Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.2 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Ganuwa 0 3688 539511 512776 2024-11-10T16:01:51Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Fortress of Guaita 2013-09-19.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]] [[Fayil:Venetian fortress Heraklion port.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]]   {{databox}} Mur na iya nufin: Wuraren: * Mur (kogin) (ko Mura), kogi ne a tsakiyar Turai * Mur, Switzerland, wani gari a cikin Vaud da Avenches * Mur (Novi Pazar) , babban ƙauye a yanki Serbia * Mur, wani ɓangare na ƙauyen Murzasichle, Poland * Mur, Iran (disambiguation) == Sauran amfani == * Mur (cuneiform), alamar cuneiform * Abun taƙaitaccen Muramic acid * mur, lambar ISO 639-3 don yaren Murle, ana magana a Sudan ta Kudu * Mur Lafferty (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da sabain da uku 1973), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma marubuci * Mona Mur, mawaƙan Jamusanci da aka haifa Sabine Bredy a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da shida 1960 MUR na iya nufin: * [[Mauritius rupee|Rupee na Mauritius]], ta hanyar lambar kudi ta ISO 4217 * Binciken amfani da magani, sabis na Burtaniya * Jami'ar Melbourne Regiment na Sojojin Australiya * Michigan United Railways, Amurka, in 1906-to 1924 * Mouvements Unis de la Résistance, ƙungiyar adawa ta Faransa da ke aiki daga 1943 * {{Interlanguage link|MUR (shipping)|WD=Q125144476}} , kamfani ne na jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa wanda aka kafa a 1994 kuma yana da hedkwata a Netherlands * M.U.R., kungiyar adawa ta Lebanon a cikin shekarun 1990 * Sashen Binciken Laifuka (Russian) na 'Yan sanda na birnin Moscow * Kungiyar Artistic Ukrainian (Ukrainian), kungiyar adabi ta mutanen Ukraine da suka rasa muhallinsu 1945-1948 == Duba kuma == * Ganuwar (rashin fahimta) * Ganuwar (disambiguation) * Mura (rashin fahimta) * Murre (tsuntsu) arr3s1k9vgewjl636vhi90dbk7tse33 539512 539511 2024-11-10T16:02:47Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Fortress of Guaita 2013-09-19.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]] [[Fayil:Venetian fortress Heraklion port.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]]   {{databox}} Mur na iya nufin: Wuraren: * Mur (kogin) (ko Mura), kogi ne a tsakiyar Turai * Mur, Switzerland, wani gari a cikin Vaud da Avenches * Mur (Novi Pazar) , babban kauye a yanki Serbia * Mur, wani angare na kauyen Murzasichle, Poland * Mur, Iran (disambiguation) == Sauran amfani == * Mur (cuneiform), alamar cuneiform * Abun taƙaitaccen Muramic acid * mur, lambar ISO 639-3 don yaren Murle, ana magana a Sudan ta Kudu * Mur Lafferty (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da sabain da uku 1973), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma marubuci * Mona Mur, mawaƙan Jamusanci da aka haifa Sabine Bredy a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da shida 1960 MUR na iya nufin: * [[Mauritius rupee|Rupee na Mauritius]], ta hanyar lambar kudi ta ISO 4217 * Binciken amfani da magani, sabis na Burtaniya * Jami'ar Melbourne Regiment na Sojojin Australiya * Michigan United Railways, Amurka, in 1906-to 1924 * Mouvements Unis de la Résistance, ƙungiyar adawa ta Faransa da ke aiki daga 1943 * {{Interlanguage link|MUR (shipping)|WD=Q125144476}} , kamfani ne na jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa wanda aka kafa a 1994 kuma yana da hedkwata a Netherlands * M.U.R., kungiyar adawa ta Lebanon a cikin shekarun 1990 * Sashen Binciken Laifuka (Russian) na 'Yan sanda na birnin Moscow * Kungiyar Artistic Ukrainian (Ukrainian), kungiyar adabi ta mutanen Ukraine da suka rasa muhallinsu 1945-1948 == Duba kuma == * Ganuwar (rashin fahimta) * Ganuwar (disambiguation) * Mura (rashin fahimta) * Murre (tsuntsu) ba4rbyyxvcp61u7xy5rf543sellt9ke 539513 539512 2024-11-10T16:05:30Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Fortress of Guaita 2013-09-19.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]] [[Fayil:Venetian fortress Heraklion port.jpg|thumb|Ganuwa]]   {{databox}} Mur na iya nufin: Wuraren: * Mur (kogin) (ko Mura), kogi ne a tsakiyar Turai * Mur, Switzerland, wani gari a cikin Vaud da Avenches * Mur (Novi Pazar) , babban kauye a yanki Serbia * Mur, wani angare na kauyen Murzasichle, Poland * Mur, Iran (disambiguation) == Sauran amfani == * Mur (cuneiform), alamar cuneiform * Abun takaitaccen Muramic acid * mur, lambar ISO 639-3 don yaren Murle, ana magana a Sudan ta Kudu * Mur Lafferty (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara da sabain da uku 1973), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma marubuci * Mona Mur, mawakan Jamusanci da aka haifa Sabine Bredy a cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casain da shida 1960 MUR na iya nufin: * [[Mauritius rupee|Rupee na Mauritius]], ta hanyar lambar kudi ta ISO 4217 * Binciken amfani da magani, sabis na Burtaniya * Jami'ar Melbourne Regiment na Sojojin Australiya * Michigan United Railways, Amurka, in 1906-to 1924 * Mouvements Unis de la Résistance, kungiyar adawa ta Faransa da ke aiki daga 1943 * {{Interlanguage link|MUR (shipping)|WD=Q125144476}} , kamfani ne na jigilar kayayyaki na kasa da kasa wanda aka kafa a 1994 kuma yana da hedkwata a Netherlands * M.U.R., kungiyar adawa ta Lebanon a cikin shekarun 1990 * Sashen Binciken Laifuka (Russian) na 'Yan sanda na birnin Moscow * Kungiyar Artistic Ukrainian (Ukrainian), kungiyar adabi ta mutanen Ukraine da suka rasa muhallinsu 1945-1948 == Duba kuma == * Ganuwar (rashin fahimta) * Ganuwar (disambiguation) * Mura (rashin fahimta) * Murre (tsuntsu) rvv1ed69rremjw2cl62dz9rom8045ce Tarin fuka 0 5922 539502 539494 2024-11-10T12:34:32Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tibi]] to [[Tarin fuka]]: Ma sake masa suna daga Tari Tibi zuwa 539494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Tibi | image = Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg | caption = | video1 = [[File:Ha.Video-Cutar tarin fuka.webm|frameless|upright=1.3|Video ([[Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cutar_tarin_fuka|Script]])]] }} '''Tibi''' (TB) ko '''Tarin fuƙa:''' wata cuta ce, wadda ake kamuwa da ita daga kwayar cuta mai suna “mycobacterium Tuberculosis”(MTA).<ref>"Tuberculosis (TB)". ''who.int''. Archived from the original on 30 July 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2020.</ref> Tb cuta ce da ke shafar '''''Hunhu''''' amma tana iya shafar wasu gaɓoɓin jiki kuma. Yawancin cututtukan tibi ba su nuna alamar kasancewarsu a jiki ba. Kusan kashi 10 (10%) na cikin dari na tibi ba su nuna alamar kasancewarsu ba, suna iya zama ciwo idan ba a magancesu ba, zai kashe kusan rabin masu dauke da cutar idan ba a yi jiyyarsu ba. Mafi alamar cutar tibi su ne: tari, majina da jini, zazzabi, da zufa da daddare da kuma ramewa ko rage nauyi. Kalmar “ci” an samo ta dalilin ramewa bisa ga tarihi. Shafar wasu gabobbin jiki na iya nuna alamomi da dama. Ana baza cutar tibi ta iska yayinda masu shi na tari daga huhu, tufa miyau, yi magana ko atishawa. Mutane masu dauke da kwayar cutar da bai zama ciwo ko ba, ba su baza cutar ba. Ciwo mai tsanani kan auku ne ga masu dauke da kwayar cutar sida da kanjamau da kuma masu shan taba. Ana yin binciken ciwon tibi ta daukar hoton kirji, da yin amfani da madubin likita, da kuma nazarin ruwan jiki. Tsare kamuwa da tibi ta hada da gwajin wadanda ke da hadarin kamuwa da cutar, ganowa da sauri da kuma shan rigakafinta “bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine” na taimaka wajen magance cutar. Ýan gida, ofishi, da sabowa da jamaá masu tibi na da hatsarin samu ko kamuwa da wannan cutar. Jiyyar wannan cutar ta bukace amfani da maganin rigakafi na tsawon lokaci. Rashin jin maganin rigakafi na tsawon lokaci damuwa ce da ke kara rashin aukin Maganin-Tibi (MDR-TB). Ana tunani kashi daya cikin goma na alúmmar duniya na da cutar tibi. Kashi daya cikin dari na mutanen duniya na sabowar kamuwa da cutar. A shekara ta 2014, an samu masu cutar Tibi miliyan tara da dubu dari shida (9.6 million) wanda ya kai ga mutuwar mutum miliyan daya da rabi (1.5 million). Mutane fiye da kashi tasain da biyar cikin dari (95%) sun salwanta a kasashe masu tasowa. Tun shekara ta 2000 an samu raguwa wajen kamuwa da cutar. Kusan kashi tamanin cikin dari (80%) na Kasashen Asiyawa da na Afrika an same su da wannan cutar sannan biyar zuwa goma na mutanen Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an same su da kwayan cutar. Kasancewar tibi na nan tun dá. <gallery widths="220px" heights="220px" > File:Depiction of a tuberculosis patient.png|thumb|yadda ciwon tarin tibi yake bata huhu File:Tuberculosis symptoms.svg|thumb|alamomin tarin Tibi (TAB) Fayil:TB Culture.jpg|TB </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} pfs2runi92r3ayvni1pk163zwqykqre Shani 0 9121 539607 512783 2024-11-11T08:32:25Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539607 wikitext text/x-wiki     [[Fayil:Saturn's rings in visible light and radio.jpg|thumb|Saturn's ]] '''Shani''' ( Sanskrit </link> , IAST ), ko '''Shanaishchara''' ( Sanskrit </link> , IAST ), shine allahntakar duniya Saturn a addinin Hindu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Planet Saturn (Shani) in Astrology |url=https://www.rudraksha-center.com/pages/planet-saturn-shani |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=www.rudraksha-center.com}}</ref> kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwa tara na sama ( Navagraha ) a cikin ilimin taurarin Hindu . Shani kuma wani allahntakar Hindu namiji ne a cikin Puranas, wanda hoton hotonsa ya kunshi siffa mai launin duhu mai dauke da takobi ko danda (sanda) kuma yana zaune a kan bako ko wasu lokuta akan hankaka . <ref name="Dalal2010p373" /> Shi ne allahn [[Karma|''karma'']] '','' adalci, da azaba, kuma yana ba da sakamako dangane da tunani, magana, da ayyukan mutum. Shani shine mai kula da tsawon rai, kunci, bakin ciki, tsufa, tarbiyya, takurawa, alhaki, jinkiri, buri, jagoranci, mulki, tawali'u, mutunci, hikimar da aka haifa ta hanyar kwarewa. Hakanan yana nuna ruhin ruhi, tuba, horo, da aiki na hankali. Yana da alaka da masu hadin gwiwa guda biyu: Neela, wanda ke nuna gemstone sapphire, da Manda, gimbiya gandharva . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Was Shani Dev Cursed By His Wife? |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/why-shani-dev-cursed-wife-074832628.html |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=in.style.yahoo.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> == Duniya == ''Shani'' a matsayin duniya ya bayyana a cikin litattafan ilmin taurari na Hindu daban-daban a cikin [[Sanskrit]], irin su ''Aryabhatiya'' na karni na 5 na [[Aryabhata|Aryabhatta]], ''Romaka'' na karni na 6 na Latadeva da ''Pancha Siddhantika'' na Varahamihira, karni na 7 na ''Khandakhadyaka'' na Brahmagurysyavrd na ''Brahmagurysyavard'' Lalla. <ref name="Burgess1989vii">{{Cite book|edition=P}}</ref> Wadannan matani suna gabatar da Shani a matsayin daya daga cikin taurari kuma suna kimanta halayen motsin duniyar. <ref name="Burgess1989vii" /> Wasu nassosi irin su Surya Siddhanta (wanda aka rubuta a wani lokaci tsakanin karni na 5 zuwa na 10) suna gabatar da surori a kan taurari daban-daban a matsayin ilimin Allah da ke da alaka da alloli. <ref name="Burgess1989vii" /> Rubutun wadannan matani sun kasance cikin sassa daban-daban, suna nuna cewa an bude ayoyin kuma an sake bitar su cikin lokaci. Sigarorin sun yi rashin jituwa a ma'auninsu na juyin juya halin Shani, apogee, keken keke, nodal longitudes, karkata orbital, da sauran sigogi. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=P}}</ref> Misali, duka ''Khandakhadyaka'' da ''Surya Siddhanta'' na Varaha sun bayyana cewa Shani ya kammala juyin juya hali 146,564 a kan kansa a duk shekara 4,320,000 na duniya, Epicycle of Apsis a matsayin digiri 60, kuma yana da apogee (aphelia) na digiri 240 a 499 CE; yayin da wani rubutun ''Soorya Siddhantha'' ya sake fasalin juyin juya halin zuwa 146,568, apogee zuwa digiri 236 da dakika 37 da Epicycle zuwa kusan digiri 49. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=P}}</ref> Malaman Hindu na 1st-millennium-CE sun kididdige lokacin da aka dauka don juyin juya hali na kowane duniya ciki har da Shani, daga nazarin ilimin taurari, tare da sakamako daban-daban: <ref name="Burgess198926">{{Cite book|edition=P}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; background:none;" |+Rubutun Sanskrit: Kwanaki nawa ne ake ɗauka don Shani (Saturn) ya kammala kewayarsa? | width="200" | Source | width="340" | Kiyasin lokacin juyin juya halin gefe <ref name="Burgess198926"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Matt |date=2017-04-17 |title=The Orbit of Saturn. How Long is a Year on Saturn? |url=https://www.universetoday.com/44172/how-long-does-it-take-saturn-to-orbit-the-sun/ |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Universe Today |language=en-US}}</ref> |- style="text-align: center;" | style="background: #ffad66;" width="200" | Surya Siddanta | width="340" | Kwanaki 10,765, awanni 18, mintuna 33, dakika 13.6 |- style="text-align: center;" | style="background: #ffad66;" width="200" | Siddanta Shiromani | width="340" | Kwanaki 10,765, awanni 19, mintuna 33, dakika 56.5 |- style="text-align: center;" | width="200" | Ptolemy | width="340" | Kwanaki 10,758, awanni 17, mintuna 48, dakika 14.9 |- style="text-align: center;" | width="200" | Kididdigar karni na 20 | width="340" | Kwanaki 10,759, awanni 5, mintuna 16, dakika 32.2 |} == Hoton hoto == [[Fayil:Shani_Deva.jpg|thumb| Shani by Raja Ravi Varma]] [[Fayil:Shani_Deva_roadside_shrine_between_Dharamsala_and_Chandigarh._2010.jpg|thumb| Shani wayside shrine tsakanin Dharamsala da Chandigarh, 2010]] An nuna Shani sanye da riguna masu launin shudi ko bakar fata, mai launin duhu kuma yana hawan ungulu ko kuma a kan karusar karfe da dawakai takwas suka zana. Yana rike da baka, da kibiya, da gatari da ma'auni. Ana wakilta shi bisa babban hankaka ko ungulu da ke bin sa duk inda ya je. Wasu rubuce-rubucen Hindu kuma sun nuna shi yana hawan wasu dabbobi kamar doki, maciji ko bauna, yayin da rubutun addinin Buddha daga Arewa maso Gabashin Indiya da Nepal ke wakiltar sa a kan kunkuru. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gail |first=Adalbert |date=1980 |title=Planets and Pseudoplanets in Indian Literature and Art with Special Reference to Nepal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756562 |journal=East and West |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |pages=145 |issn=0012-8376 |jstor=29756562}}</ref> An yi imanin Shani ya zama jiki na [[Krishna]], bisa ikon Brahma Vaivarta Purana inda Krishna ya ce shi "Shani a cikin taurari". Ana kuma kiransa ''Saneeswar,'' ma'ana "Ubangijin Saturn", kuma an sanya shi aikin ba da 'ya'yan itacen ayyukan mutum, don haka ya zama mafi tsoron alloli na taurarin Hindu. Shi ne mafi yawan rashin fahimta a cikin Hindu Pantheon kamar yadda aka ce yana haifar da hargitsi a rayuwar mutum, kuma an san ya fi sauki idan ana bauta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shani Dev – Know Everything About him |url=https://www.mantraquest.com/shani-dev.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040941/https://www.mantraquest.com/shani-dev.html |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=MantraQuest.com}}</ref> Shani shine tushen sunan ranar Asabar a yawancin sauran yarukan Indiya. A cikin [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] na zamani, [[Odia]], [[Talgu|Telugu]], Bengali, [[Marati|Marathi]], [[Urdu]], [[Kannada]] da [[Gujarati]], ana kiran Asabar ''Shanivaar'' ; Tamil : ''Sani kizhamai'' ; [[Malayalam]] : ''Shaniyazhcha'' ; Thai : ''Wạn s̄eār̒'' (วันเสาร์). == Kalanda == ''Shani'' shine tushen ''Shanivara'' - daya daga cikin kwanaki bakwai da ke yin mako guda a kalandar Hindu. Wannan rana ta yi daidai da Asabar - bayan Saturn - a cikin taron Greco-Roman don sanya sunayen kwanakin mako. Ana daukar ''Shani'' a matsayin mafi girman duniya na mazan jiya wanda ke kawo hani da musibu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Benefic And Malefic Planets For Each Ascendant |url=http://shrivinayakaastrology.com/Planets/beneficandmaleficplanets.html |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=shrivinayakaastrology.com}}</ref> Shani wani bangare ne na Navagraha a cikin tsarin zodiac na Hindu. Ana la'akari da shi malefic, yana da alaka da asceticism na ruhaniya, tuba, horo da aiki na hankali. Matsayi da mahimmancin Navagraha ya habaka tsawon lokaci tare da tasiri daban-daban. Kayyadaddun jikin taurari da muhimmancin su na taurari ya faru ne a farkon lokacin Vedic kuma an rubuta shi a cikin Vedas . Aikin farko na falaki da aka rubuta a Indiya shine Vedanga Jyotisha wanda aka fara harhada shi a karni na 14 KZ. Yana yiwuwa ya dogara ne akan ayyuka daga wayewar Indus Valley da kuma tasirin kasashen waje daban-daban. Navagraha ya habaka daga farkon ayyukan astrology na tsawon lokaci. An ambaci Saturn da taurari daban-daban a cikin Atharvaveda a kusan 1000 KZ. An ci gaba da Navagraha ta karin taimako daga [[Yammacin Asiya]], gami da tasirin Zoroastrian da Hellenistic . Yavanajataka, ko 'Kimiyyar Yavanas ', Indo-Girkanci ne ya rubuta mai suna " Yavanesvara " ("Ubangijin Helenawa") a karkashin mulkin Sarkin Kshatrapa na Yamma Rudrakarman I. Yavanajataka da aka rubuta a cikin 120 AZ galibi ana danganta shi da daidaita ilimin taurarin Indiya. Navagraha zai kara habaka kuma ya kare a zamanin Shaka tare da mutanen Saka ko Scythian. Bugu da kari, gudunmawar mutanen Saka za su zama tushen kalandar kasa ta Indiya, wanda kuma ake kira Kalanda Saka. Kalandar Hindu kalandar Lunisolar ce wacce ke yin rikodin zagayowar wata da na rana. Kamar Navagraha, an habaka shi tare da gudummawar gudummawar ayyuka daban-daban. Planet ''Shani'' yana mulki akan duka alamun zodiac, Capricorn da Aquarius, biyu daga cikin taurari goma sha biyu a cikin tsarin zodiac na taurarin Hindu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Backlund |first=Roya |date=4 November 2020 |title=Every Zodiac Sign Has A Ruling Planet & This Is Yours |url=https://www.elitedaily.com/p/every-zodiac-sign-has-a-ruling-planet-this-is-yours-9049398 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Elite Daily |language=en}}</ref> Idan ''Shani'' ya yi sarauta akan alamar zodiac, an ce dole ne mutum ya sanya zobe tare da dutse da aka yi da Blue Sapphire . == Allahntaka == ''Shani'' abin bautãwa ne a cikin matani na zamanin da, wanda ake ganin ba shi da kyau kuma ana jin tsoron isar da bala'i da asara ga wadanda suka cancanci hakan. Hakanan yana da ikon bayar da falala da albarka ga masu cancanta, gwargwadon karmarsu. A cikin wallafe-wallafen Hindu na tsakiya, ana kiransa da dan Surya da Chhaya, ko kuma a cikin 'yan asusun a matsayin dan Balarama da Revati . Madadin sunayensa sun hada da '''Ara '','' Kona''' da '''Kroda''' . <ref name="Dalal2010p373" /> A cewar wasu matani na Hindu, "pipal" ko itacen baure shine wurin zama na Shani (yayin da wasu rubutun ke danganta itace daya da Vasudeva). An kuma yi imani da cewa shi ne babban malami mai ba da ladan ayyuka na qwarai da azabtar da wanda ya bi tafarkin mugu, Adharma da cin amana. Shanidev babban mai bautar Ubangiji Shiva . <ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/shani-jayanti-2024-date-time-and-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/110722240.cms</ref> [[Fayil:Bennanje_Sri_Shaneeswara_23_feet_Statue_Udupi.JPG|thumb|240x240px| Hoton Shani a [[Bannanje]], Udupi, [[Karnataka]]]] A cikin 2013, an kafa wani mutum-mutumi na Ubangiji ''Shani'' mai tsayi kafa 20 a Yerdanur a cikin mandal na Sangareddy, gundumar Medak, [[Telangana]], kusan 40.&nbsp;kilomita daga birnin Hyderabad. An zana shi daga monolith kuma nauyinsa ya kai ton tara.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2022}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Tafsirin Mantra == An kwatanta mantra na Shani a nan cikin Sanskrit da Ingilishi: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gāyatri Mantras of Several Gods - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/G%C4%81yatri_Mantras_of_Several_Gods#.C5.9Aani.C5.9Bwara_G.C4.81yatri |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=www.hindupedia.com}}</ref> Sanskrit: ॐ काकध्वजाय विद्महे खड्ग हस्तार ''Fassara: "Om kākadhvajāya vidmahe khaḍgahastāya dhīmahi tanno mandaḥ pracodayāt.'' ''<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' Fassara: Om, Bari in yi tunani a kan wanda ya yi cara a tutarsa, Ya, wanda ke da takobi a hannunsa, Ka ba ni hankali mafi girma, kuma Saneeswara ya haskaka min hankali. Sanskrit: ॐ नीलांजन समाभासं रविपुत्रं यमाग्रजम् छाया ''Fassara: "Om nīlāñjana samābhāsaṁ raviputraṁ yamāgrajam chāyā mārtāṇḍa saṁbhūtaṁ tvāṁ namāmi śanīśvaram"'' Fassara: Ya Ubangiji, Kai kamar Sapphire mai shudi kake kuma kana sha'awar shudin sapphire, kai dan Ubangiji Suriya ne, kuma Dan'uwan Ubangiji Yama . Kai ne dan Ubangiji Surya da Goddess Chhaya, na sunkuyar da kai Ubangijin Planet Saturn . == Ranar sadaukarwa == A ranar Asabar ne ake ganin ya kamata mutum ya bauta wa Ubangiji Shani don ya nisantar da kansa daga sharri da kuma rage wahalhalun rayuwa kamar yadda yake sa albarka ga wadanda suka sadaukar da kansu da son rai ga talakawa ba tare da neman komai ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Shani Puja {{!}} Blessings of Shani Dev {{!}} Shani Dev Pooja Vidhi |url=https://www.pavitrajyotish.com/shani-puja/ |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.pavitrajyotish.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=Here's how you can worship Lord Shani to keep your karma in check |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/article/here-s-how-you-can-worship-lord-shani-to-keep-your-karma-in-check/589244 |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Shani_dev_statue_at_Naksaal_Bhagwati_Temple.jpg|thumb|230x230px| Hoton Shani a Naksaal Bhagwati Temple]] Shani puja yawanci ana yinsa ne don kiyaye mutum daga illolin Ubangiji Shani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Method of worship of Lord Shani - Onlinepuja.com |url=https://onlinepuja.com/blog/method-worship-lord-shani |access-date=2021-02-10 |website=onlinepuja.com}}</ref> == Shani temples a fadin Indiya ==   {{See also|List of Natchathara temples|List of Hindu temples}} [[Fayil:Shingnapur.jpg|thumb| Vigraha na Shani Dev a Shingnapur Shani Temple]] [[Fayil:A_Shani_temple_in_Jammu.jpg|thumb|180x180px| Shigar haikalin Shani a Jammu]] Ana samun temples na Shani a cikin mafi yawan yankuna na Indiya, kamar [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Puducherry (yanki)|Puducherry/Pondicherry]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] da [[Andhra Pradesh]] . Shani Shingnapur Dham musamman sanannen wuri ne mai tsarki mai alaka da Shani. Shani Shinganapur ko Shingnapur kauye ne a jihar Maharashtra ta Indiya. Ana zaune a Nevasa taluka a gundumar Ahmednagar, kauyen sanannen sanannen haikalinsa na Shani. Shingnapur yana da shekaru 35&nbsp;km daga Ahmednagar . Fiye da haikalin Shani sune zane-zane masu alaka da allahntaka, wadanda ake samu a cikin kowane nau'in haikalin al'adu daban-daban a cikin addinin Hindu, galibi suna da alaka da Shaivism . Shaharar yin addu'a ga Shani, musamman a ranar Asabar, ya karu sannu a hankali tsawon shekaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2016 |title=10 Most Important Shrines and Temples Of God Shanidev |url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/hindu-temple/10-most-important-shrines-and-temples-of-god-shanidev/ |access-date=2021-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Rigvedic alloli ** Nakshatra ** Jerin temples na Natchhara ** Aditi ** Surya Namaskar * Kakabhushundi * Jerin gumakan Hindu * Jerin temples na Hindu * Jerin wuraren aikin hajji == Bayanan kula == {{Reflist}} == Kara karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |author-link=David Pingree |year=1973 |title=The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |publisher=SAGE |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |bibcode=1973JHA.....4....1P |doi=10.1177/002182867300400102 |s2cid=125228353}} *   *   == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == {{Commonscat}} * [http://adsbit.harvard.edu//full/1999JRASC..93..122F/0000123.000.html Sunayen Astronomical na Ranakun Mako], M Falk (1999) * [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001063u00047000.html The God Shani ko Planet Saturn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918061159/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000001063u00047000.html |date=2018-09-18 }} Archived </link> , Iconongraphy a kan wani shafi a Madurai Meenakshi Temple, Library na Biritaniya * Shani Chalisa [https://lyricsbean.com/shani-chalisa-lyrics-pdf/ A cikin Hindi Tare da Fayil din PDF na Turanci] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425050135/https://lyricsbean.com/shani-chalisa-lyrics-pdf/ |date=2021-04-25 }} Archived </link> * [https://dharmiik.com/shani-mantra-in-hindi/ Shani Mantra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823072617/https://dharmiik.com/shani-mantra-in-hindi/ |date=2023-08-23 }} {{Navagraha}}{{Hindu astrology}}{{HinduMythology}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Hoto]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4bkr6xdwi6ytwobenhx51bhu8kpbxbh Al'ada 0 14229 539608 534827 2024-11-11T08:34:07Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539608 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <nowiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karɓar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi ƙanƙanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai ƙuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, ƙaramin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haɗuwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Waƙar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kiɗa na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kiɗa na Gucci Mane * "Normal", waƙar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kiɗa na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (ƙungiyar Kirista) , ƙungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (ƙungiyar New Orleans) , ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis 6bqunvm4ghgh78vburkswo01hdbccr6 539609 539608 2024-11-11T08:35:50Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <nowiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karɓar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, ƙaramin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haɗuwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Waƙar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kiɗa na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kiɗa na Gucci Mane * "Normal", waƙar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kiɗa na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (ƙungiyar Kirista) , ƙungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (ƙungiyar New Orleans) , ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis sgjx3iymdmh9qno8j3ag7k2cn3g5wri 539610 539609 2024-11-11T08:37:00Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <no wiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karbar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, karamin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haduwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Wakar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kiɗa na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kiɗa na Gucci Mane * "Normal", waƙar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kiɗa na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (ƙungiyar Kirista) , ƙungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (ƙungiyar New Orleans) , ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis jzf4hk0zmcygjnqx21zdhs7a40edx49 539611 539610 2024-11-11T08:38:04Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <no wiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karbar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, karamin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haduwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Wakar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kida na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kida na Gucci Mane * "Normal", wakar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kiɗa na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (ƙungiyar Kirista) , ƙungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (ƙungiyar New Orleans) , ƙungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis hzw21dwr10w4ylmzyvuztcg84z5o23q 539612 539611 2024-11-11T08:39:07Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <no wiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karbar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, karamin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haduwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Wakar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kida na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kida na Gucci Mane * "Normal", wakar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kiɗa na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (kungiyar Kirista) , ƙungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (kungiyar New Orleans) , kungiyar ƙwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis antklvut8q0nqtpb83tbkjtcdg94ghl 539613 539612 2024-11-11T08:40:40Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539613 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <no wiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karbar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, karamin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haduwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Wakar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kida na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kida na Gucci Mane * "Normal", wakar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", waƙar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", waƙar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kida na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (kungiyar Kirista) , kungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (kungiyar New Orleans) , kungiyar kwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis fpi27a7estz0z97i6sa82shssqd2wvu 539614 539613 2024-11-11T08:42:32Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539614 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Al'ada''' ('''ss''') ko Daidai na iya kasancewa:   == Fim da talabijin == * <nowiki><i id="mwDw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2003) , tare da Jessica Lange da Tom Wilkinson * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2007) , tare da Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Zegers, Callum Keith Rennie, da Andrew Airlie * <no wiki><i id="mwFQ">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (fim na 2009) , karbar wasan [[kwaikwayo]] na Anthony Neilson na 1991 Al'ada: The Düsseldorf Ripper''Al'ada: Mai Ruwa na Düsseldorf'' * ''[[Normal!|Al'ada ce!]]'', fim din Aljeriya na 2011 * The Normals (fim) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka na 2012 * "Normal" (New Girl), wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen TV == Lissafi == * Al'adan (geometry) , wani abu kamar layin ko vector wanda yake tsaye ga wani abu da aka ba shi * Tushen al'ada (na tsawo na Galois), wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a cikin cryptography * Kayan aiki na yau da kullun * Kayan kwalliya na al'ada, na subscheme a cikin lissafin lissafi * Ma'auni na al'ada, a cikin bambancin lissafi, ma'auni ya cikin gida da aka samu daga taswirar nunawa (Riemannian geometry) * Rarrabawar al'ada, rarrabawar yiwuwar Gaussian * Ma'auni na al'ada, yana kwatanta mafita ga matsalar mafi kankanta * Yaduwar al'ada (ko kusan-Galois), fadada filin, rarraba filayen don saitin polynomials akan filin tushe * Iyalin al'ada, iyali mai kuntataccen aiki na ci gaba * Ayyuka na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Abubuwan da ba su canzawa ba al'ada ba, a cikin lissafin lissafi * Matrix na al'adan, matrix wanda ke canzawa tare da jujjuyawar sa * Matsayi na al'ada, a cikin ka'idar saiti * Lamba ta al'ada, adadi na ainihi tare da rarraba lambobi "daidai" * Mai aiki na yau da kullun, mai aiki wanda ke tafiya tare da mataimakinsa na Hermitian * Tsarin al'adan na aikin lissafi, wani nau'in halayyar asymptotic mai amfani a ka'idar lambobi * Polytopes na al'ada, a cikin lissafin polyhedral da lissafin lissafi * Zobba na al'ada, karamin zobe wanda wuraren da yake a manyan manufofi sun rufe duka yankuna * Tsarin al'ada, makircin da zoben gida sune yankuna na al'ada * Tsarin al'ada (disambiguation) , ko dai aiki na al'ada ko wakiltar lambar al'ada * <nowiki>Yankin al'ada (ko T 4 {\displaystyle T_{4}} ), sarari, sarari na sarari wanda aka kwatanta da rabuwa da rufewa</nowiki> * Kungiyar al'ada, karamin rukuni a karkashin haduwa == Wakoki == * <nowiki><i id="mwUw">Al'ada</i></nowiki> (album) , kundin 2005 na Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal * "Alonzo song" (Alonzo song) * "Normal" (Wakar da ta fi dacewa) * "Normal", bidiyon kida na Gucci ManeBidiyo na kida na Gucci Mane * "Normal", wakar Porcupine Tree daga Nil Recurring''Kogin Kogin da ke maimaitawa'' * "Normal", wakar AJR daga The Click (Deluxe Edition) ''Dannawa (Deluxe Edition) '' * "Nomal", wakar Ximena Sariñana daga Mediocre''Rashin daidaituwa'' * The Normal, aikin rikodi na mai gabatar da kida na Turanci Daniel Miller * The Normals (kungiyar Kirista) , kungiyar Kirista ta Amurka * The Normals (kungiyar New Orleans) , kungiyar kwararrun Amurka ta 1970 == Wuraren da aka yi == * Al'ada, Alabama * Al'ada, Illinois * Al'ada, Indiya * Al'ada, Kentucky * Tashar al'ada, Memphis 1610czqp91sdttg9cniw0k0hu5yvd3v Almara 0 16726 539518 440169 2024-11-10T16:20:09Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunƙule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa Ƙwaƙwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke ɗauke da labarin da ke ɗauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a buƙaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin waɗannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya ɗauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani ƙaton kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da ƙyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta ɗauke da wata matsalar da a ƙarshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] ovqt1xtxv7jrwjn3uad8rxrx7dls9js 539602 539518 2024-11-11T08:23:15Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunkule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa Ƙwaƙwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke dauke da labarin da ke dauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a bukaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin waɗannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya ɗauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani ƙaton kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da ƙyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta ɗauke da wata matsalar da a ƙarshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] 8zzn8d0jn3svu48qmjl336kkg8qcy35 539603 539602 2024-11-11T08:24:04Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin ƙwaƙwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunkule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa kwakwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke dauke da labarin da ke dauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a bukaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin waɗannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya ɗauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani ƙaton kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da ƙyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta ɗauke da wata matsalar da a ƙarshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] jwiow5ld9fg48uss9wod7xxc5akm4g0 539604 539603 2024-11-11T08:24:42Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin kwakwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunkule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa kwakwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke dauke da labarin da ke dauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a bukaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin waɗannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya ɗauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani ƙaton kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da ƙyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta ɗauke da wata matsalar da a ƙarshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] 7bsfm7bdu0q7bo29yr0siwnm93etjl8 539605 539604 2024-11-11T08:26:07Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin kwakwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunkule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa kwakwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke dauke da labarin da ke dauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a bukaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin wadannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya dauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani ƙaton kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da kyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta ɗauke da wata matsalar da a ƙarshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] 0mpua7d6x952fnriq4u8swhmp0ehod4 539606 539605 2024-11-11T08:27:26Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Almara''' labari ne, ko tambaya ta sigar wasa kwakwalwa, angambo ya bayyana Almara da labarin da ke jefa tambaya a cikin kwakwalwan mai saurare.<ref>Furniss,Graham. (1996). ''Poetry,prose and popular culture in Hausa''.p.57</ref> Almara zance ne wanda hausawa sukeyi alokacin nishadi ko kuma wasa kwakwalwa. === Rabe-Raben Almara === A dunkule, masana harshen Hausa sun kasa almara zuwa gida biyu: # Almarar Wasa kwakwalwa: ita ce almarar da ke dauke da labarin da ke dauke da matsalar da bayan an gama bayar da shi za a bukaci masu sauraro su warware matsalar. Misali, wata rana, wata budurwa ta je zance wajen saurayinta da ya ke wani gari. Da suka gama zance, dare ya yi, sai ya tafi zai raka ta. A tsakanin wadannan garuruwa guda biyu, akwai wani kogi. Da suka isa bakin wannan kogi, sai saurayin ya ce budurwar ta dakata, ya iya ruwa, shi zai fara haura kogin ya dauko kwale-kwale don ya haye da ita. Sai ya shiga ruwa, sai da ya je tsakiyar ruwan, sai wani katon kada ya biyo shi zai kama shi, da kyar ya samu ya haye. Bayan ya haye, sai ya hango kura ta rugo da gudu za ta cinye wannan budurwar tasa. To, wai idan kai ne wannan saurayin ya zaka yi? Za ka shigo ruwa kada ya cinye ka ne, ko kuwa za ka tsaya kura ta cinye budurwar taka? # Almarar Raha: almara ce da ake yin ta ta hanyar bayar da labarin bandariya, wacce kuma ba ta dauke da wata matsalar da a karshe za a nemi mai sauraro ya warware ta. Akwai kamanceceniya tsakanin almara da tatsuniya. Sai dai, babban abin da ke bambanta tsakaninsu su shi ne cewa, an fi gina almara da sunayen mutane, wato ba a cika gina zunzurutun labarin almara da sunayen wasu halittu zalla ba batare da mutum ya shigo ciki ba. == Bibiliyo == * Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. *·''Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate : historical and sociological perspectivesISBN0-521-21069-0OCLC2371710'' *·''The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004''. Bobboyi, H., Yakubu, Mahmood. (1st ed ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. <nowiki>ISBN 978-135-166-7</nowiki>. OCLC 156890366. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ilimi]] 2dzlef5vqx2w6t6ve1t63fl7gi7zoqm Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 539601 539406 2024-11-10T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 539601 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Bigflow212|Bigflow212]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bigflow212|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |2 |[[User:David Sedaris|David Sedaris]] |[[Special:Contributions/David Sedaris|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |3 |[[User:Beni Masato|Beni Masato]] |[[Special:Contributions/Beni Masato|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |4 |[[User:Hsnkn|Hsnkn]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hsnkn|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |5 |[[User:Bonadea|Bonadea]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bonadea|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |6 |[[User:EncyclopedianWP|EncyclopedianWP]] |[[Special:Contributions/EncyclopedianWP|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |7 |[[User:Emjezedchich10|Emjezedchich10]] |[[Special:Contributions/Emjezedchich10|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |8 |[[User:Pieter Dijkstra|Pieter Dijkstra]] |[[Special:Contributions/Pieter Dijkstra|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |9 |[[User:Azozoalis|Azozoalis]] |[[Special:Contributions/Azozoalis|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |10 |[[User:Image tube|Image tube]] |[[Special:Contributions/Image tube|Gudummuwa]] |Jumma'a, 8 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |11 |[[User:Bakadjaa|Bakadjaa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bakadjaa|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |12 |[[User:Muazu Umar|Muazu Umar]] |[[Special:Contributions/Muazu Umar|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |13 |[[User:Theodore Christopher|Theodore Christopher]] |[[Special:Contributions/Theodore Christopher|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |14 |[[User:Alvooo|Alvooo]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alvooo|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |15 |[[User:Loxyger|Loxyger]] |[[Special:Contributions/Loxyger|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |16 |[[User:Mobby 12|Mobby 12]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mobby 12|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |17 |[[User:Bello Mohammad Garba|Bello Mohammad Garba]] |[[Special:Contributions/Bello Mohammad Garba|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |18 |[[User:MVafaee|MVafaee]] |[[Special:Contributions/MVafaee|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |19 |[[User:Babakmd|Babakmd]] |[[Special:Contributions/Babakmd|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |20 |[[User:Royalrumblebee|Royalrumblebee]] |[[Special:Contributions/Royalrumblebee|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |21 |[[User:NitinMlk|NitinMlk]] |[[Special:Contributions/NitinMlk|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |22 |[[User:Dondoggone|Dondoggone]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dondoggone|Gudummuwa]] |Asabar, 9 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |23 |[[User:AngelicDevil29|AngelicDevil29]] |[[Special:Contributions/AngelicDevil29|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |24 |[[User:Lacherstein|Lacherstein]] |[[Special:Contributions/Lacherstein|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |25 |[[User:Sagiru Wakili Musa|Sagiru Wakili Musa]] |[[Special:Contributions/Sagiru Wakili Musa|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |26 |[[User:BobYZH|BobYZH]] |[[Special:Contributions/BobYZH|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |27 |[[User:SolApk|SolApk]] |[[Special:Contributions/SolApk|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |28 |[[User:M i Rumah|M i Rumah]] |[[Special:Contributions/M i Rumah|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |29 |[[User:Ggunthy|Ggunthy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ggunthy|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |30 |[[User:Canibal2014|Canibal2014]] |[[Special:Contributions/Canibal2014|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |31 |[[User:Doudjinny|Doudjinny]] |[[Special:Contributions/Doudjinny|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |32 |[[User:Leoleo7495|Leoleo7495]] |[[Special:Contributions/Leoleo7495|Gudummuwa]] |Lahadi, 10 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |} 1tsdk3tl4cvlowd03kf8iesbj51hhku Fafutukar haƙƙin kurame 0 30027 539615 504607 2024-11-11T08:47:16Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|haƙƙin nakasassu]] da ƙungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban waɗanda ke ƙarfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su ɗauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da haƙƙin samun abubuwa iri ɗaya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta Ƙaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5zsek92ao0ezkwnzh29sjncpx3rvvl5 539616 539615 2024-11-11T08:48:37Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nakasassu]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke ƙarfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su ɗauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da haƙƙin samun abubuwa iri ɗaya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta Ƙaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k50ql0o1ej0f6mvp7c4m0vc0aqm2cqa 539617 539616 2024-11-11T08:49:47Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da haƙƙin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta Ƙaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ri65uyc52vn2gd4129iyae1zzmfbl50 539618 539617 2024-11-11T08:50:29Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da ɗaliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai ƙarfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don sauƙaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] px84j1meyzdqfr1ea4supjqq9x9zgd5 539619 539618 2024-11-11T08:52:36Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaƙa wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana ɗaukar ƙoƙarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 85rufi8hyf1jp5h08k7pn4yrgl89xjf 539620 539619 2024-11-11T08:54:10Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta buɗe ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kuɗin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin ƙasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qiaxfe3d4x9uzldmivaw3mcfr6klyex 539621 539620 2024-11-11T08:55:36Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin faɗaɗa ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a ƙasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zaɓi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nn57dcwcahxyycbu5gljnn8gxheiwcv 539622 539621 2024-11-11T08:57:19Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' ɗalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin ɗalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da naɗin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na naɗin shugabannin saurare a kan ƙwararrun ƴan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ke6z42db3pgk1zg12au8xlzvg78xn6 539623 539622 2024-11-11T08:59:51Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Waɗannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da ƙirƙira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai waɗanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar ƙasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3aztra46py0mg2zpcgf0zaiix29079k 539624 539623 2024-11-11T09:01:28Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan ƙananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta ɗauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin waɗannan dokoki kuma ta faɗaɗa su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qdk08alkmsp4iz2d9rtvmjy4ynpqocx 539625 539624 2024-11-11T09:02:50Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, ƙananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kuɗin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunƙurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai ƙarfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] isybp0i7yd4930fxtx2aj43a2py4kyu 539626 539625 2024-11-11T09:05:22Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, kananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da ƙin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da ƙiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eytt98qimlw4u6r1uanmyxsftfssu3o 539627 539626 2024-11-11T09:10:14Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, kananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke buƙatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Ƙungiyar haƙƙin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5fmxvr6o1qv4k1lobo65127xkrytiw0 539628 539627 2024-11-11T09:11:43Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, kananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin naƙasasu|motsin haƙƙin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] thldq7h1rtjlv3o0qo0s9vn963w4kah 539629 539628 2024-11-11T09:12:46Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Assia_Uhanany_Miss_Deaf_World_2018.jpg |thumb| Assia Uhanany Sarauniya kyau ta Kurame]] [[File:Group_of_deaf_people,_2010_(01).jpg |thumb| Gungun Kurame]] [[File:Public_documents_of_the_legislature_of_Connecticut,_session_(1882)_(14763332785).jpg|alt=A drawing of the American Sign Language manual alphabet|thumb| Harsunan kurame muhimmin sashe ne na al'adun kurame. Ana nuna haruffa Harshen Alamar Amurka (ASL) anan.]] Kungiyar '''kare hakkin kurame ta''' kunshi jerin kungiyoyin zamantakewa a cikin [[kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|hakkin nauseous]] da kungiyoyin al'adu daban-daban wadanda ke karfafa [[Kurãme|kurame da masu wuyar ji]] don tura al'umma su dauki matsayi na girmamawa daidai gare su. Yarda da cewa wadanda suka kasance Kurame ko masu fama da ji suna da hakkin samun abubuwa iri daya kamar yadda masu ji suke jagorantar wannan motsi. Kuma ta kaddamar da tsarin ilmantarwa don koyar da masu jin Kurame yana daya daga cikin abubuwan farko na wannan motsi. Harshen kurame, da kuma dasa shuki, sun kuma yi tasiri mai yawa ga al'ummar Kurame. Wadannan duk sun kasance bangarorin da suka share hanya ga wadanda ke da Kura, wanda ya fara da kungiyar kare hakkin Kura.takasance tanah da nahi ancient sosoi == Ilimin kurma == === Maganar baka === Baka yana mai da hankali kan koyar da daliban kurame ta hanyoyin sadarwa ta baka maimakon harsunan kurame. Akwai adawa mai karfi to a cikin al'ummomin kurame ga hanyar baka na koya wa kurame magana da karatun lebe tare da iyakance ko rashin amfani da yaren kurame a cikin aji. Hanyar da aka yi niyya don saukaka wa yara kurame su shiga cikin al'ummomin ji, amma ana jayayya game da fa'idodin koyo a irin wannan yanayi. Hakanan ana amfani da yaren kurame na tsakiya ga kurma kuma ana daukar kokarin iyakance amfani da shi azaman hari. === Makarantun kurame === Iyayen yara kurame kuma suna da damar tura yaransu makarantun kurame, inda ake koyar da karatun cikin Harshen Kurame na Amurka . Makaranta ta farko don ilimin kurame ita ce Mafaka ta Connecticut don Ilimi da Koyarwar Kurame da bebaye, duk wadda ta bude ranar 15 ga Afrilu, shekarata 1817. <ref name=":0" /> Wannan cibiyar hadin gwiwa ce. Daga baya an canza wa wannan makaranta suna zuwa Makarantar Kurame ta Amurka, kuma an ba ta kudin tarayya don kafa cibiyoyin kurame a cikin kasar. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin malamai a wadannan makarantu mata ne, saboda a cewar PBS da kuma binciken da aka yi na fim din ''ta hanyar idanu na kurame'', sun fi dacewa da koyarwa saboda hakurin da ake yi don yin wani abu akai-akai. An kafa Makarantar Kurame ta Amirka bisa tsarin ilmantarwa na Biritaniya ga kurame tare da koyarwa a batutuwan karatu, rubutu, tarihi, lissafi, da kuma nazarin Littafi Mai Tsarki na gaba. <ref name=":0" /> Jami’ar Gallaudet ita ce jami’ar kurame tilo a duniya, wadda ke koyarwa cikin Harshen kurame na Amurka, da kuma inganta bincike da kuma littattafai ga al’ummar kurame. Jami'ar Gallaudet ce ke da alhakin fadada ayyuka da ilimi ga kurame a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya, da kuma a Amurka. <ref>"Reviewing The Pioneering Roles Of Gallaudet University Alumni In Advancing Deaf Education And Services In Developing Countries: Insights And Challenges From Nigeria." ''American Annals Of The Deaf'' 2 (2015): 75. ''Project MUSE''. Web. 15 Mar. 2016.</ref> Mutane da yawa kurame sun zabi a koya musu a muhallin kurma don karatun matakin koleji. <ref name=":2" /> === Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu === Shugaban kurame na Jami’ar Gallaudet ''Yanzu'' dalibai, tare da goyon bayan tsofaffin dalibai, malamai, ma’aikata da abokai, Kuma duk sun nuna rashin amincewa da ci gaba da nadin da kwamitin amintattu ke yi na nadin shugabannin saurare a kan kwararrun dan takarar kurame a wata cibiyar da aka kafa don yi wa kurame hidima. I. Sarki Jordan ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1988, inda ya zama shugaban kasa kurame na farko. === Alkaluma na tarihi === An sami mutane da yawa da suka sami ci gaba a cikin al'ummar kurame. Wadannan mutane duka sun kasance kurma ko ji. Kuma Kadan daga cikin sunayen da aka fi sani da su sun hada da: Alexander Graham Bell, wanda aka sani da kirkira wayar tarho amma ga Kurame, ana kallonsa a matsayin mugu;  Heather Whitestone, kurma ta farko Miss-America; Marlee Matlin, sanannen yar wasan kurma; Laurent Clerc, sanannen farfesa kurame; da [[Helen Keller]], wacce aka fi sani da kurma makaho. Duk da haka, wannan kananan mutane ne kawai wadanda suka sami ci gaba a cikin kurma. == Wuraren jama'a == Dokar nakasassu ta Amirka, wadda aka fi sani da ADA, ta yi tasiri sosai ga al'ummar kurame. A cikin shekarata 1990 ya kasance alamar kasa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. ADA ta kasance babbar fa'ida ga masu taurin ji da kurame don taimaka musu su sami kowane fanni na rayuwa da mai ji yake da shi. ADA ta dauki mahimman ka'idoji a cikin wadannan dokoki kuma ta fadada su zuwa ga fa'idar rayuwar jama'ar Amurkawa. Ya haramta wariya a kusan kowane fanni na al’umma, ma’ana mutum yana buqatar sahihin dalili na kin hayar mai nakasa. Dokar ta ba da kariyar doka a cikin aiki (Title I), samun damar shiga jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi da sufuri na jama'a (Title II), masaukin jama'a (Title III) (dole ne su samar da mai fassara), da sadarwa (Title IV). (26) George HW Bush ya sanya hannu kan wannan aiki, kuma babu wani ramuwar gayya daga wannan. Bai magance matsalar wariya ba amma ya ba wa nakasassu kariya. A cikin shekarar 1975 Majalisa ta gano cewa fiye da yara miliyan takwas ba sa samun daidaiton ilimi. Akwai wani kudirin doka da aka zartar don taimakawa wajen magance wannan matsala mai suna Dokokin Ilimin Nakasa (IDEA). An yi IDEA don "tabbatar da cewa duk yara masu nakasa sun sami damar samun ilimi kyauta, dacewa, ilimin jama'a wanda ke jaddada ilimi na musamman da kuma ayyuka masu dangantaka da aka tsara don biyan bukatunsu da shirya su don yin aiki da zaman kansu. Don tabbatar da cewa an kare hakkin yara masu nakasa da iyayensu. To Don taimaka wa jihohi, kananan hukumomi, hukumomin sabis na ilimi, da hukumomin tarayya don biyan kudin ilimi ga duk yara masu nakasa. Kuma a karshe don tantancewa da tabbatar da ingancin yunkurin ilmantar da yara masu nakasa.” (73) == motsin al'adun kurame == Al'adar kurame al'ada ce da aka ayyana ta hanyar amfani da yaren kurame da yawancin al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa. === Cochlear implants === A cikin al'ummar kurame, akwai adawa mai karfi ga yin amfani da na'urar dasa shuki da kuma wasu lokuta ma na'urorin ji da makamantansu. Wannan sau da yawa barata ne dangane da kin yarda da ra'ayi cewa [[Kurãme|kurma]], a matsayin yanayin, wani abu ne da ke bukatar ''gyarawa'' . Wasu kuma na ganin cewa wannan fasaha ma tana yin barazana ga ci gaba da wanzuwar al’adun kurame, amma Kathryn Woodcock ta yi nuni da cewa, babbar barazana ce ga al’adun kurame, ''yin watsi da masu zuwa domin kawai sun ji, saboda iyayensu sun zabo musu dasa, Dan haka yasa saboda sun samu. sautin muhalli mai amfani, da dai sauransu'' . Cochlear implants na iya inganta fahimtar sauti don dacewa da shigarwa, amma ba sa juyar da [[Kurãme|kurame]], ko haifar da tsinkaye na yau da kullum na sautuna. Al'ummar kurame har yanzu sun dage cewa ba za a saka wa yaro abin dasa shuki ba har sai ya isa ya yanke shawara da kansa saboda abin da ya faru ba zai iya jurewa ba kuma zai iya haifar da ciwo, nadama, da kiyayya / ware. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Al'adar kurame * Harshen alamar * Ilimin kurma * Samfuran kurame * Audism * Kurame Shugaban Kasa Yanzu * [[Kungiyar hakkin nakasasu|motsin hakkin nakasa]] * Kurma == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k1rocwugv9dvcrqi0jyiwcd3s9smrxo Tsangaya 0 34983 539517 512084 2024-11-10T16:17:16Z Hajara ya'u 25199 539517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Primary Laos.jpg|thumb|Tsangaya yara]] [[Fayil:A Hayesville High School classroom in Clay County, N.C., in 2004.jpg|thumb|ajin tsangaya]] '''Tsangaya''' wani tsari ne na gurin da ake bada karatu da tarbiyyar Musulunci kuma kalmar Tsangaya ta Hausa ce a zahiri tana nufin Cibiyar Koyo. Wanda yake zuwa makarantar ana kiransa da Almajiri.Haka zalika tsangaya tana nufin wata matattara ko gurin koyon karatu, kalmar Hausa ce wacce ta samo asali daga kalmar larabci “Almuhajirun”, ma’ana dan hijira. Yawanci ana nufin mutumin da ya yi hijira daga jin dakin gidansa zuwa wasu wurare ko wani mashahurin malami wajen neman ilimin addinin Musulunci.<ref>https://medium.com/@sindigawozainab/tsangaya-boarding-schools-in-nigeria-an-outlook-d40c9701e4e2</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0hmdx0nmqhbdqtivc0h29i7rn0ew376 Harshen Ikwo 0 35414 539519 218472 2024-11-10T16:46:38Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Nayi Gyara 539519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox language|name=Ikwo|altname=|region=[[Ebonyi State]], [[Nigeria]]|ethnicity=[[Ikwo people]]|speakers=260,000|date=2012|ref=e18|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Volta–Niger languages|Volta–Niger]]|fam5={{sm|yeai}}|fam6=[[Igboid languages|Igboid]]|fam7=Nuclear Igboid|fam8=Izi–Ezaa–Ikwo–Mgbo|iso3=iqw|glotto=ikwo1238|glottorefname=Ikwo}} [[Fayil:Onuebonyi Post Office, Ikwo-Ebonyi State.jpg|thumb|ikwo post office ]] '''Ikwo''' yare ne na Igboid da ake magana da shi a [[Ebonyi|jihar Ebonyi]], [[Najeriya]]. Yaren sun samar da gungu na yare tare da Izii, [[Yaren Ezaa|Ezza]], da [[Harshen Mgbo|Mgbo]], ko da yake ba su kadan-kadan suke fahimtar juna . == Manazarta == <references /> {{Igbo topics}}{{Volta-Niger languages}} [[Category:Harsunan Igbo]] [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya]] se2c9kit39f7sndh0y705yg6kw1jcle Noma a kasar Gambia 0 80838 539515 522677 2024-11-10T16:14:23Z Abdultambura18 32142 539515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Farm 5.jpg|thumb]] '''Noma a ƙasar Gambia''' Noma yana da kaso mai tsoka a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar Gambia, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 25% na tattalin arzikin ƙasar.<ref>https://jems.sciview.net/index.php/jems/article/view/92</ref> Kusan kashi 75% na ma'aikata a Gambia suna aiki ne a cikin masana'antun noma. Manyan amfanin gona da ake samarwa a ƙasar su ne;  Gyaɗa , Gero, Dawa, Mangwaro,  Masara, Sesame, ƙwayar dabino, da kuma Yazawa.  Babban amfanin gona da ake samarwa a ƙasar shi ne Shinkafa. Duk da kasancewar noma wani babban yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar Gambia, amma har yanzu matsalar abinci, matsalace da ta addabi al'ummar ƙasar. Abubuwan amfanin gona kawai suna samar da kusan kashi 50% na abinda al'ummar ƙasa ke bukata saboda ƙarancin amfanin gona. Da yawan jama'a sun dogarane sosai kan shinkafa, suna buƙatar metrik ton 398,364 a kowace shekara. Amma ƙasar Gambia abinda da ke iya samarwa kawai shi ne 22,706 metrik ton na shinkafa a kowace shekara. A sakamakon haka, tana buƙatar ta shigo da kusan kashi 80-90% na shinkafar da take bukata kowace shekara. Ko da yake kusan kashi 45% na ƙasar noma a Gambiya ana amfani da ita wajen noman gyada, yawancin gyadan da ake nomawa ana fitar da ita ne zuwa ƙasashen waje, abin da ke ƙara haifar da rashin abinci. == Manazarta == https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Gambia oybg0e0s3idmirw0n9wjf21v0lz57fk 539516 539515 2024-11-10T16:16:51Z Abdultambura18 32142 539516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Farm 5.jpg|thumb]] '''Noma a ƙasar Gambia''' Noma yana da kaso mai tsoka a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar Gambia, wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 25% na tattalin arzikin ƙasar.<ref>https://jems.sciview.net/index.php/jems/article/view/92</ref> Kusan kashi 75% na ma'aikata a Gambia suna aiki ne a cikin masana'antun noma. Manyan amfanin gona da ake samarwa a ƙasar su ne;  Gyaɗa , Gero, Dawa, Mangwaro,  Masara, ridi, ƙwayar dabino, da kuma Yazawa.  Babban amfanin gona da ake samarwa a ƙasar shi ne Shinkafa. Duk da kasancewar noma wani babban yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasar Gambia, amma har yanzu matsalar abinci, matsalace da ta addabi al'ummar ƙasar. Abubuwan amfanin gona kawai suna samar da kusan kashi 50% na abinda al'ummar ƙasa ke bukata saboda ƙarancin amfanin gona. Da yawan jama'a sun dogarane sosai kan shinkafa, suna buƙatar metrik ton 398,364 a kowace shekara. Amma ƙasar Gambia abinda da ke iya samarwa kawai shi ne 22,706 metrik ton na shinkafa a kowace shekara. A sakamakon haka, tana buƙatar ta shigo da kusan kashi 80-90% na shinkafar da take bukata kowace shekara. Ko da yake kusan kashi 45% na ƙasar noma a Gambiya ana amfani da ita wajen noman gyada, yawancin gyadan da ake nomawa ana fitar da ita ne zuwa ƙasashen waje, abin da ke ƙara haifar da rashin abinci. == Manazarta == https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Gambia behgy4apibxr1n7wzz8nug9xaqfp3uf Akazehe 0 80840 539514 520477 2024-11-10T16:10:06Z Abdultambura18 32142 539514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akazehe''' mai suna na biyu '''agocoya''' <ref>"Burundi". music.africamuseum.be. Archived from the original on 2021-10-20. Retrieved 2023-11-15.</ref>. Al'ada ce ta mutanen burundian ta gaisuwa tare da waka ta girmamawa. Wakoki ne Wanda Matanen kauye sukafi yi a matsayin gaisuwa ta girmamawa a tsakaninsu da abokan su, Yan uwanku a mafi yawan lokuta <ref>Facci, Serena; Ciucci, Alessandra (2020). "The Akazehe of Burundi: Polyphonic Interlocking Greetings and the Female Ceremonial". Ethnomusicology Translations (10): 1–37. doi:10.14434/emt.v0i10.30278. S2CID 219002993. Archived from the original on 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15 – via IUScholarWorks Journals</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1k8499llpok7q34qg5vhi6jdwdrju01 Dinesh Choksi 0 82550 539586 521162 2024-11-10T20:57:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 539586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Dinesh Choksi|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1952|07|13}}|birth_place=Chowpatty, Mumbai, India|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2022|01|19|1952|07|13}}|nationality=Indian|occupation=Founder Director {{!}} Plutocratic|known_for=Founder of DVN Group|spouse=Dr. Sudha Choksi|children=Deven, Vishal, Niraj|citizenship=Indian|education=Matric from Bai Kabibai English School & Junior College|organization=DVN Jewelry, DVN Group, DVN IT Solutions, DVN Constructions, DVN Finances, DVN Investments, DVN Infomedia, DVN Educations|relatives=* Anjali Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Vishal Choksi (Son) * Rajul Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Niraj Choksi (Son) * Pinal Choksi (Daughter-in-law)}}'''Dinesh Choksi''' (13 ga Yulin 1952 - 19 ga Janairu 2022) ya kasance mai sana'a na kayan ado na ƙasar Indiya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai ba da agaji. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan DVN Group, kamfani da aka san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya. Ana tunawa da Choksi musamman a matsayin mutum na 123 da ya yi rajista a hukumance a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a karkashin Dokar Zinariya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/diamonds-sparkle-in-online-sales-as-choice-price-lure-customers/920016/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Dinesh Choksi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1952 a Chowpatty, Mumbai, Indiya. Ya karɓi kasuwancin kayan ado na iyalinsa yana da shekaru 12, bayan mutuwar kakansa, Kathad Bappa. Duk da ƙuruciyarsa, Choksi ya sami nasarar gudanar da kasuwancin, yana bin ka'idodin ɗabi'ar kasuwanci da mutunci, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen sunan DVN Jewelry a cikin masana'antar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar Turanci ta Bai Kabibai & Junior College.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/andheri-east-online-portals-helping-city-based-businessmen-navigate-growth/articleshow/14691326.cms?from=mdr</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 1970, Dinesh Choksi ya zama mai yin rajista na 123 a Indiya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zinariya. Ayyukansa a cikin ƙira da sana'a na kayan ado na gargajiya na Indiya, musamman Mangal sutras da Tulsi para, sun jawo hankali ga sababbin abubuwa da bin muhimmancin al'adu. An san zane-zanen Choksi da haɗuwa da ƙwarewar ƙira da kuma alamar al'adu mai zurfi, musamman a cikin al'adun Indiya. DVN Jewelry, a karkashin jagorancin Choksi, ya fadada abubuwan da ya bayar kuma ya zama sanannen suna a kasuwar kayan ado ta Indiya. Kamfanin ya jaddada sana'a mai inganci da ƙirar kirkirar abubuwa ya ba shi tushen abokan ciniki masu aminci da kuma kyaututtuka masu yawa na masana'antu. Baya ga aikinsa a cikin kayan ado, Choksi ya jagoranci DVN Group zuwa saka hannun jari na ƙasa kuma daga baya zuwa cikin kuɗi, rarraba fayil ɗin kasuwancin. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Dinesh Choksi da DVN Group sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado, gami da: * 2009: hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin Asiya da Pacific (APEC) "Innovative E-Businessman Award" * 2012: "BID" Kyautar Tauraron Kasa da Kasa don Inganci (Gold Category) a Geneva * 2018: Kyautar Yuro ta Duniya don Kyau * 2021: Takaddun shaida a matsayin "Kamfanin Masana'antu na Gida" ta Majalisar Masana'antar Gida (JMC) == Darakta na Kamfanoni (Director of Companies) == Dinesh Choksi yana riƙe da mukamin Darakta a cikin kamfanoni masu zuwa: * DVN Jewelry * DVN Group * DVN IT Solutions * DVN Constructions * DVN Finances * DVN Investments * DVN Infomedia * DVN Educations === Alamu (Brands) === Baya ga kasancewa Darakta na kamfanoni, Dinesh Choksi kuma yana da alaƙa da waɗannan alamu: * ORO-Z * Transfer Infinite * King Joyeria * Unit Infinite == Philanthropy == Choksi ya shiga cikin ayyukan agaji, musamman wajen tallafawa haikalin Guruji a Sihor, Gujarat. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan sadavrat na haikalin, wanda ya haɗa da miƙa abinci ga Brahmins a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adar gargajiya ta Hindu. An ba da gudummawar don adana ayyukan addini da tallafawa marasa galihu.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/online-promotion-makes-indian-ethnic-wear-popular-globally-113081900482_1.html</ref> == Early Life == Dinesh Choksi ya auri Dokta Sudha Choksi, kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza uku: Deven, Vishal, da Niraj. Iyalinsa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kuma sun goyi bayan dalilai daban-daban na sadaka. == Mutuwa da gado == Dinesh Choksi ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2022. Kyautarsa a masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya da kokarinsa na jin kai sun yi tasiri na dindindin. DVN Jewelry da DVN Group suna ci gaba da aiki, suna nuna ka'idoji da dabi'u da ya koya a cikin kasuwancin. == Other websites == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://dvngroup.org DVN Group Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817085921/https://www.dvngroup.org/ |date=2024-08-17 }} 2yb483p0rruh2efn7grjmf4xelmb2lg 539587 539586 2024-11-10T20:57:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 539587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Dinesh Choksi|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1952|07|13}}|birth_place=Chowpatty, Mumbai, India|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2022|01|19|1952|07|13}}|nationality=Indian|occupation=Founder Director {{!}} Plutocratic|known_for=Founder of DVN Group|spouse=Dr. Sudha Choksi|children=Deven, Vishal, Niraj|citizenship=Indian|education=Matric from Bai Kabibai English School & Junior College|organization=DVN Jewelry, DVN Group, DVN IT Solutions, DVN Constructions, DVN Finances, DVN Investments, DVN Infomedia, DVN Educations|relatives=* Anjali Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Vishal Choksi (Son) * Rajul Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Niraj Choksi (Son) * Pinal Choksi (Daughter-in-law)}}'''Dinesh Choksi''' (13 ga Yulin 1952 - 19 ga watan Janairu 2022) ya kasance mai sana'a na kayan ado na ƙasar Indiya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai ba da agaji. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan DVN Group, kamfani da aka san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya. Ana tunawa da Choksi musamman a matsayin mutum na 123 da ya yi rajista a hukumance a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a karkashin Dokar Zinariya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/diamonds-sparkle-in-online-sales-as-choice-price-lure-customers/920016/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Dinesh Choksi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1952 a Chowpatty, Mumbai, Indiya. Ya karɓi kasuwancin kayan ado na iyalinsa yana da shekaru 12, bayan mutuwar kakansa, Kathad Bappa. Duk da ƙuruciyarsa, Choksi ya sami nasarar gudanar da kasuwancin, yana bin ka'idodin ɗabi'ar kasuwanci da mutunci, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen sunan DVN Jewelry a cikin masana'antar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar Turanci ta Bai Kabibai & Junior College.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/andheri-east-online-portals-helping-city-based-businessmen-navigate-growth/articleshow/14691326.cms?from=mdr</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 1970, Dinesh Choksi ya zama mai yin rajista na 123 a Indiya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zinariya. Ayyukansa a cikin ƙira da sana'a na kayan ado na gargajiya na Indiya, musamman Mangal sutras da Tulsi para, sun jawo hankali ga sababbin abubuwa da bin muhimmancin al'adu. An san zane-zanen Choksi da haɗuwa da ƙwarewar ƙira da kuma alamar al'adu mai zurfi, musamman a cikin al'adun Indiya. DVN Jewelry, a karkashin jagorancin Choksi, ya fadada abubuwan da ya bayar kuma ya zama sanannen suna a kasuwar kayan ado ta Indiya. Kamfanin ya jaddada sana'a mai inganci da ƙirar kirkirar abubuwa ya ba shi tushen abokan ciniki masu aminci da kuma kyaututtuka masu yawa na masana'antu. Baya ga aikinsa a cikin kayan ado, Choksi ya jagoranci DVN Group zuwa saka hannun jari na ƙasa kuma daga baya zuwa cikin kuɗi, rarraba fayil ɗin kasuwancin. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Dinesh Choksi da DVN Group sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado, gami da: * 2009: hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin Asiya da Pacific (APEC) "Innovative E-Businessman Award" * 2012: "BID" Kyautar Tauraron Kasa da Kasa don Inganci (Gold Category) a Geneva * 2018: Kyautar Yuro ta Duniya don Kyau * 2021: Takaddun shaida a matsayin "Kamfanin Masana'antu na Gida" ta Majalisar Masana'antar Gida (JMC) == Darakta na Kamfanoni (Director of Companies) == Dinesh Choksi yana riƙe da mukamin Darakta a cikin kamfanoni masu zuwa: * DVN Jewelry * DVN Group * DVN IT Solutions * DVN Constructions * DVN Finances * DVN Investments * DVN Infomedia * DVN Educations === Alamu (Brands) === Baya ga kasancewa Darakta na kamfanoni, Dinesh Choksi kuma yana da alaƙa da waɗannan alamu: * ORO-Z * Transfer Infinite * King Joyeria * Unit Infinite == Philanthropy == Choksi ya shiga cikin ayyukan agaji, musamman wajen tallafawa haikalin Guruji a Sihor, Gujarat. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan sadavrat na haikalin, wanda ya haɗa da miƙa abinci ga Brahmins a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adar gargajiya ta Hindu. An ba da gudummawar don adana ayyukan addini da tallafawa marasa galihu.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/online-promotion-makes-indian-ethnic-wear-popular-globally-113081900482_1.html</ref> == Early Life == Dinesh Choksi ya auri Dokta Sudha Choksi, kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza uku: Deven, Vishal, da Niraj. Iyalinsa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kuma sun goyi bayan dalilai daban-daban na sadaka. == Mutuwa da gado == Dinesh Choksi ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2022. Kyautarsa a masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya da kokarinsa na jin kai sun yi tasiri na dindindin. DVN Jewelry da DVN Group suna ci gaba da aiki, suna nuna ka'idoji da dabi'u da ya koya a cikin kasuwancin. == Other websites == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://dvngroup.org DVN Group Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817085921/https://www.dvngroup.org/ |date=2024-08-17 }} nv1hoiy45uu4ef1rmfpblddp4r0jr39 539588 539587 2024-11-10T20:58:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 539588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Dinesh Choksi|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1952|07|13}}|birth_place=Chowpatty, Mumbai, India|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|2022|01|19|1952|07|13}}|nationality=Indian|occupation=Founder Director {{!}} Plutocratic|known_for=Founder of DVN Group|spouse=Dr. Sudha Choksi|children=Deven, Vishal, Niraj|citizenship=Indian|education=Matric from Bai Kabibai English School & Junior College|organization=DVN Jewelry, DVN Group, DVN IT Solutions, DVN Constructions, DVN Finances, DVN Investments, DVN Infomedia, DVN Educations|relatives=* Anjali Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Vishal Choksi (Son) * Rajul Choksi (Daughter-in-law) * Niraj Choksi (Son) * Pinal Choksi (Daughter-in-law)}}'''Dinesh Choksi''' (an haifeshi 13 ga Yulin 1952 - 19 ga watan Janairu 2022) ya kasance mai sana'a na kayan ado na ƙasar Indiya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mai ba da agaji. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darektan DVN Group, kamfani da aka san shi da gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya. Ana tunawa da Choksi musamman a matsayin mutum na 123 da ya yi rajista a hukumance a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a karkashin Dokar Zinariya a Indiya.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/diamonds-sparkle-in-online-sales-as-choice-price-lure-customers/920016/</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Dinesh Choksi a ranar 13 ga Yuli 1952 a Chowpatty, Mumbai, Indiya. Ya karɓi kasuwancin kayan ado na iyalinsa yana da shekaru 12, bayan mutuwar kakansa, Kathad Bappa. Duk da ƙuruciyarsa, Choksi ya sami nasarar gudanar da kasuwancin, yana bin ka'idodin ɗabi'ar kasuwanci da mutunci, wanda daga baya ya zama tushen sunan DVN Jewelry a cikin masana'antar. Ya kammala karatunsa daga makarantar Turanci ta Bai Kabibai & Junior College.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/andheri-east-online-portals-helping-city-based-businessmen-navigate-growth/articleshow/14691326.cms?from=mdr</ref> == Ayyuka == A cikin 1970, Dinesh Choksi ya zama mai yin rajista na 123 a Indiya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Zinariya. Ayyukansa a cikin ƙira da sana'a na kayan ado na gargajiya na Indiya, musamman Mangal sutras da Tulsi para, sun jawo hankali ga sababbin abubuwa da bin muhimmancin al'adu. An san zane-zanen Choksi da haɗuwa da ƙwarewar ƙira da kuma alamar al'adu mai zurfi, musamman a cikin al'adun Indiya. DVN Jewelry, a karkashin jagorancin Choksi, ya fadada abubuwan da ya bayar kuma ya zama sanannen suna a kasuwar kayan ado ta Indiya. Kamfanin ya jaddada sana'a mai inganci da ƙirar kirkirar abubuwa ya ba shi tushen abokan ciniki masu aminci da kuma kyaututtuka masu yawa na masana'antu. Baya ga aikinsa a cikin kayan ado, Choksi ya jagoranci DVN Group zuwa saka hannun jari na ƙasa kuma daga baya zuwa cikin kuɗi, rarraba fayil ɗin kasuwancin. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Dinesh Choksi da DVN Group sun sami kyaututtuka da yawa saboda gudummawar da suka bayar ga masana'antar kayan ado, gami da: * 2009: hadin gwiwar tattalin arzikin Asiya da Pacific (APEC) "Innovative E-Businessman Award" * 2012: "BID" Kyautar Tauraron Kasa da Kasa don Inganci (Gold Category) a Geneva * 2018: Kyautar Yuro ta Duniya don Kyau * 2021: Takaddun shaida a matsayin "Kamfanin Masana'antu na Gida" ta Majalisar Masana'antar Gida (JMC) == Darakta na Kamfanoni (Director of Companies) == Dinesh Choksi yana riƙe da mukamin Darakta a cikin kamfanoni masu zuwa: * DVN Jewelry * DVN Group * DVN IT Solutions * DVN Constructions * DVN Finances * DVN Investments * DVN Infomedia * DVN Educations === Alamu (Brands) === Baya ga kasancewa Darakta na kamfanoni, Dinesh Choksi kuma yana da alaƙa da waɗannan alamu: * ORO-Z * Transfer Infinite * King Joyeria * Unit Infinite == Philanthropy == Choksi ya shiga cikin ayyukan agaji, musamman wajen tallafawa haikalin Guruji a Sihor, Gujarat. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan sadavrat na haikalin, wanda ya haɗa da miƙa abinci ga Brahmins a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'adar gargajiya ta Hindu. An ba da gudummawar don adana ayyukan addini da tallafawa marasa galihu.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/online-promotion-makes-indian-ethnic-wear-popular-globally-113081900482_1.html</ref> == Early Life == Dinesh Choksi ya auri Dokta Sudha Choksi, kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza uku: Deven, Vishal, da Niraj. Iyalinsa sun ci gaba da shiga cikin kasuwancin kuma sun goyi bayan dalilai daban-daban na sadaka. == Mutuwa da gado == Dinesh Choksi ya mutu a ranar 19 ga watan Janairun 2022. Kyautarsa a masana'antar kayan ado ta Indiya da kokarinsa na jin kai sun yi tasiri na dindindin. DVN Jewelry da DVN Group suna ci gaba da aiki, suna nuna ka'idoji da dabi'u da ya koya a cikin kasuwancin. == Other websites == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://dvngroup.org DVN Group Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240817085921/https://www.dvngroup.org/ |date=2024-08-17 }} 21hkfbe4ttmh4onptfkobjs6hqwyqvu Ra'ayin kan kare haƙƙin mata a kenya 0 82603 539584 519906 2024-11-10T20:56:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 539584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kare Hakkin mata a kenya''' ya kunshi wata hubbasa da take bada muhimmanci a wurin kare hakkin yara da kuma manyan mata a kasar kenya.<ref> [1] Kimeu, Caroline (2024-01-18). "Femicide in Kenya is a national crisis, say rights groups". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-04.</ref> Kungiya ta zamani mai kare hakkin mata, wacce ta ciri tuta tun a shekarun 1960s zuwa 1970s, ta samu ci gaba da karfin guiwa daga wasu kungiyoyi kamar su Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (kungiyar ci Gaban mata) da kuma Kungiyar Siyasa ta mata a Kenya. ==Tarihinsa== ===mahanga=== Kungiyar Ci gaba ta mata hadi da bunkasa ta ya samo asaline tun daga Lokacin mulkin mallaka a kasar ta Kenya ta hanyar amfani da al’adu nasu da kuma siyasa. ===Samun Damar da Mata sukai a fannin Siyasa=== A shekarar 1963, Matan Kenya sun samu dama ta kada kuri’ar zabe. Kamar idan muka I Lura da Yanzu a duniya mata sun dosani harkar siyasa sosai. ==Kalubale== ===Cin Zarafi=== Cin Zarafi na bayana tare da na boye da kuma keta haddi akan mata ya zama abunda mata suke haduwa dashi a wannan zamani ===Al’adar Jinsi=== Tsammani akan ayyukan gida da kuma haihuwa ya hana mata Samun karatu ko cimma samun aikin yi da kuma takaituwa a harkar siyasa. ==Duba Kuma== • Women in Kenya • Sexual Violence in Kenya • Women’s suffrage in Kenya • African feminism ==Manazarta== 1hliqu38ux47kez0uwldshxzaby5qwe 539585 539584 2024-11-10T20:56:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 539585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kare Hakkin mata a kenya''' ya kunshi wata hubbasa da take bada muhimmanci a wurin kare hakkin yara da kuma manyan mata a kasar kenya.<ref> [1] Kimeu, Caroline (2024-01-18). "Femicide in Kenya is a national crisis, say rights groups". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-07-04.</ref> Kungiya ta zamani mai kare hakkin mata, wacce ta ciri tuta tun a shekarun alif 1960s zuwa 1970s, ta samu ci gaba da karfin guiwa daga wasu kungiyoyi kamar su Maendeleo Ya Wanawake (kungiyar ci Gaban mata) da kuma Kungiyar Siyasa ta mata a Kenya. ==Tarihinsa== ===mahanga=== Kungiyar Ci gaba ta mata hadi da bunkasa ta ya samo asaline tun daga Lokacin mulkin mallaka a kasar ta Kenya ta hanyar amfani da al’adu nasu da kuma siyasa. ===Samun Damar da Mata sukai a fannin Siyasa=== A shekarar 1963, Matan Kenya sun samu dama ta kada kuri’ar zabe. Kamar idan muka I Lura da Yanzu a duniya mata sun dosani harkar siyasa sosai. ==Kalubale== ===Cin Zarafi=== Cin Zarafi na bayana tare da na boye da kuma keta haddi akan mata ya zama abunda mata suke haduwa dashi a wannan zamani ===Al’adar Jinsi=== Tsammani akan ayyukan gida da kuma haihuwa ya hana mata Samun karatu ko cimma samun aikin yi da kuma takaituwa a harkar siyasa. ==Duba Kuma== • Women in Kenya • Sexual Violence in Kenya • Women’s suffrage in Kenya • African feminism ==Manazarta== 1lhsuui5dr3en8sklpsz5o52vkqssex Alurar riga kafin Eczema 0 82929 539579 531653 2024-11-10T20:52:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 539579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Vaccination Covid-19 at Moscow GUM 2021-01.jpg|thumb|Vaccination]] '''Alurar riga kafin''' '''Eczema''' Ya kasance wani nau'i ne wanda yake da muni da kuma tsanani ga allurar ƙwayar cuta. Yana da halin tsanani na gida, [[Yanayin fata|umbiliated]], vesicular, fatar fuska, wuya, kirji, ciki, babba wata gabar jiki da kuma hannaye, yana lalacewa ta hanyar tartsatsi kamuwa da cuta na [[fata]] a cikin mutane tare da baya binciken fata yanayi kamar eczema ko atopic. [[dermatitis]], ko da idan yanayin ba ya aiki a lokacin. Sauran alamun da alamun sun haɗa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] da fuska da supraglottic [[Kumburi|edema]] . Yanayin na iya zama mai mutuwa idan mai tsanani kuma ba a kula da shi ba. Masu tsira suna iya samun wasu [[tabo]] (alamomi). Kada a ba da maganin cutar sankara ga marasa lafiya masu tarihin eczema. Saboda haɗarin watsa [[alurar riga kafi]], kuma bai kamata a ba wa mutanen da ke da kusanci da duk wanda ke da eczema ba kuma wanda ba a yi masa allurar ba. Mutanen da ke da wasu cututtuka na fata (irin su atopic dermatitis, [[Ƙonewa|konewa]], impetigo, ko [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] ) suma suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar eczema kuma bai kamata a yi musu allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ba. == Gabatarwa == === Ƙungiyoyi === Har ila yau, eczema yana haɗuwa da ƙarin matsalolin da ke da alaka da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na vesiculating irin su [[Ƙaranbau|kaza]] ; wannan shi ake kira eczema herpeticum .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} === Bincike === Al'adar ruwa na vesicular zai girma cutar vaccinia . Kwayoyin fata na fata yana nuna ƙwayoyin epidermal [[Necrosis|necrotic]] tare da haɗawa cikin intranuclear.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Magani === Eczema alurar riga kafi wani mummunan yanayi ne na likita wanda ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa da gaggawa . Therapy ya kasance goyon baya, irin su maganin rigakafi, maye gurbin ruwa, antipyretics da analgesics, warkar da fata, da dai sauransu; Vaccinia rigakafi globulin (VIG) na iya zama da amfani sosai amma kayayyaki na iya gazawa har zuwa 2006. An bincika magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na pox kuma an yi imanin cidofovir yana nuna yuwuwar a wannan yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/treatmentguidelines.htm |title=CDC guidance |access-date=2024-08-13 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503093721/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/treatmentguidelines.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-04 |title=WHO: Cidofovir Treatment of Variola (Smallpox) in the Hemorrhagic Smallpox Primate Model and the IV Monkeypox Primate Model |url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/cidofovirtreatment/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704124330/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/cidofovirtreatment/en/ |archive-date=2004-07-04 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> === lokuta na ƙarni na 21 === A cikin Maris na 2007, wani yaro ɗan shekara biyu da mahaifiyarsa a Indiana sun kamu da kamuwa da cutar alurar riga kafi daga mahaifinsa wanda aka yi wa rigakafin cutar sankarau a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idar rigakafin rigakafi ga mutanen da ke aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka daga 2002. Yaron ya sami kurji mai cutarwa wanda ke nuna eczema alurar riga kafi sama da kashi 80 na sararin saman jikinsa. Yaron yana da tarihin eczema, wanda shine sanannen haɗarin kamuwa da cutar alurar riga kafi. <ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=2007-05-18 |title=Soldier's Smallpox Inoculation Sickens Son |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/health/18smallpox.html?_r=1&ref=health&oref=slogin |access-date=2007-05-18 |work=New York Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == iu93h3pq73lwdu5canll8ehv81kjbbl 539580 539579 2024-11-10T20:53:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 539580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Vaccination Covid-19 at Moscow GUM 2021-01.jpg|thumb|Vaccination]] '''Alurar riga kafin''' '''Eczema''' Ya kasance wani nau'i ne wanda yake da muni da kuma tsanani ga allurar ƙwayar cuta. Yana da halin tsanani na gida, [[Yanayin fata|umbiliated]], vesicular, fatar fuska, wuya, kirji, ciki, babba wata gabar jiki da kuma hannaye, yana lalacewa ta hanyar tartsatsi kamuwa da cuta na [[fata]] a cikin mutane tare da binciken fata yanayi kamar eczema ko atopic. [[dermatitis]], ko da idan yanayin ba ya aiki a lokacin. Sauran alamun da alamun sun haɗa da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]] da fuska da supraglottic [[Kumburi|edema]] . Yanayin na iya zama mai mutuwa idan mai tsanani kuma ba a kula da shi ba. Masu tsira suna iya samun wasu [[tabo]] (alamomi). Kada a ba da maganin cutar sankara ga marasa lafiya masu tarihin eczema. Saboda haɗarin watsa [[alurar riga kafi]], kuma bai kamata a ba wa mutanen da ke da kusanci da duk wanda ke da eczema ba kuma wanda ba a yi masa allurar ba. Mutanen da ke da wasu cututtuka na fata (irin su atopic dermatitis, [[Ƙonewa|konewa]], impetigo, ko [[Shingles|herpes zoster]] ) suma suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cutar eczema kuma bai kamata a yi musu allurar rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ba. == Gabatarwa == === Ƙungiyoyi === Har ila yau, eczema yana haɗuwa da ƙarin matsalolin da ke da alaka da wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na vesiculating irin su [[Ƙaranbau|kaza]] ; wannan shi ake kira eczema herpeticum .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} === Bincike === Al'adar ruwa na vesicular zai girma cutar vaccinia . Kwayoyin fata na fata yana nuna ƙwayoyin epidermal [[Necrosis|necrotic]] tare da haɗawa cikin intranuclear.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Magani === Eczema alurar riga kafi wani mummunan yanayi ne na likita wanda ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa da gaggawa . Therapy ya kasance goyon baya, irin su maganin rigakafi, maye gurbin ruwa, antipyretics da analgesics, warkar da fata, da dai sauransu; Vaccinia rigakafi globulin (VIG) na iya zama da amfani sosai amma kayayyaki na iya gazawa har zuwa 2006. An bincika magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta don aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta na pox kuma an yi imanin cidofovir yana nuna yuwuwar a wannan yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/treatmentguidelines.htm |title=CDC guidance |access-date=2024-08-13 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503093721/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/monkeypox/treatmentguidelines.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-04 |title=WHO: Cidofovir Treatment of Variola (Smallpox) in the Hemorrhagic Smallpox Primate Model and the IV Monkeypox Primate Model |url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/cidofovirtreatment/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040704124330/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/cidofovirtreatment/en/ |archive-date=2004-07-04 |access-date=2024-07-06}}</ref> === lokuta na ƙarni na 21 === A cikin Maris na 2007, wani yaro ɗan shekara biyu da mahaifiyarsa a Indiana sun kamu da kamuwa da cutar alurar riga kafi daga mahaifinsa wanda aka yi wa rigakafin cutar sankarau a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙa'idar rigakafin rigakafi ga mutanen da ke aiki a cikin Sojojin Amurka daga 2002. Yaron ya sami kurji mai cutarwa wanda ke nuna eczema alurar riga kafi sama da kashi 80 na sararin saman jikinsa. Yaron yana da tarihin eczema, wanda shine sanannen haɗarin kamuwa da cutar alurar riga kafi. <ref>{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=John |date=2007-05-18 |title=Soldier's Smallpox Inoculation Sickens Son |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/18/health/18smallpox.html?_r=1&ref=health&oref=slogin |access-date=2007-05-18 |work=New York Times}}</ref> == Manazarta == imp94tjpfjv23gj7gsk2k6vzbj4jgzt Kundin Tsatsuba 0 82940 539581 535568 2024-11-10T20:54:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 539581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pictureofthebook.jpg|thumb|Kundin Tsatuba]] Kundin tsatsabu littafi ne na yaƙi wanda ya shahara a lokacin da ludayinsa ke kan dawo. Kuma har zuwa yanzu kwarjini da riƙewar littafin a zuciyar masu karatu tana nan. Labarin ya zagaye ya karaɗe sassa daban-daban saboda farin jinin da yake da shi. Marubucin ya yi rawar gani matuƙa wurin sarrafa alaƙalaminsa tare da samar da labari mai tsayi tare da [[armashi.]]<ref>https://bakandamiya.com/kundin-tsatsuba/</ref> == Armashin da ke tare da littafin == Duk da cewa littafin na da matuƙar tsayi, amma hakan bai hana masu bibiyar shi ci gaba da bibiya da kuma neman shi ba, littafin ya tafi tun daga kan littafi na ɗaya har zuwa littafi na biyar. Kana kuma ya ɗora da ci gabansa mai suna Matsatsubi wanda shi ma ya kai har littafi  na huɗu, amma wani abin mamaki har gobe za ka iya ji ana maganar littafin kuma ana neman shi musamman a kafofin sada zumunta. Wannan ya nuna ƙwarewar marubucin tare da nuna yadda ya iya jan zarensa a fagen harkar rubutu == Muhimman jigogin labarin == * Babban jigo na labarin shi ne nuna karfin ikon Allah a kan hallita. * Sai kuma yaƙi musamman tsakanin garuruwan da suka kasance na Musulmai da kuma Kafurai. * Akwai kuma sarauta wadda ta kasance kusan ita ce ƙashin bayan ɗarsa ɗanbar yaƙin. * Akwai yaudara da cin amana waɗanda suka kasance sannanun abubuwa da suke gudana a rayuwar gidan sarauta. * Haka kuma labarin ya tabo abin da ya shafi tsafi bokanci sa kuma tsantsar sihiri. == Ƙananun jigogi a labarin == 1. [[Jarumtaka]] 2. [[Soyayya]] 3. [[Yaudara]] 4. [[Cin amana]] 5. [[Zalunci]] 6. [[Sihiri]] 7. [[Hatsabibanci]] == Wasu muhimman bayanai game da labarin == Akwai muhimman bayanai masu gamsar da zuciyar mai karatu game da labarin kamar su; -Tasirin addini Musulunci a kan Kafirci -Tasirin gaskiya a kan ƙarya -Tasirin adalci a kan zallunci Shi ne littafin yaƙi na farko da marubucin ya yi da ya fi sauran littattafansa na baya yawan shafuka == Karɓuwar labarin == Karɓuwar labarin ba ya rasa nasaba da tsawon labarin da ambaton jinsin aljanu da yawa fiye da kowanne labaransa a lokacin. Karanta littafin a rediyo wanda hakan ya haddasa yaɗuwar audio nasa a sassan ƙasar Hausa ya janyo masa karɓuwa matuƙa sosai Har a lokacin makaranta da ma har yau ba su yarda cewa hikimar marubucin ba ce face fim ya juya zuwa littafi. Kasancewar littafin bai zama mallakin marubucin ta fuskar ɗab’i ba, hakan ya janyo aka kasa kammala buga ƙarshen littafin wato Mifthul-Zarbil na uku (3). Duk kuwa da cewar marubucin ya rubuta ƙarshen labarin. Hakan ya janyo naƙasu ga marubucin sosai ta fuskar masoya saboda rashin ƙarasa labari da ba ya == Ra’ayoyin jama’a game da labarin == <blockquote>''Dr. Mubarak Idris ya ce:'' ''“Ni dai har yanzu ban samu labarin yaƙi kamar shi ba, kuma ina ganin kamar an gama ƙarar da ƙirƙirar labarin yaƙi a wannan littafin.”'' ''Marubuci Mansur Usman Sufi ya ce:'' ''“Duk da cewar za a samu littattafan marubucin da wasu marubutan da dama da suka yi labari da ya ɗara Kundin Tsatsuba. Amma tabbas ya samu ɗaukakar da babu kamarsa.”'' ''Marubuci Muttaka A Hassan ya ce:'' ''“E, to. Ba lallai na iya faɗar wasu abubuwa muhimmai a kan littafin ba kasancewar ko littafi na farko ban gama karantawa ba na watsar, wataƙila saboda daina karanta littafan yaƙe-yaƙe da tsafe-tsafe da na yi. Amma babu shakka idan na tuna wasu littafai da Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini ya rubuta, sai in ce gwani ne, sannan kuma ɗan baiwa. Ya iya isar da saƙo cikin hikima, musamman yadda ya iya samar da hoto a labari.”'' ''Kamal Muhammad ya ce,'' ''“Yadda aka tsara labarin kaɗai abin armashi ne. Duk da yawansa kuma ba na gajiya da karanta shi. Abin da ya fi burgewa a gare ni yadda yake tsara sunayen bokaye kala-kala da kuma dazuzzuka. Akwai wata bokanya wai ita Samarratu da kuma jaruma Sharmila da boka Markahusabuss abin kam akwai burgewa matuƙa ko da kuwa film ɗin yaki ya juya kamar yadda ake hasashen ya yi rawar gani ya kuma yi ƙoƙari.”''</blockquote> == Bayanin littafin a taƙaice == • '''Marubuci:''' Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini (Yaron Malam? • '''Adadin shafuka''': 1200 • '''Harshe:''' Hausa • '''Maɗaba’a:''' Jakara City Bookshop • '''Shekarar ɗab’i''': 2006 • '''Karantawa a audio:''' Muhammad Umar Kaigama • '''Wajen Wallafa''': Kano, Najeriya • '''Tsara bango''': Jakara City Bookshop == Manazarta == ShuraidDev. (2024, November 6)''Tarihin Marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini''Arewanovels.com 56bifm35sa94gdzvpee6o0e4oqi6lgj 539582 539581 2024-11-10T20:54:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 539582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pictureofthebook.jpg|thumb|Kundin Tsatuba]] Kundin tsatsabu littafi ne na yaƙi wanda ya shahara a lokacin da ludayinsa ke kan dawo. Kuma har zuwa yanzu kwarjini da riƙewar littafin a zuciyar masu karatu tana nan. Labarin ya zagaye ya karaɗe sassa daban-daban saboda farin jinin da yake da shi. Marubucin ya taka rawar gani matuƙa wurin sarrafa alaƙalaminsa tare da samar da labari mai tsayi tare da [[armashi.]]<ref>https://bakandamiya.com/kundin-tsatsuba/</ref> == Armashin da ke tare da littafin == Duk da cewa littafin na da matuƙar tsayi, amma hakan bai hana masu bibiyar shi ci gaba da bibiya da kuma neman shi ba, littafin ya tafi tun daga kan littafi na ɗaya har zuwa littafi na biyar. Kana kuma ya ɗora da ci gabansa mai suna Matsatsubi wanda shi ma ya kai har littafi  na huɗu, amma wani abin mamaki har gobe za ka iya ji ana maganar littafin kuma ana neman shi musamman a kafofin sada zumunta. Wannan ya nuna ƙwarewar marubucin tare da nuna yadda ya iya jan zarensa a fagen harkar rubutu == Muhimman jigogin labarin == * Babban jigo na labarin shi ne nuna karfin ikon Allah a kan hallita. * Sai kuma yaƙi musamman tsakanin garuruwan da suka kasance na Musulmai da kuma Kafurai. * Akwai kuma sarauta wadda ta kasance kusan ita ce ƙashin bayan ɗarsa ɗanbar yaƙin. * Akwai yaudara da cin amana waɗanda suka kasance sannanun abubuwa da suke gudana a rayuwar gidan sarauta. * Haka kuma labarin ya tabo abin da ya shafi tsafi bokanci sa kuma tsantsar sihiri. == Ƙananun jigogi a labarin == 1. [[Jarumtaka]] 2. [[Soyayya]] 3. [[Yaudara]] 4. [[Cin amana]] 5. [[Zalunci]] 6. [[Sihiri]] 7. [[Hatsabibanci]] == Wasu muhimman bayanai game da labarin == Akwai muhimman bayanai masu gamsar da zuciyar mai karatu game da labarin kamar su; -Tasirin addini Musulunci a kan Kafirci -Tasirin gaskiya a kan ƙarya -Tasirin adalci a kan zallunci Shi ne littafin yaƙi na farko da marubucin ya yi da ya fi sauran littattafansa na baya yawan shafuka == Karɓuwar labarin == Karɓuwar labarin ba ya rasa nasaba da tsawon labarin da ambaton jinsin aljanu da yawa fiye da kowanne labaransa a lokacin. Karanta littafin a rediyo wanda hakan ya haddasa yaɗuwar audio nasa a sassan ƙasar Hausa ya janyo masa karɓuwa matuƙa sosai Har a lokacin makaranta da ma har yau ba su yarda cewa hikimar marubucin ba ce face fim ya juya zuwa littafi. Kasancewar littafin bai zama mallakin marubucin ta fuskar ɗab’i ba, hakan ya janyo aka kasa kammala buga ƙarshen littafin wato Mifthul-Zarbil na uku (3). Duk kuwa da cewar marubucin ya rubuta ƙarshen labarin. Hakan ya janyo naƙasu ga marubucin sosai ta fuskar masoya saboda rashin ƙarasa labari da ba ya == Ra’ayoyin jama’a game da labarin == <blockquote>''Dr. Mubarak Idris ya ce:'' ''“Ni dai har yanzu ban samu labarin yaƙi kamar shi ba, kuma ina ganin kamar an gama ƙarar da ƙirƙirar labarin yaƙi a wannan littafin.”'' ''Marubuci Mansur Usman Sufi ya ce:'' ''“Duk da cewar za a samu littattafan marubucin da wasu marubutan da dama da suka yi labari da ya ɗara Kundin Tsatsuba. Amma tabbas ya samu ɗaukakar da babu kamarsa.”'' ''Marubuci Muttaka A Hassan ya ce:'' ''“E, to. Ba lallai na iya faɗar wasu abubuwa muhimmai a kan littafin ba kasancewar ko littafi na farko ban gama karantawa ba na watsar, wataƙila saboda daina karanta littafan yaƙe-yaƙe da tsafe-tsafe da na yi. Amma babu shakka idan na tuna wasu littafai da Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini ya rubuta, sai in ce gwani ne, sannan kuma ɗan baiwa. Ya iya isar da saƙo cikin hikima, musamman yadda ya iya samar da hoto a labari.”'' ''Kamal Muhammad ya ce,'' ''“Yadda aka tsara labarin kaɗai abin armashi ne. Duk da yawansa kuma ba na gajiya da karanta shi. Abin da ya fi burgewa a gare ni yadda yake tsara sunayen bokaye kala-kala da kuma dazuzzuka. Akwai wata bokanya wai ita Samarratu da kuma jaruma Sharmila da boka Markahusabuss abin kam akwai burgewa matuƙa ko da kuwa film ɗin yaki ya juya kamar yadda ake hasashen ya yi rawar gani ya kuma yi ƙoƙari.”''</blockquote> == Bayanin littafin a taƙaice == • '''Marubuci:''' Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini (Yaron Malam? • '''Adadin shafuka''': 1200 • '''Harshe:''' Hausa • '''Maɗaba’a:''' Jakara City Bookshop • '''Shekarar ɗab’i''': 2006 • '''Karantawa a audio:''' Muhammad Umar Kaigama • '''Wajen Wallafa''': Kano, Najeriya • '''Tsara bango''': Jakara City Bookshop == Manazarta == ShuraidDev. (2024, November 6)''Tarihin Marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini''Arewanovels.com 06dwgoq830jwfki1tmm99wmcx8lwy31 539583 539582 2024-11-10T20:55:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 539583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Pictureofthebook.jpg|thumb|Kundin Tsatuba]] Kundin tsatsabu littafi ne na yaƙi wanda ya shahara a lokacin da ludayinsa ke kan dawo. Kuma har zuwa yanzu kwarjini da riƙewar littafin a zuciyar masu karatu tana nan. Labarin ya zagaye ya karaɗe sassa daban-daban saboda farin jinin da yake da shi. Marubucin ya taka rawar gani matuƙa wurin sarrafa alaƙalaminsa tare da samar da labari mai tsayi tare da [[armashi.]]<ref>https://bakandamiya.com/kundin-tsatsuba/</ref> == Armashin da ke tare da littafin == Duk da cewa littafin na da matuƙar tsayi, amma hakan bai hana masu bibiyar shi ci gaba da bibiyar sa da kuma neman shi ba, littafin ya tafi tun daga kan littafi na ɗaya har zuwa littafi na biyar. Kana kuma ya ɗora da ci gabansa mai suna Matsatsubi wanda shi ma ya kai har littafi  na huɗu, amma wani abin mamaki har gobe za ka iya ji ana maganar littafin kuma ana neman shi musamman a kafofin sada zumunta. Wannan ya nuna ƙwarewar marubucin tare da nuna yadda ya iya jan zarensa a fagen harkar rubutu == Muhimman jigogin labarin == * Babban jigo na labarin shi ne nuna karfin ikon Allah a kan hallita. * Sai kuma yaƙi musamman tsakanin garuruwan da suka kasance na Musulmai da kuma Kafurai. * Akwai kuma sarauta wadda ta kasance kusan ita ce ƙashin bayan ɗarsa ɗanbar yaƙin. * Akwai yaudara da cin amana waɗanda suka kasance sannanun abubuwa da suke gudana a rayuwar gidan sarauta. * Haka kuma labarin ya tabo abin da ya shafi tsafi bokanci sa kuma tsantsar sihiri. == Ƙananun jigogi a labarin == 1. [[Jarumtaka]] 2. [[Soyayya]] 3. [[Yaudara]] 4. [[Cin amana]] 5. [[Zalunci]] 6. [[Sihiri]] 7. [[Hatsabibanci]] == Wasu muhimman bayanai game da labarin == Akwai muhimman bayanai masu gamsar da zuciyar mai karatu game da labarin kamar su; -Tasirin addini Musulunci a kan Kafirci -Tasirin gaskiya a kan ƙarya -Tasirin adalci a kan zallunci Shi ne littafin yaƙi na farko da marubucin ya yi da ya fi sauran littattafansa na baya yawan shafuka == Karɓuwar labarin == Karɓuwar labarin ba ya rasa nasaba da tsawon labarin da ambaton jinsin aljanu da yawa fiye da kowanne labaransa a lokacin. Karanta littafin a rediyo wanda hakan ya haddasa yaɗuwar audio nasa a sassan ƙasar Hausa ya janyo masa karɓuwa matuƙa sosai Har a lokacin makaranta da ma har yau ba su yarda cewa hikimar marubucin ba ce face fim ya juya zuwa littafi. Kasancewar littafin bai zama mallakin marubucin ta fuskar ɗab’i ba, hakan ya janyo aka kasa kammala buga ƙarshen littafin wato Mifthul-Zarbil na uku (3). Duk kuwa da cewar marubucin ya rubuta ƙarshen labarin. Hakan ya janyo naƙasu ga marubucin sosai ta fuskar masoya saboda rashin ƙarasa labari da ba ya == Ra’ayoyin jama’a game da labarin == <blockquote>''Dr. Mubarak Idris ya ce:'' ''“Ni dai har yanzu ban samu labarin yaƙi kamar shi ba, kuma ina ganin kamar an gama ƙarar da ƙirƙirar labarin yaƙi a wannan littafin.”'' ''Marubuci Mansur Usman Sufi ya ce:'' ''“Duk da cewar za a samu littattafan marubucin da wasu marubutan da dama da suka yi labari da ya ɗara Kundin Tsatsuba. Amma tabbas ya samu ɗaukakar da babu kamarsa.”'' ''Marubuci Muttaka A Hassan ya ce:'' ''“E, to. Ba lallai na iya faɗar wasu abubuwa muhimmai a kan littafin ba kasancewar ko littafi na farko ban gama karantawa ba na watsar, wataƙila saboda daina karanta littafan yaƙe-yaƙe da tsafe-tsafe da na yi. Amma babu shakka idan na tuna wasu littafai da Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini ya rubuta, sai in ce gwani ne, sannan kuma ɗan baiwa. Ya iya isar da saƙo cikin hikima, musamman yadda ya iya samar da hoto a labari.”'' ''Kamal Muhammad ya ce,'' ''“Yadda aka tsara labarin kaɗai abin armashi ne. Duk da yawansa kuma ba na gajiya da karanta shi. Abin da ya fi burgewa a gare ni yadda yake tsara sunayen bokaye kala-kala da kuma dazuzzuka. Akwai wata bokanya wai ita Samarratu da kuma jaruma Sharmila da boka Markahusabuss abin kam akwai burgewa matuƙa ko da kuwa film ɗin yaki ya juya kamar yadda ake hasashen ya yi rawar gani ya kuma yi ƙoƙari.”''