uwan Hyrcanus, ya ɗauki kursiyin Yahudiya daga kawunsa da taimakon ’yan Parthia. Hirudus ya gudu zuwa Roma don ya roƙi Romawa su mai da Hyrcanus II kan mulki. Romawa suna da sha’awa ta musamman ga Yahudiya domin babbansu Pompey Mai Girma ya ci Urushalima a shekara ta 63 K.Z., da haka ya sa yankin ya kasance cikin yankin Romawa. A Roma, ba zato ba tsammani Majalisar Dattawa ta Roma ta naɗa Hirudus Sarkin Yahudawa.[29] Josephus ya sanya wannan a cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Calvinus da Pollio (40 KZ), amma Appian ya sanya shi a shekara ta 39 KZ.[1] Hirudus ya koma Yahudiya don ya ci mulkinsa daga Antigonus. A ƙarshen yaƙin da Antigonus, Hirudus ya auri jikar Hyrcanus II, Mariamne (wanda aka sani da Mariamne I), wadda ita ma ƴar Antigonus ce. Hirudus ya yi hakan ne domin ya sami nasarar da’awar sarautarsa ​​kuma ya sami tagomashin Yahudawa. Duk da haka, Hirudus ya riga ya sami mata Doris, da ƙaramin ɗa, Antipater, saboda haka ya zaɓi ya kori Doris da ɗanta.

Hirudus da Sosius, gwamnan Siriya, bisa ga umarnin Mark Antony, sun tashi da dakaru masu yawa a shekara ta 37 KZ, suka kama Urushalima, sai Hirudus ya aika Antigonus don a kashe shi wurin Mark Antony.[30][31] Daga wannan lokacin, Hirudus ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin mai mulkin Yahudiya kaɗai da kuma lakabin basileus (Βασιλεύς, &quot;sarki&quot;) don kansa, ya shigar da daular Hirudus kuma ya kawo ƙarshen daular Hasmonean. Josephus ya ba da rahoton cewa yana cikin shekara ta ofishin jakadanci na Agrippa da Gallus (37 K.Z.), amma kuma ya ce shekara 27 ke nan bayan da Urushalima ta faɗi a hannun Pompey, wanda zai nuna shekara ta 36 K.Z.. Cassius Dio kuma ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 37 &quot;Romawa ba su yi wani abin da ya dace a lura ba&quot; a yankin.[32] In ji Josephus, Hirudus ya yi sarauta na shekaru 37, 34 daga cikinsu bayan ya kama Urushalima.

Kamar yadda wasu ke ganin dangin Hirudus sun koma addinin Yahudanci, wasu al’ummar Yahudawa sun yi tambaya game da sadaukarwar da ya yi na addini.[33] Sa’ad da John Hyrcanus ya ci yankin Idumaea (Edom na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci) a shekara ta 140–130 K.Z., ya bukaci dukan Idumaean su yi biyayya da dokar Yahudawa ko kuma su fita; Da haka yawancin mutanen Idumiya suka koma addinin Yahudanci, wanda ke nufin cewa dole ne a yi musu kaciya, [34] kuma da yawa sun yi aure da Yahudawa kuma suka bi al’adarsu.[2] Yayin da Hirudus ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Bayahude, kuma wasu suna kallonsa a matsayin haka,[35] wannan sunan addini ya lalace ta hanyar rashin kyawun salon rayuwar Hirudu, wanda da zai sa su kyamaci Yahudawa masu lura.[36]

Daga baya Hirudus ya kashe wasu daga cikin danginsa, ciki har da matarsa ​​Mariamne I.[17]

===Mulki a Yahudiya===


￼Daular Herodiya ta Yahudiya a tamafi girma

Mulkin Hirudus ya nuna sabon mafari a tarihin Yahudiya. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun yi mulkin Yahudiya mai cin gashin kai daga shekara ta 140 zuwa 63 K.Z.. Sarakunan Hasmonean sun riƙe mukamansu, amma sun zama abokan cinikin Roma bayan cin nasara da Pompey ya yi a 63 KZ. Hirudus ya hambarar da Hasmonean Antigonus a cikin yaƙi na tsawon shekaru uku tsakanin 37 da 34 KZ, ya yi mulki a ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa har zuwa mutuwarsa c. 4 KZ, kuma ya ba ’ya’yansa bisa karagar mulki, ta haka ya kafa nasa, abin da ake kira daular Hirudiya.

Copper tsabar kudin Hirudus, dauke da almara &quot;ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΗΡΩΔΟΥ&quot; (&quot;Basileōs Hērōdou&quot;) a kan obverse.

Majalisar dattijan Roma ta ba Hirudus lakabin “Sarkin Yahudiya” [37]. Don haka, shi ma'aikaci ne na Daular Rum, wanda ake tsammanin zai goyi bayan muradun ma'abotansa na Romawa. Duk da haka, sa’ad da Hirudus ya sami shugabanci a Yahudiya, sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci barazana biyu. Barazana ta farko ta fito ne daga surukarsa Alexandra, wadda ta nemi ta maido da mulki ga danginta, Hasmoniyawa, [38] wanda daular Hirudus ya hambarar da su a shekara ta 37 KZ (duba Siege na Urushalima).[39] A wannan shekarar, Cleopatra ya auri shugaban Roma Antony.[40] Gane tasirin Cleopatra akan Antony, Alexandra ya nemi Cleopatra ya taimaka wajen mai da Aristobulus na uku Babban Firist.[38] A matsayinsa na memba na dangin Hasmonean, Aristobulus III na iya ɗan gyara dukiyar Hasmon idan ya zama Babban Firist.[38] An yi bukatar Alexandra, amma Cleopatra ya bukaci Alexandra ya bar Yahudiya tare da Aristobulus III ya ziyarci Antony.[41] Hirudus ya sami labarin wannan makirci, kuma yana tsoron cewa idan Antony ya sadu da Aristobolus na uku da kansa zai iya kiran Aristobulus na uku Sarkin Yahudiya.[41] Wannan damuwa ta sa Hirudus, a shekara ta 35 K.Z., ya ba da umarnin a kashe Aristobulus, ya kawo ƙarshen wannan barazana ta farko ga kursiyin Hirudus.[42] Auren da aka yi a shekara ta 37 K.Z., ya kuma haifar da gwagwarmaya tsakanin shugabannin Romawa Octavian, wanda daga baya za a kira Augustus da Antony.[40] Hirudus, saboda kursiyinsa na Roma, dole ne ya ɗauki gefe, kuma ya zaɓi Antony.[43] A cikin 31 a Actium, Antony ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Octavian, yana haifar da barazana ta biyu ga mulkin Hirudus.[44] Hirudus ya sake samun goyon bayan Octavian idan zai ci gaba da sarautarsa.[43] A Rhodes a shekara ta 31 K.Z., Hirudus, ta wurin ikonsa na buɗe Yahudiya zuwa Roma a matsayin hanyar haɗi zuwa dukiyar Siriya da Masar, da kuma ikon kare iyaka, ya tabbatar da Octavian cewa zai kasance da aminci a gare shi.[45] Hirudus ya ci gaba da mulkin talakawansa yadda ya ga dama. Duk da ikon da Hirudus ya ba shi a cikin mulkinsa na Yahudiya, an sanya masa takunkumi a dangantakarsa da wasu masarautu.[43]

Taimakon da Hirudus ya samu daga Daular Roma shi ne babban dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da riƙe ikonsa bisa Yahudiya. Akwai fassarori dabam-dabam game da shaharar Hirudus a lokacin mulkinsa. A cikin Yaƙin Yahudawa, Josephus ya kwatanta sarautar Hirudus a cikin sharuddan da suka dace, kuma ya ba Hirudus amfanin shakku ga mugayen abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkinsa. Duk da haka, a cikin littafinsa na baya, Yahudawa Antiquities, Josephus ya nanata ikon azzalumi da masana da yawa suka yi tarayya da sarautar Hirudus.[46]

Yawancin matakan tsaron da Hirudus ya nuna ya nuna cewa ya kawar da raini da mutanensa, musamman Yahudawa, suke yi masa. Alal misali, an ba da shawarar (wane ne?) cewa Hirudus ya yi amfani da ’yan sanda na ɓoye don sa ido da kuma ba da rahoton yadda jama’a ke ji game da shi. Ya nemi ya haramta zanga-zanga, kuma ya sa aka cire ‘yan adawa da karfi[46]. Yana da mai gadin sojoji 2,000.[47] Josephus ya kwatanta ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu gadin Hirudus da ke halartar jana'izar Hirudus, ciki har da Doryphnoroi, da Thracian, Celtic (wataƙila Gallic) da ƙungiyar Jamus.[47]. Yayin da kalmar Doryphnoroi ba ta da ma'ana ta kabilanci, watakila rukunin ya ƙunshi fitattun sojoji da samari daga Yahudawa masu tasiri.iyalai.[47] Thracians sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Yahudawa tun daga daular Hasmon, yayin da tawagar Celtic tsoffin masu gadin Cleopatra ne wanda Augustus ya ba Hirudus kyauta bayan yakin Actium.[47] Tawagar Jamus an tsara ta ne a kan wani mai tsaron sirri na Augustus, Germani Corporis Custodes, wanda ke da alhakin gadin fadar.[47]

￼Haikali na Hirudus kamar yadda aka kwatanta a Tsarin Mulkin Urushalima. Fadada Haikali shine babban aikin Hirudus.

Hirudus ya yi manyan ayyuka na gine-gine. Kusan 19 KZ, ya fara babban aikin fadadawa a kan Dutsen Haikali. Ƙari ga cikakken sake ginawa da faɗaɗa Haikali na Yahudawa na Biyu, ya faɗaɗa dandalin da yake tsaye a kai, ya ninka girmansa. Katangar Yamma ta yau ta zama wani yanki na bangon bangon wannan dandali. Bugu da kari, Hirudus ya kuma yi amfani da sabuwar fasaha ta siminti na ruwa da kuma ginin karkashin ruwa don gina tashar jiragen ruwa a Caesarea Maritima.[46] Yayin da himmar Hirudus na gini ya canja Yahudiya, muradinsa ba son kai ba ne. Ko da yake ya gina kagara (Masada, Herodium, Iskandariyya, Hyrcania, da Machaerus) da shi da iyalinsa za su iya fakewa idan aka yi tawaye, an kuma yi niyya don samun goyon bayan Yahudawa da kuma kyautata masa suna a matsayin shugaba. [48] Har ila yau Hirudus ya gina Sebaste da sauran garuruwan arna domin yana so ya yi kira ga yawan arna na ƙasar.[46] Domin ya ba da kuɗin waɗannan ayyuka, Hirudus ya yi amfani da tsarin biyan haraji na Hasmon da ya yi wa mutanen Yahudiya nauyi. Duk da haka, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kawo ayyukan yi da kuma damar da mutane ke samarwa.[49] A wasu lokatai, Hirudus ya ɗora wa kansa tanadin abin da zai yi wa mutanensa a lokatai da bukata, kamar a lokacin yunwa mai tsanani da ta faru a shekara ta 25 K.Z.[50].

Ko da yake ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don bin dokokin Yahudawa na gargajiya, akwai ƙarin wuraren da Hirudus ba shi da hankali, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan korafe-korafen Yahudawa na Hirudus kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Antiquities na Yahudawa na Josephus. A Urushalima, Hirudus ya gabatar da nau'ikan nishaɗi na waje, kuma ya kafa gaggafa na zinariya a ƙofar Haikali, [51] wanda ya nuna sha'awar jin daɗin Roma fiye da Yahudawa.[49] Harajin Hirudus ya jawo mummunar suna: kullum damuwarsa ga sunansa ya sa shi yin kyauta akai-akai, masu tsada, yana ƙara zubar da dukiyar mulkin, kuma irin wannan kashe-kashen da ake kashewa ya ɓata wa talakawansa Yahudawa rai.[48] Manyan ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa biyu na lokacin, Farisawa da Sadukiyawa, dukansu sun nuna hamayya da Hirudus. Farisawa sun ɓata rai domin Hirudus ya ƙi kula da yawancin bukatunsu game da ginin Haikali. Sadukiyawa, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da haƙƙin firistoci a cikin Haikali, sun yi hamayya da Hirudus domin ya maye gurbin manyan firistocinsu da ’yan Babila da Iskandariya, a ƙoƙarin samun goyon baya daga Yahudawan Yahudanci.[52] Ƙoƙarin kai wa Hirudus bai samu ba kaɗan, kuma a ƙarshen mulkinsa fushi da rashin gamsuwa sun zama ruwan dare tsakanin Yahudawa. Barkewar tashin hankali da tarzoma ya biyo bayan mutuwar Hirudus a birane da yawa, ciki har da Urushalima, yayin da baƙin ciki ya tashi. Yakin tashin hankalin ya haifar da bege cewa wata rana Yahudawan Yahudiya za su iya hambarar da sarakunan Romawa, bege ya sake farfaɗowa shekaru da yawa bayan barkewar yakin Yahudawa da Romawa na farko a shekara ta 66 AD.[48].

==Hirudus da Augustus==


Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Hirudus da Augustus ta nuna siyasa marar ƙarfi ta wani sarki da ya yi sarauta bisa Yahudawa da ƙasashensu masu tsarki. Yayin da suke hulɗa, sha'awar Hirudus na gamsar da Yahudawa da mutanen da ba Yahudawa ba na mulkinsa dole ne ya daidaita tare da gamsar da burin Augustus na yada al'adu, gine-gine da dabi'un Roma a cikin daularsa. Tsawon watan Agustada kuma daular Romawa a kan manufofin ya kai ga yin amfani da gine-ginen Romanized a cikin Mulkin Hirudus. Misali na fadada gine-ginen Hirudus na Yahudiya cikin sadaukarwa ga Roma ana iya ganin haikali na uku da ya ba da umarni, wato Augusteum, haikalin da aka keɓe ga Augustus.[53]

==Nasarorin gine-gine==

Babban labarin: Gine-ginen Hirudus

￼Masananciyar katangar Hirudus a bangon Yamma a Urushalima

Babban aikin da Hirudus ya yi shi ne faɗaɗa Haikali na Biyu a Urushalima da aka yi domin ya kasance “ya sami babban birnin da ya cancanci darajarsa da ɗaukakarsa,” kuma da wannan sake gina Hirudus ya yi fatan samun ƙarin goyon baya daga Yahudawa. 43] Sakamakon binciken na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa bangon Dutsen Haikali da Robinson's Arch mai yiwuwa ba a kammala su ba sai aƙalla shekaru 20 bayan mutuwarsa, lokacin mulkin Hirudus Agrippa na II.[54]

A cikin shekara ta 18 ta sarautarsa ​​(20-19 KZ), Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali a kan “ma’auni mafi girma”[55]. Ko da yake an ci gaba da aikin gine-gine da kotuna har tsawon shekaru 80, an gama gina sabon Haikali a cikin shekara guda da rabi.[56] Domin ya bi dokar addini, Hirudus ya yi amfani da firistoci 1,000 a matsayin magina da kafintoci a ginin.[55] Haikalin da aka gama, wanda aka lalatar a shekara ta 70 A.Z., wani lokaci ana kiransa Haikali Hirudus. A yau, bangon bango huɗu ne kawai suka rage a tsaye, gami da bangon Yamma. Wadannan ganuwar sun gina wani fili mai lebur (Tuni na Haikali) wanda aka gina Haikali a kansa.

Sauran nasarorin da Hirudus ya samu sun hada da samar da ruwan sha ga Urushalima, gina kagara irin su Masada da Herodium, da kafa sabbin garuruwa irin su Kaisariya Maritima da kewayen Kogon sarakuna da Mamre a Hebron. Shi da Cleopatra sun mallaki abin da ke kan hako kwalta daga Tekun Dead, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen kera jiragen ruwa. Ya yi hayar ma’adinan tagulla a Cyprus daga hannun Sarkin Roma.

===Nassoshi Sabon Alkawari===

Babban labarin: Kisan kiyashin da ake yi wa marasa laifi

￼Kisan kiyashi na marasa laifi, hoton karni na 10. Hirudus a hagu.￼Mambobin daular Hirudus da aka ambata a cikin Sabon Alkawari

An rubuta sarautar Hirudus bisa Yahudiya a cikin Bisharar Matta, [57] wanda ke kwatanta wani abin da ya faru da aka sani da Kisan Kisan Marasa laifi. Bisa ga wannan labarin, bayan haifuwar Yesu, wasu majuna daga Gabas sun ziyarci Hirudus don su tambayi inda “wanda aka haifa Sarkin Yahudawa” yake, domin sun ga tauraronsa a gabas (ko kuma a cewarsa). zuwa wasu fassarori, a lokacin tashi) don haka ya so ya girmama shi. Hirudus, da yake Sarkin Yahudawa, ya firgita sa’ad da begen mai ƙwace. Hirudus ya tara manyan firistoci da malaman Attaura na jama’a ya tambaye su inda za a haifi “Shafaffe” (Masihu, Hellenanci: Ὁ Χριστός, ho Christos). Suka amsa, a Baitalami, suna ambaton Mikah 5:2. Don haka Hirudus ya aika majajanu zuwa Bai’talami, ya umarce su su nemo yaron, bayan sun same shi, su yi mini rahoto, domin ni ma in je in yi masa sujada. Amma, bayan da suka sami Yesu, an gargaɗe su a mafarki cewa kada su faɗa wa Hirudus. Hakazalika, an gargaɗi Yusufu a mafarki cewa Hirudus yana so ya kashe Yesu, shi da iyalinsa suka gudu zuwa Masar. Sa’ad da Hirudus ya gane cewa an yi masa wayo, sai ya ba da umarni a kashe dukan yara masu shekara biyu zuwa ƙasa a Bai’talami da kewaye. Yusufu da iyalinsa sun zauna a Masar har mutuwar Hirudus, kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Nazarat a ƙasar Galili don su guji zama ƙarƙashin ɗan Hirudus Arkelus.

Yawancin masu tarihin Hirudus na zamani, da wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki, sun yi watsi da labarin Matta a matsayin na’urar adabi.[58] Mabuɗan da ba na Littafi Mai-Tsarki na zamani ba, gami da Josephus da rubuce-rubucen da suka tsira na Nikolaus na Dimashƙu (wanda ya san Hirudus da kansa), ba su ba da tabbaci ga labarin Matta na kisan kiyashin ba, [59] kuma ba a ambace shi a cikin Bisharar Luka ba. Masanin tarihin gargajiya MichaelGrant ya ce &quot;tatsuniya ba tarihi ba ce amma tatsuniya ko tatsuniyoyi&quot;, [60] yayin da Peter Richardson ya lura cewa rashin labarin daga Linjilar Luka da asusun Josephus &quot;aiki [s] ya saba da daidaiton asusun&quot; [61] Richardson ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru a cikin bisharar Matta ya samo asali ne daga kisan da Hirudus ya yi wa nasa ’ya’yansa[62]. Jodi Magness ta ce “malamai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba bai taba faruwa ba, sai dai suna da kwarjini daga sunan Hirudus[63]. Wasu, irin su Paul Maier, sun nuna cewa tun da yake Bai’talami ƙaramin gari ne, kisan da aka yi wa yara kusan rabin dozin ba zai sa a ambaci sunan Josephus ba.[58]

==Mutuwa==
￼Rabin Mulkin Hirudus:
  Territory karkashin Herod Archelaus
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Herod Antipas
  Yankin ƙarƙashin Philip the Tetrarch
  Yanki karkashin Salome I

Hirudus ya mutu a Jericho, [19] bayan wani rashin lafiya da ba a gane shi ba amma mai raɗaɗi mai raɗaɗi, rashin lafiya, wanda aka sani ga zuriya a matsayin &quot;Mugunta Hirudus&quot;. da wuka, da kuma cewa dan uwansa ya dakile yunkurin[67]. A wasu hikayoyi da bayanai da yawa daga baya, yunkurin ya yi nasara; misali, a cikin Eadwine Psalter na ƙarni na 12.[68] Sauran wasan kwaikwayo na zamani, irin su Ordo Rachelis, suna bin asusun Josephus.[69]

Josephus ya ce Hirudus ya damu ƙwarai da cewa babu wanda zai yi baƙin ciki da mutuwarsa, har ya umurci babban rukuni na manyan mutane su zo Jericho, kuma ya ba da umurni cewa a kashe su sa’ad da ya mutu don a nuna baƙin ciki. cewa yana sha'awar ya faru;[70] surukinsa Alexas da 'yar uwarsa Salome ba su aiwatar da wannan buri ba.[71]

===saduwa===


Yawancin guraben karatu game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus sun biyo bayan lissafin Emil Schürer, wanda ke nuna cewa kwanan watan yana cikin ko kuma kusan 4 KZ; wannan shekara uku ne gabanin ijma’i da al’adar da ta gabata (1 KZ).[72][73][13][74][75][76] Biyu daga cikin ’ya’yan Hirudus, Archelaus da Filibus mai mulki, sun yi kwanan watan mulkinsu daga 4 KZ, [77] ko da yake Archelaus yana da ikon sarauta a zamanin Hirudus.[78] Mulkin Filibus zai kasance na shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 20 ta Tiberius (34 CE), wanda ke nuni da hawansa a shekara ta 4 KZ.

Wasu malamai sun goyi bayan ranar al'ada ta 1 KZ don mutuwar Hirudus.[80][81][82][83] Duk da haka wasu sun goyi bayan 1 AZ don yuwuwar ranar mutuwar Hirudus.[84][85] Mai yin fim, alal misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa Hirudus ya mutu a shekara ta 1 KZ, kuma magadansa sun mayar da mulkinsu zuwa 4 ko 3 KZ don tabbatar da cikas da mulkin Hirudus, kuma su ƙarfafa nasu halacci.[86][73] Bisa ga tsabar kuɗin ’ya’yan Hirudus Steinmann da Young sun yi jayayya cewa ’ya’yan Hirudus sun ƙi yin sarauta har zuwa shekara ta 6 K.Z. kafin mutuwar Hirudus don kada a yi amfani da mulkinsu don yin gardama game da ranar mutuwar Hirudus a shekara ta 4 KZ.[87].

A cikin asusun Josephus, mutuwar Hirudus ta kasance farkon ranar azumin Yahudawa (10 Tevet 3761/Sun 24 Dec 1 KZ), husufin wata (29 Dec 1 KZ) sai kuma Idin Ƙetarewa (27 Maris 1 A.Z.).[88] Abubuwan da ake adawa da ranar 4 KZ sun haɗa da tabbatar da cewa babu kusan isasshen lokaci tsakanin husufin ranar 13 ga Maris da Idin Ƙetarewa a ranar 10 ga Afrilu don abubuwan da aka rubuta game da mutuwar Hirudus sun faru.[86][89][73] A cikin 66 AZ, Eleazar ben Hanania ya tattara Megillat Taanit, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu waɗanda ba a san su ba don dalilin bikin: 7 Kislev da 2 Shevat. Daga baya Scholion (sharhin sharhi) akan Megillat Taanit ya danganta bikin Kislev na 7 ga mutuwar sarki Hirudus mai girma (ba a ambaci shekara ba).[90] Wasu malaman sun yi watsi da Scholion kuma suna danganta kwanan watan Shevat 2 maimakon mutuwar Hirudus.

==Magaji==


Augustus ya mutunta sharuɗɗan nufin Hirudus, wanda ya nuna cewa an raba mulkin Hirudus tsakanin ’ya’yansa uku.[91] Augustus ya gane ɗan Hirudus Archelaus a matsayin ɗan kabilar Yahudiya, Samariya,da Idumea daga c. 4 KZ - c. 6 A.Z. Augustus ya hukunta Archelaus bai iya yin sarauta ba, ya cire shi daga mulki, ya haɗa lardunan Samariya, da Yahudiya, da Idumeya zuwa lardin Yahudiya.[92] Wannan lardi mai girma ya kasance mai mulki har zuwa shekara ta 41 AD. Game da sauran ’ya’yan Hirudus, Hirudus Antipas shi ne tetrarch na Galili da Peraea daga mutuwar Hirudus zuwa 39 A.Z. sa’ad da aka kore shi kuma aka kai shi zaman bauta; Filibus ya zama tetrarch na yankuna arewa da gabashin Urdun, wato Iturea, Trachonitis, Batanea, Gaulanitis, Auranitis da Paneas, [93] [94] [95] kuma ya yi mulki har zuwa mutuwarsa a 34 AZ.

==kabarin Hirudus==


Babban labarin: Herodium

Josephus ya rubuta wurin da kabarin Hirudus yake, wanda ya rubuta cewa, “An kai gawar tsawon furlong ɗari biyu, zuwa Herodium, inda ya ba da umarni a binne shi.”[96] Farfesa Ehud Netzer, masanin ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi daga Jami’ar Ibrananci. ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Josephus kuma ya mai da hankali ga bincikensa a kusa da tafkin da kuma kewayensa. Wani labari a cikin New York Times ya ce,

Ƙananan Herodium ya ƙunshi ragowar babban fada, tseren tsere, wuraren hidima, da wani babban gini wanda aikinsa har yanzu asiri ne. Wataƙila, in ji Ehud Netzer, wanda ya tona wurin, makabartar Hirudus ce. Kusa da ita akwai wani tafkin, wanda ya ninka girman tafkunan zamani masu girman girman na Olympics[97].

￼Hoton iska na Herodium daga kudu maso yamma

A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, ƙungiyar Isra’ila ta masu binciken kayan tarihi na Jami’ar Ibrananci, karkashin jagorancin Netzer, sun sanar da gano kabarin.[98][99][100] Wurin yana a daidai wurin da Josephus ya ba da, a saman ramuka da tafkunan ruwa, a wani fili mai cike da hamada, da ke tsakiyar tsaunin zuwa Herodium, kilomita 12 (7.5 mi) kudu da Urushalima.[102] Kabarin ya ƙunshi karyewar sarcophagus amma babu ragowar jiki.

Ba duk malaman sun yarda da Netzer ba: a cikin labarin da aka yi wa Falasdinu Exploration Quarterly , masanin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi David Jacobson (Jami'ar Oxford) ya rubuta cewa &quot;wadannan binciken ba su ƙare da kansu ba kuma suna tayar da sababbin tambayoyi.&quot; [103] A cikin Oktoba 2013. Masana ilmin kayan tarihi Joseph Patrich da Benjamin Arubas su ma sun ƙalubalanci sanin kabarin na Hirudus. A cewar Patrich da Arubas, kabarin ya yi ƙanƙantar da kai don ya zama na Hirudus kuma yana da abubuwa da ba za a iya yiwuwa ba. Roi Porat, wanda ya maye gurbin Netzer a matsayin jagoran tono bayan mutuwar na ƙarshe, ya tsaya a kan ganowa.[104]

Hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Isra'ila da majalisar yankin Gush Etzion sun yi niyyar sake gina kabarin daga wani abu mai haske na filastik, shawarar da ta samu kakkausar suka daga manyan masu binciken kayan tarihi na Isra'ila.[105]

===Ra'ayin mulkinsa===


Macrobius (a shekara ta 400 A.Z.), ɗaya daga cikin marubutan arna na ƙarshe a Roma, a cikin littafinsa Saturnalia, ya rubuta: “Sa’ad da aka ji cewa Hirudus, Sarkin Yahudawa, sashe na kashe yara maza da suke ’yan shekara biyu da haihuwa. , ya ba da umarnin a kashe ɗansa, [Sarki Augustus] ya ce, ‘Gr. Wannan yana nufin yadda Hirudus, a matsayin Bayahude, ba zai kashe aladu ba, amma ya sa aka kashe ’ya’yansa uku, da wasu da yawa.[106]

￼Tsabar Hirudus Mai Girma

A cewar masana tarihi na wannan zamani, Hirudus Mai Girma “watakila shi ne mutum ɗaya tilo a cikin tarihin Yahudawa na dā wanda zuriyar Yahudawa da Kirista suka ƙi su”[10] da Yahudawa da Kirista suka kwatanta a matsayin azzalumi kuma mai kishir jini.[10] Nazarin zamanin Hirudus ya haɗa da ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa game da mutumin da kansa. Masu suka na zamani sun siffanta shi da “mugun hazaka na al’ummar Yahudiya” [107] kuma a matsayin wanda zai “shirya ya aikata kowane irin laifi domin ya biya bukatarsa ​​marar iyaka.”[108] daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da tsananin talaucin mutanen da yake mulka, ya kara da cewa mulkinsa ba shi da kyau[109]. Manufofin addini Hirudus sun sami amsa dabam-dabam daga Yahudawayawan jama'a. Ko da yake Hirudus yana ɗaukan kansa sarkin Yahudawa, ya sanar da cewa shi ma yana wakiltar waɗanda ba Yahudawa ba ne da suke zaune a Yahudiya, yana gina haikali na wasu addinai a waje da yankunan Yahudawa na mulkinsa. Yahudawa da yawa sun yi shakkar sahihancin addinin Yahudanci Hirudus saboda asalinsa ɗan Idume da kuma kisan gillar da ya yi wa ’yan iyalinsa. Koyaya, gabaɗaya yana mutunta al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta jama'a. Alal misali, ya haƙa tsabar kuɗi da ba su da siffofi na mutum da za a yi amfani da su a yankunan Yahudawa kuma ya yarda da tsarkin Haikali na Biyu ta wajen ɗaukar firistoci a matsayin masu sana'a a gininsa.[110]

￼Magaji a gidan Hirudus. James Tissot, ƙarshen karni na 19

Tare da girmama al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwar jama'a, akwai kuma shaida na kulawar Hirudus game da al'adun Yahudawa a cikin rayuwarsa ta sirri: kusan 40 wanka na al'ada ko mikveh an same su a da yawa daga cikin fadarsa.[111] An san waɗannan mikveh da yin amfani da su a wannan lokacin a cikin ayyukan tsaftar Yahudawa waɗanda Yahudawa za su iya nutsar da kansu da tsarkake jikinsu ba tare da kasancewar firist ba.[112] Akwai wasu hasashe kan ko waɗannan wankan sun kasance ainihin mikvehs kamar yadda kuma aka gano su a matsayin frigidaria mai tako ko wankan ruwan sanyi na Romawa; duk da haka, masana tarihi da yawa sun gano waɗannan wanka a matsayin haɗuwa da nau'i biyu.[113]. Yayin da aka tabbatar da cewa Hirudus ya nuna rashin girmamawa ga addinin Yahudawa, manazarci Eyal Regev ya nuna cewa kasancewar waɗannan wankan na al’ada ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya sami tsaftar al’ada da ta isa a rayuwarsa ta keɓanta don sanya adadi mai yawa na waɗannan wanka a Fadojinsa duk da yawan alakarsa da al'ummai da arna.[113] Wadannan wanka kuma sun nuna, Regev ya ci gaba da cewa, hadewar frigidaria na Roman da mikvehs na Yahudawa ya nuna cewa Hirudus ya nemi wani nau'i na haɗuwa tsakanin al'adun Romawa da Yahudawa, kamar yadda ya ji daɗin tsabtar al'adar Yahudawa da ta'aziyyar alatu na Romawa a lokaci guda. [114]

Duk da haka, an kuma yaba masa saboda aikinsa, ana la'akari da shi mafi girma a cikin tarihin Yahudawa, da wanda ya &quot;san wurinsa kuma ya bi dokokinsa.&quot; shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a Gabas ta Tsakiya.[116]

==Tarihi==


￼

Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Herod the Great&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Mayu 2017) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Ƙarin bayani: Masarautar Hirudiya ta Yahudiya

39-20 KZ

[gyara tushe]

39-37 KZ - Yaƙi da Antigonus the Hasmonean ya fara. Bayan cin Urushalima da nasara akan Antigonus, Mark Antony ya kashe shi.

36 KZ – Hirudus ya naɗa surukinsa mai shekara 17 Aristobulus na uku babban firist, yana tsoron kada Yahudawa su naɗa shi Sarkin Yahudawa a maimakonsa.

35 KZ – An nutsar da Aristobulus III a wurin liyafa bisa umarnin Hirudus.

32 KZ - Yaƙin Nabatean ya fara, tare da nasara bayan shekara guda.

31 KZ – Yahudiya ta fuskanci girgizar ƙasa mai muni. Octavian ya ci Mark Antony, kuma Hirudus ya canza masa mubaya'a.

30 KZ – Octavian ya nuna masa tagomashi sosai, wanda ya tabbatar da shi a matsayin Sarkin Yahudiya a Rhodes.

￼ Tsabar tagulla ta Hirudus ta haƙa a Samariya

29 KZ – In ji Josephus, a cikin tsananin kishi da kishi Hirudus game da matarsa ​​Mariamne I, ta sami labarin shirin Hirudus na kashe ta kuma ta daina kwana da shi. Hirudus ya tuhume ta da yin zina kuma ya kai ta kotu. 'Yar uwarsa Salome I ce ta farko a gabanta. Mahaifiyar Mariamne Alexandra ta fito don ƙara cin zarafin 'yarta. Masana tarihi sun yi hasashen cewa Alexandra na gaba a jerin Hirudus da za a kashe,kuma ta yi hakan ne don ceton ranta. An kashe Mariamne, kuma Alexandra ta bayyana kanta Sarauniya, tana mai cewa Hirudus bai cancanci yin hidima ba. Josephus ya ce wannan kuskure ne na dabara, kuma Hirudus ya kashe ta ba tare da yi masa shari’a ba.

28 KZ - Hirudus ya kashe surukinsa Kostobar, [117] mijin Salome kuma uba ga Berenice, saboda makirci. Akwai babban biki a Urushalima, kamar yadda Hirudus ya gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo da wasan kwaikwayo.

27 KZ – An ci nasara yunƙurin kashe Hirudus. Don girmama Sarki Augustus na yanzu, Hirudus ya sake gina Samariya, ya sake masa suna Sebaste.

25 KZ – Hirudus ya shigo da hatsi daga Masar kuma ya fara shirin taimako don yaƙar yunwa da cututtuka bayan babban fari. Ya kuma yafe kashi uku na harajin da ya kamata. Ya fara gini a Caesarea Maritima da tashar jiragen ruwa da ke kusa.

23 KZ - Hirudus ya gina fada a Urushalima da kuma kagara na Herodion. Ya auri matarsa ​​ta uku Mariamne II, 'yar firist Simon Boethus. Nan da nan, Hirudus ya hana Yesu ɗan Fabus na babban firist, kuma ya ba wa Saminu wannan daraja a maimakon haka.[118]

22 KZ - Augustus ya ba Hirudus yankuna na Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Auranitis a arewa maso gabas.

c. 20 KZ - Fadada farawa a kan Dutsen Haikali; Hirudus ya sake gina Haikali na Biyu.

19-4 KZ


==Kabarin Hirudus==

c. 18 KZ – Hirudus ya yi tafiya zuwa Roma a karo na biyu.

14 KZ – Hirudus ya goyi bayan Yahudawa a Anatoliya da Sairina. Domin ya sami wadata a Yahudiya, ya ba da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na haraji.

13 KZ - Hirudus ya sa ɗansa na fari Antipater, ta Doris, magaji na farko a cikin nufinsa.

12 KZ – Hirudus yana zargin ’ya’yansa Alexander da Aristobulus, daga aurensa da Mariamne, da yin barazana ga rayuwarsa. Ya kai su Aquileia domin a yi masa shari’a. A ƙarshe Augustus ya sulhunta su ukun. Hirudus yana goyan bayan wasannin Olympics na kudi kuma yana tabbatar da makomarsu. Ya gyara nufinsa don Alexander da Aristobulus su tashi a cikin tsare-tsaren maye gurbin, amma Antipater ya kasance magajin farko.

c. 10 KZ – An buɗe sabon haikali da aka faɗaɗa a Urushalima. Yaƙi ya barke da Nabateans.

9 KZ - An ƙaddamar da Caesarea Maritima. Domin yaƙin Nabatean, Hirudus ya yi nasara da Augustus. Ya sake zargin Alexander da yunkurin kashe shi.

8 KZ - Hirudus ya zargi 'ya'yansa Alexander da Aristobulus da cin amana. Ya sulhunta da Augustus, wanda kuma ya ba shi izinin gurfanar da 'ya'yansa maza.

7 KZ – An yi zaman kotu a Beirut a gaban kotun Roma. An samu Alexander da Aristobulus da laifi kuma aka kashe su. Ana gyara magajin ta yadda Antipater ya zama keɓaɓɓen magajin sarauta. Hirudus Filibus, ɗansa na Mariamne II, yanzu shine na biyu a layin magaji.[bayyana bukatar]

6 KZ – Hirudus ya ɗauki mataki a kan Farisawa.

5 KZ – An gabatar da Antipater a gaban kotu, an tuhume shi da yunkurin kashe Hirudus. Yanzu yana fama da rashin lafiya, Hirudus ya ba wa ɗansa Hirudus Antipas daga aurensa na huɗu da Malthace a matsayin magaji.

4 KZ – Matasa almajiran Farisawa sun farfasa gaggafa ta zinariya a kan babbar ƙofar Haikali bayan da malamansu suka lakafta ta a matsayin alamar bautar gumaka. Hirudus ya kama su, ya kai su kotu kuma ya yanke musu hukunci. Augustus ya amince da hukuncin kisa ga Antipater. Hirudus ya kashe ɗansa, kuma ya sake canza nufinsa: yanzu Hirudus Archelaus, daga auren Malthace, zai yi sarauta a matsayin mai mulkin ƙasar Yahudiya, yayin da Hirudus Antipas ta Maltace da Filibus daga auren Hirudus na biyar da Cleopatra na Urushalima za su yi sarauta a matsayin tetrarch. a kan Galili da Perea, da kuma kan Gaulanitis, Trachonitis, Batanaea, da Panias. An kuma ba wa Salome I ƙaramar sarauta a yankin Gaza. Idan Augustus bai tabbatar da wannan bita ba, babu wanda ya sami lakabin Sarki. Duk da haka, a ƙarshe an ba 'ya'yan ukun mulkin yankunan da aka bayyana.

==Mata dayara===


Matan Hirudus da 'ya'yan Matan Doris

ɗan Antipater II, wanda aka kashe 4 KZ

Mariamne I, ɗiyar Hasmonean Alexandros da Alexandra Maccabee, an kashe shi a shekara ta 29 K.Z.

ɗan Alexander, wanda aka kashe 7 KZ

ɗan Aristobulus IV, wanda aka kashe a shekara ta 7 KZ

'yar Salampsio

'yar Cyprus

Mariamne II, 'yar Babban Firist Simon

son Herod II

Malthace

ɗa Herod Archelaus - ethnarch

da Herod Antipas - tetrarch

'yar Olympias

Cleopatra na Urushalima

ɗa Philip the Tetrarch

ɗa Hirudus

Pallas

ina Fasael

Phaedra

yar Roxanne

Elpis

'yar Salome

dan uwan ​​(sunan da ba a san shi ba)

ba san yara ba

wata 'yar uwa (wanda ba a san sunansa ba)

ba san yara ba

Yana yiwuwa Hirudus yana da ’ya’ya da yawa, musamman tare da matan ƙarshe, har ma yana da ’ya’ya mata da yawa, domin ba a rubuta haihuwar mata a lokacin. Idan auren mata fiye da daya (al'adar auren mata da yawa a lokaci daya) ya halatta a karkashin dokar Yahudawa, auren Hirudus ya kasance kusan auren mata fiye da daya.[119]

===Bishiyoyin iyali===


A wani bangare dangane da bishiyar Rick Swartzentrover.[α]

Magabata

[gyara tushe]

Antipater
Idumaean Cyprus
(Nabatean) PhasaelHerod
Babban Salome Ipheroras JosephAristobulus IVBerenice

Aure da zuriya

[gyara tushe]

Hirudus
Babban1.DorisAntipater II
d. 4 BCAlexanderAlexanderHerod
Babban 2. Mariamne I
d. 29 KZ Aristobulus III
d. 35 KZ Aristobulus IV
d. 7 BCBerenice Alexander
d. 7 BECphasael IISAlampsioAntipater[β] Cypros II[β] Mariamne IIIHerod ArchelausHerod VHerodia1. Hirudus II [mai ban sha'awa - tattaunawa]
2. Hirudus AntipasHerod Agrippa IAristobulus MinorHerod Agrippa IIBereniceMariamneDrusillaSimon Boethus
(Babban Firist) Hirudus
mai girma3.Mariamne IIHerod
babba4.Malthace
(Samariyan) Aretas IV
sarkin larabawa


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'''Rolling Stone''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a garin Kampala, Uganda. Jaridar ta buga fitowarta ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2010, karkashin jagorancin Giles Muhame mai shekaru 22 da abokan karatunsu biyu daga Jami'ar Makerere ta Kampala. A cewar Muhame, sunan jaridar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar nan ta enkurungu: &quot;Ma'ana ce ta wani abu da ke takawa da saurin walƙiya, wanda zai iya kashe wani idan aka jefe shi.&quot; Takardar ta kasance ƙarami, tare da rarraba kusan kwafi 2000. Ta dakatar da wallafawa a watan Nuwambar 2010 bayan da babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yan LGBT Ugandan ta hanyar yunƙurin kawar da su tare da yin kira da a kashe su. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka lissafa, David Kato, an kashe shi daga baya. Takardar dai ba ta da alaka da mujallar nan ta Amurka Rolling Stone, wadda daga baya ta bayyana abin da jaridar ta Uganda ta yi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da zabar sunansa.</text>
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'''Rolling Stone''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a garin Kampala, Uganda. Jaridar ta buga fitowarta ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2010, karkashin jagorancin Giles Muhame mai shekaru 22 da abokan karatunsu biyu daga Jami'ar Makerere ta Kampala. A cewar Muhame, sunan jaridar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar nan ta enkurungu: &quot;Ma'ana ce ta wani abu da ke takawa da saurin walƙiya, wanda zai iya kashe wani idan aka jefe shi.&quot; Takardar ta kasance ƙarami, tare da rarraba kusan kwafi 2000. Ta dakatar da wallafawa a watan Nuwambar 2010 bayan da babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yan LGBT Ugandan ta hanyar yunƙurin kawar da su tare da yin kira da a kashe su. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka lissafa, David Kato, an kashe shi daga baya. Takardar dai ba ta da alaka da mujallar nan ta Amurka Rolling Stone, wadda daga baya ta bayyana abin da jaridar ta Uganda ta yi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da zabar sunansa.

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'''Rolling Stone''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a garin Kampala, Uganda. Jaridar ta buga fitowarta ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2010, karkashin jagorancin Giles Muhame mai shekaru 22 da abokan karatunsu biyu daga Jami'ar Makerere ta Kampala. A cewar Muhame, sunan jaridar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar nan ta enkurungu: &quot;Ma'ana ce ta wani abu da ke takawa da saurin walƙiya, wanda zai iya kashe wani idan aka jefe shi.&quot; Takardar ta kasance ƙarami, tare da rarraba kusan kwafi 2000. Ta dakatar da wallafawa a watan Nuwambar 2010 bayan da babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yan LGBT Ugandan ta hanyar yunƙurin kawar da su tare da yin kira da a kashe su. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka lissafa, David Kato, an kashe shi daga baya. Takardar dai ba ta da alaka da mujallar nan ta Amurka Rolling Stone, wadda daga baya ta bayyana abin da jaridar ta Uganda ta yi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da zabar sunansa.

==Rahoto kan luwadi==

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'''Rolling Stone''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a garin Kampala, Uganda. Jaridar ta buga fitowarta ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2010, karkashin jagorancin Giles Muhame mai shekaru 22 da abokan karatunsu biyu daga Jami'ar Makerere ta Kampala. A cewar Muhame, sunan jaridar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar nan ta enkurungu: &quot;Ma'ana ce ta wani abu da ke takawa da saurin walƙiya, wanda zai iya kashe wani idan aka jefe shi.&quot; Takardar ta kasance ƙarami, tare da rarraba kusan kwafi 2000. Ta dakatar da wallafawa a watan Nuwambar 2010 bayan da babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yan LGBT Ugandan ta hanyar yunƙurin kawar da su tare da yin kira da a kashe su. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka lissafa, David Kato, an kashe shi daga baya. Takardar dai ba ta da alaka da mujallar nan ta Amurka Rolling Stone, wadda daga baya ta bayyana abin da jaridar ta Uganda ta yi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da zabar sunansa.

==Rahoto kan luwadi==

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010, jaridar ta buga labarin farko - mai taken &quot;Hotuna 100 na Manyan Homos Leak na Uganda&quot; - wanda ya jera sunaye, hotuna da adiresoshin 'yan luwadi 100 tare da banner mai launin rawaya wanda aka rubuta &quot;Rataye su&quot;. Jaridar ta kuma yi zargin cewa 'yan luwadi suna da nufin &quot;daukar&quot; yaran Uganda. Wannan littafin ya ja hankalin duniya da suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, irin su Amnesty International, Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Madigo ta Duniya, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. A cewar masu fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, an kai wa 'yan Uganda da dama hari tun bayan da aka buga su sakamakon yadda suke da alaka da jima'i.  Rahotanni sun ce an kusa kashe wata mace yayin da makwabtanta suka fara jifan gidanta. A wani batu na baya-bayan nan, Rolling Stone ya yi zargin cewa akwai alaka tsakanin kungiyar 'yan ta'addar al-Shabaab ta Somaliya da kuma 'yan luwadi 'yan kasar Uganda a karkashin taken &quot;Janar-Janar din Homo da suka kulla ta'addancin Kampala&quot;, yana zargin &quot;wani zauren 'yan luwadi&quot; da hannu a harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai Kampala a watan Yulin 2010.
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'''Rolling Stone''' jarida ce ta mako-mako da ake bugawa a garin Kampala, Uganda. Jaridar ta buga fitowarta ta farko a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 2010, karkashin jagorancin Giles Muhame mai shekaru 22 da abokan karatunsu biyu daga Jami'ar Makerere ta Kampala. A cewar Muhame, sunan jaridar ya samo asali ne daga kalmar nan ta enkurungu: &quot;Ma'ana ce ta wani abu da ke takawa da saurin walƙiya, wanda zai iya kashe wani idan aka jefe shi.&quot; Takardar ta kasance ƙarami, tare da rarraba kusan kwafi 2000. Ta dakatar da wallafawa a watan Nuwambar 2010 bayan da babbar kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa ta keta haƙƙin 'yan LGBT Ugandan ta hanyar yunƙurin kawar da su tare da yin kira da a kashe su. Daya daga cikin wadanda aka lissafa, David Kato, an kashe shi daga baya. Takardar dai ba ta da alaka da mujallar nan ta Amurka Rolling Stone, wadda daga baya ta bayyana abin da jaridar ta Uganda ta yi a matsayin wani abu mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da zabar sunansa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ugandan editor willing to 'go to jail' to out gays&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rahoto kan luwadi==

A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2010, jaridar ta buga labarin farko - mai taken &quot;Hotuna 100 na Manyan Homos Leak na Uganda&quot; - wanda ya jera sunaye, hotuna da adiresoshin 'yan luwadi 100 tare da banner mai launin rawaya wanda aka rubuta &quot;Rataye su&quot;. Jaridar ta kuma yi zargin cewa 'yan luwadi suna da nufin &quot;daukar&quot; yaran Uganda. Wannan littafin ya ja hankalin duniya da suka daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, irin su Amnesty International, Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba da Ƙungiyar 'Yan Madigo ta Duniya, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association. A cewar masu fafutukar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi, an kai wa 'yan Uganda da dama hari tun bayan da aka buga su sakamakon yadda suke da alaka da jima'i.  Rahotanni sun ce an kusa kashe wata mace yayin da makwabtanta suka fara jifan gidanta.&lt;ref&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20101023072400/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/17390/223945&lt;/ref&gt; A wani batu na baya-bayan nan, Rolling Stone ya yi zargin cewa akwai alaka tsakanin kungiyar 'yan ta'addar al-Shabaab ta Somaliya da kuma 'yan luwadi 'yan kasar Uganda a karkashin taken &quot;Janar-Janar din Homo da suka kulla ta'addancin Kampala&quot;, yana zargin &quot;wani zauren 'yan luwadi&quot; da hannu a harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai Kampala a watan Yulin 2010.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Uganda: Stop homophobic campaign launched by Rolling Stone tabloid&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Giuseppe Salvago Raggi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86590</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536962</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:48:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ƙirƙirar muƙala</comment>
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      <text bytes="910" sha1="sup2f07qk8djf8knwbaca85kv41cdh0" xml:space="preserve">'''Giuseppe Salvago''' Raggi (17 Mayu 1866 - 28 Fabrairu 1946) ɗan diplomasiyyar Italiya ne, an haife shi a Genoa. Shi ɗan Paris ne Maria Salvago da Violante Raggi. Mahaifinsa shi ne Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1867, ya sami Raggi a matsayin sunan sunansa na biyu a cikin Janairu 1881, &quot;don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa&quot;. Mahaifinsa, mai gida mai ra'ayin Katolika-mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ya kasance mataimaki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Goma. Giuseppe Salvago Raggi ya sauke karatu a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1887 daga Makarantar Kimiyyar zamantakewa a Florence, wanda mahaifinsa ya taimaka wajen samo shi. Makarantar ta wakilci kololuwar horarwa ga masu mulki musamman ma ajin diflomasiyya. Bayan shawarar da mahaifinsa ya ba shi, ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashe daban-daban a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya rubuta waɗannan tafiye-tafiye a cikin Wasiƙarsa dall'Oriente (Wasiƙun Gabas). Komawa Italiya, ya fara aikinsa na diflomasiyya a 1889.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536971</id>
      <parentid>536962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:53:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="1272" sha1="e07s0f07uvbdnkudph4uecqh6xld4j7" xml:space="preserve">'''Giuseppe Salvago''' Raggi (17 Mayu 1866 - 28 Fabrairu 1946) ɗan diplomasiyyar Italiya ne, an haife shi a Genoa. Shi ɗan Paris ne Maria Salvago da Violante Raggi. Mahaifinsa shi ne Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1867, ya sami Raggi a matsayin sunan sunansa na biyu a cikin Janairu 1881, &quot;don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa&quot;. Mahaifinsa, mai gida mai ra'ayin Katolika-mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ya kasance mataimaki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Goma. Giuseppe Salvago Raggi ya sauke karatu a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1887 daga Makarantar Kimiyyar zamantakewa a Florence, wanda mahaifinsa ya taimaka wajen samo shi. Makarantar ta wakilci kololuwar horarwa ga masu mulki musamman ma ajin diflomasiyya. Bayan shawarar da mahaifinsa ya ba shi, ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashe daban-daban a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya rubuta waɗannan tafiye-tafiye a cikin Wasiƙarsa dall'Oriente (Wasiƙun Gabas). Komawa Italiya, ya fara aikinsa na diflomasiyya a 1889.&lt;ref&gt;Olindo de Napoli, SALVAGO RAGGI, Giuseppe Maria, on treccani.it. URL consulted on 25 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance jakadan Italiya a China (1899-1901) da Faransa. Shi ne gwamnan Somaliland na mulkin mallaka na Italiya (1906-1907) da Eritrea (1907-1915). An san shi sosai don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dambe a madadin Masarautar Italiya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:57:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="1284" sha1="ampkf4d5ms46f0ensq8c5h6fbz3v87i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Giuseppe Salvago''' Raggi (17 Mayu 1866 - 28 Fabrairu 1946) ɗan diplomasiyyar Italiya ne, an haife shi a Genoa. Shi ɗan Paris ne Maria Salvago da Violante Raggi. Mahaifinsa shi ne Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a 1867, ya sami Raggi a matsayin sunan sunansa na biyu a cikin Janairu 1881, &quot;don tunawa da mahaifiyarsa&quot;. Mahaifinsa, mai gida mai ra'ayin Katolika-mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ya kasance mataimaki a Majalisar Dokoki ta Goma. Giuseppe Salvago Raggi ya sauke karatu a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1887 daga Makarantar Kimiyyar zamantakewa a Florence, wanda mahaifinsa ya taimaka wajen samo shi. Makarantar ta wakilci kololuwar horarwa ga masu mulki musamman ma ajin diflomasiyya. Bayan shawarar da mahaifinsa ya ba shi, ya yi tafiya zuwa kasashe daban-daban a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya rubuta waɗannan tafiye-tafiye a cikin Wasiƙarsa dall'Oriente (Wasiƙun Gabas). Komawa Italiya, ya fara aikinsa na diflomasiyya a 1889.&lt;ref&gt;Olindo de Napoli, SALVAGO RAGGI, Giuseppe Maria, on treccani.it. URL consulted on 25 August 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ya kasance jakadan Italiya a China (1899-1901) da Faransa. Shi ne gwamnan Somaliland na mulkin mallaka na Italiya (1906-1907) da Eritrea (1907-1915). An san shi sosai don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar dambe a madadin Masarautar Italiya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kisan kiyashin rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536963</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:48:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafsah Shuaibu</username>
        <id>30426</id>
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      <comment>Sabuwar kirkira</comment>
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      <text bytes="668" sha1="qbdwjq3olgmr18whvn3z1t89bgq1erp" xml:space="preserve">Kisan kiyashin Rwanda,wanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin da aka yima tutsawa,ya faru ne 7 ga watan aprilu zuwa 19 ga watan juli 1994,lokacin yakin basasan Rwanda.Na tsawon shekaru 100,yan bindigan Hutu sun kasance suna kashe yan kabilar Tutsi da kuma wasu daga Hutu da Twa.Yayinda kundin tsarin mulkin Rwanda ya fadi cewa an kashe sama da mutane miliyan daya,da yawa daga cikin kimantawar masana ta nuna yan kabilar Tutsi 500,000 zuwa 662,000 sun rasa ransu.Kisan kiyashin da aka sheda da tsananin tashin hankali,inda yawancin wanda abun ya ritsa dasu makotansu ne suka kashe su,da kuma mummunan cin zarafin jinsi,inda akalla mata 250,000 zuwa 500,000 aka yima fyade.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shirin Mafaka na Rwanda</title>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:49:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Haɗin gwiwar Hijira da ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Burtaniya da Rwanda [a] wata manufar shige da fice ce da gwamnatocin Boris Johnson, Liz Truss da Rishi Sunak suka gabatar inda mutanen da Burtaniya ta bayyana a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma masu neman mafaka za a ƙaura zuwa Rwanda don sarrafa su. , mafaka da sake matsugunni. Wadanda suka yi nasara wajen neman mafaka da sun kasance a Ruwanda, kuma da ba a basu izinin komawa Birtaniya ba. Birtaniya za ta saka hann...</comment>
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      <text bytes="617" sha1="2j19gh5ad9lqz717n79efc2syq9rkzr" xml:space="preserve">Haɗin gwiwar Hijira da ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Burtaniya da Rwanda [a] wata manufar shige da fice ce da gwamnatocin Boris Johnson, Liz Truss da Rishi Sunak suka gabatar inda mutanen da Burtaniya ta bayyana a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma masu neman mafaka za a ƙaura zuwa Rwanda don sarrafa su. , mafaka da sake matsugunni. Wadanda suka yi nasara wajen neman mafaka da sun kasance a Ruwanda, kuma da ba a basu izinin komawa Birtaniya ba. Birtaniya za ta saka hannun jari a wani asusu na raya kasa ga Ruwanda da kuma tallafa wa 'yan ci-rani na kudade don ƙaura da matsuguni don ƙaura zuwa Ruwanda.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536966</id>
      <parentid>536965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:50:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
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      <text bytes="628" sha1="7ozldzv4uyfvubpr8mxdq1znd6fpo43" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Haɗin gwiwar Hijira da ci gaban Tattalin Arziƙi na Burtaniya da Rwanda [a] wata manufar shige da fice ce da gwamnatocin Boris Johnson, Liz Truss da Rishi Sunak suka gabatar inda mutanen da Burtaniya ta bayyana a matsayin baƙi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ko kuma masu neman mafaka za a ƙaura zuwa Rwanda don sarrafa su. , mafaka da sake matsugunni. Wadanda suka yi nasara wajen neman mafaka da sun kasance a Ruwanda, kuma da ba a basu izinin komawa Birtaniya ba. Birtaniya za ta saka hannun jari a wani asusu na raya kasa ga Ruwanda da kuma tallafa wa 'yan ci-rani na kudade don ƙaura da matsuguni don ƙaura zuwa Ruwanda.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86593</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda (RDF, Kinyarwanda: Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Faransanci: Forces rwandaises de défense, Swahili: Nguvu ya Ulinzi ya Watu wa Rwanda) sojan Jamhuriyar Ruwanda ne. Da farko dai an san sojojin kasar da sunan Forces armées rwandaises (FAR), amma bayan yakin basasar Rwanda na 1990-1994 da kuma kisan kiyashi a 1994 da aka yi wa Tutsi, kungiyar kishin kasa ta Rwandan Patriotic Front (Inkotanyi) mai nasara ta sake sanya mata suna Ruwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). ), suna...</comment>
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      <text bytes="579" sha1="d6vg24u21kxkni1ogk861gls719q1sf" xml:space="preserve">Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda (RDF, Kinyarwanda: Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Faransanci: Forces rwandaises de défense, Swahili: Nguvu ya Ulinzi ya Watu wa Rwanda) sojan Jamhuriyar Ruwanda ne. Da farko dai an san sojojin kasar da sunan Forces armées rwandaises (FAR), amma bayan yakin basasar Rwanda na 1990-1994 da kuma kisan kiyashi a 1994 da aka yi wa Tutsi, kungiyar kishin kasa ta Rwandan Patriotic Front (Inkotanyi) mai nasara ta sake sanya mata suna Ruwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). ), sunan sojojinta a lokacin gwagwarmayar 1990-1994. Daga baya, an sake masa suna zuwa sunansa na yanzu.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536970</id>
      <parentid>536969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:52:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Erdnernie</username>
        <id>21045</id>
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      <text bytes="590" sha1="5i0j6cgul1190cd95i1oa3ohz698jz2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}Rundunar Tsaro ta Rwanda (RDF, Kinyarwanda: Ingabo z'u Rwanda, Faransanci: Forces rwandaises de défense, Swahili: Nguvu ya Ulinzi ya Watu wa Rwanda) sojan Jamhuriyar Ruwanda ne. Da farko dai an san sojojin kasar da sunan Forces armées rwandaises (FAR), amma bayan yakin basasar Rwanda na 1990-1994 da kuma kisan kiyashi a 1994 da aka yi wa Tutsi, kungiyar kishin kasa ta Rwandan Patriotic Front (Inkotanyi) mai nasara ta sake sanya mata suna Ruwandan Patriotic Army (RPA). ), sunan sojojinta a lokacin gwagwarmayar 1990-1994. Daga baya, an sake masa suna zuwa sunansa na yanzu.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harshen Punic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86594</id>
    <revision>
      <id>536972</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:54:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kakaki247</username>
        <id>28214</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244084409|Punic language]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="3047" sha1="mqwugznrx2l773fafcbg7o0qktqozvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language|name=Punic|altname=Phoenicio-Punic, Carthaginian|image=Inscription Theatre Leptis Magna Libya.JPG|imagecaption=One of the [[Tripolitania Punic inscriptions]], in both Latin (top) and Punic (bottom) script.|region=[[Tunisia]], coastal parts of [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], southern [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberia]], [[Balearic islands]], [[Libya]], [[Malta]], western [[Sicily]], southern and eastern [[Sardinia]]|era=8th century BC to 6th century AD|script=[[Phoenician alphabet]]|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]|fam4=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]|fam5=[[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]|fam6=[[Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]|fam7=[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]|ancestor=[[Phoenician language|Phoenician]]|iso3=xpu|linglist=xpu|glotto=puni1241|glottorefname=Punic|glotto2=neop1239|glottoname2=Neo-Punic}} 

'''Harshen Yaren  Punic''', wanda kuma ake kira Phoenicio-Punic ko Carthaginian, wani nau'i ne na Harshen Phoenician, Harshen Kan'ana na Yankin reshen Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic na yaren Harsunan Semitic. Wani reshe ne na harshen yaren Phoenician na gabar tekun [[Yammacin Asiya]] ([[Lebanon]] na zamani da arewa maso yammacin [[Siriya]]), an fi magana da shi a bakin tekun Yankin  [[Bahar Rum]] na Yankin  Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka, da Yankin Iberian dake da tsibirai da yawa na Bahar Rum, kamar [[Malta]], [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], da [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]] ta Mutanen Punic, ko Yammacin Phoenicians, a duk zamanin d ̄ a, daga karni na 8 BC zuwa karni na 6 AD.

== Tarihi ==

=== Tarihin Farko ===
An yi la'akari da Punic a hankali ya rabu da iyayensa na yaren Phoenician a lokacin da Carthage ya zama babban birni na Phoenicians a ƙarƙashin Mago I, amma yunkurin masana don tsara yarukan ba su da wani daidaito tsakani kuma gabaɗaya ba su da wata  yarjejeniya da rarrabuwa ba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Punic&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last3=Maria Giulia Amadasi Guzzo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yan kabilar Punic sun kasance suna hulɗa da ƙasar Phoenicia har izuwa lokacin da halakar Carthage a Doron kasa ta Jamhuriyar Roma a cikin 146 BC. Da farko, babu bambanci mai wani yawa tsakanin Phoenician da Punic. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin yaren kafin shekarar 146 BC an ɓoye su daga sauran kabilu ta hanyar bin marubutan Carthaginian ga rubutun gargajiya na kabilar Phoenician, amma akwai alamun lokaci-lokaci cewa ilimin sauti da harshe na Punic yakanyi fara bambanta da Phoenician bayan karni na shida BC.{{Sfn|Amadasi Guzzo|2012}} Shaidar da ta fi dacewa game da wannan ta fito ne daga Motya  a yammacin Sicily, amma kuma akwai alamun shi a cikin rubuce-rubucen masu wallafa na Carthaginian na ƙarni na shida kuma ba a san ko waɗannan abubuwan sun fara ne a yammacin Sicilia kuma sun bazu zuwa Yankin Afirka ko akasin haka.{{Sfn|Amadasi Guzzo|2012}} Daga ƙarni na biyar , ana samun ka'idojin haruffa, orthographic, da phonological a rubuce-rubucen Punic a duk yammacin Bahar Rum, mai yiwuwa saboda tasirin karfin Carthaginian.{{Sfn|Amadasi Guzzo|2012}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alaa Satir</title>
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    <id>86595</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mah...</comment>
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      <text bytes="686" sha1="8e15jena1mtmj144giyk3zz9hmwemzi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536977</id>
      <parentid>536973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T10:55:16Z</timestamp>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta.</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=The brilliant women making a difference in Sudan's female-led revolution|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/sudanese-female-revolutionaries-speak-out|access-date=2021-05-28|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da [[fasalin titin]] yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Egyptian Streets|date=2021-01-22|title=Should artists consider themselves &quot;artivists&quot;?|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/01/22/should-artists-consider-themselves-artivists/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=The brilliant women making a difference in Sudan's female-led revolution|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/sudanese-female-revolutionaries-speak-out|access-date=2021-05-28|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da [[fasalin titin]] yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Egyptian Streets|date=2021-01-22|title=Should artists consider themselves &quot;artivists&quot;?|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/01/22/should-artists-consider-themselves-artivists/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar zane-zanen da take gani a bainar jama'a, tana son isa ga ƙungiyoyin mutane daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban da kuma ilimin ilimi, domin duk suna iya samun damar yin aikinta a kan tituna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daya daga cikin mafi kyawunta. Hotunan zane-zane da aka fi sani sun nuna gungun mata tare da taken &quot;Mu ne juyin juya hali&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=monlinebus|date=2021-04-19|title=Alaa Satir – The woman who uses art towards empowerment|url=https://doha-style.com/alaa-satir/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=doha-style.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=The brilliant women making a difference in Sudan's female-led revolution|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/sudanese-female-revolutionaries-speak-out|access-date=2021-05-28|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da [[fasalin titin]] yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Egyptian Streets|date=2021-01-22|title=Should artists consider themselves &quot;artivists&quot;?|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/01/22/should-artists-consider-themselves-artivists/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar zane-zanen da take gani a bainar jama'a, tana son isa ga ƙungiyoyin mutane daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban da kuma ilimin ilimi, domin duk suna iya samun damar yin aikinta a kan tituna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daya daga cikin mafi kyawunta. Hotunan zane-zane da aka fi sani sun nuna gungun mata tare da taken &quot;Mu ne juyin juya hali&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=monlinebus|date=2021-04-19|title=Alaa Satir – The woman who uses art towards empowerment|url=https://doha-style.com/alaa-satir/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=doha-style.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun shekarar 2019, ta kasance memba na kasa da kasa [[Association (kungiyar) | ƙungiya]] [[Cartooning for Peace]], wanda mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa [[Plantu]] ya kafa da sauran masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cartooning for Peace|title=Alaa Satir|url=http://www.cartooningforpeace.org/|access-date=2021-05-28|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=The brilliant women making a difference in Sudan's female-led revolution|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/sudanese-female-revolutionaries-speak-out|access-date=2021-05-28|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da [[fasalin titin]] yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Egyptian Streets|date=2021-01-22|title=Should artists consider themselves &quot;artivists&quot;?|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/01/22/should-artists-consider-themselves-artivists/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar zane-zanen da take gani a bainar jama'a, tana son isa ga ƙungiyoyin mutane daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban da kuma ilimin ilimi, domin duk suna iya samun damar yin aikinta a kan tituna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daya daga cikin mafi kyawunta. Hotunan zane-zane da aka fi sani sun nuna gungun mata tare da taken &quot;Mu ne juyin juya hali&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=monlinebus|date=2021-04-19|title=Alaa Satir – The woman who uses art towards empowerment|url=https://doha-style.com/alaa-satir/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=doha-style.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun shekarar 2019, ta kasance memba na kasa da kasa [[Association (kungiyar) | ƙungiya]] [[Cartooning for Peace]], wanda mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa [[Plantu]] ya kafa da sauran masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cartooning for Peace|title=Alaa Satir|url=http://www.cartooningforpeace.org/|access-date=2021-05-28|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reference== 
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Alaa Satir''' ({{Lang-ar|آلاء ساتر}}; an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) yar Sudan ce [[mai zane na gani]], wacce aka sani da ita [[misali]], [[mural]] da [[cartoon]] gabatar da [[hoton]] da suka shafi yancin mata, juyin juya halin Sudan na 2018/19 da sauran batutuwa [[siyasa]] da [[siyasa | siyasa]] a cikin [[Tarihin zamani | na zamani]] Sudan. Tun bayan baje kolin ta na farko a birnin Khartoum a shekarar 2017, musamman ta hanyarta [[fasaha]] da ke nuna mahimmancin mata a cikin al'ummar Sudan, ta sami karbuwa a duniya [[sunanta]] a matsayin mai fasaha da [[fasa | mai fafutuka]] don [[Yancin fadin albarkacin baki]], [[adalcin zamantakewa]] da [[yancin mata]].
== Rayuwa da sana'ar fasaha ==
Bayan kammala karatunta a fannin gine-gine a [Jami'ar Khartoum], Satir ta zama sananne ta hanyar zane-zanen zane-zane da sauran zane-zane masu nuna ra'ayoyinta game da al'umma da siyasa a Sudan. Bayan buga aikinta akan [[social media]], ta yi aiki a matsayin [[Freelancer|mai zaman kansa]] [[mai zane-zane]] don [[Ƙungiyoyin Masu zaman kansu | NGO]], kafofin watsa labarai na Sudan kuma a matsayin mai zaman kanta [ [Mai zane-zane]] in Khartoum. A cikin 2017, ta shirya nata na farko [[nunin]], wanda ake kira '' Morning Doodles '', tana nuna ra'ayoyinta game da [[yancin mata]], [[kafofin watsa labarun]] da [[siyasa]] a cikin ƙasarta. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2019-04-04|title=Alaa Satir|url=https://en.unesco.org/world-press-freedom-day-2019/alaa-satir|access-date=2021-05-28|website=UNESCO|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
A cikin 2018, [[Institut Français | Cibiyar al'adun Faransanci]] a [[Khartoum]] ta gabatar da wani nune-nunen da aka sadaukar don ayyukanta na zane-zane akan maudu'in [[ci zarafin mata]].&lt;ref&gt;Duba bidiyon Alaa Satir yana bayani nune-nunen ta game da cin zarafi game da mata a Cibiyar Nazarin Faransa ta Khartoum a cikin 'External links'.&lt;/ref&gt;

Kafin da kuma lokacin [[Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan | Juyin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Sudan]] na 2018/19, aikinta ya zama sananne ta hanyar manyan [[Mural | zanen bango]] a Khartoum, inda ta bayyana mahimmancin mata a juyin juya halin, don haka ba da rance. muryar fasaha ga bukatun zanga-zangar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lamensch|first=Marie|title=Sudan's Artists of the Revolution - An interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://www.themantle.com/arts-and-culture/sudans-artists-revolution-1|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.themantle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bayan wannan lokacin, ta ƙaura zuwa [[United Kingdom]] don samun digiri [[Master of Arts | MA]] a [[Fine art | Fine]] da [[Applied arts | Applied Arts]] a [[ Jami'ar Arts London]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-12-22|title=Interview with Alaa Satir|url=https://shado-mag.com/do/3-changemaker-series/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=Shado Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Faɗakarwa don tabbatar da adalci a zamantakewa da yancin mata ==
A cewar [[Mujallar Vogue]], &quot;Alaa Satir ya tashi da jerin zane-zane a Sudan lokacin da ta zana wani bango mai launin shuɗi da rawaya na wata mace mai rawani, hannu ta miƙe, tare da rera waƙa da ke fassara zuwa &quot;Hey mata, ku tsaya. kasan ka, wannan juyin mata ne&quot; akan bangon da babu kowa...&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|title=The brilliant women making a difference in Sudan's female-led revolution|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/sudanese-female-revolutionaries-speak-out|access-date=2021-05-28|website=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kamar yadda Satir ya fada a wata hira, samar da [[fasalin titin]] yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, saboda “titin yana da rinjaye a al'adar maza (...) ya bambanta ga mace ta dauki wannan wuri.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Egyptian Streets|date=2021-01-22|title=Should artists consider themselves &quot;artivists&quot;?|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2021/01/22/should-artists-consider-themselves-artivists/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=egyptianstreets.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar zane-zanen da take gani a bainar jama'a, tana son isa ga ƙungiyoyin mutane daban-daban, daga ƙungiyoyin shekaru daban-daban da kuma ilimin ilimi, domin duk suna iya samun damar yin aikinta a kan tituna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Daya daga cikin mafi kyawunta. Hotunan zane-zane da aka fi sani sun nuna gungun mata tare da taken &quot;Mu ne juyin juya hali&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=monlinebus|date=2021-04-19|title=Alaa Satir – The woman who uses art towards empowerment|url=https://doha-style.com/alaa-satir/|access-date=2021-05-28|website=doha-style.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tun shekarar 2019, ta kasance memba na kasa da kasa [[Association (kungiyar) | ƙungiya]] [[Cartooning for Peace]], wanda mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa [[Plantu]] ya kafa da sauran masu zane-zane daga ƙasashe daban-daban.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cartooning for Peace|title=Alaa Satir|url=http://www.cartooningforpeace.org/|access-date=2021-05-28|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta== 
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ritual servitude</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{databox}} '''Ritual servitude''' Bautar ibada al'ada ce a cikin Ghana, Togo, da Benin inda wuraren ibada na gargajiya (waɗanda aka fi sani da  wuraren bauta a Ghana) ke ɗaukar mutane, galibi yan mata, don biyan ayyuka ko kuma fara  addini saboda zargin laifi ga dangi. A Ghana da Togo, mutanen Ewa yankin Volta ne ke yin ta; a Benin, Fon ne ke aiwatar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_servitude#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;  Waɗannan bayin wurin bauta suna hidima ga firis...</comment>
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'''Ritual servitude'''
Bautar ibada al'ada ce a cikin Ghana, Togo, da Benin inda wuraren ibada na gargajiya (waɗanda aka fi sani da  wuraren bauta a Ghana) ke ɗaukar mutane, galibi yan mata, don biyan ayyuka ko kuma fara  addini saboda zargin laifi ga dangi. A Ghana da Togo, mutanen Ewa yankin Volta ne ke yin ta; a Benin, Fon ne ke aiwatar da shi.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_servitude#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;

Waɗannan bayin wurin bauta suna hidima ga firistoci, dattijai, da masu gidan ibada na gargajiya ba tare da lada ba kuma ba tare da yardarsu ba, ko da yake ana iya haɗa yardar iyali ko dangi. Masu bautar al'ada yawanci suna jin cewa yarinyar tana bauta wa allah ko alloli na harami kuma ta auri gumakan harami.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_servitude#cite_note-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bankin Karfafa Ruwanda</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{databox}} Bankin Raya Ruwanda, wanda akafi sani da sunansa na Faransa Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD), bankin raya kasa ne a Ruwanda. Yana ɗaya daga cikin bankunan da Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da lasisi, mai kula da harkokin banki na ƙasa.</comment>
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Bankin Raya Ruwanda, wanda akafi sani da sunansa na Faransa Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD), bankin raya kasa ne a Ruwanda. Yana ɗaya daga cikin bankunan da Babban Bankin Ruwanda ya ba da lasisi, mai kula da harkokin banki na ƙasa.</text>
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    <title>Farautar Seal</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Kifi na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, Norway, Finland da Sweden. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.  Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TA...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2087" sha1="0l9zoh314xw2w61u6wi9y0b8hchhjgl" xml:space="preserve">Kifi na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, Norway, Finland da Sweden. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.</text>
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      <text bytes="2093" sha1="rzu9z2eegbc0lvvjyik9ypp6wdawoqa" xml:space="preserve">'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, Norway, Finland da Sweden. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, '''Norway''', '''Finland''' da '''Sweden'''. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010. Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=faq-canada&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm|archive-date=2011-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.

==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=faq-canada&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm|archive-date=2011-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340358.pdf|title=Current Status of Northwest Atlantic Harp Seals, ''Pagophilus groenlandicus''|publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=March 2010|author=Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat|journal=Science Advisory Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.

==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a cikin 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=faq-canada&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm|archive-date=2011-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340358.pdf|title=Current Status of Northwest Atlantic Harp Seals, ''Pagophilus groenlandicus''|publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=March 2010|author=Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat|journal=Science Advisory Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya. A 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/2009%20seal%20sealing.pdf|title=Canada's Commercial Sea Slaughter 2009|publisher=International Fund for Animal Welfare|last=Fink|first=Sheryl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.

==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a shekarar 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=faq-canada&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm|archive-date=2011-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340358.pdf|title=Current Status of Northwest Atlantic Harp Seals, ''Pagophilus groenlandicus''|publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=March 2010|author=Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat|journal=Science Advisory Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya.&lt;ref name=SælErhvervsportalen/&gt; This has caused some conflicts with other seal-hunting nations, as Greenland also was hit by the boycotts that often were aimed at seals (often young) killed by clubbing or similar methods, which have not been in use in Greenland.&lt;ref name=upi2008/&gt; A shekarar 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar. Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/2009%20seal%20sealing.pdf|title=Canada's Commercial Sea Slaughter 2009|publisher=International Fund for Animal Welfare|last=Fink|first=Sheryl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.

==Manazarta==</text>
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'''Kifi''' na hatimi, ko hatimi, shine farautar mutum ko kasuwanci na hatimi. A halin yanzu ana yin farautar seal a kasashe tara: Kanada, Denmark (a cikin Greenland mai cin gashin kansa kawai), Rasha, Amurka (sama da Arctic Circle a Alaska), Namibia, Estonia, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] da [[Sweden]]. Yawancin farautar hatimi a duniya yana faruwa a Kanada da Greenland.

Ma'aikatar Kifi da Tekun Kanada (DFO) tana tsara farautar hatimi a Kanada. Yana saita ƙididdigar (cikakken da aka ba da izini - TAC), yana sa ido kan farauta, yana nazarin yawan hatimi, yana aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Masu hatimi ta Kanada don horar da masu hatimi a kan sabbin ƙa'idodi, da kuma inganta hatimi ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon da masu magana da yawunta. DFO ta kafa adadin girbi sama da hatimi 90,000 a cikin 2007; 275,000 a shekarar 2008; 280,000 a cikin 2009; da 330,000 a cikin 2010.&lt;ref name=faq-canada&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions About Canada's Seal Harvest |publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada |date=2011-03-17 |access-date=2011-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181704/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/fm-gp/seal-phoque/faq-eng.htm|archive-date=2011-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kisan da aka yi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun kasance ƙasa da ƙididdigar: 82,800 a 2007; 217,800 a 2008; 72,400 a 2009; da 67,000 a 2010. A shekara ta 2007, Norway ta ba da rahoton cewa an kashe hatimi 29,000, Rasha ta ba da labarin cewa an kashe seal 5,479 kuma Greenland ta ba da rahoto cewa an kashe Seal 90,000 a cikin farautar su.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|url=https://waves-vagues.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/340358.pdf|title=Current Status of Northwest Atlantic Harp Seals, ''Pagophilus groenlandicus''|publisher=Fisheries and Oceans Canada|date=March 2010|author=Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat|journal=Science Advisory Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yawan jama'ar hatimin garaya a arewa maso yammacin Atlantika ya ragu zuwa kusan miliyan 2 a ƙarshen 1960s sakamakon adadin kisa na Kanada na shekara-shekara, wanda ya kai sama da 291,000 daga 1952 zuwa 1970. Masu rajin kare muhalli sun bukaci a rage yawan kashe-kashe da kuma tsaurara dokoki don hana bacewar hatimin garaya.&lt;ref name=SælErhvervsportalen/&gt; This has caused some conflicts with other seal-hunting nations, as Greenland also was hit by the boycotts that often were aimed at seals (often young) killed by clubbing or similar methods, which have not been in use in Greenland.&lt;ref name=upi2008/&gt; A shekarar 1971, gwamnatin Kanada ta mayar da martani ta hanyar kafa tsarin rabo. Tsarin ya kasance mai fa'ida, inda kowane kwale-kwale yana kamawa da yawa kamar yadda zai iya kafin farauta a rufe, wanda Sashen Kamun kifi da Teku suka yi a lokacin da suka san cewa an kai ga kason shekarar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A20625-2004Apr17?language=printer |title=Activists Decry Growth Of Canadian Seal Hunt |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2004-04-18 |access-date=2009-05-26 |first=DeNeen L. |last=Brown }}{{Dead link|date=November 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saboda an yi tunanin cewa gasa na iya haifar da masu sitiriyo su yanke sasanninta, an gabatar da sabbin ka'idoji waɗanda ke iyakance kamawa zuwa hatimi 400 a kowace rana, da 2000 kowace jirgin ruwa duka. Binciken yawan jama'a na 2007 wanda DFO ta gudanar ya kiyasta yawan jama'a a miliyan 5.5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/2009%20seal%20sealing.pdf|title=Canada's Commercial Sea Slaughter 2009|publisher=International Fund for Animal Welfare|last=Fink|first=Sheryl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ma'anar Kalmar Seal==
Ana amfani da kalmar hatimi don komawa ga rukunin dabbobi daban-daban. A cikin kimiyya, an haɗa su tare a cikin Pinnipeds, wanda kuma ya haɗa da walrus, ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin hatimi ba, kuma ba a la'akari da su a nan. Manyan iyalai guda biyu na hatimi sune Otariidae (masu hatimin kunne; sun haɗa da zakuna na teku, da hatimin fur), da Pocidae (kullun kunne); Dabbobi a cikin dangin Phocidae wani lokaci ana kiran su da hatimin gashi, kuma sun fi dacewa da cikakken salon rayuwa na ruwa fiye da hatimin kunne, kodayake suna da wahalar tafiya a ƙasa.

==Amfani==
Hatimin Jawo yana haifar da Jawo mai mahimmanci; hatimin gashi ba shi da fur, amma ana iya samun mai daga kitsensa da fata daga fatarsa. An yi amfani da hatimi don kwasfansu, namansu, da kitsensu, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su azaman man fitila, man shafawa, man girki, wani abu na sabulu, tushen ruwa don fentin jan ocher, da kayan sarrafa su kamar fata da jute. . An ƙera Pinseal cikin jakunkuna, kuma hanta hanta sune farkon tushen insulin. Masu sintirin kasuwanci na farko sun watsar da yawancin nama, amma suna iya ajiye hatimin zukata da flipper don abincin yamma.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roman Egypt</title>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Sabon muqala</comment>
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'''Roman Egypt'''</text>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Sabon muqala</comment>
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'''Roman Egypt'''
Masarautar Masar ta kasance lardin daular Roma daga shekara ta 30 BC zuwa AD 641. Lardin ya kewaye yawancin Masar na zamani sai dai Sinai. Tana iyaka da lardunan Crete da Cyrenaica daga yamma da Yahudiya, daga baya Arab Petraea, zuwa gabas. Sojojin Romawa ne suka ci Masar a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa kuma ta zama lardi na sabuwar Daular Roma a lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekara ta 27 BC. Masar ta zo ne a matsayin babbar mai samar da hatsi ga daular kuma tana da tattalin arziƙin birni sosai. Ya kasance lardin Roma mafi arziki a wajen Italiya. Ba a san yawan al'ummar Masarautar Roman ba, kodayake alkaluma sun bambanta daga miliyan 4 zuwa 8. Alexandria, babban birninta, ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma kuma birni na biyu mafi girma na Daular Roma.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
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'''Roman Egypt'''&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt&lt;/ref&gt;
Masarautar Masar ta kasance lardin daular Roma daga shekara ta 30 BC zuwa AD 641. Lardin ya kewaye yawancin Masar na zamani sai dai Sinai. Tana iyaka da lardunan Crete da Cyrenaica daga yamma da Yahudiya, daga baya Arab Petraea, zuwa gabas. Sojojin Romawa ne suka ci Masar a shekara ta 30 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa kuma ta zama lardi na sabuwar Daular Roma a lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekara ta 27 BC. Masar ta zo ne a matsayin babbar mai samar da hatsi ga daular kuma tana da tattalin arziƙin birni sosai.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison, Angus&lt;/ref&gt; Ya kasance lardin Roma mafi arziki a wajen Italiya. Ba a san yawan al'ummar Masarautar Roman ba, kodayake alkaluma sun bambanta daga miliyan 4 zuwa 8. Alexandria, babban birninta, ita ce tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma kuma birni na biyu mafi girma na Daular Roma.&lt;ref&gt;Maddison, Angus&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Ramesses III</title>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;  Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aun...</comment>
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      <text bytes="617" sha1="dxndc0pxqujlno9coqexlvikxymez1s" xml:space="preserve">Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>536994</id>
      <parentid>536989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:00:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <text bytes="634" sha1="deyej2up4uzqjynzgaqukji7wkz2dlc" xml:space="preserve">Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537028</id>
      <parentid>536994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <text bytes="1346" sha1="b29838owefeke6kns2nb2d88ffjitss" xml:space="preserve">Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, nasarar nasarar da ya samu ya iya rage raguwa, ko da yake har yanzu yana nufin cewa wadanda suka gaje shi za su sami raunin soja. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Jarumi Fir'auna&quot; saboda kakkarfan dabarunsa na soja. Ya jagoranci hanya ta hanyar fatattakar maharan da aka fi sani da &quot;Sea Peoples&quot;, wadanda suka haddasa halaka a wasu wayewa da masarautu. Ya iya ceto Masar daga rugujewa a lokacin da wasu dauloli da yawa suka fadi a lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age; duk da haka, barnar da mamayar ta yi ta yi tasiri a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;Cifola, Barbara (1988). &quot;Ramses III and the Sea Peoples: A Structural Analysis of the Medinet Habu Inscriptions&quot;. ''Orientalia''. '''57''' (3): 275–306. JSTOR 43077586&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537046</id>
      <parentid>537028</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <text bytes="1938" sha1="e37cyt5w14l2qzigmou4kcbknoc9e5n" xml:space="preserve">Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, nasarar nasarar da ya samu ya iya rage raguwa, ko da yake har yanzu yana nufin cewa wadanda suka gaje shi za su sami raunin soja. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Jarumi Fir'auna&quot; saboda kakkarfan dabarunsa na soja. Ya jagoranci hanya ta hanyar fatattakar maharan da aka fi sani da &quot;Sea Peoples&quot;, wadanda suka haddasa halaka a wasu wayewa da masarautu. Ya iya ceto Masar daga rugujewa a lokacin da wasu dauloli da yawa suka fadi a lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age; duk da haka, barnar da mamayar ta yi ta yi tasiri a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;Cifola, Barbara (1988). &quot;Ramses III and the Sea Peoples: A Structural Analysis of the Medinet Habu Inscriptions&quot;. ''Orientalia''. '''57''' (3): 275–306. JSTOR 43077586&lt;/ref&gt;

Rameses III ya gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikalin gawawwaki na yammacin Thebes, yanzu ana kiransa Medinet Habu.[3] An kashe shi ne a cikin makircin Harem  karkashin jagorancin matarsa ​​​​Tiye da babban ɗanta Pentawere. Wannan zai haifar da rikicin maye gurbin wanda zai ƙara haɓaka faɗuwar Masarawa ta dā. Ɗansa ne ya gaje shi kuma ya naɗa magajin Ramesses IV, kodayake yawancin sauran ƴaƴansa za su yi mulki daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). ''A history of ancient Egypt'' (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. p. 237. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1119620877&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <id>537053</id>
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        <id>31123</id>
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      <text bytes="1935" sha1="33s6qml2ds7tlpgblytoayfxgx3m3oc" xml:space="preserve">Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, nasarar nasarar da ya samu ya iya rage raguwa, ko da yake har yanzu yana nufin cewa wadanda suka gaje shi za su sami raunin soja. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Jarumi Fir'auna&quot; saboda kakkarfan dabarunsa na soja. Ya jagoranci hanya ta hanyar fatattakar maharan da aka fi sani da &quot;Sea Peoples&quot;, wadanda suka haddasa halaka a wasu wayewa da masarautu. Ya iya ceto Masar daga rugujewa a lokacin da wasu dauloli da yawa suka fadi a lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age; duk da haka, barnar da mamayar ta yi ta yi tasiri a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;Cifola, Barbara (1988). &quot;Ramses III and the Sea Peoples: A Structural Analysis of the Medinet Habu Inscriptions&quot;. ''Orientalia''. '''57''' (3): 275–306. JSTOR 43077586&lt;/ref&gt;

Rameses III ya gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikalin gawawwaki na yammacin Thebes, yanzu ana kiransa Medinet Habu. An kashe shi ne a cikin makircin Harem  karkashin jagorancin matarsa ​​​​Tiye da babban ɗanta Pentawere. Wannan zai haifar da rikicin maye gurbin wanda zai ƙara haɓaka faɗuwar Masarawa ta dā. Ɗansa ne ya gaje shi kuma ya naɗa magajin Ramesses IV, kodayake yawancin sauran ƴaƴansa za su yi mulki daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). ''A history of ancient Egypt'' (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. p. 237. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1119620877&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537143</id>
      <parentid>537053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:45:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
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      <origin>537143</origin>
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      <text bytes="1953" sha1="ok20b27o04qi3b09x0grz65eraj1v1j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Usermaatre Meryamun Ramesses III''' shine Firauna na biyu na Daular Ashirin a  Masar ta dā. Wasu malaman sun yi tarihin sarautarsa ​​daga 26 ga Maris 1186 zuwa 15 ga Afrilu 1155 BC, kuma ana ɗaukarsa Fir'auna na ƙarshe na Sabon Mulkin da ya yi iko mai yawa.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Tsawon mulkinsa ya ga koma bayan siyasa da tattalin arzikin Masar, yana da nasaba da jerin mamayewa da matsalolin tattalin arziki na cikin gida da suka addabi Fir'aunan da suka gabace shi. Wannan ya zo daidai da raguwar yanayin al'adun Masar ta dā.&lt;ref&gt;Robins, Gay. ''The Art of Ancient Egypt''&lt;/ref&gt;

Duk da haka, nasarar nasarar da ya samu ya iya rage raguwa, ko da yake har yanzu yana nufin cewa wadanda suka gaje shi za su sami raunin soja. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin &quot;Jarumi Fir'auna&quot; saboda kakkarfan dabarunsa na soja. Ya jagoranci hanya ta hanyar fatattakar maharan da aka fi sani da &quot;Sea Peoples&quot;, wadanda suka haddasa halaka a wasu wayewa da masarautu. Ya iya ceto Masar daga rugujewa a lokacin da wasu dauloli da yawa suka fadi a lokacin Marigayi Bronze Age; duk da haka, barnar da mamayar ta yi ta yi tasiri a Masar.&lt;ref&gt;Cifola, Barbara (1988). &quot;Ramses III and the Sea Peoples: A Structural Analysis of the Medinet Habu Inscriptions&quot;. ''Orientalia''. '''57''' (3): 275–306. JSTOR 43077586&lt;/ref&gt;

Rameses III ya gina ɗaya daga cikin manyan haikalin gawawwaki na yammacin Thebes, yanzu ana kiransa Medinet Habu. An kashe shi ne a cikin makircin Harem  karkashin jagorancin matarsa ​​​​Tiye da babban ɗanta Pentawere. Wannan zai haifar da rikicin maye gurbin wanda zai ƙara haɓaka faɗuwar Masarawa ta dā. Ɗansa ne ya gaje shi kuma ya naɗa magajin Ramesses IV, kodayake yawancin sauran ƴaƴansa za su yi mulki daga baya.&lt;ref&gt;Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). ''A history of ancient Egypt'' (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. p. 237. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-1119620877&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arthur Raikes</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>Kirkirar sashe</comment>
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      <text bytes="584" sha1="k5z3npa89awlc1b8e7lamilewof1n39" xml:space="preserve">'''Arthur Edward Harington Raikes''' (5 Fabrairu 1867 - 3 Maris 1915) wani jami'in sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista, waziri kuma minista na farko ga dimbin Sarakunan Zanzibar. Yin hidima a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire Raikes ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin birgediya-janar a cikin sojojin Zanzibar kuma ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren masu goyon bayan Burtaniya a yakin Anglo-Zanzibar. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin shata iyaka tsakanin Zanzibari da yankin Birtaniyya a yankin Afirka. Raikes ya samu karramawa daga kasashe da dama a yayin gudanar da aikinsa.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537017</id>
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      <text bytes="1259" sha1="kmz4pkabphmv6lqt7fmfxnagsa495m3" xml:space="preserve">'''Arthur Edward Harington Raikes''' (5 Fabrairu 1867 - 3 Maris 1915) wani jami'in sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista, waziri kuma minista na farko ga dimbin Sarakunan Zanzibar. Yin hidima a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire Raikes ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin birgediya-janar a cikin sojojin Zanzibar kuma ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren masu goyon bayan Burtaniya a yakin Anglo-Zanzibar. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin shata iyaka tsakanin Zanzibari da yankin Birtaniyya a yankin Afirka. Raikes ya samu karramawa daga kasashe da dama a yayin gudanar da aikinsa.

== Shekarun Baya ==
An haifi Raikes a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1867 ga Reverend Charles Hall Raikes da Charlotte d'Ende Arbuthnot.&lt;ref&gt;Entry at The Peerage&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wurin 'yar uwarsa Madeline, matar Edmund Henry Clutterbuck, ya kasance kawun Walter Clutterbuck. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Sir Robert Arbuthnot, Baronet na biyu da tsohuwar Anne Fitzgerald ('yar Field Marshal Sir John Forster FitzGerald).&lt;ref&gt;Debrett's Peerage &amp; Baronetage. 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Raikes jami'i ne a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire, ana ba da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1888 kuma laftanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1890.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hart's Army List 1894&quot;. Retrieved 26 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537066</id>
      <parentid>537017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
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      <comment>/* Shekarun Baya */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2121" sha1="37vu1ff4opsqx4nulmroj6e3s50gw66" xml:space="preserve">'''Arthur Edward Harington Raikes''' (5 Fabrairu 1867 - 3 Maris 1915) wani jami'in sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista, waziri kuma minista na farko ga dimbin Sarakunan Zanzibar. Yin hidima a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire Raikes ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin birgediya-janar a cikin sojojin Zanzibar kuma ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren masu goyon bayan Burtaniya a yakin Anglo-Zanzibar. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin shata iyaka tsakanin Zanzibari da yankin Birtaniyya a yankin Afirka. Raikes ya samu karramawa daga kasashe da dama a yayin gudanar da aikinsa.

== Shekarun Baya ==
An haifi Raikes a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1867 ga Reverend Charles Hall Raikes da Charlotte d'Ende Arbuthnot.&lt;ref&gt;Entry at The Peerage&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wurin 'yar uwarsa Madeline, matar Edmund Henry Clutterbuck, ya kasance kawun Walter Clutterbuck. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Sir Robert Arbuthnot, Baronet na biyu da tsohuwar Anne Fitzgerald ('yar Field Marshal Sir John Forster FitzGerald).&lt;ref&gt;Debrett's Peerage &amp; Baronetage. 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Raikes jami'i ne a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire, ana ba da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1888 kuma laftanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1890.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hart's Army List 1894&quot;. Retrieved 26 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Raikes ya koma Sultanate na Zanzibar don ɗaukar alƙawari a matsayin Birgediya-Janar a cikin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;Hernon 2003&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Entry at The Peerage&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1896 ya shiga cikin yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin wani sarkin da bai dace ba ga Birtaniya, kuma ya jagoranci 900 masu goyon bayan Birtaniyyan Askaris lokacin harin bam a fadar Sarkin Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;Hernon 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon hidimarsa an nada shi mamba na Daraja na Farko (Aji na Biyu) na Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1896, mamba na Daraja na Farko na Zanzibari Order na Hamondieh a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1897 sannan daga baya aka kara masa girma zuwa Kwamandan sojojin Zanzibari.&lt;ref&gt;No. 26886&quot;. The London Gazette. 27 August 1897. p. 4812.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;No. 26780&quot;. The London Gazette. 25 September 1896. p. 5320&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>25549</id>
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      <text bytes="2133" sha1="che7libwx6e8w30lm153pddjof568zr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Arthur Edward Harington Raikes''' (5 Fabrairu 1867 - 3 Maris 1915) wani jami'in sojan Burtaniya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin firayim minista, waziri kuma minista na farko ga dimbin Sarakunan Zanzibar. Yin hidima a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire Raikes ya ɗauki matsayi a matsayin birgediya-janar a cikin sojojin Zanzibar kuma ya yi yaƙi a ɓangaren masu goyon bayan Burtaniya a yakin Anglo-Zanzibar. Ya kuma taimaka wajen yin shawarwarin shata iyaka tsakanin Zanzibari da yankin Birtaniyya a yankin Afirka. Raikes ya samu karramawa daga kasashe da dama a yayin gudanar da aikinsa.

== Shekarun Baya ==
An haifi Raikes a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 1867 ga Reverend Charles Hall Raikes da Charlotte d'Ende Arbuthnot.&lt;ref&gt;Entry at The Peerage&lt;/ref&gt; Ta wurin 'yar uwarsa Madeline, matar Edmund Henry Clutterbuck, ya kasance kawun Walter Clutterbuck. Kakanninsa na uwa sune Sir Robert Arbuthnot, Baronet na biyu da tsohuwar Anne Fitzgerald ('yar Field Marshal Sir John Forster FitzGerald).&lt;ref&gt;Debrett's Peerage &amp; Baronetage. 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Raikes jami'i ne a cikin Regiment na Wiltshire, ana ba da mukamin laftanar na biyu a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1888 kuma laftanar a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1890.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Hart's Army List 1894&quot;. Retrieved 26 January 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aiki ==
Raikes ya koma Sultanate na Zanzibar don ɗaukar alƙawari a matsayin Birgediya-Janar a cikin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;Hernon 2003&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Entry at The Peerage&lt;/ref&gt; A cikin 1896 ya shiga cikin yakin Anglo-Zanzibar, wanda ya haifar da maye gurbin wani sarkin da bai dace ba ga Birtaniya, kuma ya jagoranci 900 masu goyon bayan Birtaniyyan Askaris lokacin harin bam a fadar Sarkin Musulmi.&lt;ref&gt;Hernon 2003&lt;/ref&gt; A sakamakon hidimarsa an nada shi mamba na Daraja na Farko (Aji na Biyu) na Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1896, mamba na Daraja na Farko na Zanzibari Order na Hamondieh a ranar 25 ga Agusta 1897 sannan daga baya aka kara masa girma zuwa Kwamandan sojojin Zanzibari.&lt;ref&gt;No. 26886&quot;. The London Gazette. 27 August 1897. p. 4812.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;No. 26780&quot;. The London Gazette. 25 September 1896. p. 5320&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amalon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537007</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:05:19Z</timestamp>
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        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1225163975|Amalon]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Amani Bizimana''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Amalon''' mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci [[Ruwanda|ɗan kasar Ruwanda]]. Daga gundumar Rubavu, da farko ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar fitar da bidiyon kiɗan &quot;Yambi&quot; a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Amalon steadily growing in fame |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/amalon-steadily-growing-in-fame-2470168 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amalon a shekarar 1996 a gundumar Rubavu da ke yammacin lardin Ruwanda, ga Amran da Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagarama sannan daga baya Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center (IPRC Kicukiro). 
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1151" sha1="biuoq5j28rybt1h3jobbovkslfw7pfn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Amani Bizimana''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Amalon''' mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci [[Ruwanda|ɗan kasar Ruwanda]]. Daga gundumar Rubavu, da farko ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar fitar da bidiyon kiɗan &quot;Yambi&quot; a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Amalon steadily growing in fame |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/amalon-steadily-growing-in-fame-2470168 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amalon a shekarar 1996 a gundumar Rubavu da ke yammacin lardin Ruwanda, ga Amran da Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagarama sannan daga baya Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center (IPRC Kicukiro).

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>537011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:07:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1488" sha1="j7v4a7svenvlxyhx3vd17xo0nbyay46" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Amani Bizimana''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Amalon''' mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci [[Ruwanda|ɗan kasar Ruwanda]]. Daga gundumar Rubavu, da farko ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar fitar da bidiyon kiɗan &quot;Yambi&quot; a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Amalon steadily growing in fame |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/amalon-steadily-growing-in-fame-2470168 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amalon a shekarar 1996 a gundumar Rubavu da ke yammacin lardin Ruwanda, ga Amran da Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagarama sannan daga baya Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center (IPRC Kicukiro).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsengiyumva |first=Emmy |date=4 December 2019 |title=Amalon yasohoye amashusho y'indirimbo nshya yakoranye na Weasel wo muri Goodlyfe |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/amalon-yasohoye-indirimbo-nshya-single-yakoranye-na-weasel-wo-muri-goodlyfe |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=Igihe |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>j7v4a7svenvlxyhx3vd17xo0nbyay46</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:08:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */</comment>
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'''Amani Bizimana''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1996), wanda aka fi sani da suna '''Amalon''' mawaƙi ne kuma marubuci [[Ruwanda|ɗan kasar Ruwanda]]. Daga gundumar Rubavu, da farko ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar fitar da bidiyon kiɗan &quot;Yambi&quot; a cikin shekarar 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nsabimana |first=Eddie |date=2021-04-16 |title=1K Entertainment terminates management contract with Amalon |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/185390/Entertainment/1k-entertainment-terminates-management-contract-with-amalon |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Amalon steadily growing in fame |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/amalon-steadily-growing-in-fame-2470168 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
An haifi Amalon a shekarar 1996 a gundumar Rubavu da ke yammacin lardin Ruwanda, ga Amran da Uwamahoro Habiba. Amalon ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kagarama sannan daga baya Integrated Polytechnic Regional Center (IPRC Kicukiro).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nsengiyumva |first=Emmy |date=4 December 2019 |title=Amalon yasohoye amashusho y'indirimbo nshya yakoranye na Weasel wo muri Goodlyfe |url=https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/amalon-yasohoye-indirimbo-nshya-single-yakoranye-na-weasel-wo-muri-goodlyfe |access-date=2024-01-23 |work=Igihe |language=rw}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|'''Titleca'''
|'''Details'''
|-
|''Yambi''
|
* Released: 2019
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Byukuri''
|
* Released: 2019
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Byakubaho''
|
* Released: 2019
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|Impanga
|
* Released: 2020
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Ngirente''
|
* Released: 2019
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Tequila''
|
* Released: 2021
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Derila''
|
* Released: 2019
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''Amabara''
|
* Released: 2020
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|Mpobera
|
* Released: 2020
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|Fuego
|
* Released: 2020
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|Wanchekecha
|
* Released: 2021
* Formats: Digital download
|-
|''ON ME''
|
* Released: 2022
* Formats: Digital download
*
|-
|FAMILY
|
*Released: 2023
* Formats: Digital download
*
|-
|D.T.M.N.
|
*Released: 2022
* Formats: Digital download
*
|}

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>0l60i7wqm916uv5xnnf7yfbgum124yv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roman Libya</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>537012</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:06:48Z</timestamp>
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        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Sabon muqala</comment>
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      <text bytes="690" sha1="tpo6qyc0irwnzc0qbdu2d713noda4r6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
Yankin Arewacin Afirka wanda aka fi sani da Libya tun 1911 yana karkashin mulkin Romawa tsakanin 146 BC zuwa 672 AD (ko da a halin yanzu Vandals sun kwace shi a 430 AD, sannan Rumawa suka sake kwace shi). Sunan Latin Libya a lokacin yana nufin nahiyar Afirka gabaɗaya. Abin da ke a yanzu a bakin tekun Libya an san shi da Tripolitania da Pentapolis, wanda aka raba tsakanin lardin Afirka a yamma, da Crete da Cyrenaica a gabas. A shekara ta 296 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian ya raba gwamnatin Crete da Cyrenaica kuma a karshen ya kafa sabbin lardunan &quot;Upper Libya&quot; da &quot;Libiya ƙasa&quot;, ta amfani da kalmar Libya a matsayin kasa ta siyasa a karon farko a tarihi.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>537012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:07:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdurra'uf</username>
        <id>23412</id>
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      <comment>Gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="791" sha1="twbganaxgq4tvsrtxz4e9mwn7bo6u24" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Libya&lt;/ref&gt;
Yankin Arewacin Afirka wanda aka fi sani da Libya tun 1911 yana karkashin mulkin Romawa tsakanin 146 BC zuwa 672 AD (ko da a halin yanzu Vandals sun kwace shi a 430 AD, sannan Rumawa suka sake kwace shi). Sunan Latin Libya a lokacin yana nufin nahiyar Afirka gabaɗaya. Abin da ke a yanzu a bakin tekun Libya an san shi da Tripolitania da Pentapolis, wanda aka raba tsakanin lardin Afirka a yamma, da Crete da Cyrenaica a gabas. A shekara ta 296 AD, Sarkin sarakuna Diocletian ya raba gwamnatin Crete da Cyrenaica kuma a karshen ya kafa sabbin lardunan &quot;Upper Libya&quot; da &quot;Libiya ƙasa&quot;, ta amfani da kalmar Libya a matsayin kasa ta siyasa a karon farko a tarihi.&lt;ref&gt;http://eapi.admu.edu.ph/eapr003/ng.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jaysuma Saidy Ndure</title>
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        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Kirkirar makala</comment>
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      <text bytes="244" sha1="6lrchdgar4cfmhu3ppioab1qqi8q63u" xml:space="preserve">Jaysuma Saidy Ndure (an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:09:35Z</timestamp>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karamin gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="250" sha1="6dpwpf7vi4md5tvaz7e2yhtb48m0zuf" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="267" sha1="i9dbtdcmiu4at77rwz8pao0i25i3poh" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>537030</origin>
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      <text bytes="386" sha1="74yakay86k5po1de1wzu86o6w9djbj1" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>537038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="607" sha1="otj3oo6jma29u85pan4itqmcg8dnoir" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; n

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.[5]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
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      <text bytes="606" sha1="68w8mawfnibby1n34iocolfonii385q" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.[5]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>537048</origin>
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      <text bytes="709" sha1="hminhni9797k34n254xpaz3a34ipfig" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:21:36Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="858" sha1="n2txk3jpdwo69ymiqj3b7bopi3laoa8" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>537080</origin>
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      <text bytes="890" sha1="k77obsaiagwzy6b2tf3z888f2892eg0" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="1046" sha1="kjusc5p84a2qskuyww4tovy3wzwcsdm" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="dtdq2nnpbdkc46d2j2dy188ofzkbv8j" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="1304" sha1="kj5s23gs9atgxz1hvogeqq8qiaz2whm" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Hujj</comment>
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      <text bytes="1495" sha1="a54agac1rlt3rt67rtbeife1lqmu77l" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="1859" sha1="qbdwrv01tlbt5zxpsdl48gmvvjuz88a" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27.[7] Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia.[3] Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <id>28216</id>
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      <comment>Karamin gyara</comment>
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      <text bytes="1853" sha1="p6w1i97mb3vf6evw5j82rkg8wt8vvtd" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.[2]

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Hujja</comment>
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      <text bytes="1969" sha1="gmp70men2hmh71185avx3zm3q21kwyx" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="1970" sha1="f412mn48gxq62joboqotkbnig70ng0b" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
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      <text bytes="2573" sha1="bw3k094wzkk8pgq66saunt4d76kax8w" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.[2] Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi.[2] 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2689" sha1="gckp60fkv4bpppze7ehhkjwj1kdrqwo" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi.[2] 

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2686" sha1="68y0rksta5oylzorihvnpmt6htfulde" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>68y0rksta5oylzorihvnpmt6htfulde</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537181</id>
      <parentid>537173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Karin bayani</comment>
      <origin>537181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3264" sha1="czjha8sle8i61tate0y4o4xbvgltqy0" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na Sweden Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.[9]  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>czjha8sle8i61tate0y4o4xbvgltqy0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537193</id>
      <parentid>537181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdull kwasha</username>
        <id>28216</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Hujja</comment>
      <origin>537193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3397" sha1="biu7n4bgpkumj4cf5lgu4madpdvjeqv" xml:space="preserve">'''Jaysuma Saidy Ndure ('''an Haife shi 1 Janairu 1984) ɗan tseren Gambiya-Norway. Yana daga gadon Serer na dangin Ndure masu daraja. A cikin 2002, ya tafi Oslo, yana da shekaru 18 kuma ya zauna tare da mahaifinsa wanda ke zaune a Norway tun 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Bayan ya canza ɗan ƙasa daga Gambiya zuwa Norway a cikin 2006, yana riƙe da bayanan Norwegian a cikin  100 da 200 mita,[3][4]  kuma shine Bature na bakwai da na huɗu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci akan nisa biyu.&lt;ref&gt;Mirko Jalava, Tilastopaja Oy (6 January 2008). &quot;European Alltime Top 30&quot;. Retrieved 2008-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt;Yana da lambar tagulla daga Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka da kuma matsayi na sama-uku a gasar IAAF Golden League da kuma Gasar Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Duniya.&lt;ref&gt;Farshchian, Aslân W.A. (22 September 2007). &quot;Da Jaysuma kom til Norge, løp jentene fra ham. I dag er han i verdenstoppen...&quot; ''Aftenposten'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko data sirri ==
An haifi Saidy a Bakau, yammacin Gambiya, kuma mahaifiyarsa ta rene shi. Kwarewarsa ta farko a wasannin tsere ya zo ne a makarantar sakandare a garinsu.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt;Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa ya dauki gasar tseren mita 200 ne domin gudun kada abokinsa ya doke shi, wanda tuni ya dauki nauyin gasar mita 100.A watan Yunin 2001 Saidy ya shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka ta Yamma a Lagos, kuma ya lashe tseren mita 200 a cikin 21.27. Sakamakon ya kasance sabon lokacin rikodin Gambia. Koyaya, kafa tarihin ƙasa bai ƙarfafa shi ya fara horo mai mahimmanci ba, saboda har yanzu ya fi son buga ƙwallon kwando da wasan kwallon raga don nishaɗi tare da abokan karatunsa.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; 

A cikin 2002, Saidy ya ƙaura zuwa Oslo, Norway. Yawancin dangi sun riga sun zauna a kusa,[6] mafi mahimmanci mahaifin Saidy wanda ya zauna a Norway tun shekarun 1970.&lt;ref&gt;Wiik, Jon (13 July 2007). &quot;Jaysuma vil skrive norgeshistorie&quot;. ''ANB'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2007-12-08.&lt;/ref&gt; Da yake neman abubuwan nishadi, Saidy ya yanke shawarar sake shiga wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle kuma ya shiga daya daga cikin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a babban birnin kasar Norway, IL i BUL, wanda aka gudanar da zaman horo a filin wasa na Bislett na duniya. Anan, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano gwanintarsa ​​kuma aka sa Saidy ya sadu da kocin Olav Magne Tveitå, wanda har yanzu yana horar da shi. 