</blockquote> == Bayanin littafin a taƙaice == • '''Marubuci:''' Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini (Yaron Malam? • '''Adadin shafuka''': 1200 • '''Harshe:''' Hausa • '''Maɗaba’a:''' Jakara City Bookshop • '''Shekarar ɗab’i''': 2006 • '''Karantawa a audio:''' Muhammad Umar Kaigama • '''Wajen Wallafa''': Kano, Najeriya • '''Tsara bango''': Jakara City Bookshop == Manazarta == ShuraidDev. (2024, November 6)''Tarihin Marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini''Arewanovels.com gdf1t21xe31tlua1gzya7o4ybhdj5mg Abdulaziz Sani 0 82941 539577 521452 2024-11-10T20:51:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 539577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Picofwriter.jpg|thumb|Marubuci ]] '''Abdulaziz Sani Madakin Gini''' (Yaron Malam) An haifi marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini a shekarar alif 1969, a unguwar Gwangwazo dake jihar Kano. Yayi makarantar primary a makarantar Yelwa daga nan kuma ya hallaci makarantar kimiya da ke a Wudil wato Technical Wudil. Ya soma harkar rubuce-rubuce a shekarar 1983, wanda rubutunsa ya shafi abin da ya danganci labarai na yaƙi. Littafinsa na farko shi ne ‘Idaniyar Ruwa’ wanda ya wallafa shi a shekarar 1995 daga nan ya rubuta “Duniya Rawar ‘Yanmata da kuma ‘Yaudara Ko Butulci’. Litttafansa sun yi shura sosai musamman a sanadin ma’aikaci gidan rediyo Muhammad Umar Kaigama. == Manazarta == ShuraidDev. (2024, November 6)''Tarihin Marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini''Arewanovels.com 4xn9yga2swt5u6xy25i34wdgh74xjzo 539578 539577 2024-11-10T20:52:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 539578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Picofwriter.jpg|thumb|Marubuci ]] '''Abdulaziz Sani Madakin Gini''' (Yaron Malam) An haifi marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini a shekarar alif 1969, a unguwar Gwangwazo dake jihar Kano. Yayi makarantar framare a makarantar Yelwa daga nan kuma ya hallaci makarantar kimiya da ke a Wudil wato Technical Wudil. Ya soma harkar rubuce-rubuce a shekarar 1983, wanda rubutunsa ya shafi abin da ya danganci labarai na yaƙi. Littafinsa na farko shi ne ‘Idaniyar Ruwa’ wanda ya wallafa shi a shekarar 1995 daga nan ya rubuta “Duniya Rawar ‘Yanmata da kuma ‘Yaudara Ko Butulci’. Litttafansa sun yi shura sosai musamman a sanadin ma’aikaci gidan rediyo Muhammad Umar Kaigama. == Manazarta == ShuraidDev. (2024, November 6)''Tarihin Marubuci Abdul’aziz Sani Madakin Gini''Arewanovels.com a1jytu896vrjyhhgbz16d00nr51vwl5 Allurar rigakafin COVID-19 a Afirka 0 82960 539575 512267 2024-11-10T20:50:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 539575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana ci gaba da gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a mafi yawan ƙasashe da yankuna a Afirka, tare da 51 daga cikin ƙasashen Afirka 54 sun ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin zuwa Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Outbreak brief 77: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic |url=https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-77-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Africa CDC |page=10}}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoba 2023, kashi 51.8% na al'ummar nahiyar an yi musu cikakkiyar alluran rigakafi tare da allurai sama da miliyan 1084.5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 Vaccination |url=https://africacdc.org/covid-19-vaccination/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Africa CDC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Fara shirye-shiryen rigakafi a Afirka == Yayin da aka fara shirye-shiryen rigakafin, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta yi hasashen a watan Yunin 2021 cewa kasashe 47 daga cikin 54 na Afirka za su gaza cimma burin yin allurar kashi 10% na mutanensu nan da Satumba 2021. A wancan lokacin, Afirka tana da ƙasa da kashi 1% na alluran rigakafi na duniya da aka ba da, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Less than 10% of African countries to hit key COVID-19 vaccination goal |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/less-10-african-countries-hit-key-covid-19-vaccination-goal |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |date=2021-09-30 |title=Most African countries missed a target to vaccinate 10 percent of their people. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/world/africa/africa-covid-vaccine.html |access-date=2021-12-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Only 5 African nations set to hit year-end COVID-19 vaccination goal |url=https://www.devex.com/news/only-5-african-nations-set-to-hit-year-end-covid-19-vaccination-goal-101952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102222638/https://www.devex.com/news/only-5-african-nations-set-to-hit-year-end-covid-19-vaccination-goal-101952 |archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=2021-11-18|publisher=European Investment Bank|doi=10.2867/38529|isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN|author1=European Investment Bank.}}</ref> kuma a farkon 2022, Afirka ta sami jimlar ƙasa da kashi 2% na allurar rigakafin biliyan 3 da aka bayar a duniya. .<ref name=":3022">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021|title=EIB Activity Report 2021|date=2022-01-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5108-8|language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2021, kodinetan WHO na Afirka na rigakafi da haɓaka alluran rigakafi ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙasashen Afirka sun lalata wasu alluran rigakafi 450,000 saboda lokacin ƙarewarsu. Ya buga misali da Malawi, Sudan ta Kudu, Laberiya, Mauritania, Gambiya, Saliyo, <ref name="nacoverc">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=NaCOVERC's attention has been drawn to a BBC report suggesting that nine (9) African countries including Sierra Leone have destroyed a total of 450,000 COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://dhse.gov.sl/nacovercs-attention-has-been-drawn-to-a-bbc-report-suggesting-that-nine-9-african-countries-including-sierra-leone-have-destroyed-a-total-of-450000-covid-19-vaccines/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Health and Sanitation}}</ref> Guinea, Comoros da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=15 July 2021 |title=African nations have destroyed 450,000 expired COVID-19 vaccine doses |url=https://www.devex.com/news/african-nations-have-destroyed-450-000-expired-covid-19-vaccine-doses-100389 |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Devex}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin Yuli 2021, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya himmatu don tallafawa masana'antar samar da rigakafin COVID-19 ta farko ta [[Senegal]], a Institut Pasteur de Dakar. A ƙarshen 2022, ana sa ran wannan masana'anta za ta kera har zuwa allurai miliyan 25 na [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]] mai lasisi a kowane wata. Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarin da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ke yi don magance illar lafiya da tattalin arzikin COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-09 |title=Senegal to build COVID-19 vaccine plant in bid to expand African access |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-build-covid-19-vaccine-plant-bid-expand-african-access-2021-07-09/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=Senegal plans 'Africa's first' Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing hub |url=https://african.business/2021/07/technology-information/senegal-to-build-200m-vaccine-manufacturing-plant/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu, BioNTech da [[Tarayyar Turai]] suna haɗin gwiwa don tantance wuraren samar da rigakafin mRNA a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Senegal]] .<ref name=":303">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021|title=EIB Activity Report 2021|date=2022-01-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5108-8|language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgium: EIB boosts innovative biotech company Univercells with €30 million of European financing to support COVID-19-related projects |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-243-belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-eur30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Vaccines Strategy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/public-health/eu-vaccines-strategy_en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgium: EIB boosts innovative biotech company Univercells with €30 million of European financing to support COVID-19-related projects |url=https://www.univercells.com/news/belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.univercells.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228165030/https://www.univercells.com/news/belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin kasashen Afirka bakwai ( Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Morocco, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tunisiya ) an yi wa daukacin al'ummar da aka yi niyya cikakken rigakafin zuwa karshen 2021. A gefe guda kuma, ba a yi allurar rigakafi ba a Eritrea, yayin da a Burundi da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango kasa da kashi 0.4 cikin 100 na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi. === Graph na jimlar allurai da aka gudanar a Afirka === == Fage == === Amincewa === ==== Oxford – AstraZeneca / Covishield ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (15 Fabrairu 2021), Task Force Regulatory Taskforce na Afirka (25 Fabrairu 2021), Angola (Maris 2021), Benin (Maris 2021), Botswana (Fabrairu 2021), Burkina Faso (Mayu 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021). Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (Mayu 2021), Cote d'Ivoire (Fabrairu 2021), DRC (Afrilu 2021), Djibouti (22 Fabrairu 2021), Masar (30 Janairu 2021), Eswatini (Maris 2021), Habasha (Maris 2021), Gambia (Maris 2021), Ghana (Maris 2021), Guinea-Bissau (Maris 2021), Kenya (Mayu 2021), Lesotho (Maris 2021), Laberiya, Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi (Fabrairu 2021). ), Mali (Janairu 2021), Mauritius (Janairu 2021), Morocco (6 Janairu 2021), Namibia (Maris 2021), Niger (Maris 2021), Nigeria (18 Fabrairu 2021), Rwanda (Maris 2021), São Tomé da Principe, Senegal (Maris 2021), Seychelles (Janairu 2021), Saliyo (Maris 2021), Somalia (Maris 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (1 Fabrairu 2021; dakatar da 7 Fabrairu 2021), Sudan ta Kudu (Afrilu 2021), Sudan (Maris 2021) ), Togo (Maris 2021), Tunisia (7 Mayu 2021), Uganda (Maris 2021), Zambia (Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker">{{Cite web |title=Trials & approved vaccines by country |url=https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccines-by-country/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=COVID19 vaccine tracker}}</ref> ==== Pfizer-BioNTech ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (31 Disamba 2020), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Cote d'Ivoire (Janairu 2021), Kenya (2 Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (30) Afrilu 2021), Rwanda (Maris 2021), Seychelles (27 Yuli 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (11 Maris 2021), Tunisia (13 Janairu 2021), Zambia. <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Moderna ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (30 Afrilu 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Kenya (19 Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (15 Yuli 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Janssen ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (30 Afrilu 2021), Task Force Regulatory Taskforce (10 Maris 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Masar (Agusta 2021), Ghana (Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (17 Mayu 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (31 Maris 2021), Tanzaniya (Yuli 2021), Tunisia (8 Afrilu 2021), Zambia, Zimbabwe (28 Yuli 2021).<ref name="tracker" /> ==== Sinopharm BIBP ==== * Cikakken yarda: Seychelles. * Amfanin gaggawa: WHO (7 Mayu 2021), Angola (Maris 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Chadi, Comoros (Mayu 2021), Masar (3 Janairu 2021), Gabon (Maris 2021), Gambia (17 Yuni 2021), Malawi, Mauritania (Maris 2021), Mauritius (Maris 2021), Morocco (22 Janairu 2021), Mozambique (Maris 2021), Namibia (Maris 2021), Niger (Afrilu 2021), Nigeria (24 Agusta 2021). 2021), Jamhuriyar Kongo (Maris 2021), Senegal (Maris 2021), Saliyo (Maris 2021), Somalia (Afrilu 2021), Tunisia (12 Yuli 2021), Zambia, Zimbabwe (10 Maris 2021).<ref name="tracker" /> ==== Sputnik V / Sputnik Light ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfanin gaggawa: Algeria (10 Janairu 2021), Angola (3 Maris 2021), Kamaru (19 Maris 2021), Djibouti (3 Maris 2021), Masar (24 Fabrairu 2021), Gabon (17 Fabrairu 2021), Ghana (20 Fabrairu 2021). ), Guinea (Disamba 2020), Kenya (10 Maris 2021), Libya (Afrilu 2021), Mali (30 Maris 2021), Mauritius (22 Maris 2021), Morocco (10 Maris 2021), Namibia (11 Maris 2021), Nigeria (15 Yuli 2021), Jamhuriyar Kongo (3 Maris 2021), Seychelles (19 Maris 2021), Tunisia (30 Janairu 2021), Zimbabwe (9 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== CoronaVac ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (1 Yuni 2021), Benin (Maris 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Masar (26 Afrilu 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Afirka ta Kudu (3 Yuli 2021), Tanzaniya (Yuli 2021), Tunisia (5 Maris 2021), Zimbabwe (9 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Covaxin ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (3 Nuwamba 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Mauritius (21 Maris 2021), Zimbabwe (4 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> [[Fayil:COVID-19_vaccine_map_(Africa).svg|thumb|200x200px|Taswirar ƙasashe ta hanyar amincewa]] == Manufacturing == === Johnson & Johnson === A cikin yarjejeniyar masana'antu, shirin Johnson da Johnson na kera alluran rigakafin allurai miliyan 220 a cibiyar masana'antar Aspen Pharmacare a [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], [[Gabashin Cape|Eastern Cape]] . Suna shirin rarraba maganin ga sauran kasashen Afirka da miliyan 30 don zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid-19: SA plans to vaccinate 200 000 people a day - report |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/covid-19-sa-plans-to-vaccinate-200-000-people-a-day-report-20210328 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 vaccine: J&J commits 30 million doses for SA {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/jj-commits-30-million-vaccine-doses-sa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430154056/https://www.enca.com/news/jj-commits-30-million-vaccine-doses-sa |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.enca.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='No setbacks.' SA factory on track to produce J&J vaccine |url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/johnson-vaccine-preparation-at-pe-factor-on-track-2021-3 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> === Pfizer-BioNTech === Tun daga shekarar 2022, Cibiyar Biovac da ke [[Cape Town]] za ta kera allurai miliyan 100 a duk shekara na rigakafin Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 ga ƙasashen Afirka keɓanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Edward |date=22 July 2021 |title=Pfizer and BioNTech to start making Covid-19 vaccine at Biovac in Cape Town |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/pfizer-and-biontech-to-start-making-covid-19-vaccine-at-biovac-in-cape-town-2d86e3a3-b834-4a8d-ac9d-71d4b8a250ad |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=IOL}}</ref> === Sputnik V === Ministan harhada magunguna na Aljeriya [[:fr:Lotfi Benbahmad|Lotfi Benbahmad]] ya sanar da cewa an cimma yarjejeniyar samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Sputnik V COVID-19 a masana'antar sarrafa magunguna ta Saidal da ke [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sossoukpè |first=Carine |date=2021-04-08 |title=Coronavirus: Algeria to start production of Sputnik V vaccine from September |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/public-management/0804-42504-coronavirus-algeria-to-start-production-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-from-september |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=Ecofin Agency}}</ref> === ImmunityBio === Cibiyar Biovac a Afirka ta Kudu tana da kwangila tare da ImmunityBio don kera rigakafin ImmunityBio COVID-19 da rarraba shi a duk faɗin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=21 July 2021 |title=Biovac Institute to be first African company to produce mRNA vaccines |url=https://www.devex.com/news/biovac-institute-to-be-first-african-company-to-produce-mrna-vaccines-100432 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Devex}}</ref> === Afrigen === Ƙungiyar Cibiyar Biovac, [[:de:Afrigen Biologics and Vaccines|Afrigen]] da Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da izini don haɓaka da kera maganin COVID-19 ta hanyar amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya da [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|rigakafin Moderna COVID-19]] . Ana sa ran amincewa da sabon rigakafin mRNA a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=18 February 2022 |title=6 African nations chosen for mRNA vaccine production |url=https://www.devex.com/news/6-african-nations-chosen-for-mrna-vaccine-production-102706 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Devex}}</ref> == Kididdiga == == Alurar rigakafi ta yanki == === Aljeriya === A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2021, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗinta na [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]], kwana guda bayan da ta fara jigilar allurai 50,000 na rigakafin Sputnik V na Rasha. Ya zuwa 6 ga Yuni 2021, Algeria ta ba da rahoton ba da allurai '''miliyan 2.5''' na rigakafin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-31 |title=Algeria launches coronavirus vaccination campaign |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/algeria-launches-coronavirus-vaccination-campaign/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aps Algeria Government |url=https://www.aps.dz/regions/116777-blida-covid-19-trente-vaccines-au-matin-du-1er-jour-de-la-campagne |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=APS}}</ref> A halin yanzu [[Aljeriya]] tana yiwa al'ummarta allurar rigakafin [[Sputnik V COVID-19 rigakafin|Sputnik V]] da Oxford-AstraZeneca . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria: total COVID-19 vaccine doses 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1220399/total-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-algeria/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Algeria: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/algeria/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Kashi 31% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Angola === A ranar 4 ga Maris 2021, [[Angola]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta bayan sun karɓi allurai 624,000 na allurai biyu na Oxford AstraZeneca ta hanyar shirin COVAX. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2021-03-03 |title=Angola begins Covid immunization fight with COVAX vaccines |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/03/angola-begins-covid-immunization-fight-with-covax-vaccines/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Angola: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/angola/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, Angola ta ba da allurai '''1,314,375''' na alluran rigakafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola becomes the first country in Eastern and Southern Africa region to receive COVAX vaccines against COVID-19 |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/angola-becomes-first-country-eastern-and-southern-africa-region-receive-covax-vaccines-0 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2021-03-03 |title=Angola begins Covid immunization fight with COVAX vaccines |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/03/angola-begins-covid-immunization-fight-with-covax-vaccines/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Mutane '''822,109''' masu maganin farko da kuma mutane '''492,266''' sun yi cikakken rigakafin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |last3=Beltekian |first3=Diana |last4=Mathieu |first4=Edouard |last5=Hasell |first5=Joe |last6=Macdonald |first6=Bobbie |last7=Giattino |first7=Charlie |last8=Appel |first8=Cameron |last9=Rodés-Guirao |first9=Lucas |last10=Roser |first10=Max |date=2020-05-26 |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/angola |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: total COVID-19 vaccines administered 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1225542/total-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-angola/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> Kashi 28% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Benin === [[Benin]] ta kaddamar da yakinta na rigakafin cutar coronavirus a ranar 29 ga Maris 2021, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covishield (AstraZeneca).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehouenou |first1=Josué Fortuné |date=19 April 2021 |title=Lutte contre la Covid-19: Le chef de l'Etat reçoit sa première dose de vaccin |url=https://lanationbenin.info/lutte-contre-la-covid-19-le-chef-de-letat-recoit-sa-premiere-dose-de-vaccin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211903/https://lanationbenin.info/lutte-contre-la-covid-19-le-chef-de-letat-recoit-sa-premiere-dose-de-vaccin/ |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |language=fr |newspaper=La Nation Bénin}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai '''26,624''', mutane '''21,834''' tare da allurai guda ɗaya kuma mutane '''4,790''' sun yi cikakken rigakafin. Kasar kuma ta fara kula da CoronaVac . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |last3=Beltekian |first3=Diana |last4=Mathieu |first4=Edouard |last5=Hasell |first5=Joe |last6=Macdonald |first6=Bobbie |last7=Giattino |first7=Charlie |last8=Appel |first8=Cameron |last9=Rodés-Guirao |first9=Lucas |last10=Roser |first10=Max |date=2020-05-26 |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/benin |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref name="owid/covid-19-data">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma, Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021. <ref name="tracker" /> Kashi 26% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Botswana === [[Botswana]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021, da farko ta yin amfani da rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca . <ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=David |last2=Formanek |first2=Ingrid |date=8 May 2021 |title=Countries in Africa fear they could become the next India as vaccine supplies dwindle |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/health/covid-africa-india-vaccine-supply-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=CNN}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2021, [[Botswana]] ta ba da allurai '''150,019''' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=COVAX vaccine roll-out Benin |url=https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/benin |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=Gavi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Botswana: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/botswana/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Dukkanin mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Burkina Faso === [[Burkina Faso]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2021, da farko bayan da ta sami allurai 115,200 na alluran rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2021 ta hanyar COVAX, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=COVID-19: latest global developments |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/covid-19-latest-global-developments |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=The ASEAN Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 14 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''17,775''' . <ref name="github.com">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> sai kuma allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 da Amurka ta bayar. Kashi 8% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Burundi === An kaddamar da shirin rigakafin na Burundi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, da farko ta yin amfani da allurai 500,000 na rigakafin Sinopharm BIBP da kasar Sin ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Burundi launches COVID-19 vaccination drive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burundi-launches-covid-19-vaccination-drive-2021-10-18/ |access-date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, kasa da kashi 0.1% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakken rigakafin a karshen shekarar 2021. === Kamaru === [[Kamaru]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2021, da farko ta amfani da allurai 200,000 na rigakafin Sinopharm BIBP da [[Sin|China]] ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Onoja |first=Johnson |date=2021-04-13 |title=Cameroon starts Covid vaccination using jabs given by China |url=https://www.africabnn.com/cameroon-starts-covid-vaccination-using-jabs-given-by-china/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418221940/https://www.africabnn.com/cameroon-starts-covid-vaccination-using-jabs-given-by-china/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-15 |publisher=BNN Africa}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2021, ta karɓi allurai 391,200 na rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca/Covichield ta COVAX. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=COVAX vaccine roll-out Cameroon |url=https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/cameroon |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=Gavi}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai 89,180, mutane 72,111 suna da kashi ɗaya kuma mutane 17,069 sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2021, Kamaru ta karɓi allurai 303,050 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 da Amurka ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2021 |title=Cameroon receives 303 050 doses of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-receives-303-050-doses-of-johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Journal du Cameroun}}</ref> Kashi 6% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Cape Verde === [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2021, jim kadan bayan sun sami allurai 24,000 na rigakafin Oxford – AstraZeneca COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=COVID-19 vaccines sent by COVAX arrive in Cabo Verde |url=https://www.unicef.org/wca/press-releases/covid-19-vaccines-sent-covax-arrive-cabo-verde |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''47,943''', mutane '''45,013''' da allurai guda ɗaya kuma mutane '''2,930''' sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2021, an yi wa dukkan mutanen da aka yi niyya cikakken rigakafin. === Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya === Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2021, da farko ta yi amfani da allurai 60,000 na rigakafin Covishield da aka bayar ta hanyar COVAX da allurai 80,000 na irin wannan rigakafin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta kasa amfani da su kafin ranar karewar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=La République centrafricaine lance sa campagne nationale de vaccination contre la COVID-19 |url=https://www.unicef.org/wca/fr/communiqu%C3%A9s-de-presse/la-r%C3%A9publique-centrafricaine-lance-sa-campagne-nationale-de-vaccination |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=Unicef |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web |last=Princewill |first=Nimi |date=19 May 2021 |title=African countries have struggled to secure enough Covid-19 vaccines. So why are thousands of doses going to waste? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/19/africa/covid-19-vaccine-wastage-africa-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''42,644''', mutane '''41,095''' suna da kashi ɗaya kuma mutane '''1,549''' sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Kashi 22% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. == Manazarta == e9zgyi3l3nc1w0se4o58lcel4n12ura 539576 539575 2024-11-10T20:51:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 539576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ana ci gaba da gudanar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin cutar [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] a mafi yawan ƙasashe da yankuna a Afirka, tare da 51 daga cikin ƙasashen yankin Afirka 54 sun ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen rigakafin zuwa Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2021 |title=Outbreak brief 77: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic |url=https://africacdc.org/download/outbreak-brief-77-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pandemic/ |access-date=20 July 2021 |publisher=Africa CDC |page=10}}</ref> Ya zuwa Oktoba 2023, kashi 51.8% na al'ummar nahiyar an yi musu cikakkiyar alluran rigakafi tare da allurai sama da miliyan 1084.5. <ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 Vaccination |url=https://africacdc.org/covid-19-vaccination/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Africa CDC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Fara shirye-shiryen rigakafi a Afirka == Yayin da aka fara shirye-shiryen rigakafin, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] ta yi hasashen a watan Yunin 2021 cewa kasashe 47 daga cikin 54 na Afirka za su gaza cimma burin yin allurar kashi 10% na mutanensu nan da Satumba 2021. A wancan lokacin, Afirka tana da ƙasa da kashi 1% na alluran rigakafi na duniya da aka ba da, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Less than 10% of African countries to hit key COVID-19 vaccination goal |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/less-10-african-countries-hit-key-covid-19-vaccination-goal |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chutel |first=Lynsey |date=2021-09-30 |title=Most African countries missed a target to vaccinate 10 percent of their people. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/world/africa/africa-covid-vaccine.html |access-date=2021-12-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2021 |title=Only 5 African nations set to hit year-end COVID-19 vaccination goal |url=https://www.devex.com/news/only-5-african-nations-set-to-hit-year-end-covid-19-vaccination-goal-101952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102222638/https://www.devex.com/news/only-5-african-nations-set-to-hit-year-end-covid-19-vaccination-goal-101952 |archive-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/economic-report-finance-in-africa-green-smart-inclusive-private-sector-development|title=Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development|date=2021-11-18|publisher=European Investment Bank|doi=10.2867/38529|isbn=978-92-861-5063-0|language=EN|author1=European Investment Bank.}}</ref> kuma a farkon 2022, Afirka ta sami jimlar ƙasa da kashi 2% na allurar rigakafin biliyan 3 da aka bayar a duniya. .<ref name=":3022">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021|title=EIB Activity Report 2021|date=2022-01-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5108-8|language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2021, kodinetan WHO na Afirka na rigakafi da haɓaka alluran rigakafi ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙasashen Afirka sun lalata wasu alluran rigakafi 450,000 saboda lokacin ƙarewarsu. Ya buga misali da Malawi, Sudan ta Kudu, Laberiya, Mauritania, Gambiya, Saliyo, <ref name="nacoverc">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2021 |title=NaCOVERC's attention has been drawn to a BBC report suggesting that nine (9) African countries including Sierra Leone have destroyed a total of 450,000 COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://dhse.gov.sl/nacovercs-attention-has-been-drawn-to-a-bbc-report-suggesting-that-nine-9-african-countries-including-sierra-leone-have-destroyed-a-total-of-450000-covid-19-vaccines/ |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Health and Sanitation}}</ref> Guinea, Comoros da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=15 July 2021 |title=African nations have destroyed 450,000 expired COVID-19 vaccine doses |url=https://www.devex.com/news/african-nations-have-destroyed-450-000-expired-covid-19-vaccine-doses-100389 |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=Devex}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin Yuli 2021, Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ya himmatu don tallafawa masana'antar samar da rigakafin COVID-19 ta farko ta [[Senegal]], a Institut Pasteur de Dakar. A ƙarshen 2022, ana sa ran wannan masana'anta za ta kera har zuwa allurai miliyan 25 na [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]] mai lasisi a kowane wata. Wannan wani bangare ne na kokarin da Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai ke yi don magance illar lafiya da tattalin arzikin COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press corner |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=European Commission - European Commission |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-09 |title=Senegal to build COVID-19 vaccine plant in bid to expand African access |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-build-covid-19-vaccine-plant-bid-expand-african-access-2021-07-09/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=Senegal plans 'Africa's first' Covid-19 vaccine manufacturing hub |url=https://african.business/2021/07/technology-information/senegal-to-build-200m-vaccine-manufacturing-plant/ |access-date=2021-12-06 |website=African Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> A halin yanzu, BioNTech da [[Tarayyar Turai]] suna haɗin gwiwa don tantance wuraren samar da rigakafin mRNA a [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] da [[Senegal]] .<ref name=":303">{{Cite book|last=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/activity-report-2021|title=EIB Activity Report 2021|date=2022-01-27|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-5108-8|language=EN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgium: EIB boosts innovative biotech company Univercells with €30 million of European financing to support COVID-19-related projects |url=https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-243-belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-eur30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=EU Vaccines Strategy |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/live-work-travel-eu/coronavirus-response/public-health/eu-vaccines-strategy_en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgium: EIB boosts innovative biotech company Univercells with €30 million of European financing to support COVID-19-related projects |url=https://www.univercells.com/news/belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |access-date=2022-05-11 |website=www.univercells.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228165030/https://www.univercells.com/news/belgium-eib-boosts-innovative-biotech-company-univercells-with-30-million-of-european-financing-to-support-covid-19-related-projects |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin kasashen Afirka bakwai ( Botswana, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Morocco, Rwanda, Seychelles, Tunisiya ) an yi wa daukacin al'ummar da aka yi niyya cikakken rigakafin zuwa karshen 2021. A gefe guda kuma, ba a yi allurar rigakafi ba a Eritrea, yayin da a Burundi da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango kasa da kashi 0.4 cikin 100 na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi. === Graph na jimlar allurai da aka gudanar a Afirka === == Fage == === Amincewa === ==== Oxford – AstraZeneca / Covishield ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (15 Fabrairu 2021), Task Force Regulatory Taskforce na Afirka (25 Fabrairu 2021), Angola (Maris 2021), Benin (Maris 2021), Botswana (Fabrairu 2021), Burkina Faso (Mayu 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021). Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (Mayu 2021), Cote d'Ivoire (Fabrairu 2021), DRC (Afrilu 2021), Djibouti (22 Fabrairu 2021), Masar (30 Janairu 2021), Eswatini (Maris 2021), Habasha (Maris 2021), Gambia (Maris 2021), Ghana (Maris 2021), Guinea-Bissau (Maris 2021), Kenya (Mayu 2021), Lesotho (Maris 2021), Laberiya, Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi (Fabrairu 2021). ), Mali (Janairu 2021), Mauritius (Janairu 2021), Morocco (6 Janairu 2021), Namibia (Maris 2021), Niger (Maris 2021), Nigeria (18 Fabrairu 2021), Rwanda (Maris 2021), São Tomé da Principe, Senegal (Maris 2021), Seychelles (Janairu 2021), Saliyo (Maris 2021), Somalia (Maris 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (1 Fabrairu 2021; dakatar da 7 Fabrairu 2021), Sudan ta Kudu (Afrilu 2021), Sudan (Maris 2021) ), Togo (Maris 2021), Tunisia (7 Mayu 2021), Uganda (Maris 2021), Zambia (Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker">{{Cite web |title=Trials & approved vaccines by country |url=https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/trials-vaccines-by-country/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=COVID19 vaccine tracker}}</ref> ==== Pfizer-BioNTech ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (31 Disamba 2020), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Cote d'Ivoire (Janairu 2021), Kenya (2 Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (30) Afrilu 2021), Rwanda (Maris 2021), Seychelles (27 Yuli 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (11 Maris 2021), Tunisia (13 Janairu 2021), Zambia. <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Moderna ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (30 Afrilu 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Kenya (19 Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (15 Yuli 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Janssen ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (30 Afrilu 2021), Task Force Regulatory Taskforce (10 Maris 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Masar (Agusta 2021), Ghana (Agusta 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Nigeria (17 Mayu 2021), Afirka ta Kudu (31 Maris 2021), Tanzaniya (Yuli 2021), Tunisia (8 Afrilu 2021), Zambia, Zimbabwe (28 Yuli 2021).<ref name="tracker" /> ==== Sinopharm BIBP ==== * Cikakken yarda: Seychelles. * Amfanin gaggawa: WHO (7 Mayu 2021), Angola (Maris 2021), Kamaru (Afrilu 2021), Cape Verde (Maris 2021), Chadi, Comoros (Mayu 2021), Masar (3 Janairu 2021), Gabon (Maris 2021), Gambia (17 Yuni 2021), Malawi, Mauritania (Maris 2021), Mauritius (Maris 2021), Morocco (22 Janairu 2021), Mozambique (Maris 2021), Namibia (Maris 2021), Niger (Afrilu 2021), Nigeria (24 Agusta 2021). 2021), Jamhuriyar Kongo (Maris 2021), Senegal (Maris 2021), Saliyo (Maris 2021), Somalia (Afrilu 2021), Tunisia (12 Yuli 2021), Zambia, Zimbabwe (10 Maris 2021).<ref name="tracker" /> ==== Sputnik V / Sputnik Light ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfanin gaggawa: Algeria (10 Janairu 2021), Angola (3 Maris 2021), Kamaru (19 Maris 2021), Djibouti (3 Maris 2021), Masar (24 Fabrairu 2021), Gabon (17 Fabrairu 2021), Ghana (20 Fabrairu 2021). ), Guinea (Disamba 2020), Kenya (10 Maris 2021), Libya (Afrilu 2021), Mali (30 Maris 2021), Mauritius (22 Maris 2021), Morocco (10 Maris 2021), Namibia (11 Maris 2021), Nigeria (15 Yuli 2021), Jamhuriyar Kongo (3 Maris 2021), Seychelles (19 Maris 2021), Tunisia (30 Janairu 2021), Zimbabwe (9 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== CoronaVac ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (1 Yuni 2021), Benin (Maris 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Masar (26 Afrilu 2021), Libya (Maris 2021), Malawi, Afirka ta Kudu (3 Yuli 2021), Tanzaniya (Yuli 2021), Tunisia (5 Maris 2021), Zimbabwe (9 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> ==== Covaxin ==== * Cikakken yarda: - * Amfani da gaggawa: WHO (3 Nuwamba 2021), Botswana (Afrilu 2021), Mauritius (21 Maris 2021), Zimbabwe (4 Maris 2021). <ref name="tracker" /> [[Fayil:COVID-19_vaccine_map_(Africa).svg|thumb|200x200px|Taswirar ƙasashe ta hanyar amincewa]] == Manufacturing == === Johnson & Johnson === A cikin yarjejeniyar masana'antu, shirin Johnson da Johnson na kera alluran rigakafin allurai miliyan 220 a cibiyar masana'antar Aspen Pharmacare a [[Port Elizabeth|Gqeberha]], [[Gabashin Cape|Eastern Cape]] . Suna shirin rarraba maganin ga sauran kasashen Afirka da miliyan 30 don zuwa [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Covid-19: SA plans to vaccinate 200 000 people a day - report |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/covid-19-sa-plans-to-vaccinate-200-000-people-a-day-report-20210328 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=COVID-19 vaccine: J&J commits 30 million doses for SA {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/jj-commits-30-million-vaccine-doses-sa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430154056/https://www.enca.com/news/jj-commits-30-million-vaccine-doses-sa |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=www.enca.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title='No setbacks.' SA factory on track to produce J&J vaccine |url=https://www.businessinsider.co.za/johnson-vaccine-preparation-at-pe-factor-on-track-2021-3 |access-date=2021-03-31 |website=BusinessInsider}}</ref> === Pfizer-BioNTech === Tun daga shekarar 2022, Cibiyar Biovac da ke [[Cape Town]] za ta kera allurai miliyan 100 a duk shekara na rigakafin Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 ga ƙasashen Afirka keɓanta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=West |first=Edward |date=22 July 2021 |title=Pfizer and BioNTech to start making Covid-19 vaccine at Biovac in Cape Town |url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/companies/pfizer-and-biontech-to-start-making-covid-19-vaccine-at-biovac-in-cape-town-2d86e3a3-b834-4a8d-ac9d-71d4b8a250ad |access-date=27 July 2021 |website=IOL}}</ref> === Sputnik V === Ministan harhada magunguna na Aljeriya [[:fr:Lotfi Benbahmad|Lotfi Benbahmad]] ya sanar da cewa an cimma yarjejeniyar samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Sputnik V COVID-19 a masana'antar sarrafa magunguna ta Saidal da ke [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sossoukpè |first=Carine |date=2021-04-08 |title=Coronavirus: Algeria to start production of Sputnik V vaccine from September |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/public-management/0804-42504-coronavirus-algeria-to-start-production-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-from-september |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=Ecofin Agency}}</ref> === ImmunityBio === Cibiyar Biovac a Afirka ta Kudu tana da kwangila tare da ImmunityBio don kera rigakafin ImmunityBio COVID-19 da rarraba shi a duk faɗin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=21 July 2021 |title=Biovac Institute to be first African company to produce mRNA vaccines |url=https://www.devex.com/news/biovac-institute-to-be-first-african-company-to-produce-mrna-vaccines-100432 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Devex}}</ref> === Afrigen === Ƙungiyar Cibiyar Biovac, [[:de:Afrigen Biologics and Vaccines|Afrigen]] da Cibiyar Nazarin Likitoci ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kasance Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da izini don haɓaka da kera maganin COVID-19 ta hanyar amfani da fasaha iri ɗaya da [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|rigakafin Moderna COVID-19]] . Ana sa ran amincewa da sabon rigakafin mRNA a cikin 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerving |first=Sara |date=18 February 2022 |title=6 African nations chosen for mRNA vaccine production |url=https://www.devex.com/news/6-african-nations-chosen-for-mrna-vaccine-production-102706 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=Devex}}</ref> == Kididdiga == == Alurar rigakafi ta yanki == === Aljeriya === A ranar 29 ga Janairu, 2021, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗinta na [[Rigakafin Covid-19|rigakafin COVID-19]], kwana guda bayan da ta fara jigilar allurai 50,000 na rigakafin Sputnik V na Rasha. Ya zuwa 6 ga Yuni 2021, Algeria ta ba da rahoton ba da allurai '''miliyan 2.5''' na rigakafin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-31 |title=Algeria launches coronavirus vaccination campaign |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/algeria-launches-coronavirus-vaccination-campaign/ |access-date=2021-03-06 |website=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader. |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aps Algeria Government |url=https://www.aps.dz/regions/116777-blida-covid-19-trente-vaccines-au-matin-du-1er-jour-de-la-campagne |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=APS}}</ref> A halin yanzu [[Aljeriya]] tana yiwa al'ummarta allurar rigakafin [[Sputnik V COVID-19 rigakafin|Sputnik V]] da Oxford-AstraZeneca . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria: total COVID-19 vaccine doses 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1220399/total-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-algeria/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Algeria: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/algeria/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Kashi 31% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Angola === A ranar 4 ga Maris 2021, [[Angola]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta bayan sun karɓi allurai 624,000 na allurai biyu na Oxford AstraZeneca ta hanyar shirin COVAX. <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2021-03-03 |title=Angola begins Covid immunization fight with COVAX vaccines |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/03/angola-begins-covid-immunization-fight-with-covax-vaccines/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |title=Angola: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/angola/ |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, Angola ta ba da allurai '''1,314,375''' na alluran rigakafi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola becomes the first country in Eastern and Southern Africa region to receive COVAX vaccines against COVID-19 |url=https://www.afro.who.int/news/angola-becomes-first-country-eastern-and-southern-africa-region-receive-covax-vaccines-0 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=WHO {{!}} Regional Office for Africa |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=AfricaNews |date=2021-03-03 |title=Angola begins Covid immunization fight with COVAX vaccines |url=https://www.africanews.com/2021/03/03/angola-begins-covid-immunization-fight-with-covax-vaccines/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Africanews |language=en}}</ref> Mutane '''822,109''' masu maganin farko da kuma mutane '''492,266''' sun yi cikakken rigakafin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |last3=Beltekian |first3=Diana |last4=Mathieu |first4=Edouard |last5=Hasell |first5=Joe |last6=Macdonald |first6=Bobbie |last7=Giattino |first7=Charlie |last8=Appel |first8=Cameron |last9=Rodés-Guirao |first9=Lucas |last10=Roser |first10=Max |date=2020-05-26 |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/angola |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Angola: total COVID-19 vaccines administered 2021 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1225542/total-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-angola/ |access-date=2021-06-16 |website=Statista |language=en}}</ref> Kashi 28% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Benin === [[Benin]] ta kaddamar da yakinta na rigakafin cutar coronavirus a ranar 29 ga Maris 2021, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covishield (AstraZeneca).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehouenou |first1=Josué Fortuné |date=19 April 2021 |title=Lutte contre la Covid-19: Le chef de l'Etat reçoit sa première dose de vaccin |url=https://lanationbenin.info/lutte-contre-la-covid-19-le-chef-de-letat-recoit-sa-premiere-dose-de-vaccin/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211903/https://lanationbenin.info/lutte-contre-la-covid-19-le-chef-de-letat-recoit-sa-premiere-dose-de-vaccin/ |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |language=fr |newspaper=La Nation Bénin}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai '''26,624''', mutane '''21,834''' tare da allurai guda ɗaya kuma mutane '''4,790''' sun yi cikakken rigakafin. Kasar kuma ta fara kula da CoronaVac . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Ortiz-Ospina |first2=Esteban |last3=Beltekian |first3=Diana |last4=Mathieu |first4=Edouard |last5=Hasell |first5=Joe |last6=Macdonald |first6=Bobbie |last7=Giattino |first7=Charlie |last8=Appel |first8=Cameron |last9=Rodés-Guirao |first9=Lucas |last10=Roser |first10=Max |date=2020-05-26 |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/benin |journal=Our World in Data}}</ref> <ref name="owid/covid-19-data">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Haka kuma, Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli 2021. <ref name="tracker" /> Kashi 26% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Botswana === [[Botswana]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 26 ga Maris 2021, da farko ta yin amfani da rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca . <ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite web |last=McKenzie |first=David |last2=Formanek |first2=Ingrid |date=8 May 2021 |title=Countries in Africa fear they could become the next India as vaccine supplies dwindle |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/08/health/covid-africa-india-vaccine-supply-cmd-intl/index.html |access-date=2021-05-08 |website=CNN}}</ref> Tun daga ranar 7 ga Yuni 2021, [[Botswana]] ta ba da allurai '''150,019''' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2021 |title=COVAX vaccine roll-out Benin |url=https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/benin |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=Gavi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Botswana: the latest coronavirus counts, charts and maps |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/botswana/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=graphics.reuters.com}}</ref> Dukkanin mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Burkina Faso === [[Burkina Faso]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2021, da farko bayan da ta sami allurai 115,200 na alluran rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2021 ta hanyar COVAX, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-01 |title=COVID-19: latest global developments |url=https://theaseanpost.com/article/covid-19-latest-global-developments |access-date=2021-06-01 |website=The ASEAN Post}}</ref> Ya zuwa 14 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''17,775''' . <ref name="github.com">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> sai kuma allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 da Amurka ta bayar. Kashi 8% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Burundi === An kaddamar da shirin rigakafin na Burundi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2021, da farko ta yin amfani da allurai 500,000 na rigakafin Sinopharm BIBP da kasar Sin ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2021 |title=Burundi launches COVID-19 vaccination drive |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burundi-launches-covid-19-vaccination-drive-2021-10-18/ |access-date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, kasa da kashi 0.1% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakken rigakafin a karshen shekarar 2021. === Kamaru === [[Kamaru]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 2021, da farko ta amfani da allurai 200,000 na rigakafin Sinopharm BIBP da [[Sin|China]] ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Onoja |first=Johnson |date=2021-04-13 |title=Cameroon starts Covid vaccination using jabs given by China |url=https://www.africabnn.com/cameroon-starts-covid-vaccination-using-jabs-given-by-china/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418221940/https://www.africabnn.com/cameroon-starts-covid-vaccination-using-jabs-given-by-china/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-15 |publisher=BNN Africa}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2021, ta karɓi allurai 391,200 na rigakafin Oxford-AstraZeneca/Covichield ta COVAX. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2021 |title=COVAX vaccine roll-out Cameroon |url=https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/cameroon |access-date=5 August 2021 |publisher=Gavi}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 14 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai 89,180, mutane 72,111 suna da kashi ɗaya kuma mutane 17,069 sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga Yuli, 2021, Kamaru ta karɓi allurai 303,050 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 da Amurka ta bayar. <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2021 |title=Cameroon receives 303 050 doses of Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine |url=https://www.journalducameroun.com/en/cameroon-receives-303-050-doses-of-johnson-johnson-covid-19-vaccine/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Journal du Cameroun}}</ref> Kashi 6% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. === Cape Verde === [[Cabo Verde|Cape Verde]] ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 19 ga Maris, 2021, jim kadan bayan sun sami allurai 24,000 na rigakafin Oxford – AstraZeneca COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2021 |title=COVID-19 vaccines sent by COVAX arrive in Cabo Verde |url=https://www.unicef.org/wca/press-releases/covid-19-vaccines-sent-covax-arrive-cabo-verde |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''47,943''', mutane '''45,013''' da allurai guda ɗaya kuma mutane '''2,930''' sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2021, an yi wa dukkan mutanen da aka yi niyya cikakken rigakafin. === Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya === Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta fara shirin rigakafinta ne a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 2021, da farko ta yi amfani da allurai 60,000 na rigakafin Covishield da aka bayar ta hanyar COVAX da allurai 80,000 na irin wannan rigakafin da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ta kasa amfani da su kafin ranar karewar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=La République centrafricaine lance sa campagne nationale de vaccination contre la COVID-19 |url=https://www.unicef.org/wca/fr/communiqu%C3%A9s-de-presse/la-r%C3%A9publique-centrafricaine-lance-sa-campagne-nationale-de-vaccination |access-date=26 May 2021 |publisher=Unicef |language=fr}}</ref> <ref name="edition.cnn.com">{{Cite web |last=Princewill |first=Nimi |date=19 May 2021 |title=African countries have struggled to secure enough Covid-19 vaccines. So why are thousands of doses going to waste? |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/19/africa/covid-19-vaccine-wastage-africa-intl-cmd/index.html |access-date=19 July 2021 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Ya zuwa 15 ga Yuni 2021, an ba da allurai '''42,644''', mutane '''41,095''' suna da kashi ɗaya kuma mutane '''1,549''' sun yi cikakken alurar riga kafi. <ref name="ReferenceA3">{{Cite web |title=owid/covid-19-data |url=https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data |access-date=2021-06-19 |website=GitHub |language=en}}</ref> Kashi 22% na mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi a ƙarshen 2021. == Manazarta == 8xh2it8pxuwk9k7vw4za3tvtr27887p City glasgow city 0 83019 539572 515819 2024-11-10T20:48:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 539572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dawn over Glasgow (48659596342).jpg|thumb|glasgow Birni]] '''Glasgow''' shine birni mafi yawan jama'a a Scotland, yana kan gabar kogin Clyde a yammacin tsakiyar Scotland. Garin shine birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Burtaniya kuma birni na 27 mafi yawan jama'a a Turai. A cikin 2022, tana da kididdigar yawan jama'a azaman kayyadaddun yanki na 632,350 kuma ta kafa kauyen birni na 1,028,220. Tattalin arzikin Glasgow shine mafi girma na kowane birni ko yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin Scotland, kuma karfin tattalin arzikin birni yana bayyana a cikin membobinta na Kungiyar Manyan garuruwa.Glasgow ya girma daga karamin kauye kusa da Glasgow Cathedral kuma ya gangara zuwa Kogin Clyde ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Scotland, kuma na goma mafi girma ta hanyar ton a Biritaniya. Fadada daga bishop na daular da burgh (daga baya sarauta burgh), da kuma kafa Jami'ar Glasgow daga baya a karni na 15,ta zama babbar cibiyar fadakarwa ta Scotland a karni na 18. Daga karni na 18 zuwa gaba, birnin kuma ya girma a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin teku na Biritaniya tare da Arewacin Amurka da Indiyawan Yamma; Ba da daɗewa ba sai Gabas, Indiya, da China. Da farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yawan jama'a da tattalin arzikin Glasgow da yankin da ke kewaye ya fadada cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin sinadarai, masaku da injiniyanci a duniya; musamman a cikin masana'antar gine-gine da injiniyan ruwa, wanda ya samar da sabbin jiragen ruwa da yawa da suka shahara. Glasgow shine "Birni na Biyu na Daular Biritaniya" don yawancin zamanin Victoria da Edwardian. Glasgow ya zama yanki a cikin 1893, garin da a baya ya kasance a cikin lardin tarihi na Lanarkshire, kuma daga baya ya girma ya hada da kauyuka wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na Renfrewshire da Dunbartonshire. Yanzu ya zama yankin Majalisar Birnin Glasgow, daya daga cikin yankunan majalisa 32 na Scotland, kuma Majalisar Glasgow City ce ke gudanarwa. A karshen 19th da farkon karni na 20th, yawan Glasgow ya karu cikin sauri, ya kai kololuwar mutane 1,127,825 a cikin 1938 (tare da mafi girma kuma a cikin karamin yanki fiye da na shekarun baya). An rage yawan jama'a sosai bayan cikakken ayyukan sabunta birane a cikin 1960s wanda ya haifar da kaura da yawa zuwa sabbin garuruwan da aka kebance, kamar Cumbernauld, Livingston, Gabas Kilbride da kewayen kewaye, tare da sauye-sauyen iyaka. Sama da mutane 1,000,000 suna zaune a cikin Babban Glasgow birni mai jujjuyawa, yayin da mafi girman yankin Glasgow yana gida ga mutane sama da 1,800,000, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi 33% na yawan mutanen Scotland. Garin ya kasance yana da dayan mafi girman girman kowane yanki a cikin Scotland a 4,023/km2. ==Manazarta== Bartram, Graham (2004). British Flags and Emblems. Flag Institute. p. 64. All the cities, and most of the towns, in the UK have coats-of-arms, and many of them use banner of these arms on their civic buildings and on the official car of their Mayor, Provost, Lord Mayor or Lord Provost. As with armorial county flags they are technically for the sole use of the city or town's council, but in some cases they are used more widely. Many councils also use their logo as a basis for a flag. Cameron, Lucinda (6 April 2010). "Plan launched to increase Gaelic use in Glasgow". Daily Record. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024. (Between 1175–78, exact date unknown) Lambert, Tim. "A brief history of Glasgow". localhistories.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017. "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024. "Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: glesca". "Scottish Cities | Scotland.org". Scotland. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "United Kingdom - Largest cities". Statista. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "Largest European cities 2020". Statista. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021. "Glasgow remains biggest city economy". BBC News. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2019. MacDonnell, Hamish (3 March 2005). "Edinburgh UK's second most prosperous city". The Scotsman. UK. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012. "Victorian Glasgow". BBC History. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010. "About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire – the 19th century". Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. Fraser, W H. "Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914". University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008. McIlvanney, W. "Glasgow – city of reality". Scotland – the official online gateway. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2008. "Factsheet 4: Population" (PDF). Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. "Top 20 Most Popular Cities in the UK for International Visitors". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019. kbrovrdxajubuormihfcixaiyt58uat 539573 539572 2024-11-10T20:49:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 539573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dawn over Glasgow (48659596342).jpg|thumb|glasgow Birni]] '''Glasgow''' shine birni mafi yawan jama'a a Scotland, yana kan gabar kogin Clyde a yammacin tsakiyar Scotland. Garin shine birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Burtaniya kuma birni na 27 mafi yawan jama'a a Turai. A cikin shekarar 2022, tana da kididdigar yawan jama'a azaman kayyadaddun yanki na 632,350 kuma ta kafa kauyen birni na 1,028,220. Tattalin arzikin Glasgow shine mafi girma na kowane birni ko yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin Scotland, kuma karfin tattalin arzikin birni yana bayyana a cikin membobinta na Kungiyar Manyan garuruwa.Glasgow ya girma daga karamin kauye kusa da Glasgow Cathedral kuma ya gangara zuwa Kogin Clyde ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Scotland, kuma na goma mafi girma ta hanyar ton a Biritaniya. Fadada daga bishop na daular da burgh (daga baya sarauta burgh), da kuma kafa Jami'ar Glasgow daga baya a karni na 15,ta zama babbar cibiyar fadakarwa ta Scotland a karni na 18. Daga karni na 18 zuwa gaba, birnin kuma ya girma a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin teku na Biritaniya tare da Arewacin Amurka da Indiyawan Yamma; Ba da daɗewa ba sai Gabas, Indiya, da China. Da farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yawan jama'a da tattalin arzikin Glasgow da yankin da ke kewaye ya fadada cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin sinadarai, masaku da injiniyanci a duniya; musamman a cikin masana'antar gine-gine da injiniyan ruwa, wanda ya samar da sabbin jiragen ruwa da yawa da suka shahara. Glasgow shine "Birni na Biyu na Daular Biritaniya" don yawancin zamanin Victoria da Edwardian. Glasgow ya zama yanki a cikin 1893, garin da a baya ya kasance a cikin lardin tarihi na Lanarkshire, kuma daga baya ya girma ya hada da kauyuka wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na Renfrewshire da Dunbartonshire. Yanzu ya zama yankin Majalisar Birnin Glasgow, daya daga cikin yankunan majalisa 32 na Scotland, kuma Majalisar Glasgow City ce ke gudanarwa. A karshen 19th da farkon karni na 20th, yawan Glasgow ya karu cikin sauri, ya kai kololuwar mutane 1,127,825 a cikin 1938 (tare da mafi girma kuma a cikin karamin yanki fiye da na shekarun baya). An rage yawan jama'a sosai bayan cikakken ayyukan sabunta birane a cikin 1960s wanda ya haifar da kaura da yawa zuwa sabbin garuruwan da aka kebance, kamar Cumbernauld, Livingston, Gabas Kilbride da kewayen kewaye, tare da sauye-sauyen iyaka. Sama da mutane 1,000,000 suna zaune a cikin Babban Glasgow birni mai jujjuyawa, yayin da mafi girman yankin Glasgow yana gida ga mutane sama da 1,800,000, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi 33% na yawan mutanen Scotland. Garin ya kasance yana da dayan mafi girman girman kowane yanki a cikin Scotland a 4,023/km2. ==Manazarta== Bartram, Graham (2004). British Flags and Emblems. Flag Institute. p. 64. All the cities, and most of the towns, in the UK have coats-of-arms, and many of them use banner of these arms on their civic buildings and on the official car of their Mayor, Provost, Lord Mayor or Lord Provost. As with armorial county flags they are technically for the sole use of the city or town's council, but in some cases they are used more widely. Many councils also use their logo as a basis for a flag. Cameron, Lucinda (6 April 2010). "Plan launched to increase Gaelic use in Glasgow". Daily Record. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024. (Between 1175–78, exact date unknown) Lambert, Tim. "A brief history of Glasgow". localhistories.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017. "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024. "Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: glesca". "Scottish Cities | Scotland.org". Scotland. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "United Kingdom - Largest cities". Statista. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "Largest European cities 2020". Statista. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021. "Glasgow remains biggest city economy". BBC News. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2019. MacDonnell, Hamish (3 March 2005). "Edinburgh UK's second most prosperous city". The Scotsman. UK. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012. "Victorian Glasgow". BBC History. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010. "About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire – the 19th century". Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. Fraser, W H. "Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914". University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008. McIlvanney, W. "Glasgow – city of reality". Scotland – the official online gateway. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2008. "Factsheet 4: Population" (PDF). Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. "Top 20 Most Popular Cities in the UK for International Visitors". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019. elnkq1e8ubeypky5i3m2p3tkkbbsjee 539574 539573 2024-11-10T20:50:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 539574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dawn over Glasgow (48659596342).jpg|thumb|glasgow Birni]] '''Glasgow''' shine birni mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar Scotland, yana kan gabar kogin Clyde a yammacin tsakiyar Scotland. Garin shine birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Burtaniya kuma birni na 27 mafi yawan jama'a a Turai. A cikin shekarar 2022, tana da kididdigar yawan jama'a azaman kayyadaddun yanki na 632,350 kuma ta kafa kauyen birni na 1,028,220. Tattalin arzikin Glasgow shine mafi girma na kowane birni ko yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin Scotland, kuma karfin tattalin arzikin birni yana bayyana a cikin membobinta na Kungiyar Manyan garuruwa.Glasgow ya girma daga karamin kauye kusa da Glasgow Cathedral kuma ya gangara zuwa Kogin Clyde ya zama tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a Scotland, kuma na goma mafi girma ta hanyar ton a Biritaniya. Fadada daga bishop na daular da burgh (daga baya sarauta burgh), da kuma kafa Jami'ar Glasgow daga baya a karni na 15,ta zama babbar cibiyar fadakarwa ta Scotland a karni na 18. Daga karni na 18 zuwa gaba, birnin kuma ya girma a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwancin teku na Biritaniya tare da Arewacin Amurka da Indiyawan Yamma; Ba da daɗewa ba sai Gabas, Indiya, da China. Da farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yawan jama'a da tattalin arzikin Glasgow da yankin da ke kewaye ya fadada cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin fitattun cibiyoyin sinadarai, masaku da injiniyanci a duniya; musamman a cikin masana'antar gine-gine da injiniyan ruwa, wanda ya samar da sabbin jiragen ruwa da yawa da suka shahara. Glasgow shine "Birni na Biyu na Daular Biritaniya" don yawancin zamanin Victoria da Edwardian. Glasgow ya zama yanki a cikin 1893, garin da a baya ya kasance a cikin lardin tarihi na Lanarkshire, kuma daga baya ya girma ya hada da kauyuka wadanda suka kasance wani bangare na Renfrewshire da Dunbartonshire. Yanzu ya zama yankin Majalisar Birnin Glasgow, daya daga cikin yankunan majalisa 32 na Scotland, kuma Majalisar Glasgow City ce ke gudanarwa. A karshen 19th da farkon karni na 20th, yawan Glasgow ya karu cikin sauri, ya kai kololuwar mutane 1,127,825 a cikin 1938 (tare da mafi girma kuma a cikin karamin yanki fiye da na shekarun baya). An rage yawan jama'a sosai bayan cikakken ayyukan sabunta birane a cikin 1960s wanda ya haifar da kaura da yawa zuwa sabbin garuruwan da aka kebance, kamar Cumbernauld, Livingston, Gabas Kilbride da kewayen kewaye, tare da sauye-sauyen iyaka. Sama da mutane 1,000,000 suna zaune a cikin Babban Glasgow birni mai jujjuyawa, yayin da mafi girman yankin Glasgow yana gida ga mutane sama da 1,800,000, wanda yayi daidai da kusan kashi 33% na yawan mutanen Scotland. Garin ya kasance yana da dayan mafi girman girman kowane yanki a cikin Scotland a 4,023/km2. ==Manazarta== Bartram, Graham (2004). British Flags and Emblems. Flag Institute. p. 64. All the cities, and most of the towns, in the UK have coats-of-arms, and many of them use banner of these arms on their civic buildings and on the official car of their Mayor, Provost, Lord Mayor or Lord Provost. As with armorial county flags they are technically for the sole use of the city or town's council, but in some cases they are used more widely. Many councils also use their logo as a basis for a flag. Cameron, Lucinda (6 April 2010). "Plan launched to increase Gaelic use in Glasgow". Daily Record. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020. "Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022". Office for National Statistics. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024. (Between 1175–78, exact date unknown) Lambert, Tim. "A brief history of Glasgow". localhistories.org. Archived from the original on 12 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017. "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland". National Records of Scotland. 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022. "Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas". Eurostat. Archived from the original on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020. "Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions". Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024. "Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: glesca". "Scottish Cities | Scotland.org". Scotland. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "United Kingdom - Largest cities". Statista. Retrieved 11 April 2024. "Largest European cities 2020". Statista. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021. "Glasgow remains biggest city economy". BBC News. 21 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2019. MacDonnell, Hamish (3 March 2005). "Edinburgh UK's second most prosperous city". The Scotsman. UK. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012. "Victorian Glasgow". BBC History. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 September 2010. "About Glasgow: The Second City of the Empire – the 19th century". Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. Fraser, W H. "Second City of The Empire: 1830s to 1914". University of Glasgow. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008. Retrieved 7 January 2008. McIlvanney, W. "Glasgow – city of reality". Scotland – the official online gateway. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2008. "Factsheet 4: Population" (PDF). Glasgow City Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2007. "Top 20 Most Popular Cities in the UK for International Visitors". Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019. 21bdgern5yduqzpuf0pc6fxe4425q3j Aberdeen F.C 0 83026 539570 506203 2024-11-10T20:47:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 539570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta '''Aberdeen''' kungiya ce ta kwararrun kwallon kafa ta Scotland wacce ke a Aberdeen, Scotland. Suna fafatawa a gasar Premier ta Scotland kuma ba a taba yin watsi da su daga babban rukuni na tsarin kwallon kafa na Scotland tun lokacin da aka zabe su zuwa babban matakin a 1905. Aberdeen ya lashe kofunan gasar zakarun Scotland guda hudu, da kofunan Scotland bakwai da kuma na gasar zakarun Scotland guda shida. Har ila yau, ita ce tawagar Scotland daya tilo da ta lashe kofuna biyu na Turai, bayan da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai da kuma Super Cup a 1983.An kafa shi a cikin 1903 sakamakon hadewar kungiyoyi uku daga Aberdeen, ba kasafai suke kalubalantar daukaka ba har zuwa shekaru goma bayan yakin, lokacin da suka lashe kowanne daga cikin manyan kofunan Scotland karkashin koci Dave Halliday. Wannan matakin nasa ya zarce a shekarun 1980, inda a karkashin jagorancin Alex Ferguson, suka lashe kofunan lig guda uku, kofunan Scotland hudu da kuma na gasar Scotland, tare da kofunan Turai guda biyu. Aberdeen ita ce kulob na karshe a wajen Old Firm da ya lashe kofin gasar, a cikin 1984 – 85, sannan kuma kungiyar Scotland ta karshe da ta lashe kofin Turai. Kungiyar ta samu karancin nasara tun daga wannan zamanin na zinare, duk da cewa an shafe shekaru 19 ana jira babban kofi ta hanyar cin Kofin Gasar Scotland na 2013–14, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayi na biyu da yawa a bayan Celtic a gasar a lokacin 2010s.Aberdeen sun taka leda a filin wasa na Pittodrie tun farkon su. A halin yanzu kasa tana da damar 20,866[1] kuma ita ce filin wasa na farko da ke da kowa da kowa a cikin Burtaniya. Pittodrie kuma shi ne filin wasan kwallon kafa na farko da ya fito da wani abin tona, wani sabon dan wasa da koci Donald Colman.Launukan kulob din sun kasance ja da fari tun 1939; kafin wannan, sun yi wasa da bakar fata da zinariya a tsaye. A cikin zamani na zamani, Aberdeen ya kusan yin wasa na musamman tare da ratsan ja-ja-jaja tare da cikakkun bayanai. Aberdeen yana jawo goyon baya daga birnin da kewaye, saboda ba su da abokan hamayya na kusa. Rashin dan takara na cikin gida, Aberdeen maimakon haka ya habaka fafatawa tare da karin abokan hamayya kamar Dundee United (wanda aka fi sani da "Sabon Firm" a cikin 1980s) da Rangers. Samuwar da shekarun farko (1903-1939) Jadawalin matsayi na tebur na shekara Tarihin League na Aberdeen daga fitowarsu ta farko a gasar a 1904 Kudin hannun jari Aberdeen F.C. an kafa shi ne biyo bayan haɗewar kungiyoyi uku da ke cikin birni—Aberdeen, Victoria United da Orion—a cikin 1903. Sabon kulob din ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1903: an tashi kunnen doki 1–1 da Stenhousemuir. Wannan kakar ta farko ta haifar da nasara a gasar cin kofin Aberdeenshire, amma a matsayi na uku kawai a cikin Arewacin League. Kulob din ya nemi zama memba na Kungiyar Scotland na kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Sashi na Biyu.A cikin 1904, Jimmy Philip ne ya jagoranci kulob din. A karshen kakar wasa ta farko, duk da cewa ta kare a matsayi na bakwai cikin kungiyoyi goma sha biyu, an zabi Aberdeen a sabon rukunin farko da aka fadada. Sun kasance a saman matakin kwallon kafa na Scotland tun daga lokacin. Daga 1906, kulob din ya sami ci gaba akai-akai, tare da bayyanar wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Scotland a 1908 da wani a cikin 1911. A cikin waccan lokacin na 1910 – 11, Aberdeen ya rubuta nasarar farko a kan Old Firm na Celtic da Rangers, kuma ya jagoranci gasar na wani lokaci, amma ya kammala kakar a matsayi na biyu.Lokacin yakin ya shafi kulob din kamar yadda sauran; duk da raguwar kashe kudi da sauran tattalin arzikin, a shekara ta 1917 lamarin ya zama abin da ba zai yiwu ba. Aberdeen ya fice daga gasar kwallon kafa, tare da Dundee da Raith Rovers.Babban kwallon kafa ya dawo ranar 16 ga Agusta 1919, kuma Aberdeen ya ci gaba da fafatawa da Albion Rovers. Har yanzu Philip yana kan gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da sa ido kan tawagar da za ta iya kebance kyakkyawan sakamako, amma ba ta taba samun damar ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale ba har ya kai ga lashe kofi. A cikin 1923, An zana Aberdeen da Peterhead a gasar cin kofin Scotland, kuma sun buga rikodin rikodin su - nasara 13–0. Philip ya yi ritaya bayan shekara guda, kuma Paddy Travers ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.Ya jagoranci wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Scotland na farko a 1937."Mai horar da Travers" - kocin tawagar farko a harshen zamani - tsohon dan wasa ne Donald Colman. Colman ya dauki ciki da aka tono, wuri mai rufe da aka saita kadan kasa da matakin filin wasa don karin taimakon abubuwan da ya gani.Everton ta ziyarci Pittodrie jim kadan bayan gabatarwar ta, kuma ta fitar da ra'ayin zuwa ga gasar lig-lig ta Ingila, inda ta yadu a duk fadin duniyar kwallon kafa. Travers sun bar su zama manajan Clyde a 1939. ==Manazarta== "Aberdeen Football Club". Spfl.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Nardelli, Alberto (2 June 2015). "Which European football clubs have never been relegated?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. Only two clubs have always played in Scotland's top division: Celtic (since 1890) and Aberdeen (since 1905). "Aberdeen". Historical Football Kits. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Webster (2003), pp. 69–70. "AFC Milestones and Records". Aberdeen Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016. McMenemy, Elma (15 May 2016). Aberdeen in 100 Dates. The History Press. ISBN 9780750968836. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2016. "Club Overview – Aberdeen". Scottish Premier League. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008. Webster (2003), pp. 33. Grant, Michael (4 March 2001). "Peterhead ready to settle old scores with northern neighbours". Sunday Herald. Herald & Times Group. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2013. "Aberdeen's managers". Soccerbase. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2008. Walker, Julian (20 January 2013). Team Talk: Sporting Words and their Origins. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780747813125. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Gordon, Richard (19 October 2015). Tales from the Dugout: Football at the Sharp End. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 9781785300189. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Grant, Michael; Robertson, Rob (1 September 2011). The Management: Scotland's Great Football Bosses. Birlinn. ISBN 9780857900845. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Bauckham, David (2003). Dugouts. New Holland Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 1-84537-478-9. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008. h7ape44nhqg9hchmhv377t8y18dotbn 539571 539570 2024-11-10T20:47:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 539571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta '''Aberdeen''' kungiya ce ta kwararrun kwallon kafa ta ƙasar Scotland wacce ke a Aberdeen, Scotland. Suna fafatawa a gasar Premier ta Scotland kuma ba a taba yin watsi da su daga babban rukuni na tsarin kwallon kafa na Scotland tun lokacin da aka zabe su zuwa babban matakin a 1905. Aberdeen ya lashe kofunan gasar zakarun Scotland guda hudu, da kofunan Scotland bakwai da kuma na gasar zakarun Scotland guda shida. Har ila yau, ita ce tawagar Scotland daya tilo da ta lashe kofuna biyu na Turai, bayan da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Turai da kuma Super Cup a 1983.An kafa shi a cikin 1903 sakamakon hadewar kungiyoyi uku daga Aberdeen, ba kasafai suke kalubalantar daukaka ba har zuwa shekaru goma bayan yakin, lokacin da suka lashe kowanne daga cikin manyan kofunan Scotland karkashin koci Dave Halliday. Wannan matakin nasa ya zarce a shekarun 1980, inda a karkashin jagorancin Alex Ferguson, suka lashe kofunan lig guda uku, kofunan Scotland hudu da kuma na gasar Scotland, tare da kofunan Turai guda biyu. Aberdeen ita ce kulob na karshe a wajen Old Firm da ya lashe kofin gasar, a cikin 1984 – 85, sannan kuma kungiyar Scotland ta karshe da ta lashe kofin Turai. Kungiyar ta samu karancin nasara tun daga wannan zamanin na zinare, duk da cewa an shafe shekaru 19 ana jira babban kofi ta hanyar cin Kofin Gasar Scotland na 2013–14, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayi na biyu da yawa a bayan Celtic a gasar a lokacin 2010s.Aberdeen sun taka leda a filin wasa na Pittodrie tun farkon su. A halin yanzu kasa tana da damar 20,866[1] kuma ita ce filin wasa na farko da ke da kowa da kowa a cikin Burtaniya. Pittodrie kuma shi ne filin wasan kwallon kafa na farko da ya fito da wani abin tona, wani sabon dan wasa da koci Donald Colman.Launukan kulob din sun kasance ja da fari tun 1939; kafin wannan, sun yi wasa da bakar fata da zinariya a tsaye. A cikin zamani na zamani, Aberdeen ya kusan yin wasa na musamman tare da ratsan ja-ja-jaja tare da cikakkun bayanai. Aberdeen yana jawo goyon baya daga birnin da kewaye, saboda ba su da abokan hamayya na kusa. Rashin dan takara na cikin gida, Aberdeen maimakon haka ya habaka fafatawa tare da karin abokan hamayya kamar Dundee United (wanda aka fi sani da "Sabon Firm" a cikin 1980s) da Rangers. Samuwar da shekarun farko (1903-1939) Jadawalin matsayi na tebur na shekara Tarihin League na Aberdeen daga fitowarsu ta farko a gasar a 1904 Kudin hannun jari Aberdeen F.C. an kafa shi ne biyo bayan haɗewar kungiyoyi uku da ke cikin birni—Aberdeen, Victoria United da Orion—a cikin 1903. Sabon kulob din ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1903: an tashi kunnen doki 1–1 da Stenhousemuir. Wannan kakar ta farko ta haifar da nasara a gasar cin kofin Aberdeenshire, amma a matsayi na uku kawai a cikin Arewacin League. Kulob din ya nemi zama memba na Kungiyar Scotland na kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma an zabe shi zuwa Sashi na Biyu.A cikin 1904, Jimmy Philip ne ya jagoranci kulob din. A karshen kakar wasa ta farko, duk da cewa ta kare a matsayi na bakwai cikin kungiyoyi goma sha biyu, an zabi Aberdeen a sabon rukunin farko da aka fadada. Sun kasance a saman matakin kwallon kafa na Scotland tun daga lokacin. Daga 1906, kulob din ya sami ci gaba akai-akai, tare da bayyanar wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin Scotland a 1908 da wani a cikin 1911. A cikin waccan lokacin na 1910 – 11, Aberdeen ya rubuta nasarar farko a kan Old Firm na Celtic da Rangers, kuma ya jagoranci gasar na wani lokaci, amma ya kammala kakar a matsayi na biyu.Lokacin yakin ya shafi kulob din kamar yadda sauran; duk da raguwar kashe kudi da sauran tattalin arzikin, a shekara ta 1917 lamarin ya zama abin da ba zai yiwu ba. Aberdeen ya fice daga gasar kwallon kafa, tare da Dundee da Raith Rovers.Babban kwallon kafa ya dawo ranar 16 ga Agusta 1919, kuma Aberdeen ya ci gaba da fafatawa da Albion Rovers. Har yanzu Philip yana kan gaba, kuma ya ci gaba da sa ido kan tawagar da za ta iya kebance kyakkyawan sakamako, amma ba ta taba samun damar ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale ba har ya kai ga lashe kofi. A cikin 1923, An zana Aberdeen da Peterhead a gasar cin kofin Scotland, kuma sun buga rikodin rikodin su - nasara 13–0. Philip ya yi ritaya bayan shekara guda, kuma Paddy Travers ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin manaja.Ya jagoranci wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Scotland na farko a 1937."Mai horar da Travers" - kocin tawagar farko a harshen zamani - tsohon dan wasa ne Donald Colman. Colman ya dauki ciki da aka tono, wuri mai rufe da aka saita kadan kasa da matakin filin wasa don karin taimakon abubuwan da ya gani.Everton ta ziyarci Pittodrie jim kadan bayan gabatarwar ta, kuma ta fitar da ra'ayin zuwa ga gasar lig-lig ta Ingila, inda ta yadu a duk fadin duniyar kwallon kafa. Travers sun bar su zama manajan Clyde a 1939. ==Manazarta== "Aberdeen Football Club". Spfl.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2014. Nardelli, Alberto (2 June 2015). "Which European football clubs have never been relegated?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024. Only two clubs have always played in Scotland's top division: Celtic (since 1890) and Aberdeen (since 1905). "Aberdeen". Historical Football Kits. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017. Webster (2003), pp. 69–70. "AFC Milestones and Records". Aberdeen Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 24 May 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2016. McMenemy, Elma (15 May 2016). Aberdeen in 100 Dates. The History Press. ISBN 9780750968836. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2016. "Club Overview – Aberdeen". Scottish Premier League. Archived from the original on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2008. Webster (2003), pp. 33. Grant, Michael (4 March 2001). "Peterhead ready to settle old scores with northern neighbours". Sunday Herald. Herald & Times Group. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2013. "Aberdeen's managers". Soccerbase. Archived from the original on 18 August 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2008. Walker, Julian (20 January 2013). Team Talk: Sporting Words and their Origins. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780747813125. Archived from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Gordon, Richard (19 October 2015). Tales from the Dugout: Football at the Sharp End. Black & White Publishing. ISBN 9781785300189. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Grant, Michael; Robertson, Rob (1 September 2011). The Management: Scotland's Great Football Bosses. Birlinn. ISBN 9780857900845. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2016. Bauckham, David (2003). Dugouts. New Holland Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 1-84537-478-9. Archived from the original on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2008. sbjvnb85rhfzrudk8v8jg8fd2xn0i1w Bapuji Dashrathbhai Patel 0 83040 539568 519902 2024-11-10T20:46:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 539568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bapuji Dashrathbhai Patel''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1956), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dashrathbhai Atmaramdas Patel''', masanin ruhaniya ne na Indiya wanda aka sani da zurfin fahimta game da ruhaniya da kimiyyar kai. Mutane da yawa suna girmama shi saboda koyarwarsa, kodayake yana guje wa shahara da taken 'guru'.<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/brand-media/article/renowned-spiritual-luminary-dashrathbhai-atmaramdas-patel-initiates-global--23323456</ref> == Rayuwa ta Farko da Tarihi == An haifi Bapuji a ƙauyen Akhaj, Mehsana, Gujarat. Da farko, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan haraji amma ya shiga zurfin ruhaniya tun yana ƙarami. Karatunsa ya haɗa da Vedas, Upanishads, da ilimin halayyar mutum. Falsafarsa ta "Sarva Dharma Sadbhava" tana nuna girmamawa ga dukkan addinai.<ref>https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/meet-14-iconic-personalities-defining-growth-driving-success-in-2024</ref> == Ra'ayi da Koyarwa == Koyarwar ruhaniya ta Bapuji tana mai da hankali kan cimma ''Param Shanti'' (mafi girman zaman lafiya) ta hanyar canza kai na ciki. Ya koyar da cewa ana samun zaman lafiya na gaskiya ta hanyar fahimtar kai da yanayin sararin samaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan koyarwarsa shine "Behed Ki Param Shanti Maha Mantra," wanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su tsara da yada zaman lafiya ta hanyar ayyukansu da tunani. Ayyukansa na tunani an tsara su don su kasance masu sauƙi amma masu ƙarfi, kuma masu sauƙi ga kowa.<ref>https://www.apnnews.com/the-spiritual-journey-of-bapuji-dashrathbhai-patel-former-income-tax-advocate/</ref> == Gudummawar Wallafe-Wallafe == Bapuji ya wallafa littattafai da yawa waɗanda ke zurfafa fahimtar ruhaniya: * ''Supreme Knowledge of the Infinite'' (Mafi Girma Ilimi na Ƙarshe) * ''From The Heart of God'' (Daga Zuciyar Allah) * ''Anant Koti Brahmando ka Mahakal Pralay'' * ''Life in Multiverse'' (Rayuwa a cikin Multiverse) == Vishwa Parivartak Ishwariya Vidhyalay == Bapuji ya kafa '''Vishwa Parivartak Ishwariya Vidhyalay''' ashram a Ahmedabad, da ke cikin ƙauyen Chenpur. Wannan ashram yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar ruhaniya inda ake ba da koyarwarsa, kuma masu neman daga bangarori daban-daban suna zuwa don koyo da yin amfani da hanyoyinsa na tunani da jagorancin ruhaniya. == Bayyanawa ta Zamani == Ana raba koyarwar Bapuji ta ko'ina ta hanyar fasahar zamani. Gidan yanar gizon sa, '''Param Shanti''', da kuma tashar YouTube da aka keɓe, suna ba da damar yin amfani da jawabansa, dabarun tunani, da rubuce-rubucen ruhaniya. Wadannan dandamali suna taimakawa wajen isar da koyarwarsa ga masu sauraro na duniya, suna ba da su a cikin harsuna da yawa.<ref>https://english.loktej.com/article/13632/bapuji-dashrathbhai-patel-a-spiritual-luminary-leading-the-quest-for</ref> == Kyauta da Tasiri == Sakon Bapuji na bege da canji ya yi wa mutane da yawa wahayi zuwa gare su su fara tafiye-tafiye na ruhaniya na gaskiya. Ya jaddada zaman lafiya da fahimtar kai, kuma ya sami tasiri mai dorewa, yana ƙarfafa mutane su ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da jituwa ta duniya. == Bayani == {{Reflist}} 1t6l946tp4y4xkvg2qmjeiv5iamaswa 539569 539568 2024-11-10T20:46:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 539569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bapuji Dashrathbhai Patel''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1956), wanda aka fi sani da '''Dashrathbhai Atmaramdas Patel''', masanin ruhaniya ne na Indiya wanda aka sani da zurfin fahimta game da ruhaniya da kimiyyar kai. Mutane da yawa suna girmama shi saboda koyarwarsa, kodayake yana guje wa shahara da taken 'guru'.<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/brand-media/article/renowned-spiritual-luminary-dashrathbhai-atmaramdas-patel-initiates-global--23323456</ref> == Rayuwa ta Farko da Tarihi == An haifi Bapuji a ƙauyen Akhaj, Mehsana, Gujarat. Da farko, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan haraji amma sai kuma ya shiga zurfin ruhaniya tun yana ƙarami. Karatunsa ya haɗa da Vedas, Upanishads, da ilimin halayyar mutum. Falsafarsa ta "Sarva Dharma Sadbhava" tana nuna girmamawa ga dukkan addinai.<ref>https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/meet-14-iconic-personalities-defining-growth-driving-success-in-2024</ref> == Ra'ayi da Koyarwa == Koyarwar ruhaniya ta Bapuji tana mai da hankali kan cimma ''Param Shanti'' (mafi girman zaman lafiya) ta hanyar canza kai na ciki. Ya koyar da cewa ana samun zaman lafiya na gaskiya ta hanyar fahimtar kai da yanayin sararin samaniya. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan koyarwarsa shine "Behed Ki Param Shanti Maha Mantra," wanda ke ƙarfafa mutane su tsara da yada zaman lafiya ta hanyar ayyukansu da tunani. Ayyukansa na tunani an tsara su don su kasance masu sauƙi amma masu ƙarfi, kuma masu sauƙi ga kowa.<ref>https://www.apnnews.com/the-spiritual-journey-of-bapuji-dashrathbhai-patel-former-income-tax-advocate/</ref> == Gudummawar Wallafe-Wallafe == Bapuji ya wallafa littattafai da yawa waɗanda ke zurfafa fahimtar ruhaniya: * ''Supreme Knowledge of the Infinite'' (Mafi Girma Ilimi na Ƙarshe) * ''From The Heart of God'' (Daga Zuciyar Allah) * ''Anant Koti Brahmando ka Mahakal Pralay'' * ''Life in Multiverse'' (Rayuwa a cikin Multiverse) == Vishwa Parivartak Ishwariya Vidhyalay == Bapuji ya kafa '''Vishwa Parivartak Ishwariya Vidhyalay''' ashram a Ahmedabad, da ke cikin ƙauyen Chenpur. Wannan ashram yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar ruhaniya inda ake ba da koyarwarsa, kuma masu neman daga bangarori daban-daban suna zuwa don koyo da yin amfani da hanyoyinsa na tunani da jagorancin ruhaniya. == Bayyanawa ta Zamani == Ana raba koyarwar Bapuji ta ko'ina ta hanyar fasahar zamani. Gidan yanar gizon sa, '''Param Shanti''', da kuma tashar YouTube da aka keɓe, suna ba da damar yin amfani da jawabansa, dabarun tunani, da rubuce-rubucen ruhaniya. Wadannan dandamali suna taimakawa wajen isar da koyarwarsa ga masu sauraro na duniya, suna ba da su a cikin harsuna da yawa.<ref>https://english.loktej.com/article/13632/bapuji-dashrathbhai-patel-a-spiritual-luminary-leading-the-quest-for</ref> == Kyauta da Tasiri == Sakon Bapuji na bege da canji ya yi wa mutane da yawa wahayi zuwa gare su su fara tafiye-tafiye na ruhaniya na gaskiya. Ya jaddada zaman lafiya da fahimtar kai, kuma ya sami tasiri mai dorewa, yana ƙarfafa mutane su ba da gudummawa ga zaman lafiya da jituwa ta duniya. == Bayani == {{Reflist}} fnmxnm9sdt6aqow1p6ueezyx1p1ukgu Hire in Global 0 83189 539566 519900 2024-11-10T20:45:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 539566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hire in Global''' kamfani ne mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a ankin Nadiad, Gujarat, [[Indiya]]. Hitesh Panchal ne ya kafa kamfanin a shekarar 2008, kuma yana ba da sabis na daukar ma'aikata da wasu sabis na aiki.<ref>https://www.lokmattimes.com/business/hire-in-global-reports-record-revenue-growth-for-2024/</ref> == Tarihi == Hitesh Panchal ne ya kafa [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] a shekarar 2008, wanda a halin yanzu yake matsayin Shugaba. An kafa kamfanin da manufar bayar da cikakkun sabis na daukar ma'aikata ga abokan ciniki a masana'antu daban-daban. A cikin shekaru, kamfanin ya fadada ayyukansa don haɗawa da ayyukan shigar da bayanai, ayyukan aiki, da mafita na ma'aikata.<ref>https://m.economictimes.com/jobs/hr-policies-trends/hiring-by-global-capability-centres-in-india-slows-amid-western-disturbances/articleshow/109143360.cms</ref> == Ayyuka == [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] yana ba da sabis da dama, ciki har da:<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/hire-in-global-reports-record-revenue-growth-for-2024-1808</ref> * '''Sakamako na Ma'aikata''': Taimakawa kamfanoni wajen nemo 'yan takara masu dacewa. * '''Ayyukan Shigar da Bayanai''': Bayar da damar shigar da bayanai. * '''Ayyukan Aiki''': Taimakawa mutane wajen samun aiki. * '''Mafita na Ma'aikata''': Bayar da sabis na ma'aikata don sarrafa bukatun ma'aikata. * '''Kayan Hanyar Samun Ƙwararru''': Ganowa da jan hankalin ƙwararrun masu sana'a. == Ayyuka == Kamfanin yana aiki da manufa don rufe gibin tsakanin ma'aikata da masu neman aiki ta hanyar bayar da ingantattun hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata. Tare da mayar da hankali kan inganci da gamsuwa da abokan ciniki, [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] yana da niyyar zama babban suna a masana'antar daukar ma'aikata a Indiya. == Shirye-shiryen Nan Gaba == [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] na shirin fadada ayyukansa da iyakar ƙasa, da nufin shiga sabbin kasuwanni da masana'antu. Kamfanin kuma na binciken haɗa fasahar ci gaba kamar AI don inganta hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata da inganta isar da sabis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyar Sadarwa ta Waje == * [http://www.hireinglobal.com Yanar Gizo na Hire in Global] dg2ur81ssu38xqt86fv27oebgispfe3 539567 539566 2024-11-10T20:45:58Z Pharouqenr 25549 539567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hire in Global''' kamfani ne mai zaman kansa da ke zaune a ankin Nadiad, Gujarat, [[Indiya]]. Hitesh Panchal ne ya kafa kamfanin a shekarar 2008, kuma yana ba da sabis na daukar ma'aikata da wasu sabis na aiki.<ref>https://www.lokmattimes.com/business/hire-in-global-reports-record-revenue-growth-for-2024/</ref> == Tarihi == Hitesh Panchal ne ya kafa [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] a shekarar 2008, wanda a halin yanzu yake matsayin Shugaba. An kafa kamfanin da manufar bayar da cikakkun sabis na daukar ma'aikata ga abokan ciniki a masana'antu daban-daban. A cikin shekaru, kamfanin ya fadada ayyukansa don haɗawa da ayyukan shigar da bayanai, ayyukan aiki, da mafita na ma'aikata.<ref>https://m.economictimes.com/jobs/hr-policies-trends/hiring-by-global-capability-centres-in-india-slows-amid-western-disturbances/articleshow/109143360.cms</ref> == Ayyuka == [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] yana ba da sabis da dama, ciki har da:<ref>https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/hire-in-global-reports-record-revenue-growth-for-2024-1808</ref> * '''Sakamako na Ma'aikata''': Taimakawa kamfanoni wajen nemo 'yan takara masu dacewa. * '''Ayyukan Shigar da Bayanai''': Bayar da damar shigar da bayanai. * '''Ayyukan Aiki''': Taimakawa mutane wajen samun aiki. * '''Mafita na Ma'aikata''': Bayar da sabis na ma'aikata don sarrafa bukatun ma'aikata. * '''Kayan Hanyar Samun Ƙwararru''': Ganowa da jan hankalin ƙwararrun masu sana'a. == Ayyuka == Kamfanin yana aiki da manufa don rufe gibin tsakanin ma'aikata da masu neman aiki ta hanyar bayar da ingantattun hanyoyin daukar kwararrun ma'aikata. Tare da mayar da hankali kan inganci da gamsuwa da abokan ciniki, [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] yana da niyyar zama babban suna a masana'antar daukar ma'aikata a Indiya. == Shirye-shiryen Nan Gaba == [https://hireinglobal.com Hire in Global] na shirin fadada ayyukansa da iyakar ƙasa, da nufin shiga sabbin kasuwanni da masana'antu. Kamfanin kuma na binciken haɗa fasahar ci gaba kamar AI don inganta hanyoyin daukar ma'aikata da inganta isar da sabis. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyar Sadarwa ta Waje == * [http://www.hireinglobal.com Yanar Gizo na Hire in Global] 7wcfy7mf2grnrfzmn1ut1d1swx55c4h Zubar da ciki na likita 0 83337 539564 520648 2024-11-10T20:41:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 539564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki na likita''', Ya kasance shi ne wanda aka sani da '''zubar da ciki na magani''' ko '''zubar da ciki ba na tiyata,''' yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake amfani da [[Ƙwaya|kwayoyi]] ( [[magani]] ) don kawo [[zubar da ciki]] . Zubar da ciki na likitanci madadin tiyata ne kamar zubar da ciki kamar vacuum aspiration ko dilation da curettage . <ref name="1st_Methods2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likitanci ya zama ruwan dare fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a mafi yawan wurare a fadin duniya.<ref name="Kapp 20092">{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Kapp N, von Hertzen H|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester}}</ref> <ref name="Guttmacher_2022-022">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref>. An fi yin zubar da ciki na likitanci ta hanyar gudanar da haɗin magunguna guda biyu: mifepristone wanda ke biye da misoprostol . Wannan haɗin magunguna biyu ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin magunguna.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Lokacin da babu mifepristone, ana iya amfani da misoprostol kadai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langer BR, Peter C, Firtion C, David E, Haberstich R |date=2004 |title=Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone |journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1159/000076709 |pmid=15067238 |s2cid=25706987}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a duk tsawon shekarun haihuwa, gami da na biyu da na uku na uku. <ref name="pmid35114381">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E |date=June 2022 |title=Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=683–689 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 |pmid=35114381 |s2cid=246505706}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B |date=2020 |title=Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Contraception |volume=2 |pages=100037 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 |pmc=7484538 |pmid=32954250}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J |date=October 2019 |title=Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=ED000142 |doi=10.1002/14651858.ED000142 |pmc=10284251 |pmid=31643080}}</ref> A Amurka, yawan mace-macen zubar da ciki na likitanci ya ragu da sau 14 idan aka kwatanta da yawan mace-macen haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma adadin manyan matsalolin da ke bukatar asibiti ko karin jini bai kai kashi 0.4 cikin dari ba. {{R|ANSIRH_2019-04|FDA_2018-12-31|C_2012-06-19|NYT_2022-08-07}} Za a iya gudanar da zubar da ciki na likitanci lafiya a gida, ba tare da taimako ba, a cikin uku na farko. <ref name="WHO362">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> A cikin uku na biyu da bayan haka, ana ba da shawarar shan magani na biyu a asibiti, ofishin mai bada sabis, ko wani wurin kula da lafiya. <ref name="WHO362" /> == Tsarin magunguna == [[Fayil:Abortion_pill.jpg|thumb|200 MG na mifepristone da 800&nbsp;μg misoprostol, tsarin da aka saba don zubar da ciki na farko na likita]] === Kasa da mako 12 ciki === Don zubar da ciki na likitanci har zuwa ciki na makonni 12, adadin magungunan da aka ba da shawarar shine 200&nbsp;milligrams na mifepristone ta baki, bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta hanyar 800 [[Microgram|micrograms]] na misoprostol a cikin kunci, a cikin farji, ko ƙarƙashin harshe. <ref name="WHO2018222">{{cite book|title=Abortion Care Guideline|date=2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=9789240039483|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483}}</ref> Nasarar wannan haɗin maganin shine 96.6% ta hanyar ciki na makonni 10. <ref name="Chen Creinin 20152">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Creinin MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109}}</ref> Ya kamata a gudanar da Misoprostol 24 zuwa 48 hours bayan mifepristone; shan misoprostol kafin awanni 24 su wuce yana rage yuwuwar samun nasara. <ref name="C_2012-06-19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Shannon C, Weaver MA, Winikoff B |date=January 2013 |title=First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 |pmid=22898359}}</ref> Koyaya, wani bincike ya nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar magungunan biyu lokaci guda tare da kusan inganci iri ɗaya. <ref name="Creinin etal 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P, Lintu H, Wagner MS, Meyn LA |date=April 2007 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b25p01k |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=885–894 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2 |pmid=17400850 |s2cid=43298827}}</ref> Don masu juna biyu bayan 9&nbsp;makonni, allurai biyu na misoprostol (magani na biyu) yana sa maganin ya fi tasiri. <ref name="Kapp etal 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapp N, Eckersberger E, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI |date=February 2019 |title=Medical abortion in the late first trimester: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.11.002 |pmc=6367561 |pmid=30444970}}</ref> Daga makonni 10 zuwa 11 na ciki, [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Ƙungiyar Zubar da ciki ta Ƙasa]] ta ba da shawarar kashi na biyu na misoprostol (800 micrograms) sa'o'i hudu bayan kashi na farko. <ref name="NAF_Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=NAF Clinical Policy Guidelines |url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/cpg/ |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=National Abortion Federation}}</ref> Bayan mai haƙuri ya ɗauki mifepristone, dole ne su kuma ba da misoprostol. Rashin shan misoprostol na iya haifar da ɗayan waɗannan sakamakon: za a iya ƙare tayin, amma ba a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa (wataƙila tare da zubar jini) kuma yana iya buƙatar aikin tiyata don cire tayin; ko kuma ana iya samun nasarar zubar da ciki da fitar da ciki; ko ciki na iya ci gaba da samun lafiyayyan tayin. Don waɗannan dalilai, yakamata a ɗauki misoprostol koyaushe bayan mifepristone. <ref name="pmid31809439">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Hou MY, Dalton L, Steward R, Chen MJ |date=January 2020 |title=Mifepristone Antagonization With Progesterone to Prevent Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003620 |pmid=31809439 |s2cid=208813409 |quote=Patients in early pregnancy who use only mifepristone may be at high risk of significant hemorrhage. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ciki ya ƙunshi tagwaye, ana iya ba da shawarar mafi girman adadin mifepristone. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sørensen EC, Iversen OE, Bjørge L |date=March 2005 |title=Failed medical termination of twin pregnancy with mifepristone: a case report |journal=Contraception |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.002 |pmid=15722075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki na likitanci da kai === A cikin uku na farko, zubar da ciki na likita da kansa yana samuwa ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi son shan magungunan zubar da ciki a gida ba tare da kulawar likita kai tsaye ba (sabanin zubar da ciki na likita wanda mai badawa ke gudanarwa inda majiyyaci ke shan maganin zubar da ciki na biyu a gaban wanda ya horar da shi. ma'aikacin lafiya). <ref name="WHO3622">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> Shaidu daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti sun nuna zubar da ciki na likita da kai yana da tasiri kamar zubar da ciki da aka gudanar; duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da cewa aminci daidai yake. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD |date=March 2020 |title=Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=CD013181 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2 |pmc=7062143 |pmid=32150279}}</ref> <ref name="shm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Hansen M, Pandey A, Lohr PA, Nevill M, Taylor P, Hasler E, Cameron S |date=April 2021 |title=Expulsion at home for early medical abortion: A systematic review with meta-analyses |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=727–735 |doi=10.1111/aogs.14025 |pmid=33063314 |s2cid=222819835 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da magungunan biyu ya dogara da takamaiman magungunan da aka rubuta. Hanyar al'ada, don 200&nbsp;MG mifepristone allunan, shine:<ref name="shm" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol: Recommended regimen |url=https://www.ipas.org/clinical-update/english/recommendations-for-abortion-at-or-after-13-weeks-gestation/medical-abortion/mifepristone-and-misoprostol-recommended-regimen/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Ipas (organization)|Ipas]]}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 2020 |title=Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e31–e47 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004082 |pmid=32804884}}</ref> # Ɗauki kwamfutar hannu na mifepristone da baki # Ɗaukar misoprostol tsakanin sa'o'i 24 zuwa 48 bayan mifepristone (umarnin da aka kawo tare da misoprostol za su ƙayyade yadda ake shan shi, kamar: tsakanin gumi da murfin ciki na kuncin baki, ko a ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji ta hanyar yin amfani da shi. suppository na farji) # Za a fitar da ciki ( [[amfrayo|embryo]] da [[placenta]] ) ta cikin farji a cikin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 24 bayan shan misoprostol, don haka majiyyaci ya kasance kusa da wuraren bayan gida a lokacin. Za a iya samun maƙarƙashiya, tashin zuciya da zubar jini yayin da ake fitar da ciki, da kuma bayan haka # Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta, majiyyaci bai kamata ya yi amfani da tampons ko yin jima'i ba har tsawon makonni 2 zuwa 3 # Ya kamata majiyyaci ya tuntuɓi mai ba da su kwanaki 7 zuwa 14 bayan gudanarwar mifepristone don tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ciki ya faru kuma don kimanta matakin jini. === Bayan sati 12 ciki === Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a cikin na biyu da na uku.<ref name="pmid35114381" /> <ref name="tapg2">{{Cite book|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems-2nd ed|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2012|isbn=9789241548434|location=Italy|pages=42}}</ref> <ref name="leon">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gómez Ponce de León R, Wing DA |date=April 2009 |title=Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy - a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.009 |pmid=19272495}}</ref> <ref name="mendil">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendilcioglu I, Simsek M, Seker PE, Erbay O, Zorlu CG, Trak B |date=November 2002 |title=Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131–135 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00224-2 |pmid=12427397 |s2cid=44373757}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar cewa zubar da ciki na likitanci da aka yi bayan makonni 12 na ciki, likita na gaba daya ko kwararren likita ne ya kula da shi (sabanin farkon watanni uku, inda majiyyaci zai iya shan magungunan a gida lafiya ba tare da kulawa ba). <ref name="WHO362" /><ref name="WHO2018222" /> Don zubar da ciki na likita bayan makonni 12 na ciki, WHO ta ba da shawarar 200&nbsp;MG na mifepristone ta baki ya biyo bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta maimaita allurai na 400&nbsp;μg misoprostol a ƙarƙashin harshe, a cikin kunci, ko a cikin farji. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Ya kamata a sha Misoprostol kowane sau 3&nbsp;Sa'o'i har sai an sami nasarar zubar da ciki, ma'anar lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol shine sa'o'i 6-8, kuma kusan 94% zai zubar da ciki cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan fara misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a samu mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da misoprostol duk da cewa za a tsawaita lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol idan aka kwatanta da tsarin yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perritt JB, Burke A, Edelman AB |date=September 2013 |title=Interruption of nonviable pregnancies of 24-28 weeks' gestation using medical methods: release date June 2013 SFP guideline #20133 |journal=Contraception |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.001 |pmid=23756114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Madadin haɗin magunguna === Haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol shine, ta zuwa yanzu, tsarin da aka fi ba da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don zubar da ciki na likita, amma akwai sauran haɗin magunguna. Misoprostol kadai, ba tare da mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu yanayi don zubar da ciki na likita, har ma an nuna cewa ya yi nasara a cikin uku na biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2013 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-trimester abortion |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1394–1406 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc |pmid=23812485 |s2cid=205384119}}</ref> Misoprostol ya fi samuwa fiye da mifepristone, kuma ya fi sauƙi don adanawa da gudanarwa, don haka misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone na iya ba da shawara daga mai bada idan mifepristone ba ya samuwa.<ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270" /> Idan ana amfani da misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone ba, WHO ta ba da shawarar 800&nbsp;μg na misoprostol a cikin kunci, ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji.<ref name="WHO2018222" /> Nasarar misoprostol kadai don kawo karshen ciki (93%) kusan iri daya ne da hadewar mifepristone-misoprostol (96%). Duk da haka, 15% na matan da ke amfani da misoprostol kadai suna buƙatar hanyar bin tsarin tiyata, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Harrison MS, Weaver MA |date=January 2019 |title=Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003017 |pmc=6309472 |pmid=30531568}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗawa da [[letrozole]] ko [[methotrexate]] a cikin tsarin mifepristone-misoprostol don inganta sakamako a cikin farkon watanni uku.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B |date=May 2021 |title=The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1507 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899 |pmid=31257957 |s2cid=195764644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> Haɗin magungunan da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba don masu ciki na mahaifa shine [[methotrexate]] -misoprostol, wanda galibi ana keɓance shi don [[Ectopic ciki|ciki na ectopic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical abortion |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ana ba da Methotrexate ko dai ta baki ko a cikin tsoka, sannan a biyo bayan misoprostol na farji bayan kwanaki 3-5.<ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Haɗin methotrexate yana samuwa ta cikin kwanaki 63. WHO ta ba da izinin haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> amma yana bada shawarar haɗin mifepristone saboda [[methotrexate]] na iya zama [[teratogenic]] ga amfrayo a lokuta na zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol mafi inganci fiye da misoprostol kadai.<ref name=":0" /> === Contraindications === Contraindications zuwa mifepristone an gaji [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]], na kullum [[Rashin isasshen adrenal|adrenal gazawar]], da ectopic ciki. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20063">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117164404/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2009|title=Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion|author=International Consensus Conference on Non-surgical (Medical) Abortion in Early First Trimester on Issues Related to Regimens and Service Delivery|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159484-4|location=Geneva}}</ref> <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |publisher=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society of Family Planning |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu suna la'akari da na'urar intrauterine a wurin don zama mai hanawa kuma. <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Wani rashin lafiyar da ya gabata ga mifepristone ko misoprostol shima sabani ne.<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> Yawancin karatu sun cire matan da ke da matsanancin matsalolin likita kamar cututtukan zuciya da hanta ko kuma anemia mai tsanani.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Ana buƙatar taka tsantsan a cikin yanayi da yawa da suka haɗa da:<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> * amfani da [[corticosteroid]] na dogon lokaci; * rashin zubar jini; * anemia mai tsanani A wasu lokuta, yana iya dacewa a tura mutanen da suka rigaya sun kamu da rashin lafiya zuwa ga mai ba da zubar da ciki na tushen asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiahi M, Davis A |date=December 2012 |title=First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP guideline #20122 |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=622–630 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.001 |pmid=23039921 |s2cid=21464833}}</ref> A madadin, wasu yanayi na likita na iya sa zubar da ciki na magani ya fi dacewa da zubar da ciki na tiyata kamar manyan [[Uterine fibroids|fibroids na mahaifa]], cututtukan mahaifa, ko tabo mai alaƙa da [[infibulation]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark K, Bragg B, Chawla K, Hladky K |date=November 2016 |title=Medical abortion in women with large uterine fibroids: a case series |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=572–574 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.016 |pmid=27471029}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB |date=October 2014 |title=Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities |journal=Contraception |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.007 |pmid=24958107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry H, Jha S |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083 |pmid=25960283 |s2cid=207523628}}</ref> == Tasiri mara kyau == Yawancin mata za su sami ciwon ciki da zubar jini fiye da lokacin haila.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Sauran illolin na iya haɗawa da tashin zuciya, amai, zazzabi, sanyi, zawo, ciwon kai, juwa, zafi ko walƙiya mai zafi. <ref name="Clev">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Medical Abortion: What Is It, Types, Risks & Recovery |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farji, misoprostol yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Magungunan [[Magungunan anti-mai kumburi marasa steroidal|anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal]] irin su ibuprofen suna rage zafi tare da zubar da ciki na magani. === Alamomin da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa === * Zubar da jini mai nauyi (isasshen jini da za a jiƙa ta pads guda huɗu a cikin awanni 2) <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label">{{Cite web |title=Mifepristone Prescribing Information |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> * Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, zazzabi fiye da awanni 24 bayan shan mifepristone <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> * Zazzabi na {{Cvt|38|C|1}} ko sama sama da awanni 4 <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> Matsalolin da ke ƙarƙashin ciki na makonni 10 ba kasafai ba ne; bisa ga manyan bita guda biyu, zubar da jini da ake buƙatar ƙarin jini ya faru a cikin 0.03-0.6% na mata da kuma kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin 0.01-0.5%.<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Saboda cuta ba ta da wuya bayan magani zubar da ciki, [[Kwalejin Amirka na Obstetricians da Gynecologists|Kwalejin Ba'amurke na Amurka da 'yan wasan' ']], [[Ƙungiyar Tsarin Iyali|al'arin iyali]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Naf]] ba su bayar da shawarar amfani da maganin rigakafin yau da kullun ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achilles SL, Reeves MF |date=April 2011 |title=Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102 |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.006 |pmid=21397086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun mace-mace daga [[Cutar cututtuka masu guba|cutar sankarau mai guba]] [[Clostridium|ta clostridial]] sun faru bayan zubar da ciki na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murray S, Wooltorton E |date=August 2005 |title=Septic shock after medical abortions with mifepristone (Mifeprex, RU 486) and misoprostol |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=485 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050980 |pmc=1188182 |pmid=16093445}}</ref> [[Bita na tsari]] na 2013 wanda ya haɗa da mata 45,000 waɗanda suka yi amfani da 200&nbsp;mg mifepristone tare da haɗin misoprostol ya gano cewa ƙasa da 0.4% yana da matsala mai tsanani da ke buƙatar asibiti (0.3%) da/ko ƙarin jini (0.1%).<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="NYT_2022-08-072">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/health/abortion-self-managed-medication.html |quote=More than half a million women had medication abortions in 2020 in the United States, and fewer than half of 1 percent experience serious complications, studies show. Medical interventions like hospitalizations or blood transfusions were needed by fewer than 0.4 percent of patients, according to a 2013 review of dozens of studies involving tens of thousands of patients. |vauthors=Rabin RC |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Gudanar da zubar jini === Zubar da jinin al'ada gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali sama da makonni biyu bayan zubar da ciki na likitanci, amma a lokuta daban-daban hange na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 45. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20062">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ana iya yin la'akari da aikin tiyata na gaggawa ko na likita don tsawaita zubar jini dangane da yadda majiyyaci ke ji da kuma idan jinin yana da alama yana samun sauki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da 1% na mutanen da suka zubar da ciki dole ne su sami sabis na gaggawa don zubar da jini mai yawa, kuma kusan 0.1% na buƙatar [[Karan jini|ƙarin jini]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD |date=September 2000 |title=Randomized comparison of efficacy, acceptability and cost of medical versus surgical abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00151-7 |pmid=11124358}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henshaw RC, Naji SA, Russell IT, Templeton AA |date=September 1993 |title=Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=307 |issue=6906 |pages=714–717 |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6906.714 |pmc=1678709 |pmid=8401094}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, Silvestre L, Renault M, Elkik F, Leclerc P, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE |date=May 1993 |title=Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=21 |pages=1509–1513 |doi=10.2307/2939250 |jstor=2939250 |pmid=8479487}}</ref> Za a fitar da ragowar [[Samfuran ciki|samfuran cikin ciki]] yayin zubar jini na farji na gaba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin aikin tiyata a kan buƙatar mace, idan zubar da jini ya yi nauyi ko tsawo, ko kuma ya haifar da [[Rashin jini|anemia]], ko kuma idan akwai shaidar [[endometritis]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000" /> === Tsaro === A duniya, mutanen da za su iya yin ciki suna fuskantar haɗari ga lafiyarsu saboda manyan ƙalubalen samun amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doran F, Nancarrow S |date=July 2015 |title=Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 |pmid=26106103}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tan F, Teixeira CM, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thorne-Lyman AL, Tirschwell DL, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, van Gool CH, Vasankari TJ, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Villalpando S, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vos T, Waller S, Wang H, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Wordofa MA, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Naghavi M, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=September 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9947 |pages=980–1004 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60696-6 |pmc=4255481 |pmid=24797575}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |s2cid=2190885}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, Bankole A, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Rossier C, Gerdts C, Tunçalp Ö, Johnson BR, Johnston HB, Alkema L |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmc=5498988 |pmid=27179755}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan sakamako sun taso ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin zubar da ciki, tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa inganci, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turan JM, Budhwani H |date=January 2021 |title=Restrictive Abortion Laws Exacerbate Stigma, Resulting in Harm to Patients and Providers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305998 |pmc=7750605 |pmid=33326286}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga inda aka ba da izinin zubar da ciki bisa ka'ida, ana samun adadi mai yawa na zubar da ciki mara inganci. Kimanin mata miliyan 7 ne ke kwance a asibitoci a duk shekara a wadannan wuraren sakamakon matsalolin da ke tasowa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Zubar da ciki mara lafiya ana danganta shi da kashi 4.7% zuwa 13.2% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin kudaden da ake kashewa don magance matsalolinsa ya kai dala miliyan 553.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Vlassoff M, Shearer J, Walker D, Lucas H|title=Economic impact of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality: evidence and estimation challenges.|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|year=2008|volume=59|location=Brighton, UK|pages=94}}</ref> Abubuwa da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da rashin ilimi game da zaɓin da ake da su, mabanbantan ra'ayoyin masu ba da lafiya game da zubar da ciki, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata don amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki, ƙarancin sirri da sirri, da ayyukan da suka gaza biyan buƙatu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Consequences of Unsafe Abortion|date=July 28, 2006|work=The Human Drama of Abortion|pages=33–44|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10|access-date=January 23, 2024|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10}}</ref> A Amurka, wani rahoton [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ya bayyana cewa daga cikin mata miliyan 3.7 da suka zubar da cikin da magani tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2018, 24 sun mutu bayan haka, 11 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu ba su da alaka da zubar da ciki, ciki har da shan kwayoyi, kisa, da kuma kashe kansa.<ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /><ref name="Kapp etal 2019" /> Lokacin da ba a la'akari da mutuwar mutane 11 da ba su da alaƙa, adadin mace-mace na zubar da ciki shine rabin adadin mace-macen zubar da ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Ciki har da duk mace-mace a cikin binciken, bayanan sun nuna cewa yawan mace-mace na zubar da ciki na magani ya kusan daidai da zubar da ciki gaba daya, wanda ya kai sau 14 kasa da adadin mace-macen haihuwa na haihuwa, sannan kuma kasa da adadin mace-macen [[Penicillin]] da [[Sildenafil|Viagra]] . <ref name="ANSIRH_2019-04">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Analysis of Medication Abortion Risk and the FDA report - "Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018" |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mifepristone_safety_4-23-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]] |quote=The mortality rate for women known to have had a live-born infant is 8.8 per 100,000 live births, which is about 14 times higher than the mortality rate associated with medication abortion. Other medications that are commonly prescribed or administered in outpatient settings also have risks, including a small risk of death. Penicillin causes a fatal anaphylactic reaction at a rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 patients administered the drug. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, which are used for erectile dysfunction and include Viagra, have a fatality rate of 4 deaths per 100,000 users. These risks are several times higher than the risk of death with medication abortion.}}</ref> <ref name="FDA_2018-12-31">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar WHO sun nuna cewa zubar da ciki na likita yana da aminci har ma a cikin na biyu da na uku na uku,<ref name="pmid35114381" /><ref name="tapg2" /><ref name="leon" /><ref name="mendil" /> amma damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka na shari'a yana canzawa akai-akai a Amurka da kuma a duniya. === Teratogenicity da ci gaba da ciki === Kafin shan magani don zubar da ciki, ya kamata a shawarci mutane game da yiwuwar illar misoprostol idan zubar da ciki bai yi nasara ba. Idan ciki ya ci gaba bayan yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol, an ba da shawarar a nemi kulawar likita don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ciki, tare da cikakken tattaunawa game da haɗari da fa'idodi ga kowane. Babu wata shaida na mifepristone da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernard N, Elefant E, Carlier P, Tebacher M, Barjhoux CE, Bos-Thompson MA, Amar E, Descotes J, Vial T |date=April 2013 |title=Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study |journal=BJOG |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12147 |pmid=23346916 |s2cid=9691636}}</ref> amma misoprostol, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farkon watanni na farko, zai iya zama [[Ilimin ilimin taurari|teratogenic]] kuma ya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa kamar lahani na hannu, tare da ko ba tare da [[Moebius ciwo|ciwo na Möbius]] ba (shanyewar fuska). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yip SK, Tse AO, Haines CJ, Chung TK |date=February 2000 |title=Misoprostol's effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00472-x |pmid=10674585 |s2cid=33217047}}</ref> == Ilimin harhada magunguna == Mifepristone yana toshe hormone progesterone, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=The Science Behind the "Abortion Pill" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/health-medicine/science-behind-abortion-pill-180963762/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934}}</ref> yana haifar da rufin mahaifa zuwa bakin ciki, yana hana amfrayo daga liƙawa zuwa bangon mahaifa don girma. Methotrexate, wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu lokuta maimakon mifepristone, yana dakatar da nama na cytotrophoblastic daga girma da zama mahaifa mai aiki, sashin da ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/methotrexate |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Misoprostol, prostaglandin na roba, yana sa mahaifa ya yi karo da kuma fitar da tayin ta cikin farji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misoprostol |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/misoprostol |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Letrozole shine mai hana aromatase wanda ke hana haɓakar estrogen kuma yana ƙarfafa kwai. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da letrozole kafin misoprostol ko mifepristone don fara zubar da ciki na likita zai iya inganta ingantaccen magani kuma ya rage buƙatar ayyukan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> === Yaduwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" !Country !Percentage |- |Spain |25% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo; Datos definitivos correspondientes al año 2021 |url=https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad}}</ref> |- |Netherlands |34% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Jaarrapportage 2021 Wet afbreking zwangerschap - Bijlage |url=https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg (IGZ), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS)}}</ref> |- |Italy |35% in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministero della Salute |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Relazione Ministro Salute attuazione Legge 194/78 tutela sociale maternità e interruzione volontaria di gravidanza - dati definitivi 2020 |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_3236_allegato.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministero della Salute}}</ref> |- |Canada |37% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI) |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2021 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI)}}</ref> |- |Belgium |38% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Rapport à l'attention du Parlement 1 janvier 2020 – 31 décembre 2021 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse}}</ref> |- |Germany |39% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Schwangerschaftsabbrüche 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Schwangerschaftsabbrueche/_inhalt.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)}}</ref> |- |New Zealand |46% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Abortive Services Aotearoa New Zealand: Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/abortion-services-aotearoa-new-zealand-annual-report-2022-oct22.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Health}}</ref> |- |United States |63% in 2023<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> |- |Portugal |68% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Relatório de Análise Preliminar dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez 2018-2021 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/interrupcoes-da-gravidez-por-opcao-da-mulher-registam-reducao-nos-ultimos-dez-anos-pdf.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS)}}</ref> |- |Slovenia |72% in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miani C |date=December 2021 |title=Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1985814 |pmc=8567957 |pmid=34730066}}</ref> |- |France |76% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Interruptions volontaires de grossesse : la baisse des taux de recours se poursuit chez les plus jeunes en 2021 |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Direction de la Recherche, des Études, de l'Évaluation et des Statistiques (DREES), Ministère de la Santé}}</ref> |- |Switzerland |80% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS) |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Interruptions de grossesse en 2021 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/reproductive/interruptions-grossesses.assetdetail.22986766.html |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS)}}</ref> |- |Denmark |83% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP) |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Dansk Kvalitetsdatabase for Tidlig Graviditet og Abort (TiGrAb). Årsrapport 2021/22,1. juli 2021 - 30. juni 2022 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP)}}</ref> |- |England and Wales |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities}}</ref> |- |Iceland |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/146285/Induced_abortions_in_Nordic_countries_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL)}}</ref> |- |Estonia |91% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database |date=June 13, 2022 |title=RK31: Abortion method by abortion type and health care provider's county (since 2020) |url=https://statistika.tai.ee/pxweb/en/Andmebaas/Andmebaas__01Rahvastik__03Abordid/RK31.px/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database}}</ref> |- |Norway |95% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Induced abortion in Norway – fact sheet |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/hn/health-registries/registry-of-pregnancy-termination/induced-abortion-in-norway/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH)}}</ref> |- |Sweden |96% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Statistik om aborter 2021 |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/statistik/2022-6-8007.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Socialstyrelsen}}</ref> |- |Finland |98% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Raskaudenkeskeytykset 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/144588/Raskaudenkeskeytykset_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT)}}</ref> |- |Scotland |99% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Scotland |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Termination of pregnancy statistics, Year ending December 2021 |url=https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics-year-ending-december-2021/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Public Health Scotland}}</ref> |} Wani binciken [[Cibiyar Guttmacher]] na duk sanannun masu ba da zubar da ciki a Amurka ya gano cewa zubar da ciki na likita ya kai kashi 53% na duk zubar da ciki a cikin 2020. {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} Wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da [[Zubar da kai|zubar da ciki da kai]] ba . {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} A asibitocin Planned Parenthood a Amurka, zubar da ciki na likita ya kai 32% na zubar da ciki na farko a cikin 2008, <ref name="Fjerstad 2009a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Cullins V |date=July 2009 |title=Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809146 |pmc=3568698 |pmid=19587339}}</ref> 35% na duk zubar da ciki a 2010 da 43% na duk zubar da ciki a 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Abortion Pill Statistics: Medication Pregnancy Termination Rivals Surgery Rates In The United States |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/abortion-pill-statistics-medication-pregnancy-termination-rivals-surgery-rates-united-2439421 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |work=International Business Times |vauthors=Mindock C}}</ref> A cikin 2009, tsarin zubar da ciki na likita ta amfani da mifepristone a hade tare da analog na prostaglandin sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haifar da zubar da ciki na biyu a Kanada, yawancin Turai, China da Indiya;<ref name="Kapp 20092" /> ya bambanta da Amurka, inda 96% na zubar da ciki na biyu-trimester an yi ta tiyata ta hanyar [[dilation da fitarwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Hammond C, Chasen ST|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Dilation and evacuation}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu binciken Sweden sun fara gwada yiwuwar [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin 1965. A cikin 1968, likitan Sweden [[Lars Engström]] ya buga takarda kan gwaji na asibiti, wanda aka gudanar a asibitin mata na [[Asibitin Karolinska]] a Stockholm, na fili na F6103 akan matan Sweden masu ciki da nufin haifar da zubar da ciki. Ita ce gwajin asibiti na farko na kwayar zubar da ciki da za a gudanar a Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Ramsey M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9CzgEACAAJ|title=The Swedish Abortion Pill: Co-Producing Medical Abortion and Values, Ca. 1965-1992|date=2021|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|isbn=978-91-513-1121-0}}</ref> Takardar, wanda aka fara mai suna ''The Swedish zubar da ciki Pill'', an sake masa suna zuwa ''The Swedish Postconception Pill'', saboda ƙananan adadin zubar da ciki da aka haifar da ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen da aka gwada. Bayan waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba tare da F6103, masu bincike guda ɗaya sun yi ƙoƙari su nemo kwayar zubar da ciki tare da [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandins]], suna yin amfani da yawan masana kimiyya na prostaglandin da ke aiki a Sweden a lokacin; Daga karshe an ba su [[Jerin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Jiki ko Magunguna|lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology a shekarar 1982]] saboda aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raju TN |date=November 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1982: Sune Karl Bergström (b 1916); Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (b 1934); John Robert Vane (b 1927) |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9193 |pages=1914 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76884-7 |pmid=10584758 |s2cid=54236400}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita ya zama hanyar samun nasarar zubar da ciki tare da samun [[Prostaglandin analogues|prostaglandin analogs]] a cikin 1970s da antiprogestogen mifepristone (wanda aka fi sani da RU-486) <ref name="RU-486">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rowan A |date=2015 |title=Prosecuting Women for Self-Inducing Abortion: Counterproductive and Lacking Compassion |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |journal=Guttmacher Policy Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=70–76 |access-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref> a cikin 1980s.<ref name="Kapp 20092" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> An fara amincewa da Mifepristone don amfani a China da Faransa a 1988, a Burtaniya a 1991, a Sweden a 1992, a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Jamus, Girka, Iceland, Isra'ila, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Rasha, Spain, da Switzerland a 1999, a Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, da Amurka a 2000, da kuma a cikin ƙarin ƙasashe 70 daga 2001 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gynuity Health Projects |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Map of Mifepristone Approvals |url=https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053718/https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gynuity Health Projects}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da mifepristone don zubar da ciki ta hanyar kwanakin 49 na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Chen MJ |date=August 2016 |title=Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: the MARE guidelines |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013 |pmid=27129936 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, FDA ta Amurka ta sabunta alamar mifepristone don tallafawa amfani ta cikin kwanaki 70 na ciki.<ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> == Samun damar zubar da ciki na likita == Duka kwayoyi{{Spaced en dash}}Mifepristone da misoprostol{{Spaced en dash}}Ba a rufe ta da haƙƙin mallaka na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka ana samun su azaman [[Magani na gama-gari|magungunan gama-gari]] . === Samuwar ma'auni === Abubuwan da ake buƙata don takardar sayan magani sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe. Kasashe da yawa suna samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na likita [[Kan kanshi|akan kantuna]], ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, kamar China, Indiya, da sauransu. <ref name="OSCOTC">{{Cite web |last=Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group |title=Global Oral Contraception Availability |url=https://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar magani (Kanada, yawancin Yammacin Turai, Amurka, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar sayan magani amma basu da hankali game da aiwatar da wannan buƙatun (Rasha, Brazil, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> === Samun damar wayar tarho === [[Telehealth]] ya haɗa da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita wanda mutum zai iya yi a gida, ba tare da kai-tsaye zuwa asibiti ko ofisoshin samarwa ba. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da rahoton kiwon lafiya na wayar tarho sun gamsu da damar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ireland S, Belton S, Doran F |date=March 2020 |title='I didn't feel judged': exploring women's access to telemedicine abortion in rural Australia |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1071/HC19050 |pmid=32223850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich K, Kaller S, Raifman S, Grossman D |date=September 2019 |title=Women's Experiences Using Telemedicine to Attend Abortion Information Visits in Utah: A Qualitative Study |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.009 |pmid=31109883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗanda zasu iya buƙatar sabis ɗin (waɗanda ke kurkuku, ba a gida, ko kuma masu ƙarancin kuɗi) galibi ana hana su shiga. <ref name="vox03">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The FDA made mail-order abortion pills legal. Access is still a nightmare. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22968993/abortion-pills-mail-medication-fda-texas |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> === Clinic-zuwa asibiti === A cikin wannan ƙirar, mai bada sabis yana tattaunawa da majiyyaci da ke wani rukunin yanar gizo ta amfani da taron bidiyo na asibiti-zuwa asibiti don ba da zubar da ciki na magani. An gabatar da wannan ta [[Shirye-shiryen Iyaye|Planned Parenthood]] na Heartland a Iowa don ba da damar majiyyaci a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya don sadarwa ta ingantaccen bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya a wani wurin. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Improving Access to Abortion via Telehealth |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2019/05/improving-access-abortion-telehealth |access-date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu Shirye-shiryen Iyaye a cikin jihohi da yawa da sauran asibitocin da ke ba da kulawar zubar da ciki. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019" /> === Samun kai tsaye zuwa ga marasa lafiya === Tsarin kai tsaye-zuwa-haƙuri yana ba da damar zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da ziyarar asibiti ta cikin mutum ba. Maimakon ziyarar asibiti a cikin mutum, majiyyaci yana karɓar shawarwari da umarni daga mai ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar taron bidiyo. Mara lafiya na iya kasancewa a kowane wuri, gami da gidansu. Ana aika magungunan da ake buƙata don zubar da ciki kai tsaye zuwa ga majiyyaci. Wannan samfuri ne, da ake kira TelAbortion ko rashin gwajin magani zubar da ciki (tsohon zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da taɓawa ba), wanda Ayyukan Lafiya na Gynuity ke gwadawa da yin nazari, tare da izini na musamman daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telabortion Project |url=https://telabortion.org/about/ |access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref> An nuna wannan samfurin yana da aminci, inganci, inganci, kuma mai gamsarwa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond E, Chong E, Winikoff B, Platais I, Mary M, Lotarevich T, Castillo PW, Kaneshiro B, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Baldwin M, Schnyer A, Coplon L, Mathieu N, Bednarek P, Keady M, Priegue E |date=September 2019 |title=TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.05.013 |pmid=31170384 |s2cid=174811252 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay UD, Koenig LR, Meckstroth KR |date=August 2021 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e2122320 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22320 |pmc=8385590 |pmid=34427682}}</ref> Ana iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tantancewa ta wayar tarho. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Rounds KM, Creinin MD, Cansino C, Hou MY |date=August 2016 |title=Comparing office and telephone follow-up after medical abortion |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d2753qm |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.007 |pmid=27101901 |s2cid=27825883}}</ref> === Tasirin COVID-19 === Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya wanda ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye kan samun lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neill R, Hasan MZ, Das P, Venugopal V, Jain N, Arora D, Gupta S |date=May 2021 |title=Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e042872 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872 |pmc=8098290 |pmid=33941625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O'Connell MP |date=December 2020 |title=The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=255 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 |pmc=7550066 |pmid=33142263}}</ref> Babban raguwar samuwa da isar da mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jima'i, gami da zubar da ciki mai aminci, a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da karuwar rikice-rikice da asarar rayuka yayin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N |date=July 2020 |title=Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e901–e908 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1 |pmc=7217645 |pmid=32405459}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A |date=April 2020 |title=Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1363/46e9020 |jstor=10.1363/46e9020 |pmid=32343244 |s2cid=216595145}}</ref> Masu ciki sun nemi samun zubar da ciki na likita fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a lokacin bala'in, kuma sun gwammace ikon yin zubar da ciki na likita a gida ta hanyar sabis na kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaderi K, Khodavirdilou R, Kalhor M, Behbahani BM, Keshavarz M, Bashtian MH, Dabir M, Irani M, Manouchehri E, Farahani MF, Mallah MA, Shamsabadi A |date=April 2023 |title=Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01582-3 |pmc=10098996 |pmid=37055839 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> <ref name="Boydell 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boydell N, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST, Harden J |date=October 2021 |title=Women's experiences of a telemedicine abortion service (up to 12 weeks) implemented during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a qualitative evaluation |journal=BJOG |volume=128 |issue=11 |pages=1752–1761 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.16813 |pmc=8441904 |pmid=34138505}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong E, Shochet T, Raymond E, Platais I, Anger HA, Raidoo S, Soon R, Grant MS, Haskell S, Tocce K, Baldwin MK, Boraas CM, Bednarek PH, Banks J, Coplon L, Thompson F, Priegue E, Winikoff B |date=July 2021 |title=Expansion of a direct-to-patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.019 |pmc=9748604 |pmid=33781762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aiken AR, Starling JE, Gomperts R, Tec M, Scott JG, Aiken CE |date=October 2020 |title=Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=835–837 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 |pmc=7505141 |pmid=32701762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romanis EC, Parsons JA |date=December 2020 |title=Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13377 |pmc=9087790 |pmid=32931598}}</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-Wright etal 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Johnstone A, McCabe K, Evans E, Cameron S |date=October 2021 |title=Telemedicine medical abortion at home under 12 weeks' gestation: a prospective observational cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=246–251 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200976 |pmc=7868129 |pmid=33542062}}</ref> Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar amfani da telemedicine don ayyukan zubar da ciki a wannan lokacin ya kasance sakamakon tsoron COVID-19, rage ikon tafiya, umarnin zama a gida, babban ɓoyewa, da kwanciyar hankali na kulawar gida. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaller S, Muñoz MG, Sharma S, Tayel S, Ahlbach C, Cook C, Upadhyay UD |date=2021 |title=Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |pages=100067 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2021.100067 |pmc=8292833 |pmid=34308330}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter Erlank C, Lord J, Church K |date=October 2021 |title=Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200954 |pmid=33602718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan bayanan sun goyi bayan aminci da inganci na sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth, kuma sun nuna karuwar bukatar sa. Tsanani da adadin rikice-rikice bayan sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth ya yi ƙasa, yana kwatanta ƙimar rikicewar zubar da ciki na gabaɗaya, gami da waɗanda aka yi a cikin asibitoci ko wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011" /> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kowane kantin magani na iya cika takardun magani na mifepristone - kan layi ko [[Brick-da-turmi|bulo-da-turmi]] - wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na musamman. <ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2021 |title=FDA relaxes restrictions on abortion pill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/16/1064951611/today-is-the-fda-s-deadline-to-complete-a-review-of-its-rules-for-abortion-pill |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> An aiwatar da wannan tsarin na ɗan lokaci a cikin Dec 2021, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala shi a cikin Janairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=FDA finalizes rule expanding availability of abortion pills |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/fda-finalizes-rule-allowing-mail-order-abortion-pills |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Daga 2011 har zuwa 2021, ana buƙatar mace ta ziyarci [[mai ba da lafiya]] a cikin mutum (a asibiti ko ofis) kuma ta karɓi mifepristone kai tsaye daga mai badawa. <ref name="kff">{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2022 |title=The Availability and Use of Medication Abortion |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> FDA ta cire buƙatun ziyartar asibiti don karɓar maganin a cikin Disamba 2021, yayin [[Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka|bala'in COVID-19]] . A karkashin sabbin dokokin, ana iya samun takardar sayan magani ta hanyar wayar tarho (kiran waya ko taron bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya), sannan a cika shi a kowane kantin magani da aka tabbatar. <ref name="FDAQA">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Questions and Answers on Mifeprex |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone2">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2020-04-282">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Abortion by Telemedicine: A Growing Option as Access to Clinics Wanes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/health/telabortion-abortion-telemedicine.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Belluck P}}</ref> A lokaci guda FDA ta cire abin da ake buƙata don ziyarar cikin mutum, sun ƙara da buƙatu cewa rarraba magunguna su kasance "sharaɗi", wanda ke buƙatar kantin magani ya sami izini na musamman don ba da magungunan.{{Spaced en dash}}bukatu da FDA ta gindaya akan magunguna 40 kawai daga cikin fiye da 19,000 da take gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2022 |title=The Abortion Pill Is Safer Than Tylenol and Almost Impossible to Get |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-02-17/abortion-pill-mifepristone-is-safer-than-tylenol-and-almost-impossible-to-get |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Bloomberg |vauthors=Koons C}}</ref> Magani na biyu da ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ciki na likita, misoprostol, an fi amfani da shi don magance ciwon ciki, kuma ba a taɓa fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mifepristone ba, kuma koyaushe ana samun su daga kantin magani tare da takardar sayan magani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} FDA ba ta ba da izinin yin amfani da mifepristone don zubar da ciki na likita ba bayan kwanaki 70, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki na likita a cikin na biyu trimester har ma da na uku trimester.<ref name="FDAQA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref> Wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokokin da suka hana masu samar da bincike bincikar mace ta hanyar wayar tarho ko taron bidiyo, maimakon haka suna buƙatar matar ta kai ziyarar kai tsaye ga mai ba da magani don samun takardar sayan magani. <ref name="CNN_TEN2">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Governor signs bill criminalizing mail-in abortion drugs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/us/tennessee-abortion-pills-by-mail-bill/index.html |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Watts A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> A yawancin jihohi, ana iya aikawa da magungunan zubar da ciki daga kantin magani ga majiyyaci ta hanyar wasiku, amma wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakan, kuma suna buƙatar samun magungunan daga kantin magani ko mai badawa a cikin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> [[Fayil:2022.06.24_Roe_v_Wade_Overturned_-_SCOTUS,_Washington,_DC_USA_175_143208_(52170905969).jpg|thumb|Amincewa da Hoto: Ted Eytan - 2022.06.24 Roe v Wade Ya Juye - SCOTUS, Washington, DC Amurka 175 143208.]] Sha'awar magungunan zubar da ciki a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin 2022, bayan da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da daftarin ''[[Dobbs v. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Mata ta Jackson|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organisation]]'' wanda zai soke hukuncin ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' na 1973 ta yanar gizo. <ref name="poliak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poliak A, Satybaldiyeva N, Strathdee SA, Leas EC, Rao R, Smith D, Ayers JW |date=September 2022 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=182 |issue=9 |pages=1002–1004 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmc=9244771 |pmid=35767270}}</ref> Sha'awa ta kasance mafi girma a jihohin da ke da ƙarin hani kan samun zubar da ciki. <ref name="poliak" /> Masu fafutukar [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|zabar zabi]] a Amurka sun binciko hanyoyin da za a samar da zubar da ciki na likita, musamman a jihohin da ke da iyaka, tare da amfani da albarkatun [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] don wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2022/06/28/supreme-court-roe-abortion-help-funds-instagram-tiktok/7728639001/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossi P, O'Connor D |date=2023 |title=FDA preemption of conflicting state drug regulation and the looming battle over abortion medications |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=lsad005 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsad005 |pmc=10017072 |pmid=36938304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da takunkumin zubar da ciki da wasu jihohi suka sanya bayan hukuncin Dobbs na shari'a, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sadarwa da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, irin su [[Shirin C|Plan C]] da [[Hai Jane|Hey Jane]], sun ga karuwar tambayoyi da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker CN |date=August 2023 |title=History and Politics of Medication Abortion in the United States and the Rise of Telemedicine and Self-Managed Abortion |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1215/03616878-10449941 |pmid=36693178}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins J, Woodside F, Lipinsky K, Simmonds K, Coplon L |date=November 2021 |title=Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.1111/jmwh.13291 |pmid=34699129}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard S, Krishna G |date=October 2022 |title=How the US scrapping of Roe v Wade threatens the global medical abortion revolution |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=379 |issue= |pages=o2349 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2349 |pmid=36261168}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Insurers Are Starting to Cover Telehealth Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/upshot/abortion-pills-telehealth-insurance.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A Texas Republican Wants to Ban People From Reading About How to Get an Abortion Online |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/texas-abortion-websites-ban |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, Gwamna [[Mark Gordon]] na Wyoming ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta amfani da kwayoyin zubar da ciki a cikin jihar, wanda ya zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki daban-daban daga hana duk ayyukan zubar da ciki. Sabuwar dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuli 2023, ta haramta "rubutun magani, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, siyarwa, ko amfani da kowane magani" don samun ko zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SF0109 - Prohibiting chemical abortions. |url=https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0109 |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> Wadanda suka karya doka, ban da mai juna biyu, ana iya tuhumar su da aikata wani laifi kuma za su iya fuskantar tarar dala 9,000 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Wyoming Becomes First State to Outlaw Abortion Pills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/us/wyoming-abortion-pills-ban.html |access-date=March 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Chen DW, Belluck P}}</ref> Wasu jihohi goma sha hudu sun kafa dokar hana zubar da ciki bargo da suka hada da zubar da ciki na likitanci, duk da haka, kuma jihohi goma sha biyar sun riga sun takaita amfani da wadannan magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Medication Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortion |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2024, wasu manyan sarƙoƙi na kantin magani, irin su [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]] da [[Walgreens]], sun karɓi takaddun shaida daga FDA don ba da mifepristone kuma suna shirin ba da shi don siyarwa a cikin jihohin da ke da doka. <ref name="CNN 20240301">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=CVS, Walgreens say they'll start dispensing abortion pill mifepristone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/health/cvs-walgreens-to-dispense-abortion-pill-mifepristone/index.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Tirrell M, Carvajal N}}</ref> A cikin waɗancan jihohin, matan da ke neman zubar da ciki za su ziyarci ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya don samun takardar magani, amma za su iya siyan maganin a wani kantin magani da aka ƙware, maimakon buƙatar jiki ta karɓi ta kai tsaye daga asibiti, asibiti, ko kiwon lafiya. mai bayarwa. <ref name="CNN 20240301" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hukumar ta WHO ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata dokoki da manufofi su goyi bayan samun damar mutane don samun kulawar da aka amince da su ta hanyar shaida, gami da zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical management of abortion|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2018|isbn=978-9241550406|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Human Rights and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> === Rigimar "juyawa". === Wasu kungiyoyin [[Motsin hana zubar da ciki|hana zubar da ciki]] suna da'awar cewa marasa lafiya da suka canza ra'ayinsu game da zubar da ciki bayan shan mifepristone na iya "juya" zubar da ciki ta hanyar gudanar da progesterone (kuma ba gudanar da misoprostol ba). <ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2018 |title=As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/03/as-controversial-abortion-reversal-laws-multiply-researcher-says-new-data-shows-it-can-work-critics-are-still-skeptical/ |access-date=April 23, 2018 |vauthors=Cha AE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/17/california-board-nursing-sanctions-unproven-abortion-reversal/ |access-date=November 23, 2017 |work=Rewire}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja ta kimiyya cewa za a iya juya tasirin mifepristone ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS |date=March 2018 |title=Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=218 |issue=3 |pages=315.e1–315.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555 |pmid=29141197 |s2cid=205373684}}</ref> <ref name="NPR 2019-12-052">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA |date=September 2015 |title=Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=206–211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001 |pmid=26057457}}</ref> Duk da haka, jihohi da yawa a Amurka suna buƙatar masu samar da zubar da ciki ba na tiyata ba waɗanda ke amfani da mifepristone don gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa juyawa zaɓi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion |publisher=The Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2019, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da ƙaramin gwaji na abin da ake kira tsarin "juyawa" ta amfani da mifepristone wanda ke biye da progesterone ko placebo. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Controversial 'Abortion Reversal' Regimen is Put to the Test |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/22/688783130/controversial-abortion-reversal-regimen-is-put-to-the-test |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=There's no proof "abortion reversals" are real. This study could end the debate |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |website=Vice}}</ref> An dakatar da binciken ne bayan da mata 12 suka yi rajista sannan uku sun samu mummunan zubar jini a cikin farji. Sakamakon ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da amfani da mifepristone ba tare da bin misoprostol ba. <ref name="NPR 2019-12-05">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> === Ilimin tattalin arziki === A cikin Amurka, a cikin 2009, farashin da aka caje don zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni tara na ciki shine {{US$|490}}, kashi huɗu sama da $470 na al'ada da ake cajin [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin makonni goma. <ref name="Jones 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Kooistra K |date=March 2011 |title=Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008 |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1363/4304111 |pmid=21388504 |s2cid=2045184}}</ref> A Amurka, a cikin 2008, kashi 57% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun biya su [[Kudin aljihu|daga aljihu]] .<ref name="Jones 2011" /> A cikin Afrilu 2013, gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta fara aikin tantancewa don yanke shawarar ko za a lissafta mifepristone (RU486) da misoprostol akan [[Tsarin Amfanin Magunguna]] na ƙasar (PBS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Abortion drugs closer to being subsidised but some states still lag |url=http://theconversation.com/abortion-drugs-closer-to-being-subsidised-but-some-states-still-lag-13772 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[The Conversation Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2013, [[Ministan lafiya na Australia|Ministan Lafiya na Ostiraliya]] ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta amince da jerin sunayen mifepristone da misoprostol akan PBS don ƙarewar likita a farkon ciki daidai da shawarar [[Kwamitin Shawarar Amfanin Magunguna|Kwamitin Shawarwari na Amfanin Magunguna]] . <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=March 2013 PBAC Outcomes - Positive Recommendations |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/pbac-outcomes/2013-03/positive-recommendations |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> Lissafi akan PBS sun fara a watan Agusta 2013. <ref name="RADAR">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Mifepristone (Mifepristone Linepharma) followed by misoprostol (GyMiso) for medical termination of pregnancy of up to 49 days' gestation |url=https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/mifepristone-mifepristone-linepharma-followed-by-misoprostol-gy-miso-for-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-of-up-to-49-days-gestation |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=RADAR Review |publisher=National Prescribing Service (NPS) MedicineWise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/10211K |access-date=June 14, 2023 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> == Manazarta == ecau9lx91au9xm96jy5crxb7brs3zjk 539565 539564 2024-11-10T20:42:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 539565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zubar da ciki na likita''', Ya kasance shi ne wanda aka sani da '''zubar da ciki na magani''' ko '''zubar da ciki ba na tiyata,''' yana faruwa ne lokacin da ake amfani da [[Ƙwaya|kwayoyi]] ( [[magani]] ) don kawo [[zubar da ciki]] . Zubar da ciki na likitanci madadin tiyata ne kamar zubar da ciki kamar vacuum aspiration ko dilation da curettage . <ref name="1st_Methods2">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likitanci ya zama ruwan dare fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a mafi yawan wurare a fadin duniya.<ref name="Kapp 20092">{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Kapp N, von Hertzen H|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Medical methods to induce abortion in the second trimester}}</ref> <ref name="Guttmacher_2022-022">{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Medication Abortion Now Accounts for More Than Half of All US Abortions |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/article/2022/02/medication-abortion-now-accounts-more-half-all-us-abortions |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref>. An fi yin zubar da ciki na likitanci ta hanyar gudanar da haɗin magunguna guda biyu: mifepristone wanda ke biye da misoprostol . Wannan haɗin magunguna biyu ya fi tasiri fiye da sauran haɗin magunguna.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Lokacin da babu mifepristone, ana iya amfani da misoprostol kadai a wasu yanayi. <ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Langer BR, Peter C, Firtion C, David E, Haberstich R |date=2004 |title=Second and third medical termination of pregnancy with misoprostol without mifepristone |journal=Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=266–270 |doi=10.1159/000076709 |pmid=15067238 |s2cid=25706987}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a duk tsawon shekarun haihuwa, gami da na biyu da na uku na uku. <ref name="pmid35114381">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vlad S, Boucoiran I, St-Pierre ÉR, Ferreira E |date=June 2022 |title=Mifepristone-Misoprostol Use for Second- and Third-Trimester Medical Termination of Pregnancy in a Canadian Tertiary Care Centre |journal=Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=683–689 |doi=10.1016/j.jogc.2021.12.010 |pmid=35114381 |s2cid=246505706}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Whitehouse K, Brant A, Fonhus MS, Lavelanet A, Ganatra B |date=2020 |title=Medical regimens for abortion at 12 weeks and above: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Contraception |volume=2 |pages=100037 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2020.100037 |pmc=7484538 |pmid=32954250}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Chandler J, Welch VA, Higgins JP, Thomas J |date=October 2019 |title=Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=ED000142 |doi=10.1002/14651858.ED000142 |pmc=10284251 |pmid=31643080}}</ref> A Amurka, yawan mace-macen zubar da ciki na likitanci ya ragu da sau 14 idan aka kwatanta da yawan mace-macen haihuwa a lokacin haihuwa, kuma adadin manyan matsalolin da ke bukatar asibiti ko karin jini bai kai kashi 0.4 cikin dari ba. {{R|ANSIRH_2019-04|FDA_2018-12-31|C_2012-06-19|NYT_2022-08-07}} Za a iya gudanar da zubar da ciki na likitanci lafiya a gida, ba tare da taimako ba, a cikin uku na farko. <ref name="WHO362">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> A cikin uku na biyu da bayan haka, ana ba da shawarar shan magani na biyu a asibiti, ofishin mai bada sabis, ko wani wurin kula da lafiya. <ref name="WHO362" /> == Tsarin magunguna == [[Fayil:Abortion_pill.jpg|thumb|200 MG na mifepristone da 800&nbsp;μg misoprostol, tsarin da aka saba don zubar da ciki na farko na likita]] === Kasa da mako 12 ciki === Don zubar da ciki na likitanci har zuwa ciki na tsawon makonni 12, adadin magungunan da aka ba da shawarar shine 200&nbsp;milligrams na mifepristone ta baki, bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta hanyar 800 [[Microgram|micrograms]] na misoprostol a cikin kunci, a cikin farji, ko ƙarƙashin harshe. <ref name="WHO2018222">{{cite book|title=Abortion Care Guideline|date=2022|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|location=Geneva|isbn=9789240039483|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240039483}}</ref> Nasarar wannan haɗin maganin shine 96.6% ta hanyar ciki na makonni 10. <ref name="Chen Creinin 20152">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Creinin MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109}}</ref> Ya kamata a gudanar da Misoprostol 24 zuwa 48 hours bayan mifepristone; shan misoprostol kafin awanni 24 su wuce yana rage yuwuwar samun nasara. <ref name="C_2012-06-19">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Shannon C, Weaver MA, Winikoff B |date=January 2013 |title=First-trimester medical abortion with mifepristone 200 mg and misoprostol: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=26–37 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.011 |pmid=22898359}}</ref> Koyaya, wani bincike ya nuna cewa ana iya ɗaukar magungunan biyu lokaci guda tare da kusan inganci iri ɗaya. <ref name="Creinin etal 2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Schreiber CA, Bednarek P, Lintu H, Wagner MS, Meyn LA |date=April 2007 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol administered simultaneously versus 24 hours apart for abortion: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4b25p01k |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=885–894 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000258298.35143.d2 |pmid=17400850 |s2cid=43298827}}</ref> Don masu juna biyu bayan 9&nbsp;makonni, allurai biyu na misoprostol (magani na biyu) yana sa maganin ya fi tasiri. <ref name="Kapp etal 2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapp N, Eckersberger E, Lavelanet A, Rodriguez MI |date=February 2019 |title=Medical abortion in the late first trimester: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=77–86 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2018.11.002 |pmc=6367561 |pmid=30444970}}</ref> Daga makonni 10 zuwa 11 na ciki, [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Ƙungiyar Zubar da ciki ta Ƙasa]] ta ba da shawarar kashi na biyu na misoprostol (800 micrograms) sa'o'i hudu bayan kashi na farko. <ref name="NAF_Guidelines">{{Cite web |title=NAF Clinical Policy Guidelines |url=https://prochoice.org/education-and-advocacy/cpg/ |access-date=April 10, 2020 |publisher=National Abortion Federation}}</ref> Bayan mai haƙuri ya ɗauki mifepristone, dole ne su kuma ba da misoprostol. Rashin shan misoprostol na iya haifar da ɗayan waɗannan sakamakon: za a iya ƙare tayin, amma ba a fitar da shi gaba ɗaya daga cikin mahaifa (wataƙila tare da zubar jini) kuma yana iya buƙatar aikin tiyata don cire tayin; ko kuma ana iya samun nasarar zubar da ciki da fitar da ciki; ko ciki na iya ci gaba da samun lafiyayyan tayin. Don waɗannan dalilai, yakamata a ɗauki misoprostol koyaushe bayan mifepristone. <ref name="pmid31809439">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Hou MY, Dalton L, Steward R, Chen MJ |date=January 2020 |title=Mifepristone Antagonization With Progesterone to Prevent Medical Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=135 |issue=1 |pages=158–165 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003620 |pmid=31809439 |s2cid=208813409 |quote=Patients in early pregnancy who use only mifepristone may be at high risk of significant hemorrhage. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Idan ciki ya ƙunshi tagwaye, ana iya ba da shawarar mafi girman adadin mifepristone. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sørensen EC, Iversen OE, Bjørge L |date=March 2005 |title=Failed medical termination of twin pregnancy with mifepristone: a case report |journal=Contraception |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=231–233 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2004.09.002 |pmid=15722075 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Zubar da ciki na likitanci da kai === A cikin uku na farko, zubar da ciki na likita da kansa yana samuwa ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suka fi son shan magungunan zubar da ciki a gida ba tare da kulawar likita kai tsaye ba (sabanin zubar da ciki na likita wanda mai badawa ke gudanarwa inda majiyyaci ke shan maganin zubar da ciki na biyu a gaban wanda ya horar da shi. ma'aikacin lafiya). <ref name="WHO3622">{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2021 |title=Self-management Recommendation 50: Self-management of medical abortion in whole or in part at gestational ages < 12 weeks (3.6.2) - Abortion care guideline |url=https://srhr.org/abortioncare/chapter-3/service-delivery-options-and-self-management-approaches-3-6/self-management-recommendation-50-self-management-of-medical-abortion-in-whole-or-in-part-at-gestational-ages-12-weeks-3-6-2/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=WHO Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research}}</ref> Shaidu daga gwaje-gwajen asibiti sun nuna zubar da ciki na likita da kai yana da tasiri kamar zubar da ciki da aka gudanar; duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don tabbatar da cewa aminci daidai yake. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gambir K, Kim C, Necastro KA, Ganatra B, Ngo TD |date=March 2020 |title=Self-administered versus provider-administered medical abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue=3 |pages=CD013181 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD013181.pub2 |pmc=7062143 |pmid=32150279}}</ref> <ref name="shm">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt-Hansen M, Pandey A, Lohr PA, Nevill M, Taylor P, Hasler E, Cameron S |date=April 2021 |title=Expulsion at home for early medical abortion: A systematic review with meta-analyses |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=727–735 |doi=10.1111/aogs.14025 |pmid=33063314 |s2cid=222819835 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyar da ake amfani da ita don gudanar da magungunan biyu ya dogara da takamaiman magungunan da aka rubuta. Hanyar al'ada, don 200&nbsp;MG mifepristone allunan, shine:<ref name="shm" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Mifepristone and misoprostol: Recommended regimen |url=https://www.ipas.org/clinical-update/english/recommendations-for-abortion-at-or-after-13-weeks-gestation/medical-abortion/mifepristone-and-misoprostol-recommended-regimen/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=[[Ipas (organization)|Ipas]]}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=October 2020 |title=Medication Abortion Up to 70 Days of Gestation: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 225 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=e31–e47 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004082 |pmid=32804884}}</ref> # Ɗauki kwamfutar hannu na mifepristone da baki # Ɗaukar misoprostol tsakanin sa'o'i 24 zuwa 48 bayan mifepristone (umarnin da aka kawo tare da misoprostol za su ƙayyade yadda ake shan shi, kamar: tsakanin gumi da murfin ciki na kuncin baki, ko a ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji ta hanyar yin amfani da shi. suppository na farji) # Za a fitar da ciki ( [[amfrayo|embryo]] da [[placenta]] ) ta cikin farji a cikin sa'o'i 2 zuwa 24 bayan shan misoprostol, don haka majiyyaci ya kasance kusa da wuraren bayan gida a lokacin. Za a iya samun maƙarƙashiya, tashin zuciya da zubar jini yayin da ake fitar da ciki, da kuma bayan haka # Don guje wa kamuwa da cuta, majiyyaci bai kamata ya yi amfani da tampons ko yin jima'i ba har tsawon makonni 2 zuwa 3 # Ya kamata majiyyaci ya tuntuɓi mai ba da su kwanaki 7 zuwa 14 bayan gudanarwar mifepristone don tabbatar da cewa ƙarshen ciki ya faru kuma don kimanta matakin jini. === Bayan sati 12 ciki === Zubar da ciki na likita yana da lafiya kuma yana da tasiri a cikin na biyu da na uku.<ref name="pmid35114381" /> <ref name="tapg2">{{Cite book|title=Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems-2nd ed|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2012|isbn=9789241548434|location=Italy|pages=42}}</ref> <ref name="leon">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gómez Ponce de León R, Wing DA |date=April 2009 |title=Misoprostol for termination of pregnancy with intrauterine fetal demise in the second and third trimester of pregnancy - a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=259–271 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.009 |pmid=19272495}}</ref> <ref name="mendil">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mendilcioglu I, Simsek M, Seker PE, Erbay O, Zorlu CG, Trak B |date=November 2002 |title=Misoprostol in second and early third trimester for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=131–135 |doi=10.1016/s0020-7292(02)00224-2 |pmid=12427397 |s2cid=44373757}}</ref> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar cewa zubar da ciki na likitanci da aka yi bayan makonni 12 na ciki, likita na gaba daya ko kwararren likita ne ya kula da shi (sabanin farkon watanni uku, inda majiyyaci zai iya shan magungunan a gida lafiya ba tare da kulawa ba). <ref name="WHO362" /><ref name="WHO2018222" /> Don zubar da ciki na likita bayan makonni 12 na ciki, WHO ta ba da shawarar 200&nbsp;MG na mifepristone ta baki ya biyo bayan kwana ɗaya zuwa biyu ta maimaita allurai na 400&nbsp;μg misoprostol a ƙarƙashin harshe, a cikin kunci, ko a cikin farji. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Ya kamata a sha Misoprostol kowane sau 3&nbsp;Sa'o'i har sai an sami nasarar zubar da ciki, ma'anar lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol shine sa'o'i 6-8, kuma kusan 94% zai zubar da ciki cikin sa'o'i 24 bayan fara misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Borgatta L, Kapp N |date=July 2011 |title=Clinical guidelines. Labor induction abortion in the second trimester |journal=Contraception |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=4–18 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2011.02.005 |pmid=21664506}}</ref> Lokacin da ba a samu mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da misoprostol duk da cewa za a tsawaita lokacin zubar da ciki bayan fara misoprostol idan aka kwatanta da tsarin yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Perritt JB, Burke A, Edelman AB |date=September 2013 |title=Interruption of nonviable pregnancies of 24-28 weeks' gestation using medical methods: release date June 2013 SFP guideline #20133 |journal=Contraception |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=341–349 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.001 |pmid=23756114 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Madadin haɗin magunguna === Haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol shine, ta zuwa yanzu, tsarin da aka fi ba da shawarar miyagun ƙwayoyi don zubar da ciki na likita, amma akwai sauran haɗin magunguna. Misoprostol kadai, ba tare da mifepristone ba, ana iya amfani da shi a wasu yanayi don zubar da ciki na likita, har ma an nuna cewa ya yi nasara a cikin uku na biyu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=June 2013 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 135: Second-trimester abortion |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=121 |issue=6 |pages=1394–1406 |doi=10.1097/01.AOG.0000431056.79334.cc |pmid=23812485 |s2cid=205384119}}</ref> Misoprostol ya fi samuwa fiye da mifepristone, kuma ya fi sauƙi don adanawa da gudanarwa, don haka misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone na iya ba da shawara daga mai bada idan mifepristone ba ya samuwa.<ref name="Langer Peter Firtion David 2004 pp. 266–270" /> Idan ana amfani da misoprostol ba tare da mifepristone ba, WHO ta ba da shawarar 800&nbsp;μg na misoprostol a cikin kunci, ƙarƙashin harshe, ko a cikin farji.<ref name="WHO2018222" /> Nasarar misoprostol kadai don kawo karshen ciki (93%) kusan iri daya ne da hadewar mifepristone-misoprostol (96%). Duk da haka, 15% na matan da ke amfani da misoprostol kadai suna buƙatar hanyar bin tsarin tiyata, wanda ya fi mahimmanci fiye da haɗin mifepristone-misoprostol. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond EG, Harrison MS, Weaver MA |date=January 2019 |title=Efficacy of Misoprostol Alone for First-Trimester Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=137–147 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003017 |pmc=6309472 |pmid=30531568}}</ref> Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ana iya haɗawa da [[letrozole]] ko [[methotrexate]] a cikin tsarin mifepristone-misoprostol don inganta sakamako a cikin farkon watanni uku.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhuo Y, Cainuo S, Chen Y, Sun B |date=May 2021 |title=The efficacy of letrozole supplementation for medical abortion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine |volume=34 |issue=9 |pages=1501–1507 |doi=10.1080/14767058.2019.1638899 |pmid=31257957 |s2cid=195764644}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> Haɗin magungunan da ba kasafai ake amfani da shi ba don masu ciki na mahaifa shine [[methotrexate]] -misoprostol, wanda galibi ana keɓance shi don [[Ectopic ciki|ciki na ectopic]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Medical abortion |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/medical-abortion/about/pac-20394687 |access-date=July 10, 2022 |publisher=Mayo Clinic}}</ref> Ana ba da Methotrexate ko dai ta baki ko a cikin tsoka, sannan a biyo bayan misoprostol na farji bayan kwanaki 3-5.<ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Haɗin methotrexate yana samuwa ta cikin kwanaki 63. WHO ta ba da izinin haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> amma yana bada shawarar haɗin mifepristone saboda [[methotrexate]] na iya zama [[teratogenic]] ga amfrayo a lokuta na zubar da ciki. Ana ɗaukar haɗin methotrexate-misoprostol mafi inganci fiye da misoprostol kadai.<ref name=":0" /> === Contraindications === Contraindications zuwa mifepristone an gaji [[Cutar jini wacce ke sanadin tabin hankali|porphyria]], na kullum [[Rashin isasshen adrenal|adrenal gazawar]], da ectopic ciki. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20063">{{cite book|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117164404/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594845_eng.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 17, 2009|title=Frequently asked clinical questions about medical abortion|author=International Consensus Conference on Non-surgical (Medical) Abortion in Early First Trimester on Issues Related to Regimens and Service Delivery|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2006|isbn=978-92-4-159484-4|location=Geneva}}</ref> <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim">{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |publisher=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; Society of Family Planning |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu suna la'akari da na'urar intrauterine a wurin don zama mai hanawa kuma. <ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Wani rashin lafiyar da ya gabata ga mifepristone ko misoprostol shima sabani ne.<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> Yawancin karatu sun cire matan da ke da matsanancin matsalolin likita kamar cututtukan zuciya da hanta ko kuma anemia mai tsanani.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Ana buƙatar taka tsantsan a cikin yanayi da yawa da suka haɗa da:<ref name="WHO FAQs 20063" /> * amfani da [[corticosteroid]] na dogon lokaci; * rashin zubar jini; * anemia mai tsanani A wasu lokuta, yana iya dacewa a tura mutanen da suka rigaya sun kamu da rashin lafiya zuwa ga mai ba da zubar da ciki na tushen asibiti. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Guiahi M, Davis A |date=December 2012 |title=First-trimester abortion in women with medical conditions: release date October 2012 SFP guideline #20122 |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=622–630 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.001 |pmid=23039921 |s2cid=21464833}}</ref> A madadin, wasu yanayi na likita na iya sa zubar da ciki na magani ya fi dacewa da zubar da ciki na tiyata kamar manyan [[Uterine fibroids|fibroids na mahaifa]], cututtukan mahaifa, ko tabo mai alaƙa da [[infibulation]] . <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mark K, Bragg B, Chawla K, Hladky K |date=November 2016 |title=Medical abortion in women with large uterine fibroids: a case series |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=572–574 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.07.016 |pmid=27471029}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Goldthwaite LM, Teal SB |date=October 2014 |title=Controversies in family planning: pregnancy termination in women with uterine anatomic abnormalities |journal=Contraception |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=460–463 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.05.007 |pmid=24958107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mistry H, Jha S |date=May 11, 2015 |title=Pregnancy with a pinhole introitus: A report of two cases and a review of the literature |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=490–494 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2015.1044083 |pmid=25960283 |s2cid=207523628}}</ref> == Tasiri mara kyau == Yawancin mata za su sami ciwon ciki da zubar jini fiye da lokacin haila.<ref name="Medical management 1st Trim" /> Sauran illolin na iya haɗawa da tashin zuciya, amai, zazzabi, sanyi, zawo, ciwon kai, juwa, zafi ko walƙiya mai zafi. <ref name="Clev">{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2021 |title=Medical Abortion: What Is It, Types, Risks & Recovery |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/21899-medical-abortion |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farji, misoprostol yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarancin sakamako masu illa.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /> Magungunan [[Magungunan anti-mai kumburi marasa steroidal|anti-inflammatory marasa steroidal]] irin su ibuprofen suna rage zafi tare da zubar da ciki na magani. === Alamomin da ke buƙatar kulawar gaggawa === * Zubar da jini mai nauyi (isasshen jini da za a jiƙa ta pads guda huɗu a cikin awanni 2) <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label">{{Cite web |title=Mifepristone Prescribing Information |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/020687s020lbl.pdf |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> * Ciwon ciki, tashin zuciya, amai, zawo, zazzabi fiye da awanni 24 bayan shan mifepristone <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> * Zazzabi na {{Cvt|38|C|1}} ko sama sama da awanni 4 <ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> Matsalolin da ke ƙarƙashin ciki na makonni 10 ba kasafai ba ne; bisa ga manyan bita guda biyu, zubar da jini da ake buƙatar ƙarin jini ya faru a cikin 0.03-0.6% na mata da kuma kamuwa da cuta mai tsanani a cikin 0.01-0.5%.<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Saboda cuta ba ta da wuya bayan magani zubar da ciki, [[Kwalejin Amirka na Obstetricians da Gynecologists|Kwalejin Ba'amurke na Amurka da 'yan wasan' ']], [[Ƙungiyar Tsarin Iyali|al'arin iyali]], da kuma [[Ƙungiyar zubar da ciki ta ƙasa|Naf]] ba su bayar da shawarar amfani da maganin rigakafin yau da kullun ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achilles SL, Reeves MF |date=April 2011 |title=Prevention of infection after induced abortion: release date October 2010: SFP guideline 20102 |journal=Contraception |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=295–309 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2010.11.006 |pmid=21397086 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="NAF_Guidelines" /> Wasu lokuta da ba kasafai ake samun mace-mace daga [[Cutar cututtuka masu guba|cutar sankarau mai guba]] [[Clostridium|ta clostridial]] sun faru bayan zubar da ciki na likita. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Murray S, Wooltorton E |date=August 2005 |title=Septic shock after medical abortions with mifepristone (Mifeprex, RU 486) and misoprostol |journal=CMAJ |volume=173 |issue=5 |pages=485 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050980 |pmc=1188182 |pmid=16093445}}</ref> [[Bita na tsari]] na 2013 wanda ya haɗa da mata 45,000 waɗanda suka yi amfani da 200&nbsp;mg mifepristone tare da haɗin misoprostol ya gano cewa ƙasa da 0.4% yana da matsala mai tsanani da ke buƙatar asibiti (0.3%) da/ko ƙarin jini (0.1%).<ref name="C_2012-06-19" /><ref name="NYT_2022-08-072">{{cite news |date=August 7, 2022 |title=Some Women 'Self-Manage' Abortions as Access Recedes - Information and medications needed to end a pregnancy are increasingly available outside the health care system. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/07/health/abortion-self-managed-medication.html |quote=More than half a million women had medication abortions in 2020 in the United States, and fewer than half of 1 percent experience serious complications, studies show. Medical interventions like hospitalizations or blood transfusions were needed by fewer than 0.4 percent of patients, according to a 2013 review of dozens of studies involving tens of thousands of patients. |vauthors=Rabin RC |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> === Gudanar da zubar jini === Zubar da jinin al'ada gabaɗaya yana raguwa a hankali sama da makonni biyu bayan zubar da ciki na likitanci, amma a lokuta daban-daban hange na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 45. <ref name="WHO FAQs 20062">{{Cite book}}</ref> Ana iya yin la'akari da aikin tiyata na gaggawa ko na likita don tsawaita zubar jini dangane da yadda majiyyaci ke ji da kuma idan jinin yana da alama yana samun sauki. Gabaɗaya, ƙasa da 1% na mutanen da suka zubar da ciki dole ne su sami sabis na gaggawa don zubar da jini mai yawa, kuma kusan 0.1% na buƙatar [[Karan jini|ƙarin jini]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD |date=September 2000 |title=Randomized comparison of efficacy, acceptability and cost of medical versus surgical abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=117–124 |doi=10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00151-7 |pmid=11124358}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Henshaw RC, Naji SA, Russell IT, Templeton AA |date=September 1993 |title=Comparison of medical abortion with surgical vacuum aspiration: women's preferences and acceptability of treatment |journal=BMJ |volume=307 |issue=6906 |pages=714–717 |doi=10.1136/bmj.307.6906.714 |pmc=1678709 |pmid=8401094}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Peyron R, Aubény E, Targosz V, Silvestre L, Renault M, Elkik F, Leclerc P, Ulmann A, Baulieu EE |date=May 1993 |title=Early termination of pregnancy with mifepristone (RU 486) and the orally active prostaglandin misoprostol |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=328 |issue=21 |pages=1509–1513 |doi=10.2307/2939250 |jstor=2939250 |pmid=8479487}}</ref> Za a fitar da ragowar [[Samfuran ciki|samfuran cikin ciki]] yayin zubar jini na farji na gaba. Duk da haka, ana iya yin aikin tiyata a kan buƙatar mace, idan zubar da jini ya yi nauyi ko tsawo, ko kuma ya haifar da [[Rashin jini|anemia]], ko kuma idan akwai shaidar [[endometritis]] . <ref name="Creinin 2000" /> === Tsaro === A duniya, mutanen da za su iya yin ciki suna fuskantar haɗari ga lafiyarsu saboda manyan ƙalubalen samun amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Doran F, Nancarrow S |date=July 2015 |title=Barriers and facilitators of access to first-trimester abortion services for women in the developed world: a systematic review |journal=The Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care |volume=41 |issue=3 |pages=170–180 |doi=10.1136/jfprhc-2013-100862 |pmid=26106103}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kassebaum NJ, Bertozzi-Villa A, Coggeshall MS, Shackelford KA, Steiner C, Heuton KR, Gonzalez-Medina D, Barber R, Huynh C, Dicker D, Templin T, Wolock TM, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abubakar I, Achoki T, Adelekan A, Ademi Z, Adou AK, Adsuar JC, Agardh EE, Akena D, Alasfoor D, Alemu ZA, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Alhabib S, Ali R, Al Kahbouri MJ, Alla F, Allen PJ, AlMazroa MA, Alsharif U, Alvarez E, Alvis-Guzmán N, Amankwaa AA, Amare AT, Amini H, Ammar W, Antonio CA, Anwari P, Arnlöv J, Arsenijevic VS, Artaman A, Asad MM, Asghar RJ, Assadi R, Atkins LS, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Basu A, Basu S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell ML, Bernabe E, Beyene TJ, Bhutta Z, Bin Abdulhak A, Blore JD, Basara BB, Bose D, Breitborde N, Cárdenas R, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Castro RE, Catalá-López F, Cavlin A, Chang JC, Che X, Christophi CA, Chugh SS, Cirillo M, Colquhoun SM, Cooper LT, Cooper C, da Costa Leite I, Dandona L, Dandona R, Davis A, Dayama A, Degenhardt L, De Leo D, del Pozo-Cruz B, Deribe K, Dessalegn M, deVeber GA, Dharmaratne SD, Dilmen U, Ding EL, Dorrington RE, Driscoll TR, Ermakov SP, Esteghamati A, Faraon EJ, Farzadfar F, Felicio MM, Fereshtehnejad SM, de Lima GM, Forouzanfar MH, França EB, Gaffikin L, Gambashidze K, Gankpé FG, Garcia AC, Geleijnse JM, Gibney KB, Giroud M, Glaser EL, Goginashvili K, Gona P, González-Castell D, Goto A, Gouda HN, Gugnani HC, Gupta R, Gupta R, Hafezi-Nejad N, Hamadeh RR, Hammami M, Hankey GJ, Harb HL, Havmoeller R, Hay SI, Pi IB, Hoek HW, Hosgood HD, Hoy DG, Husseini A, Idrisov BT, Innos K, Inoue M, Jacobsen KH, Jahangir E, Jee SH, Jensen PN, Jha V, Jiang G, Jonas JB, Juel K, Kabagambe EK, Kan H, Karam NE, Karch A, Karema CK, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kazanjan K, Kazi DS, Kemp AH, Kengne AP, Kereselidze M, Khader YS, Khalifa SE, Khan EA, Khang YH, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Defo BK, Kulkarni C, Kulkarni VS, Kumar GA, Kumar K, Kumar RB, Kwan G, Lai T, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lansingh VC, Larsson A, Lee JT, Leigh J, Leinsalu M, Leung R, Li X, Li Y, Li Y, Liang J, Liang X, Lim SS, Lin HH, Lipshultz SE, Liu S, Liu Y, Lloyd BK, London SJ, Lotufo PA, Ma J, Ma S, Machado VM, Mainoo NK, Majdan M, Mapoma CC, Marcenes W, Marzan MB, Mason-Jones AJ, Mehndiratta MM, Mejia-Rodriguez F, Memish ZA, Mendoza W, Miller TR, Mills EJ, Mokdad AH, Mola GL, Monasta L, de la Cruz Monis J, Hernandez JC, Moore AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Mori R, Mueller UO, Mukaigawara M, Naheed A, Naidoo KS, Nand D, Nangia V, Nash D, Nejjari C, Nelson RG, Neupane SP, Newton CR, Ng M, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nisar MI, Nolte S, Norheim OF, Nyakarahuka L, Oh IH, Ohkubo T, Olusanya BO, Omer SB, Opio JN, Orisakwe OE, Pandian JD, Papachristou C, Park JH, Caicedo AJ, Patten SB, Paul VK, Pavlin BI, Pearce N, Pereira DM, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Poenaru D, Polanczyk GV, Polinder S, Pope D, Pourmalek F, Qato D, Quistberg DA, Rafay A, Rahimi K, Rahimi-Movaghar V, ur Rahman S, Raju M, Rana SM, Refaat A, Ronfani L, Roy N, Pimienta TG, Sahraian MA, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Santos IS, Sawhney M, Sayinzoga F, Schneider IJ, Schumacher A, Schwebel DC, Seedat S, Sepanlou SG, Servan-Mori EE, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sheikhbahaei S, Shibuya K, Shin HH, Shiue I, Sigfusdottir ID, Silberberg DH, Silva AP, Singh JA, Skirbekk V, Sliwa K, Soshnikov SS, Sposato LA, Sreeramareddy CT, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sykes BL, Tabb KM, Talongwa RT, Tan F, Teixeira CM, Tenkorang EY, Terkawi AS, Thorne-Lyman AL, Tirschwell DL, Towbin JA, Tran BX, Tsilimbaris M, Uchendu US, Ukwaja KN, Undurraga EA, Uzun SB, Vallely AJ, van Gool CH, Vasankari TJ, Vavilala MS, Venketasubramanian N, Villalpando S, Violante FS, Vlassov VV, Vos T, Waller S, Wang H, Wang L, Wang X, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub RG, Westerman R, Wilkinson JD, Woldeyohannes SM, Wong JQ, Wordofa MA, Xu G, Yang YC, Yano Y, Yentur GK, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon SJ, Younis MZ, Yu C, Jin KY, El Sayed Zaki M, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zou XN, Lopez AD, Naghavi M, Murray CJ, Lozano R |date=September 2014 |title=Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=384 |issue=9947 |pages=980–1004 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60696-6 |pmc=4255481 |pmid=24797575}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |s2cid=2190885}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, Bankole A, Popinchalk A, Ganatra B, Rossier C, Gerdts C, Tunçalp Ö, Johnson BR, Johnston HB, Alkema L |date=July 2016 |title=Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends |journal=Lancet |volume=388 |issue=10041 |pages=258–267 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30380-4 |pmc=5498988 |pmid=27179755}}</ref> Waɗannan munanan sakamako sun taso ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin zubar da ciki, tsarin kiwon lafiya marasa inganci, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya, ƙaƙƙarfar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka a yankuna masu nisa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Turan JM, Budhwani H |date=January 2021 |title=Restrictive Abortion Laws Exacerbate Stigma, Resulting in Harm to Patients and Providers |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=111 |issue=1 |pages=37–39 |doi=10.2105/AJPH.2020.305998 |pmc=7750605 |pmid=33326286}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Bugu da kari, a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaitan kudin shiga inda aka ba da izinin zubar da ciki bisa ka'ida, ana samun adadi mai yawa na zubar da ciki mara inganci. Kimanin mata miliyan 7 ne ke kwance a asibitoci a duk shekara a wadannan wuraren sakamakon matsalolin da ke tasowa daga zubar da ciki mara kyau. Zubar da ciki mara lafiya ana danganta shi da kashi 4.7% zuwa 13.2% na mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a kowace shekara, tare da kiyasin kudaden da ake kashewa don magance matsalolinsa ya kai dala miliyan 553.