Saidy daga baya ya kulla dangantaka da Heidi Trollsås, mai murabus 400m mai gudun hijira daga birnin Sandefjord na Norway wanda ya fafata a matakin kasa. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Blystadlia a wajen Oslo, inda har yanzu suke zaune.[2] Har ila yau, Trollsås ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja har zuwa 2008. Jin cewa ana buƙatar ƙwararren wakili don gudanar da aikin Saidy, sai suka ɗauki hayar fitaccen manajan wasannin motsa jiki na Sweden Daniel Westfeldt.[8] Jim kadan bayan haka Saidy ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyar mai kayatarwa tare da Nike.&lt;ref&gt;Parr, Odd Steinar (24 April 2008). &quot;Norsk sprinter kan bli søkkrik&quot;. ''Hegnar Online'' (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2008-05-04.&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>biu7n4bgpkumj4cf5lgu4madpdvjeqv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Boniface Benzinge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86606</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537029</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:12:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1243031593|Boniface Benzinge]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>537029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="708" sha1="q3m6rtg49442gricimiplzs30amghn5" xml:space="preserve">'''Boniface Benzinge''' shi ne shugaban [[Banyarwanda|Ruwanda]] na Abiru, kansilolin sirri na gado ga Mwami na Ruwanda.

Memba ne na dangin masana tarihi na masarauta, Benzinge ya kasance fadar Sarki Kigeli V, wanda shi ne sarki na ƙarshe da ke mulkin ƙasarsa kafin a sauke shi a shekarar 1961.

Bayan wannan taron, Benzinge da ’yan uwansa Airu suka sanar da ɗan’uwansa a matsayin magajin Kigeli. Duk da haka wani bangare na dangin sarki sun yi adawa da wannan aiki,  hakazalika ka dai an naɗa sabon sarki sarauta a matsayin Yuhi VI a cikin 2017.

Tun da wannan lamari ya faru, Benzinge ya ci gaba da zama shugaban gidan sarauta.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abiru

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>q3m6rtg49442gricimiplzs30amghn5</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>537034</id>
      <parentid>537029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:14:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="952" sha1="j4xv2cbq528gf5dtxtfen76wrk8rn6p" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Boniface Benzinge''' shi ne shugaban [[Banyarwanda|Ruwanda]] na Abiru, kansilolin sirri na gado ga Mwami na Ruwanda.

Memba ne na dangin masana tarihi na masarauta, Benzinge ya kasance fadar Sarki Kigeli V, wanda shi ne sarki na ƙarshe da ke mulkin ƙasarsa kafin a sauke shi a shekarar 1961.

Bayan wannan taron, Benzinge da ’yan uwansa Airu suka sanar da ɗan’uwansa a matsayin magajin Kigeli. Duk da haka wani bangare na dangin sarki sun yi adawa da wannan aiki,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rwanda-politics-idUSKBN14X1H0|last=Uwiringiyimana|first=Clement|title=He's Not The Real King: Rwandan Royals Argue Over Succession|work=Reuters|accessdate=April 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; hakazalika ka dai an naɗa sabon sarki sarauta a matsayin Yuhi VI a cikin 2017.

Tun da wannan lamari ya faru, Benzinge ya ci gaba da zama shugaban gidan sarauta.

== Duba kuma ==

* Abiru

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
      <sha1>j4xv2cbq528gf5dtxtfen76wrk8rn6p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sauri Millennium Village</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86607</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537031</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:13:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samu...</comment>
      <origin>537031</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="664" sha1="emogokwiao3pdlvq0wqag1iebypuxe8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}</text>
      <sha1>emogokwiao3pdlvq0wqag1iebypuxe8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>537036</id>
      <parentid>537031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:14:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/*Databox*/</comment>
      <origin>537036</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1111" sha1="ryivkwg3kp6a6nahvuueyqxjd1lx598" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537042</id>
      <parentid>537036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:16:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/*Databox*/</comment>
      <origin>537042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1801" sha1="dth8yhilx5em55185ratunqgefsyhks" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}

Ko da yake Kenya ta amince da hanyoyin ci gaban yankunan karkara (IRD) don auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da talauci tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sauri suna rayuwa kasa da dalar Amurka 1 a kowace rana a cikin 2004 (kafin amincewa da MVP).&lt;ref name = &quot;Sanchez&quot;/&gt; Pedro Sanchez et al., &quot;Ƙauyen Millennium na Afirka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;PNAS 104, no.43 (Oktoba 23, 2007) {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0700423104}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16777}} An fara zabar Sauri ne saboda yawan talauci da yunwa. Wasu daga cikin matakan farko na MVP sun haɗa da haɓaka samar da abinci, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gina asibiti mai aiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma.{{r|Kalsi|p=21}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537044</id>
      <parentid>537042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:17:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Minor Edit */</comment>
      <origin>537044</origin>
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'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}

Ko da yake Kenya ta amince da hanyoyin ci gaban yankunan karkara (IRD) don auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da talauci tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sauri suna rayuwa kasa da dalar Amurka 1 a kowace rana a cikin 2004 (kafin amincewa da MVP).&lt;ref name = &quot;Sanchez&quot;/&gt; Pedro Sanchez et al., &quot;Ƙauyen Millennium na Afirka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;PNAS 104, no.43 (Oktoba 23, 2007) {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0700423104}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16777}} An fara zabar Sauri ne saboda yawan talauci da yunwa. Wasu daga cikin matakan farko na MVP sun haɗa da haɓaka samar da abinci, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gina asibiti mai aiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma.{{r|Kalsi|p=21}}

Aikin Kauyen Sauri Millennium (SMVP) ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 tare da zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 2.75 a duk shekara, wanda ya kasance wani adadi mai cike da tarihi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kawar da talauci a cikin al’ummar Afirka masu karamin girma.&lt;ref&gt;Sam Rich, &quot;Africa's Ƙauyen Mafarki&quot; a cikin '' Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars '', ''An nakalto a cikin'' Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibirin Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? MDGs da Sauri Millennium Village a Kenya&quot; (PhD diss ., Jami'ar Queensland, 2015), 2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeffrey Sachs]], wanda ya kafa MVP, ya bayyana Sauri a matsayin ƙauye &quot;wanda zai kafa tarihi&quot; da kuma &quot;don kawo ƙarshen talauci&quot; a cikin '' The Diary of Angelina Jolie da Dr. Jeffrey Sachs a Afirka '', wani shirin shirin MTV na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;''The Diary of Angelina Jolie and Dr. , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUHf_kOUM74&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin nasara ko gazawar da aka samu a cikin SMVP ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'anar juzu'i a cikin muhawarar ci gaba - wajen tantance ko kasashen da suka ci gaba ya kamata su kara zuba jari ko kuma rage taimakon raya kasa na kasashen waje.</text>
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'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}

Ko da yake Kenya ta amince da hanyoyin ci gaban yankunan karkara (IRD) don auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da talauci tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sauri suna rayuwa kasa da dalar Amurka 1 a kowace rana a cikin 2004 (kafin amincewa da MVP).&lt;ref name = &quot;Sanchez&quot;/&gt; Pedro Sanchez et al., &quot;Ƙauyen Millennium na Afirka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;PNAS 104, no.43 (Oktoba 23, 2007) {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0700423104}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16777}} An fara zabar Sauri ne saboda yawan talauci da yunwa. Wasu daga cikin matakan farko na MVP sun haɗa da haɓaka samar da abinci, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gina asibiti mai aiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma.{{r|Kalsi|p=21}}

Aikin Kauyen Sauri Millennium (SMVP) ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 tare da zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 2.75 a duk shekara, wanda ya kasance wani adadi mai cike da tarihi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kawar da talauci a cikin al’ummar Afirka masu karamin girma.&lt;ref&gt;Sam Rich, &quot;Africa's Ƙauyen Mafarki&quot; a cikin '' Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars '', ''An nakalto a cikin'' Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibirin Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? MDGs da Sauri Millennium Village a Kenya&quot; (PhD diss ., Jami'ar Queensland, 2015), 2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeffrey Sachs]], wanda ya kafa MVP, ya bayyana Sauri a matsayin ƙauye &quot;wanda zai kafa tarihi&quot; da kuma &quot;don kawo ƙarshen talauci&quot; a cikin '' The Diary of Angelina Jolie da Dr. Jeffrey Sachs a Afirka '', wani shirin shirin MTV na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;''The Diary of Angelina Jolie and Dr. , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUHf_kOUM74&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin nasara ko gazawar da aka samu a cikin SMVP ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'anar juzu'i a cikin muhawarar ci gaba - wajen tantance ko kasashen da suka ci gaba ya kamata su kara zuba jari ko kuma rage taimakon raya kasa na kasashen waje.

Nasarar wannan aikin yana cikin bincike sosai a cikin Kenya. An san cewa MVP ya nuna sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci wajen taimaka wa Sauri ya kafa shirye-shiryen noma, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya, da kuma jawo hankalin sauran zuba jari na kudi da kayan aiki daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kimanthi 2016&quot;&gt;Hellen Kimanthi da Paul Hebinck , {{&quot;'}}Castle in the Sky': Sauri Millennium Village in Reality&quot;, ''Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya'', no.38 (Fabrairu 2016): 2, {{doi|10.1016/j.jrurstud. 2017.12.019}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A daya bangaren kuma, ana zargin cewa wadannan shirye-shiryen ba su da dorewa na dogon lokaci, suna dakushe sarkakiyar talauci, da samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na wutar lantarki masu rudani, da rashin bayyanannun dabarun ficewa. Wadannan al'amurra suna ƙara ƙalubalanci dadewa na ci gaba a Sauri kuma suna haifar da matsalolin matsala.{{r|Kalsi|p=191-193}}</text>
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'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}

Ko da yake Kenya ta amince da hanyoyin ci gaban yankunan karkara (IRD) don auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da talauci tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sauri suna rayuwa kasa da dalar Amurka 1 a kowace rana a cikin 2004 (kafin amincewa da MVP).&lt;ref name = &quot;Sanchez&quot;/&gt; Pedro Sanchez et al., &quot;Ƙauyen Millennium na Afirka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;PNAS 104, no.43 (Oktoba 23, 2007) {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0700423104}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16777}} An fara zabar Sauri ne saboda yawan talauci da yunwa. Wasu daga cikin matakan farko na MVP sun haɗa da haɓaka samar da abinci, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gina asibiti mai aiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma.{{r|Kalsi|p=21}}

Aikin Kauyen Sauri Millennium (SMVP) ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 tare da zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 2.75 a duk shekara, wanda ya kasance wani adadi mai cike da tarihi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kawar da talauci a cikin al’ummar Afirka masu karamin girma.&lt;ref&gt;Sam Rich, &quot;Africa's Ƙauyen Mafarki&quot; a cikin '' Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars '', ''An nakalto a cikin'' Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibirin Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? MDGs da Sauri Millennium Village a Kenya&quot; (PhD diss ., Jami'ar Queensland, 2015), 2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeffrey Sachs]], wanda ya kafa MVP, ya bayyana Sauri a matsayin ƙauye &quot;wanda zai kafa tarihi&quot; da kuma &quot;don kawo ƙarshen talauci&quot; a cikin '' The Diary of Angelina Jolie da Dr. Jeffrey Sachs a Afirka '', wani shirin shirin MTV na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;''The Diary of Angelina Jolie and Dr. , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUHf_kOUM74&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin nasara ko gazawar da aka samu a cikin SMVP ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'anar juzu'i a cikin muhawarar ci gaba - wajen tantance ko kasashen da suka ci gaba ya kamata su kara zuba jari ko kuma rage taimakon raya kasa na kasashen waje.

Nasarar wannan aikin yana cikin bincike sosai a cikin Kenya. An san cewa MVP ya nuna sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci wajen taimaka wa Sauri ya kafa shirye-shiryen noma, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya, da kuma jawo hankalin sauran zuba jari na kudi da kayan aiki daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kimanthi 2016&quot;&gt;Hellen Kimanthi da Paul Hebinck , {{&quot;'}}Castle in the Sky': Sauri Millennium Village in Reality&quot;, ''Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya'', no.38 (Fabrairu 2016): 2, {{doi|10.1016/j.jrurstud. 2017.12.019}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A daya bangaren kuma, ana zargin cewa wadannan shirye-shiryen ba su da dorewa na dogon lokaci, suna dakushe sarkakiyar talauci, da samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na wutar lantarki masu rudani, da rashin bayyanannun dabarun ficewa. Wadannan al'amurra suna ƙara ƙalubalanci dadewa na ci gaba a Sauri kuma suna haifar da matsalolin matsala.{{r|Kalsi|p=191-193}}

== Tarihi ==
Sauri yana cikin [[Siaya County]] kimanin kilomita 50 arewa da birni na uku mafi girma na [Kisumu] a Kenya. Ita kanta gundumar tana cikin tsohon Lardin Nyanza, a yammacin Kenya. Ƙungiyar SMVP ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka 11 da ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 132, kuma ta ƙunshi al'umma kusan 60,000. kabila a yankin kuma suna magana da yaren Dhooluo.

Yanayin yanayi yana da zafi da zafi a duk shekara a yankin. Sauri yana da yanayin ruwan sama na bimodal tare da dogon lokacin damina daga Maris zuwa Yuni da ɗan gajeren ruwan sama daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin Sauri sun haɗa da maɓuɓɓugan kariya da marasa kariya, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, ruwan famfo da kuma girbin ruwan sama.

Noma shine tushen rayuwa na farko ga mazauna, tare da masara, wake, dawa, da rogo sune mafi yawan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a yankin. Ana kuma girbe auduga da taba a matsayin manyan kayan amfanin gona guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jivetti&quot;&gt;Billystrom Aronya Jivetti, &quot;Bincika Tasirin Alkawarin Kauyen Millennium akan Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Jama'a: Matsalar Kauyen Sauri Millennium a Yammacin Kenya&quot; (PhD) diss., Jami'ar Missouri, 2012), {{doi|10.32469/10355/33037}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|11}} Galibin ayyukan rayuwa da jama'ar gari ke aiwatarwa sun dace da kawar da talauci. Bayan [[noman noma | noman abinci]], mazauna kuma sun dogara da kuɗaɗen da ake aikowa daga mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a wajen ƙauyen.{{r|Kalsi|p=66}} Sakamakon ƙalubale na yanayi da ƙarancin wadatar ƙasa, Sauri ya kasance. galibi ana samun karancin amfanin gona, wanda ke zama babban dalilin karancin abinci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A lokacin da aka fara MVP, an sami yawaitar ƙasƙan ƙasa sakamakon shekaru na [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] wanda ya faru saboda manoma ba su iya samun takin zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deckelbaum&quot;&gt;Richard J. Deckelbaum et al., &quot;Tattalin Arziki: Samfuran Aiwatarwa Daga Aikin Ƙauyen Millennium a Afirka&quot;. ''Bulletin Abinci da Nutrition'' 27, No. 4 (Disamba 2006): {{doi|10.1177/156482650602700408}}.  &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|339}} Rashin ƙarancin ƙasa ya ƙara dawwama ƙarancin amfanin gona.</text>
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'''Sauri''' ƙauye ne na ƙauye goma sha ɗaya da ke cikin tsohon [[Lardin Nyanza]] na yamma [[Kenya]] kuma shine na farko kuma mafi girma a cikin sha huɗu [[Millennium Villages Project | Aikin Kauyen Millennium (MVP) ]] wuraren zanga-zangar da suka gudana daga 2005 zuwa 2015 a yankin Saharar Afirka. Manufar MVP a Sauri ita ce rage talaucin ƙauyen da ke da ƙasa da dalar Amurka 1 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2015. Babban burin shi ne samun ci gaba mai ɗorewa ta hanyar samun ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ilimi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da haɓaka aikin gona.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kalsi&quot; &quot;&gt;Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibiri na Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|2}}

Gwajin da aka yi a Sauri na da nufin samar da karin koyo ga Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare ta Kasa (MPND) ta Kenya don sake yin ayyukan raya kasa a wasu gundumomi takwas na Kenya. Kazalika, darussan za su taimaka wajen samar da wani cikakken tsari na [[Vision 2030]] na Ci gaban Macro-Tattalin Arziki (KV2030), wanda shi ne alƙawarin gwamnatin Kenya na tabbatar da [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ƙarni]] da kuma kawar da shi. talauci nan da 2030.{{r|Kalsi|p=2}}

Ko da yake Kenya ta amince da hanyoyin ci gaban yankunan karkara (IRD) don auna ci gaban tattalin arziki da talauci tun daga shekarun 1970, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar Sauri suna rayuwa kasa da dalar Amurka 1 a kowace rana a cikin 2004 (kafin amincewa da MVP).&lt;ref name = &quot;Sanchez&quot;/&gt; Pedro Sanchez et al., &quot;Ƙauyen Millennium na Afirka&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;PNAS 104, no.43 (Oktoba 23, 2007) {{doi|10.1073/pnas.0700423104}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|16777}} An fara zabar Sauri ne saboda yawan talauci da yunwa. Wasu daga cikin matakan farko na MVP sun haɗa da haɓaka samar da abinci, magance zazzabin cizon sauro, gina asibiti mai aiki da tsaftataccen ruwan sha, da haɓaka ƙarfin al'umma.{{r|Kalsi|p=21}}

Aikin Kauyen Sauri Millennium (SMVP) ya fara ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2004 tare da zuba jarin dalar Amurka miliyan 2.75 a duk shekara, wanda ya kasance wani adadi mai cike da tarihi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kawar da talauci a cikin al’ummar Afirka masu karamin girma.&lt;ref&gt;Sam Rich, &quot;Africa's Ƙauyen Mafarki&quot; a cikin '' Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars '', ''An nakalto a cikin'' Amrik Kalsi, &quot;Tsibirin Nasara a cikin Tekun Nasara? MDGs da Sauri Millennium Village a Kenya&quot; (PhD diss ., Jami'ar Queensland, 2015), 2.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jeffrey Sachs]], wanda ya kafa MVP, ya bayyana Sauri a matsayin ƙauye &quot;wanda zai kafa tarihi&quot; da kuma &quot;don kawo ƙarshen talauci&quot; a cikin '' The Diary of Angelina Jolie da Dr. Jeffrey Sachs a Afirka '', wani shirin shirin MTV na 2005.&lt;ref&gt;''The Diary of Angelina Jolie and Dr. , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUHf_kOUM74&lt;/ref&gt; Matsayin nasara ko gazawar da aka samu a cikin SMVP ana daukarsa a matsayin ma'anar juzu'i a cikin muhawarar ci gaba - wajen tantance ko kasashen da suka ci gaba ya kamata su kara zuba jari ko kuma rage taimakon raya kasa na kasashen waje.

Nasarar wannan aikin yana cikin bincike sosai a cikin Kenya. An san cewa MVP ya nuna sakamako na ɗan gajeren lokaci wajen taimaka wa Sauri ya kafa shirye-shiryen noma, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya, da kuma jawo hankalin sauran zuba jari na kudi da kayan aiki daga wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kimanthi 2016&quot;&gt;Hellen Kimanthi da Paul Hebinck , {{&quot;'}}Castle in the Sky': Sauri Millennium Village in Reality&quot;, ''Cibiyar Nazarin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya'', no.38 (Fabrairu 2016): 2, {{doi|10.1016/j.jrurstud. 2017.12.019}}.&lt;/ref&gt; A daya bangaren kuma, ana zargin cewa wadannan shirye-shiryen ba su da dorewa na dogon lokaci, suna dakushe sarkakiyar talauci, da samar da sabbin tsare-tsare na wutar lantarki masu rudani, da rashin bayyanannun dabarun ficewa. Wadannan al'amurra suna ƙara ƙalubalanci dadewa na ci gaba a Sauri kuma suna haifar da matsalolin matsala.{{r|Kalsi|p=191-193}}

== Tarihi ==
Sauri yana cikin [[Siaya County]] kimanin kilomita 50 arewa da birni na uku mafi girma na [Kisumu] a Kenya. Ita kanta gundumar tana cikin tsohon Lardin Nyanza, a yammacin Kenya. Ƙungiyar SMVP ta ƙunshi ƙauyuka 11 da ke da fadin murabba'in kilomita 132, kuma ta ƙunshi al'umma kusan 60,000. kabila a yankin kuma suna magana da yaren Dhooluo.

Yanayin yanayi yana da zafi da zafi a duk shekara a yankin. Sauri yana da yanayin ruwan sama na bimodal tare da dogon lokacin damina daga Maris zuwa Yuni da ɗan gajeren ruwan sama daga Satumba zuwa Disamba. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin Sauri sun haɗa da maɓuɓɓugan kariya da marasa kariya, rijiyoyi marasa zurfi, ruwan famfo da kuma girbin ruwan sama.

Noma shine tushen rayuwa na farko ga mazauna, tare da masara, wake, dawa, da rogo sune mafi yawan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a yankin. Ana kuma girbe auduga da taba a matsayin manyan kayan amfanin gona guda biyu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jivetti&quot;&gt;Billystrom Aronya Jivetti, &quot;Bincika Tasirin Alkawarin Kauyen Millennium akan Cibiyoyin Sadarwar Jama'a: Matsalar Kauyen Sauri Millennium a Yammacin Kenya&quot; (PhD) diss., Jami'ar Missouri, 2012), {{doi|10.32469/10355/33037}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|11}} Galibin ayyukan rayuwa da jama'ar gari ke aiwatarwa sun dace da kawar da talauci. Bayan [[noman noma | noman abinci]], mazauna kuma sun dogara da kuɗaɗen da ake aikowa daga mutanen da ke zaune da aiki a wajen ƙauyen.{{r|Kalsi|p=66}} Sakamakon ƙalubale na yanayi da ƙarancin wadatar ƙasa, Sauri ya kasance. galibi ana samun karancin amfanin gona, wanda ke zama babban dalilin karancin abinci da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. A lokacin da aka fara MVP, an sami yawaitar ƙasƙan ƙasa sakamakon shekaru na [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] wanda ya faru saboda manoma ba su iya samun takin zamani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deckelbaum&quot;&gt;Richard J. Deckelbaum et al., &quot;Tattalin Arziki: Samfuran Aiwatarwa Daga Aikin Ƙauyen Millennium a Afirka&quot;. ''Bulletin Abinci da Nutrition'' 27, No. 4 (Disamba 2006): {{doi|10.1177/156482650602700408}}.  &lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|339}} Rashin ƙarancin ƙasa ya ƙara dawwama ƙarancin amfanin gona.

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin Malta, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki,...</comment>
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      <text bytes="877" sha1="oiegifg49u5p7fw7e1rws6b16o4jqx4" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin Malta, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin Italiya, harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.</text>
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      <text bytes="2247" sha1="qd2tk53szo5oe72dmuhw999m3uxjt7x" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin Malta, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin Italiya, harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.</text>
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      <text bytes="2258" sha1="loviwjfq18ht9e7wj62zi2kyl0sfaaf" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin Malta, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin Italiya, harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.</text>
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      <text bytes="2262" sha1="4ur1igmko5gup3fjnkygd1uwl60do4n" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin Italiya, harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.</text>
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      <text bytes="2266" sha1="lw9u1zngpquo6em1lc7okzqtj75osd4" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin Burtaniya zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537043</id>
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      <text bytes="2270" sha1="23v0k5it2b0y88c3cysa0xrvda1qxgt" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537051</id>
      <parentid>537043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:18:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
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      <text bytes="2320" sha1="iy5fx2i1xd2cxgytseozv9o3b7x6zqk" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya). Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt; Bragadin, pp. 155–156&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537054</id>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
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      <text bytes="2700" sha1="7v7w3is7fo1gh3nuibdba19sjfs5dlp" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa Malta sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria operation]] showed the recovery from the grave crisis under whose menace the Italian Fleet had lain for two months, and indirectly it delineated a definitive Italian victory in the ′first battle of convoys′. In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean.&quot; Bragadin, p. 152&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt; Bragadin, pp. 155–156&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537056</id>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
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      <text bytes="2704" sha1="1sogtwdomor4ar6qnfrg18jsaixxpcn" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa [[Malta]] sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria operation]] showed the recovery from the grave crisis under whose menace the Italian Fleet had lain for two months, and indirectly it delineated a definitive Italian victory in the ′first battle of convoys′. In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean.&quot; Bragadin, p. 152&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17. Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt; Bragadin, pp. 155–156&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537057</id>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
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      <text bytes="2891" sha1="naygfj22gnasu3534nls7acq28j9wo4" xml:space="preserve">'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa [[Malta]] sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria operation]] showed the recovery from the grave crisis under whose menace the Italian Fleet had lain for two months, and indirectly it delineated a definitive Italian victory in the ′first battle of convoys′. In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean.&quot; Bragadin, p. 152&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;With Vian's cruisers, Carlisle and the Hunts, the escort was well provided with anti-aircraft firepower as the entire force united on the morning of 21 March.&quot; Woodman, p. 294&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt; Bragadin, pp. 155–156&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <text bytes="2903" sha1="t6oganw677ws81q9xv4e3kpsnatw0uw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Yaƙin Sirte na Biyu''' (a ranar 22 ga Maris 1942) ya kasance aikin sojan ruwa a cikin Bahar Rum, arewacin Tekun Sidra da kudu maso gabashin [[Malta]], a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu . Jiragen yaki na rundunar sojojin [[Burtaniya]] zuwa [[Malta]] sun dakatar da rundunar da ta fi karfi na Regia Marina (Ruwa ta Italiya).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The [[Raid on Alexandria (1941)|Alexandria operation]] showed the recovery from the grave crisis under whose menace the Italian Fleet had lain for two months, and indirectly it delineated a definitive Italian victory in the ′first battle of convoys′. In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean.&quot; Bragadin, p. 152&lt;/ref&gt; Jirgin saman Burtaniya ya kunshi jiragen ruwa huɗu, tare da jiragen ruwa guda huɗu, jirgin ruwa guda ɗaya da masu hallaka 17.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;With Vian's cruisers, Carlisle and the Hunts, the escort was well provided with anti-aircraft firepower as the entire force united on the morning of 21 March.&quot; Woodman, p. 294&lt;/ref&gt; Sojojin Italiya sun hada da jirgin yaki, manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu, jirgin ruwa mai sauƙi guda daya da masu hallaka goma. Duk da nasarar da Burtaniya ta samu wajen kare rundunar sojojin [[Italiya]], harin jirgin ruwa na Italiya ya jinkirta isowar da aka shirya kafin asuba, wanda ya fallasa shi ga hare-haren iska masu tsanani waɗanda suka nutse dukkan jiragen ruwa huɗu da ɗaya daga cikin masu hallakawa a cikin kwanaki masu zuwa.&lt;ref&gt; Bragadin, pp. 155–156&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
Har zuwa ƙarshen 1941, jiragen ruwa 21 tare da tan 160,000 mai tsawo (160,000 na kaya sun isa Malta ba tare da asarar ba kuma an tara kayan watanni bakwai. Jiragen ruwa uku zuwa Malta a cikin 1941 sun sha wahala daga asarar jirgin ruwa guda daya kawai. Daga Janairu 1941 zuwa Agusta 1942, jiragen ruwa 46 sun isar da tan 320,000 mai tsawo (330,000 amma jiragen ruwa 25 sun nutse kuma an karkatar da jiragen ruwa na zamani, masu inganci, jiragen ruwa da sojojin sama daga wasu hanyoyi na dogon lokaci; an gudanar da jigilar kayayyaki 31 ta jirgin ruwa. Ƙarfafawa ga Malta sun haɗa da ayyukan jirgin sama masu tsada da haɗari 19 don isar da mayakan. Malta kuma ta kasance tushe don ayyukan iska, teku da na karkashin ruwa a kan jigilar kayayyaki na Axis kuma daga 1 ga Yuni zuwa 31 ga Oktoba 1941, sojojin Burtaniya sun nutse kimanin tan 220,000 (220,000 na jigilar jiragen ruwa na Axis a kan hanyoyin jigilar jiragen kasa na Afirka, tan 94,000 (96,000 da kuma tan 115,000 (117,000 na Royal Air Force (RAF) da Fleet Air Arm (FAA). Jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya zuwa Afirka sun kai kashi 90 cikin 100 na jiragen da suka nutse kuma rundunonin Malta suna da alhakin kusan kashi 75 cikin 100 na jirage da jirgin sama ya nutse. Ayyukan soja daga Malta da kuma amfani da tsibirin a matsayin wurin tsayawa, ya haifar da yakin basasa na Axis a kan tsibirin a cikin 1941 da 1942.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Namwali serpell</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: ‘’’Namwali serpell’’’  an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya [1] wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.[2] Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2731" sha1="890jl0comjb4qbaamg2mv6wjt2lo6i9" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya [1] wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.[2] Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.[3]

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia, [4] ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.[5]. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.[6] Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka, [6] inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.[7]

‘’’Sana’a ’’’

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.[8] Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.[9] Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.[10]

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[14].</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537062</id>
      <parentid>537035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Najaatuhd</username>
        <id>25547</id>
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      <text bytes="5098" sha1="i10hj797i0j6s6en4k1k3m3k6wq0p6f" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya [1] wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.[2] Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.[3]

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia, [4] ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.[5]. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.[6] Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka, [6] inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.[7]

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.[8] Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.[9] Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.[10]

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].</text>
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      <text bytes="6229" sha1="cahem2zf7om2st9601vscj5zkq5kscv" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya [1] wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.[2] Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.[3]

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia, [4] ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.[5]. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.[6] Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka, [6] inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.[7]

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.[8] Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.[9] Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.[10]

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].</text>
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      <text bytes="7167" sha1="2e34dc5zopg5zbmpgiiyucwimo01m02" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya &lt;ref&gt;Reading with... Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''Shelf Awareness''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October2022&lt;/ref&gt;wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-q-t.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.&lt;ref&gt;GPLA 7TH Edition: Winners Announced&quot;, ''Bamenda Online'', 29 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia&lt;ref&gt;Murua, James (12 October 2022). &quot;Book Digest: Namwali Serpell, Abdourahman Waberi, Touhfat Mouhtare, Ebony Ladelle&quot;. ''Writing Africa''. Retrieved 11 May 2024&lt;/ref&gt;, ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader''. University of Georgia Press. 15 June 2015. pp. 161–. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8203-4770-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka,&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Zambian-American Perspective: An Interview with Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''The Wheeler Column''. 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.[8] Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.[9] Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.[10]

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].</text>
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      <text bytes="7240" sha1="rr81ghqhq1bumcoy3disssuhskmhl7n" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya &lt;ref&gt;Reading with... Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''Shelf Awareness''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October2022&lt;/ref&gt;wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-q-t.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.&lt;ref&gt;GPLA 7TH Edition: Winners Announced&quot;, ''Bamenda Online'', 29 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia&lt;ref&gt;Murua, James (12 October 2022). &quot;Book Digest: Namwali Serpell, Abdourahman Waberi, Touhfat Mouhtare, Ebony Ladelle&quot;. ''Writing Africa''. Retrieved 11 May 2024&lt;/ref&gt;, ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader''. University of Georgia Press. 15 June 2015. pp. 161–. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8203-4770-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka,&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Zambian-American Perspective: An Interview with Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''The Wheeler Column''. 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''faculty.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 31 January 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.[10]

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].</text>
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      <text bytes="7302" sha1="3gwo8k7vzlhpyyyyog4mdqqz0k11d0r" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya &lt;ref&gt;Reading with... Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''Shelf Awareness''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October2022&lt;/ref&gt;wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-q-t.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.&lt;ref&gt;GPLA 7TH Edition: Winners Announced&quot;, ''Bamenda Online'', 29 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia&lt;ref&gt;Murua, James (12 October 2022). &quot;Book Digest: Namwali Serpell, Abdourahman Waberi, Touhfat Mouhtare, Ebony Ladelle&quot;. ''Writing Africa''. Retrieved 11 May 2024&lt;/ref&gt;, ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader''. University of Georgia Press. 15 June 2015. pp. 161–. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8203-4770-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka,&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Zambian-American Perspective: An Interview with Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''The Wheeler Column''. 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''faculty.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 31 January 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;About&quot;. ''Namwali Serpell''. Retrieved 31 January2021.&lt;/ref&gt;Berkeley.Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].</text>
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      <text bytes="7434" sha1="qb54fjq2lhrtpkioeteimv3egor2w1n" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya &lt;ref&gt;Reading with... Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''Shelf Awareness''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October2022&lt;/ref&gt;wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-q-t.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.&lt;ref&gt;GPLA 7TH Edition: Winners Announced&quot;, ''Bamenda Online'', 29 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia&lt;ref&gt;Murua, James (12 October 2022). &quot;Book Digest: Namwali Serpell, Abdourahman Waberi, Touhfat Mouhtare, Ebony Ladelle&quot;. ''Writing Africa''. Retrieved 11 May 2024&lt;/ref&gt;, ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader''. University of Georgia Press. 15 June 2015. pp. 161–. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8203-4770-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka,&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Zambian-American Perspective: An Interview with Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''The Wheeler Column''. 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''faculty.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 31 January 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;About&quot;. ''Namwali Serpell''. Retrieved 31 January2021.&lt;/ref&gt;Berkeley.Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Dwyer, Colin (8 July 2015). &quot;Caine Prize Winner: Literature Is Not A Competitive Sport&quot;. ''NPR''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].</text>
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      <text bytes="7451" sha1="o0pkzaqrvzx6g7gv6nyzgw49ldp84sd" xml:space="preserve">‘’’Namwali serpell’’’

an haife shi 1980) marubuci ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan Zambiya &lt;ref&gt;Reading with... Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''Shelf Awareness''. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 October2022&lt;/ref&gt;wanda ke koyarwa a Amurka. A watan Afrilun 2014, an ba ta suna a cikin jerin sunayen marubuta 39 na Afirka kudu da hamadar Saharar ’yan kasa da shekara 40 a jerin Hay Festival na Afirka.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-q-t.aspx&lt;/ref&gt;Takaitaccen labarinta &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine na 2015 don almara na Afirka a Turanci. A cikin 2020, Serpell ta ci lambar Belles-lettres Grand Prix na Ƙungiyoyin Adabi na 2019 don littafinta na halarta na farko The Old Drift.&lt;ref&gt;GPLA 7TH Edition: Winners Announced&quot;, ''Bamenda Online'', 29 July 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

‘’’Tarihin rayuwa’’’

An haifi Serpell a cikin 1980 a Lusaka, Zambia&lt;ref&gt;Murua, James (12 October 2022). &quot;Book Digest: Namwali Serpell, Abdourahman Waberi, Touhfat Mouhtare, Ebony Ladelle&quot;. ''Writing Africa''. Retrieved 11 May 2024&lt;/ref&gt;, ga Robert Serpell da matarsa, Namposya Nampanya Serpell.&lt;ref&gt;''Sharing the Earth: An International Environmental Justice Reader''. University of Georgia Press. 15 June 2015. pp. 161–. ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8203-4770-7&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Mahaifinta dan kasar Zambia dan kasar Burtaniya, farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halin dan Adam a Jami'ar Zambiya, kuma mahaifiyarta kwararre ne a fannin tattalin arziki.&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;Lokacin da ta kai shekara tara, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Baltimore, Maryland, a Amurka,&lt;ref&gt;Eastaugh, Sophie (8 July 2015). &quot;Things to know about Caine Prize winner Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''CNN''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; inda Serpell ya sami ilimi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a fannin adabi a Yale da digirinta na uku (PhD) a cikin adabin Amurka da Burtaniya a Harvard. Serpell ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin 2017.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;The Zambian-American Perspective: An Interview with Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''The Wheeler Column''. 1 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

’’Sana’a 

Serpell farfesa ne a Turanci a Jami'ar Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Namwali Serpell&quot;. ''faculty.harvard.edu''. Retrieved 31 January 2021&lt;/ref&gt; Daga 2008 zuwa 2020, ta kasance farfesa a Turanci a Jami'ar California, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;About&quot;. ''Namwali Serpell''. Retrieved 31 January2021.&lt;/ref&gt;Berkeley.Tana zama a Amurka kuma tana ziyartar Lusaka kowace shekara.&lt;ref&gt;Dwyer, Colin (8 July 2015). &quot;Caine Prize Winner: Literature Is Not A Competitive Sport&quot;. ''NPR''. Retrieved 10 July 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gajeren labari na Serpell &quot;Muzungu&quot; an tantance shi a cikin 2010 don kyautar Caine, lambar yabo na shekara-shekara don gajerun almara na Afirka a cikin Turanci. A cikin 2011, ta sami lambar yabo ta Rona Jaffe Foundation Writers' Award, kyauta ga farkon marubutan mata.[6] Labarinta mai suna &quot;The Sack&quot; ta lashe kyautar Caine a shekara ta 2015. Tana cewa &quot;fiction ba wasa ne mai gasa ba&quot;, Serpell ta sanar da cewa za ta raba kyautar $15,000 tare da sauran marubutan da aka zaba, Masande Ntshanga, F. T. Kola, Elnathan John, da Segun Afolabi. [10] Serpell shi ne dan wasan Caine na farko daga Zambia.[11] &quot;Buhun&quot; na take, a cewar Serpell, ya samo asali ne daga mafarki mai ban tsoro da ta yi a 17, &quot;kuma ban sani ba idan ina cikin ciki ko waje&quot;. Har ila yau, yana da tasirin siyasa: &quot;Ina nazarin almara na Amirka da Birtaniya, kuma [wani dalibi mai digiri] yana nazarin almara na zamani na Afirka, kuma ka'idarta ita ce duk lokacin da kuka ga buhu a cikin wallafe-wallafen Afirka, yana da wani boye-boye game da transatlantic. fataucin bayi

A cikin 2014, Serpell ya buga Hanyoyi Bakwai na Rashin tabbas, [12] wani aiki mai mahimmanci wanda ke nazarin &quot;dangantaka tsakanin iyawar wallafe-wallafe don warwarewa, ruɗani, da ruɗar da mu, da ƙimar ɗabi'ar wallafe-wallafe&quot;.[13] Mujallar Novel: A Forum on Fiction ta kira littafin &quot;aiki bravura&quot;[Serpell mai ba da gudummawa ce ga sabbin ƴan matan Afirka na 2019, wanda Margaret Busby ta shirya.[15] Serpell's &quot;Akan Baƙar Wahala: Toni Morrison da Farin Ciki&quot; ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2019 Brittle Paper Award for Essays &amp; Think Pieces.[16]

An buga littafin novel na farko na Serpell, The Old Drift, a cikin 2019. Da take bitar shi a cikin The Guardian, Nadifa Mohamed ta rubuta: &quot;Namwali Serpell's first novel is a rambunctious epic that bise the intertwined history of three places over three generations. ...Serpell is an Marubuci mai buri da hazaka, tare da chutzpah don yin aiki a kan babban zane.&quot;[17] Binciken mai lura ya ƙare, &quot;A ƙarshe, an saita a nan gaba kaɗan wanda ya ƙunshi sabon na'urar dijital da aka saka a cikin fatar mai amfani, mun fahimci yadda Serpell ke da wayo. yana gwada tunaninmu, kafin wata dabara ta minti na ƙarshe ta karkatar da mu don tambayar dalilin da ya sa ba ma ɗaukar almarar kimiyya a matsayin hanyar da za ta dace da babban littafin tarihin Afirka.&quot;[18].

A cikin Tsohon Drift , Serpell yayi gwaje-gwaje tare da nau'ikan labari daban-daban don taimakawa masu karatu su kalli labarin ta fuskoki daban-daban. Annalisa Quinn ta NPR ta kira salon labarun Serpell &quot;florid, amma wuce haddi yakan zo tare da ma'ana. Waɗannan su ne hanyoyi guda uku da mutane suke tunani game da sararin samaniya: A matsayin wani abu mai fahimta da tsinkaya, a matsayin hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita, kuma a matsayin tushen kyau da ban mamaki. Har ila yau, za ku fahimci cewa wuce gona da iri, zabi ne na sanin yakamata[19].

A cikin Maris 2020, Serpell ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin marubuta takwas da suka sami lambar yabo ta Windham – Campbell Literature Prize, ɗayan mafi kyawun kyaututtukan adabi na duniya, ana ba su kowace shekara, tare da kowane mai nasara yana karɓar $ 165,000.[20][21] An karrama ta ne da almara. Sauran wadanda suka yi nasara sune Yiyun Li; Maria Tumarkin da Anne Boyer don rashin almara; Bhanu Kapil da Jonah Mixon-Webster don waƙa; da Julia Cho da Aleshea Harris don wasan kwaikwayo.[21] Serpell ya ce, &quot;Na yi matukar farin ciki da samun wannan lambar yabo, kuma na sami karramawa da shiga kamfanin wadannan manyan marubuta. Kyautar Windham-Campbell ta nuna bambamta a wajen bikin rubuce-rubuce a Afirka bisa ga nasarar da ta samu a fannin adabi, abin farin ciki ne matuka da aka dauka. da gaske a matsayin mai zane.&quot;[22].

Serpell ya lashe lambar yabo ta 2020 Anisfield-Wolf a cikin rukunin almara don The Old Drift.[23] A ranar 23 ga Satumba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Tsohon Drift shima ya ci lambar yabo ta Arthur C. Clarke, babbar lambar yabo ta Burtaniya don almarar kimiyya.[24][25][26] Serpell ta mayar da martani a shafin Twitter a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba cewa ta samu labarin kyautar &quot;a cikin sa'a guda da jin cewa ba a tuhumi 'yan sandan da suka kashe Breonna Taylor ba. Don girmama Breonna da kuma ci gaba da yaki da tashe-tashen hankula da gwamnati ta amince da su, na ba da gudummawa. Kuɗin kyautar £2020 don belin masu zanga-zangar, [27] tana bayyana dalilinta na nuna haɗin kai a cikin wata hira da BBC: &quot;Na yi ƙoƙarin gano yadda zan amince da wannan karramawar da wannan kyautar ta bayar. zuwa ga labari na da kuma jin cewa juyin juya halin siyasar da nake kwatantawa a cikin littafin yana nan tafe… Littafina ba daidai ba ne na annabci kawai Kuma wannan al'ada, ina so in ce, ita ce inda almara na kimiyya wani karfi ne wanda zai ba mu damar bincika ainihin tambayoyin siyasa game da daidaito da mulki da adalci.&quot; [27] [28].

== manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1132" sha1="dmq8wjwu10p97nisody3x2h8zi0sddh" xml:space="preserve">'''Samoëla Rasolofoniaina,''' wanda akafi sani da '''Samoëla,''' mawallafin murya ne dan ƙabilar Malagasy kuma mai ƙirƙirar folk fusion da tushen ƙiɗa na zamani dake janyo hankali akan ƙiɗe-ƙiɗe na gargajiya a ko ina a faɗin ƙasar Madagascar. Yawanci yana rera waƙa kuma yana kaɗa jita tare da gungu gami da jitar bass, Kawar turawan yamma da na gargajiya, da mawakan madadin. An bambanta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da waƙoƙin gargajiya na hainteny da yaren misalansa, da kuma zage-zage na matasa da harshe kai tsaye na ɓarna da al'adu don suka da kuma magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da siyasa.

==TARIHIN RAYUWA==
An haifi Samoëla Rasolofoniaina a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da saba'in da da shidda. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-personalsite-1&lt;/ref&gt; A makaranta ya fara rubuta wakoki musamman irin salon wakokin Malagasy na gargajiya da ake kira hainteny, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana da harshe na alama don magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-interview-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==MANAZARTA==</text>
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'''Samoëla Rasolofoniaina,''' wanda akafi sani da '''Samoëla,''' mawallafin murya ne dan ƙabilar Malagasy kuma mai ƙirƙirar folk fusion da tushen ƙiɗa na zamani dake janyo hankali akan ƙiɗe-ƙiɗe na gargajiya a ko ina a faɗin ƙasar Madagascar. Yawanci yana rera waƙa kuma yana kaɗa jita tare da gungu gami da jitar bass, Kawar turawan yamma da na gargajiya, da mawakan madadin. An bambanta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da waƙoƙin gargajiya na hainteny da yaren misalansa, da kuma zage-zage na matasa da harshe kai tsaye na ɓarna da al'adu don suka da kuma magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da siyasa.

==TARIHIN RAYUWA==
An haifi Samoëla Rasolofoniaina a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da saba'in da da shidda. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-personalsite-1&lt;/ref&gt; A makaranta ya fara rubuta wakoki musamman irin salon wakokin Malagasy na gargajiya da ake kira hainteny, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana da harshe na alama don magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-interview-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==MANAZARTA==</text>
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'''Samoëla Rasolofoniaina,''' wanda akafi sani da '''Samoëla,''' mawallafin murya ne dan ƙabilar Malagasy kuma mai ƙirƙirar folk fusion da tushen ƙiɗa na zamani dake janyo hankali akan ƙiɗe-ƙiɗe na gargajiya a ko ina a faɗin ƙasar Madagascar. Yawanci yana rera waƙa kuma yana kaɗa jita tare da gungu gami da jitar bass, Kawar turawan yamma da na gargajiya, da mawakan madadin. An bambanta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da waƙoƙin gargajiya na hainteny da yaren misalansa, da kuma zage-zage na matasa da harshe kai tsaye na ɓarna da al'adu don suka da kuma magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da siyasa.

==TARIHIN RAYUWA==
An haifi Samoëla Rasolofoniaina a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da saba'in da da shidda. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-personalsite-1&lt;/ref&gt; A makaranta ya fara rubuta wakoki musamman irin salon wakokin Malagasy na gargajiya da ake kira hainteny, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana da harshe na alama don magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-interview-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==MANAZARTA==</text>
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      <text bytes="1132" sha1="dmq8wjwu10p97nisody3x2h8zi0sddh" xml:space="preserve">'''Samoëla Rasolofoniaina,''' wanda akafi sani da '''Samoëla,''' mawallafin murya ne dan ƙabilar Malagasy kuma mai ƙirƙirar folk fusion da tushen ƙiɗa na zamani dake janyo hankali akan ƙiɗe-ƙiɗe na gargajiya a ko ina a faɗin ƙasar Madagascar. Yawanci yana rera waƙa kuma yana kaɗa jita tare da gungu gami da jitar bass, Kawar turawan yamma da na gargajiya, da mawakan madadin. An bambanta shi ta hanyar yin amfani da waƙoƙin gargajiya na hainteny da yaren misalansa, da kuma zage-zage na matasa da harshe kai tsaye na ɓarna da al'adu don suka da kuma magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na zamantakewa da siyasa.

==TARIHIN RAYUWA==
An haifi Samoëla Rasolofoniaina a ranar 2 ga watan Afrilu ta shekarar alif dubu ɗaya da saba'in da da shidda. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-personalsite-1&lt;/ref&gt; A makaranta ya fara rubuta wakoki musamman irin salon wakokin Malagasy na gargajiya da ake kira hainteny, wanda ya ƙunshi karin magana da harshe na alama don magance batutuwa masu mahimmanci na al'ada. &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samo%C3%ABla#cite_note-interview-2&lt;/ref&gt;

==MANAZARTA==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anita Asiimwe</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238729069|Anita Asiimwe]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="977" sha1="0whq2ow1kusmf1g8g1v3ocjlxnl3dti" xml:space="preserve">'''Anita Asiimwe''' kwararriyar main kula da lafiyar jama'a ce ' [[Ruwanda|yar kasar Ruwanda]] wacce ta shafe sama da shekaru 20 a matsayin kwararra a jagorancin fannin kiwon lafiyar kasar . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba ta hukumar a Asusun Duniya, tana ba da gudummawa ga dabarun kiwon lafiyar duniya. Tsohuwar Minista ce a ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda. Tun daga 2023 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na Babban Jami'in Lafiya na Hukumar USAID Ireme Activity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USAID Ireme |url=https://msh.org/projects/usaid-ireme/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Management Sciences for Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Dokta Asiimwe likita ce kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a daga Jami'ar Dundee da ke Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Dundee, Press Release. |url=https://www.app.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/proct03/anita.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.app.dundee.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Anita Asiimwe''' kwararriyar main kula da lafiyar jama'a ce ' [[Ruwanda|yar kasar Ruwanda]] wacce ta shafe sama da shekaru 20 a matsayin kwararra a jagorancin fannin kiwon lafiyar kasar . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba ta hukumar a Asusun Duniya, tana ba da gudummawa ga dabarun kiwon lafiyar duniya. Tsohuwar Minista ce a ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda. Tun daga 2023 ta yi aiki a matsayin Kimiyyar Gudanarwa na Babban Jami'in Lafiya na Hukumar USAID Ireme Activity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=USAID Ireme |url=https://msh.org/projects/usaid-ireme/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=Management Sciences for Health |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Dokta Asiimwe likita ce kuma ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a daga Jami'ar Dundee da ke Burtaniya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Dundee, Press Release. |url=https://www.app.dundee.ac.uk/pressreleases/proct03/anita.html |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=www.app.dundee.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{reflist}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji</comment>
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      <text bytes="35" sha1="kt57sqmpxlpi280fs6i7mft7l1hs7y1" xml:space="preserve">Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:22:44Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="57" sha1="9xty79zo73zuamjg5on7250p6jbfl5y" xml:space="preserve">Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji, kuma su membobine na</text>
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      <text bytes="119" sha1="gvmjmsqfdrs11aiigpse8lz7wp9f46z" xml:space="preserve">Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji, kuma su membobine na dukanin mafarauta da al’adu dake zaune a kasar South Africa</text>
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      <text bytes="165" sha1="bs6ys9c4ahv88kxynfnuaxnwyk39y00" xml:space="preserve">Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji, kuma su membobine na dukanin mafarauta da al’adu dake zaune a kasar South Africa, tare da wasu tsofafin al’adu dake a yankin</text>
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      <text bytes="209" sha1="ttvg2g3kcnlxoc3kaz9ttz33hglndo3" xml:space="preserve">Mutanen san ko ko kuma mutanen daji, kuma su membobine na dukanin mafarauta da al’adu dake zaune a kasar South Africa, tare da wasu tsofafin al’adu dake a yankin. Tare da wasu mamallakan abubuwansu na baya</text>
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Yaren San, ko kuma yaren magabatansu, yarenruka na</text>
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Yaren San, ko kuma yaren magabatansu, yarenruka na khoe , Tuu da kuma Kx’a</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:47:10Z</timestamp>
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Yaren San, ko kuma yaren magabatansu, yarenruka na khoe , Tuu da kuma Kx’a yaren yan uwansu</text>
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    <title>Dokar zama dan kasa A Rwanda</title>
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      <comment>Sabuwar kirkira</comment>
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      <text bytes="499" sha1="dn46crma9w59nbo2scfb18uqqi1kit8" xml:space="preserve">Dokar zama dan kasa ta Rwanda tana karkashin tsarin mulkin Rwanda,kamar yadda aka gyara;Dokar kasar Rwanda,da gyare-gyarensa;Dokar mutane da iyali;da kuma wasu yarjejeniyoyi na kasa da kasa wanda kasar ta amince dasu.wadannan dokokin suna tantance wanda ya zama dan kasa na Rwanda,ko wanda zai iya zama.Hanyoyin shari'a na samun yancin dan kasa,wanda shine hakkin zama dan kasa na hukuma,sun banbanta da alakar cikin gida na nauyi da hakki tsakanin da kasa da kuma kasar,wanda ake kira zama dan kasa</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harrysong</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244081653|Harrysong]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Harrison Tare Okiri''', wanda aka fi sani da  '''Harrysong''', mawaƙi ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]], kuma marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida wanda ya zama sananne bayan waƙarsa ga [[Nelson Mandela]] da ya lashe kyautar &quot;Mafi Girma a wata gasar waka da'a ka gudanar The Headies 2013. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2013 |title=The Headies 2013: First Photos &amp; Full List of Winners: Olamide, Phyno, Davido, Sean Tizzle &amp; Waje |url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/27/the-headies-2013-first-photos-full-list-of-winners-olamide-phyno-davido-sean-tizzle-waje/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225226/http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/12/27/the-headies-2013-first-photos-full-list-of-winners-olamide-phyno-davido-sean-tizzle-waje/ |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=16 October 2015 |publisher=[[BellaNaija]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; An haifi Harrysong a [[Warri]], [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]], Najeriya ga iyayensa  yan kabilar [[Mutanen Ijaw|Ijaw]] ne ,amma ya koma jihar  [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a 2007 bayan ya kwashee shekaru yana zaune a Port Harcourt . Kafin ya fara waka da kida, Harrysong ya kasance yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a kulob din dare har  sai ya shahara,ya hadu damanyan mutane  A cikin shekara ta 2014, an zabi Harrysong a cikin rukunin &quot;Mafi kyawun masu iya waka a gasar 2014 Nigeria Entertainment Awards (A  turance)bayan fitowar waƙarsa mai taswirar &quot;Beta Pikin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 April 2014 |title=2014 NEA Awards – Nominees Submission |url=http://notjustok.com/2014/04/03/2014-nea-awards-nominees-submission/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224348/http://notjustok.com/2014/04/03/2014-nea-awards-nominees-submission/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=16 October 2015 |publisher=[[NotJustOk]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <title>Rhodesia</title>
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=== Tarihi ===
Har zuwa bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ba a haɓaka mallakar kasar Burtaniya ta Kudancin kasar Rhodesia a matsayin asalin Afirka ba, amma a matsayin ƙasa ta musamman wacce ta nuna halin launin fata. Wannan halin da ake ciki tabbas ya sa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe da suka wanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda yawancin Turawa suka zo don gina gidaje na dindindin, suna cika garuruwan a matsayin 'yan kasuwa ko kuma suna zama don yin noma  A shekara ta 1922, lokacin da suka yi shawarar shiga Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin lardin na biyar ko karɓar kusan cikakken ikon cin gashin kai na ciki, masu jefa kuri'a sun jefa kuri'unsu game da hadin kan Afirka ta Kudu.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rhodesia – Mzilikaze to Smith |url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826192258/http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Rhodesia.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Cabinet Papers &amp;#124; Rhodesia and the Central African Federation |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009031609/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Zimbabwe |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624112253/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad28 |archive-date=24 June 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da sakamakon raba gardama, Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye yankin a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1923. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haɗuwa, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1923, kundin tsarin mulki na farko na sabon mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia ya fara aiki.  &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; A karkashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, an ba Kudancin Rhodesia damar zabar 'yan majalisa mutum talatin, firaminista, da majalisar ministociSarautar kasar Burtaniya ta riƙe veto na yau da kullun kan matakan da suka shafi' yan asalin ƙasar da kuma mamaye manufofin kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament |url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/Parliament.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115081548/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/Parliament.htm |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Rhodesia.me.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full text of &quot;Southern Rhodesia 1890–1950; A Record of Sixty Years Progress&quot; |url=https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706125942/https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 1987 |title=Zimbambwe |url=http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=110 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104741/http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=110 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Sapst.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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=== Tarihi ===
Har zuwa bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ba a haɓaka mallakar kasar Burtaniya ta Kudancin kasar Rhodesia a matsayin asalin Afirka ba, amma a matsayin ƙasa ta musamman wacce ta nuna halin launin fata. Wannan halin da ake ciki tabbas ya sa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe da suka wanzu a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka, kamar yadda yawancin Turawa suka zo don gina gidaje na dindindin, suna cika garuruwan a matsayin 'yan kasuwa ko kuma suna zama don yin noma  A shekara ta 1922, lokacin da suka yi shawarar shiga Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin lardin na biyar ko karɓar kusan cikakken ikon cin gashin kai na ciki, masu jefa kuri'a sun jefa kuri'unsu game da hadin kan Afirka ta Kudu.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Rhodesia – Mzilikaze to Smith |url=http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826192258/http://www.rhodesia.nl/mztosm.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Rhodesia.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Cabinet Papers &amp;#124; Rhodesia and the Central African Federation |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009031609/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/rhodesia-central-african-federation.htm |archive-date=9 October 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Nationalarchives.gov.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=History of Zimbabwe |url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ad28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624112253/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad28 |archive-date=24 June 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Historyworld.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dangane da sakamakon raba gardama, Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye yankin a ranar 12 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1923. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haɗuwa, a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1923, kundin tsarin mulki na farko na sabon mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Rhodesia ya fara aiki.   A karkashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, an ba Kudancin Rhodesia damar zabar 'yan majalisa mutum talatin, firaminista, da majalisar ministociSarautar kasar Burtaniya ta riƙe veto na yau da kullun kan matakan da suka shafi' yan asalin ƙasar da kuma mamaye manufofin kasashen waje.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parliament |url=http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/Parliament.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115081548/http://www.rhodesia.me.uk/Parliament.htm |archive-date=15 January 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Rhodesia.me.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Full text of &quot;Southern Rhodesia 1890–1950; A Record of Sixty Years Progress&quot; |url=https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706125942/https://archive.org/stream/SouthernRhodesia1890-1950ARecordOfSixtyYearsProgress/SR9050_djvu.txt |archive-date=6 July 2012 |access-date=9 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 December 1987 |title=Zimbambwe |url=http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=110 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510104741/http://www.sapst.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=110 |archive-date=10 May 2013 |access-date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Sapst.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==</text>
      <sha1>6r36nsqh2lev2c1x0p6jlmeg4g649sc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>What is culture</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86616</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537067</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:22:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eemermou</username>
        <id>28240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: ==culture== Asalin Peter Willis da Matt Holmes sun fara ne a matsayin ObsessedWithFilm a cikin 2006, WhatCulture yana da hedkwatarsa ​​a Newcastle akan Tyne kafin ya koma Baltic Place a cikin 2015.[3] [4] [5] Kamar yadda ObsessedWithFilm, rukunin yanar gizon ya dace da labarai da tattaunawa game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Hollywood.[6] A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2011, an ƙirƙiri tashar YouTube ta WhatCulture[7] amma kamfanin bai ƙaddamar da bidiyonsa na farko ba har zuwa Okto...</comment>
      <origin>537067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="494" sha1="acpw0gabust19b966g5o3f94kwua0xw" xml:space="preserve">==culture==
Asalin Peter Willis da Matt Holmes sun fara ne a matsayin ObsessedWithFilm a cikin 2006, WhatCulture yana da hedkwatarsa ​​a Newcastle akan Tyne kafin ya koma Baltic Place a cikin 2015.[3] [4] [5] Kamar yadda ObsessedWithFilm, rukunin yanar gizon ya dace da labarai da tattaunawa game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a Hollywood.[6] A ranar 17 ga Agusta, 2011, an ƙirƙiri tashar YouTube ta WhatCulture[7] amma kamfanin bai ƙaddamar da bidiyonsa na farko ba har zuwa Oktoba 14, 2014.</text>
      <sha1>acpw0gabust19b966g5o3f94kwua0xw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niyo Bosco</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86617</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537071</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:22:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249510867|Niyo Bosco]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>537071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1244" sha1="ieyus48u4ku8uzhaha9kem12uwzwop0" xml:space="preserve">'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa a 12 saboda [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>ieyus48u4ku8uzhaha9kem12uwzwop0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537076</id>
      <parentid>537071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:23:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1270" sha1="oj3l9ecy7y6ulkkex07de7r945mepfn" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa a 12 saboda [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>oj3l9ecy7y6ulkkex07de7r945mepfn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537077</id>
      <parentid>537076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:24:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ingantawa</comment>
      <origin>537077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1686" sha1="oxmu3j3a4074khdw5mwh508d2syjll4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa a 12 saboda [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

{| class=wikitable
|+ Singles
!Track name
!Release date
|-
|Ubigenza Ute?
|2020
|-
|Uzabe Intwari
|  January 29, 2020
|-
|IBANGA
| February 20, 2020
|-
|Ubumuntu
| May 4, 2020
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Seka
| 2021
|-
|Izindi Mbaraga by Aline Gahongayire Ft Niyo Bosco
| March 5, 2021
|-
|PIYAPURESHA by Niyo Bosco
|July 12, 2021
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Ishyano by Niyo Bosco
|January 2, 2022
|}

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>oxmu3j3a4074khdw5mwh508d2syjll4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537086</id>
      <parentid>537077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:26:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1708" sha1="r3qqfeidikpv1fknq0pdueaqvwn2ohw" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa alokacin yana dan shekara 12 saboda [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

{| class=wikitable
|+ Singles
!Track name
!Release date
|-
|Ubigenza Ute?
|2020
|-
|Uzabe Intwari
|  January 29, 2020
|-
|IBANGA
| February 20, 2020
|-
|Ubumuntu
| May 4, 2020
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Seka
| 2021
|-
|Izindi Mbaraga by Aline Gahongayire Ft Niyo Bosco
| March 5, 2021
|-
|PIYAPURESHA by Niyo Bosco
|July 12, 2021
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Ishyano by Niyo Bosco
|January 2, 2022
|}

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>r3qqfeidikpv1fknq0pdueaqvwn2ohw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537087</id>
      <parentid>537086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:26:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1711" sha1="g9y38qzy8t89qcv4fzeirj4p326r9jd" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa alokacin yana dan shekara 12 sakamakon [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

{| class=wikitable
|+ Singles
!Track name
!Release date
|-
|Ubigenza Ute?
|2020
|-
|Uzabe Intwari
|  January 29, 2020
|-
|IBANGA
| February 20, 2020
|-
|Ubumuntu
| May 4, 2020
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Seka
| 2021
|-
|Izindi Mbaraga by Aline Gahongayire Ft Niyo Bosco
| March 5, 2021
|-
|PIYAPURESHA by Niyo Bosco
|July 12, 2021
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Ishyano by Niyo Bosco
|January 2, 2022
|}

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>g9y38qzy8t89qcv4fzeirj4p326r9jd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537088</id>
      <parentid>537087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1717" sha1="9mfk8j94z83kn7kui63826i1av5c736" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Niyokwizerwa Bosco''' ƙwararren mawaki ne da aka sani da sunan Niyo Bosco (an haife shi a watan Mayu 25, 2000) ɗan wasan [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ne, marubucin waƙa kuma mai kida. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco{{!}} Eachamps Rwanda |url=https://www.eachamps.rw/Niyo-Bosco.html |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Eachamps.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yaro ne mai bajinta wanda ya ci gaba da zama daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kida. Ana kuma san shi a matsayin marubucin waƙa kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da suka haɗa da Ibuye na Vestine &amp; Dorcas, Ishyano, Urungi da sauransu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Niyo Bosco 2022 - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Niyo+Bosco+2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=www.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya rasa ganinsa alokacin yana dan shekara 12 sakamakon cutar [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 13, 2020 |title=Meet Niyokwizerwa, the visually-impaired music sensation |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/meet-niyokwizerwa-visually-impaired-music-sensation |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Shahara ==
An san shi dalilin waƙarsa ta farko.

=== Wakokinsa da na haɗin gwiwa ===

{| class=wikitable
|+ Singles
!Track name
!Release date
|-
|Ubigenza Ute?
|2020
|-
|Uzabe Intwari
|  January 29, 2020
|-
|IBANGA
| February 20, 2020
|-
|Ubumuntu
| May 4, 2020
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Seka
| 2021
|-
|Izindi Mbaraga by Aline Gahongayire Ft Niyo Bosco
| March 5, 2021
|-
|PIYAPURESHA by Niyo Bosco
|July 12, 2021
|-
|Imbabazi
| August 18, 2020
|-
|Ishyano by Niyo Bosco
|January 2, 2022
|}

==Manazarta==
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]]</text>
      <sha1>9mfk8j94z83kn7kui63826i1av5c736</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Seth Sendashonga</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86618</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537074</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:23:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abduldesigns</username>
        <id>21267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Seth sendashonga</comment>
      <origin>537074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="biy4idant73p0gwbo5zf4w72fm4b5ca" xml:space="preserve">'''Seth Sendashonga an haifeshi''' (1951 - 16 ga Mayu 1998) ya kasance Ministan Cikin Gida a cikin gwamnatin hadin kan kasa a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]], biyo bayan nasarar mulkin soja na Rwandan bayan [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|Kisan kare dangi na 1994]].

Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan [[Hutu]] masu matsakaici a siyasa a cikin Ma'aikatar Haɗin Kai ta Kasa, ya ƙara yin takaici da RPF kuma daga ƙarshe an tilasta shi daga ofis a 1995 bayan ya soki manufofin gwamnati.

Bayan ya tsira daga yunkurin kisan kai na 1996 yayin da yake gudun hijira a Kenya, ya kaddamar da sabuwar ƙungiyar adawa,</text>
      <sha1>biy4idant73p0gwbo5zf4w72fm4b5ca</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roberts international airport</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86619</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537079</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:25:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nassmart1</username>
        <id>28235</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{databox}} '''Roberts international airpot'''Filin jirgin saman Roberts International (IATA: ROB, ICAO: GLRB), wanda aka fi sani da Robertsfield, filin jirgin sama ne na duniya a  ƙasar Laberiya ta Yamma. Da yake kusa da garin Harbel a cikin Margibi County, tashar jirgin sama guda ɗaya tana da nisan mil 35 (kilomita 56) wajen babban birnin ƙasar Monrovia, kuma a matsayin asali da wurin da ake nufi ana kiranta da &quot;Monrovia&quot;. A cikin gida, ana kiranta da &quot;RIA&quot; kawai. An sanya...</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1715" sha1="owx6xa05sshvq0j7cg3ngglebiytcnh" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Roberts international airpot'''Filin jirgin saman Roberts International (IATA: ROB, ICAO: GLRB), wanda aka fi sani da Robertsfield, filin jirgin sama ne na duniya a  ƙasar Laberiya ta Yamma. Da yake kusa da garin Harbel a cikin Margibi County, tashar jirgin sama guda ɗaya tana da nisan mil 35 (kilomita 56) wajen babban birnin ƙasar Monrovia, kuma a matsayin asali da wurin da ake nufi ana kiranta da &quot;Monrovia&quot;. A cikin gida, ana kiranta da &quot;RIA&quot; kawai. An sanya sunan filin jirgin ne don girmama Joseph Jenkins Roberts, shugaban farko  Laberiya.

Filin jirgin saman shi ne filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a kuma mafi mahimmancin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar sabis ɗin jiragen sama na kasuwanci ɗaya tilo na ƙasar, tare da haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa manyan biranen yammacin Afirka da kuma jiragen zuwa Turai a kan Brussels Airlines. An bayar da rahoton cewa, filin jirgin saman ya yi hidima ga fasinjoji 228,000 a duk shekara a cikin 2018 kuma kwanan nan ya sami babban fadada, gami da buɗe sabon tashar fasinja.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport#cite_note-4&lt;/ref&gt;Wurin da ke da doguwar titin jirgi mai tsawon ƙafa 11,000 (3,353 m) wani wurin saukar gaggawa ne don shirin Jirgin Sama na Amurka kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin biyu kawai da ke da shimfidar titin jirgin sama a cikin ƙasar.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport#cite_note-phones-5&lt;/ref&gt; Yayin da filin jirgin sama na biyu na Monrovia, Spriggs Payne, ya fi kusa da tsakiyar gari kuma ya mallaki sauran titin jirgin sama na ƙasar, ba ta da shirin sabis na kasuwanci tun lokacin da ASKY Airlinya dakatar da sabis a cikin Nuwamba 2014.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William H.J. Rangeley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86620</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537083</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:25:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;</comment>
      <origin>537083</origin>
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      <text bytes="214" sha1="th5fr0hx7hzar03uhpao77zprxdqis6" xml:space="preserve">William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>th5fr0hx7hzar03uhpao77zprxdqis6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537093</id>
      <parentid>537083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:29:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537093</origin>
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      <text bytes="232" sha1="eulrwjjpfrmou4a7t47sgbjpxwb5bwb" xml:space="preserve">William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;u

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>eulrwjjpfrmou4a7t47sgbjpxwb5bwb</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>537094</id>
      <parentid>537093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:30:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="231" sha1="aeb2fvvofmjgfj6cwvhqvel0oxnk753" xml:space="preserve">William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>aeb2fvvofmjgfj6cwvhqvel0oxnk753</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537102</id>
      <parentid>537094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:33:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="261" sha1="in1wi9pzkaya90t3vyrq78tr6a8qz9p" xml:space="preserve">William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>in1wi9pzkaya90t3vyrq78tr6a8qz9p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537125</id>
      <parentid>537102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Rayuwar farko da ilimi */</comment>
      <origin>537125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="966" sha1="dk6hk98x6avnt7jw86o3rzpm4t95w4w" xml:space="preserve">William HJ Rangeley (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
William Rangeley, wanda ɗa ne ga majagaba biyu na farko na Arewacin Rhodesia, Henry Rangeley da Florence (née van Breda), an haife shi a Fort Jameson, (yanzu Chipata, Zambia), a cikin ƙasar Rhodesia ta Arewa a lokacin, ranar 2 ga Yuli 1909. Ya halarci makaranta a Plumtree a Southern Rhodesia, sannan Colejin Diocesan a Rondebosch, wani yanki na Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya halarci Jami'ar Rhodes da ke Grahamstown kuma, a ƙarƙashin Skolashif na Rhodes ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, daga baya ya sami difloma a Anthropology bayan karatu a lokacin tsawaita hutu.&lt;ref&gt;Obituary, (1958). W. H. J. Rangeley, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>dk6hk98x6avnt7jw86o3rzpm4t95w4w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537132</id>
      <parentid>537125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:41:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="984" sha1="ftc99zmzbneh73etlxfgboxisk3ij8t" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''William HJ Rangeley''' (1910-1958) jami'i ne a mulkin mallaka na Nyasaland kuma masani kan tarihin baka da kabilanci na mutanen kasar Malawi a yanzu.&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwar farko da ilimi ==
William Rangeley, wanda ɗa ne ga majagaba biyu na farko na Arewacin Rhodesia, Henry Rangeley da Florence (née van Breda), an haife shi a Fort Jameson, (yanzu Chipata, Zambia), a cikin ƙasar Rhodesia ta Arewa a lokacin, ranar 2 ga Yuli 1909. Ya halarci makaranta a Plumtree a Southern Rhodesia, sannan Colejin Diocesan a Rondebosch, wani yanki na Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu. Ya halarci Jami'ar Rhodes da ke Grahamstown kuma, a ƙarƙashin Skolashif na Rhodes ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, daga baya ya sami difloma a Anthropology bayan karatu a lokacin tsawaita hutu.&lt;ref&gt;Obituary, (1958). W. H. J. Rangeley, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kalinga, (2012). Historical Dictionary of Malawi, p. 411.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Savanna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537084</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:25:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Savannah''' ko savanna wani yanki ne mai gauraya daji-ciyayi (watau ciyayi mai ciyawa) biome da yanayin yanayin da ke tattare da bishiyar da aka yi nisa sosai ta yadda alfarwar ba ta rufe ba. Buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yana ba da isasshen haske don isa ƙasa don tallafawa wani yanki na ciyawa mara karye wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa. Akwai siffofin savanna guda huɗu; Savanna daji inda bishiyoyi da shrubs suka zama wani haske mai haske, itacen savanna mai tarwatsewar bish...</comment>
      <origin>537084</origin>
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      <text bytes="1434" sha1="psm988ts4fmhkq5gpjqu8y9bph1z63o" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Savannah''' ko savanna wani yanki ne mai gauraya daji-ciyayi (watau ciyayi mai ciyawa) biome da yanayin yanayin da ke tattare da bishiyar da aka yi nisa sosai ta yadda alfarwar ba ta rufe ba. Buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yana ba da isasshen haske don isa ƙasa don tallafawa wani yanki na ciyawa mara karye wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa. Akwai siffofin savanna guda huɗu; Savanna daji inda bishiyoyi da shrubs suka zama wani haske mai haske, itacen savanna mai tarwatsewar bishiyu da ciyayi, da ciyayi mai ciyayi da bishiyoyi da ciyayi ba su da yawa.

Savannas yana kula da buɗaɗɗen alfarwa duk da yawan bishiyar. An yi imani da cewa savannas suna da yawa a sarari, bishiyoyi masu warwatse. Duk da haka, a cikin savannas da yawa, yawan bishiyar ya fi girma kuma bishiyoyi sun fi yawa a kai a kai fiye da dazuzzuka. Nau'in savanna na Kudancin Amurka cerrado sensu stricto da cerrado mai yawa yawanci suna da yawan bishiyoyi masu kama da ko sama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, tare da savanna daga 800 zuwa 3300 bishiyoyi a kowace kadada (bishiyoyi) da kuma dazuzzukan da ke kusa da 800-2000 bishiyoyi/ha. Hakazalika Savanna na Guinea yana da bishiyoyi/ha 129, idan aka kwatanta da 103 na gandun dazuzzukan magudanan ruwa, yayin da dazuzzukan Sclerophyll na Gabashin Australiya suna da matsakaicin yawan bishiyar kusan 100 a kowace kadada, kwatankwacin savannas a cikin yanki ɗaya.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537097</id>
      <parentid>537084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>537097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3772" sha1="ixxzke8f211sffi4v8e5jus908jn565" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Savannah''' ko savanna wani yanki ne mai gauraya daji-ciyayi (watau ciyayi mai ciyawa) biome da yanayin yanayin da ke tattare da bishiyar da aka yi nisa sosai ta yadda alfarwar ba ta rufe ba. Buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen yana ba da isasshen haske don isa ƙasa don tallafawa wani yanki na ciyawa mara karye wanda ya ƙunshi ciyawa. Akwai siffofin savanna guda huɗu; Savanna daji inda bishiyoyi da shrubs suka zama wani haske mai haske, itacen savanna mai tarwatsewar bishiyu da ciyayi, da ciyayi mai ciyayi da bishiyoyi da ciyayi ba su da yawa.

Savannas yana kula da buɗaɗɗen alfarwa duk da yawan bishiyar. An yi imani da cewa savannas suna da yawa a sarari, bishiyoyi masu warwatse. Duk da haka, a cikin savannas da yawa, yawan bishiyar ya fi girma kuma bishiyoyi sun fi yawa a kai a kai fiye da dazuzzuka. Nau'in savanna na Kudancin Amurka cerrado sensu stricto da cerrado mai yawa yawanci suna da yawan bishiyoyi masu kama da ko sama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka, tare da savanna daga 800 zuwa 3300 bishiyoyi a kowace kadada (bishiyoyi) da kuma dazuzzukan da ke kusa da 800-2000 bishiyoyi/ha. Hakazalika Savanna na Guinea yana da bishiyoyi/ha 129, idan aka kwatanta da 103 na gandun dazuzzukan magudanan ruwa, yayin da dazuzzukan Sclerophyll na Gabashin Australiya suna da matsakaicin yawan bishiyar kusan 100 a kowace kadada, kwatankwacin savannas a cikin yanki ɗaya.

==Etymology==
Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga sabana na Mutanen Espanya, wanda ita kanta kalmar lamuni ce daga Taíno, wanda ke nufin &quot;ƙasar ciyawa marar bishiya&quot; a yammacin Indiya. Harafin b a cikin Mutanen Espanya, lokacin da aka sanya shi a tsakiyar kalma, ana furta shi kusan kamar Turanci v; don haka canza grapheme lokacin da aka rubuta shi zuwa Turanci.

Asalin kalmar ta shiga Turanci a matsayin Zauana a cikin bayanin tsibiran sarakunan Spayne daga 1555. Wannan yayi daidai a cikin kundin tarihin zamanin zuwa zavana (duba tarihin V). Peter Martyr ya ruwaito shi azaman sunan gida na fili a kusa da Comagre, kotun cacique Carlos a Panama ta yau. Lissafin ba daidai ba ne, amma galibi ana sanya wannan a cikin Madugandí na yau ko kuma a wuraren da ke kusa da bakin tekun Guna Yala daura da Ustupo ko kuma akan sauro na Point[24]. Wadannan yankuna a yanzu ko dai an mika su ga gonakin noman zamani ko kuma daji.

==Rarrabawa==

Tsibirin savanna a Arewacin Ostiraliya yana nuna yanayin tazarar bishiya na yau da kullun na wasu savannas
Yawancin wuraren ciyawa da gaurayawan al'ummomi na bishiyoyi, shrubs, da ciyawa an bayyana su a matsayin savanna kafin tsakiyar karni na 19, lokacin da aka kafa manufar yanayin yanayi mai zafi na savanna. Tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen ya sami tasiri mai ƙarfi ta sakamakon zafin jiki da hazo akan girma bishiyar, kuma ra'ayi mai sauƙi ya haifar da ra'ayi na rabe-rabe na wurare masu zafi wanda ya ɗauke shi a matsayin &quot;ƙananan yanayi&quot;. Yadda aka saba amfani da shi don kwatanta ciyayi yanzu ya ci karo da sauƙaƙan ra'ayin yanayin yanayi. Bambance-bambancen ya sa a wasu lokuta ana keɓance yankuna irin su savannas masu yawa a arewa da kudancin Kongo da kogin Amazon daga nau'ikan savanna da aka tsara.

==Manazarta==
&lt;ref&gt;Anderson, Roger A., Fralish, James S. and Baskin, Jerry M. editors.1999. Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;McPherson, G. R. (1997). Ecology and management of North American Savannas. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Werner, Patricia A.; B. H. Walker; P. A Stott (1991). &quot;Introduction&quot;. In Patricia A. Werner (ed.). Savanna Ecology and Management: Australian Perspectives and Intercontinental Comparisons. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-632-03199-3.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lardunan Japan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86622</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537092</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:29:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eemermou</username>
        <id>28240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: ==Lardunan Japan== Japan ta kasu kashi 47, todōfuken, [todoːɸɯ̥ꜜkeɴ] ⓘ), wanda nan da nan ya zama ƙasa da gwamnatin ƙasa kuma ya zama matakin farko na ikon ƙasa da sashin gudanarwa. Sun haɗa da larduna 43 daidai (県, ken), larduna biyu na birane (府, fu: Osaka da Kyoto), lardin yanki ɗaya (道, dō: Hokkaidō) da birni ɗaya (都, zuwa: Tokyo). A cikin 1868, gwamnatin Meiji Fuhanken sanchisei ta ƙirƙiri lardunan farko (birnin fu da ken karkara) don maye gurbi...</comment>
      <origin>537092</origin>
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      <text bytes="2114" sha1="bo2bff8zxwivfkwktb6118e34qkw7rt" xml:space="preserve">==Lardunan Japan==
Japan ta kasu kashi 47, todōfuken, [todoːɸɯ̥ꜜkeɴ] ⓘ), wanda nan da nan ya zama ƙasa da gwamnatin ƙasa kuma ya zama matakin farko na ikon ƙasa da sashin gudanarwa. Sun haɗa da larduna 43 daidai (県, ken), larduna biyu na birane (府, fu: Osaka da Kyoto), lardin yanki ɗaya (道, dō: Hokkaidō) da birni ɗaya (都, zuwa: Tokyo). A cikin 1868, gwamnatin Meiji Fuhanken sanchisei ta ƙirƙiri lardunan farko (birnin fu da ken karkara) don maye gurbin masu kula da birni da na karkara (bugyō, daikan, da sauransu) a sassan ƙasar da a baya 'yan Shogunate da ƴan yankuna ke iko da su kai tsaye. na 'yan tawaye/'yan tawaye wadanda ba su mika wuya ga sabuwar gwamnati irin su Aizu/Wakamatsu ba. A cikin 1871, duk sauran yankuna na feudal (han) suma an canza su zuwa larduna, ta yadda lardunan suka raba ƙasar duka. A cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa na haɗin gwiwar yankuna, yau an kafa larduna 47 a ƙarshen karni. A yawancin lokuta, waɗannan suna da alaƙa da tsohuwar ritsuryō
==Fage==
Amfani da &quot;lakabi&quot; na Yamma don lakafta waɗannan yankuna na Jafananci ya samo asali ne daga masu binciken Portuguese na ƙarni na 16 da 'yan kasuwa suna amfani da &quot;prefeitura&quot; don kwatanta fiefdoms da suka ci karo da su a can. Municipality&quot; fiye da &quot;lardi&quot;. A yau, bi da bi, Japan na amfani da kalmar ken (県), ma'ana &quot;prefecture&quot;, don gano gundumomi na Portuguese yayin da a Brazil ana amfani da kalmar &quot;Prefeitura&quot; don nufin zauren birni.

Waɗancan ƴan ƴan bindigar wani sarkin yaƙi ne ko dangi ne ya jagorance su. Ko da yake an daɗe da wargajewa, hadewa, da kuma sake tsara su sau da yawa, kuma an ba su ikon gudanar da doka da sa ido, fassarar ta tsaya tsayin daka.

Gwamnatin Meiji ta kafa tsarin na yanzu a cikin Yuli 1871 tare da kawar da tsarin han da kafa tsarin lardi (廃藩置県, haihan-chiken). Ko da yake da farko akwai sama da larduna 300, yawancinsu tsoffin yankunan Han ne, an rage wannan adadin zuwa 72 a ƙarshen 1871, da 47 a 1888. Dokar 1947 ta 'yancin cin gashin kai ta gida ta ba da ƙarin iko na siyasa ga larduna, kuma ta sanya prefectural. gwamnoni da majalisu.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Andry Rajoelina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537095</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:30:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>537095</origin>
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      <text bytes="2463" sha1="8xotv6bor7qodlt6il3xaaw9bn5bvw9" xml:space="preserve">'''Andry Rajoelina''' Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika &quot;Rajoelina&quot; yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Rajoelina (rashin fahimta). Andry Rajoelina ￼ Rajoelina a 2024 Shugaban kasar Madagascar na 8 Mai ci Ofishin da aka dauka 16 Disamba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Richard Ravalomanana (mai aiki) a ofis 19 Janairu 2019 - 9 Satumba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Rivo Rakotovao (mai aiki) Kirista Ntsay (mai aiki) ya yi nasara a ofis 17 Maris 2009 - 25 Janairu 2014 a matsayin shugaban babbar hukumar rikon kwarya ta Madagascar nuna Duba jerin Magajin Garin Antananarivo na 51 ya gaje shi 12 Disamba 2007 - 3 Fabrairu 2009 Wanda Hery Rafalimana ya Gabatar da Guy Randrianarisoa (mai aiki) Bayanin sirri Andry Nirina Rajoelina , 30 Mayu 1974 (shekaru 50) Antsirabe, Jamhuriyar Malagasy Ƙasar Malagasy Faransanci (tun 2014) Jam'iyyar Siyasa Matasa Malagasy Ta Ƙaddara Ma'aurata Mialy Razakandisa   ; (d. 2000). Yara3ResidenceIavoloha PalaceShafin yanar gizon hukuma.

Wannan labarin wani bangare ne na jerin game da Andry Rajoelina Sana'ar siyasa Matashi Malagasy Ya Ƙaddara 2009 rikicin siyasa Babban Hukumar Mulki 2010 yunkurin juyin mulki 2010 raba gardama zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 zaben shugaban kasa 2023 Shugaban kasar Madagascar Annobar COVID-19 a Madagascar Covid-Organics 2021-2022 yunwa Cyclone Batsirai 2022 Antananarivo ambaliya Iyali Mialy Rajoelina.


Rajoelina ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, tare da mika ikonsu zuwa wasu sabbin tsare-tsare na gwamnati da ke da alhakin sa ido kan yadda za a mika mulki ga sabuwar ikon tsarin mulki. Wannan ya ci karo da tsarin shiga tsakani na duniya don kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Masu kada kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama na kasa mai cike da cece-kuce a watan Nuwamban 2010, wanda ya kawo jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya rike shugabancin HTA har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 2013, sannan ya sauka a shekarar 2014. Ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Madagascar a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2019. A zamaninsa ya hada da jagorantar martanin gwamnati game da COVID-19. annoba a Madagascar, a lokacin da ya inganta rashin fahimta da kuma maganin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba game da cutar, da kuma matsalar karancin abinci na 2021 da Cyclone Batsirai. Daga nan Rajoelina ya ci gaba da lashe</text>
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      <text bytes="2437" sha1="g9oituwkw2lhzyqqpp7tdzo5ml02hlj" xml:space="preserve">'''Andry Rajoelina''' Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika &quot;Rajoelina&quot; yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Rajoelina (rashin fahimta). Andry Rajoelina ￼ Rajoelina a 2024 Shugaban kasar Madagascar na 8 Mai ci Ofishin da aka dauka 16 Disamba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Richard Ravalomanana (mai aiki) a ofis 19 Janairu 2019 - 9 Satumba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Rivo Rakotovao (mai aiki) Kirista Ntsay (mai aiki) ya yi nasara a ofis 17 Maris 2009 - 25 Janairu 2014 a matsayin shugaban babbar hukumar rikon kwarya ta Madagascar nuna Duba jerin Magajin Garin Antananarivo na 51 ya gaje shi 12 Disamba 2007 - 3 Fabrairu 2009 Wanda Hery Rafalimana ya Gabatar da Guy Randrianarisoa (mai aiki) Bayanin sirri Andry Nirina Rajoelina , 30 Mayu 1974 (shekaru 50) Antsirabe, Jamhuriyar Malagasy Ƙasar Malagasy Faransanci (tun 2014) Jam'iyyar Siyasa Matasa Malagasy Ta Ƙaddarar da yanar gizon hukuma.

Wannan labarin wani bangare ne na jerin game da Andry Rajoelina Sana'ar siyasa Matashi Malagasy Ya Ƙaddara 2009 rikicin siyasa Babban Hukumar Mulki 2010 yunkurin juyin mulki 2010 raba gardama zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 zaben shugaban kasa 2023 Shugaban kasar Madagascar Annobar COVID-19 a Madagascar Covid-Organics 2021-2022 yunwa Cyclone Batsirai 2022 Antananarivo ambaliya Iyali Mialy Rajoelina.

==  Rajoelina ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, tare da mika ikonsu zuwa wasu sabbin tsare-tsare na gwamnati da ke da alhakin sa ido kan yadda za a mika mulki ga sabuwar ikon tsarin mulki. Wannan ya ci karo da tsarin shiga tsakani na duniya don kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Masu kada kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama na kasa mai cike da cece-kuce a watan Nuwamban 2010, wanda ya kawo jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya rike shugabancin HTA har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 2013, sannan ya sauka a shekarar 2014. Ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Madagascar a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2019. A zamaninsa ya hada da jagorantar martanin gwamnati game da COVID-19. annoba a Madagascar, a lokacin da ya inganta rashin fahimta da kuma maganin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba game da cutar, da kuma matsalar karancin abinci na 2021 da Cyclone Batsirai. Daga nan Rajoelina ya ci gaba da lash ==

== Iyali da Rayuwar baya ==

== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3985" sha1="jz1kft9g0zpk66jp1r2czlzs0rf21sk" xml:space="preserve">'''Andry Rajoelina''' Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika &quot;Rajoelina&quot; yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Rajoelina (rashin fahimta). Andry Rajoelina ￼ Rajoelina a 2024 Shugaban kasar Madagascar na 8 Mai ci Ofishin da aka dauka 16 Disamba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Richard Ravalomanana (mai aiki) a ofis 19 Janairu 2019 - 9 Satumba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Rivo Rakotovao (mai aiki) Kirista Ntsay (mai aiki) ya yi nasara a ofis 17 Maris 2009 - 25 Janairu 2014 a matsayin shugaban babbar hukumar rikon kwarya ta Madagascar nuna Duba jerin Magajin Garin Antananarivo na 51 ya gaje shi 12 Disamba 2007 - 3 Fabrairu 2009 Wanda Hery Rafalimana ya Gabatar da Guy Randrianarisoa (mai aiki) Bayanin sirri Andry Nirina Rajoelina , 30 Mayu 1974 (shekaru 50) Antsirabe, Jamhuriyar Malagasy Ƙasar Malagasy Faransanci (tun 2014) Jam'iyyar Siyasa Matasa Malagasy Ta Ƙaddarar da yanar gizon hukuma.

Wannan labarin wani bangare ne na jerin game da Andry Rajoelina Sana'ar siyasa Matashi Malagasy Ya Ƙaddara 2009 rikicin siyasa Babban Hukumar Mulki 2010 yunkurin juyin mulki 2010 raba gardama zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 zaben shugaban kasa 2023 Shugaban kasar Madagascar Annobar COVID-19 a Madagascar Covid-Organics 2021-2022 yunwa Cyclone Batsirai 2022 Antananarivo ambaliya Iyali Mialy Rajoelina.

== Rajoelina ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, tare da mika ikonsu zuwa wasu sabbin tsare-tsare na gwamnati da ke da alhakin sa ido kan yadda za a mika mulki ga sabuwar ikon tsarin mulki. Wannan ya ci karo da tsarin shiga tsakani na duniya don kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Masu kada kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama na kasa mai cike da cece-kuce a watan Nuwamban 2010, wanda ya kawo jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya rike shugabancin HTA har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 2013, sannan ya sauka a shekarar 2014. Ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Madagascar a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2019. A zamaninsa ya hada da jagorantar martanin gwamnati game da COVID-19. annoba a Madagascar, a lokacin da ya inganta rashin fahimta da kuma maganin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba game da cutar, da kuma matsalar karancin abinci na 2021 da Cyclone Batsirai. Daga nan Rajoelina ya ci gaba da lashe ==

== Iyali da Rayuwar baya ==
An haifi Andry Rajoelina a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1974 zuwa wani dangi masu arziki a Antsirabe.&lt;ref&gt;Francis Kpatindé. &quot;Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot? – RFI&quot;. RFI Afrique (in French). Retrieved 7 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Kanar Roger Yves Rajoelina mai ritaya a yanzu, ya kasance ɗan ƙasa biyu kuma ya yi yaƙi ga sojojin Faransa a yakin Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Cole, Jennifer (2010). Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 9780226113319&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec&quot;. Madagascar Tribune. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake danginsa na iya ba da kuɗin karatun koleji ga ɗansu, Andry Rajoelina ya zaɓi ya daina karatunsa bayan ya kammala baccalauréat don ƙaddamar da aiki a matsayin DJ.&lt;ref&gt;Cole, Jennifer (2010). ''Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 9780226113319&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1994, Rajoelina ta sadu da matar sa na gaba Mialy Razakandisa, wacce a lokacin tana kammala babbar shekara a makarantar sakandare a Antananarivo. Ma'auratan sun yi aure mai nisa har tsawon shekaru shida yayin da Mialy ta kammala karatun digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da lissafin kudi a Paris; sun sake haduwa a Madagascar a shekara ta 2000 kuma suka yi aure a wannan shekarar. Auren su ya haifar da yara maza biyu, Arena (an haife shi 2002) da Ilonstoa (an haife shi 2003), da ɗiyar da aka haifa a 2005 wanda ma'auratan suka kira Ilona.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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'''Andry Rajoelina''' Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika &quot;Rajoelina&quot; yana turawa nan. Don wasu amfani, duba Rajoelina (rashin fahimta). Andry Rajoelina ￼ Rajoelina a 2024 Shugaban kasar Madagascar na 8 Mai ci Ofishin da aka dauka 16 Disamba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Richard Ravalomanana (mai aiki) a ofis 19 Janairu 2019 - 9 Satumba 2023 Firayim Minista Christian Ntsay Ya Gabatar da Rivo Rakotovao (mai aiki) Kirista Ntsay (mai aiki) ya yi nasara a ofis 17 Maris 2009 - 25 Janairu 2014 a matsayin shugaban babbar hukumar rikon kwarya ta Madagascar nuna Duba jerin Magajin Garin Antananarivo na 51 ya gaje shi 12 Disamba 2007 - 3 Fabrairu 2009 Wanda Hery Rafalimana ya Gabatar da Guy Randrianarisoa (mai aiki) Bayanin sirri Andry Nirina Rajoelina , 30 Mayu 1974 (shekaru 50) Antsirabe, Jamhuriyar Malagasy Ƙasar Malagasy Faransanci (tun 2014) Jam'iyyar Siyasa Matasa Malagasy Ta Ƙaddarar da yanar gizon hukuma.

Wannan labarin wani bangare ne na jerin game da Andry Rajoelina Sana'ar siyasa Matashi Malagasy Ya Ƙaddara 2009 rikicin siyasa Babban Hukumar Mulki 2010 yunkurin juyin mulki 2010 raba gardama zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 zaben shugaban kasa 2023 Shugaban kasar Madagascar Annobar COVID-19 a Madagascar Covid-Organics 2021-2022 yunwa Cyclone Batsirai 2022 Antananarivo ambaliya Iyali Mialy Rajoelina.

== Rajoelina ya rusa Majalisar Dattawa da Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, tare da mika ikonsu zuwa wasu sabbin tsare-tsare na gwamnati da ke da alhakin sa ido kan yadda za a mika mulki ga sabuwar ikon tsarin mulki. Wannan ya ci karo da tsarin shiga tsakani na duniya don kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Masu kada kuri'a sun amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki a zaben raba gardama na kasa mai cike da cece-kuce a watan Nuwamban 2010, wanda ya kawo jamhuriya ta hudu. Ya rike shugabancin HTA har zuwa lokacin da aka gudanar da babban zabe a shekarar 2013, sannan ya sauka a shekarar 2014. Ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2018 kuma an rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban kasar Madagascar a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2019. A zamaninsa ya hada da jagorantar martanin gwamnati game da COVID-19. annoba a Madagascar, a lokacin da ya inganta rashin fahimta da kuma maganin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba game da cutar, da kuma matsalar karancin abinci na 2021 da Cyclone Batsirai. Daga nan Rajoelina ya ci gaba da lashe ==

== Iyali da Rayuwar baya ==
An haifi Andry Rajoelina a ranar 30 ga Mayu 1974 zuwa wani dangi masu arziki a Antsirabe.&lt;ref&gt;Francis Kpatindé. &quot;Andry Rajoelina a-t-il dit son dernier mot? – RFI&quot;. RFI Afrique (in French). Retrieved 7 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa, Kanar Roger Yves Rajoelina mai ritaya a yanzu, ya kasance ɗan ƙasa biyu kuma ya yi yaƙi ga sojojin Faransa a yakin Aljeriya.&lt;ref&gt;Cole, Jennifer (2010). Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 9780226113319&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Rajoelina père, conseiller de Sunpec&quot;. Madagascar Tribune. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Kodayake danginsa na iya ba da kuɗin karatun koleji ga ɗansu, Andry Rajoelina ya zaɓi ya daina karatunsa bayan ya kammala baccalauréat don ƙaddamar da aiki a matsayin DJ.&lt;ref&gt;Cole, Jennifer (2010). ''Sex and Salvation: Imagining the Future in Madagascar''. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–182. ISBN 9780226113319&lt;/ref&gt;

A cikin 1994, Rajoelina ta sadu da matar sa na gaba Mialy Razakandisa, wacce a lokacin tana kammala babbar shekara a makarantar sakandare a Antananarivo. Ma'auratan sun yi aure mai nisa har tsawon shekaru shida yayin da Mialy ta kammala karatun digiri na farko da digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da lissafin kudi a Paris; sun sake haduwa a Madagascar a shekara ta 2000 kuma suka yi aure a wannan shekarar. Auren su ya haifar da yara maza biyu, Arena (an haife shi 2002) da Ilonstoa (an haife shi 2003), da ɗiyar da aka haifa a 2005 wanda ma'auratan suka kira Ilona.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Johnston Busingye</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244164575|Johnston Busingye]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2412" sha1="g4ccmwlthhas4sdyssvrk37mivps30x" xml:space="preserve">'''Johnston Busingye''' lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Johnston Busingye presents his credentials to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.rwandainuk.gov.rw/info/high-commissioner-johnston-busingye-presents-his-credentials-to-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rwandainuk.gov.rw |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minijust |date=7 August 2017 |title=Busingye Johnston is the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807013354/http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Justice (Minijust)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a [[jami'ar Makerere]] . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

== Sana'a ==
Johnston Busingyee ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatarr da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babbann sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka]] (ICC ba.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Robert |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rwanda will not join Rome statute—Justice Minister |url=http://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-will-not-join-rome-statute-justice-minister/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Great Lakes Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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'''Johnston Busingye''' lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Johnston Busingye presents his credentials to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.rwandainuk.gov.rw/info/high-commissioner-johnston-busingye-presents-his-credentials-to-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rwandainuk.gov.rw |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minijust |date=7 August 2017 |title=Busingye Johnston is the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807013354/http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Justice (Minijust)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a [[jami'ar Makerere]] . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

== Sana'a ==
Johnston Busingyee ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatarr da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babbann sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}}A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka]] (ICC ba.&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; &amp;#x5D; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Robert |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rwanda will not join Rome statute—Justice Minister |url=http://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-will-not-join-rome-statute-justice-minister/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Great Lakes Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Notelist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://www.minijust.gov.rw/ Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Justice]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Busingye, Johnston}}
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    <revision>
      <id>537106</id>
      <parentid>537103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:35:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sana'a */</comment>
      <origin>537106</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2386" sha1="4po0frlp8z6hfa57oks51bqnzqyr4b8" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Johnston Busingye''' lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Johnston Busingye presents his credentials to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.rwandainuk.gov.rw/info/high-commissioner-johnston-busingye-presents-his-credentials-to-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rwandainuk.gov.rw |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minijust |date=7 August 2017 |title=Busingye Johnston is the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807013354/http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Justice (Minijust)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a [[jami'ar Makerere]] . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

== Sana'a ==
Johnston Busingye ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babban sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka]] (ICC) ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Robert |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rwanda will not join Rome statute—Justice Minister |url=http://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-will-not-join-rome-statute-justice-minister/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Great Lakes Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{Notelist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://www.minijust.gov.rw/ Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Justice]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Busingye, Johnston}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537114</id>
      <parentid>537106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:37:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Manazarta */</comment>
      <origin>537114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2386" sha1="hhae13p3u06r598f09dlafc9vje7nt6" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Johnston Busingye''' lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Johnston Busingye presents his credentials to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.rwandainuk.gov.rw/info/high-commissioner-johnston-busingye-presents-his-credentials-to-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rwandainuk.gov.rw |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minijust |date=7 August 2017 |title=Busingye Johnston is the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807013354/http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Justice (Minijust)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a [[jami'ar Makerere]] . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

== Sana'a ==
Johnston Busingye ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babban sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka]] (ICC) ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Robert |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rwanda will not join Rome statute—Justice Minister |url=http://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-will-not-join-rome-statute-justice-minister/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Great Lakes Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{notelist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://www.minijust.gov.rw/ Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Justice]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Busingye, Johnston}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537118</id>
      <parentid>537114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:38:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2385" sha1="b9d8vlc3udlg7brfs45tff2f0hgroxj" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Johnston Busingye''' lauya ne dan kasar Rwanda, hakazalika shine Babban Kwamishinan Ruwanda a Burtaniya na yanzu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=High Commissioner Johnston Busingye presents his credentials to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://www.rwandainuk.gov.rw/info/high-commissioner-johnston-busingye-presents-his-credentials-to-her-majesty-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=2022-11-27 |website=www.rwandainuk.gov.rw |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; A baya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Shari'a kuma Babban Lauyan Gwamnati, daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Minijust |date=7 August 2017 |title=Busingye Johnston is the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Republic of Rwanda |url=http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807013354/http://www.minijust.gov.rw/about-us/minister-of-justiceag/ |archive-date=7 August 2017 |access-date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Justice (Minijust)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Farkon rayuwa da ilimi ==
Yana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, wanda ya samu a [[jami'ar Makerere]] . Har ila yau, yana da Difloma a fannin Ayyukan Shari'a, wanda Cibiyar Bunkasa Shari'a a birnin Kampala ta ba shi.