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Vlassoff M, Shearer J, Walker D, Lucas H|title=Economic impact of unsafe abortion-related morbidity and mortality: evidence and estimation challenges.|publisher=Institute of Development Studies|year=2008|volume=59|location=Brighton, UK|pages=94}}</ref> Abubuwa da yawa suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya da suka haɗa da rashin ilimi game da zaɓin da ake da su, mabanbantan ra'ayoyin masu ba da lafiya game da zubar da ciki, ƙarancin ƙwararrun ma'aikata don amintaccen sabis na zubar da ciki, ƙarancin sirri da sirri, da ayyukan da suka gaza biyan buƙatu.<ref>{{Citation|title=Consequences of Unsafe Abortion|date=July 28, 2006|work=The Human Drama of Abortion|pages=33–44|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10|access-date=January 23, 2024|publisher=Vanderbilt University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv17vf7g1.10}}</ref> A Amurka, wani rahoton [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ya bayyana cewa daga cikin mata miliyan 3.7 da suka zubar da cikin da magani tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2018, 24 sun mutu bayan haka, 11 daga cikin wadanda suka mutu ba su da alaka da zubar da ciki, ciki har da shan kwayoyi, kisa, da kuma kashe kansa.<ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /><ref name="Kapp etal 2019" /> Lokacin da ba a la'akari da mutuwar mutane 11 da ba su da alaƙa, adadin mace-mace na zubar da ciki shine rabin adadin mace-macen zubar da ciki gaba ɗaya.<ref name="1st_Methods2" /><ref name="Creinin etal 2007" /> Ciki har da duk mace-mace a cikin binciken, bayanan sun nuna cewa yawan mace-mace na zubar da ciki na magani ya kusan daidai da zubar da ciki gaba daya, wanda ya kai sau 14 kasa da adadin mace-macen haihuwa na haihuwa, sannan kuma kasa da adadin mace-macen [[Penicillin]] da [[Sildenafil|Viagra]] . <ref name="ANSIRH_2019-04">{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Analysis of Medication Abortion Risk and the FDA report - "Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018" |url=https://www.ansirh.org/sites/default/files/publications/files/mifepristone_safety_4-23-2019.pdf |publisher=[[Bixby Center for Global Reproductive Health]] |quote=The mortality rate for women known to have had a live-born infant is 8.8 per 100,000 live births, which is about 14 times higher than the mortality rate associated with medication abortion. Other medications that are commonly prescribed or administered in outpatient settings also have risks, including a small risk of death. Penicillin causes a fatal anaphylactic reaction at a rate of 2 deaths per 100,000 patients administered the drug. Phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, which are used for erectile dysfunction and include Viagra, have a fatality rate of 4 deaths per 100,000 users. These risks are several times higher than the risk of death with medication abortion.}}</ref> <ref name="FDA_2018-12-31">{{Cite web |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Mifepristone U.S. Post-Marketing Adverse Events Summary through 12/31/2018 |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/112118/download |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya na duniya kamar WHO sun nuna cewa zubar da ciki na likita yana da aminci har ma a cikin na biyu da na uku na uku,<ref name="pmid35114381" /><ref name="tapg2" /><ref name="leon" /><ref name="mendil" /> amma damar yin amfani da waɗannan ayyuka na shari'a yana canzawa akai-akai a Amurka da kuma a duniya. === Teratogenicity da ci gaba da ciki === Kafin shan magani don zubar da ciki, ya kamata a shawarci mutane game da yiwuwar illar misoprostol idan zubar da ciki bai yi nasara ba. Idan ciki ya ci gaba bayan yin amfani da mifepristone da misoprostol, an ba da shawarar a nemi kulawar likita don tattauna zaɓuɓɓukan ciki, tare da cikakken tattaunawa game da haɗari da fa'idodi ga kowane. Babu wata shaida na mifepristone da ke haifar da lahani na haihuwa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bernard N, Elefant E, Carlier P, Tebacher M, Barjhoux CE, Bos-Thompson MA, Amar E, Descotes J, Vial T |date=April 2013 |title=Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study |journal=BJOG |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=568–574 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.12147 |pmid=23346916 |s2cid=9691636}}</ref> amma misoprostol, lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin farkon watanni na farko, zai iya zama [[Ilimin ilimin taurari|teratogenic]] kuma ya haifar da cututtuka na haihuwa kamar lahani na hannu, tare da ko ba tare da [[Moebius ciwo|ciwo na Möbius]] ba (shanyewar fuska). <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yip SK, Tse AO, Haines CJ, Chung TK |date=February 2000 |title=Misoprostol's effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=232–235 |doi=10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00472-x |pmid=10674585 |s2cid=33217047}}</ref> == Ilimin harhada magunguna == Mifepristone yana toshe hormone progesterone, <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2017 |title=The Science Behind the "Abortion Pill" |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/health-medicine/science-behind-abortion-pill-180963762/ |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors= |date=March 2014 |title=Medical management of first-trimester abortion |journal=Contraception |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=148–161 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2014.01.016 |pmid=24795934}}</ref> yana haifar da rufin mahaifa zuwa bakin ciki, yana hana amfrayo daga liƙawa zuwa bangon mahaifa don girma. Methotrexate, wanda ake amfani da shi a wasu lokuta maimakon mifepristone, yana dakatar da nama na cytotrophoblastic daga girma da zama mahaifa mai aiki, sashin da ke ba da abinci mai gina jiki ga tayin mai tasowa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/methotrexate |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Misoprostol, prostaglandin na roba, yana sa mahaifa ya yi karo da kuma fitar da tayin ta cikin farji. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Misoprostol |url=https://www.medicationabortions.com/misoprostol |website=Medication Abortion |publisher=Ibis Reproductive Health}}</ref> Letrozole shine mai hana aromatase wanda ke hana haɓakar estrogen kuma yana ƙarfafa kwai. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da letrozole kafin misoprostol ko mifepristone don fara zubar da ciki na likita zai iya inganta ingantaccen magani kuma ya rage buƙatar ayyukan tiyata. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Yeung TW, Lee VC, Ng EH, Ho PC |date=December 2012 |title=A pilot study on the use of a 7-day course of letrozole followed by misoprostol for the termination of early pregnancy up to 63 days |journal=Contraception |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=763–769 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.009 |pmid=22717187}}</ref> === Yaduwa === {| class="wikitable sortable" align="right" !Country !Percentage |- |Spain |25% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad |date=August 19, 2022 |title=Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo; Datos definitivos correspondientes al año 2021 |url=https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.sanidad.gob.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/embarazo/docs/IVE_2021.pdf |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministerio de Sanidad, Politica Social e Igualdad}}</ref> |- |Netherlands |34% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Jaarrapportage 2021 Wet afbreking zwangerschap - Bijlage |url=https://www.igj.nl/binaries/igj/documenten/jaarverslagen/2022/09/22/wafz-2021/Definitie+en+cijfer+bijlage+Wafz+2021.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Inspectie voor de Gezondheidszorg (IGZ), Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS)}}</ref> |- |Italy |35% in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministero della Salute |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Relazione Ministro Salute attuazione Legge 194/78 tutela sociale maternità e interruzione volontaria di gravidanza - dati definitivi 2020 |url=https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_3236_allegato.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministero della Salute}}</ref> |- |Canada |37% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI) |date=March 23, 2023 |title=Induced Abortions Reported in Canada in 2021 |url=https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416194357/https://www.cihi.ca/sites/default/files/document/induced-abortions-reported-in-canada-2021-data-tables-en.xlsx |archive-date=April 16, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Canadian Institute for Health information (CIHI)}}</ref> |- |Belgium |38% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Rapport à l'attention du Parlement 1 janvier 2020 – 31 décembre 2021 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Commission Nationale d'Evaluation des Interruptions de Grossesse}}</ref> |- |Germany |39% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |date=March 27, 2023 |title=Schwangerschaftsabbrüche 2022 |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Gesundheit/Schwangerschaftsabbrueche/_inhalt.html |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis)}}</ref> |- |New Zealand |46% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Health |date=October 28, 2022 |title=Abortive Services Aotearoa New Zealand: Annual Report 2022 |url=https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/abortion-services-aotearoa-new-zealand-annual-report-2022-oct22.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Ministry of Health}}</ref> |- |United States |63% in 2023<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |publisher=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> |- |Portugal |68% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS) |date=June 3, 2022 |title=Relatório de Análise Preliminar dos Registos das Interrupções da Gravidez 2018-2021 |url=https://www.dgs.pt/documentos-e-publicacoes/interrupcoes-da-gravidez-por-opcao-da-mulher-registam-reducao-nos-ultimos-dez-anos-pdf.aspx |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Direção-Geral da Saúde (DGS)}}</ref> |- |Slovenia |72% in 2019<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Miani C |date=December 2021 |title=Medical abortion ratios and gender equality in Europe: an ecological correlation study |journal=Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=214–231 |doi=10.1080/26410397.2021.1985814 |pmc=8567957 |pmid=34730066}}</ref> |- |France |76% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Interruptions volontaires de grossesse : la baisse des taux de recours se poursuit chez les plus jeunes en 2021 |url=https://drees.solidarites-sante.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/2022-09/er1241_1.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Direction de la Recherche, des Études, de l'Évaluation et des Statistiques (DREES), Ministère de la Santé}}</ref> |- |Switzerland |80% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS) |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Interruptions de grossesse en 2021 |url=https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/fr/home/statistiques/sante/etat-sante/reproductive/interruptions-grossesses.assetdetail.22986766.html |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office fédéral de la statistique (OFS)}}</ref> |- |Denmark |83% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP) |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Dansk Kvalitetsdatabase for Tidlig Graviditet og Abort (TiGrAb). Årsrapport 2021/22,1. juli 2021 - 30. juni 2022 |url=https://organesdeconcertation.sante.belgique.be/sites/default/files/documents/rapport_2020-2021_fr_-_fevrier_2023.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Regionernes Kliniske Kvalitetsudviklingsprogram (RKKP)}}</ref> |- |England and Wales |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Abortion statistics, England and Wales: 2021 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/abortion-statistics-for-england-and-wales-2021/abortion-statistics-england-and-wales-2021 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Office for Health Improvement & Disparities}}</ref> |- |Iceland |87% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Induced abortions in the Nordic countries 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/146285/Induced_abortions_in_Nordic_countries_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL)}}</ref> |- |Estonia |91% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database |date=June 13, 2022 |title=RK31: Abortion method by abortion type and health care provider's county (since 2020) |url=https://statistika.tai.ee/pxweb/en/Andmebaas/Andmebaas__01Rahvastik__03Abordid/RK31.px/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Tervise Arengu Instituut (TAI) Health Statistics and Health Research Database}}</ref> |- |Norway |95% in 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Induced abortion in Norway – fact sheet |url=https://www.fhi.no/en/hn/health-registries/registry-of-pregnancy-termination/induced-abortion-in-norway/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Norway Institute of Public Health (NIPH)}}</ref> |- |Sweden |96% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Statistik om aborter 2021 |url=https://www.socialstyrelsen.se/globalassets/sharepoint-dokument/artikelkatalog/statistik/2022-6-8007.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Socialstyrelsen}}</ref> |- |Finland |98% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Raskaudenkeskeytykset 2021 |url=https://www.julkari.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/144588/Raskaudenkeskeytykset_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos (THL), Suomen virallinen tilasto (SVT)}}</ref> |- |Scotland |99% in 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Scotland |date=May 31, 2022 |title=Termination of pregnancy statistics, Year ending December 2021 |url=https://publichealthscotland.scot/publications/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics/termination-of-pregnancy-statistics-year-ending-december-2021/ |access-date=April 16, 2022 |publisher=Public Health Scotland}}</ref> |} Wani binciken [[Cibiyar Guttmacher]] na duk sanannun masu ba da zubar da ciki a Amurka ya gano cewa zubar da ciki na likita ya kai kashi 53% na duk zubar da ciki a cikin 2020. {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} Wannan ƙidayar ba ta haɗa da [[Zubar da kai|zubar da ciki da kai]] ba . {{R|Guttmacher_2022-02}} A asibitocin Planned Parenthood a Amurka, zubar da ciki na likita ya kai 32% na zubar da ciki na farko a cikin 2008, <ref name="Fjerstad 2009a">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fjerstad M, Trussell J, Sivin I, Lichtenberg ES, Cullins V |date=July 2009 |title=Rates of serious infection after changes in regimens for medical abortion |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=361 |issue=2 |pages=145–151 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0809146 |pmc=3568698 |pmid=19587339}}</ref> 35% na duk zubar da ciki a 2010 da 43% na duk zubar da ciki a 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 31, 2016 |title=Abortion Pill Statistics: Medication Pregnancy Termination Rivals Surgery Rates In The United States |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/abortion-pill-statistics-medication-pregnancy-termination-rivals-surgery-rates-united-2439421 |access-date=April 19, 2018 |work=International Business Times |vauthors=Mindock C}}</ref> A cikin 2009, tsarin zubar da ciki na likita ta amfani da mifepristone a hade tare da analog na prostaglandin sune mafi yawan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su don haifar da zubar da ciki na biyu a Kanada, yawancin Turai, China da Indiya;<ref name="Kapp 20092" /> ya bambanta da Amurka, inda 96% na zubar da ciki na biyu-trimester an yi ta tiyata ta hanyar [[dilation da fitarwa]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Management of unintended and abnormal pregnancy : comprehensive abortion care|url=https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul|url-access=limited|vauthors=Hammond C, Chasen ST|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4051-7696-5|veditors=Paul M, Lichtenberg ES, Borgatta L, Grimes DA, Stubblefield PG, Creinin MD|location=Oxford|pages=[https://archive.org/details/managementuninte00paul/page/n197 178]–192|chapter=Dilation and evacuation}}</ref> == Tarihi == Masu binciken Sweden sun fara gwada yiwuwar [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin 1965. A cikin 1968, likitan Sweden [[Lars Engström]] ya buga takarda kan gwaji na asibiti, wanda aka gudanar a asibitin mata na [[Asibitin Karolinska]] a Stockholm, na fili na F6103 akan matan Sweden masu ciki da nufin haifar da zubar da ciki. Ita ce gwajin asibiti na farko na kwayar zubar da ciki da za a gudanar a Sweden.<ref>{{Cite book|vauthors=Ramsey M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_9CzgEACAAJ|title=The Swedish Abortion Pill: Co-Producing Medical Abortion and Values, Ca. 1965-1992|date=2021|publisher=Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis|isbn=978-91-513-1121-0}}</ref> Takardar, wanda aka fara mai suna ''The Swedish zubar da ciki Pill'', an sake masa suna zuwa ''The Swedish Postconception Pill'', saboda ƙananan adadin zubar da ciki da aka haifar da ya faru a cikin yawan mutanen da aka gwada. Bayan waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba tare da F6103, masu bincike guda ɗaya sun yi ƙoƙari su nemo kwayar zubar da ciki tare da [[Prostaglandin|prostaglandins]], suna yin amfani da yawan masana kimiyya na prostaglandin da ke aiki a Sweden a lokacin; Daga karshe an ba su [[Jerin wadanda suka samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Jiki ko Magunguna|lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin Physiology a shekarar 1982]] saboda aikinsu. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raju TN |date=November 1999 |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1982: Sune Karl Bergström (b 1916); Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson (b 1934); John Robert Vane (b 1927) |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9193 |pages=1914 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)76884-7 |pmid=10584758 |s2cid=54236400}}</ref> Zubar da ciki na likita ya zama hanyar samun nasarar zubar da ciki tare da samun [[Prostaglandin analogues|prostaglandin analogs]] a cikin 1970s da antiprogestogen mifepristone (wanda aka fi sani da RU-486) <ref name="RU-486">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rowan A |date=2015 |title=Prosecuting Women for Self-Inducing Abortion: Counterproductive and Lacking Compassion |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/gpr/18/3/gpr1807015.html |journal=Guttmacher Policy Review |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=70–76 |access-date=October 12, 2015}}</ref> a cikin 1980s.<ref name="Kapp 20092" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methotrexate and Misoprostol for Abortion |url=http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227080619/http://www.webmd.com/women/methotrexate-and-misoprostol-for-abortion |archive-date=February 27, 2015 |website=Women's Health |publisher=WebMD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhang J, Zhou K, Shan D, Luo X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2022 |issue=5 |pages=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref> An fara amincewa da Mifepristone don amfani a China da Faransa a 1988, a Burtaniya a 1991, a Sweden a 1992, a Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Jamus, Girka, Iceland, Isra'ila, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Rasha, Spain, da Switzerland a 1999, a Norway, Taiwan, Tunisia, da Amurka a 2000, da kuma a cikin ƙarin ƙasashe 70 daga 2001 zuwa 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gynuity Health Projects |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Map of Mifepristone Approvals |url=https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529053718/https://gynuity.org/assets/resources/mapmifelist_en.pdf |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |publisher=Gynuity Health Projects}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, FDA ta Amurka ta amince da mifepristone don zubar da ciki ta hanyar kwanakin 49 na ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Creinin MD, Chen MJ |date=August 2016 |title=Medical abortion reporting of efficacy: the MARE guidelines |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=97–103 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.013 |pmid=27129936 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 2016, FDA ta Amurka ta sabunta alamar mifepristone don tallafawa amfani ta cikin kwanaki 70 na ciki.<ref name="Mifepristone FDA label" /> == Samun damar zubar da ciki na likita == Duka kwayoyi{{Spaced en dash}}Mifepristone da misoprostol{{Spaced en dash}}Ba a rufe ta da haƙƙin mallaka na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka ana samun su azaman [[Magani na gama-gari|magungunan gama-gari]] . === Samuwar ma'auni === Abubuwan da ake buƙata don takardar sayan magani sun bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe. Kasashe da yawa suna samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na likita [[Kan kanshi|akan kantuna]], ba tare da takardar sayan magani ba, kamar China, Indiya, da sauransu. <ref name="OSCOTC">{{Cite web |last=Oral Contraceptives Over-the-Counter Working Group |title=Global Oral Contraception Availability |url=https://ocsotc.org/wp-content/uploads/worldmap/worldmap.html |publisher=}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar magani (Kanada, yawancin Yammacin Turai, Amurka, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> Wasu ƙasashe suna buƙatar takardar sayan magani amma basu da hankali game da aiwatar da wannan buƙatun (Rasha, Brazil, da sauransu). <ref name="OSCOTC" /> === Samun damar wayar tarho === [[Telehealth]] ya haɗa da samun damar yin amfani da sabis na likita wanda mutum zai iya yi a gida, ba tare da kai-tsaye zuwa asibiti ko ofisoshin samarwa ba. Mutanen da suka yi amfani da rahoton kiwon lafiya na wayar tarho sun gamsu da damar da yake bayarwa ga ayyukan zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ireland S, Belton S, Doran F |date=March 2020 |title='I didn't feel judged': exploring women's access to telemedicine abortion in rural Australia |journal=Journal of Primary Health Care |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49–56 |doi=10.1071/HC19050 |pmid=32223850 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ehrenreich K, Kaller S, Raifman S, Grossman D |date=September 2019 |title=Women's Experiences Using Telemedicine to Attend Abortion Information Visits in Utah: A Qualitative Study |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=407–413 |doi=10.1016/j.whi.2019.04.009 |pmid=31109883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, waɗanda zasu iya buƙatar sabis ɗin (waɗanda ke kurkuku, ba a gida, ko kuma masu ƙarancin kuɗi) galibi ana hana su shiga. <ref name="vox03">{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2022 |title=The FDA made mail-order abortion pills legal. Access is still a nightmare. |url=https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/22968993/abortion-pills-mail-medication-fda-texas |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> === Clinic-zuwa asibiti === A cikin wannan ƙirar, mai bada sabis yana tattaunawa da majiyyaci da ke wani rukunin yanar gizo ta amfani da taron bidiyo na asibiti-zuwa asibiti don ba da zubar da ciki na magani. An gabatar da wannan ta [[Shirye-shiryen Iyaye|Planned Parenthood]] na Heartland a Iowa don ba da damar majiyyaci a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya don sadarwa ta ingantaccen bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya a wani wurin. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019">{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2019 |title=Improving Access to Abortion via Telehealth |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2019/05/improving-access-abortion-telehealth |access-date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> Wannan samfurin ya faɗaɗa zuwa wasu Shirye-shiryen Iyaye a cikin jihohi da yawa da sauran asibitocin da ke ba da kulawar zubar da ciki. <ref name="Guttmacher 2019" /> === Samun kai tsaye zuwa ga marasa lafiya === Tsarin kai tsaye-zuwa-haƙuri yana ba da damar zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da ziyarar asibiti ta cikin mutum ba. Maimakon ziyarar asibiti a cikin mutum, majiyyaci yana karɓar shawarwari da umarni daga mai ba da zubar da ciki ta hanyar taron bidiyo. Mara lafiya na iya kasancewa a kowane wuri, gami da gidansu. Ana aika magungunan da ake buƙata don zubar da ciki kai tsaye zuwa ga majiyyaci. Wannan samfuri ne, da ake kira TelAbortion ko rashin gwajin magani zubar da ciki (tsohon zubar da ciki na magani ba tare da taɓawa ba), wanda Ayyukan Lafiya na Gynuity ke gwadawa da yin nazari, tare da izini na musamman daga [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Telabortion Project |url=https://telabortion.org/about/ |access-date=April 26, 2020}}</ref> An nuna wannan samfurin yana da aminci, inganci, inganci, kuma mai gamsarwa.<ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raymond E, Chong E, Winikoff B, Platais I, Mary M, Lotarevich T, Castillo PW, Kaneshiro B, Tschann M, Fontanilla T, Baldwin M, Schnyer A, Coplon L, Mathieu N, Bednarek P, Keady M, Priegue E |date=September 2019 |title=TelAbortion: evaluation of a direct to patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States |journal=Contraception |volume=100 |issue=3 |pages=173–177 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2019.05.013 |pmid=31170384 |s2cid=174811252 |doi-access=}}</ref> <ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Upadhyay UD, Koenig LR, Meckstroth KR |date=August 2021 |title=Safety and Efficacy of Telehealth Medication Abortions in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=JAMA Network Open |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=e2122320 |doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22320 |pmc=8385590 |pmid=34427682}}</ref> Ana iya tabbatar da cikakkiyar zubar da ciki ta hanyar tantancewa ta wayar tarho. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen MJ, Rounds KM, Creinin MD, Cansino C, Hou MY |date=August 2016 |title=Comparing office and telephone follow-up after medical abortion |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d2753qm |journal=Contraception |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=122–126 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2016.04.007 |pmid=27101901 |s2cid=27825883}}</ref> === Tasirin COVID-19 === Cutar ta COVID-19 ta kalubalanci masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya a duk duniya wanda ya haifar da tasirin kai tsaye da kai tsaye kan samun lafiyar haihuwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neill R, Hasan MZ, Das P, Venugopal V, Jain N, Arora D, Gupta S |date=May 2021 |title=Evidence of integrated health service delivery during COVID-19 in low and lower-middle-income countries: protocol for a scoping review |journal=BMJ Open |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=e042872 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042872 |pmc=8098290 |pmid=33941625 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McDonnell S, McNamee E, Lindow SW, O'Connell MP |date=December 2020 |title=The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on maternity services: A review of maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during and after the pandemic |journal=European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology |volume=255 |pages=172–176 |doi=10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.023 |pmc=7550066 |pmid=33142263}}</ref> Babban raguwar samuwa da isar da mahimmancin kula da lafiyar jima'i, gami da zubar da ciki mai aminci, a tsakanin cutar ta COVID-19 ta haifar da karuwar rikice-rikice da asarar rayuka yayin daukar ciki. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Roberton T, Carter ED, Chou VB, Stegmuller AR, Jackson BD, Tam Y, Sawadogo-Lewis T, Walker N |date=July 2020 |title=Early estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study |journal=The Lancet. Global Health |volume=8 |issue=7 |pages=e901–e908 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30229-1 |pmc=7217645 |pmid=32405459}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Riley T, Sully E, Ahmed Z, Biddlecom A |date=April 2020 |title=Estimates of the Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Sexual and Reproductive Health In Low- and Middle-Income Countries |journal=International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=46 |pages=73–76 |doi=10.1363/46e9020 |jstor=10.1363/46e9020 |pmid=32343244 |s2cid=216595145}}</ref> Masu ciki sun nemi samun zubar da ciki na likita fiye da zubar da ciki na tiyata a lokacin bala'in, kuma sun gwammace ikon yin zubar da ciki na likita a gida ta hanyar sabis na kiwon lafiya. <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Qaderi K, Khodavirdilou R, Kalhor M, Behbahani BM, Keshavarz M, Bashtian MH, Dabir M, Irani M, Manouchehri E, Farahani MF, Mallah MA, Shamsabadi A |date=April 2023 |title=Abortion services during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=61 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01582-3 |pmc=10098996 |pmid=37055839 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}</ref> <ref name="Boydell 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boydell N, Reynolds-Wright JJ, Cameron ST, Harden J |date=October 2021 |title=Women's experiences of a telemedicine abortion service (up to 12 weeks) implemented during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: a qualitative evaluation |journal=BJOG |volume=128 |issue=11 |pages=1752–1761 |doi=10.1111/1471-0528.16813 |pmc=8441904 |pmid=34138505}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chong E, Shochet T, Raymond E, Platais I, Anger HA, Raidoo S, Soon R, Grant MS, Haskell S, Tocce K, Baldwin MK, Boraas CM, Bednarek PH, Banks J, Coplon L, Thompson F, Priegue E, Winikoff B |date=July 2021 |title=Expansion of a direct-to-patient telemedicine abortion service in the United States and experience during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Contraception |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=43–48 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2021.03.019 |pmc=9748604 |pmid=33781762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Aiken AR, Starling JE, Gomperts R, Tec M, Scott JG, Aiken CE |date=October 2020 |title=Demand for Self-Managed Online Telemedicine Abortion in the United States During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=136 |issue=4 |pages=835–837 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000004081 |pmc=7505141 |pmid=32701762}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Romanis EC, Parsons JA |date=December 2020 |title=Legal and policy responses to the delivery of abortion care during COVID-19 |journal=International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics |volume=151 |issue=3 |pages=479–486 |doi=10.1002/ijgo.13377 |pmc=9087790 |pmid=32931598}}</ref> <ref name="Reynolds-Wright etal 2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Reynolds-Wright JJ, Johnstone A, McCabe K, Evans E, Cameron S |date=October 2021 |title=Telemedicine medical abortion at home under 12 weeks' gestation: a prospective observational cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=246–251 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200976 |pmc=7868129 |pmid=33542062}}</ref> Bayanai sun nuna cewa karuwar amfani da telemedicine don ayyukan zubar da ciki a wannan lokacin ya kasance sakamakon tsoron COVID-19, rage ikon tafiya, umarnin zama a gida, babban ɓoyewa, da kwanciyar hankali na kulawar gida. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kaller S, Muñoz MG, Sharma S, Tayel S, Ahlbach C, Cook C, Upadhyay UD |date=2021 |title=Abortion service availability during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a national census of abortion facilities in the U.S |journal=Contraception |volume=3 |pages=100067 |doi=10.1016/j.conx.2021.100067 |pmc=8292833 |pmid=34308330}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Porter Erlank C, Lord J, Church K |date=October 2021 |title=Acceptability of no-test medical abortion provided via telemedicine during Covid-19: analysis of patient-reported outcomes |journal=BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1136/bmjsrh-2020-200954 |pmid=33602718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan bayanan sun goyi bayan aminci da inganci na sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth, kuma sun nuna karuwar bukatar sa. Tsanani da adadin rikice-rikice bayan sabis na zubar da ciki na telehealth ya yi ƙasa, yana kwatanta ƙimar rikicewar zubar da ciki na gabaɗaya, gami da waɗanda aka yi a cikin asibitoci ko wasu wuraren kiwon lafiya.<ref name="Upadhyay etal 2011" /> === Amurka === A cikin Amurka, kowane kantin magani na iya cika takardun magani na mifepristone - kan layi ko [[Brick-da-turmi|bulo-da-turmi]] - wanda ya sami takaddun shaida na musamman. <ref>{{Cite news |date=December 16, 2021 |title=FDA relaxes restrictions on abortion pill |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/12/16/1064951611/today-is-the-fda-s-deadline-to-complete-a-review-of-its-rules-for-abortion-pill |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> An aiwatar da wannan tsarin na ɗan lokaci a cikin Dec 2021, kuma [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna]] ta Amurka (FDA) ta kammala shi a cikin Janairu 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2023 |title=FDA finalizes rule expanding availability of abortion pills |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-01-03/fda-finalizes-rule-allowing-mail-order-abortion-pills |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-mifepristone-medical-termination-pregnancy-through-ten-weeks-gestation |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> Daga 2011 har zuwa 2021, ana buƙatar mace ta ziyarci [[mai ba da lafiya]] a cikin mutum (a asibiti ko ofis) kuma ta karɓi mifepristone kai tsaye daga mai badawa. <ref name="kff">{{Cite web |date=April 6, 2022 |title=The Availability and Use of Medication Abortion |url=https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-medication-abortion/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Kaiser Family Foundation}}</ref> FDA ta cire buƙatun ziyartar asibiti don karɓar maganin a cikin Disamba 2021, yayin [[Annobar COVID-19 a Amurka|bala'in COVID-19]] . A karkashin sabbin dokokin, ana iya samun takardar sayan magani ta hanyar wayar tarho (kiran waya ko taron bidiyo tare da mai ba da lafiya), sannan a cika shi a kowane kantin magani da aka tabbatar. <ref name="FDAQA">{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |title=Questions and Answers on Mifeprex |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/questions-and-answers-mifeprex |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="FDA mifepristone2">{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |publisher=U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA)}}</ref> <ref name="NYT 2020-04-282">{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2020 |title=Abortion by Telemedicine: A Growing Option as Access to Clinics Wanes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/28/health/telabortion-abortion-telemedicine.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Belluck P}}</ref> A lokaci guda FDA ta cire abin da ake buƙata don ziyarar cikin mutum, sun ƙara da buƙatu cewa rarraba magunguna su kasance "sharaɗi", wanda ke buƙatar kantin magani ya sami izini na musamman don ba da magungunan.{{Spaced en dash}}bukatu da FDA ta gindaya akan magunguna 40 kawai daga cikin fiye da 19,000 da take gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=May 3, 2022 |title=The Abortion Pill Is Safer Than Tylenol and Almost Impossible to Get |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2022-02-17/abortion-pill-mifepristone-is-safer-than-tylenol-and-almost-impossible-to-get |access-date=June 30, 2022 |work=Bloomberg |vauthors=Koons C}}</ref> Magani na biyu da ake amfani da shi wajen zubar da ciki na likita, misoprostol, an fi amfani da shi don magance ciwon ciki, kuma ba a taɓa fuskantar ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun mifepristone ba, kuma koyaushe ana samun su daga kantin magani tare da takardar sayan magani.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2024}} FDA ba ta ba da izinin yin amfani da mifepristone don zubar da ciki na likita ba bayan kwanaki 70, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba, waɗanda ke ba da izinin zubar da ciki na likita a cikin na biyu trimester har ma da na uku trimester.<ref name="FDAQA" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref> Wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokokin da suka hana masu samar da bincike bincikar mace ta hanyar wayar tarho ko taron bidiyo, maimakon haka suna buƙatar matar ta kai ziyarar kai tsaye ga mai ba da magani don samun takardar sayan magani. <ref name="CNN_TEN2">{{Cite news |date=May 6, 2022 |title=Governor signs bill criminalizing mail-in abortion drugs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/06/us/tennessee-abortion-pills-by-mail-bill/index.html |access-date=June 30, 2022 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Watts A}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> A yawancin jihohi, ana iya aikawa da magungunan zubar da ciki daga kantin magani ga majiyyaci ta hanyar wasiku, amma wasu jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakan, kuma suna buƙatar samun magungunan daga kantin magani ko mai badawa a cikin mutum.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wildschut H, Both MI, Medema S, Thomee E, Wildhagen MF, Kapp N |date=January 2011 |title=Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2011 |issue=1 |pages=CD005216 |doi=10.1002/14651858.cd005216.pub2 |pmc=8557267 |pmid=21249669}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 7, 2022 |title=Mail-order abortion pills become next US reproductive rights battleground |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/apr/07/us-mail-order-abortions-oklahoma |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |vauthors=Matei A}}</ref> [[Fayil:2022.06.24_Roe_v_Wade_Overturned_-_SCOTUS,_Washington,_DC_USA_175_143208_(52170905969).jpg|thumb|Amincewa da Hoto: Ted Eytan - 2022.06.24 Roe v Wade Ya Juye - SCOTUS, Washington, DC Amurka 175 143208.]] Sha'awar magungunan zubar da ciki a Amurka ta kai matsayi mafi girma a cikin 2022, bayan da [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yi watsi da daftarin ''[[Dobbs v. Kungiyar Lafiya ta Mata ta Jackson|Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organisation]]'' wanda zai soke hukuncin ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'' na 1973 ta yanar gizo. <ref name="poliak">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Poliak A, Satybaldiyeva N, Strathdee SA, Leas EC, Rao R, Smith D, Ayers JW |date=September 2022 |title=Internet Searches for Abortion Medications Following the Leaked Supreme Court of the United States Draft Ruling |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=182 |issue=9 |pages=1002–1004 |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2998 |pmc=9244771 |pmid=35767270}}</ref> Sha'awa ta kasance mafi girma a jihohin da ke da ƙarin hani kan samun zubar da ciki. <ref name="poliak" /> Masu fafutukar [[Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki|zabar zabi]] a Amurka sun binciko hanyoyin da za a samar da zubar da ciki na likita, musamman a jihohin da ke da iyaka, tare da amfani da albarkatun [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin watsa labarun]] don wannan dalili. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2022 |title=The Future of Abortion in a Post-Roe America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/roe-v-wade-overturn-abortion-rights/629366/ |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=The activists championing DIY abortions for a post-Roe v Wade world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/07/abortion-pill-at-home-activists-future-roe-v-wade |access-date=June 30, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2022 |title=Need help getting an abortion? Social media flooded with resources after Roe reversal |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2022/06/28/supreme-court-roe-abortion-help-funds-instagram-tiktok/7728639001/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossi P, O'Connor D |date=2023 |title=FDA preemption of conflicting state drug regulation and the looming battle over abortion medications |journal=Journal of Law and the Biosciences |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=lsad005 |doi=10.1093/jlb/lsad005 |pmc=10017072 |pmid=36938304 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dangane da takunkumin zubar da ciki da wasu jihohi suka sanya bayan hukuncin Dobbs na shari'a, kungiyoyi da yawa da ke ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na sadarwa da suka shafi zubar da ciki na likita, irin su [[Shirin C|Plan C]] da [[Hai Jane|Hey Jane]], sun ga karuwar tambayoyi da amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baker CN |date=August 2023 |title=History and Politics of Medication Abortion in the United States and the Rise of Telemedicine and Self-Managed Abortion |journal=Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=485–510 |doi=10.1215/03616878-10449941 |pmid=36693178}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jenkins J, Woodside F, Lipinsky K, Simmonds K, Coplon L |date=November 2021 |title=Abortion With Pills: Review of Current Options in The United States |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=749–757 |doi=10.1111/jmwh.13291 |pmid=34699129}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Howard S, Krishna G |date=October 2022 |title=How the US scrapping of Roe v Wade threatens the global medical abortion revolution |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=379 |issue= |pages=o2349 |doi=10.1136/bmj.o2349 |pmid=36261168}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2023 |title=Insurers Are Starting to Cover Telehealth Abortion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/18/upshot/abortion-pills-telehealth-insurance.html |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A Texas Republican Wants to Ban People From Reading About How to Get an Abortion Online |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/03/texas-abortion-websites-ban |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, Gwamna [[Mark Gordon]] na Wyoming ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da ta haramta amfani da kwayoyin zubar da ciki a cikin jihar, wanda ya zama jihar Amurka ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki daban-daban daga hana duk ayyukan zubar da ciki. Sabuwar dokar, wacce ta fara aiki a watan Yuli 2023, ta haramta "rubutun magani, rarrabawa, rarrabawa, siyarwa, ko amfani da kowane magani" don samun ko zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SF0109 - Prohibiting chemical abortions. |url=https://www.wyoleg.gov/Legislation/2023/SF0109 |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Wyoming Legislature}}</ref> Wadanda suka karya doka, ban da mai juna biyu, ana iya tuhumar su da aikata wani laifi kuma za su iya fuskantar tarar dala 9,000 da kuma daurin watanni shida a gidan yari.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 18, 2023 |title=Wyoming Becomes First State to Outlaw Abortion Pills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/17/us/wyoming-abortion-pills-ban.html |access-date=March 18, 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |vauthors=Chen DW, Belluck P}}</ref> Wasu jihohi goma sha hudu sun kafa dokar hana zubar da ciki bargo da suka hada da zubar da ciki na likitanci, duk da haka, kuma jihohi goma sha biyar sun riga sun takaita amfani da wadannan magunguna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Medication Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/medication-abortion |access-date=February 1, 2024 |publisher=Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin Maris 2024, wasu manyan sarƙoƙi na kantin magani, irin su [[CVS Pharmacy|CVS]] da [[Walgreens]], sun karɓi takaddun shaida daga FDA don ba da mifepristone kuma suna shirin ba da shi don siyarwa a cikin jihohin da ke da doka. <ref name="CNN 20240301">{{cite news |date=1 March 2024 |title=CVS, Walgreens say they'll start dispensing abortion pill mifepristone |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/health/cvs-walgreens-to-dispense-abortion-pill-mifepristone/index.html |access-date=3 April 2024 |publisher=CNN |vauthors=Tirrell M, Carvajal N}}</ref> A cikin waɗancan jihohin, matan da ke neman zubar da ciki za su ziyarci ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya don samun takardar magani, amma za su iya siyan maganin a wani kantin magani da aka ƙware, maimakon buƙatar jiki ta karɓi ta kai tsaye daga asibiti, asibiti, ko kiwon lafiya. mai bayarwa. <ref name="CNN 20240301" /> == Al'umma da al'adu == Hukumar ta WHO ta tabbatar da cewa ya kamata dokoki da manufofi su goyi bayan samun damar mutane don samun kulawar da aka amince da su ta hanyar shaida, gami da zubar da ciki. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medical management of abortion|publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|year=2018|isbn=978-9241550406|pages=24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2019 |title=Human Rights and Health |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-rights-and-health |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)}}</ref> === Rigimar "juyawa". === Wasu kungiyoyin [[Motsin hana zubar da ciki|hana zubar da ciki]] suna da'awar cewa marasa lafiya da suka canza ra'ayinsu game da zubar da ciki bayan shan mifepristone na iya "juya" zubar da ciki ta hanyar gudanar da progesterone (kuma ba gudanar da misoprostol ba). <ref>{{cite news |date=April 4, 2018 |title=As controversial 'abortion reversal' laws increase, researcher says new data shows protocol can work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/04/03/as-controversial-abortion-reversal-laws-multiply-researcher-says-new-data-shows-it-can-work-critics-are-still-skeptical/ |access-date=April 23, 2018 |vauthors=Cha AE}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=California Board of Nursing Sanctions Unproven Abortion 'Reversal' (Updated) - Rewire |url=https://rewire.news/article/2017/08/17/california-board-nursing-sanctions-unproven-abortion-reversal/ |access-date=November 23, 2017 |work=Rewire}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2022, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja ta kimiyya cewa za a iya juya tasirin mifepristone ta wannan hanyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bhatti KZ, Nguyen AT, Stuart GS |date=March 2018 |title=Medical abortion reversal: science and politics meet |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=218 |issue=3 |pages=315.e1–315.e6 |doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.555 |pmid=29141197 |s2cid=205373684}}</ref> <ref name="NPR 2019-12-052">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grossman D, White K, Harris L, Reeves M, Blumenthal PD, Winikoff B, Grimes DA |date=September 2015 |title=Continuing pregnancy after mifepristone and "reversal" of first-trimester medical abortion: a systematic review |journal=Contraception |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages=206–211 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2015.06.001 |pmid=26057457}}</ref> Duk da haka, jihohi da yawa a Amurka suna buƙatar masu samar da zubar da ciki ba na tiyata ba waɗanda ke amfani da mifepristone don gaya wa marasa lafiya cewa juyawa zaɓi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2016 |title=Counseling and Waiting Periods for Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/state-policy/explore/counseling-and-waiting-periods-abortion |publisher=The Guttmacher Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2019, masu bincike sun ƙaddamar da ƙaramin gwaji na abin da ake kira tsarin "juyawa" ta amfani da mifepristone wanda ke biye da progesterone ko placebo. <ref>{{Cite news |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Controversial 'Abortion Reversal' Regimen is Put to the Test |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/03/22/688783130/controversial-abortion-reversal-regimen-is-put-to-the-test |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2019 |title=There's no proof "abortion reversals" are real. This study could end the debate |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/j5wqqp/theres-no-proof-abortion-reversals-are-real-this-study-could-end-the-debate |website=Vice}}</ref> An dakatar da binciken ne bayan da mata 12 suka yi rajista sannan uku sun samu mummunan zubar jini a cikin farji. Sakamakon ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani game da amfani da mifepristone ba tare da bin misoprostol ba. <ref name="NPR 2019-12-05">{{Cite news |date=December 5, 2019 |title=Safety Problems Lead To Early End For Study Of 'Abortion Pill Reversal' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2019/12/05/785262221/safety-problems-lead-to-early-end-for-study-of-abortion-pill-reversal |access-date=December 6, 2019 |newspaper=NPR |vauthors=Gordon M}}</ref> === Ilimin tattalin arziki === A cikin Amurka, a cikin 2009, farashin da aka caje don zubar da ciki na likita har zuwa makonni tara na ciki shine {{US$|490}}, kashi huɗu sama da $470 na al'ada da ake cajin [[zubar da ciki]] a cikin makonni goma. <ref name="Jones 2011">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jones RK, Kooistra K |date=March 2011 |title=Abortion incidence and access to services in the United States, 2008 |journal=Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=41–50 |doi=10.1363/4304111 |pmid=21388504 |s2cid=2045184}}</ref> A Amurka, a cikin 2008, kashi 57% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun biya su [[Kudin aljihu|daga aljihu]] .