== Sana'a ==
Johnston Busingye ya rike mukamai da dama a gwamnatin Rwanda da kuma a bangaren shari'a na kasar Rwanda. daga 2006 zuwa 2013, ya zama shugaban babbar kotun kasar Rwanda. Sauran ayyukan da ya yi a baya, sun haɗa da matsayin mai gabatar da ƙara na ƙasar Rwanda, a matsayin babban sakatare a ma'aikatar shari'a (Minijust), da kuma matsayin babban alkali na kotun shari'a ta gabashin Afirka (EACJ).{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2020}} A matsayinsa na Ministan Shari'a, ya sanar a watan Yuli 2014, shawarar da gwamnatin Rwanda ta yanke, ba zai  zama memba naa [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka]] (ICC) ba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mugabe |first=Robert |date=31 July 2014 |title=Rwanda will not join Rome statute—Justice Minister |url=http://greatlakesvoice.com/rwanda-will-not-join-rome-statute-justice-minister/ |access-date=7 September 2017 |publisher=Great Lakes Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://www.minijust.gov.rw/ Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Justice]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Busingye, Johnston}}
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siege of jadotville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537107</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:36:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman</username>
        <id>21300</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>537107</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1704" sha1="s5l38nuy8qsen2jr25nkutvrw5c6f15" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''siege of jadotville'''

 Wani yakin Duniya a yakin Kongo(1960_1964) sige na jadotville [ʒa.do.vil]Ya fara ne a ranar 13 ga watan satumba shekara ta alif 1961 Har tsawon kwana biyar(5)&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2002135-15&lt;/ref&gt; (Opération des Nations Unies au Congo, ONUC), wani karamin tawaga na Bataliya ta 35 na Sojojin Ireland, wanda aka nada &quot;A&quot; Company, an kewaye shi a (sansanin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke kusa da garin Jadotville. Likasi na zamani) na sojojin Katanga masu biyayya ga jihar Katanga mai ballewa. An yi wa kawanya ne a lokacin da aka shafe kwanaki bakwai ana gwabza kazamin fada tsakanin ONUC da dakarun Katanga a lokacin Operation Morthor.Duk da cewa rundunar sojojin Ireland 156 sun dakile hare-hare da dama da wata babbar runduna ta yi, amma daga karshe sun mika wuya ga dakarun Katanga bayan sun kare da harsashi da ruwa. Kamfanin na Irish ya kashe kusan mutane 1,300 (ciki har da, bisa ga wasu ƙididdiga, har zuwa 300 da aka kashe) a kan sojojin Katangase, ba tare da mutuwa a cikin Kamfanin &quot;A&quot; na Irish ba. Rukunin agaji na kusan 500 na Indiya, Irish, da sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Sweden, waɗanda aka aika don karya kewayen, bai yi nasara ba kuma sun sami raunuka da yawa (ciki har da aƙalla kashe biyar). An kama kamfanin na Irish da aka kama a matsayin fursunoni na yaki na kusan wata guda, kafin a sake shi a ranar 15 ga Oktoba a matsayin wani bangare na musayar fursunoni.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jadotville#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neill2002139-16&lt;/ref&gt;
==Manazarta==
https://www.militaryarchives.ie/en/digital-resources/online-exhibitions/battle-of-jadotville-anniversary</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yar tsamiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86627</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537108</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:36:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dan-isah65</username>
        <id>32001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Yar tsamiya kauye ne a karamar hukumar kankara acikin jihar katsina&lt;ref&gt;Yar tsamiya&lt;/ref&gt;</comment>
      <origin>537108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="89" sha1="gcnhb2sn4kw20tcuuf2mrfhblmhjw1u" xml:space="preserve">Yar tsamiya kauye ne a karamar hukumar kankara acikin jihar katsina&lt;ref&gt;Yar tsamiya&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gcnhb2sn4kw20tcuuf2mrfhblmhjw1u</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sayyid Qutb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537109</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:37:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sadeeq12</username>
        <id>30431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>537109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="972" sha1="2a8c8bsoqryb36irecjfozuqsu9gjyh" xml:space="preserve">'''Sayyid Ibrahim Husayn Shadhili Qutb''' an haifeshi a (9 ga watan octoba shekarar 1906 zuwa 29 ga watan Augusta shekarar 1966) Dan siyasar kasar Egypt ne kuma Dan gwagwarmaya ne wanda ke shugabantar mambobin yan'uwa musulmi shi ubane na yan jihadin salafi wani bangerene dayake nuna masu tunanin yarda kungiyoyin jahadi na duniya kamarsu al-Qaeda da ISIl ya rubuta littafai 24 da kuma akalla littafai 30 wannda ba'a wallafasu ba saboda wasu dalilai masu yawa wanda kasar ta lalatasu, akalla makaloli 581 wanda suka hada labarai, kirkirar zane da ayyuka na ilimi an sanshi a kasashen musulmi akan ayyukan dayakeyi na zamantakewa da rawar daya taka a fannin musulumci.
===MANAZARTA===
&lt;ref&gt;John L. Esposito, Islam and Politics, Syracuse University Press (1998), p. 139&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Badmas 'Lanre Yusuf, Sayyid Quṭb: A Study of His Tafsīr, The Other Press (2009), p&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Badmas 'Lanre Yusuf, Sayyid Quṭb: A Study of His Tafsīr, The Other Press (2009), p. 85&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Save Uganda Movement</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537110</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:37:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} Kungiyar ''Save Uganda Movement''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da ''SUM''') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu | gwamnatin]] [[Shugaban Uganda | Shugaban kasa]] [[Idi Amin]] daga 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da &quot;ƙwararrun masana a sabotage&quot;&lt;ref name= darnton&gt;{{cite news| karshe = Darnton| farko = Yahaya | title = Taron Shugabannin 'Yan gudun hijirar Uganda Kamar yadda Kokarin mamayewa yake Ga Wane| jarida = The New York Tim...</comment>
      <origin>537110</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1346" sha1="80av84s367ekibq9aaoeochc2vph9cx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Kungiyar ''Save Uganda Movement''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da ''SUM''') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu | gwamnatin]] [[Shugaban Uganda | Shugaban kasa]] [[Idi Amin]] daga 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da &quot;ƙwararrun masana a sabotage&quot;&lt;ref name= darnton&gt;{{cite news| karshe = Darnton| farko = Yahaya | title = Taron Shugabannin 'Yan gudun hijirar Uganda Kamar yadda Kokarin mamayewa yake Ga Wane| jarida = The New York Times| shafi = 4| kwanan wata = 24 Maris 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/24/archives/leaders-of-uganda-exiles-meeting-as-invasion-effort-seems-to-wane.html| access-date = 2 Janairu 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dan jarida [[John Darnton]], SUM ta yi yunkurin hambarar da Amin ta hanyar gudanar da yakin neman zabe na tayar da bama-bamai, hare-hare, da kashe-kashe. Motsin ya samo asali ne daga Kenya da Tanzaniya. Sabanin yawancin 'yan adawar Uganda a wancan lokacin, SUM ba ta da tsayayyen akida, kuma tana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi daban-daban masu manufa iri daya, babban wanda shi ne korar Idi Amin. SUM ta hada kai da sojojin da ke biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasa [[Milton Obote]] a lokacin yakin [[Uganda–Tanzaniya]] (1978-1979) kuma daga karshe ya shiga kungiyar [[Uganda National Liberation Front]] wacce ta kafa kasar bayan Amin. gwamnatoci.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537120</id>
      <parentid>537110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Major Edit */</comment>
      <origin>537120</origin>
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      <text bytes="3381" sha1="eeybmwjl5atza2cdy1xjnx7kltwah4r" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Kungiyar ''Save Uganda Movement''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da ''SUM''') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu | gwamnatin]] [[Shugaban Uganda | Shugaban kasa]] [[Idi Amin]] daga 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da &quot;ƙwararrun masana a sabotage&quot;&lt;ref name= darnton&gt;{{cite news| karshe = Darnton| farko = Yahaya | title = Taron Shugabannin 'Yan gudun hijirar Uganda Kamar yadda Kokarin mamayewa yake Ga Wane| jarida = The New York Times| shafi = 4| kwanan wata = 24 Maris 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/24/archives/leaders-of-uganda-exiles-meeting-as-invasion-effort-seems-to-wane.html| access-date = 2 Janairu 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dan jarida [[John Darnton]], SUM ta yi yunkurin hambarar da Amin ta hanyar gudanar da yakin neman zabe na tayar da bama-bamai, hare-hare, da kashe-kashe. Motsin ya samo asali ne daga Kenya da Tanzaniya. Sabanin yawancin 'yan adawar Uganda a wancan lokacin, SUM ba ta da tsayayyen akida, kuma tana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi daban-daban masu manufa iri daya, babban wanda shi ne korar Idi Amin. SUM ta hada kai da sojojin da ke biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasa [[Milton Obote]] a lokacin yakin [[Uganda–Tanzaniya]] (1978-1979) kuma daga karshe ya shiga kungiyar [[Uganda National Liberation Front]] wacce ta kafa kasar bayan Amin. gwamnatoci.

== Tarihi ==
=== Ayyukan 'yan ta'adda na farko ===
An kafa kungiyar Save Uganda Movement (SUM) a [[Nairobi]] a shekara ta 1973. 'Yan gudun hijirar Ugandan da ke da sansani a Kenya da Tanzaniya kuma gaba daya manufarsu ita ce hambarar da Amin ta hanyar yakin neman zabe. {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([Akena p'Ojok]) na {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([Akena p'Ojok]) na {asashen Gabas} (Front for National Ceto) , [[William Omaria]], da [[Ateker Ejalu]].{{sfn| Nyeko|1997|p=105}}{{sfn|Avirgan|Zuma|1983|p=74}} Ejalu ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;lamba na SUM&quot;. mutum&quot;. Wasu fitattun mutane a harkar sun hada da [[Yonasani Kanyomozi]], [[Ephraim Kamuntu]], [[Tarsis Kabwegyere]], da Richard Kaijuka.&lt;ref name= Mubangizi&gt;{{cite web |  url=http://www.archive.observer.ug/specials/mylife/mylife200712131.php | taken=Muna so mu buga wa wakilan OAU | marubuci=Michael Mubangizi | Jarida=Mai Kula da Mako | kwanan wata = 13 Disamba 2007 | shiga- date=4 Janairu 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, [[Robert Serumaga]] kuma yana cikin SUM,{{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=125}} ko da yake daga baya ya shiga [[Uganda Nationalist Organization] ].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=99}} SUM memba [[Zeddy Maruru]] lokaci guda ya kasance memba na SUM da Kikosi Maalum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|jarida=[[New Vision] ] |  url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-juyin mulki |title=Zeddy Maruru, mutumin da ya ceci juyin mulkin 1985 | kwanan wata= 23 Nuwamba 2019 | damar-date=27 Nuwamba 2019 | marubuci=Mai gudanarwa | wuri=Kampala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222952/https://www.newvision.co.ug/ new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-coup-etat |archive-date=27 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mufumba&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https:// www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/daga-uku-zuwa-main-force-tracing-museveni-s-final-leg-to-power-3269466 |title=Daga na uku zuwa babban karfi: Binciken Museveni's Ƙafar ƙarshe zuwa mulki |author=Ishak Mufumba |aiki=Aikin Daily Monitor |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <id>537131</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:40:55Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
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Kungiyar ''Save Uganda Movement''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da ''SUM''') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu | gwamnatin]] [[Shugaban Uganda | Shugaban kasa]] [[Idi Amin]] daga 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da &quot;ƙwararrun masana a sabotage&quot;&lt;ref name= darnton&gt;{{cite news| karshe = Darnton| farko = Yahaya | title = Taron Shugabannin 'Yan gudun hijirar Uganda Kamar yadda Kokarin mamayewa yake Ga Wane| jarida = The New York Times| shafi = 4| kwanan wata = 24 Maris 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/24/archives/leaders-of-uganda-exiles-meeting-as-invasion-effort-seems-to-wane.html| access-date = 2 Janairu 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dan jarida [[John Darnton]], SUM ta yi yunkurin hambarar da Amin ta hanyar gudanar da yakin neman zabe na tayar da bama-bamai, hare-hare, da kashe-kashe. Motsin ya samo asali ne daga Kenya da Tanzaniya. Sabanin yawancin 'yan adawar Uganda a wancan lokacin, SUM ba ta da tsayayyen akida, kuma tana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi daban-daban masu manufa iri daya, babban wanda shi ne korar Idi Amin. SUM ta hada kai da sojojin da ke biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasa [[Milton Obote]] a lokacin yakin [[Uganda–Tanzaniya]] (1978-1979) kuma daga karshe ya shiga kungiyar [[Uganda National Liberation Front]] wacce ta kafa kasar bayan Amin. gwamnatoci.

== Tarihi ==
=== Ayyukan 'yan ta'adda na farko ===
An kafa kungiyar Save Uganda Movement (SUM) a [[Nairobi]] a shekara ta 1973. 'Yan gudun hijirar Ugandan da ke da sansani a Kenya da Tanzaniya kuma gaba daya manufarsu ita ce hambarar da Amin ta hanyar yakin neman zabe. {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([[Akena p'Ojok]]) na {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([[Akena p'Ojok]]) na {{asashen Gabas}} (Front for National Ceto) , [[William Omaria]], da [[Ateker Ejalu]].{{sfn| Nyeko|1997|p=105}}{{sfn|Avirgan|Zuma|1983|p=74}} Ejalu ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;lamba na SUM&quot;. mutum&quot;. Wasu fitattun mutane a harkar sun hada da [[Yonasani Kanyomozi]], [[Ephraim Kamuntu]], [[Tarsis Kabwegyere]], da Richard Kaijuka.&lt;ref name= Mubangizi&gt;{{cite web |  url=http://www.archive.observer.ug/specials/mylife/mylife200712131.php | taken=Muna so mu buga wa wakilan OAU | marubuci=Michael Mubangizi | Jarida=Mai Kula da Mako | kwanan wata = 13 Disamba 2007 | shiga- date=4 Janairu 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, [[Robert Serumaga]] kuma yana cikin SUM,{{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=125}} ko da yake daga baya ya shiga [[Uganda Nationalist Organization]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=99}} SUM memba [[Zeddy Maruru]] lokaci guda ya kasance memba na SUM da Kikosi Maalum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|jarida=[[New Vision] ] |  url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-juyin mulki |title=Zeddy Maruru, mutumin da ya ceci juyin mulkin 1985 | kwanan wata= 23 Nuwamba 2019 | damar-date=27 Nuwamba 2019 | marubuci=Mai gudanarwa | wuri=Kampala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222952/https://www.newvision.co.ug/ new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-coup-etat |archive-date=27 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mufumba&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https:// www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/daga-uku-zuwa-main-force-tracing-museveni-s-final-leg-to-power-3269466 |title=Daga na uku zuwa babban karfi: Binciken Museveni's Ƙafar ƙarshe zuwa mulki |author=Ishak Mufumba |aiki=Aikin Daily Monitor |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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Kungiyar ''Save Uganda Movement''' (wanda ake wa lakabi da ''SUM''') kungiyar 'yan adawar Uganda ce mai fafutukar yaki da [[Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu | gwamnatin]] [[Shugaban Uganda | Shugaban kasa]] [[Idi Amin]] daga 1973 zuwa 1979. An kwatanta shi da &quot;ƙwararrun masana a sabotage&quot;&lt;ref name= darnton&gt;{{cite news| karshe = Darnton| farko = Yahaya | title = Taron Shugabannin 'Yan gudun hijirar Uganda Kamar yadda Kokarin mamayewa yake Ga Wane| jarida = The New York Times| shafi = 4| kwanan wata = 24 Maris 1979| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/24/archives/leaders-of-uganda-exiles-meeting-as-invasion-effort-seems-to-wane.html| access-date = 2 Janairu 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dan jarida [[John Darnton]], SUM ta yi yunkurin hambarar da Amin ta hanyar gudanar da yakin neman zabe na tayar da bama-bamai, hare-hare, da kashe-kashe. Motsin ya samo asali ne daga Kenya da Tanzaniya. Sabanin yawancin 'yan adawar Uganda a wancan lokacin, SUM ba ta da tsayayyen akida, kuma tana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi kungiyoyi daban-daban masu manufa iri daya, babban wanda shi ne korar Idi Amin. SUM ta hada kai da sojojin da ke biyayya ga tsohon shugaban kasa [[Milton Obote]] a lokacin yakin [[Uganda–Tanzaniya]] (1978-1979) kuma daga karshe ya shiga kungiyar [[Uganda National Liberation Front]] wacce ta kafa kasar bayan Amin. gwamnatoci.

== Tarihi ==
=== Ayyukan 'yan ta'adda na farko ===
An kafa kungiyar Save Uganda Movement (SUM) a [[Nairobi]] a shekara ta 1973. 'Yan gudun hijirar Ugandan da ke da sansani a Kenya da Tanzaniya kuma gaba daya manufarsu ita ce hambarar da Amin ta hanyar yakin neman zabe. {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([[Akena p'Ojok]]) na {{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=124}} ([[Akena p'Ojok]]) na {{asashen Gabas}} (Front for National Ceto) , [[William Omaria]], da [[Ateker Ejalu]].{{sfn| Nyeko|1997|p=105}}{{sfn|Avirgan|Zuma|1983|p=74}} Ejalu ya yi aiki a matsayin &quot;lamba na SUM&quot;. mutum&quot;. Wasu fitattun mutane a harkar sun hada da [[Yonasani Kanyomozi]], [[Ephraim Kamuntu]], [[Tarsis Kabwegyere]], da Richard Kaijuka.&lt;ref name= Mubangizi&gt;{{cite web |  url=http://www.archive.observer.ug/specials/mylife/mylife200712131.php | taken=Muna so mu buga wa wakilan OAU | marubuci=Michael Mubangizi | Jarida=Mai Kula da Mako | kwanan wata = 13 Disamba 2007 | shiga- date=4 Janairu 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A wasu lokuta, [[Robert Serumaga]] kuma yana cikin SUM,{{sfn|Kasozi|1994|p=125}} ko da yake daga baya ya shiga [[Uganda Nationalist Organization]].{{sfn|Avirgan|Honey|1983|p=99}} SUM memba [[Zeddy Maruru]] lokaci guda ya kasance memba na SUM da Kikosi Maalum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|jarida=[[New Vision] ] |  url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-juyin mulki |title=Zeddy Maruru, mutumin da ya ceci juyin mulkin 1985 | kwanan wata= 23 Nuwamba 2019 | damar-date=27 Nuwamba 2019 | marubuci=Mai gudanarwa | wuri=Kampala|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127222952/https://www.newvision.co.ug/ new_vision/news/1511086/zeddy-maruru-saved-1985-coup-etat |archive-date=27 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mufumba&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https:// www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/daga-uku-zuwa-main-force-tracing-museveni-s-final-leg-to-power-3269466 |title=Daga na uku zuwa babban karfi: Binciken Museveni's Ƙafar ƙarshe zuwa mulki |author=Ishak Mufumba |aiki=Aikin Daily Monitor |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <title>Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.</comment>
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      <text bytes="262" sha1="qe3x3h8fi819w5uauly0w1xneuolk6i" xml:space="preserve">Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="672" sha1="kexksetst8sqjoqrcyejex6iju7epuw" xml:space="preserve">Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a.[1] Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.</text>
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      <text bytes="1162" sha1="8n46njw8hthpn600zyy1tg82st9mz4d" xml:space="preserve">Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a.[1] Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.</text>
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      <text bytes="2081" sha1="9ourvl49zj3ht6g3rf46g4j5nja3re3" xml:space="preserve">Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a.[1] Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.</text>
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'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a.[1] Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.</text>
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'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.</text>
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'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Munnion| first = Christopher| title = The African who kicked out the Asians, who said Hitler was right, who has made his country a state sinister| newspaper = The New York Times| page = 35| date = 12 November 1972| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/12/archives/if-idi-amin-of-uganda-is-a-madman-hes-a-ruthless-and-cunning-one.html| access-date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.</text>
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      <id>537151</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:25Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Dev ammar</username>
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'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Munnion| first = Christopher| title = The African who kicked out the Asians, who said Hitler was right, who has made his country a state sinister| newspaper = The New York Times| page = 35| date = 12 November 1972| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/12/archives/if-idi-amin-of-uganda-is-a-madman-hes-a-ruthless-and-cunning-one.html| access-date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537154</id>
      <parentid>537151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
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      <origin>537154</origin>
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'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Munnion| first = Christopher| title = The African who kicked out the Asians, who said Hitler was right, who has made his country a state sinister| newspaper = The New York Times| page = 35| date = 12 November 1972| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/12/archives/if-idi-amin-of-uganda-is-a-madman-hes-a-ruthless-and-cunning-one.html| access-date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rick Stapenhurst, Sahr John Kpundeh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Curbing Corruption: Toward a Model for Building National Integrity |editor1-first=Rick |editor1-last=Stapenhurst |editor2-first=Sahr John |editor2-last=Kpundeh |location=Washington |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-8213-4257-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.

==Manazarta==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537157</id>
      <parentid>537154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dev ammar</username>
        <id>21046</id>
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      <origin>537157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3283" sha1="dbozvhv126ev9dv4p5m4p60zy1zmolo" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Jamhuriyar Uganda ta Biyu'''. ta wanzu daga 1971 zuwa 1979, lokacin da mulkin kama-karya na soja na Idi Amin ya mallaki Uganda.Mulkin Amin ya ƙare a hukumance tare da Yakin Uganda, wanda ya ƙare tare da Tanzania ta mamaye Uganda da Amin ya gudu zuwa gudun hijira.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Munnion| first = Christopher| title = The African who kicked out the Asians, who said Hitler was right, who has made his country a state sinister| newspaper = The New York Times| page = 35| date = 12 November 1972| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/12/archives/if-idi-amin-of-uganda-is-a-madman-hes-a-ruthless-and-cunning-one.html| access-date = 1 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tattalin arzikin Uganda ya lalace ta hanyar manufofin Idi Amin, gami da korar Asians, kasantar Kasuwanci da masana'antu, da fadada bangaren jama'a. Gaskiyar darajar albashi da albashi sun fadi da kashi 90% a cikin kasa da shekaru goma. Ba a san yawan mutanen da aka kashe sakamakon mulkinsa ba; kimantawa daga masu sa ido na duniya da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun kasance daga 100,000 zuwa 500,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rick Stapenhurst, Sahr John Kpundeh&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Curbing Corruption: Toward a Model for Building National Integrity |editor1-first=Rick |editor1-last=Stapenhurst |editor2-first=Sahr John |editor2-last=Kpundeh |location=Washington |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1999 |isbn=0-8213-4257-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tarihi==
==Samun yanci==
Daga samun 'yancin kai na Uganda daga Burtaniya a 1962 zuwa farkon 1971, gwamnatin Milton Obote ta tsoratar da mutane, ta tsananta musu, kuma ta azabtar da su. Rashin abinci akai-akai ya haifar da Farashin abinci da ke fuskantar hauhawar farashi, tare da wani abu mai ba da gudummawa shine tsanantawar Obote ga 'Yan kasuwa na Indiya. A lokacin mulkin Obote, cin hanci da rashawa ya fito. Ba a son mulkin ba, musamman a Buganda inda mutane suka sha wahala sosai.&lt;ref name=Independent&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/revealed-how-israel-helped-amin-to-take-power-536162.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906102025/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/revealed-how-israel-helped-amin-to-take-power-536162.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2009 |title=Revealed: how Israel helped Amin to take power |newspaper=The Independent |date=17 August 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A watan Janairun 1971, Milton Obote, shugaban Uganda na lokacin, ya shirya ya kawar da kansa daga barazanar Idi Amin. Da ya tafi taron Commonwealth na 1971 a Singapore, ya ba da umarni ga jami’an Langi masu aminci cewa a kama Amin da magoya bayansa a cikin sojoji. Daban-daban iri-iri sun fito na yadda wannan labari ya fito ga Amin. Har ila yau, an yi ta muhawara game da rawar da dakarun kasashen waje suka taka a juyin mulkin bayan haka. Takardun da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Birtaniyya ta yi watsi da bayanan sun bayyana cewa, sabanin hasashe da aka yi a baya, ba Burtaniya ce ta ba da damar kai tsaye ba amma ta ci gajiyar goyon bayan da Isra’ila ke yi a boye wadda ta ga Idi Amin a matsayin wakilin da zai kawo zaman lafiya a Sudan ta Kudu. Takardun duk da haka sun bayyana cikakkiyar kimanta halin Amin da hukumomin Biritaniya suka yi da kuma shawarwarin tallafi da sayar da makamai ga sabuwar gwamnatin.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rossy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537115</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:37:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoull012</username>
        <id>32000</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon muqala</comment>
      <origin>537115</origin>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="mkvf7q7s0vj3d7lz0zh79w8flx2mxhu" xml:space="preserve">'''Rossy'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537123</id>
      <parentid>537115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Borhan</username>
        <id>26054</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Requesting deletion</comment>
      <origin>537123</origin>
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      <text bytes="48" sha1="86blky1gcsuaz6fvaqryg0ww8yexm4n" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|Test page}}'''Rossy'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanarwar 'Yancin Kai ta Rhodesia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537119</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248807216|Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>537119</origin>
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[[Rhodesia]]'s Unilateral Declaration of Independence ('''UDI''') wata sanarwa ce da majalisar dokokin kasar Rhodesia ta karɓa a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1965, inda ta sanar da cewa kasar  Rhodesia (a baya Kudancin Rhodesia) Yankin Burtaniya ne a kudancin Afirka wanda ya mallaki kansa a shekara ta 1923, yanzu ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Ƙarshen rikici mai tsawo tsakanin gwamnatocin kasar Burtaniya da kasar Rhodesia game da sharuddan da za su iya zama cikakkun 'yanci, shi ne karo na farko da aka raba shi daga Ƙasar Ingila ta ɗaya daga cikin yankunanta tun lokacin da kasar Amurka ta bayyana Independence a cikin shekara ta 1776.kasar  Burtaniya, Commonwealth, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duk sun yi la'akari da UDI na kasar Rhodesia ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki, na farko a tarihin Majalisar Dinkinobho, an ɗora shi a kan mulkin mallaka. A cikin kusan cikakkiyar warewa ta duniya, kasar Rhodesia ta ci gaba a matsayin ƙasa da ba a san ta ba tare da taimakon [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da (har zuwa shekara ta 1974) [[Portugal]].</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537126</id>
      <parentid>537119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:39:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537126</origin>
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      <text bytes="1112" sha1="ip9yjx2mtdrnm9bvtleo36ji9laxirz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[Rhodesia]]'s Unilateral Declaration of Independence ('''UDI''') wata sanarwa ce da majalisar dokokin kasar Rhodesia ta karɓa a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1965, inda ta sanar da cewa kasar  Rhodesia (a baya Kudancin Rhodesia) Yankin Burtaniya ne a kudancin Afirka wanda ya mallaki kansa a shekara ta 1923, yanzu ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin ƙasa mai zaman kanta. Ƙarshen rikici mai tsawo tsakanin gwamnatocin kasar Burtaniya da kasar Rhodesia game da sharuddan da za su iya zama cikakkun 'yanci, shi ne karo na farko da aka raba shi daga Ƙasar Ingila ta ɗaya daga cikin yankunanta tun lokacin da kasar Amurka ta bayyana Independence a cikin shekara ta 1776.kasar  Burtaniya, Commonwealth, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya duk sun yi la'akari da UDI na kasar Rhodesia ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma takunkumin tattalin arziki, na farko a tarihin Majalisar Dinkinobho, an ɗora shi a kan mulkin mallaka. A cikin kusan cikakkiyar warewa ta duniya, kasar Rhodesia ta ci gaba a matsayin ƙasa da ba a san ta ba tare da taimakon [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da (har zuwa shekara ta 1974) [[Portugal]].
==Manazarta==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alexander scotland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537127</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:39:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eemermou</username>
        <id>28240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: ==Alexander scotland== Alexander Paterson Scotland, OBE (1882-1965) wani jami'in Sojan Biritaniya ne kuma jami'in leken asiri.  An san Scotland saboda aikinsa a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin kwamandan &quot;London Cage&quot;, wani fursunonin MI19 na wurin yaki wanda ke fuskantar zargin azabtarwa akai-akai.[1] Ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin a cikin littafinsa na 1957, The London Cage. ==Rayuwar farko da aiki== An haifi Scotland a Ingila ga iyayen Scotland daga Pe...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1441" sha1="h2npjgr27j105spzlpmt2kd5gn1q2hh" xml:space="preserve">==Alexander scotland==
Alexander Paterson Scotland, OBE (1882-1965) wani jami'in Sojan Biritaniya ne kuma jami'in leken asiri.

An san Scotland saboda aikinsa a lokacin da kuma bayan yakin duniya na biyu a matsayin kwamandan &quot;London Cage&quot;, wani fursunonin MI19 na wurin yaki wanda ke fuskantar zargin azabtarwa akai-akai.[1] Ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin a cikin littafinsa na 1957, The London Cage.
==Rayuwar farko da aiki==
An haifi Scotland a Ingila ga iyayen Scotland daga Perthshire. Mahaifinsa injiniyan layin dogo ne. Ya fito daga gida mai yara tara, mata uku da maza shida. Ya bar makaranta yana dan shekara sha hudu, ya yi aiki a matsayin yaro na ofis a wani mai sayar da shayi a Mincing Lane, birnin Landan, sannan ya tashi zuwa Australia kafin ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi aiki a wani kasuwancin kayan abinci na Landan.[2]
==Yaƙin Duniya na ɗa==
A cikin 1915, Scotland ta nemi shiga aiki a cikin leken asirin sojan Burtaniya. Da farko an kore shi, daga nan aka karbe shi zuwa cikin Inns of Hormon Officers' Training Corps.[8] An aika shi zuwa Faransa kuma ya sami kwamiti a matsayin laftanar na biyu a cikin Yuli 1916.[9] A Faransa an ba shi aikin yi wa fursunonin Jamus tambayoyi.
==Manazarta==
&lt;ref&gt; Cobain, Ian (12 Nuwamba 2005). &quot;Asirin Cage na London&quot;. The Guardian. An adana daga asali a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2009. An dawo da shi 17 Janairu 2009..&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Scotland, Alexander Paterson (1957). London Cage. p. 151.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Decebalus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537134</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:41:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ibrahim abusufyan</username>
        <id>19233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>537134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14551" sha1="67rxk7x7ybp1ktynb99u0ox6vqsmb8a" xml:space="preserve">Decebalus

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

DecebalusDacian king

Decebalus ya kashe kansa, daga Trajan's Column

Sarautar87–106 ADP PredecessorDurasMutu106 ADFatherSorilo (an yi ikirarin)

Decebalus (Romania: Decebal; Hellenanci na dā: Δεκεβαλος, romanized: Dekebalos; r. 87 – 106 AD), wani lokaci ana kiransa Diurpaneus, shine sarkin Dacian na ƙarshe. Ya shahara wajen yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku, tare da samun nasara dabam-dabam, da daular Roma a ƙarƙashin sarakuna biyu. Bayan ya kai hari kudu a fadin Danube, ya ci nasara kan mamayewar Romawa a mulkin Domitian, inda ya sami lokacin samun 'yancin kai lokacin da Decebalus ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa.

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki, sojojinsa sun mamaye Dacia don raunana barazanar da ke kan iyakar Romawa na Moesia. An ci Decebalus a shekara ta 102 miladiyya, kuma an sace ’yar’uwarsa a cikin wannan lokaci aka yi auren dole ta zama manyan sarakunan Romawa, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masana tarihi suka yi tunanin cewa ita ce kakan mai cin riba, Regalianus, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangin Decebalus ne[1]. ] Ya ci gaba da zama a kan mulki a matsayin sarki na abokin ciniki, amma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa na ƙarshe da mamaye Romawa a arewacin Danube a 105 AD. Trajan ya rage babban birnin Dacian Sarmizegetusa ya zama kango a shekara ta 106 miladiyya, inda ya kwashe wasu daga cikin Dacia cikin Daular. Decebalus ya kashe kansa don gudun kama shi.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Farkon Rayuwa

2 Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian

3 Ƙarfafa ƙarfi

4 Rikici da Trajan

4.1 Yaƙin Dacian na Farko

4.2 Yaƙin Daciyan na Biyu

4.3 Mutuwa

5 Jarumin kasar Romania

6 Gidan hotuna

7 Duba kuma

8 Bayanan kula

9 Nassoshi

10 Hagu na waje

Rayuwar farko

[gyara tushe]

Bayan rasuwar Babban Sarki Burebista, Dacia ta rabu gida hudu, sai kuma kananan masarautu biyar. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da matashin Decebalus ko asalinsa. Da alama Decebalus ya yi fice a kotun sarkin Dacian Duras, wanda ya yi iƙirarin iko a duk yankin Dacian. Wani tsohuwar tukunyar Dacian mai ɗauke da kalmomin &quot;Decebalus per Scorilo&quot; ya haifar da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nufin &quot;Decebalus ɗan Scorilo&quot;.

￼ Masarautar Daciyan karkashin Burebista


A cewar Lucian Boia, wannan shawarar asalinta “abin barkwanci ce ta masana”, amma marubuta da dama sun yi la’akari da ka’idar ta zama abin aibu.[2] An ba da shawarar cewa &quot;Scorilo&quot; na iya zama daidai da &quot;Coryllus&quot; ko &quot;Scorilus&quot; da Jordanes suka bayyana a matsayin sarkin Dacian kafin Duras.[3] Wataƙila Duras ya kasance kawun Decebalus ne, bayan da ya karɓi karagar mulki ta hanyar rashin hankali a kan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa.[4]

A shekara ta 85 miladiyya sojojin Dacian sun fara kai hare-hare kan lardin Moesia da ke kudancin Danube da ke kudancin Roma. A cikin 86 Sarki Duras ya ba da umarnin kai hari a kudu zuwa cikin Moesia. Majiyoyin Romawa suna magana akan harin da &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; (ko &quot;Dorpaneus&quot;) ke jagoranta. Yawancin marubuta sun dauki wannan mutumin a matsayin Duras da kansa, kuma suna kiransa da &quot;Duras-Diurpaneus&quot; [5][6][7]. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Duras da Diurpaneus mutane ne daban-daban, ko kuma Diurpaneus daidai yake da Decebalus[8]. Majiyoyin kwanan nan sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana iya yiwuwa Decebalus.[8]

Daciyawa sun yi galaba a kan Oppius Sabinus, gwamnan Moesia tare da kashe shi, wanda ya tilasta Domitian ya tura karin sojoji zuwa yankin. Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus ya maye gurbin Sabinus. Domitian ya ɗauki umarni don magance matsalar da kansa, ya isa tare da babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sarki, Cornelius Fuscus.[9]

Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Domitian's Dacian War

Domitian ya kori Dacians daga Moesia, sa'an nan kuma ya koma Roma don yin bikin Triumph, ya bar Fuscus mai kula da sojojin. Fuscus ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, amma ƙungiyoyinsa hudu ko biyar sun sha wahala sosai lokacin da sojojin Decebalus suka yi musu kwanton bauna (majiyoyin sun ce &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana cikin umurnin, wanda zai iya nufin Decebalus ko Duras). Sojojin Romawa biyu (daga cikinsu akwai V Alaudae) an yi musu kwanton bauna aka ci su a wani dutsen da Romawa ke wucewa.wanda ake kira Tapae (wanda aka fi sani da Ƙofofin Iron na Transylvania). An kashe Fuscus, kuma Decebalus ya zama sarki bayan Duras ya yi murabus.

Dio Cassius ya bayyana Decebalus kamar haka:

Wannan mutumi yana da wayo a fahimtar yaki da wayo kuma a cikin yakin; ya yanke hukunci da kyau lokacin da zai kai hari kuma ya zaɓi lokacin da ya dace don ja da baya; ya kasance kwararre kan ‘yan kwana-kwana kuma kwararre a fagen yaki; kuma ya san ba kawai yadda ake bibiyar nasara da kyau ba, har ma da yadda ake gudanar da nasara da kyau. Don haka ya nuna kansa a matsayin abokin adawar Romawa na dogon lokaci.[10]

An maye gurbin Fuscus da Tettius Julianus. A cikin 88 Julianus ya umarci wani sojojin Roma a ƙarƙashin Domitian a kan Dacians, ya ci su da yaƙi a kusa da Tapae. Duk da haka, a wani wuri a Turai, Domitian ya fuskanci tawaye tare da Rhine, kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani a hannun Marcomanni, da kuma Sarmatian kabilu a gabas, musamman Iazyges. Da ake buƙatar sojojin a Moesia, Domitian ya amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya tare da Decebalus. Ya amince ya biya makudan kudade (Sesterces miliyan takwas) a kowace shekara ga ‘yan Daciyyar domin wanzar da zaman lafiya.[11] Decebalus ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Diegis zuwa Roma don karɓar diamita daga Sarkin sarakuna, yana gane matsayin Decebalus a hukumance.[11]

Ƙarfafa ƙarfi

[gyara tushe]

Nasarar Decebalus ya ƙara masa daraja sosai. Ya ci gaba da sarrafa iko da gina katangarsa da injinan yaƙi, ta amfani da injiniyoyin da Domitian ya kawo.[12] Kotun Decebalus kuma ta zama mafakar munanan abubuwa da masu gudun hijira daga daular Roma ta zama “matsalar kyamar Romawa” a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Julian Bennett.[13] Ya kuma nemi kulla kawance da kabilu masu zaman kansu, musamman Getic Bastarnae da Sarmatian Roxolani. Ya kasa samun goyon bayan Quadi, Marcomanni da Jazyges, amma ya tabbatar da cewa ba za su tsoma baki cikin shirinsa ba.

Masarautar Dacian lokacin Decebalus


Rikici da Trajan

[gyara tushe]

Trajan

Farko Daciyan yaki

[gyara tushe]

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 98, nan da nan ya zagaya yankin Danube kuma ya ba da umarnin karfafa garu a kan iyakar Dacian. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Trajan ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmaki a kan Dacia. A cewar Cassius Dio, hakan ya faru ne saboda &quot;ya yi la'akari da tarihin [su] na baya, ya ji haushin adadin kuɗin da suke samu a shekara, kuma ya ga cewa ikonsu da girman kai yana kan karuwa.&quot; Danube a cikin 101 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, yana tura sojojin Dacian baya. A cewar Dio, Decebalus ya aika wakilai suna neman tattaunawa, amma Trajan ya ki yin wani taron sirri.

A yakin Tapae na biyu, Decebalus ya ci nasara, amma ya yi mummunar asara ga Romawa.[15] Trajan ya zaɓi kada ya bi yaƙin har sai bazara. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙari ya taka Trajan ta hanyar kai wa Moesia harin ba-zata, amma ya sha babban kaye a yakin Adamclisi. Duk da tsayin daka, Romawa sun rufe babban birnin Dacian a farkon shekara ta 102. An tilasta Decebalus ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya yarda da sharuɗɗan Trajan, wanda ya haɗa da asarar wasu yankuna a kusa da Danube da kuma rushe katangarsa. Duk da haka, Decebalus ya ci gaba da riƙe kursiyinsa.

Yakin Daciyan na biyu

[gyara tushe]

Babban labarin: Yaƙin Sarmisegetusa

Decebalus ba shi da niyyar ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin Rum, ko kuma ya bar yankinsa da ya ɓace. Da ya iya, sai ya ɗauki fansa a kan waɗanda suka goyi bayan Roma. Ya kwace yanki daga hannun Jazyges kuma ya keta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta hanyar sake ba da makamai da karbar 'yan gudun hijira da masu gudun hijira daga yankin Romawa.[16]. Ya kuma maido da kagaransa. A wannan karon, Decebalus bai jira Trajan ya buge ba. A cikin 105 ya ba da izinin kai hari kai tsaye a kan sabon yankin Roman da aka mamaye, mai yiwuwa kagara a Banat. Da alama harin ya kai Trajan da Majalisar Dattawamamaki. Nan da nan Trajan ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don yin bitar kagara.

A halin da ake ciki, Decebalus ya ci gaba da tarwatsa matsugunan Romawa tare da hare-haren ’yan daba.[16] Ya kuma ɓullo da wani shiri na kashe Trajan ta hanyar amfani da ’yan taimaka wa Romawa da suka bijire zuwa Daciyawa suka kutsa cikin sansanin sarki. Makircin ya gaza. Sai dai ya yi nasarar kame daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Trajan, Pompeius Longinus, wanda ya yi kokarin yin garkuwa da shi don yin mu'amala da Trajan. Longinus ya sha guba don gudun kada a yi amfani da shi.[16]

Trajan, a halin da ake ciki, yana gina babban runduna don mamaye mamaye. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin sasantawa, amma Trajan ya buƙaci Decebalus ya miƙa kansa, wanda ya ƙi yin hakan.[16] Abokan Decebalus a cikin ƙabilun da ke kewaye da shi sun yi watsi da shi a wannan lokacin. Trajan ya kai hari kai tsaye a Sarmizegetusa babban birnin Dacian. Bayan wani dogon kawaye na Sarmizegetusa da ƴan gwabzawa a yankin da ke kusa, Romawa sun mamaye babban birnin Dacian. Decebalus ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da iyalinsa. Shi da sauran magoya bayansa sun ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a tsaunukan Carpathian[16].

￼Dacia bayan yakin da Trajan


Mutuwa

[gyara tushe]

Simintin gyare-gyare (Cichorius 108) ko panel akan ginshiƙin Trajan. An nuna shugaban Dacian sarki Decebalus (a gefen hagu) a kan garkuwa ga sojojin Roma (AD 106). Daga nan aka kai shugaban zuwa Roma don shirya babban baje kolin a wurin taron tunawa da Tiberius Claudius Maximus na sarki Trajan.

An farauto Decebalus kuma daga ƙarshe sojojin Romawa suka yi masa kusurwoyi da nufin neman kansa. Maimakon a kama shi kawai don a nuna shi kuma a wulakanta shi a Roma, Decebalus ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke maƙogwaronsa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a kan Trajan's Column (spiral 22, panel b).

Wataƙila ya kashe kansa ne sa’ad da wani ɗan doki na Romawa mai suna Tiberius Claudius Maximus daga Legio VII Claudia ke gabatowa. Wataƙila yana raye lokacin da Maximus ya isa gare shi, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin a kan faifan jana'izar Maximus da aka gano a Gramini a ƙasar Girka. Mai yiwuwa Maximus shine adadi da aka gani akan ginshiƙin Trajan yana kaiwa Decebalus daga dokinsa.

Daga nan aka kai Decebalus kan da hannun dama zuwa Trajan a cikin &quot;Ranisstorum&quot; (wani ƙauyen Dacian da ba a san shi ba, watakila Piatra Craivii) na Maximus, wanda sarki ya yi wa ado. An aika da kofin zuwa Roma inda aka jefar da shi daga matakalar Gemon.[17] Kabarin Tiberius Claudius Maximus ya kawo lokuta biyu inda aka yi wa sojan ado ado saboda rawar da ya taka a yakin Dacian, daya daga cikinsu shi ne mallakar shugaban Decebalus.[18]

Jarumin kasar Romania

[gyara tushe]

Decebalus ana daukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na kasa a Romania, kuma an nuna shi a cikin ayyukan adabi da yawa, fina-finai, sassaken jama'a, da sauran abubuwan tunawa.

An fara ganin Decebalus a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ya zo da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin Romantic na 'yanci na ƙasa da tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Dan siyasar Romanian Mihail Kogălniceanu ya ba da jawabi a shekara ta 1843 inda ya kira Decebalus &quot;babban sarkin barbariya a kowane lokaci, wanda ya cancanci zama a kan karagar Roma fiye da zuriyar Augustus!&quot;[19].

Alecu Russo ya kwatanta shi da jarumi Stephen the Great, yana mai cewa &quot;Dayan da ɗayan duka suna da manufa ɗaya, ra'ayi ɗaya mafi girma: 'yancin kai na ƙasarsu! Dukansu jarumawa ne, amma Stephen ya kasance jarumi na cikin gida, dan ƙasar Moldavia. jarumi, yayin da Decebalus shine gwarzon duniya.&quot;[19] Mihai Eminescu, mawaƙin ƙasar Romania, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Decebalus. Waƙar George Coșbuc na 1896 Decebal của popor (Decebalus ga Jama'arsa) ya yaba da wulakancin da shugaban Dacian ya yi na mutuwa.

Decebalus sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da abokin gaba Trajan, tare da tsohon yana wakiltar asalin ƙasa kuma na ƙarshe girma da dabi'un gargajiya da Rome ta kawo.[20] Decebalus da Trajan an nuna su azaman biyu akan takardun banki da yawa na Romania.[21][22]

Decebalus daAna kiran Trajan akai-akai a lokacin nadin sabbin sarakuna. Dukansu sun fito sosai a cikin hotunan Ferdinand I na Romania da matarsa ​​Marie ta Romania. Mawaƙin Romanian Aron Cotruș ya rubuta wata doguwar waƙa &quot;Maria Doamna&quot; (&quot;Lady Marie&quot;) bayan mutuwar Marie, yana kiran Decebalus da Trajan a matsayin masu sha'awar Marie. A wasu lokuta ana kiran sarkin Dacian tare da sarkin Roma wanda ya ci Dacia a matsayin uban al'ummar Romania.[23]

Ya kasance jarumi a zamanin Kwaminisanci, musamman a cikin &quot;Communism&quot; na Stalinist na Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. A cewar Lavinia Stan da Lucian Turcescu, &quot;A cikin wani tsari mai kama da hanyar da Sabiyawan zamani suka fahimci cin nasara da Ottomans suka yi a yakin Kosovo na 1389, Decebal ya sha kashi a hannun Trajan a 101-107 CE kuma an sake dawo da sakamakon da aka samu na yawan jama'a. a matsayin ginshiƙan asalin ƙabilar Romania”. Misalin kishin kasa ya ci gaba a karkashin Nicolae Ceaușescu, wanda a karkashinsa aka jera Decebalus a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabanni goma na Romania.[24]

An nuna shi a matsayin babban jagora na kasa a cikin manyan fina-finai guda biyu na almara a wannan lokacin, The Dacians (1967, wanda Sergiu Nicolaescu ya jagoranta), da The Column (1968, wanda Mircea Drăgan ya jagoranta). A cikin fina-finan biyu Amza Pellea ne ya nuna shi. An kuma kafa wasu mutum-mutumi na jama'a da yawa na Decebalus a zamanin Ceaușescu, gami da wani mutum-mutumin dawaki a Deva wanda sculptor Ion Jalea ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1978, da ginshiƙi wanda bust ɗin Drobeta-Turnu Severin ya mamaye, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972.

Ya kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar protochronism na ƙasa, wanda ke bayyana Romania a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na wayewar gabas-Turai, da ƙungiyar Dacianism, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye Romania a matsayin zuriyar Dacians. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ƙungiyar ƴan sassaƙa ta sassaƙa wani sassaken dutse mai tsayin mita 40 na Decebalus daga wani dutse da ke kallon Danube kusa da birnin Orșova, Romania. Iosif Constantin Drăgan, mai goyan bayan protochronist da motsi na Dacian ne ya ƙirƙira shi kuma ya ba da kuɗi. An ambato shi yana cewa, &quot;Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' (King Decebalus wanda Dragan ya yi) yana tafiya ne zuwa tushen wayewar gabas-Turai kuma zai gano cewa Tarayyar Turai tana wakiltar tsarin tarihi na dabi'a&quot;.[25] ]</text>
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Decebalus (Romania: Decebal; Hellenanci na dā: Δεκεβαλος, romanized: Dekebalos; r. 87 – 106 AD), wani lokaci ana kiransa Diurpaneus, shine sarkin Dacian na ƙarshe. Ya shahara wajen yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku, tare da samun nasara dabam-dabam, da daular Roma a ƙarƙashin sarakuna biyu. Bayan ya kai hari kudu a fadin Danube, ya ci nasara kan mamayewar Romawa a mulkin Domitian, inda ya sami lokacin samun 'yancin kai lokacin da Decebalus ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa.

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki, sojojinsa sun mamaye Dacia don raunana barazanar da ke kan iyakar Romawa na Moesia. An ci Decebalus a shekara ta 102 miladiyya, kuma an sace ’yar’uwarsa a cikin wannan lokaci aka yi auren dole ta zama manyan sarakunan Romawa, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masana tarihi suka yi tunanin cewa ita ce kakan mai cin riba, Regalianus, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangin Decebalus ne[1]. ] Ya ci gaba da zama a kan mulki a matsayin sarki na abokin ciniki, amma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa na ƙarshe da mamaye Romawa a arewacin Danube a 105 AD. Trajan ya rage babban birnin Dacian Sarmizegetusa ya zama kango a shekara ta 106 miladiyya, inda ya kwashe wasu daga cikin Dacia cikin Daular. Decebalus ya kashe kansa don gudun kama shi.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Farkon Rayuwa

2 Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian

3 Ƙarfafa ƙarfi

4 Rikici da Trajan

4.1 Yaƙin Dacian na Farko

4.2 Yaƙin Daciyan na Biyu

4.3 Mutuwa

5 Jarumin kasar Romania

6 Gidan hotuna

7 Duba kuma

8 Bayanan kula

9 Nassoshi

10 Hagu na waje

Rayuwar farko

[gyara tushe]

Bayan rasuwar Babban Sarki Burebista, Dacia ta rabu gida hudu, sai kuma kananan masarautu biyar. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da matashin Decebalus ko asalinsa. Da alama Decebalus ya yi fice a kotun sarkin Dacian Duras, wanda ya yi iƙirarin iko a duk yankin Dacian. Wani tsohuwar tukunyar Dacian mai ɗauke da kalmomin &quot;Decebalus per Scorilo&quot; ya haifar da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nufin &quot;Decebalus ɗan Scorilo&quot;.

￼ Masarautar Daciyan karkashin Burebista


A cewar Lucian Boia, wannan shawarar asalinta “abin barkwanci ce ta masana”, amma marubuta da dama sun yi la’akari da ka’idar ta zama abin aibu.[2] An ba da shawarar cewa &quot;Scorilo&quot; na iya zama daidai da &quot;Coryllus&quot; ko &quot;Scorilus&quot; da Jordanes suka bayyana a matsayin sarkin Dacian kafin Duras.[3] Wataƙila Duras ya kasance kawun Decebalus ne, bayan da ya karɓi karagar mulki ta hanyar rashin hankali a kan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa.[4]

A shekara ta 85 miladiyya sojojin Dacian sun fara kai hare-hare kan lardin Moesia da ke kudancin Danube da ke kudancin Roma. A cikin 86 Sarki Duras ya ba da umarnin kai hari a kudu zuwa cikin Moesia. Majiyoyin Romawa suna magana akan harin da &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; (ko &quot;Dorpaneus&quot;) ke jagoranta. Yawancin marubuta sun dauki wannan mutumin a matsayin Duras da kansa, kuma suna kiransa da &quot;Duras-Diurpaneus&quot; [5][6][7]. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Duras da Diurpaneus mutane ne daban-daban, ko kuma Diurpaneus daidai yake da Decebalus[8]. Majiyoyin kwanan nan sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana iya yiwuwa Decebalus.[8]

Daciyawa sun yi galaba a kan Oppius Sabinus, gwamnan Moesia tare da kashe shi, wanda ya tilasta Domitian ya tura karin sojoji zuwa yankin. Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus ya maye gurbin Sabinus. Domitian ya ɗauki umarni don magance matsalar da kansa, ya isa tare da babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sarki, Cornelius Fuscus.[9]

==Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian==


Babban labarin: Domitian's Dacian War

Domitian ya kori Dacians daga Moesia, sa'an nan kuma ya koma Roma don yin bikin Triumph, ya bar Fuscus mai kula da sojojin. Fuscus ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, amma ƙungiyoyinsa hudu ko biyar sun sha wahala sosai lokacin da sojojin Decebalus suka yi musu kwanton bauna (majiyoyin sun ce &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana cikin umurnin, wanda zai iya nufin Decebalus ko Duras). Sojojin Romawa biyu (daga cikinsu akwai V Alaudae) an yi musu kwanton bauna aka ci su a wani dutsen da Romawa ke wucewa.wanda ake kira Tapae (wanda aka fi sani da Ƙofofin Iron na Transylvania). An kashe Fuscus, kuma Decebalus ya zama sarki bayan Duras ya yi murabus.

Dio Cassius ya bayyana Decebalus kamar haka:

Wannan mutumi yana da wayo a fahimtar yaki da wayo kuma a cikin yakin; ya yanke hukunci da kyau lokacin da zai kai hari kuma ya zaɓi lokacin da ya dace don ja da baya; ya kasance kwararre kan ‘yan kwana-kwana kuma kwararre a fagen yaki; kuma ya san ba kawai yadda ake bibiyar nasara da kyau ba, har ma da yadda ake gudanar da nasara da kyau. Don haka ya nuna kansa a matsayin abokin adawar Romawa na dogon lokaci.[10]

An maye gurbin Fuscus da Tettius Julianus. A cikin 88 Julianus ya umarci wani sojojin Roma a ƙarƙashin Domitian a kan Dacians, ya ci su da yaƙi a kusa da Tapae. Duk da haka, a wani wuri a Turai, Domitian ya fuskanci tawaye tare da Rhine, kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani a hannun Marcomanni, da kuma Sarmatian kabilu a gabas, musamman Iazyges. Da ake buƙatar sojojin a Moesia, Domitian ya amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya tare da Decebalus. Ya amince ya biya makudan kudade (Sesterces miliyan takwas) a kowace shekara ga ‘yan Daciyyar domin wanzar da zaman lafiya.[11] Decebalus ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Diegis zuwa Roma don karɓar diamita daga Sarkin sarakuna, yana gane matsayin Decebalus a hukumance.[11]

===Ƙarfafa ƙarfi===


Nasarar Decebalus ya ƙara masa daraja sosai. Ya ci gaba da sarrafa iko da gina katangarsa da injinan yaƙi, ta amfani da injiniyoyin da Domitian ya kawo.[12] Kotun Decebalus kuma ta zama mafakar munanan abubuwa da masu gudun hijira daga daular Roma ta zama “matsalar kyamar Romawa” a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Julian Bennett.[13] Ya kuma nemi kulla kawance da kabilu masu zaman kansu, musamman Getic Bastarnae da Sarmatian Roxolani. Ya kasa samun goyon bayan Quadi, Marcomanni da Jazyges, amma ya tabbatar da cewa ba za su tsoma baki cikin shirinsa ba.

==Masarautar Dacian lokacin Decebalus==


===Rikici da Trajan===

Trajan

===Farko Daciyan yaki===


Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 98, nan da nan ya zagaya yankin Danube kuma ya ba da umarnin karfafa garu a kan iyakar Dacian. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Trajan ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmaki a kan Dacia. A cewar Cassius Dio, hakan ya faru ne saboda &quot;ya yi la'akari da tarihin [su] na baya, ya ji haushin adadin kuɗin da suke samu a shekara, kuma ya ga cewa ikonsu da girman kai yana kan karuwa.&quot; Danube a cikin 101 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, yana tura sojojin Dacian baya. A cewar Dio, Decebalus ya aika wakilai suna neman tattaunawa, amma Trajan ya ki yin wani taron sirri.

A yakin Tapae na biyu, Decebalus ya ci nasara, amma ya yi mummunar asara ga Romawa.[15] Trajan ya zaɓi kada ya bi yaƙin har sai bazara. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙari ya taka Trajan ta hanyar kai wa Moesia harin ba-zata, amma ya sha babban kaye a yakin Adamclisi. Duk da tsayin daka, Romawa sun rufe babban birnin Dacian a farkon shekara ta 102. An tilasta Decebalus ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya yarda da sharuɗɗan Trajan, wanda ya haɗa da asarar wasu yankuna a kusa da Danube da kuma rushe katangarsa. Duk da haka, Decebalus ya ci gaba da riƙe kursiyinsa.

===Yakin Daciyan na biyu===


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Sarmisegetusa

Decebalus ba shi da niyyar ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin Rum, ko kuma ya bar yankinsa da ya ɓace. Da ya iya, sai ya ɗauki fansa a kan waɗanda suka goyi bayan Roma. Ya kwace yanki daga hannun Jazyges kuma ya keta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta hanyar sake ba da makamai da karbar 'yan gudun hijira da masu gudun hijira daga yankin Romawa.[16]. Ya kuma maido da kagaransa. A wannan karon, Decebalus bai jira Trajan ya buge ba. A cikin 105 ya ba da izinin kai hari kai tsaye a kan sabon yankin Roman da aka mamaye, mai yiwuwa kagara a Banat. Da alama harin ya kai Trajan da Majalisar Dattawamamaki. Nan da nan Trajan ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don yin bitar kagara.

A halin da ake ciki, Decebalus ya ci gaba da tarwatsa matsugunan Romawa tare da hare-haren ’yan daba.[16] Ya kuma ɓullo da wani shiri na kashe Trajan ta hanyar amfani da ’yan taimaka wa Romawa da suka bijire zuwa Daciyawa suka kutsa cikin sansanin sarki. Makircin ya gaza. Sai dai ya yi nasarar kame daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Trajan, Pompeius Longinus, wanda ya yi kokarin yin garkuwa da shi don yin mu'amala da Trajan. Longinus ya sha guba don gudun kada a yi amfani da shi.[16]

Trajan, a halin da ake ciki, yana gina babban runduna don mamaye mamaye. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin sasantawa, amma Trajan ya buƙaci Decebalus ya miƙa kansa, wanda ya ƙi yin hakan.[16] Abokan Decebalus a cikin ƙabilun da ke kewaye da shi sun yi watsi da shi a wannan lokacin. Trajan ya kai hari kai tsaye a Sarmizegetusa babban birnin Dacian. Bayan wani dogon kawaye na Sarmizegetusa da ƴan gwabzawa a yankin da ke kusa, Romawa sun mamaye babban birnin Dacian. Decebalus ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da iyalinsa. Shi da sauran magoya bayansa sun ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a tsaunukan Carpathian[16].

￼Dacia bayan yakin da Trajan


==Mutuwa==


Simintin gyare-gyare (Cichorius 108) ko panel akan ginshiƙin Trajan. An nuna shugaban Dacian sarki Decebalus (a gefen hagu) a kan garkuwa ga sojojin Roma (AD 106). Daga nan aka kai shugaban zuwa Roma don shirya babban baje kolin a wurin taron tunawa da Tiberius Claudius Maximus na sarki Trajan.

An farauto Decebalus kuma daga ƙarshe sojojin Romawa suka yi masa kusurwoyi da nufin neman kansa. Maimakon a kama shi kawai don a nuna shi kuma a wulakanta shi a Roma, Decebalus ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke maƙogwaronsa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a kan Trajan's Column (spiral 22, panel b).

Wataƙila ya kashe kansa ne sa’ad da wani ɗan doki na Romawa mai suna Tiberius Claudius Maximus daga Legio VII Claudia ke gabatowa. Wataƙila yana raye lokacin da Maximus ya isa gare shi, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin a kan faifan jana'izar Maximus da aka gano a Gramini a ƙasar Girka. Mai yiwuwa Maximus shine adadi da aka gani akan ginshiƙin Trajan yana kaiwa Decebalus daga dokinsa.

Daga nan aka kai Decebalus kan da hannun dama zuwa Trajan a cikin &quot;Ranisstorum&quot; (wani ƙauyen Dacian da ba a san shi ba, watakila Piatra Craivii) na Maximus, wanda sarki ya yi wa ado. An aika da kofin zuwa Roma inda aka jefar da shi daga matakalar Gemon.[17] Kabarin Tiberius Claudius Maximus ya kawo lokuta biyu inda aka yi wa sojan ado ado saboda rawar da ya taka a yakin Dacian, daya daga cikinsu shi ne mallakar shugaban Decebalus.[18]

===Jarumin kasar Romania===


Decebalus ana daukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na kasa a Romania, kuma an nuna shi a cikin ayyukan adabi da yawa, fina-finai, sassaken jama'a, da sauran abubuwan tunawa.

An fara ganin Decebalus a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ya zo da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin Romantic na 'yanci na ƙasa da tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Dan siyasar Romanian Mihail Kogălniceanu ya ba da jawabi a shekara ta 1843 inda ya kira Decebalus &quot;babban sarkin barbariya a kowane lokaci, wanda ya cancanci zama a kan karagar Roma fiye da zuriyar Augustus!&quot;[19].

Alecu Russo ya kwatanta shi da jarumi Stephen the Great, yana mai cewa &quot;Dayan da ɗayan duka suna da manufa ɗaya, ra'ayi ɗaya mafi girma: 'yancin kai na ƙasarsu! Dukansu jarumawa ne, amma Stephen ya kasance jarumi na cikin gida, dan ƙasar Moldavia. jarumi, yayin da Decebalus shine gwarzon duniya.&quot;[19] Mihai Eminescu, mawaƙin ƙasar Romania, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Decebalus. Waƙar George Coșbuc na 1896 Decebal của popor (Decebalus ga Jama'arsa) ya yaba da wulakancin da shugaban Dacian ya yi na mutuwa.

Decebalus sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da abokin gaba Trajan, tare da tsohon yana wakiltar asalin ƙasa kuma na ƙarshe girma da dabi'un gargajiya da Rome ta kawo.[20] Decebalus da Trajan an nuna su azaman biyu akan takardun banki da yawa na Romania.[21][22]

Decebalus daAna kiran Trajan akai-akai a lokacin nadin sabbin sarakuna. Dukansu sun fito sosai a cikin hotunan Ferdinand I na Romania da matarsa ​​Marie ta Romania. Mawaƙin Romanian Aron Cotruș ya rubuta wata doguwar waƙa &quot;Maria Doamna&quot; (&quot;Lady Marie&quot;) bayan mutuwar Marie, yana kiran Decebalus da Trajan a matsayin masu sha'awar Marie. A wasu lokuta ana kiran sarkin Dacian tare da sarkin Roma wanda ya ci Dacia a matsayin uban al'ummar Romania.[23]

Ya kasance jarumi a zamanin Kwaminisanci, musamman a cikin &quot;Communism&quot; na Stalinist na Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. A cewar Lavinia Stan da Lucian Turcescu, &quot;A cikin wani tsari mai kama da hanyar da Sabiyawan zamani suka fahimci cin nasara da Ottomans suka yi a yakin Kosovo na 1389, Decebal ya sha kashi a hannun Trajan a 101-107 CE kuma an sake dawo da sakamakon da aka samu na yawan jama'a. a matsayin ginshiƙan asalin ƙabilar Romania”. Misalin kishin kasa ya ci gaba a karkashin Nicolae Ceaușescu, wanda a karkashinsa aka jera Decebalus a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabanni goma na Romania.[24]

An nuna shi a matsayin babban jagora na kasa a cikin manyan fina-finai guda biyu na almara a wannan lokacin, The Dacians (1967, wanda Sergiu Nicolaescu ya jagoranta), da The Column (1968, wanda Mircea Drăgan ya jagoranta). A cikin fina-finan biyu Amza Pellea ne ya nuna shi. An kuma kafa wasu mutum-mutumi na jama'a da yawa na Decebalus a zamanin Ceaușescu, gami da wani mutum-mutumin dawaki a Deva wanda sculptor Ion Jalea ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1978, da ginshiƙi wanda bust ɗin Drobeta-Turnu Severin ya mamaye, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972.

Ya kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar protochronism na ƙasa, wanda ke bayyana Romania a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na wayewar gabas-Turai, da ƙungiyar Dacianism, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye Romania a matsayin zuriyar Dacians. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ƙungiyar ƴan sassaƙa ta sassaƙa wani sassaken dutse mai tsayin mita 40 na Decebalus daga wani dutse da ke kallon Danube kusa da birnin Orșova, Romania. Iosif Constantin Drăgan, mai goyan bayan protochronist da motsi na Dacian ne ya ƙirƙira shi kuma ya ba da kuɗi. An ambato shi yana cewa, &quot;Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' (King Decebalus wanda Dragan ya yi) yana tafiya ne zuwa tushen wayewar gabas-Turai kuma zai gano cewa Tarayyar Turai tana wakiltar tsarin tarihi na dabi'a&quot;.[25] ]</text>
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Decebalus (Romania: Decebal; Hellenanci na dā: Δεκεβαλος, romanized: Dekebalos; r. 87 – 106 AD), wani lokaci ana kiransa Diurpaneus, shine sarkin Dacian na ƙarshe. Ya shahara wajen yaƙe-yaƙe guda uku, tare da samun nasara dabam-dabam, da daular Roma a ƙarƙashin sarakuna biyu. Bayan ya kai hari kudu a fadin Danube, ya ci nasara kan mamayewar Romawa a mulkin Domitian, inda ya sami lokacin samun 'yancin kai lokacin da Decebalus ya ƙarfafa mulkinsa.

Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki, sojojinsa sun mamaye Dacia don raunana barazanar da ke kan iyakar Romawa na Moesia. An ci Decebalus a shekara ta 102 miladiyya, kuma an sace ’yar’uwarsa a cikin wannan lokaci aka yi auren dole ta zama manyan sarakunan Romawa, wanda hakan ya sa wasu masana tarihi suka yi tunanin cewa ita ce kakan mai cin riba, Regalianus, wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa dangin Decebalus ne[1]. ] Ya ci gaba da zama a kan mulki a matsayin sarki na abokin ciniki, amma ya ci gaba da tabbatar da 'yancin kai, wanda ya kai ga mamayewa na ƙarshe da mamaye Romawa a arewacin Danube a 105 AD. Trajan ya rage babban birnin Dacian Sarmizegetusa ya zama kango a shekara ta 106 miladiyya, inda ya kwashe wasu daga cikin Dacia cikin Daular. Decebalus ya kashe kansa don gudun kama shi.

l

==Rayuwar farko==


Bayan rasuwar Babban Sarki Burebista, Dacia ta rabu gida hudu, sai kuma kananan masarautu biyar. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da matashin Decebalus ko asalinsa. Da alama Decebalus ya yi fice a kotun sarkin Dacian Duras, wanda ya yi iƙirarin iko a duk yankin Dacian. Wani tsohuwar tukunyar Dacian mai ɗauke da kalmomin &quot;Decebalus per Scorilo&quot; ya haifar da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nufin &quot;Decebalus ɗan Scorilo&quot;.

￼ Masarautar Daciyan karkashin Burebista


A cewar Lucian Boia, wannan shawarar asalinta “abin barkwanci ce ta masana”, amma marubuta da dama sun yi la’akari da ka’idar ta zama abin aibu.[2] An ba da shawarar cewa &quot;Scorilo&quot; na iya zama daidai da &quot;Coryllus&quot; ko &quot;Scorilus&quot; da Jordanes suka bayyana a matsayin sarkin Dacian kafin Duras.[3] Wataƙila Duras ya kasance kawun Decebalus ne, bayan da ya karɓi karagar mulki ta hanyar rashin hankali a kan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa.[4]

A shekara ta 85 miladiyya sojojin Dacian sun fara kai hare-hare kan lardin Moesia da ke kudancin Danube da ke kudancin Roma. A cikin 86 Sarki Duras ya ba da umarnin kai hari a kudu zuwa cikin Moesia. Majiyoyin Romawa suna magana akan harin da &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; (ko &quot;Dorpaneus&quot;) ke jagoranta. Yawancin marubuta sun dauki wannan mutumin a matsayin Duras da kansa, kuma suna kiransa da &quot;Duras-Diurpaneus&quot; [5][6][7]. Wasu malamai suna jayayya cewa Duras da Diurpaneus mutane ne daban-daban, ko kuma Diurpaneus daidai yake da Decebalus[8]. Majiyoyin kwanan nan sun ɗauki ra'ayi cewa &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana iya yiwuwa Decebalus.[8]

Daciyawa sun yi galaba a kan Oppius Sabinus, gwamnan Moesia tare da kashe shi, wanda ya tilasta Domitian ya tura karin sojoji zuwa yankin. Marcus Cornelius Nigrinus ya maye gurbin Sabinus. Domitian ya ɗauki umarni don magance matsalar da kansa, ya isa tare da babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaron sarki, Cornelius Fuscus.[9]

==Yaƙi da Sarkin sarakuna Domitian==


Babban labarin: Domitian's Dacian War

Domitian ya kori Dacians daga Moesia, sa'an nan kuma ya koma Roma don yin bikin Triumph, ya bar Fuscus mai kula da sojojin. Fuscus ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, amma ƙungiyoyinsa hudu ko biyar sun sha wahala sosai lokacin da sojojin Decebalus suka yi musu kwanton bauna (majiyoyin sun ce &quot;Diurpaneus&quot; yana cikin umurnin, wanda zai iya nufin Decebalus ko Duras). Sojojin Romawa biyu (daga cikinsu akwai V Alaudae) an yi musu kwanton bauna aka ci su a wani dutsen da Romawa ke wucewa.wanda ake kira Tapae (wanda aka fi sani da Ƙofofin Iron na Transylvania). An kashe Fuscus, kuma Decebalus ya zama sarki bayan Duras ya yi murabus.

Dio Cassius ya bayyana Decebalus kamar haka:

Wannan mutumi yana da wayo a fahimtar yaki da wayo kuma a cikin yakin; ya yanke hukunci da kyau lokacin da zai kai hari kuma ya zaɓi lokacin da ya dace don ja da baya; ya kasance kwararre kan ‘yan kwana-kwana kuma kwararre a fagen yaki; kuma ya san ba kawai yadda ake bibiyar nasara da kyau ba, har ma da yadda ake gudanar da nasara da kyau. Don haka ya nuna kansa a matsayin abokin adawar Romawa na dogon lokaci.[10]

An maye gurbin Fuscus da Tettius Julianus. A cikin 88 Julianus ya umarci wani sojojin Roma a ƙarƙashin Domitian a kan Dacians, ya ci su da yaƙi a kusa da Tapae. Duk da haka, a wani wuri a Turai, Domitian ya fuskanci tawaye tare da Rhine, kuma ya sha wahala mai tsanani a hannun Marcomanni, da kuma Sarmatian kabilu a gabas, musamman Iazyges. Da ake buƙatar sojojin a Moesia, Domitian ya amince da sharuɗɗan zaman lafiya tare da Decebalus. Ya amince ya biya makudan kudade (Sesterces miliyan takwas) a kowace shekara ga ‘yan Daciyyar domin wanzar da zaman lafiya.[11] Decebalus ya aika da ɗan'uwansa Diegis zuwa Roma don karɓar diamita daga Sarkin sarakuna, yana gane matsayin Decebalus a hukumance.[11]

===Ƙarfafa ƙarfi===


Nasarar Decebalus ya ƙara masa daraja sosai. Ya ci gaba da sarrafa iko da gina katangarsa da injinan yaƙi, ta amfani da injiniyoyin da Domitian ya kawo.[12] Kotun Decebalus kuma ta zama mafakar munanan abubuwa da masu gudun hijira daga daular Roma ta zama “matsalar kyamar Romawa” a cikin kalmomin ɗan tarihi Julian Bennett.[13] Ya kuma nemi kulla kawance da kabilu masu zaman kansu, musamman Getic Bastarnae da Sarmatian Roxolani. Ya kasa samun goyon bayan Quadi, Marcomanni da Jazyges, amma ya tabbatar da cewa ba za su tsoma baki cikin shirinsa ba.

==Masarautar Dacian lokacin Decebalus==


===Rikici da Trajan===

Trajan

===Farko Daciyan yaki===


Lokacin da Trajan ya hau kan karagar mulki a shekara ta 98, nan da nan ya zagaya yankin Danube kuma ya ba da umarnin karfafa garu a kan iyakar Dacian. Shekaru uku bayan haka, Trajan ya yanke shawarar kaddamar da farmaki a kan Dacia. A cewar Cassius Dio, hakan ya faru ne saboda &quot;ya yi la'akari da tarihin [su] na baya, ya ji haushin adadin kuɗin da suke samu a shekara, kuma ya ga cewa ikonsu da girman kai yana kan karuwa.&quot; Danube a cikin 101 kuma ya ci gaba zuwa Dacia, yana tura sojojin Dacian baya. A cewar Dio, Decebalus ya aika wakilai suna neman tattaunawa, amma Trajan ya ki yin wani taron sirri.

A yakin Tapae na biyu, Decebalus ya ci nasara, amma ya yi mummunar asara ga Romawa.[15] Trajan ya zaɓi kada ya bi yaƙin har sai bazara. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙari ya taka Trajan ta hanyar kai wa Moesia harin ba-zata, amma ya sha babban kaye a yakin Adamclisi. Duk da tsayin daka, Romawa sun rufe babban birnin Dacian a farkon shekara ta 102. An tilasta Decebalus ya amince da shan kaye kuma ya yarda da sharuɗɗan Trajan, wanda ya haɗa da asarar wasu yankuna a kusa da Danube da kuma rushe katangarsa. Duk da haka, Decebalus ya ci gaba da riƙe kursiyinsa.

===Yakin Daciyan na biyu===


Babban labarin: Yaƙin Sarmisegetusa

Decebalus ba shi da niyyar ci gaba da zama ƙarƙashin Rum, ko kuma ya bar yankinsa da ya ɓace. Da ya iya, sai ya ɗauki fansa a kan waɗanda suka goyi bayan Roma. Ya kwace yanki daga hannun Jazyges kuma ya keta yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta hanyar sake ba da makamai da karbar 'yan gudun hijira da masu gudun hijira daga yankin Romawa.[16]. Ya kuma maido da kagaransa. A wannan karon, Decebalus bai jira Trajan ya buge ba. A cikin 105 ya ba da izinin kai hari kai tsaye a kan sabon yankin Roman da aka mamaye, mai yiwuwa kagara a Banat. Da alama harin ya kai Trajan da Majalisar Dattawamamaki. Nan da nan Trajan ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa don yin bitar kagara.

A halin da ake ciki, Decebalus ya ci gaba da tarwatsa matsugunan Romawa tare da hare-haren ’yan daba.[16] Ya kuma ɓullo da wani shiri na kashe Trajan ta hanyar amfani da ’yan taimaka wa Romawa da suka bijire zuwa Daciyawa suka kutsa cikin sansanin sarki. Makircin ya gaza. Sai dai ya yi nasarar kame daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin Trajan, Pompeius Longinus, wanda ya yi kokarin yin garkuwa da shi don yin mu'amala da Trajan. Longinus ya sha guba don gudun kada a yi amfani da shi.[16]

Trajan, a halin da ake ciki, yana gina babban runduna don mamaye mamaye. Decebalus ya yi ƙoƙarin yin shawarwarin sasantawa, amma Trajan ya buƙaci Decebalus ya miƙa kansa, wanda ya ƙi yin hakan.[16] Abokan Decebalus a cikin ƙabilun da ke kewaye da shi sun yi watsi da shi a wannan lokacin. Trajan ya kai hari kai tsaye a Sarmizegetusa babban birnin Dacian. Bayan wani dogon kawaye na Sarmizegetusa da ƴan gwabzawa a yankin da ke kusa, Romawa sun mamaye babban birnin Dacian. Decebalus ya yi nasarar tserewa tare da iyalinsa. Shi da sauran magoya bayansa sun ci gaba da yakin neman zabe a tsaunukan Carpathian[16].

￼Dacia bayan yakin da Trajan


==Mutuwa==


Simintin gyare-gyare (Cichorius 108) ko panel akan ginshiƙin Trajan. An nuna shugaban Dacian sarki Decebalus (a gefen hagu) a kan garkuwa ga sojojin Roma (AD 106). Daga nan aka kai shugaban zuwa Roma don shirya babban baje kolin a wurin taron tunawa da Tiberius Claudius Maximus na sarki Trajan.

An farauto Decebalus kuma daga ƙarshe sojojin Romawa suka yi masa kusurwoyi da nufin neman kansa. Maimakon a kama shi kawai don a nuna shi kuma a wulakanta shi a Roma, Decebalus ya kashe kansa ta hanyar yanke maƙogwaronsa, kamar yadda aka kwatanta a kan Trajan's Column (spiral 22, panel b).

Wataƙila ya kashe kansa ne sa’ad da wani ɗan doki na Romawa mai suna Tiberius Claudius Maximus daga Legio VII Claudia ke gabatowa. Wataƙila yana raye lokacin da Maximus ya isa gare shi, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin a kan faifan jana'izar Maximus da aka gano a Gramini a ƙasar Girka. Mai yiwuwa Maximus shine adadi da aka gani akan ginshiƙin Trajan yana kaiwa Decebalus daga dokinsa.

Daga nan aka kai Decebalus kan da hannun dama zuwa Trajan a cikin &quot;Ranisstorum&quot; (wani ƙauyen Dacian da ba a san shi ba, watakila Piatra Craivii) na Maximus, wanda sarki ya yi wa ado. An aika da kofin zuwa Roma inda aka jefar da shi daga matakalar Gemon.[17] Kabarin Tiberius Claudius Maximus ya kawo lokuta biyu inda aka yi wa sojan ado ado saboda rawar da ya taka a yakin Dacian, daya daga cikinsu shi ne mallakar shugaban Decebalus.[18]

===Jarumin kasar Romania===


Decebalus ana daukarsa a matsayin gwarzo na kasa a Romania, kuma an nuna shi a cikin ayyukan adabi da yawa, fina-finai, sassaken jama'a, da sauran abubuwan tunawa.

An fara ganin Decebalus a cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan a cikin ƙarni na 19, lokacin da ya zo da alaƙa da ra'ayoyin Romantic na 'yanci na ƙasa da tsayin daka ga mulkin mallaka. Dan siyasar Romanian Mihail Kogălniceanu ya ba da jawabi a shekara ta 1843 inda ya kira Decebalus &quot;babban sarkin barbariya a kowane lokaci, wanda ya cancanci zama a kan karagar Roma fiye da zuriyar Augustus!&quot;[19].

Alecu Russo ya kwatanta shi da jarumi Stephen the Great, yana mai cewa &quot;Dayan da ɗayan duka suna da manufa ɗaya, ra'ayi ɗaya mafi girma: 'yancin kai na ƙasarsu! Dukansu jarumawa ne, amma Stephen ya kasance jarumi na cikin gida, dan ƙasar Moldavia. jarumi, yayin da Decebalus shine gwarzon duniya.&quot;[19] Mihai Eminescu, mawaƙin ƙasar Romania, ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi Decebalus. Waƙar George Coșbuc na 1896 Decebal của popor (Decebalus ga Jama'arsa) ya yaba da wulakancin da shugaban Dacian ya yi na mutuwa.

Decebalus sau da yawa ana haɗa shi tare da abokin gaba Trajan, tare da tsohon yana wakiltar asalin ƙasa kuma na ƙarshe girma da dabi'un gargajiya da Rome ta kawo.[20] Decebalus da Trajan an nuna su azaman biyu akan takardun banki da yawa na Romania.[21][22]

Decebalus daAna kiran Trajan akai-akai a lokacin nadin sabbin sarakuna. Dukansu sun fito sosai a cikin hotunan Ferdinand I na Romania da matarsa ​​Marie ta Romania. Mawaƙin Romanian Aron Cotruș ya rubuta wata doguwar waƙa &quot;Maria Doamna&quot; (&quot;Lady Marie&quot;) bayan mutuwar Marie, yana kiran Decebalus da Trajan a matsayin masu sha'awar Marie. A wasu lokuta ana kiran sarkin Dacian tare da sarkin Roma wanda ya ci Dacia a matsayin uban al'ummar Romania.[23]

Ya kasance jarumi a zamanin Kwaminisanci, musamman a cikin &quot;Communism&quot; na Stalinist na Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. A cewar Lavinia Stan da Lucian Turcescu, &quot;A cikin wani tsari mai kama da hanyar da Sabiyawan zamani suka fahimci cin nasara da Ottomans suka yi a yakin Kosovo na 1389, Decebal ya sha kashi a hannun Trajan a 101-107 CE kuma an sake dawo da sakamakon da aka samu na yawan jama'a. a matsayin ginshiƙan asalin ƙabilar Romania”. Misalin kishin kasa ya ci gaba a karkashin Nicolae Ceaușescu, wanda a karkashinsa aka jera Decebalus a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabanni goma na Romania.[24]

An nuna shi a matsayin babban jagora na kasa a cikin manyan fina-finai guda biyu na almara a wannan lokacin, The Dacians (1967, wanda Sergiu Nicolaescu ya jagoranta), da The Column (1968, wanda Mircea Drăgan ya jagoranta). A cikin fina-finan biyu Amza Pellea ne ya nuna shi. An kuma kafa wasu mutum-mutumi na jama'a da yawa na Decebalus a zamanin Ceaușescu, gami da wani mutum-mutumin dawaki a Deva wanda sculptor Ion Jalea ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1978, da ginshiƙi wanda bust ɗin Drobeta-Turnu Severin ya mamaye, wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1972.

Ya kasance tsakiyar ƙungiyar protochronism na ƙasa, wanda ke bayyana Romania a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri na wayewar gabas-Turai, da ƙungiyar Dacianism, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye Romania a matsayin zuriyar Dacians. A cikin shekarun 1990s, ƙungiyar ƴan sassaƙa ta sassaƙa wani sassaken dutse mai tsayin mita 40 na Decebalus daga wani dutse da ke kallon Danube kusa da birnin Orșova, Romania. Iosif Constantin Drăgan, mai goyan bayan protochronist da motsi na Dacian ne ya ƙirƙira shi kuma ya ba da kuɗi. An ambato shi yana cewa, &quot;Duk wanda ke tafiya zuwa 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' (King Decebalus wanda Dragan ya yi) yana tafiya ne zuwa tushen wayewar gabas-Turai kuma zai gano cewa Tarayyar Turai tana wakiltar tsarin tarihi na dabi'a&quot;.[25] ]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rose-ringed parakeet</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Ayshertouh11</username>
        <id>32002</id>
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      <comment>Sabon Shafi</comment>
      <origin>537138</origin>
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      <text bytes="43" sha1="30rxkaod6qnbeo2r7uw6q3moy5vedff" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose-ringed parakeet'''

== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <parentid>537138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:49:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>32002</id>
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      <comment>Gyaran rubutu</comment>
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      <text bytes="467" sha1="nr8cd8wbxiatnpzo2oqb2rufqbgj9wi" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose-ringed parakeet'''
Parakeet mai launin fure (Psittacula krameri), wanda kuma aka sani da nose-necked parakeet, ringneck parrot (a cikin dabbobi) ko aku Kramer, matsakaicin aku ne a cikin jinsin Psittacula, na dangin Psittacidae. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Afirka da Nahiyar Indiya, kuma yanzu an shigar da ita cikin wasu sassa da yawa na duniya inda yawancin al'umma suka kafa kansu kuma ana yin su don cinikin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa.
== Manazarta ==</text>
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      <comment>Gyaran rubutu</comment>
      <origin>537180</origin>
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      <text bytes="770" sha1="h1ha4m9a5qba5ddw0zshf6hg4chlz3t" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose-ringed parakeet'''
Parakeet mai launin fure (Psittacula krameri), wanda kuma aka sani da nose-necked parakeet, ringneck parrot (a cikin dabbobi) ko aku Kramer, matsakaicin aku ne a cikin jinsin Psittacula, na dangin Psittacidae. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Afirka da Nahiyar Indiya, kuma yanzu an shigar da ita cikin wasu sassa da yawa na duniya inda yawancin al'umma suka kafa kansu kuma ana yin su don cinikin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa.

Daya daga cikin 'yan aku da suka yi nasarar daidaita rayuwa a cikin rudani, ya yi tsayin daka da hare-haren ta'addanci na birane da sare itatuwa. A matsayin sanannen nau'in dabbobi, tsuntsayen da suka tsere sun mamaye garuruwa da yawa a duniya, gami da yawan jama'a a Arewacin Turai da Yammacin Turai.
== Manazarta ==</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>Gyaran rubutu</comment>
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      <text bytes="868" sha1="c2tqb95dt0s5jseknm37xs09hwghuri" xml:space="preserve">'''Rose-ringed parakeet'''
Parakeet mai launin fure (Psittacula krameri), wanda kuma aka sani da nose-necked parakeet, ringneck parrot (a cikin dabbobi) ko aku Kramer, matsakaicin aku ne a cikin jinsin Psittacula, na dangin Psittacidae. Tana da rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin Afirka da Nahiyar Indiya, kuma yanzu an shigar da ita cikin wasu sassa da yawa na duniya inda yawancin al'umma suka kafa kansu kuma ana yin su don cinikin dabbobi masu ban sha'awa.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Ring-Necked Parakeets in the UK&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Daya daga cikin 'yan aku da suka yi nasarar daidaita rayuwa a cikin rudani, ya yi tsayin daka da hare-haren ta'addanci na birane da sare itatuwa. A matsayin sanannen nau'in dabbobi, tsuntsayen da suka tsere sun mamaye garuruwa da yawa a duniya, gami da yawan jama'a a Arewacin Turai da Yammacin Turai.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List&lt;/ref&gt;
== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Armel Sayo</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Armel Mingatoloum Sayo'' an haife shi 17 ga Agusta 1979, kuma aka sani da ''Armel Bedaya''' ko ''Commandant Sayo''',{{sfn | Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|2014|p=27 }} ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Tsakiya ne kuma shugaban yaƙi wanda ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na ministoci uku a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Panza da Touadera. Ya kuma kasance jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da Adalci har zuwa lokacin da aka kwace makamai a shekarar 2019.  == Rayuwar farko...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2495" sha1="m55agmr2vhq8n6itwvo1pdno9xj2gma" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Armel Mingatoloum Sayo'' an haife shi 17 ga Agusta 1979, kuma aka sani da ''Armel Bedaya''' ko ''Commandant Sayo''',{{sfn | Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|2014|p=27 }} ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Tsakiya ne kuma shugaban yaƙi wanda ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na ministoci uku a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Panza da Touadera. Ya kuma kasance jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da Adalci har zuwa lokacin da aka kwace makamai a shekarar 2019.

== Rayuwar farko da aikin soja ==
An haifi Sayo a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1979 a Bangui.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAY&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last1=Themona |first1=Herman |title=République centrafricaine Alerte : Quand la France Protège les Binationaux sur Son Territoire pour Déstabiliser la Centrafrique - Cas de l'Ex-Chef Rebelle Armel Ningatoloum Sayo |url=https://lepotentielcentrafricain.com/rca-alerte-info-quand-la-france-protege-les-binationaux-sur-son-territoire-pour-destabiliser -la-centrafrique-cas-de-lex-chef-rebelle-armel-ningatoloum-sayo/ | shafin yanar gizon=lepotentielcentrafricain.com | mawallafi=Le Potentiel Centrafricain |access-date=29 Fabrairu 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa na halitta suna Sayo Robert, wani akawu a Bangui Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Daga baya {{ill|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro|fr|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro}} ya karbe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|first1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|url= http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/centrafrique-armel-sayo-sexprime/|title=Centrafrique: Armel Sayo s'exprime
| shafin yanar gizon=lanouvellecentrafrique.info|kwanan wata=2023-03-14|kwanan shiga-date=2024-02-28|url-status=matattu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726044636/http ://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/centrafrique-armel-sayo-sexprime/|archive-date=2013-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin gwamnatin [[Ange-Félix Patassé|Patassé]], Sayo shine na ƙasar. Daraktan Tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|author=International Federation for Human Rights |date=June 2014|title=Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya: &quot;Dole ne su fita ko kuma su mutu.&quot;|url=https://www.fidh .org/IMG/pdf/rapport_rca_2014-uk-04.pdf|publisher=Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya|shafi=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bayan [[2003 Jumhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya | juyin mulkin 2003]], wasu gungun masu dauke da makamai sun shiga gidansa suka yi yunkurin kashe Sayo, mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, yayyensa. Sai qungiyoyin suka tafi, sai ya kwashe mahaifinsa ta hanyar kama shi a matsayin mace zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Nijeriya&lt;ref name=&quot;AMS&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:51Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Reference */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2507" sha1="kll2hc4nr4nirhsgvssj84kqztedkp2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Armel Mingatoloum Sayo'' an haife shi 17 ga Agusta 1979, kuma aka sani da ''Armel Bedaya''' ko ''Commandant Sayo''',{{sfn | Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|2014|p=27 }} ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Tsakiya ne kuma shugaban yaƙi wanda ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na ministoci uku a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Panza da Touadera. Ya kuma kasance jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da Adalci har zuwa lokacin da aka kwace makamai a shekarar 2019.

== Rayuwar farko da aikin soja ==
An haifi Sayo a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1979 a Bangui.&lt;ref name=&quot;SAY&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last1=Themona |first1=Herman |title=République centrafricaine Alerte : Quand la France Protège les Binationaux sur Son Territoire pour Déstabiliser la Centrafrique - Cas de l'Ex-Chef Rebelle Armel Ningatoloum Sayo |url=https://lepotentielcentrafricain.com/rca-alerte-info-quand-la-france-protege-les-binationaux-sur-son-territoire-pour-destabiliser -la-centrafrique-cas-de-lex-chef-rebelle-armel-ningatoloum-sayo/ | shafin yanar gizon=lepotentielcentrafricain.com | mawallafi=Le Potentiel Centrafricain |access-date=29 Fabrairu 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mahaifinsa na halitta suna Sayo Robert, wani akawu a Bangui Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Daga baya {{ill|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro|fr|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro}} ya karbe shi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AMS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|first1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|url= http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/centrafrique-armel-sayo-sexprime/|title=Centrafrique: Armel Sayo s'exprime
| shafin yanar gizon=lanouvellecentrafrique.info|kwanan wata=2023-03-14|kwanan shiga-date=2024-02-28|url-status=matattu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726044636/http ://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/centrafrique-armel-sayo-sexprime/|archive-date=2013-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karkashin gwamnatin [[Ange-Félix Patassé|Patassé]], Sayo shine na ƙasar. Daraktan Tsaro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|author=International Federation for Human Rights |date=June 2014|title=Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya: &quot;Dole ne su fita ko kuma su mutu.&quot;|url=https://www.fidh .org/IMG/pdf/rapport_rca_2014-uk-04.pdf|publisher=Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya|shafi=65}}&lt;/ref&gt;Bayan [[2003 Jumhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya | juyin mulkin 2003]], wasu gungun masu dauke da makamai sun shiga gidansa suka yi yunkurin kashe Sayo, mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, yayyensa. Sai qungiyoyin suka tafi, sai ya kwashe mahaifinsa ta hanyar kama shi a matsayin mace zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Nijeriya&lt;ref name=&quot;AMS&quot; /&gt;

==Manazarta==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kirk Gibson</title>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:15Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma</username>
        <id>24301</id>
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      <comment>kirkirar mukala</comment>
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'''Kirk Harold Gibson''' an haifeshi a  1957.</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:48:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma</username>
        <id>24301</id>
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      <comment>saka sashe</comment>
      <origin>537162</origin>
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'''Kirk Harold Gibson''' an haifeshi a  1957.

== Manazarta ==</text>
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        <username>Aliyu Mamman Dan Umma</username>
        <id>24301</id>
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      <comment>saka manazarta</comment>
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'''Kirk Harold Gibson''' an haifeshi a  1957.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/10/16/kirk-gibson-home-run-dennis-eckersley-dodgers_n_4104360.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537150</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242000829|Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>537150</origin>
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'''Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur''' lauya ce yar [[Ruwanda|kasar Rwanda]]  hakazalika yar siyasa wadda ta kasance Ministan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Bala'i na Majalisar Ministocin Rwanda tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KT Press Staff Writer |date=30 August 2017 |title=New Prime Minister Announces Cabinet |url=http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053102/http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=Kigali Today Press (KT Press)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1978, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci makarantun cikin kasar Ruwanda. A shekarar 2012 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Debonheur ta fara aikinta ne a cikin shekarar 2008, tana aiki a matsayin Magatakarda ta Kotu a Kotun Kasuwanci, wanda ke a Musanze da Nyarugenge, tana aiki a wannan matakin har zuwa 2011.

Daga 2011 har zuwa 2012 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari'a kuma mai bayar da shawara a majalisar wakilai ta majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Tsawon watanni uku, daga Janairu 2013 zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shari'a a &quot;Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Rwanda&quot; (REMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=REMA |date=25 January 2013 |title=REMA staff committed to work hard for a better environment |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095645/http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 24 Afrilu 2013, Debonheur ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrar mai tsara dokoki kuma a matsayin mai bayar da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Dattijan Rwanda, tana aiki a cikin wannan aiki har zuwa 29 Agusta 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2017, an rantsar da ita a matsayin ministar kula da bala'o'i da harkokin 'yan gudun hijira ta kasar Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimenyi |first=Felly |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda gets new Cabinet, who is in? |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903103102/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur na da Aure kuma tana da da yara uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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      <text bytes="6921" sha1="2bqvishn30ls0qtsnco452t8h5kpro9" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur''' lauya ce yar [[Ruwanda|kasar Rwanda]]  hakazalika yar siyasa wadda ta kasance Ministan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Bala'i na Majalisar Ministocin Rwanda tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KT Press Staff Writer |date=30 August 2017 |title=New Prime Minister Announces Cabinet |url=http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053102/http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=Kigali Today Press (KT Press)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1978, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci makarantun cikin kasar Ruwanda. A shekarar 2012 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Debonheur ta fara aikinta ne a cikin shekarar 2008, tana aiki a matsayin Magatakarda ta Kotu a Kotun Kasuwanci, wanda ke a Musanze da Nyarugenge, tana aiki a wannan matakin har zuwa 2011.

Daga 2011 har zuwa 2012 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari'a kuma mai bayar da shawara a majalisar wakilai ta majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Tsawon watanni uku, daga Janairu 2013 zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shari'a a &quot;Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Rwanda&quot; (REMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=REMA |date=25 January 2013 |title=REMA staff committed to work hard for a better environment |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095645/http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 24 Afrilu 2013, Debonheur ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrar mai tsara dokoki kuma a matsayin mai bayar da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Dattijan Rwanda, tana aiki a cikin wannan aiki har zuwa 29 Agusta 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2017, an rantsar da ita a matsayin ministar kula da bala'o'i da harkokin 'yan gudun hijira ta kasar Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimenyi |first=Felly |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda gets new Cabinet, who is in? |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903103102/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur na da Aure kuma tana da da yara uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://midimar.gov.rw/index.php?id=2 Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Refugees and Disaster Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060614/http://midimar.gov.rw/index.php?id=2 |date=21 April 2019 }}
*[http://rwandaeye.com/losers-in-president-kagames-new-cabinet/ Losers in President Kagame’s New Cabinet] As of 31 August 2017.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debonheur, Jeanne dArc}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <comment>/* Tarihi da ilimi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6919" sha1="dy1q4qc62magje3oqpxgbo812l1m8qg" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur''' lauya ce yar [[Ruwanda|kasar Rwanda]]  hakazalika yar siyasa wadda ta kasance Ministan 'Yan Gudun Hijira da Bala'i na Majalisar Ministocin Rwanda tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=KT Press Staff Writer |date=30 August 2017 |title=New Prime Minister Announces Cabinet |url=http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905053102/http://ktpress.rw/2017/08/new-prime-minister-announces-cabinet/ |archive-date=5 September 2017 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=Kigali Today Press (KT Press)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tarihi da ilimi ==
An haife ta ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu 1978, &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma ta halarci makarantun cikin kasar Ruwanda. A shekarar 2012 ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Kasa ta Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt;

== Sana'a ==
Debonheur ta fara aikinta ne a cikin shekarar 2008, tana aiki a matsayin Magatakarda ta Kotu a Kotun Kasuwanci, wanda ke a Musanze da Nyarugenge, tana aiki a wannan matakin har zuwa 2011.

Daga 2011 har zuwa 2012 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari'a kuma mai bayar da shawara a majalisar wakilai ta majalisar dokokin Rwanda. Tsawon watanni uku, daga Janairu 2013 zuwa 23 ga Afrilu, 2013, ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shari'a a &quot;Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Rwanda&quot; (REMA). &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=REMA |date=25 January 2013 |title=REMA staff committed to work hard for a better environment |url=http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095645/http://www.rema.gov.rw/index.php?id=10&amp;tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=123&amp;cHash=5746d6145f2ccbe67a6fe47a002e2c29 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Daga 24 Afrilu 2013, Debonheur ta yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrar mai tsara dokoki kuma a matsayin mai bayar da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Dattijan Rwanda, tana aiki a cikin wannan aiki har zuwa 29 Agusta 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2017, an rantsar da ita a matsayin ministar kula da bala'o'i da harkokin 'yan gudun hijira ta kasar Rwanda. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kimenyi |first=Felly |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda gets new Cabinet, who is in? |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903103102/http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/219033 |archive-date=3 September 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rayuwa ta sirri ==
Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur na da Aure kuma tana da da yara uku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Midimar |date=31 August 2017 |title=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur |url=http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ |archive-date=24 October 2017 |access-date=24 October 2017 |publisher=Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar)}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMidimar2017&quot;&gt;Midimar (31 August 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100517/http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ &quot;Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees: About the Minister, Jeanne d'Arc Debonheur&quot;]. Kigali: Rwanda Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees (Midimar). Archived from [http://midimar.gov.rw/about-midimar/about-the-minister/ the original] on 24 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;24 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==
{{reflist}}

==Hanyoyin hadi na waje==
*[http://midimar.gov.rw/index.php?id=2 Website of the Rwanda Ministry of Refugees and Disaster Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421060614/http://midimar.gov.rw/index.php?id=2 |date=21 April 2019 }}
*[http://rwandaeye.com/losers-in-president-kagames-new-cabinet/ Losers in President Kagame’s New Cabinet] As of 31 August 2017.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debonheur, Jeanne dArc}}
[[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]]
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirella Ricciardi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537152</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1179631480|Mirella Ricciardi]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>537152</origin>
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      <text bytes="2786" sha1="e9mvixu8gmeqalmxrhly9593ajl50yq" xml:space="preserve">'''Mirella Ricciardi''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1931) 'yar kasar Kenya ce Kuma ta kasance mai daukar hoto kuma babbar marubuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MRperAfritorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2012 |title=Vanishing Africa: The poignant tale and images of Mirella Ricciardi |url=http://afritorial.com/vanishing-africa-mirella-ricciardi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016232727/http://afritorial.com/vanishing-africa-mirella-ricciardi/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=Afritorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MRperCM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ciugu Mwagiru |date=22 August 2015 |title=They put Kenya on world map, so why the hatred? |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/They-put-Kenya-on-world-map-so-why-the-hatred/1220-2840108-cbalijz/index.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=[[Daily Nation]] (online), Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma fito a fim din Michelangelo Antonioni na 1962 L'Eclisse, tana taka rawar gani sosai .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Mirella Rocco ita ce 'yar Mario Rocco (shekara 1893 zuwa shekara ta 1975) da Giselle Bunau-Varilla (shekara ta 1892 zuwa shekara 1978). Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Napoli|Naples]], jami'in sojan doki ne na kasar Italiya wanda ya shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] . Mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin kasar Faransa ce wacce ta kasance ɗalibar Rodin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORsecondoNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nicki Grihault |date=17 September 2003 |title=Hunter's daughter who saved the elephants |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4189815/Hunters-daughter-who-saved-the-elephants.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=This source is more directly concerned with Mirella Ricciardi's younger sister who married [[Iain Douglas-Hamilton|a young Scottish zoologist]] and became Oria Douglas-Hamilton |publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]], London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta biyu sun yi aure (amma ba tare da juna ba) lokacin da suka tashi zuwa Afirka a ƙarshen shekara ta 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;GenitoriMR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fiametta Rocco |date=21 September 2003 |title=The Miraculous Fever-Tree (First chapter extract placed online) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/books/chapters/the-miraculous-fevertree.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=[[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko sun shirya su tsere a Belgian Congo kuma su yi arziki ta hanyar kashe giwaye da sayar da hauren giwa. Kuma bayan safari na shekara guda Giselle ta yi juna biyu kuma ma'auratan sun tafi [[Kenya|kasar Kenya]] don zuwa asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORsecondoNG&quot; /&gt; Daga karshe sun zauna a kasar Kenya lokacin da aka haifi babban ɗan'uwan Mirella, Dorian Rocco (shekara ta 1930 zuwa shekara ta 2013). An haifi ƙarami daga cikin yara uku, Orla, a shekara ta 1933.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537158</id>
      <parentid>537152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:47:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafeez gaiwa</username>
        <id>24231</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>537158</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2812" sha1="entwlbxnrtr26oj0i8ngwsduqphoap9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Mirella Ricciardi''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1931) 'yar kasar Kenya ce Kuma ta kasance mai daukar hoto kuma babbar marubuciya.&lt;ref name=&quot;MRperAfritorial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 October 2012 |title=Vanishing Africa: The poignant tale and images of Mirella Ricciardi |url=http://afritorial.com/vanishing-africa-mirella-ricciardi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016232727/http://afritorial.com/vanishing-africa-mirella-ricciardi/ |archive-date=16 October 2017 |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=Afritorial}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MRperCM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ciugu Mwagiru |date=22 August 2015 |title=They put Kenya on world map, so why the hatred? |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/weekend/They-put-Kenya-on-world-map-so-why-the-hatred/1220-2840108-cbalijz/index.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |publisher=[[Daily Nation]] (online), Nairobi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ta kuma fito a fim din Michelangelo Antonioni na 1962 L'Eclisse, tana taka rawar gani sosai .

== Rayuwa ta farko ==
Mirella Rocco ita ce 'yar Mario Rocco (shekara 1893 zuwa shekara ta 1975) da Giselle Bunau-Varilla (shekara ta 1892 zuwa shekara 1978). Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito ne daga [[Napoli|Naples]], jami'in sojan doki ne na kasar Italiya wanda ya shiga [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] . Mahaifiyarta 'yar asalin kasar Faransa ce wacce ta kasance ɗalibar Rodin.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORsecondoNG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nicki Grihault |date=17 September 2003 |title=Hunter's daughter who saved the elephants |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4189815/Hunters-daughter-who-saved-the-elephants.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=This source is more directly concerned with Mirella Ricciardi's younger sister who married [[Iain Douglas-Hamilton|a young Scottish zoologist]] and became Oria Douglas-Hamilton |publisher=[[Daily Telegraph]], London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyayenta biyu sun yi aure (amma ba tare da juna ba) lokacin da suka tashi zuwa Afirka a ƙarshen shekara ta 1928. &lt;ref name=&quot;GenitoriMR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fiametta Rocco |date=21 September 2003 |title=The Miraculous Fever-Tree (First chapter extract placed online) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/21/books/chapters/the-miraculous-fevertree.html |access-date=19 July 2017 |website=[[New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Da farko sun shirya su tsere a Belgian Congo kuma su yi arziki ta hanyar kashe giwaye da sayar da hauren giwa. Kuma bayan safari na shekara guda Giselle ta yi juna biyu kuma ma'auratan sun tafi [[Kenya|kasar Kenya]] don zuwa asibiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ORsecondoNG&quot; /&gt; Daga karshe sun zauna a kasar Kenya lokacin da aka haifi babban ɗan'uwan Mirella, Dorian Rocco (shekara ta 1930 zuwa shekara ta 2013). An haifi ƙarami daga cikin yara uku, Orla, a shekara ta 1933.
[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]
[[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1931]]
==Manazarta==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tashin hankali a africa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537164</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:49:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eemermou</username>
        <id>28240</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: ==Tashin Hankali a Africa== wani babban al'amari ne na al'adu da al'adun Afirka a tsakanin kabilun Afirka; al'adar tabarbarewar a Afirka ya haɗa da tsarin yin &quot;ƙasa fata ta hanyar amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wukake, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko zane masu ma'ana&quot; da kuma bayyana &quot;bayanin ƙabila, matsayi a cikin al'umma, shiga cikin al'umma. girma, ko muhimmancin ruhaniya. ==Tarihi== Tashin hankali: wanda kuma aka sani da cicatrization a cikin ayyukan...</comment>
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      <text bytes="2641" sha1="akynasv0rps2tw1gylrh1bsq5njrws6" xml:space="preserve">==Tashin Hankali a Africa==
wani babban al'amari ne na al'adu da al'adun Afirka a tsakanin kabilun Afirka; al'adar tabarbarewar a Afirka ya haɗa da tsarin yin &quot;ƙasa fata ta hanyar amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wukake, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko zane masu ma'ana&quot; da kuma bayyana &quot;bayanin ƙabila, matsayi a cikin al'umma, shiga cikin al'umma. girma, ko muhimmancin ruhaniya.
==Tarihi==
Tashin hankali: wanda kuma aka sani da cicatrization a cikin ayyukan Turawa, wani lokaci ana haɗa shi a cikin nau'in tattooing, saboda ayyukan biyun da ke haifar da alamomi tare da launi a ƙasa da laushi ko launuka a saman fata.[2] A Afirka, gwamnatocin Turawan mulkin mallaka da ’yan mishan na Kirista na Turai sun zargi al’adunsu na yin jarfa da tabo; saboda haka, ayyukan sun ragu, sun ƙare, ko kuma ana ci gaba da yin su azaman ayyukan juriya.
== North Africa ==
Tsakanin 5000 KZ da 4000 KZ, al'ummomin makiyaya daga Sahara sun kasance yankin Neolithic Masar da Neolithic Sudan.[3] A cikin wannan al'adar kayan tarihi na yankin Kogin Nilu, an samo siffofi masu alama, wanda ke nuna cewa tattoo da scarification na iya zama al'adun gargajiya a tsakanin waɗannan al'ummomin makiyaya.
== Algeria ==
A lokacin farkon lokacin Holocene [7] (9500 BP - 7500 BP), [8] An ƙirƙiri zane-zane na Round Head a Tassili N'Ajjer, a Aljeriya, da kuma Tadrart Acacus, a Libya, 70% wanda ya ƙunshi na siffofin fasaha na anthropomorphic; Siffofin zane-zane na maza da na mata suna da alamun scarification waɗanda suka bambanta; Tsarin zane na layi na keɓance ga nau'ikan fasaha na maza, yayin da, tsarin ƙirar wata mai siffar jinjini da mai da'irar da'ira ba su keɓanta da nau'ikan fasahar mata.[7] Tsakanin karni na 5 KZ da 4th millennium KZ, zane-zanen dutsen dutsen tsakiyar Saharan na tsakiyar sahara na zanen mace mai gudu mai ƙaho, wanda wata ila allahiya ce ko kuma mai rawa[4] tare da alamun tabo jiki (misali, nono, ciki, cinyoyi, kafadu, kafadu, maruƙa), [5] ’yan Afirka ne suka ƙirƙira su, a lokacin Zagaye na Shugaban [6] [4] na Tassili N'Ajjer, a Tanzoumaitak, Algeria.
==Manazarta==
&lt;ref&gt;Lee, Raymond L.; Fraser, Alistair B. (2001). &quot;Gadar zuwa ga Ubangiji&quot;. Gadar Bakan gizo: Rainbows a Art, Myth, da Kimiyya. Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania Press. shafi na 14-15. Bibcode:2001rbra.littafi.....L. ISBN 0-271-01977-8.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Keenan, Jeremy H (2002). &quot;Ƙananan alloli na Sahara&quot;. Jama'a Archaeology. 2 (3): 138. doi:10.1179/pua.2002.2.3.131. Saukewa: S2CID140954728.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;Soukopova, Jitka (2019). &quot;Mata da al'adun gargajiya a cikin Round head rock art of the Sahara&quot;. Magana (26): 54. ISSN 2499-1341.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537168</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Elsanbashh</username>
        <id>21577</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kikkira sabuwar mukala</comment>
      <origin>537168</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="920" sha1="pb0a4p16q74pir9f0664sn1iayvwoa2" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Saltcellar with Portuguese Figures''' wani ma'ajin gishiri ne da ake sassaƙawa daga  hauren giwa, wanda akayi a daular Benin dake afirka ta yamma a ƙarni na sha shidda da ake ƙera ma kasuwar Turawa. Ana danganta shi ga wani babban malami ko bita wanda ba a san shi ba wanda masana tarihi na fasaha suke kiranshi da '''Jagoran Heraldic Ship'''. Yana nuna wasu fitattun 'yan Portugal guda huɗu, biyu na manyan aji kuma sauran biyun wataƙila masu gadi ne da ke kare su. A cikin karni na 16. Maziyartan ƙasar Portugal sun b bada sautin mazubban gishiri na hauren giwa tare da maɗibansu masu irin abin nan. Wannan rumbun gishirin giwaye na Afro-Portuguese an sassaƙa shi da salon hauren giwar Benin, kwatankwacin shahararrun Tagullan Benin da kuma abin rufe fuska da akeyi dahga hauren giwa na Benin.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcellar_with_Portuguese_Figures#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;

==MANAZARTA==</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Siege of janjira</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537169</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maryam Gambo Abdurrahman</username>
        <id>21300</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar mukala</comment>
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      <text bytes="3382" sha1="dngfpu9ubuh3cudz4mn7jr10qm6jff1" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}} 

=='''siege of janjira''' ==
Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta
Siege na Janjira
Sashi na Deccan Wars

Murud-Janjira Fort
Ranar Janairu 1682
Wuri	
Murud-Janjira
18.299589°N 72.964425°E
Sakamakon nasara Siddi
 
'Yan bindiga
Siddis de Janjira
Mughal Empire Maratha Confederacy
 Ma'anar sunan farko Marwar
Masu goyon bayan 'yan tawaye a kan Aurangzeb karkashin Yarima Akbar
Kwamandoji da shugabanni
Siddi Yaqub
Siddi Qasim
Siddi Khairiyat Sambhaji
Prince Akbar
Durgadas Rathore
Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande
An kashe Kondaji Farzand
Ƙarfi
Maza 20,000 Ba a sani ba
Siege na Janjira yana cikin MaharashtraSiege na Janjira
Location a cikin Maharashtra
Nuna taswirar Maharashtra
Nuna taswirar Indiya
Nuna duka
Siege na Janjira wani yaƙin neman zaɓe ne wanda ƙungiyar Maratha Confederacy, wanda Sambhaji, shugaban Maratha na biyu ya jagoranta, a kan Siddis na Janjira a watan Janairun shekarar alif 1682. Sojojin Maratha, karkashin jagorancin Sambhaji, sun janye daga Janjira zuwa yankin Konkan don mayar da martani. Mughal ya kai hari, inda ya bar wani tawaga a baya karkashin umarnin Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande. Duk da kokarin da suka yi, Maratha sun kasa kwace sansanin, kuma Siddis sun bi sojojin da suka ja da baya, suna kwace yankunan Maratha.


==bayan fage==
Duba kuma: Shivaji ya mamaye Janjira

Babban sansanin Janjira
Siddis, musulman Afirka, asalinsu daga Abyssinia, waɗanda aka fi sani da Musulman Abyssiniya, sun isa Indiya ta hanyar cinikin bayi, a matsayin ’yan kasuwa, ko kuma ta hanyar zama don neman abin rayuwarsu. Sun kafa matsuguni a gabar tekun Malabar na Indiya kuma a hankali suka rikide zuwa rundunar sojan ruwa, tare da babban sansaninsu a Janjira, wanda aka kwatanta da &quot;kayan katangar teku da ba za a iya samun ciki ba.&quot; Sarkin Musulmi Ahmadnagar ya kwace tsibirin Janjira a shekara ta 1498. Siddis sun yi masa mubaya'a, sannan aka nada shugabansu na yankin, wanda aka fi sani da Siddi bisa lakabinsa na gargajiya, a matsayin Gwamnan Janjira a madadin jihar Ahmadnagar. Wannan nadin ya ba da tabbaci na shari'a ga matsayinsu na gadon sarauta na yankin Janjira&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Janjira#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehta2005109-1&lt;/ref&gt;. A cikin 1636, a lokacin Siddi Ambar na gwamnan Janjira, Mughals sun ci Ahmednagar daga ƙarshe, kuma yankin Ahmednagar Konkan ya bar yankin Bijapur Subah na daular Mughal.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Janjira#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli1996159-2&lt;/ref&gt;


==Dagewa==
A farkon watan Janairu shekara ta alif1682, aka aika Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande, Janar na Maratha, zuwa Janjira, babban birnin Siddis. Sambhaji ya yi alkawarin nada shi a matsayin daya daga cikin Pradhan guda takwas na daular Maratha idan ya samu nasarar kawanya tare da kwace sansanin Janjira&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Janjira#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAli1996170-11&lt;/ref&gt;. A cikin kwanaki na ƙarshe na Disamba 1681, Durga Das Rathore, Rajput Janar na Marwar, da Yarima Akbar, ɗan Aurangzeb wanda ya yi tawaye ga Mughals, suka kulla kawance da Sambhaji a kan Siddis.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Janjira#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParihar196815%E2%80%9316-12&lt;/ref&gt; Sun yi taro da sojojin Raghunath Deshpande a Rajpuri, inda suka kawo wata runduna ta mutum 20,000.&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Janjira#cite_note-13&lt;/ref&gt;


==Manazarta==
https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kundin mulki na senegal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537170</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:51:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Abduldesigns</username>
        <id>21267</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Senegal ne ya tsara dokar kasa ta enegal, kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima; Dokar kasa, da sake fasalinta; da kuma yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa daban-daban wadanda kasar ta rattaba hannu a kai.  Wadannan dokokin sun dayyade ko wanene, ko kuma ya cancanci zama, dan kasar Senegal.  Waɗannan dokokin sun ƙayyade ko wanene, ko kuma ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Senegal.</comment>
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      <text bytes="396" sha1="7tabmyy5r6u3wvlm2fjwukmvqbz51b2" xml:space="preserve">Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Senegal ne ya tsara dokar kasa ta enegal, kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima; Dokar kasa, da sake fasalinta; da kuma yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa daban-daban wadanda kasar ta rattaba hannu a kai.

Wadannan dokokin sun dayyade ko wanene, ko kuma ya cancanci zama, dan kasar Senegal.

Waɗannan dokokin sun ƙayyade ko wanene, ko kuma ya cancanci zama, ɗan ƙasar Senegal.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shaba I</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86644</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537172</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:51:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Najaatuhd</username>
        <id>25547</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kirkirar shafi</comment>
      <origin>537172</origin>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="dlohq907qk28x1nw4ninvhmrkvzav5b" xml:space="preserve">‘“Shaba I”’</text>
      <sha1>dlohq907qk28x1nw4ninvhmrkvzav5b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>537191</id>
      <parentid>537172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:57:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Najaatuhd</username>
        <id>25547</id>
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      <text bytes="1928" sha1="tbyxyimko7ingplzz715zrf6ph56myg" xml:space="preserve">‘“Shaba I”’

Rikicin Shaba I ya kasance a lardin Shaba na kasar Zaire daga ranar 8 ga Maris zuwa 26 ga Mayun 1977. Rikicin ya fara ne a lokacin da kungiyar 'yan tawayen Kongo (FNLC), ta kunshi sojojin Katangan na Kongo kusan 2,000 wadanda suka kasance tsoffin sojojin kasar. Rikicin Kongo, Yaƙin ƴancin kai na Angola, da yaƙin basasar Angola, sun tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Shaba daga Angola. FNLC ta sami ci gaba cikin sauri a cikin yankin saboda tausayin mazauna yankin da kuma rashin tsari na sojojin Zairian (Forces Armées Zaïroises, ko FAZ). Da suke tafiya gabas daga kan iyakar Zaire da Angola, 'yan tawayen sun isa Mutshatsha, wani karamin gari kusa da muhimmin garin Kolwezi mai hakar ma'adinai.

Shugaban kasar Zairiya Mobutu Sese Seko ya zargi Angola, Jamus ta Gabas, [6] Cuba da Tarayyar Soviet da daukar nauyin 'yan tawaye. Sakamakon kyamar kwaminisanci da muradun tattalin arziki, kasashen yammacin Turai da Sin sun aika da taimako don tallafawa gwamnatin Mobutu. Mafi mahimmancin shiga tsakani, wanda Safari Club ya shirya, ya ƙunshi jirgin Faransa na sojojin Morocco a cikin yankin yaƙi. Shisshigin ya mayar da rikicin.[13] Shugaban Amurka Jimmy Carter ya amince da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Zaire amma ya ki aike da makamai ko sojoji sannan ya ce babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa Cuban na da hannu.

FAZ ta tsoratar da al'ummar lardin a lokacin yakin da kuma bayan yakin. Tashin bama-bamai da sauran tashe-tashen hankula ya sa 'yan gudun hijira 50,000 zuwa 70,000 suka tsere zuwa Angola da Zambia. An hana 'yan jarida shiga lardin, kuma an kama wasu da dama. Duk da haka, Mobutu ya samu nasarar hulda da jama'a tare da tabbatar da ci gaba da taimakon tattalin arziki daga gwamnatoci, asusun ba da lamuni na duniya, bankin duniya da kuma gungun masu ba da lamuni masu zaman kansu karkashin jagorancin Citibank.

FAZ da ikon waje sun sake yin arangama da masu tayar da kayar baya a rikicin 1978, Shaba II.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Joseph jenkins Roberts</title>
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        <username>Nassmart1</username>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: {{databox}} '''Joseph jenkins Roberts''' Joseph Jenkins Roberts (an haife shi 15 ga Maris, she karar 1809 – ya mutu a 24 ga Fabrairu,shekarar 1876) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Liberia a cikin shekarar 1829, inda ya zama ɗan siyasa. An zabe shi a matsayin na farko (1848–1856) da na bakwai (1872–1876) a ƙasar Laberiya bayan samun 'yancin kai, shi ne ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya fara mulkin ƙasar, wanda ya taba zama gwamna daga 1841 zuwa 1848....</comment>
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'''Joseph jenkins Roberts'''
Joseph Jenkins Roberts (an haife shi 15 ga Maris, she karar 1809 – ya mutu a 24 ga Fabrairu,shekarar 1876) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Amurka ne wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Liberia a cikin shekarar 1829, inda ya zama ɗan siyasa. An zabe shi a matsayin na farko (1848–1856) da na bakwai (1872–1876) a ƙasar Laberiya bayan samun 'yancin kai, shi ne ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya fara mulkin ƙasar, wanda ya taba zama gwamna daga 1841 zuwa 1848. juyin mulkin Laberiya 1871. An haife shi kyauta a Norfolk, Virginia, Roberts ya yi ƙaura yana matashi tare da mahaifiyarsa, ƴan uwansa, matarsa, da ɗansa zuwa ƙauyen Afirka ta Yamma. Ya bude kamfanin kasuwanci a Monrovia kuma daga baya ya shiga siyasa.

==Manazarta==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutanen Punic</title>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251796341|Punic people]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2333" sha1="nwb0q4414pupvh84ygpyvvw5psqrb1l" xml:space="preserve">'''Mutanen Punic''', yawanci ana kiransu Carthaginians  (kuma wani lokacin a matsayin Yammacin Phoenicia),  mutanen Semitic ne waɗanda suka yi kaura  wato hijira daga Phoenicia zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Yammacin Bahar Rum]]  a lokacin Farkon da ake Kira da Iron Age . A cikin ilimin zamani, kalmar ''Punic'', tayi daidai da kalmar Helenanci na kalmar Phoenician, ana amfani da ita ne kawai don komawa ga yaren Phoenicians a yammacin Bahar Rum, bin layin Gabashin Girka da Latin Yamma. Mafi girman mazaunin Punic shine Tsohon Carthage, amma akwai wasu mazauna 300 a bakin tekun [[Arewacin Afirka]] daga  Leptis Magna a [[Libya|kasar Libya]] ta zamani zuwa Mogador a kudancin Morocco, da yammacin [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], kudancin [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]], kudancin da gabashin gabar Yankin Iberian Peninsula, [[Malta]], da Ibiza. Harshensu, [[Harshen Punic|Punic]], yare ne na Phoenician, ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Arewa maso Yammacin Semitic wanda ya samo asali ne Yankin Levant.

Tushen wallafe-wallafen sun ba da rahoton hujja Akan cewa lokatai biyu na mazauna Yankin Taya a yamma, na farko a cikin karni na 12 BC (biranen Utica, Lixus, da Gadir) wanda sunkasance masu Ilimin kimiyya fasaha na  archaeology (ilmin bin diddiqi na binciken tarihin albarka tun kasa) Amma bai tabbatar da shi ba, kuma na biyu a ƙarshen karni na 9 BC, wanda aka rubuta a rubuce-rubuce akai a cikin Yankin gabas da yamma, wanda ya ƙare a cikin tushe da yankuna a arewa maso yammacin nahiyar Afirka (biranen Auza, Carthage, da Kition) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last3=María Eugenia Aubet}}&lt;/ref&gt; kuma sun zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin na bunkasa kasuwanci da ke da ke da alaƙa da Taya, Arvad, Berytus, Sidon. &lt;span anywhere=&quot;&quot; applicability=&quot;&quot; article=&quot;&quot; else=&quot;&quot; explanation=&quot;&quot; in=&quot;&quot; meaningful=&quot;&quot; no=&quot;&quot; nor=&quot;&quot; october=&quot;&quot; of=&quot;&quot; this=&quot;&quot; tyrian=&quot;&quot; wikipedia=&quot;&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#x5D; Kodayake an riƙe alaƙa Mai qarfi da yankin Phoenicia a duk tarihin su, sun kuma haɓaka alaƙar kasuwanci ta kusa da sauran mutanen yammacin Yankin Bahar Rum, kamar Sicilians, Sardinians, [[Abzinawa|Berbers]], Helenawa, da Iberians, kuma sun chigaba da haɓaka wasu halaye na al'adu daban da na ƙasarsu ta Phoenicia. Wasu daga cikin wadannan sun kasance sun raba ta duk mutanen yammacin Phoenicians, yayin da wasu aka ƙuntata su  ga yankunan daban-daban a cikin yankin Yankin Punic.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ségou</title>
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      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.</comment>
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      <text bytes="274" sha1="nfw6xjz34yxvyb2zyrm7x4ja6lig4z5" xml:space="preserve">'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.
A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro .</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro.

==Tarihi==
==Asali==
Ségou ya kalubalanci asalin. Wasu suna da'awar cewa kalmar Ségou ta fito ne daga &quot;Sikoro&quot;, ma'ana zuwa ƙasan itacen man shanu. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Cheikou, wani marabout wanda ya kafa birnin, yayin da har yanzu wasu ra'ayoyin ke goyon bayan da'awar cewa masunta Bozo ne suka kafa Ségou daga arewa a karni na 4, wadanda suka kafa ƙauyukansu a gefen Kogin Neja. Karni na 11 AZ ya ga kwararar Mutanen Soninke, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga rushewar Daular Ghana, tare da yawan Mandinka da ke biyowa.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro.

==Tarihi==
==Asali==
Ségou ya kalubalanci asalin. Wasu suna da'awar cewa kalmar Ségou ta fito ne daga &quot;Sikoro&quot;, ma'ana zuwa ƙasan itacen man shanu. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Cheikou, wani marabout wanda ya kafa birnin, yayin da har yanzu wasu ra'ayoyin ke goyon bayan da'awar cewa masunta Bozo ne suka kafa Ségou daga arewa a karni na 4, wadanda suka kafa ƙauyukansu a gefen Kogin Neja. Karni na 11 AZ ya ga kwararar Mutanen Soninke, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga rushewar Daular Ghana, tare da yawan Mandinka da ke biyowa.

==Daular Bambara==
A kusa da shekara ta 1650 Kaladian Coulibaly ya hambarar da daular Koita mai mulki kuma ya kafa masarauta mai iko idan ba ta da tsawo tare da Ségou-Koro a matsayin babban birni.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro.

==Tarihi==
==Asali==
Ségou ya kalubalanci asalin. Wasu suna da'awar cewa kalmar Ségou ta fito ne daga &quot;Sikoro&quot;, ma'ana zuwa ƙasan itacen man shanu. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Cheikou, wani marabout wanda ya kafa birnin, yayin da har yanzu wasu ra'ayoyin ke goyon bayan da'awar cewa masunta Bozo ne suka kafa Ségou daga arewa a karni na 4, wadanda suka kafa ƙauyukansu a gefen Kogin Neja. Karni na 11 AZ ya ga kwararar Mutanen Soninke, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga rushewar Daular Ghana, tare da yawan Mandinka da ke biyowa.

==Daular Bambara==
A kusa da shekara ta 1650 Kaladian Coulibaly ya hambarar da daular Koita mai mulki kuma ya kafa masarauta mai iko idan ba ta da tsawo tare da Ségou-Koro a matsayin babban birni.
Ɗaya daga cikin jikokin Koulibaly, Mamary Coulibaly wanda aka fi sani da BiTòn, ya zama shugaban tòn, ƙungiyar maza, wani lokaci bayan 1700. A shekara ta 1712, Bitòn ya yi amfani da ƙarfin soja don kawar da dattawa na gida da faɗaɗa Daular Bambara. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya faɗaɗa yankinsa don ya haɗa da cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yanki kamar Macina da Djenné . Birnin Timbuktu zai zama jihar da ke da alaƙa da Daular Bambara ta Bitòn. A wannan lokacin Segou ita ce babban birnin Daular Bambara, kuma gine-ginen birane na musamman ya fara fitowa a Ségou Koro, gami da Masallatai.</text>
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'''Ségou''' birni a kudu maso tsakiyar Mali ke da nisan kilomita 235 146 arewa maso gabashin Bamako a gefen dama na Kogin Neja . frGarin shine babban birnin Ségou Circle da Yankin Ségou . Tare da mazauna 130,690 a shekara ta 2009, ita ce birni na biyar mafi girma a Mali.

A tsakiyar karni na 19 akwai ƙauyuka huɗu da sunan Ségou da aka shimfiɗa a kan nisan kusan kilomita 12 km (7.5 mi) (7.5 tare da gefen dama na kogi. Sun kasance, farawa daga mafi girma, Ségou-Koro (Tsohon Ségou), Ségou, Ségó-Koura (Sabon Ségou) da Ségou - Sikoro. Garin na yanzu yana kan shafin Ségou-Sikoro.

==Tarihi==
==Asali==
Ségou ya kalubalanci asalin. Wasu suna da'awar cewa kalmar Ségou ta fito ne daga &quot;Sikoro&quot;, ma'ana zuwa ƙasan itacen man shanu. Wasu suna jayayya cewa an sanya masa suna ne bayan Cheikou, wani marabout wanda ya kafa birnin, yayin da har yanzu wasu ra'ayoyin ke goyon bayan da'awar cewa masunta Bozo ne suka kafa Ségou daga arewa a karni na 4, wadanda suka kafa ƙauyukansu a gefen Kogin Neja. Karni na 11 AZ ya ga kwararar Mutanen Soninke, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga rushewar Daular Ghana, tare da yawan Mandinka da ke biyowa.

==Daular Bambara==
A kusa da shekara ta 1650 Kaladian Coulibaly ya hambarar da daular Koita mai mulki kuma ya kafa masarauta mai iko idan ba ta da tsawo tare da Ségou-Koro a matsayin babban birni.
Ɗaya daga cikin jikokin Koulibaly, Mamary Coulibaly wanda aka fi sani da BiTòn, ya zama shugaban tòn, ƙungiyar maza, wani lokaci bayan 1700. A shekara ta 1712, Bitòn ya yi amfani da ƙarfin soja don kawar da dattawa na gida da faɗaɗa Daular Bambara. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, ya faɗaɗa yankinsa don ya haɗa da cibiyoyin kasuwanci na yanki kamar Macina da Djenné . Birnin Timbuktu zai zama jihar da ke da alaƙa da Daular Bambara ta Bitòn. A wannan lokacin Segou ita ce babban birnin Daular Bambara, kuma gine-ginen birane na musamman ya fara fitowa a Ségou Koro, gami da Masallatai.

Bayan mutuwar Bitòn a shekara ta 1755 wani lokaci na rashin kwanciyar hankali ya biyo baya, a lokacin da babban birnin Daular ya koma sau da yawa.  A shekara ta 1766 Ngolo Diarra, tsohon bawa da jarumi, ya mallaki Daular Bambara kuma ya kaddamar da lokacin wadata. Daular Diarra ta mallaki Ségou har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 19. Ya ƙaura babban birnin masarautar daga Segou-Koro zuwa Ségou-Sikoro, kusa da shafin yanar gizon yanzu.</text>
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      <text bytes="21865" sha1="0r2op2hm0j6ni8xq4201umdv6pql3nq" xml:space="preserve">Henry IV na Ingila

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

￼

Wannan labarin yana buƙatar ƙarin ambato don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su.
Nemo tushe: &quot;Henry IV na Ingila&quot; - labarai · jaridu · littattafai · masani · JSTOR (Fabrairu 2024) (Koyi yadda da kuma lokacin da za a cire wannan sakon)

Henry IV

Karamin haske, c. 1402[1]

Sarkin Ingila 

(gobe...)

Mulki 30 Satumba 1399 -
20 Maris 1413Coronation13 Oktoba 1399Magabaci Richard IIS ya maye gurbin Henry V

Haihuwa Afrilu 1367[2]
Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, IngilaYa mutu20 Maris 1413 (shekaru 45)
Jerusalem Chamber, Westminster, IngilaBurial

Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, Ingila

Ma'aurata

Mary de Bohun

;

;

(m. 1381; mutu 1394).

Joan de Navarre

 
;

(D. 1403).

Batu
gobe...

Henry V, Sarkin Ingila

Thomas, Duke na Clarence

John, Duke of Bedford

Humphrey, Duke na Gloucester

Blanche

Philippa, Sarauniyar Denmark, Norway da Sweden

Gidan Lancaster Uba John na GauntMahaifiyar Blanche na Lancaster Sa hannu

Henry IV (c. Afrilu 1367 - 20 Maris 1413), kuma aka sani da Henry Bolingbroke, shi ne Sarkin Ingila daga 1399 zuwa 1413. Henry ɗan John na Gaunt ne, Duke na Lancaster (ɗan Edward III na uku), da Blanche. ko Lancaster.[3]

Henry ya shiga cikin tawaye na 1388 na Lords Appellant akan Richard II, dan uwansa na farko, amma ba a hukunta shi ba. Duk da haka, an kore shi daga kotu a shekara ta 1398. Bayan mahaifin Henry ya rasu a shekara ta 1399, Richard ya hana Henry gadon gonakin mahaifinsa. A waccan shekarar, Henry ya tara gungun magoya bayansa, ya hambarar da shi, ya daure Richard II, ya kuma kwace mulki; Wadannan ayyukan daga baya sun ba da gudummawa ga rikice-rikice na dynastic a cikin Wars na Roses (1455-1487).

Henry shi ne shugaban Ingilishi na farko wanda harshen asalinsa Ingilishi ne (maimakon Faransanci) tun lokacin da Norman Conquest, sama da shekaru ɗari uku da suka gabata.[4] A matsayinsa na sarki, ya fuskanci tawaye da yawa, musamman na Owain Glyndŵr, Yariman Wales na ƙarshe na Wales, da kuma Baƙin Ingila Henry Percy (Hotspur), wanda aka kashe a Yaƙin Shrewsbury a 1403. Henry IV yana da yara shida. daga aurensa na farko da Mary de Bohun, yayin da aurensa na biyu da Joan na Navarre bai haifar da 'ya'ya masu rai ba. Babban ɗan Henry da Maryamu, Henry na Monmouth, sun ɗauki ragamar gwamnati a shekara ta 1410 yayin da lafiyar sarki ta tsananta. Henry IV ya mutu a shekara ta 1413, kuma dansa ya gaje shi a matsayin Henry V.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Farkon Rayuwa

2 Rikici a kotu

2.1 Dangantaka da Richard II

3 Shigarwa

4 Mulki

4.1 Tawaye

4.2 Alakar kasashen waje

4.3 Rashin lafiya na ƙarshe da mutuwa

4.3.1 Jana'iza

5 Lakabi da makamai

5.1 Take

5.2 Makamai

6 Asalinsa

7 Aure da batutuwa

7.1 Aure na farko: Mary de Bohun

7.2 Aure na biyu: Joan na Navarre

7.3 Ma'aurata

8 Duba kuma

9 Bayanan kula

10 Nassoshi

10.1 Abubuwan da aka ambata

10.2 Karin karatu

11 Hagu na waje

Rayuwar farko

[gyara tushe]

An haifi Henry a Bolingbroke Castle, a cikin Lincolnshire, ga John na Gaunt da Blanche na Lancaster.[3] An samo takensa &quot;Bolingbroke&quot; daga mahaifarsa. Gaunt shi ne ɗa na uku ga Sarki Edward III. Blanche ita ce 'yar attajirin dan siyasar sarauta kuma mai martaba Henry, Duke na Lancaster. Gaunt ya ji daɗin matsayin da ya yi tasiri sosai a lokacin mulkin ɗan'uwansa, Sarki Richard II. Yayyen Henry sune Philippa, Sarauniyar Portugal, da Elizabeth, Duchess na Exeter. Ƙanwarsa Katherine, Sarauniyar Castile, 'yar Gaunt ce tare da matarsa ​​ta biyu, Constance na Castile. Har ila yau Henry yana da 'yan'uwa hudu da aka haifa daga Katherine Swynford, asalin mulkin 'yan uwansa, sa'an nan kuma tsohuwar uwargidan mahaifinsa kuma daga baya matarsa ​​ta uku. Wadannan shege (ko da yake daga baya sun halatta) an ba wa yara suna Beaufort daga wurin haifuwarsu a Château de Beaufort a Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Faransa.[5].

Henry tadangantakarsa da uwarsa Katherine Swynford ta kasance mai farin ciki, amma dangantakarsa da Beauforts ta bambanta. A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, yana da alama ya kasance kusa da su duka, amma hamayya da Henry da Thomas Beaufort sun haifar da matsala bayan 1406. Ralph Neville, Baron Neville na 4, ya auri 'yar'uwar Henry Joan Beaufort. Neville ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan magoya bayansa, haka ma babban ɗan'uwansa John Beaufort, ko da yake Henry ya soke kyautar Richard II ga John na marquesate. Ɗan Katherine Swynford daga aurenta na farko, Thomas, wani abokin aminci ne. Thomas Swynford ya kasance Constable na Pontefract Castle, inda aka ce Richard II ya mutu.

Rikici a kotu

[gyara tushe]

Dangantaka da Richard II

[gyara tushe]

￼Henry na Bolingbroke, wanda sarakunan ruhi da na wucin gadi ke gefensa, ya yi iƙirarin kursiyin a 1399. Daga wani rubutun zamani, Laburaren Biritaniya, Tarin Harleian

Henry ya sami dangantaka marar daidaituwa da Sarki Richard II fiye da mahaifinsa. 'Yan uwan ​​farko da abokan wasan yara, an shigar da su tare a matsayin mawaƙa na Order of Garter a 1377, amma Henry ya shiga cikin tawaye na Lords Appellants ga sarki a 1387.[6]. Bayan ya sake samun mulki, Richard bai hukunta Henry ba, ko da yake ya kashe ko kuma korar da yawa daga cikin sauran 'yan tawaye. Haƙiƙa, Richard ya ɗaukaka Henry daga Earl na Derby zuwa Duke na Hereford.[7]

Henry ya ciyar da dukan 1390 yana goyon bayan rashin nasarar kewaye Vilnius (babban birnin Grand Duchy na Lithuania) na Teutonic Knights tare da 70 zuwa 80 na gida.[8] A lokacin wannan kamfen, ya sayi mata da yara 'yan Lithuania da aka kama kuma ya mayar da su zuwa Königsberg don su tuba, ko da yake Lithuania sun riga sun yi baftisma da limaman Poland shekaru goma a lokacin.[9]

Balaguro na biyu na Henry zuwa Lithuania a cikin 1392 ya kwatanta fa'idodin kuɗi ga oda na waɗannan 'yan Salibiyya baƙi. Ƙananan sojojinsa sun ƙunshi mutane fiye da 100, ciki har da maharba na dogon baka da maharba shida, a kan jimlar kuɗin Lancastrian na £ 4,360. Duk da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen Henry da ’yan Salibiyya na Ingilishi, shekaru biyu na hare-haren da aka kai wa Vilnius ya zama marar amfani. A cikin 1392-93 Henry ya gudanar da aikin hajji zuwa Urushalima, inda ya yi hadayu a kabari mai tsarki da kuma a Dutsen Zaitun.[10] Daga baya kuma ya sha alwashin jagorantar yakin ‘yan ta’adda don ‘yantar da Kudus daga hannun kafiri, amma ya mutu kafin a cimma hakan.[11]

Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Henry da Richard ta sami rikici na biyu. A cikin 1398, wani jawabi game da mulkin Richard na Thomas de Mowbray, Duke na Norfolk na farko, Henry ya fassara shi da cin amana, wanda ya kai rahoto ga sarki.[12] Sarakunan biyu sun amince da yin wani duel na girmamawa (wanda Richard ke kira) a Gosford Green kusa da Caludon Castle, gidan Mowbray a Coventry. Amma duk da haka kafin a yi fafatawar, Richard ya yanke shawarar korar Henry daga masarautar (tare da amincewar mahaifin Henry, John na Gaunt), ko da yake ba a san inda ya yi gudun hijira ba, don guje wa zubar da jini. Mowbray an yi hijira zuwa rayuwa.[13]

John na Gaunt ya mutu a watan Fabrairu 1399.[13] Ba tare da bayani ba, Richard ya soke takardun doka da za su ba Henry damar ya gaji ƙasar Gaunt ta atomatik. Maimakon haka, za a buƙaci Henry ya tambayi Richard filayen.[14]

shiga

[gyara tushe]

Bayan ɗan jinkiri, Henry ya sadu da Thomas Arundel da ke gudun hijira, tsohon babban limamin Canterbury, wanda ya rasa matsayinsa saboda haɗin gwiwarsa da mai gabatar da kara [14]. Henry da Arundel sun koma Ingila yayin da Richard ke yakin neman zabe a Ireland. Tare da Arundel a matsayin mai ba shi shawara, Henry ya fara yakin soja, yana kwace ƙasa daga waɗanda suka yi hamayya da shi kuma ya umurci sojojinsa su lalata yawancin Cheshire. Henry da farko ya sanar da cewa ya yi niyyar kwato hakkinsa a matsayin Duke na Lancaster, ko da yake ya sami isasshen iko da goyon baya don ya bayyana kansa Sarki Henry IV, kurkuku.Richard (wanda ya mutu a gidan yari, mai yiwuwa ya mutu da yunwa,[15]) kuma ya ƙetare magajin Richard, Edmund de Mortimer, 5th Earl na Maris.[16]

Nadin sarautar Henry na 13 ga Oktoba 1399 a Westminster Abbey[17] na iya zama karo na farko tun bayan Nasara na Norman da sarki ya yi jawabi a cikin Turanci.

A cikin Janairu 1400, Henry ya rushe Epiphany Rising, tawayen da magoya bayan Richard suka yi don kashe shi. An yi wa Henry gargaɗi kuma ya tara sojoji a London, inda maharan suka gudu. An kama su kuma aka kashe su ba tare da shari’a ba.

Mulki

[gyara tushe]

Naɗin sarauta na Henry IV na Ingila, daga rubutun ƙarni na 15 na Tarihi na Jean Froissart

Henry ya rika tuntubar majalisa akai-akai, amma a wasu lokuta yana samun sabani da mambobin, musamman kan al'amuran coci. A cikin Janairu 1401, Arundel ya kira wani taro a St. Paul's Cathedral don yin jawabi ga Lollardy.[18] Henry ya aika wata ƙungiya domin ta roƙi limaman coci da su magance ƴan bidi’a da ke kawo hargitsi a Ingila da ruɗani tsakanin Kiristoci, da kuma hukunta waɗanda ke da hannu.[19] Bayan ɗan lokaci taro tare da majalisar wakilai suka nemi Henry ya ɗauki mataki a kan Lollards[20]. A kan wannan shawara, Henry ya samu daga Majalisar Dokokin De heretico comburendo a shekara ta 1401, wanda ya ba da umarnin kona ’yan bidi’a, aikin da aka yi shi ne don murkushe harkar Lollard[20]. A cikin 1404 da 1410, Majalisar ta ba da shawarar kwace ƙasar coci, inda duka ƙoƙarin biyun suka kasa samun goyon baya.[21]

Tawaye

[gyara tushe]

￼Azurfa rabin rabin-gidan na Henry IV, York Museums Trust

Henry ya shafe yawancin mulkinsa yana kare kansa daga makirci, tawaye, da yunkurin kisa. Babbar matsalar Henry ta farko a matsayin sarki ita ce abin da zai yi da Richard da aka kora. Bayan da aka rushe makircin kisan kai na farko a cikin Janairu 1400, Richard ya mutu a gidan yari yana da shekaru 33, watakila yunwa ta kashe bisa umarnin Henry. tare da abin da aka sani game da halin Richard. Ko da yake bayanan majalisar sun nuna cewa an yi tanadin jigilar gawar sarkin tun ranar 17 ga watan Fabrairu, amma babu wani dalili da zai sa a ce bai mutu ba a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, kamar yadda tarihi da yawa suka bayyana. Za a iya cewa, bai yi mummunar mutuwa ba, domin kwarangwal, da aka bincika, ba ya da alamun tashin hankali; ko da gaske ya kashe kansa ko kuma wannan yunwa ta tilasta masa, al'amura ne na hasashe na tarihi [22].

Bayan mutuwarsa, an nuna gawar Richard a bainar jama'a a cikin Old St Paul's Cathedral, [23] duka don tabbatar wa magoya bayansa cewa ya mutu da gaske kuma don tabbatar da cewa bai sha wani mummunan kisa ba. Hakan bai hana jita-jita da ake yaɗawa shekaru da yawa bayan haka yana raye kuma yana jiran ya karɓe gadon sarautarsa, kuma gawar da aka nuna na babban limamin Richard ne, wani firist mai suna Maudelain, wanda ya yi kama da shi sosai. Henry ya sa aka binne gawar cikin hikima a cikin Dominican Priory a Kings Langley, Hertfordshire, [24] inda ya kasance har sai da sarki Henry V ya dawo da gawar Landan ya binne shi a cikin kabarin da Richard ya ba wa kansa izini a Westminster Abbey.[25] ]]

Tawaye sun ci gaba a cikin shekaru 10 na farko na mulkin Henry, ciki har da tawayen Owain Glyndŵr, wanda ya ayyana kansa yarima na Wales a 1400, [26] da tawayen da Henry Percy ya jagoranta, 1st Earl na Northumberland, daga 1403. Tawayen Percy na farko. Ya ƙare a yakin Shrewsbury a 1403 tare da mutuwar ɗan kunne Henry, sanannen sojan da aka sani da &quot;Hotspur&quot; saboda saurinsa a gaba da kuma shirye-shiryen kai hari. Haka kuma a wannan yakin, babban dan Henry IV, Henry na Monmouth, daga baya Sarki Henry V, ya ji rauni da kibiya a fuskarsa. Yan gidan sarauta ne suka kula dashilikita John Bradmore. Duk da haka, yakin Shrewsbury nasara ce ta sarauta. Ƙarfin soja na Monmouth ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarar sarki (ko da yake Monmouth ya karɓi iko mai tasiri daga mahaifinsa a 1410).

A cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta mulkin Henry, 'yan tawayen sun yi sauri. &quot;An sake farfado da tsohuwar tatsuniya na mai rai Richard&quot;, in ji wani rahoto, &quot;kuma jakadu daga Scotland sun ratsa ƙauyukan Ingila, a cikin shekara ta ƙarshe ta mulkin Henry, suna bayyana cewa Richard yana zaune a Kotun Scotland, yana jiran kawai sigina daga abokansa su gyara Landan su kwato gadon sarautarsa.&quot;

An sami wani maƙaryaci mai kamanceceniya kuma tsohon angon sarki Richard ya zagaya a cikin birni cewa ubangidansa yana raye a Scotland. Sir Elias Lyvet (Levett) da abokin aikinsa Thomas Clark, wanda ya yi alkawarin ba da taimako ga Scotland don aiwatar da tayar da &quot;Southwark an tunzura shi zuwa tawaye.&quot; Daga karshe dai tawayen ya zama babu komai. An saki Lyvet kuma aka jefa Clark cikin Hasumiyar London.[27]

Alakar kasashen waje

[gyara tushe]

￼Manuel II Palaiologos (a hagu) tare da Henry IV (dama) a London, Disamba 1400[28]

A farkon mulkinsa, Henry ya karbi bakuncin Manuel II Palaiologos, Sarkin Rumawa daya tilo da ya taba ziyartar Ingila, daga Disamba 1400 zuwa Fabrairu 1401 a Eltham Palace, tare da nuna farin ciki da girmamawa. Har ila yau Henry ya aika da tallafin kuɗi tare da Manuel bayan tafiyarsa don taimaka masa a yaƙi da Daular Usmaniyya.[29]

A cikin 1406, 'yan fashin teku na Ingila sun kama James I na Scotland na gaba, yana da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, a bakin tekun Flamborough Head yayin da yake tafiya zuwa Faransa.[30] An kai James ga Henry IV kuma ya kasance fursuna har sai bayan mutuwar ɗan Henry, Henry V.[31].

Rashin lafiya na ƙarshe da mutuwa

[gyara tushe]

Shekarun baya na mulkin Henry sun kasance da manyan matsalolin lafiya. Yana da cutar fata mai lalacewa kuma, mafi muni, ya sha fama da munanan hare-haren rashin lafiya a watan Yuni 1405; Afrilu 1406; Yuni 1408; a lokacin hunturu na 1408-09; Disamba 1412; kuma a ƙarshe an yi mummunar faɗuwa a cikin Maris 1413. A cikin 1410, Henry ya ba wa likitan likitansa Thomas Morstede kuɗin shekara na fam 40. wanda Henry V ya tabbatar da shi nan da nan bayan ya gaje shi. Wannan ya kasance ne don kada Morstede ya kasance &quot;kowa ya riƙe shi&quot;[32]. Masana tarihi na likitanci sun dade suna muhawara game da yanayin wannan kunci ko kunci. Wataƙila cutar kuturta ta kasance kuturta (wanda ba lallai ba ne yana nufin ainihin abu ɗaya a cikin ƙarni na 15 kamar yadda yake ga likitan zamani), wataƙila psoriasis, ko kuma wata cuta dabam. An ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mummunan hare-haren, tun daga farfadiya zuwa nau'i na cututtukan zuciya.[33]. Wasu marubuta na zamanin da suna jin cewa an buge shi da kuturta a matsayin hukunci saboda yadda ya yi wa Richard le Scrope, Archbishop na York, wanda aka kashe a watan Yuni 1405 bisa umarnin Henry bayan juyin mulkin da bai yi nasara ba[34].

A cewar Holinshed, an yi hasashen cewa Henry zai mutu a Urushalima, kuma wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare ya maimaita wannan annabcin. Henry ya ɗauki wannan yana nufin cewa zai mutu a yaƙin yaƙi. A hakikanin gaskiya, ya mutu a zauren Jerusalem a gidan abbot na Westminster Abbey, a ranar 20 ga Maris 1413 a lokacin taron majalisar.[35] Wanda ya zartar da hukuncin, Thomas Langley, yana gefensa.

Binne

[gyara tushe]

￼Henry IV da Joan na Navarre, dalla-dalla game da fiffijin su a Canterbury Cathedral￼ 16th karni na 16 zanen zane na Henry IV, National Portrait Gallery, London

Duk da misalin da akasarin magabata na baya-bayan nan suka kafa, Henry da matarsa ​​ta biyu, Joan, ba a binne su a Westminster Abbey ba amma a Canterbury Cathedral, a arewacin Trinity Chapel kuma kai tsaye kusa da wurin ibada na St Thomas Becket. Tunanin Becket yana ci gaba da bunƙasa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a cikin lissafin zuhudu da kuma a cikin ayyukan adabi kamar The Canterbury Tales, kuma Henry ya kasance mai sadaukarwa da shi musamman, ko aƙalla yana sha'awar alaƙa da shi. Dalilan sashiga cikin Canterbury abu ne da za a iya muhawara, amma akwai yiyuwar Henry da gangan ya danganta kansa da waliyyi shahidi saboda dalilai na siyasa, wato halascin daularsa bayan ya kwace mulki daga hannun Richard II.[36] Mahimmanci, a lokacin nadin sarautarsa, an shafe shi da mai mai tsarki wanda aka bayar da rahoton cewa Budurwa Maryamu ta ba Becket jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa a cikin 1170;[37] [38] an sanya wannan mai a cikin wani akwati dabam na zinariya mai siffar gaggafa. A cewar wani sigar tatsuniya, man ya koma ga kakan mahaifiyar Henry, Henry na Grosmont, Duke na Lancaster.[39]

Tabbacin haɗin kai na Henry da Becket ya ta'allaka ne a wani bangare na tsarin kabarin da kansa. Tambarin katako da ke yammacin ƙarshen kabarinsa yana ɗauke da hoton shahadar Becket, kuma mai gwadawa, ko alfarwar katako, a saman kabarin an zana shi da taken kansa na Henry, 'Soverayne', wanda ƙawancen zinariya masu rawani suka canza shi. Haka nan, manyan riguna guda uku waɗanda suka mamaye zanen gwaji suna kewaye da ƙulla na SS, gaggafa ta zinariya da ke kewaye da kowane taya.[40] Kasancewar irin waɗannan dalilai na mikiya suna nuni ne kai tsaye ga man nadin sarautar Henry da haɗin gwiwarsa na akida da Becket. Wani lokaci bayan mutuwar Henry, an gina wani katon kabari don shi da sarauniyarsa, mai yiwuwa Sarauniya Joan ta ba da izini kuma ta biya shi.[41] A saman akwatin kabarin an kwanta cikakkun alamun alabaster na Henry da Joan, suna sanye da rawani kuma suna sanye da rigunansu na bikin. A bayyane yake an yi wa jikin Henry kyau sosai, a matsayin wani tone-kone a cikin 1832 da aka kafa, wanda ya ba wa masana tarihi damar faɗi da tabbaci mai ma'ana cewa zane-zanen suna wakiltar ingantacciyar hoto.[42][43]

Lakabi da makamai

[gyara tushe]

Lakabi

[gyara tushe]

Salon Earl na Derby (1377–1397);[44]

Earl na Northampton da Hereford (22 Disamba 1384 - 30 Satumba 1399);[45]

Duke na Hereford (29 Satumba 1397 - 30 Satumba 1399);[45]

Duke na Lancaster (3 Fabrairu - 30 Satumba 1399); [45]

Sarkin Ingila da Ubangijin Ireland (30 Satumba 1399 - 20 Maris 1413).[46]

Makamai

[gyara tushe]

Kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1399, Henry ya ɗauki makamai na mulkin, wanda aka bambanta da alamar maki biyar. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, bambancin ya canza zuwa lakabin maki biyar a kowace kodadde ermine da Faransa.[47]

Bayan hawansa a matsayin sarki, Henry ya sabunta makaman masarautar don daidaitawa a cikin na masarautar Faransa daga fagen fleur-de-lys zuwa uku kawai.

￼

Jirgin makamai kamar Duke na Hereford

 
￼

Gashin makamai kamar Duke na Hereford da Lancaster

 
￼

Gashi na makamai kamar Earl na 3rd na Derby, KG

 
￼

Nasarar Henry a matsayin sarki tare da tsoffin hannun Faransa

 
￼

Nasarar sarauta a matsayin sarki

Asalin asali

[gyara tushe]

nuna

f

t

e

Iyalan sarauta na Ingila a cikin Wars na Roses

Aure da batutuwa

[gyara tushe]

Aure na farko: Mary de Bohun

[gyara tushe]

Henry ya auri Mary de Bohun (ya mutu a shekara ta 1394) ba a san kwanan wata ba, [48] amma lasisin aurenta, wanda mahaifin Henry John na Gaunt ya saya a watan Yuni 1380, ana adana shi a cikin Taskar Tarihi ta Kasa. Ranar da aka yarda da bikin shine 5 ga Fabrairu 1381, a gidan dangin Maryamu na Rochford Hall, Essex.[35] Marubucin tarihin nan na kusa Jean Froissart ya ba da rahoton jita-jita cewa 'yar'uwar Maryamu Eleanor de Bohun ta sace Maryamu daga Pleshey Castle kuma ta riƙe ta a Arundel Castle, inda aka ajiye ta a matsayin ƙwararrun mata; Manufar Eleanor ita ce ta sarrafa rabin Maryamu na gadon Bohun (ko kuma ta ƙyale mijinta, Thomas, Duke na Gloucester, ya sarrafa shi).[49] A can aka shawo kan Maryamu ta auri Henry. Suna da 'ya'ya shida:[b]

NameArmsBlazonHenry V na Ingila (1386–1422), ɗa na 1[3] Beaufort, 1st Earl na Somerset, kuma 'yar Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl na Kent, ba tare da zuriya ba.￼Arms of KingHenry IV tare da alamar maki uku argent kowanne wanda aka tuhume shi da wuraren ermine guda uku da canton gules don bambanci John, Duke na Bedford (1389-1435), ɗa na 3, [3] wanda ya yi aure sau biyu: na farko ga Anne na Burgundy (d. 1432)), 'yar Yahaya Mai Tsoro, ba tare da zuriya ba. Na biyu zuwa Jacquetta na Luxembourg, ba tare da zuriya ba. Halatta zuriyarsu: na farko zuwa ga Jacqueline, Countess na Hainaut da Holland (d.1436), 'yar William VI, Count of Hainaut. Ta wannan aure Gloucester ya ɗauki taken &quot;Count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainault&quot;. Na biyu ga Eleanor Cobham, uwargidansa. Pomerania, sarkin Denmark, Norway da Sweden.[51]

Henry yana da 'ya'ya maza hudu daga aurensa na farko, wanda babu shakka ya kasance abin da ke damun shi a yarda da shi ga kursiyin. Ya bambanta, Richard II ba shi da yara kuma magajin Richard Edmund Mortimer yana da shekaru bakwai kawai. Biyu kawai daga cikin ’ya’yan Henry shida da suka haifi ’ya’ya na halal don tsira har su girma su ne Henry V da Blanche, wanda ɗansu, Rupert, shi ne magaji ga Zaɓen Palatin har zuwa mutuwarsa yana da shekara 20. Duk sauran ’ya’yansa uku sun haifi ‘ya’yan shege. . Layin Lancaster na Henry IV ya ƙare a cikin 1471 lokacin Yaƙin Roses, tsakanin Lancastrians da Yorkists, tare da mutuwar jikansa Henry VI da ɗan Henry VI Edward, Yariman Wales. Mary de Bohun ta rasu ta haifi 'yarta Philippa a shekara ta 1394.

Aure na biyu: Joan na Navarre

[gyara tushe]

A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1403, shekaru tara bayan mutuwar matarsa ​​ta farko, Henry ya auri Joan, 'yar Charles II na Navarre, a Winchester. Ita ce gwauruwar John IV, Duke na Brittany (wanda aka sani a cikin kafofin Turanci na gargajiya kamar John V), [52] tare da wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya 9; duk da haka, aurenta da Sarki Henry bai haifar da 'ya'ya da suka tsira ba. A cikin 1403, Joan na Navarre ta haifi tagwaye da aka haifa waɗanda Sarki Henry IV ya haifa, [53] wanda shine ciki na ƙarshe a rayuwarta. Joan yana da shekaru 35 a lokacin.

Uwargida

[gyara tushe]

Ta wata uwargidan da ba a san ta ba, Henry IV yana da ɗan shege guda ɗaya:

Edmund Leborde (1401 - jim kadan kafin 19 Disamba 1419)[53]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Scarification a Afirka</title>
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      <id>537182</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Abdoulmerlic</username>
        <id>10126</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Scarification in Africa''' wani babban al'amari ne na [[Al'adun Afirka | Al'adun Afirka]] da al'adu tsakanin [[Demographics of Africa#Ethnicity|Ƙabilar Afirka]]; al'adar [[scarification]] a cikin [[Afirka]] ya haɗa da tsarin yin &quot;ƙaddamar da fata a kan fata ta amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wukake, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko zane masu ma'ana&quot; da kuma bayyana &quot;banganin dangi&quot;. , matsayi a cikin al'umma, wucewa zuwa girma, ko mahimmancin ruhaniya.&quot;&lt;r...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1842" sha1="cgxp3v7rcnhytp1efaeltra6yxcouyb" xml:space="preserve">'''Scarification in Africa''' wani babban al'amari ne na [[Al'adun Afirka | Al'adun Afirka]] da al'adu tsakanin [[Demographics of Africa#Ethnicity|Ƙabilar Afirka]]; al'adar [[scarification]] a cikin [[Afirka]] ya haɗa da tsarin yin &quot;ƙaddamar da fata a kan fata ta amfani da duwatsu, gilashi, wukake, ko wasu kayan aiki don ƙirƙirar hotuna, kalmomi, ko zane masu ma'ana&quot; da kuma bayyana &quot;banganin dangi&quot;. , matsayi a cikin al'umma, wucewa zuwa girma, ko mahimmancin ruhaniya.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Roman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Roman |first1=Jorge |title=African Scarification |journal=JAMA Dermatology |date=December 2016 |volume=152 |issue=12 |page=1353 |doi=10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0086 |pmid=27973657 |s2cid=205109879 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2588550}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Tarihi==
[[Scarification]], wanda kuma aka sani da cicatrization a cikin ayyukan Turai, wani lokaci ana haɗa shi a cikin nau'in [[tattoo]] ing, saboda ayyukan biyu na ƙirƙirar alamomi tare da launi a ƙasa da laushi ko launin launi a saman fata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schildkrout&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Schildkrout |first1=Enid |title=Inscribing the Body |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=June 11, 2004 |volume=33 |pages=323, 331 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |jstor=25064856 |s2cid=5531519 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A Afirka, [[Scramble for Africa#Colonization before the World War | gwamnatocin Turawa na mulkin mallaka]] da [[Kiristanci da mulkin mallaka #Africa | Kiristocin mishan na Turai]] sun aikata laifuka da kuma lalata ayyukan al'adu na tattooing da scarification; saboda haka, ayyukan sun ragu, sun ƙare, ko kuma ana ci gaba da yin su azaman ayyukan [[Resistance movement|resistance]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schildkrout&quot; /&gt;

==Manazartar==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hayatu ibn Sa'id</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86650</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537183</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:55:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hafsah Shuaibu</username>
        <id>30426</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabuwar kirkira</comment>
      <origin>537183</origin>
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      <text bytes="1178" sha1="3ofcjb26idhtt9aqxiio92xaf17co21" xml:space="preserve">Shehu Hayatu Ibn Sa'id (1840-1898),wanda kuma aka sani da Hayatu Balda,babban malamin musulunci ne na karni na 19,kuma jagoran mahadiyya a yankin tsakiyar Sudan.Shine jikan Usman Dan Fodio wanda ya jagoranci jihad na Sokoto kuma sarkin farko na Sokoto.Hayatu ya bar Sokoto a karshen shekarun 1870s ya koma Adamawa,emirate da ke karkashin gabashin wannan mulkin.A shekarar 1883 an nada shi matsayin mataimakin Mahdi na Sudan ,Muhammad Ahmad,kuma an bashi aikin jagorantar jihad akan Daular Sokoto.Duk da wasu kokarin da Lamido Zubeiru na Adamawa yayi na shawartar Hayatu ya daina goyon bayan mahadiyya,ya haifar da rikici wanda ya haifar da faduwa mai ban tausayi ga sojojin Zubeiru a cikin 1893.Wannan nasara ta karfafa mabiya da kuma tasirin Hayatu,wanda ya haifar da hadin gwiwa da Rabih az-zubayr,wani babban dan fama daga sudan wanda ke goyon bayan mahadiyya.Tare sunyi nasarar mamaye gidan mulkin Bornu da ya zamo mai rauni a cikin 1893,suna nufin daga karshen su mamaye daular Sokoto.Hayatu ya kasance imamin Bornu ta Rabih,yana aiki a matsayin jagoran ruhaniyya.Duk da haka,hadin gwiwar ya karye a karshe,kuma Hayatu ya mutu yayin kokarin tserewa daga Bornu a cikin 1898.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gerald Gahima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86651</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537185</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:56:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1223125198|Gerald Gahima]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Gerald Gahima''' alkali ne na Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Yaki na Kotun [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]]  kuma jigo a Majalisar Ruwanda National Congress, kkungiyar siyasa da aka kafa a shekarar 2010  wacce ke wakiltar 'yan adawa da ke gudun hijira ga gwamnatin shugaban [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]] [[Paul Kagame]]. Tun daga shekarar 1996, ya zama babban mai bayar da shawara a ma'aikatarr shari'a. Daga baya ya zama babban mai gabatar da kara na kasar Rwanda.  Gahima dai yana gudun hijira ne tun lokacin da suka samu sabani da Kagame, kuma a baya-bayan nan wata kotu a kasar Rwanda ta yanke masa hukuncinn daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari bisa zargin da ake masa, mai alaka da siyasa.  Ya kasance babban ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka daga 2006-2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Senior Fellows {{!}} United States Institute of Peace |url=http://www.usip.org/past-senior-fellows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606193514/http://www.usip.org/past-senior-fellows |archive-date=2014-06-06 |website=www.usip.org}} &lt;/ref&gt; Shi nee marubucin &quot;Adalci na wucin gadi a Ruwanda: Accountability for Atrocity&quot; wanda Routledge ya buga a cikin 2013, inda ya fitar da kwarewarsa a tsarin shari'ar Rwanda don tantance wani batun ICTR, gwajin kisan gillar kasa, da gacaca. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>537188</id>
      <parentid>537185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:56:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BnHamid</username>
        <id>12586</id>
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      <origin>537188</origin>
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      <text bytes="1355" sha1="49c2lafif0seo57qj23edhmhj400mny" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Gerald Gahima''' alkali ne na Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Yaki na Kotun [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia-Herzegovina]]  kuma jigo a Majalisar Ruwanda National Congress, kkungiyar siyasa da aka kafa a shekarar 2010  wacce ke wakiltar 'yan adawa da ke gudun hijira ga gwamnatin shugaban [[Ruwanda|Rwandan]] [[Paul Kagame]]. Tun daga shekarar 1996, ya zama babban mai bayar da shawara a ma'aikatarr shari'a. Daga baya ya zama babban mai gabatar da kara na kasar Rwanda.  Gahima dai yana gudun hijira ne tun lokacin da suka samu sabani da Kagame, kuma a baya-bayan nan wata kotu a kasar Rwanda ta yanke masa hukuncinn daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari bisa zargin da ake masa, mai alaka da siyasa.  Ya kasance babban ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya ta Amurka daga 2006-2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Senior Fellows {{!}} United States Institute of Peace |url=http://www.usip.org/past-senior-fellows |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606193514/http://www.usip.org/past-senior-fellows |archive-date=2014-06-06 |website=www.usip.org}} &lt;/ref&gt; Shi nee marubucin &quot;Adalci na wucin gadi a Ruwanda: Accountability for Atrocity&quot; wanda Routledge ya buga a cikin 2013, inda ya fitar da kwarewarsa a tsarin shari'ar Rwanda don tantance wani batun ICTR, gwajin kisan gillar kasa, da gacaca. 

== Manazarta ==

[[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Masana'antar kamun kifin Raphael</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86652</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537189</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:56:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nnamadee</username>
        <id>31123</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: Kamfanin Raphaël Fishing Ltd kamfanin kamun kifi ne na Mauritius wanda aka haɗa a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1927 a Port Louis, Mauritius.&lt;ref&gt;Privy Council (United Kingdom) (30 July 2008). &quot;The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another (Mauritius)&quot;. ''Vlex''. pp. Point 5. Retrieved 7 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kamfani na biyu mafi tsufa na kasuwanci a Mauritius, bayan Bankin Kasuwancin Mauritius (1828).</comment>
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      <text bytes="421" sha1="dyueeby1chnvy8kl4jucds6eel90dn2" xml:space="preserve">Kamfanin Raphaël Fishing Ltd kamfanin kamun kifi ne na Mauritius wanda aka haɗa a ranar 7 ga Yuli 1927 a Port Louis, Mauritius.&lt;ref&gt;Privy Council (United Kingdom) (30 July 2008). &quot;The Raphael Fishing Company Ltd v The State of Mauritius and Another (Mauritius)&quot;. ''Vlex''. pp. Point 5. Retrieved 7 January 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; Shi ne kamfani na biyu mafi tsufa na kasuwanci a Mauritius, bayan Bankin Kasuwancin Mauritius (1828).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manandafy Rakotonirina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537190</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:56:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Sabon shafi: '''Manandafy Rakotonirins''' (30 Oktoba 1938 - 15 Maris 2019&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Manandafy, la tête pensante de Ravalomanana?&quot; Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, N° 246, March 14, 2002 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French&lt;/ref&gt;) ɗan siyasan Malagasy ne. Ya kasance babban jigo a siyasance a Madagascar tun a shekarun 1970, kuma a watan Afrilun 2009 hambararren shugaban kasar Marc Ravalomanana ya nada shi a matsayin firaminista.  == Rayuwar baya == An haife sh...</comment>
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      <text bytes="1118" sha1="e3w1scltlvccbie2mpgki03pgnh0w0z" xml:space="preserve">'''Manandafy Rakotonirins''' (30 Oktoba 1938 - 15 Maris 2019&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Manandafy, la tête pensante de Ravalomanana?&quot; Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, N° 246, March 14, 2002 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French&lt;/ref&gt;) ɗan siyasan Malagasy ne. Ya kasance babban jigo a siyasance a Madagascar tun a shekarun 1970, kuma a watan Afrilun 2009 hambararren shugaban kasar Marc Ravalomanana ya nada shi a matsayin firaminista.

== Rayuwar baya ==
An haife shi a Fandriana, Amoron'i Mania, ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Ambositra da Antsirabe kuma ya halarci Jami’ar Antananarivo. Daga nan ya zama mataimaki a Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie kuma Farfesa a fannin zamantakewa. A matsayinsa na tabbataccen ɗan gurguzu, ya shiga jam'iyyar Madagasikara Otronin'ny Malagasy  party, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Manandafy, la tête pensante de Ravalomanana?&quot; Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, N° 246, March 14, 2002 (in French&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French)&lt;/ref&gt; a cikinta ya yi kira da a shigar da proletariat Antananarivo.&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
      <sha1>e3w1scltlvccbie2mpgki03pgnh0w0z</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>537197</id>
      <parentid>537190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:58:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pharouqenr</username>
        <id>25549</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>537197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1130" sha1="gcxlpblmvy1hueqv3zc3lgofiqh3n71" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Manandafy Rakotonirins''' (30 Oktoba 1938 - 15 Maris 2019&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Manandafy, la tête pensante de Ravalomanana?&quot; Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, N° 246, March 14, 2002 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French&lt;/ref&gt;) ɗan siyasan Malagasy ne. Ya kasance babban jigo a siyasance a Madagascar tun a shekarun 1970, kuma a watan Afrilun 2009 hambararren shugaban kasar Marc Ravalomanana ya nada shi a matsayin firaminista.

== Rayuwar baya ==
An haife shi a Fandriana, Amoron'i Mania, ya sami karatun firamare da sakandare a Ambositra da Antsirabe kuma ya halarci Jami’ar Antananarivo. Daga nan ya zama mataimaki a Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Agronomie kuma Farfesa a fannin zamantakewa. A matsayinsa na tabbataccen ɗan gurguzu, ya shiga jam'iyyar Madagasikara Otronin'ny Malagasy  party, &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Manandafy, la tête pensante de Ravalomanana?&quot; Archived 2007-11-11 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, N° 246, March 14, 2002 (in French&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French)&lt;/ref&gt; a cikinta ya yi kira da a shigar da proletariat Antananarivo.&lt;ref&gt;MANANDAFY (in French&lt;/ref&gt;

== Manazarta ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sarauniyar Tanganyika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>86654</id>
    <revision>
      <id>537192</id>
      <timestamp>2024-10-27T11:57:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Dallatu001</username>
        <id>31521</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248649967|Queen of Tanganyika]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11230" sha1="4xdhvx2hc3tn9g4yh3ffywgcabyrp4c" xml:space="preserve">Elizabeth II ita ce Sarauniya ta Tanganyika daga 1961 zuwa 1962, A lokacinda da Tanganyika ta kasance ƙasa mai zaman kanta kuma mai mulkin mallaka. Ta kuma kasance mai mulkin wasu jihohi masu zaman kansu, gami da Ingila . Matsayinta na tsarin mulki a Tanganyika galibi an bada izini ga gwamna-janar na Tanganyika . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Mangasini Atanasi Katundu |last2=Neema Penance Kumburu |date=August 2015 |title=Tanzania's Constitutional Reform Predicament and the Survival of the Tanganyika and Zanzibar Union |url=http://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol8no3/8.3-10-Katundu.pdf |journal=The Journal of Pan African Studies |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=104–118}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tanganyika Territory|Tanganyika]]_Independence_Act_1961&quot; id=&quot;mwFA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Tanganyika Independence Act 1961&quot;&gt;Dokar yancin Kai ta Tanganyika ta 1961 (10 &amp; 11 Eliz. 2. c. 1) wacce ta canza Yankin amincewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Tanganyika zuwa mulkin mallaka mai zaman kansa.

[[Philip Mountbatten|Yarima Philip, Duke na Edinburgh]] ya wakilci Sarauniya ta Tanganyika a bikin samun 'yancin kai. A ranar 9 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1961, Duke ya gabatar da kayan aikin 'yancin kai na Tanganyika ga Julius Nyerere, wanda daga nan ya zama Firayim Minista na Tanganyika mai zaman kanta. An sanya [[Dar es Salaam]] birni, lokacin da duke ya gabatar da takardar shaidar sarauta da takardun  shaida. Daga nan aka sanya shi Freeman na farko na Dar es Salaam, kuma dagabaya ya gaya wa taron: &quot;Sabon tufafi na mutunci da alhakin ya fadi a kan 'yan kasarDar es Salaum&quot;.   A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba, duke ya bude zaman farko na majalisar dokokin Tanganyika mai zaman kanta, a madadin Sarauniya, a gaban taron mutane da diflomasiyya, a wani bikin da aka yi da ladabi da launi.&lt;ref name=&quot;annual&quot; /&gt; Richard Turnbull, Gwamna-Janar, ya yi jawabi ga duke, yana rokonshi ya buɗe majalisa ta hanyar karanta Magana daga kursiyin.
[[Fayil:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Tanganyika_(1961–1962).svg|thumb|Fadar Gwamna-Janar ta Tanganyikan da ke nuna kambin St Edward.]]
Tanganyika tana ɗaya daga cikin yankuna Commonwealth of Nations waɗanda suka raba mutum  ɗaya da Mai mulki da shugaban ƙasa.

Ya yi tasiri tare da dokar'Yancin Kai ta Tanganyika ta 1961, babu wani ministan gwamnatin Burtaniya da zai iya ba da shawara ga mai mulki a kan duk wani al'amari da ya shafi Tanganyika, ma'ana cewa a kan dukkan al'amuran Tanganyika, ministocin Tanganyikan ne kawai suka ba da shawara. Dukkanin takardun kudi na Tanganyikan suna bukatar amincewar sarauta.&lt;ref name=&quot;cons20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamna-Janar na Tanganyika ne ya wakilci Sarkin Tanganyikan a cikin mulkin, Wanda Sarkin ya nada shi bisa ga shawarar Firayim Minista Tanganyikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;cons14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gwamnatin Tanganyika an santa a hukumance da  ''Gwamnatin Mai Girma''.

Sarkin Tanganyikan da Majalisar Dokokin Tanganyika sun kafa Majalisar Dokokin Tanganyika . &lt;ref name=&quot;cons14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=14}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf &quot;THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. p.&amp;nbsp;14&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin ikon zartar da hukunci na Tanganyika sun kasance tare da mai mulki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dukkanin dokoki a Tanganyika an kafa su ne kawai tare da bayar da amincewar masarauta, wanda Gwamna-Janar ya yi a maimakon mai mulki.&lt;ref name=&quot;cons20&quot; /&gt; Gwamna-Janar yana iya adana lissafin &quot;don jin daɗin Sarauniya&quot;; wato hana amincewar ga lissafin kuma gabatar da shi ga mai mulki don yanke shawara; ko kuma zai iya soke shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hana amincewarsa daga sama.&lt;ref name=&quot;cons20&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf &quot;THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. p.&amp;nbsp;20&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;5 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamna-Janar kuma yana da alhakin kiran, ƙaddamarwa, da rushe majalisar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gwamna Janar yana da ikon zaɓar da kuma nada Majalisar Ministoci kuma zai iya korar su a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Dukkanin ministocin Tanganyikan na Crown sun rike mukamin ne a yardar Gwamna-Janar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Crown da Kotuna ===
Kotun daukaka kara mafi girma a Tanganyika ita ce Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Privy. Sarkin sarakunan , kuma ta hanyar fadada gwamnan-janar, na iya ba da kariya daga gurfanar da shi, yayin da bashi da ikon jinƙai na sarauta, da kuma gafarta wa Crown, ko kuma kafin, lokacin, ko kuma bayan shari'a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THE Tanganyika (CONSTITUTION) ORDER IN COUNCIL, 1961 |url=http://citizenshiprightsafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Tanganyika-Constitution-Order-in-Council-1961-SI-2274.pdf |access-date=5 September 2021 |page=25-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ta hanyar sanarwar da aka yi a cikin ''Tanganyika Gazette'' a watan Janairun 1962, an ba sarki taken Tanganyikan daban a matsayinta na Sarauniya ta Tanganyika . &lt;ref name=&quot;tang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanganyika: Heads of State: 1961-1962 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/tanzania/tanganyika/00_1961_1962_s.php |access-date=22 May 2021 |publisher=archontology.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Elizabeth II tana da salon da ke biyowa a matsayinta na sarauniyar Tanganyika:

* 9 Disamba 1961 - 12 Janairu 1962: Elizabeth ta Biyu, ta hanyar ikon Allah, ta Ƙasar ingila ta Burtaniya da Arewacin Ireland da sauran  masarautar da Yankunta Sarauniya, Shugaban Commonwealth, Mai Tsaron Bangaskiya &lt;ref name=&quot;tang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tanganyika: Heads of State: 1961-1962 |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/tanzania/tanganyika/00_1961_1962_s.php |access-date=22 May 2021 |publisher=archontology.org}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.archontology.org/nations/tanzania/tanganyika/00_1961_1962_s.php &quot;Tanganyika: Heads of State: 1961-1962&quot;]. archontology.org&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 May&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* 12 Janairu 1962 - 9 Disamba 1962: Elizabeth ta Biyu, Sarauniya ta Tanganyika da Sauran Yankin ta, Shugaban Commonwealth  &lt;ref name=&quot;tang&quot; /&gt;

The Round Table: Jaridar Commonwealth ta harkokin Kasa da kasa ta rubuta:
{{Blockquote|On December 9, 1961, when Tanganyika became independent, it suddenly became a monarchy with the monarch as Queen of Tanganyika. But the British monarchy was regarded as a foreign institution and the new position increased the sense of alienation from the Crown. It is made clear, however, that the proposal to become a republic does not imply any disrespect towards the person of the Queen, whose position as Head of the Commonwealth is readily acknowledged&amp;nbsp;... The chief, as the leader of the tribe, still holds a position of great importance in most areas&amp;nbsp;... by and large the chiefs have retained the affection and loyalty of their people and since it is a monarchical system, it might be thought that the idea of monarchy was acceptable to the people and that in some areas it was strongly entrenched. There is, however, a difference between the monarchical idea of chieftainship and that of an alien monarch who is a European and who lives thousands of miles away and is never seen. The days have gone when the English sovereign can be expected to command the personal loyalty of African subjects in the same way as people of British origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=1962|title=The Republic of Tanganyika: A Break with the Colonial Past|journal=The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs|volume=52|issue=208|pages=339–347|doi=10.1080/00358536208452388}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
An soke mulkin mallaka na Tanganyikan a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1962, kuma Tanganyika ta zama jamhuriya a cikin Commonwealth tare da shugaban Tanganyika a matsayin [[shugaban kasa]].

Sarauniyar ta aika da wasika zuwa ga sabon shugaban kasar Julius Nyerere, inda ta ce:
{{Blockquote|I send you my warmest good wishes on the occasion of the inauguration of the Republic of Tanganyika and your assumption of office as the first President. I have followed your country's development with close attention and shall always watch the friendliest interest Tanganyika's endeavours and achievements in the years ahead. It is a source of great satisfaction to me that your country remains within the Commonwealth, and I am confident that the many bonds of friendship and understanding between our peoples will be maintained and strengthened.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|page=15|title=African World|year=1963|publisher=African Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oIgXAQAAMAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Tanganyika ta hadu da Zanzibar a 1964 bayan Juyin Juya Halin Zanzibar don kafa [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . Sarauniya Elizabeth ta ziyarci Tanzania a ranar 19-22 ga Yuli 1979, ta ziyarci Arusha, [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Zanzibar]], da [[Dutsen Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth visits since 1952 |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/RoyalVisits/Commonwealthvisitssince1952.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412031035/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/RoyalVisits/Commonwealthvisitssince1952.aspx |archive-date=12 April 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=Official website of the British monarchy |publisher=Royal Household}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]]</text>
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      <text bytes="26599" sha1="62rayp758u7goanyt6sfq2p9li6ckj7" xml:space="preserve">Baybars

Daga Wikipedia, encyclopedia na kyauta

Tsallaka zuwa kewayawa Tsalle don bincika

Don wasu amfani, duba Baybars (rashin fahimta).

BaybarsSultan Misr wa al-Sham
Al-Malik al-Zahir
Rukn al-Din

Mai yiwuwa hoton Sultan Baybars na kusa-kusa:[1] mai mulki da masu hidima a Baptistère de Saint Louis (1320-1340).[1]

Sarkin Masarautar Masar 24 Oktoba 1260 – 1 Yuli 1277Coronation1260 at Salihiyah Predecessor Saif ad-Din Qutuz Magaji Al-Said Barakah

An haife shi 19 Yuli 1223 ko 1228
Dasht-i Kipchak[2] [3] Ya mutu 1 Yuli 1277 (shekaru 50/55)
Damascus, Mamluk SultanateSpouseIltutmish KhatunIssue

Al-Said Barakah

Solamish

Khizir

Tidhkarbay Khatun

Namesal-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-FutuhHouseZahiriDynastyBahriReligionIslam

Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (Larabci: الملك الذهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; [a] 1223/1228 - 1 Yuli 1277), wanda aka fi sani da Baibars ko Baybars da أبوtumed الفتوح, lit. 'Baban Nasara'), shi ne sarkin Mamluk na hudu na Masar da Siriya, na asalin Turkic Kipchak, a cikin daular Bahri, ya gaji Qutuz. Yana daya daga cikin kwamandojin sojojin Masar da suka yi galaba a yakin Salibiyya na Bakwai na Sarki Louis na 9 na Faransa. Har ila yau, ya jagoranci dakarun da ke gadin sojojin Masar a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, [4] wanda ya nuna gagarumin shan kashi na farko na sojojin Mongol kuma ana daukarsa a matsayin wani sauyi a tarihi.[5]

Sarautar Baybars ita ce farkon zamanin mamayar Mamluk a Gabashin Mediterrenean kuma ya tabbatar da dorewar tsarin sojan su. Ya yi nasarar share fagen kawo karshen kasancewar ‘yan Salibiyya a yankin Levant tare da karfafa hadin kan kasashen Masar da Syria a matsayin kasar musulmin yankin da ke da karfin tunkarar barazanar ‘yan Salibiyya da na Mongols, har ma ya yi nasarar fatattakar ‘yan tawayen. Masarautar Makuria, wacce ta shahara da rashin nasara a yunkurin mamaye daular musulmi a baya. A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars suma sun tsunduma cikin harkokin diflomasiyya da aikin soja, wanda hakan ya baiwa Mamluk na Masar damar fadada daularsu sosai.

Abubuwan da ke ciki

1 Sunaye da kamanni

2 Tarihin Rayuwa

2.1 Tashi zuwa mulki

2.2 Zama Sultan

2.2.1 Yaƙin Yaƙin 'Yan Salibiyya

2.2.2 Haɗin kai tare da Golden Horde

2.2.3 Ci gaba da yakin da 'Yan Salibiyya

2.2.4 Yaƙin Makuria

2.2.5 Ƙarin yaƙin neman zaɓe akan Ilkhanate

2.3 Mutuwa

3 Iyali

4 Gado

4.1 Gadon Soja

4.2 Al'adu da Kimiyya

5 Duba kuma

6 Bayanan kula

7 Nassoshi

7.1 Tushen

8 Hagu na waje

Sunaye da bayyanarsa

[gyara tushe]

A cikin harshen Turkawa na asali, sunan Baybars yana nufin &quot;babban panther&quot;[6] ko &quot;ubangiji panther&quot;[7] (duba kuma Wiktionary: bay &quot;mai arziki, mai daraja&quot; + pars &quot;damisa, panther&quot;).

Gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da Lod na zamani, tare da rubutu daga 1273 yana ɗaukaka sultan tare da nuna alamarsa, zaki/panther[8]

Mai yiyuwa ne bisa ma’anar sunansa na Turkawa, Baybars ya yi amfani da panther a matsayin mai ba da labari, kuma ya sanya shi a kan tsabar kuɗi da gine-gine.[6] Zakin da ake amfani da shi a kan gadar da Baybars ta gina kusa da al-Ludd (Lod na yau) yana wasa da bera, wanda za a iya fassara shi da wakiltar abokan gaba na 'yan Salibiyya na Baybars[9].

An bayyana Baybars a matsayin dogon mutum mai fatar zaitun da idanu shudi. Yana da faffadan kafadu, siririyar kafafuwa, da murya mai karfi.[10][11] An ga cewa yana da ido a ido daya[12].

Tarihin Rayuwa

[gyara tushe]

Baybars wani Kipchak ne da ake tunanin an haife shi a yankin steppe a arewacin Bahar Maliya, ko Dasht-i Kipchak a lokacin.[13] [14] [15] [16] Akwai sabani a cikin tarihin haihuwar Ibn Taghrībirdī, tunda ya ce ya faru ne a shekara ta 625 bayan hijira (12 Disamba 1227 – 29 Nuwamba 1228) da kuma cewa Baybars yana da kimanin shekara 24 a shekara ta 1247, wanda hakan zai sa haihuwarsa ta kusa 1223. Shi dan kabilar Barli ne. A cewar wani dan uwansa Cuman kuma wanda ya ganewa idonsa, Badr al-Din Baysari, Barli ya tsere daga sojojin Mongols, da nufin za su zauna a ciki.Daular Bulgaria ta biyu (mai suna a cikin kafofin Wallachia). Sun ketare Tekun Bahar Rum daga ko dai Crimea ko Alania, inda suka isa Bulgaria a cikin shekara ta 1242. A halin da ake ciki, Mongols sun mamaye Bulgaria, ciki har da yankunan da 'yan gudun hijirar Cuman suka zauna a kwanan nan.[18] Dukan Baybars, waɗanda suka shaida ana kashe iyayensa, [18] da Baysari suna cikin waɗanda aka kama a lokacin mamayewa kuma an sayar da su zuwa bauta a cikin Sarkin Musulmi Rum a kasuwar bayi a Sivas. Bayan haka, an sayar da shi a Hama ga 'Alā' al-Dīn Īdikin al-Bunduqāri [de], wani Basarake mai daraja, wanda ya kai shi Alkahira. A shekara ta 1247, an kama al-Bunduqārī, sannan Sarkin Masar, As-Salih Ayyub, ya kwace bayinsa, ciki har da Baybars[19].

Al-Sha’rani (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 973/1565) ya lissafta shi a cikin daliban Ibn Arabi[20].

Tashi zuwa mulki

[gyara tushe]

Mamluks karkashin Baybars (rawaya) sun yi yaƙi da Franks da Mongols a lokacin Crusade na tara.

A shekara ta 1250, ya goyi bayan shan kashin da aka yi a yakin Crusade na bakwai na Louis IX na Faransa a manyan yaƙe-yaƙe guda biyu. Na farko shi ne yakin Al Mansurah, inda ya yi amfani da dabarar dabara wajen ba da umarnin bude wata kofa don bari mayakan 'yan Salibiyya su shiga cikin garin; ‘Yan Salibiyya sun garzaya cikin garin da suke zaton ba kowa ne suka tsinci kansu a ciki. Sojojin Masar da jama'ar garin sun yi musu kawanya daga ko'ina, kuma sun sha asara mai yawa. Robert na Artois, wanda ya nemi mafaka a cikin wani gida, [21] [22] da William Longespée ƙaramin duka an kashe su, tare da yawancin Knights Templar. Mayakan Templar biyar ne kawai suka tsere da rai.[23] Na biyu shi ne yakin Fariskur wanda da gaske ya kawo karshen yakin Crusade na bakwai kuma ya kai ga kama Louis IX. Sojojin Masar a wannan yakin sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Sultan Turanshah, karamin dan marigayi As-Salih Ayyub. Jim kadan bayan nasarar da ‘yan Salibiyya suka samu, sai Baybars da gungun sojojin Mamluk suka kashe Turanshah, lamarin da ya kai ga matar as-Salih Ayyub Shajar al-Durr ta nada suna sultana[24].

A cikin 1254, an sami canjin iko a Masar, yayin da Aybak ya kashe Faris ad-Din Aktai, shugaban Bahri Mamluks. Wasu daga cikin Mamlukinsa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars da Qalawun al-Alfi, sun gudu zuwa wurin an-Nasir Yusuf a Sham, [25] suna lallashe shi ya karya yarjejeniya [bayani da ake bukata] ya mamaye Masar. Aybak ya rubuta wa an-Nassir Yusuf yana gargadinsa kan hadarin wadannan Mamluk din da suka fake a kasar Sham, kuma ya amince da ba shi yankunansu a gabar teku, amma an-Nasir Yusuf ya ki korarsu, maimakon haka ya mayar musu da yankunan da suka fake. Aybak ya amsa. A shekara ta 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf ya aika da sabbin runduna zuwa kan iyakar Masar, a wannan karon tare da Mamluk na Aktai da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai Baybars, da Qalawun al-Alfi, amma an sake cin nasara a kansa. A shekara ta 1257, Baybars da sauran Bahri Mamluks sun bar Damascus zuwa Kudus, inda suka kori gwamnanta Kütük suka washe kasuwanninta, sannan suka yi haka a Gaza. Daga baya kuma sai suka yi fada da sojojin an-Nasir Yusuf a Nablus, sannan suka gudu suka shiga cikin dakarun al-Mughith Umar [de] a Kerak[26]. Sojojin hadaka sun yi kokarin mamaye kasar Masar a lokacin mulkin Aybak[27].

Daga nan sai Baybars ya aika da Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri don ya tattauna da Qutuz game da komawar sa Masar, wanda kuma aka yarda da shi sosai[28]. Har yanzu ya kasance kwamanda a karkashin sultan Qutuz a yakin Ain Jalut a shekara ta 1260, lokacin da ya yi galaba a kan Mongols. Bayan yakin, an kashe Sultan Qutuz (wanda aka fi sani da Kutuez) a lokacin da yake wani balaguron farauta. An ce Baybars na da hannu a kisan saboda yana tsammanin za a ba shi lada da gwamnan Aleppo saboda nasarar da ya samu a soja, amma Qutuz saboda tsoron burinsa ya ki ba shi mukamin.[29] Baybars ya gaji Qutuz a matsayin Sarkin Masar.[30]

Zama Sultan

[gyara tushe]

Ba da dadewa ba da Baybars ya hau Sarautar Sarkin Musulmi, aka tabbatar da ikonsa ba tare da wata turjiya ba, sai daga Alam.al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi, wani amir Mamluk wanda ya shahara kuma yana da karfin da'awar Damascus. Har ila yau, barazanar da Mongols ta kasance mai tsanani har yanzu da za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin barazana ga hukumomin Baybars. Koyaya, Baybars da farko sun zaɓi yin hulɗa da Sinjar, [31] [32] [33] kuma suka yi tafiya a kan Damascus. A lokaci guda sarakunan Hama da Homs sun tabbatar da samun nasarar fatattakar Mongol a yakin farko na Homs, wanda ya kawar da barazanar Mongol na dan wani lokaci. A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1261, sojojin Baybars sun sami nasarar fatattakar sojojin Sinjar a wajen Damascus, kuma suka ci gaba da kai harin zuwa birnin, inda 'yan kasar suka kasance masu biyayya ga Sinjar tare da yin tir da Baybars, duk da cewa ba da jimawa ba aka murkushe tsayin dakansu.

Haka kuma an yi wata ‘yar gajeruwar tawaye a birnin Alkahira karkashin jagorancin wani jigo na ‘yan Shi’ar mai suna al-Kurani. An ce Al-Kurani ya samo asali ne daga Nishapur[31]. An bayyana cewa Al-Kurani da mabiyansa sun kai farmaki kan shagunan sayar da makamai da wuraren ajiyar makamai na birnin Alkahira a wani samame da suka kai cikin dare. Sai dai Baybars ya yi nasarar murkushe tawayen da sauri yayin da ya kewaye su kuma ya kama su duka. An kashe Al-Kurani da wasu jagororin 'yan tawaye (an gicciye) a Bab Zuweila[31].

Bayan murkushe tawaye na Sinjar, Baybars ya yi nasarar magance Ayyubids, yayin da ya kawar da yariman Kerak a hankali. Ayyubids irin su Al-Ashraf Musa Sarkin Homs da kuma daular Ayyubid Sarkin Hama Al-Mansur Muhammad II, wadanda tun da farko suka kawar da barazanar Mongol, an ba su izinin ci gaba da mulkinsu don musanya musu amincewar Baybars a matsayin Sultan. [34]

Bayan da Mongoliyawa suka hambarar da mulkin halifancin Abbasiyawa a Iraki a shekara ta 1258 lokacin da suka ci birnin Bagadaza suka kori Bagadaza, duniyar musulmi ta rasa wani halifa, shugaban koli na akida wanda wani lokaci ya kan yi amfani da ofishinsa wajen bai wa shugabannin musulmi na nesa halacci ta hanyar aika musu da rubutattun bincike. . Don haka, a lokacin da dan gudun hijiran Abbasiyawa Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, kawun khalifan Abbasiyawa na karshe, al-Musta'sim, ya isa birnin Alkahira a shekara ta 1261, Baybars suka sa shi ya ayyana shi halifa a matsayin al-Mustansir na biyu kuma ya sami bincike a matsayin sarki daga gare shi. Sai dai abin takaicin shi ne, Mongoliya sun kashe al-Mustansir na biyu a lokacin wani balaguron da bai dace ba don kwato Bagadaza daga hannun Mongols daga baya a cikin wannan shekarar. A shekara ta 1262, wani Abbasid, wanda ake zargin babban jikan halifa al-Mustarshid, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad, wanda ya tsira daga yakin da aka sha, aka nada shi halifa a matsayin al-Hakim I, inda ya kaddamar da jerin sunayen sarakunan gargajiya. Khalifofin Abbasiyawa na Alkahira wadanda suka ci gaba har zuwa lokacin daular Mamluk, har zuwa 1517. Kamar wanda ya gabace shi, al-Hakim na I shi ma ya karbi mubaya'ar Baybars kuma ya ba shi halacci. Yayin da mafi yawan al’ummar musulmi ba su dauki wadannan halifofin da muhimmanci ba, kasancewar su kayan aikin sarakuna ne kawai, amma duk da haka suna ba da wani hakki da wani abu na ado ga mulkinsu[34].

Yakin Yakin Da 'Yan Salibiyya

[gyara tushe]

Ƙarin bayani: Siege na Antakiya (1268)

￼ Tsabar zinari da ake hakowa a qarqashin Baybars, mai rubutun Larabci da hoton fulawa ko zaki a kasansa.

A matsayinsa na sarki, Baybars sun shiga gwagwarmayar rayuwa ta rayuwa da masarautun Salibiyya a Siriya, a wani bangare saboda Kiristoci sun taimaka wa Mongols. Ya fara da Masarautar Antakiya, wadda ta zama wata kasa ta Mongols, kuma ta shiga hare-haren da ake kai wa musulmin Damascus da Siriya. A cikin 1263, Baybars ya kewaye Acre, babban birnin ragowar Masarautar Urushalima, ko da yake an yi watsi da kewayen lokacin da ya kori Nazarat a maimakon [35]. Ya yi amfani da injunan kewaye don fatattakar 'Yan Salibiyya a yaƙe-yaƙe irin su Faɗuwar Arsuf daga 21 ga Maris zuwa 30 ga Afrilu. Bayan ya shiga cikin garin sai ya ba da kyauta ga Ma'aikatan Asibitin Knights da ke karewa idan sun mika wuyar katangarsu. Knights sun yarda da tayin Baybars amma sun kasance bayi.[36]. Baybars sun rusa katangar kasa.[37] YiDaga baya ya kai hari ga Atlit da Haifa, inda ya kame garuruwan biyu bayan ya rusa tsayin daka na ‘yan Salibiyya, ya kuma rusa katanga.[38]

A cikin wannan shekarar, Baybars sun kewaye katangar Safed, wanda mayakan Templar suka rike, wanda Saladin ya ci nasara a 1188 amma ya koma Masarautar Urushalima a 1240. Baybars ya yi alkawarin wucewa zuwa garin Kirista na Acre. idan sun sallama kagara. Da yawa sun fi yawa, jaruman sun yarda. Bayan mika wuya, Baybars ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya kashe dukan sansanin Templar. Lokacin da aka kama Safed, Baybars ba su rusa kagaran ƙasa ba amma sun ƙarfafa shi tare da gyara shi a maimakon haka, saboda yana da dabarun da aka gina shi. Ya nada sabon gwamna a Safed, mai mukamin Wali.[39]

Daga baya, a cikin 1266, Baybars sun mamaye ƙasar Kilisiya ta Armeniya ta Kirista wadda a ƙarƙashin sarki Hethum I, ta mika wuya ga daular Mongol. Bayan fatattakar sojojin Hethum na daya a yakin Mari, Baybars sun yi nasarar lalata manyan garuruwa uku na Mamistra, Adana da Tarsus, ta yadda lokacin da Hetoum ya isa tare da sojojin Mongol, kasar ta riga ta lalace. Dole ne Hetoum ya yi shawarwari kan dawo da dansa Leo ta hanyar ba da iko da kagaran iyakar Armeniya ga Mamluk. A shekara ta 1269, Hetoum ya yi murabus a matsayin ɗansa kuma ya zama zuhudu, amma ya mutu bayan shekara guda[40]. An bar Leo a cikin yanayi mara kyau na kiyaye Cilicia a matsayin batun daular Mongol, a lokaci guda yana ba da girmamawa ga Mamluks.[41]

Wannan keɓewar Antakiya da Tripoli, ƙarƙashin jagorancin surukin Hethum, Prince Bohemond VI. Bayan nasarar cin nasara a Cilicila, Baybars a cikin 1267 ya zaunar da kasuwancinsa da ba a gama ba tare da Acre, kuma ya ci gaba da kawar da sauran rundunonin 'yan Salibiyya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cikin 1268, ya ci Antakiya, ya kama birnin a ranar 18 ga Mayu. Baybars ya yi alkawarin ceto rayukan mazaunan, amma ya karya alkawarinsa kuma ya sa aka ruguza birnin, ya kashe ko kuma bautar da yawancin jama'a bayan mika wuya[42]. ya haifar da faduwar Masarautar Antakiya. Kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa maza da mata da yara a Antakiya “shi ne kisa mafi girma a dukan zamanin gicciye.”[43] Firistoci sun tsaga makogwaronsu a cikin majami’unsu, aka sayar da mata zuwa bauta.[44]

Sa'an nan ya ci gaba zuwa Jaffa, wanda yake na Guy, ɗan Yahaya na Ibelin. Jaffa ya fadi a Baybars a ranar 7 ga Maris bayan yakin sa'o'i goma sha biyu; An kashe akasarin mutanen Jaffa, amma Baybars sun kyale sansanin ya tafi babu abin da ya same shi.[45] Bayan haka ya ci Ashkelon da Kaisariya.

Haɗin kai tare da Golden Horde

[gyara tushe]

Baybars sun himmatu wajen neman kusanci da Berke, Khan na Golden Horde.[46] Musamman an rubuta shi don karbar sojoji ɗari biyu na farko daga Golden Horde don ziyarce su da kyau, inda Baybars ke lallashe su zuwa musulunta yayin da kuma ya lura da ƙiyayya tsakanin Golden Horde Khan da Hulagu.[46] Baybars, wanda a lokacin ya ci Hulagu, nan da nan ya aika da manzo zuwa Berke don ya sanar da na ƙarshe game da wannan. Daga nan kuma da Berke ya musulunta, sai ya aika da wakilinsa zuwa Masar don ya ba da labari game da wannan al’amari, daga baya kuma Baybars ya kawo wasu jama’a daga Golden Horde da za a tura su Masar, inda su ma suka musulunta[46].

A wani lokaci a wajen Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba 1267, ko kuma kimanin shekara ta 666 Safar na Hijira, Baybars ta rubuta ta'aziyya da taya murna ga sabon Khan na Golden Horde, Mengu-Timur, don bukace shi da yakar Abaqa. Baybars sun ci gaba da gudanar da wasiku mai dadi tare da Golden Horde, musamman tare da Janar Noqai na Mengu Timur, wanda ba kamar Mengu Timur yana ba da hadin kai da Baybars ba. An yi la'akari da cewa wannan kusantar ba wai saboda alaƙar addini kaɗai ba (kamar yadda Noqai musulmi ne, sabanin Khansa), amma kuma domin Noqai ba ya son Mengu-Timur da gaske. Duk da haka, Baybars ya kasance mai aiki da hankali a tsarinsa kumaba ya so ya shiga cikin ruɗani mai rikitarwa a cikin Golden Horde, don haka sai ya kasance kusa da Mengu Timur da Noqai.[47]

Ci gaba da yakin da 'yan Salibiyya

[gyara tushe]

Ƙarin bayani: Fall of Krak des Chevaliers

A ranar 30 ga Maris 1271, bayan da Baybars suka kama ƙananan ƙauyuka a yankin, ciki har da Chastel Blanc, ya kewaye Krak des Chevaliers, wanda Asibitoci ke riƙe. Makiyaya da ke zaune a yankin sun gudu zuwa gidan kaso don tsira kuma an ajiye su a cikin unguwar waje. Da Baybars ya isa, sai ya fara kafa mangonels, manyan makamai na kawanya wanda zai kunna katangar. Kamar yadda Ibn Shaddad ya ce, bayan kwana biyu mahara suka kama hanyar kariya ta farko; mai yiwuwa yana nufin wata unguwa mai katanga a wajen kofar gidan.[48] Bayan an shafe kwanaki goma, masu kawayen sun isar da wasiƙa zuwa ga sansanin, wanda ake zaton daga Babban Jagoran Asibitin Knights a Tripoli, Hugues de Revel, wanda ya ba su izinin mika wuya. Sojojin sun mamaye kuma Sarkin Musulmi ya tsira da rayukansu.[48] Sabbin masu gidan sun gudanar da gyare-gyare, sun fi mayar da hankali kan sashin waje.[49] An mayar da dakin ibada na Asibiti zuwa masallaci sannan aka sanya mihrabobi biyu a ciki.[50]

Sai Baybars ya mai da hankalinsa ga Tripoli, amma ya katse kewayensa a wurin don yin sulhu a watan Mayu 1271. Faɗuwar Antakiya ya kai ga taƙaitaccen yakin Crusade na tara, wanda Yarima Edward na Ingila ya jagoranta, wanda ya isa Acre a watan Mayu 1271 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari. don hada kansa da Mongols a kan Baybars. Don haka Baybars suka shelanta sulhu da Tripoli, da kuma Edward, wanda bai taba iya kwace wani yanki daga Baybars ba. A cewar wasu rahotanni, Baybars sun yi ƙoƙari su kashe Edward da guba, amma Edward ya tsira daga yunkurin kuma ya koma gida a shekara ta 1272.

Gangamin yaki da Makuria

[gyara tushe]

Ƙarin bayani: Makuria § Rage (ƙarni na 12-1365)

￼Mai yiwuwa hoton sarki Dauda na Makuria akan zanen bango daga Old Dongola

A shekara ta 1265 an yi zargin cewa sojojin Mamluk sun kai hari a Makuria har zuwa kudu har zuwa Dongola[51] yayin da kuma suka fadada zuwa kudu tare da gabar tekun Bahar Maliya ta Afirka, wanda hakan ya yi barazana ga Nubians[52]. A shekara ta 1272 Sarki Dauda ya yi tattaki zuwa gabas ya kai hari kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta garin Aidhab, [53] wanda ke kan wata muhimmiyar hanyar aikin hajji zuwa Makka. Sojojin Nubian sun ruguza garin, wanda hakan ya haifar da &quot;kauna ga zuciyar Musulunci&quot;[54]. Wannan ya fara tsoma baki a cikin shekaru da dama daga Mamluk a cikin al'amuran Nubian.[55] An aika da balaguron hukunta Mamluk don amsawa, amma bai wuce cataract na biyu ba.[56] Bayan shekaru uku Makuriyawa sun kai hari tare da halaka Aswan, [53] amma a wannan karon, Baybars ya mayar da martani da ingantacciyar runduna ta tashi daga birnin Alkahira a farkon shekara ta 1276, [54] tare da rakiyar wani dan uwan ​​sarki Dauda mai suna Mashkouda[57] ko Shekanda. [58] Mamluk sun ci Nubians a yaƙe uku a Gebel Adda, Meinarti, daga ƙarshe kuma a Yaƙin Dongola. Dauda ya gudu daga kogin Nilu, daga karshe ya shiga al-Abwab a kudu, [59] wanda a da shi ne lardin Alodia na arewa maso gabas, ya zama masarauta ta kansa.[60] Shi kuwa sarkin al-Abwab ya mika Dauda ga Baybars, wanda ya sa aka kashe shi[61].

Daga nan sai Baybars ya kammala mamaye Nubia, ciki har da Nubia na tsakiya na Medieval wanda Banu Kanz ya mulki. A karkashin sharuɗɗan matsugunin, a yanzu an yi wa Nubians ɗin harajin jizya, kuma aka ba su izinin kiyaye addininsu, ana ba su kariya a ƙarƙashin shari'ar Musulunci a matsayin 'Mutanen Littafi'; Haka kuma an bar su a ci gaba da gudanar da mulkin wani sarki daga gidan sarautar, ko da yake wannan sarki Baybars ne ya zaɓe shi da kansa, wato wani mai martaba Makuriyya mai suna Shakanda[62]. A aikace wannan yana rage Makuria zuwa masarautar vassal, [63] yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen matsayin Makuria a matsayin masarauta mai cin gashin kanta.

Ci gaba da yaƙin neman zaɓe a kan Ilkhanate

[gyara tushe]

A shekara ta 1277.Baybars sun mamaye Seljuq Sultanate na Rûm, sannan Mongols Ilkhanate ke iko da su. Ya ci sojojin Ilkhanate a yakin Elbistan[64] ya kuma kwace birnin Kayseri. Baybars da kansa ya tafi tare da wasu dakaru don tunkarar bangaren dama na Mongol da ke buga reshen hagu.[65] Baybars ya umurci wata runduna daga Hama don ƙarfafa hagunsa. Manya-manyan lambobi na Mamluk sun yi nasarar mamaye sojojin Mongol, wadanda maimakon ja da baya suka sauka daga kan dawakansu. Wasu Mongols sun sami damar tserewa kuma suka hau kan tuddai. Da aka kewaye su sai suka sake sauka, suka yi yaƙi har suka mutu[65][66]. A yayin bikin nasara, Baybars ya ce: &quot;Yaya zan yi farin ciki? Kafin in yi tunanin cewa ni da bayina za mu ci nasara da Mongols, amma suka buge fifuna na hagu, Allah ne kawai ya taimake mu&quot;[67].

Yiwuwar sabon sojojin Mongol ya shawo kan Baybars ya koma Siriya, tunda ya yi nisa da sansanonin sa da layin samar da kayayyaki. Yayin da sojojin Mamluk suka koma Sham, kwamandan rundunar masu gadin Mamluk, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, ya gudu zuwa Mongols. Pervâne ya aika da wasika zuwa ga Baybars yana neman ya jinkirta tafiyarsa. Baybars sun azabtar da shi saboda rashin taimaka masa a lokacin yakin Elbistan. Baybars ya gaya masa cewa zai tafi Sivas don yaudarar Pervâne da Mongols game da ainihin inda yake. Har ila yau, Baybars ya aika da Taybars al-Waziri tare da runduna don kai farmaki a garin al-Rummana na Armeniya, wanda mazaunansa suka boye Mongols tun da farko.[68]

Mutuwa

[gyara tushe]

Mausoleum chamber of sultan Baybars (1260-1277) a cikin Al-Zahiriyah Library a Damascus

Baybars ya mutu a Damascus a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1277, yana da shekaru 53. Rasuwar tasa ta kasance batun wasu hasashe na ilimi. Majiya da dama sun yarda cewa ya mutu ne sakamakon shan kumi mai guba da aka yi wa wani. Wasu bayanai sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ya mutu ne daga rauni a lokacin yakin neman zabe, ko kuma rashin lafiya[69]. An binne shi a dakin karatu na Az-Zahiriyah da ke Damascus.[70]

Iyali

[gyara tushe]

Sultan Baybars ya auri wata mace mai daraja daga Tripoli (Labanon ta yau) mai suna Aisha al Bushnatiya, wani fitaccen dangin Larabawa. A’isha jaruma ce wacce ta yaki ‘Yan Salibiyya tare da yayanta Laftanar Hassan. Ta sadu da Sultan Baybars bayan ya yada zango a Tripoli a lokacin da aka kewaye shi. Akwai labarai masu karo da juna na ko Aisha ta dawo tare da Baybars zuwa Masar ko kuma ta yi shahada a Tripoli.

Daya daga cikin matan Baibar diyar Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Amir Sayf ad-Din Tammaji.[71] Wata matar kuma ita ce Iltutmish Khatun.[72] Ita ce 'yar Barka Khan tsohon amir Khwarazmian. Ita ce mahaifiyar dansa Al-Said Barakah.[73] Ta rasu a shekara ta 1284-85.[72] Wata matar kuma ita ce ‘yar Karmun Agha, Amir Mongol.[74] Yana da ‘ya’ya uku al-Said Barakah, Solamish da Khizir.[71] Yana da ‘ya’ya mata bakwai [71] ]aya daga cikinsu ana ce masa Tidhkarbay Khatun[75].

Gado

[gyara tushe]

Karin bayani: Yakin Ain Jalut Na Bakwai, Yakin Na Tara, Da Yakin Ain Jalut

￼Tsohon tagulla na Sultan Baibars a Alkahira, a gidan tarihin soja na Masar

A matsayinsa na Sarkin Musulmi na farko na daular Bahri Mamluk, Baybars ya yi rawar gani a cikin al'ummar Mamluk, inda ya jagoranci dakarun Mamluk a yakin Ain Jalut mai tsanani a shekara ta 1260, inda ya fatattaki sojojin Mongol daga Siriya.[76] Duk da cewa a duniyar musulmi an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon kasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma a yankin Gabas ta Kusa da Kazakhstan har yanzu ana daukarsa a matsayin haka, an rika zagin Baybars a duniyar kiristoci a lokacin saboda yakin da ya yi na yaki da ‘yan Salibiyya. Wani jarumin Templar wanda ya yi yaƙi a Crusade na bakwai ya yi kuka:

Haushi da bak'in ciki sun zauna a cikin zuciyata...da k'arfi har na k'arasazauna da rai. Da alama Allah ya taimaki Turkawa da rashin mu...ah, ya Ubangiji...kash, daular gabas ta yi asara ta yadda ba za ta sake tashi ba. Za su yi wani masallaci na sufayen Maryamu, kuma tun da sata ta faranta wa danta rai, wanda ya kamata ku yi kuka a kan haka, mu ma dole ne mu bi...Duk mai son yakar Turkawa ya haukace, domin Yesu Kiristi baya fada. su kuma. Sun ci nasara, za su ci nasara. Domin a kowace rana suna kore mu, suna sane da cewa Allah da yake a farke, yana barci yanzu, kuma Muhammadu yana da ƙarfi[77].

Baybars kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kawo Mongoliya zuwa Musulunci[46]. Ya haɓaka dangantaka mai ƙarfi tare da Mongols na Golden Horde kuma ya ɗauki matakai don Mongols na Golden Horde don tafiya zuwa Masar. Zuwan Mongol's Golden Horde zuwa Masar ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na Mongols karbar Musulunci.[78]

Gadon soja

[gyara tushe]

Baybars ya kasance mashahurin mai mulki a duniyar musulmi wanda ya yi galaba a kan ‘yan Salibiyya a yakin neman zabe guda uku, da kuma Mongols a yakin Ain Jalut wanda malamai da dama ke ganin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi. Domin ya tallafa wa yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja, Baybars ya ba da izini ga arsenal, jiragen ruwa na yaƙi da jiragen ruwa. Har ila yau, za a iya cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya yi amfani da bindigogi masu fashewa a cikin yaki, a yakin Ain Jalut.[79][80] Kamfen din sojan nasa ya kuma fadada zuwa Libya da Nubia.

Al'adu da kimiyya

[gyara tushe]

Ƙarin bayani: Islama da cats

Ya kuma kasance ƙwararren mai gudanarwa wanda ya ɗauki sha'awar gina ayyukan more rayuwa daban-daban, kamar tsarin isar da saƙon da ke da ikon isar da shi daga Alkahira zuwa Damascus cikin kwanaki huɗu. Ya gina gadoji, ban ruwa da magudanan ruwa, ya inganta tashar jiragen ruwa, ya gina masallatai. Ya kasance majibincin ilimin addinin musulunci, kamar taimakon da yake bayarwa ga binciken likitancin likitansa Balarabe, Ibn al-Nafis.[81] A matsayin shaida na dangantaka ta musamman tsakanin Musulunci da kuliyoyi, Baybars sun bar wani lambun kawaye a birnin Alkahira a matsayin wakafi, suna ba wa kyanwar Alkahira abinci da matsuguni.[82]

An rubuta abubuwan tarihinsa a cikin Sirat al-Zahir Baibars (&quot;Life of al-Zahir Baibars&quot;), sanannen soyayyar Larabci da ke rikodin yaƙe-yaƙe da nasarorin da ya samu. Yana da matsayi na jarumtaka a Kazakhstan, da kuma Masar, Falasdinu, Labanon da Siriya.

Makarantar Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya ita ce makarantar da aka gina dab da Mausoleum dinsa da ke birnin Damascus.</text>
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