<ref name="Jones 2011" /> A cikin Afrilu 2013, gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta fara aikin tantancewa don yanke shawarar ko za a lissafta mifepristone (RU486) da misoprostol akan [[Tsarin Amfanin Magunguna]] na ƙasar (PBS). <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2013 |title=Abortion drugs closer to being subsidised but some states still lag |url=http://theconversation.com/abortion-drugs-closer-to-being-subsidised-but-some-states-still-lag-13772 |access-date=April 29, 2013 |website=[[The Conversation Australia]]}}</ref> A cikin Yuni 2013, [[Ministan lafiya na Australia|Ministan Lafiya na Ostiraliya]] ya sanar da cewa Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta amince da jerin sunayen mifepristone da misoprostol akan PBS don ƙarewar likita a farkon ciki daidai da shawarar [[Kwamitin Shawarar Amfanin Magunguna|Kwamitin Shawarwari na Amfanin Magunguna]] . <ref name="PBS">{{Cite web |title=March 2013 PBAC Outcomes - Positive Recommendations |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/info/industry/listing/elements/pbac-meetings/pbac-outcomes/2013-03/positive-recommendations |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> Lissafi akan PBS sun fara a watan Agusta 2013. <ref name="RADAR">{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Mifepristone (Mifepristone Linepharma) followed by misoprostol (GyMiso) for medical termination of pregnancy of up to 49 days' gestation |url=https://www.nps.org.au/radar/articles/mifepristone-mifepristone-linepharma-followed-by-misoprostol-gy-miso-for-medical-termination-of-pregnancy-of-up-to-49-days-gestation |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=RADAR Review |publisher=National Prescribing Service (NPS) MedicineWise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) |url=https://www.pbs.gov.au/medicine/item/10211K |access-date=June 14, 2023 |publisher=Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care}}</ref> == Manazarta == 53ktjfrtbb419jd4vw1awuts3im3cq5 Trojan Horse (Komputa) 0 83395 539561 516726 2024-11-10T20:36:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 539561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Kwayar Virus ta Trojan Horse== '''Trojan Horse''' ( ko kuma ace Dokin Trojan) wani nau'in malware ne na virus wanda ke bayyana a matsayin halaltaccen shiri(application ko software) domin yaudarar masu amfani da shi don saukewa da shigar da shi a kan kwamfutocin su. Da zarar an shigar da shi(Installing), Dokin Trojan na iya yin munanan ayyuka, kamar: Satar bayanai masu mahimmanci, Kula da ayyukan mai amfani, Samun damar da wani zai iya shiga da kutse wa kwamfuta ta bayan gida(wato Backdoor) daga nesa ba tare da izini ba. Trojans sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan malware, kamar virus da kuma worms, saboda ba sa yin kwafin kansu. Madadin haka, sun dogara da dabarun injiniyancin zamantakewa (Social Engineering) da hulɗar masu amfani don yadawa. Misali, ana iya ɓoye Trojans a haɗe-haɗe na sakon imel, sabunta software na karya, tallace-tallacen banner, tallace-tallacen faji na yanar gizo, ko hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo. === Wasu alamun da ke nuna cewa kwamfutarka na iya samun dokin Trojan sun haɗa da:=== # Canje-canje ga allon kwamfutar, kamar canza launi ko ƙuduri, ko allon kifewa. # Yawan tallan da ya wuce kima waɗanda ke ba da mafita ga kurakurai. # Mouse yana motsi da kansa ko daskarewa, ko maɓallan linzamin kwamfuta suna juyawa. # Canje-canje ga shafin farko na mai lilo, ko mai binciken yana ci gaba da tura mai amfani zuwa wani gidan yanar gizo na daban. ==Halaiya ta Dokin Trojan== Da zarar an shigar, Trojans na iya yin ayyuka da yawa na mugunta. Mutane da yawa sukan tuntuɓar ɗaya ko fiye [[Botnet#Command and Control|Command and Control]] (C2) sabobin a cikin Intanet kuma suna jiran umarni. Tun da Trojans ɗaya kan yi amfani da takamaiman saitin tashar jiragen ruwa don wannan sadarwar, yana iya zama mai sauƙi don gano su. Bugu da ƙari, wasu malware na iya yuwuwar "ƙara" Trojan, ta yin amfani da shi azaman wakili don aikin ɓarna. <ref>{{cite report | last1=Crapanzano |first1=Jamie |title=Yanke SubSeven, Trojan Dokin Zabi http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/malicious/deconstructing_subseven_the_trojan_horse_of_choice_953}}</ref> ==Manazarta== <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/information/story/what-is-sova-virus-2001017-2022-09-16 |title=What is Sova virus? |website=India Today}}</ref> * [[Shedun]] Android malware – 2015 (discovered)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/19/shedun-trojanized-adware/ |title=Trojanized adware family abuses accessibility service to install whatever apps it wants – Lookout Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Neal |first1=Dave |title=Shedun trojan adware is hitting the Android Accessibility Service |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |website=[[The Inquirer]] |publisher=Incisive Business Media |access-date=2020-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122002729/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |archive-date=2015-11-22 |date=2015-11-20 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |title=Lookout discovers new trojanized adware; 20K popular apps caught in the crossfire – Lookout Blog |access-date=2024-08-25 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042903/https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://betanews.com/2015/11/05/shuanet-shiftybug-and-shedun-malware-could-auto-root-your-android/ |title=Shuanet, ShiftyBug and Shedun malware could auto-root your Android |date=November 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/104373/20151109/new-family-of-android-malware-virtually-impossible-to-remove-say-hello-to-shedun-shuanet-and-shiftybug.htm |title=New Family of Android Malware Virtually Impossible To Remove: Say Hello To Shedun, Shuanet And ShiftyBug |first=Tech |last=Times |date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> 0d4divc0l7swxmx4eo9pspjp06xddq2 539562 539561 2024-11-10T20:37:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 539562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Kwayar Virus ta Trojan Horse== '''Trojan Horse''' ( ko kuma ace Dokin Trojan) wani nau'in malware ne na kwayar virus wanda ke bayyana a matsayin halaltaccen shiri(application ko software) domin yaudarar masu amfani da shi don saukewa da shigar da shi a kan kwamfutocin su. Da zarar an shigar da shi(Installing), Dokin Trojan na iya yin munanan ayyuka, kamar: Satar bayanai masu mahimmanci, Kula da ayyukan mai amfani, Samun damar da wani zai iya shiga da kutse wa kwamfuta ta bayan gida(wato Backdoor) daga nesa ba tare da izini ba. Trojans sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan malware, kamar virus da kuma worms, saboda ba sa yin kwafin kansu. Madadin haka, sun dogara da dabarun injiniyancin zamantakewa (Social Engineering) da hulɗar masu amfani don yadawa. Misali, ana iya ɓoye Trojans a haɗe-haɗe na sakon imel, sabunta software na karya, tallace-tallacen banner, tallace-tallacen faji na yanar gizo, ko hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo. === Wasu alamun da ke nuna cewa kwamfutarka na iya samun dokin Trojan sun haɗa da:=== # Canje-canje ga allon kwamfutar, kamar canza launi ko ƙuduri, ko allon kifewa. # Yawan tallan da ya wuce kima waɗanda ke ba da mafita ga kurakurai. # Mouse yana motsi da kansa ko daskarewa, ko maɓallan linzamin kwamfuta suna juyawa. # Canje-canje ga shafin farko na mai lilo, ko mai binciken yana ci gaba da tura mai amfani zuwa wani gidan yanar gizo na daban. ==Halaiya ta Dokin Trojan== Da zarar an shigar, Trojans na iya yin ayyuka da yawa na mugunta. Mutane da yawa sukan tuntuɓar ɗaya ko fiye [[Botnet#Command and Control|Command and Control]] (C2) sabobin a cikin Intanet kuma suna jiran umarni. Tun da Trojans ɗaya kan yi amfani da takamaiman saitin tashar jiragen ruwa don wannan sadarwar, yana iya zama mai sauƙi don gano su. Bugu da ƙari, wasu malware na iya yuwuwar "ƙara" Trojan, ta yin amfani da shi azaman wakili don aikin ɓarna. <ref>{{cite report | last1=Crapanzano |first1=Jamie |title=Yanke SubSeven, Trojan Dokin Zabi http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/malicious/deconstructing_subseven_the_trojan_horse_of_choice_953}}</ref> ==Manazarta== <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/information/story/what-is-sova-virus-2001017-2022-09-16 |title=What is Sova virus? |website=India Today}}</ref> * [[Shedun]] Android malware – 2015 (discovered)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/19/shedun-trojanized-adware/ |title=Trojanized adware family abuses accessibility service to install whatever apps it wants – Lookout Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Neal |first1=Dave |title=Shedun trojan adware is hitting the Android Accessibility Service |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |website=[[The Inquirer]] |publisher=Incisive Business Media |access-date=2020-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122002729/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |archive-date=2015-11-22 |date=2015-11-20 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |title=Lookout discovers new trojanized adware; 20K popular apps caught in the crossfire – Lookout Blog |access-date=2024-08-25 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042903/https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://betanews.com/2015/11/05/shuanet-shiftybug-and-shedun-malware-could-auto-root-your-android/ |title=Shuanet, ShiftyBug and Shedun malware could auto-root your Android |date=November 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/104373/20151109/new-family-of-android-malware-virtually-impossible-to-remove-say-hello-to-shedun-shuanet-and-shiftybug.htm |title=New Family of Android Malware Virtually Impossible To Remove: Say Hello To Shedun, Shuanet And ShiftyBug |first=Tech |last=Times |date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> 2wspsh8t2h6mbs1zzwlqyv28ub1svly 539563 539562 2024-11-10T20:40:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 539563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Kwayar Virus ta Trojan Horse== '''Trojan Horse''' ( ko kuma ace Dokin Trojan) wani nau'in malware ne na kwayar virus wanda ke bayyana a matsayin halaltaccen shiri(application ko software) domin yaudarar masu amfani da shi don saukewa da shigar da shi a kan kwamfutocin su. Da zarar an shigar da shi(Installing), Dokin Trojan na iya yin munanan ayyuka, kamar: Satar bayanai masu mahimmanci, Kula da ayyukan mai amfani, Samun damar da wani zai iya shiga da kutse wa kwamfuta ta bayan gida(wato Backdoor) daga nesa ba tare da izini ba. Trojans sun bambanta da sauran nau'ikan malware, kamar virus da kuma worms, saboda ba sa yin kwafin kansu. Madadin haka, sun dogara da dabarun injiniyancin zamantakewa (Social Engineering) da hulɗar masu amfani don yadawa. Misali, ana iya ɓoye Trojans a haɗe-haɗe na sakon imel, sabunta software na karya, tallace-tallacen banner, tallace-tallacen faji na yanar gizo, ko hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo. === Wasu alamun da ke nuna cewa kwamfutarka na iya samun dokin Trojan sun haɗa da:=== # Canje-canje ga allon kwamfutar, kamar canza launi ko ƙuduri, ko allon kifewa. # Yawan tallan da ya wuce kima waɗanda ke ba da mafita ga kurakurai. # Mouse yana motsi da kansa ko daskarewa, ko maɓallan linzamin kwamfuta suna juyawa. # Canje-canje ga shafin farko na mai lilo, ko mai binciken yana ci gaba da tura mai amfani zuwa wani gidan yanar gizo na daban. ==Halaiya ta Dokin Trojan== Da zarar an shigar, Trojans na iya yin ayyuka da yawa na mugunta. Mutane da yawa sukan tuntuɓar ɗaya ko fiye [[Botnet#Command and Control|Command and Control]] (C2) sabobin a cikin Intanet kuma suna jiran samun umarni. Tun da Trojans ɗaya kan yi amfani da takamaiman saitin tashar jiragen ruwa don wannan sadarwar, yana iya zama mai sauƙi don gano su. Bugu da ƙari, wasu malware na iya yuwuwar "ƙara" Trojan, ta yin amfani da shi azaman wakili don aikin ɓarna. <ref>{{cite report | last1=Crapanzano |first1=Jamie |title=Yanke SubSeven, Trojan Dokin Zabi http://www.sans.org/reading_room/whitepapers/malicious/deconstructing_subseven_the_trojan_horse_of_choice_953}}</ref> ==Manazarta== <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/information/story/what-is-sova-virus-2001017-2022-09-16 |title=What is Sova virus? |website=India Today}}</ref> * [[Shedun]] Android malware – 2015 (discovered)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/19/shedun-trojanized-adware/ |title=Trojanized adware family abuses accessibility service to install whatever apps it wants – Lookout Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Neal |first1=Dave |title=Shedun trojan adware is hitting the Android Accessibility Service |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |website=[[The Inquirer]] |publisher=Incisive Business Media |access-date=2020-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122002729/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2435721/shedun-trojan-adware-is-hitting-the-android-accessibility-service |archive-date=2015-11-22 |date=2015-11-20 |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |title=Lookout discovers new trojanized adware; 20K popular apps caught in the crossfire – Lookout Blog |access-date=2024-08-25 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219042903/https://blog.lookout.com/blog/2015/11/04/trojanized-adware/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://betanews.com/2015/11/05/shuanet-shiftybug-and-shedun-malware-could-auto-root-your-android/ |title=Shuanet, ShiftyBug and Shedun malware could auto-root your Android |date=November 5, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.techtimes.com/articles/104373/20151109/new-family-of-android-malware-virtually-impossible-to-remove-say-hello-to-shedun-shuanet-and-shiftybug.htm |title=New Family of Android Malware Virtually Impossible To Remove: Say Hello To Shedun, Shuanet And ShiftyBug |first=Tech |last=Times |date=November 9, 2015}}</ref> 2qbspm67wub4t3pd6b2uxi0k7hz3fvv Kayode Sofola 0 83538 539560 516219 2024-11-10T20:35:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 539560 wikitext text/x-wiki Mrs. Kayode Sofola, wata babbar lauya ce a kasar Nigeria wanda ta samu lambar SAN, kuma ita tsohuwar shugabar bankin gamaryar banki na yankin Afrika (UBA) 242l02avtyvtsvu6rnlf3ca8xa4y9yx Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum 0 83699 539559 519889 2024-11-10T20:34:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 539559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ahmad Tijjani Guruntum Malami ne dake a kasar Najeriya wanda yake fatawarsa tafi maida hankali akan abinda ya shafi tarbiyya. i3v3masu63kr5d7lo7vk7cg4s9t0m7o Sa'idu Haruna Hassan 0 83700 539557 519888 2024-11-10T20:34:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 539557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sa'idu Haruna Hassan''' Fitaccen Malamin [[Musulunci|Addinin Musulunci]] ne kuma alaramma wanda shi ne ya yiwa marigayi [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam|Sheikh Jaafar]] jan baki a lokacin tafsirin cikin azumin watan Ramadan, wanda yake gabatarwa a garin Maiduguri.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-61743646|date =10 June 2022|publisher= BBC Hausa|title=Ku San malamanku tare da Sheikh Sa'id Haruna Hassan, mai jan baƙin Sheikh Ja'afar |accessdate = 31 August 2024}}</ref> == Karatu == Sheikh Haruna Sa'idu yayi karatu gurin Malamai da dama a cikin garin [[Kano]] da [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-61743646|date =10 June 2022|publisher= BBC Hausa|title=Ku San malamanku tare da Sheikh Sa'id Haruna Hassan, mai jan baƙin Sheikh Ja'afar |accessdate = 31 August 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 2o5rkdnsg3qawe59fhlgpzkz7altxf1 539558 539557 2024-11-10T20:34:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 539558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sa'idu Haruna Hassan''' Fitaccen Malamin [[Musulunci|Addinin Musulunci]] ne kuma alaramma wanda shi ne ya yiwa marigayi [[Ja'afar Mahmud Adam|Sheikh Jaafar]] jan baki a lokacin tafsirin cikin azumin watan Ramadan, wanda yake gabatarwa a garin Maiduguri.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-61743646|date =10 June 2022|publisher= BBC Hausa|title=Ku San malamanku tare da Sheikh Sa'id Haruna Hassan, mai jan baƙin Sheikh Ja'afar |accessdate = 31 August 2024}}</ref> == Karatu == Sheikh Haruna Sa'idu yayi karatu gurin Malamai da dama a cikin garin [[Kano]] da kuma garin [[Maiduguri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-61743646|date =10 June 2022|publisher= BBC Hausa|title=Ku San malamanku tare da Sheikh Sa'id Haruna Hassan, mai jan baƙin Sheikh Ja'afar |accessdate = 31 August 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} kp75wjro4bm7n9ncir9wvylrqvkq76l Alƙali Abubakar Salihu Zaria 0 83709 539556 519887 2024-11-10T20:33:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 539556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Salihu Zariya''' wanda aka fi sani da Alƙali Zariya babban Malamin [[Addinin Musulunci]] ne, (An haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1980) a unguwar Tudun Wada cikin birnin [[Zariya]] a [[Jihar Kaduna]].<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c1d73xp3380o.amp</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Alƙali Abubakar Salihu Zariya a unguwar Tudun Wada cikin birnin Zariya a [[Jihar Kaduna]]. Ya fara karatu a makarantar Isah Abdulkarim Nursery and Primary School, kafin ya samu shaidar digirin sa ta farko a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] inda ya karanta fannin Addinin Musulunci (Islamic Studies). Cikin Malaman da ya yi karatu a hannusu, akwai mahaifinsa da Mallam Umar a Tudun Wadan Zariya da Mallam Aminu Adam Nepu, masanin Fikihu da Nahawu, akwai Mallam Mai Bala'i Gyallesu da Mallam Shu'aibu Salihu Zariya. == Manazarta == pzl0vzdo4gi40v7tvc4y2zmgsz0p07x Yusuf Sambo 0 83749 539554 519886 2024-11-10T20:32:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 539554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sheikh Yusuf Muhammad Sambo Rigachikun,''' yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Najeriya, mazaunin jihar Kaduna. An haifi fitaccen malamin a garin Tsibiri cikin ƙaramar hukumar Giwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c0vrq91rdp7o.amp</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sheikh Sambo Rigachikun ya ce ya koma Zariya ne sanadin gidan jaridar Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo. Daga cikin manyan malaman da ya yi karatu a wajen su akwai Mallam Chado Funtua da Mallam Alu na Rimin Tsiwa da Mallam Adamu da ke Unguwar Ƙofar Doka da marigayi Sheikh Abubakar Muhmud Gumi. == Manazarta == dk5pwrn88w3oupbjmcneco323b2e328 539555 539554 2024-11-10T20:32:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 539555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sheikh Yusuf Muhammad Sambo Rigachikun,''' yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Musulunci a ƙasar Najeriya, mazaunin jihar Kaduna. An haifi fitaccen malamin a garin Tsibiri cikin ƙaramar hukumar Giwa.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c0vrq91rdp7o.amp</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Sheikh Sambo Rigachikun ya ce ya koma garin Zariya ne sanadin gidan jaridar Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo. Daga cikin manyan malaman da ya yi karatu a wajen su akwai Mallam Chado Funtua da Mallam Alu na Rimin Tsiwa da Mallam Adamu da ke Unguwar Ƙofar Doka da marigayi Sheikh Abubakar Muhmud Gumi. == Manazarta == nel8xqrwdv5fua06ah708a641dbxs7i Allurar rigakafin subunit 0 83823 539553 521572 2024-11-10T20:31:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 539553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''allurar rigakafi''' Ta kasance wata allurar rigakafi ce da ke dauke da sassan da aka tsarkake na pathogenic waɗanda ke da antigenic, ko kuma ya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai kariya.<ref name="WHO-e-learning">{{Cite web |title=Module 2 - Subunit vaccines |url=https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808211206/https://vaccine-safety-training.org/subunit-vaccines.html |archive-date=2021-08-08 |website=WHO Vaccine Safety Basics e-learning course}}</ref><ref name="GAVI-subunit">{{Cite web |title=What are protein subunit vaccines and how could they be used against COVID-19? |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-protein-subunit-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817135400/https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/what-are-protein-subunit-vaccines-and-how-could-they-be-used-against-covid-19 |archive-date=2021-08-17 |publisher=[[GAVI]]}}</ref> Ana iya yin allurar rigakafi daga ƙwayoyin cuta masu banbanci a cikin al'adun tantanin halitta ko bayyanar DNA mai haɗuwa, a wannan yanayin allurar rigakafin ce mai haɗuwa.<ref name="Francis2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Francis MJ |date=March 2018 |title=Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies |journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice |series=Vaccines and Immunology |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=231–241 |doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002 |pmc=7132473 |pmid=29217317}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin "subunit" ba ta ƙunshe da dukkan pathogen, ba kamar allurar rigakafi mai rai ba ko inactivated, amma ta ƙunshi sassan antigenic kamar sunadarai, polysaccharides <ref name="WHO-e-learning" /> ko [[peptide]].<ref name="GAVI-subunit" /><ref name="subunit vaccines2">{{cite book|vauthors=Lidder P, Sonnino A|title=Biotechnologies for the Management of Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture|series=Advances in Genetics|volume=78|pages=1–167|date=2012|pmid=22980921|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-394394-1.00001-8|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780123943941}}</ref> Saboda allurar rigakafin ba ta dauke da abubuwan da ke dauke da cutar "rayuwa", babu hadarin gabatar da cutar, kuma tana da aminci kuma ta fi kwanciyar hankali fiye da allurar rigakawa da ke dauke dauke da dukkan cututtukan.<ref name="WHO-e-learning" />Sauran fa'idodi sun haɗa da kasancewa da fasaha mai kyau da kuma dacewa da mutane masu fama da rigakafi.<ref name="GAVI-subunit" /> Rashin fa'idodi sun haɗa da kasancewa mai rikitarwa don ƙerawa idan aka kwatanta da wasu allurar rigakafi, mai yiwuwa yana buƙatar adjuvants da harbe-harbe, da kuma buƙatar lokaci don bincika wane haɗin antigenic zai iya aiki mafi kyau.<ref name="GAVI-subunit" /> An samar da allurar rigakafin farko a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 don kare mutane daga [[Hepatitis B]]. Sauran allurar rigakanin da aka ba da lasisi sun haɗa da Engerix-B (hepatitis B), Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus), Flublok (influenza), Shingrix ([[Shingles|Herpes zoster]]) da Nuvaxovid (Cutar coronavirus 2019).<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Gardasil 9 (Human Papillomavirus 9-valent Vaccine, Recombinant) |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/90064/download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829050731/https://www.fda.gov/media/90064/download |archive-date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Flublok Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine) |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/123144/download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326004112/https://www.fda.gov/media/123144/download |archive-date=2023-03-26 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Shingrix (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted) |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/108597/download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702225349/https://www.fda.gov/media/108597/download |archive-date=2023-07-02 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Nuvaxovid dispersion for injection,COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/nuvaxovid-epar-product-information_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817161517/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/nuvaxovid-epar-product-information_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-17 |access-date=2023-04-02}}</ref> Bayan [[Allura|allurar]], antigens suna haifar da samar da takamaiman [[Rashin lafiya|antibodies]], waɗanda ke da alhakin ganewa da kuma kawar da abubuwa na kasashen waje. Abubuwan asali na allurar rigakafin recombinant sun haɗa da subunits recombinant, adjuvants da masu dauke da su. Bugu da ƙari, allurar rigakafi recombinant sune sanannun 'yan takara don ci gaban allurar rigakawa akan Cututtukan cututtuka (misali [[Tibi|tarin fuka]], [[Zazzabin Dengue|dengue]] ) <ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mascola JR, Fauci AS |date=February 2020 |title=Novel vaccine technologies for the 21st century |journal=Nature Reviews. Immunology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=87–88 |doi=10.1038/s41577-019-0243-3 |pmc=7222935 |pmid=31712767}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A |date=2018-08-23 |title=Recent Developments in Recombinant Protein-Based Dengue Vaccines |journal=Frontiers in Immunology |volume=9 |pages=1919 |doi=10.3389/fimmu.2018.01919 |pmc=6115509 |pmid=30190720 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana ɗaukar allurar rigakafin recombinant a matsayin mai aminci don allura. Hanyoyin sakamako masu illa sun bambanta dangane da takamaiman nau'in allurar rigakafi da ake gudanarwa. Ƙananan sakamako masu illa sun haɗa da ciwo na allurar allura, zazzabi, da [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]], da kuma mummunan sakamako masu illa suna kunshe da anaphylaxis da yiwuwar mummunan rashin lafiyan. Har ila yau, ƙayyadaddun allurar rigakafi ne; ba a ba da shawarar su ga mutanen da ke da tarihin anaphylaxis na baya ga kowane bangare na allurar rigakawa. Ya kamata a nemi shawara daga ƙwararrun likitoci kafin a sami allurar rigakafi. == Bincike == Magungunan rigakafin farko da aka tabbatar da su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje na asibiti a kan mutane shine allurar rigakafin hepatitis B, wanda ke dauke da antigens na kwayar cutar hepatitis B kanta daga marasa lafiya da suka kamu da cutar kuma an daidaita shi da sabuwar fasahar da aka bunkasa don inganta amincin allurar rigakawa da kuma kawar da yiwuwar gurɓata ta hanyar mutanen plasma.<ref name="Cuffari_20222">{{cite news |date=2022 |title=What is a Subunit Vaccine? |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-a-Subunit-Vaccine.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525050646/https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-a-Subunit-Vaccine.aspx |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2023-01-12 |publisher=News medical lifesciences |vauthors=Cuffari B}}</ref> == Hanyar aiki == Allurar rigakafin subunit tana dauke da raguwa na pathogen, kamar furotin ko polysaccharide, wanda aka zaba haɗuwa da hankali don haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi da tasiri.Saboda tsarin rigakafi yana hulɗa tare da pathogen a cikin iyakantaccen hanya, haɗarin sakamako masu illa kaɗan ne.<ref name="GAVI-subunit" />Magungunan rigakafi masu inganci zasu haifar da amsawar rigakafi ga antigens kuma su samar da ƙwaƙwalwar rigakafin da ke ba da damar ganewar cututtukan da sauri ga kamuwa da cuta a nan gaba.<ref name="WHO-e-learning" /> Rashin daidaituwa shi ne cewa takamaiman antigens da aka yi amfani da su a cikin allurar rigakafi na iya rasa alamu na kwayoyin da ke da alaƙa da pathogen wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga ajin pathogen. Wadannan Tsarin kwayoyin zasu iya amfani da Kwayoyin rigakafi don gane haɗari, don haka ba tare da su ba, amsawar rigakafi na iya zama mafi rauni. Wani matsala shi ne cewa antigens ba sa kamuwa da sel, don haka amsawar rigakafi ga allurar rigakafin na iya zama kawai maganin rigakafi, ba na sel ba, kuma a sakamakon haka, ya fi rauni fiye da waɗanda wasu nau'ikan allurar rigakawa suka haifar.Don kara karfin rigakafin, ana iya amfani da adjuvants tare da allurar rigakafin subunit, ko kuma ana iya buƙatar allurar haɓaka.<ref name="GAVI-subunit" /> == Nau'o'in == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Nau'o'in !Bayyanawa !Misalan |- |Ƙungiyar furotin |ya ƙunshi sunadarai masu rarrabe daga cututtuka (kwayar cuta ko [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]]) |Hepatitis B, allurar rigakafin cututtukan cututtukat |- |Polysaccharide |ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi na polysaccharides (kwayoyin sukari) da aka samo a cikin kwayar cutar kamar bangon tantanin halitta na wasu ƙwayoyin cutaGanuwar sel na wasu ƙwayoyin cuta |Allurar rigakafin polysaccharide ta pneumococcal, allurar rigakafi ta meningococcal hana cututtuka daga ƙungiyar ''Neisseria meningitidis'' A, C, W-135, da Y |- |Aboki |ya ƙunshi sarƙoƙi na polysaccharide da aka ɗaure zuwa sunadarai masu ɗaukar hoto, kamar [[Allurar rigakafin cutar sankara|diphtheria]] da tetanus toxoid, don haɓaka amsawar rigakafiMagungunan rigakafi |Allurar rigakafin pneumococcal conjugate, allurar rigar haemophilus influenzae irin b conjugate[[Alurar rigakafin meningococcal|Allurar rigakafin meningococcal]] |} === Ƙungiyar furotin === Wani nau'in furotin shine [[Peptide|sarkar polypeptide]] ko kwayar furotin wanda ke ''haɗuwa'' (ko "haɗe") tare da wasu kwayoyin furotin don samar da furotin.<ref name="Alberts2">{{cite book|vauthors=Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P|title=The Shape and Structure of Proteins|date=2002|publisher=Garland Science|location=New York|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26830/|access-date=15 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326072955/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26830/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stoker2">{{cite book|vauthors=Stoker HS|title=General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry|date=1 January 2015|publisher=Cengage Learning|location=Boston, MA|isbn=978-1-305-68618-2|pages=709–710|edition=7th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBGdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA709|access-date=15 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905200413/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBGdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA709|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Smith2">{{cite book|vauthors=Smith MB|title=Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach|date=27 April 2020|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1-351-25807-4|page=269-270|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0TXfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|access-date=15 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905200447/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TXfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban tarurruka na sunadarai kamar ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna amfani da ƙananan nau'ikan sunadarai a matsayin tubalan gini.<ref name="Kumar2">{{cite book|vauthors=Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS|chapter=Multi-protein assemblies with point group symmetry|veditors=Vijayan M, Yathindra N, Kolaskar AS|title=Perspectives in Structural Biology: A Volume in Honour of G.N. Ramachandran|date=1999|publisher=Universities Press|location=Hyderabad, India|isbn=978-81-7371-254-8|pages=449–466|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTy_M3B5sf4C&pg=PA462|access-date=15 April 2022|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108052454/https://books.google.com/books?id=xTy_M3B5sf4C&pg=PA462#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Wani muhimmin mataki a cikin ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafin furotin mai haɗuwa shine ganowa da warewa na wani nau'in furotin daga kwayar cutar wanda zai iya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai ƙarfi da tasiri, ba tare da haɗa ɓangarorin kwayar cutar ko kwayar cuta ba wanda ke ba da damar kwayar cutar ta haifuwa. Sassan furotin ko Capsid na kwayar cuta sau da yawa sun dace. Manufar ita ce ga ɓangaren furotin don ƙaddamar da amsawar tsarin rigakafi ta hanyar kwaikwayon bayyanar amma ba aikin kwayar cutar ba.<ref name="Plummer">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plummer EM, Manchester M |date=2011 |title=Viral nanoparticles and virus-like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=174–196 |doi=10.1002/wnan.119 |pmc=7169818 |pmid=20872839}}</ref> Wani tsarin da ya danganci furotin ya haɗa da haɗuwa da kai na ƙananan furotin da yawa a cikin kwayar cuta (VLP) ko nanoparticle. Dalilin kara kamanceceniyar allurar rigakafin ga dukkan kwayar cutar (amma ba iyawarsa ta yaduwa ba) shine ya haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai karfi.<ref name="Hotez">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME |date=January 2022 |title=Whole Inactivated Virus and Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=55–64 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-042420-113212 |pmid=34637324 |s2cid=238747462 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Plummer" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noad R, Roy P |date=September 2003 |title=Virus-like particles as immunogens |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=11 |issue=9 |pages=438–444 |doi=10.1016/S0966-842X(03)00208-7 |pmid=13678860}}</ref> Ana yin allurar rigakafin furotin gabaɗaya ta hanyar samar da furotin, ta hanyar sarrafa Bayyanawar kwayar halitta ta kwayoyin halitta don ya bayyana adadi mai yawa na kwayar halitta.<ref name="Plummer" /><ref name="Wang">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y |date=April 2016 |title=Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris |journal=Bioengineered |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707 |pmc=4927204 |pmid=27246656}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don ci gaba dangane da allurar rigakafin da ke ciki.<ref name="Hotez" /> Za'a iya amfani da Yisti, baculovirus, ko al'adun ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa don samar da sunadarai masu yawa a cikin vitro.<ref name="Plummer" /><ref name="Wang" /><ref name="Bill">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Bill RM |date=March 2015 |title=Recombinant protein subunit vaccine synthesis in microbes: a role for yeast? |journal=The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=319–328 |doi=10.1111/jphp.12353 |pmid=25556638 |s2cid=22339760 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin da ke dauke da furotin don cutar [[Hepatitis B]] da kuma cutar papillomavirus (HPV).<ref name="Plummer" /><ref name="Hotez" /> Ana amfani da hanyar don ƙoƙarin haɓaka allurar rigakafi don ƙwayoyin cuta masu wahala a yi wa rigakafi kamar ebolavirus da [[HIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaccines |url=http://microvet.arizona.edu/courses/mic419/Tutorials/vaccines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610062512/http://microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC419/Tutorials/vaccines.html |archive-date=2003-06-10 |website=Immunology Course 419 |publisher=Department of Veterinary Science & Microbiology at The University of Arizona}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin da ke dauke da furotin don COVID-19 suna da niyya ko dai furotin dinsa ko kuma yankin mai karɓa.<ref name="Hotez" /> Ya zuwa 2021, an ba da rahoton dandalin rigakafin da aka fi bincike don COVID-19 a duk duniya a matsayin rigakafin furotin.<ref name="Plummer" /><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Bayani F, Hashkavaei NS, Arjmand S, Rezaei S, Uskoković V, Alijanianzadeh M, Uversky VN, Ranaei Siadat SO, Mozaffari-Jovin S, Sefidbakht Y |date=March 2023 |title=An overview of the vaccine platforms to combat COVID-19 with a focus on the subunit vaccines |journal=Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology |volume=178 |pages=32–49 |doi=10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.02.004 |pmc=9938630 |pmid=36801471}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar polysaccharide === Vi capsular polysaccharide allurar rigakafin (ViCPS) akan [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]] wanda Typhi serotype na ''Salmonella enterica'' ya haifar.<ref name="pmid15908363">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Raffatellu M, Chessa D, Wilson RP, Dusold R, Rubino S, Bäumler AJ |date=June 2005 |title=The Vi capsular antigen of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi reduces Toll-like receptor-dependent interleukin-8 expression in the intestinal mucosa |journal=Infection and Immunity |volume=73 |issue=6 |pages=3367–3374 |doi=10.1128/IAI.73.6.3367-3374.2005 |pmc=1111811 |pmid=15908363}}</ref> Maimakon zama furotin, antigen na Vi shine [[Kwayar cuta]] polysacchide, wanda ya ƙunshi dogon sarkar sukari da ke da alaƙa da lipid.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Hu X, Chen Z, Xiong K, Wang J, Rao X, Cong Y |date=August 2017 |title=Vi capsular polysaccharide: Synthesis, virulence, and application |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=440–452 |doi=10.1080/1040841X.2016.1249335 |pmid=27869515 |s2cid=205694206}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin capsular kamar ViCPS suna da rauni wajen haifar da martani na rigakafi a cikin yara. Yin [[Allurar rigakafin kashe kwayoyin cuta|Allurar rigakafi]] ta hanyar haɗa polysacchide tare da Toxoid yana ƙara inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Lin FY, Ho VA, Khiem HB, Trach DD, Bay PV, Thanh TC, Kossaczka Z, Bryla DA, Shiloach J, Robbins JB, Schneerson R, Szu SC |date=April 2001 |title=The efficacy of a Salmonella typhi Vi conjugate vaccine in two-to-five-year-old children |journal=The New England Journal of Medicine |volume=344 |issue=17 |pages=1263–1269 |doi=10.1056/nejm200104263441701 |pmid=11320385 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Allurar rigakafi === allurar rigakafi wani nau'in allurar rigakafin ne wanda ya haɗu da antigen mai rauni tare da antigen din mai ƙarfi a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto don Tsarin rigakafi ya sami amsa mai ƙarfi ga antigen mai ƙarfi.<ref name="conjugate vaccines">{{Cite web |title=Types of vaccine |url=https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/types-of-vaccine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116043518/https://vk.ovg.ox.ac.uk/vk/types-of-vaccine |archive-date=2021-11-16 |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Oxford vaccine group 2020 |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar Peptide === Allurar rigakafin [[peptide]] tana amfani da peptide maimakon cikakken furotin.<ref name="peptide-based vaccines">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Malonis RJ, Lai JR, Vergnolle O |date=March 2020 |title=Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=3210–3229 |doi=10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00472 |pmc=7094793 |pmid=31804810}}</ref> Ana amfani da allurar rigakafin da ke da tushe na Peptide saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar, yana da sauƙi kuma yana da araha don samar da yawa. Ƙara ga wannan, mafi girman kwanciyar hankali, tsabtar da kuma abubuwan da aka fallasa.<ref name="peptide-based vaccine">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Skwarczynski M, Toth I |date=May 2011 |title=Peptide-based subunit nanovaccines |journal=Current Drug Delivery |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=282–289 |doi=10.2174/156720111795256192 |pmid=21291373}}</ref> Matakai ukku sun faru wanda ya haifar da kirkirar allurar rigakafin peptide;<ref name="peptide vaccines steps">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalita P, Tripathi T |date=May 2022 |title=Methodological advances in the design of peptide-based vaccines |journal=Drug Discovery Today |publisher=Elsevier |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=1367–1380 |doi=10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.004 |pmid=35278703 |s2cid=247399368}}</ref> # Sanarwar Epitope # Ingantawa na Epitope # Inganta rigakafin Peptide === Abubuwan da ke ciki === Idan aka kwatanta da allurar rigakafi na al'ada da allurar allurar rigakawa marasa aiki, allurar rigakanin recombinant suna da halaye na musamman masu zuwa: * Suna ƙunshe da abubuwan da aka gano a bayyane wanda ke rage yiwuwar kasancewar kayan da ba a so a cikin allurar rigakafi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> * An rage ƙwayoyin cuta kamar yadda kawai raguwa na ƙwayoyin cutar suke cikin allurar rigakafi da ba za ta iya mamayewa da yawaitawa a cikin jikin mutum ba.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baxter D |date=December 2007 |title=Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=552–556 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqm110 |pmid=18045976 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Suna da mafi kyawun Bayanan tsaro kuma sun dace da a ba da su ga marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nascimento IP, Leite LC |date=December 2012 |title=Recombinant vaccines and the development of new vaccine strategies |journal=Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=1102–1111 |doi=10.1590/S0100-879X2012007500142 |pmc=3854212 |pmid=22948379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wang M, Jiang S, Wang Y |date=April 2016 |title=Recent advances in the production of recombinant subunit vaccines in Pichia pastoris |journal=Bioengineered |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=155–165 |doi=10.1080/21655979.2016.1191707 |pmc=4927204 |pmid=27246656}}</ref> * Sun dace da samar da taro saboda amfani da fasahar recombinant.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> * Suna da babban kwanciyar hankali don haka zasu iya tsayayya da canje-canjen muhalli kuma sun fi dacewa a yi amfani da su a cikin saitunan al'umma.<ref name=":28" /> Koyaya, akwai kuma wasu matsaloli game da allurar rigakafin recombinant: * Ƙara adjuvants ya zama dole yayin [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] don kara inganci waɗannan allurar rigakafi.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Sedova ES, Shcherbinin DN, Migunov AI, Smirnov I, Logunov DI, Shmarov MM, Tsybalova LM, Naroditskiĭ BS, Kiselev OI, Gintsburg AL |date=October 2012 |title=Recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Acta Naturae |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=17–27 |doi=10.32607/20758251-2012-4-4-17-27 |pmc=3548171 |pmid=23346377}}</ref> * Marasa lafiya dole ne su karɓi allurai masu haɓaka don kula da rigakafi na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":252">{{Cite book|vauthors=Andersson C|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1301470908|title=Production and delivery of recombinant subunit vaccines|oclc=1301470908}}</ref> * Zaɓin layin tantanin halitta masu dacewa don noma subunits yana cin lokaci saboda sunadarai na microbial na iya zama ba su dace da wasu tsarin bayyanawa ba.<ref name=":252" /> == Ilimin Magunguna == [[Fayil:Primary_immune_response_1.png|thumb|313x313px|Bayani mai sauƙi game da matakai da ke cikin amsawar rigakafi ta farko]] [[Alluran rigakafi|Allurar rigakafi]] hanya ce mai karfi don kare mutane daga Cututtukan cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rodrigues CM, Plotkin SA |date=2020-07-14 |title=Impact of Vaccines; Health, Economic and Social Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=11 |pages=1526 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2020.01526 |pmc=7371956 |pmid=32760367 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya samun Rigakafin rigakafi ta wucin gadi ta hanyar [[Alluran rigakafi|allurar rigakafi]] sakamakon tsarin kare jiki wanda ke haifar da bayyanar ƙaramin, sarrafa adadin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka don samar da magungunan rigakafi da sel na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba tare da kamuwa da ainihin pathogen ba.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clem AS |date=January 2011 |title=Fundamentals of vaccine immunology |journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |doi=10.4103/0974-777X.77299 |pmc=3068582 |pmid=21572612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin da ke tattare da amsawar rigakafi na farko sune kamar haka: # Gabatarwa ga antigens da ke cikin allurar rigakafi yana haifar da amsa ta farko. Bayan allurar, antigen za su sha ta sel masu gabatar da antigen (APCs) , kamar sel dendritic da macrophages, ta hanyar phagocytosis.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |vauthors=LeBien TW, Tedder TF |date=September 2008 |title=B lymphocytes: how they develop and function |journal=Blood |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1570–1580 |doi=10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071 |pmc=2518873 |pmid=18725575}}</ref> # APCs za su yi tafiya zuwa lymph nodes, inda Kwayoyin T da T marasa girma suke.<ref name=":262">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Clem AS |date=January 2011 |title=Fundamentals of vaccine immunology |journal=Journal of Global Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 |doi=10.4103/0974-777X.77299 |pmc=3068582 |pmid=21572612 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Biye da matakai na antigen ta hanyar APCs, antigens za su ɗaure zuwa ko dai Masu karɓar aji na MHC ko masu karɓar ajin II a saman tantanin halitta bisa ga abubuwan da suka hada da siffofin tsari don samar da hadaddun abubuwa.<ref name=":26" /> # Gabatarwar antigen tana faruwa, inda masu karɓar tantanin halitta na T ke haɗe da ƙwayoyin antigen-MHC, suna fara fadadawa da bambancin, sabili da haka jujjuyawar Kwayoyin T marasa amfani zuwa ƙwayoyin C cytotoxic (CD8 +) ko ƙwayoyin D masu taimako (CD4 +).<ref name="Kallon_2021">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kallon S, Samir S, Goonetilleke N |date=April 2021 |title=Vaccines: Underlying Principles of Design and Testing |journal=Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=987–999 |doi=10.1002/cpt.2207 |pmc=8048882 |pmid=33705574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Curtsinger JM, Johnson CM, Mescher MF |date=November 2003 |title=CD8 T cell clonal expansion and development of effector function require prolonged exposure to antigen, costimulation, and signal 3 cytokine |journal=Journal of Immunology |volume=171 |issue=10 |pages=5165–5171 |doi=10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5165 |pmid=14607916 |s2cid=24326081 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # Cytotoxic CD8+ cells na iya kai tsaye lalata Kwayoyin B suka kamu da cutar da ke dauke da antigens da APCs suka gabatar musu ta hanyar sakin kwayoyin lytic, yayin da mataimakin CD4+ sel ke da alhakin ɓoye cytokines wanda ke kunna B cells da cytotoxic T cells.<ref name=":29" /><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Klarquist J, Cross EW, Thompson SB, Willett B, Aldridge DL, Caffrey-Carr AK, Xu Z, Hunter CA, Getahun A, Kedl RM |date=August 2021 |title=B cells promote CD8 T cell primary and memory responses to subunit vaccines |journal=Cell Reports |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=109591 |doi=10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109591 |pmc=8456706 |pmid=34433030}}</ref> # Kwayoyin T na iya yin aiki ba tare da sel na T ba ta hanyar hanyar siginar mai karɓar sel na B.<ref name=":29" /> # Bayan Kwayoyin dendritic sun kama immunogen da ke cikin allurar rigakafi, za su iya gabatar da abubuwa ga Kwayoyin B marasa amfani, suna haifar da yaduwa Kwayoyin plasma don samar da [[Rashin lafiya|maganin rigakafi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wykes M, MacPherson G |date=May 2000 |title=Dendritic cell-B-cell interaction: dendritic cells provide B cells with CD40-independent proliferation signals and CD40-dependent survival signals |journal=Immunology |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00044.x |pmc=2326988 |pmid=10809952}}</ref> Canjin isotype na iya faruwa yayin ci gaban tantanin halitta na B don samar da magungunan rIgA daban-daban, gami da IgG, IgE da IgA.<ref name=":29" /> # Kwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya B da T sun samo asali ne bayan kamuwa da cuta.<ref name=":26" /> Wadannan kwayoyin suna haddace antigens don haka bayyanar da ke biyo baya ga irin wannan antigens zai haifar da amsar ta biyu, inda aka sake haifar da mafi girman maida hankali ga [[Rashin lafiya|antibodies]] takamaiman antigens da sauri da inganci a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci don kawar da pathogen.<ref name=":262" /> A karkashin takamaiman yanayi, ana ba da ƙananan allurai da farko, sannan kuma ƙarin allurai da ake kira allurai masu haɓaka. Masu haɓaka zasu iya kula da matakin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a jikin mutum, saboda haka suna ba da rigakafi mutum.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Meng H, Mao J, Ye Q |date=June 2022 |title=Booster vaccination strategy: Necessity, immunization objectives, immunization strategy, and safety |journal=Journal of Medical Virology |volume=94 |issue=6 |pages=2369–2375 |doi=10.1002/jmv.27590 |pmid=35028946 |s2cid=245933504}}</ref> == Masana'antu == Tsarin masana'antu na allurar rigakafi recombinant sune kamar haka: [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} # Bayyanawa na ɓangaren rigakafi # Bayyanawa da kira # Cirewa da tsarkakewa # Ƙara adjuvants ko haɗawa da vectors # Shirye-shiryen da isar da shi. === Bayyanawa na ɓangaren rigakafi === Za a zaɓi rukunin 'yan takara da farko ta hanyar rigakafin su.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lindskog M, Rockberg J, Uhlén M, Sterky F |date=May 2005 |title=Selection of protein epitopes for antibody production |journal=BioTechniques |volume=38 |issue=5 |pages=723–727 |doi=10.2144/05385ST02 |pmid=15945371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don zama rigakafi, ya kamata su kasance na yanayin kasashen waje kuma su kasance masu rikitarwa don amsawa tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na Tsarin rigakafi da 'yan takara su faru.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Chapter 4 The nature of immunogens, antigens, and haptens|date=1985-01-01|doi=10.1016/S0075-7535(08)70134-7|title=Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology|volume=15|pages=39–41|veditors=Tijssen P|series=Practice and Theory of Enzyme Immunoassays|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780444806345|language=en}}</ref> Ana kuma zaɓar 'yan takara bisa ga girman, yanayin aiki (misali sigina) da kuma wurin salula (misali transmembrane).<ref name=":9" /> === Bayyanawa da kira === Bayan gano ɓangaren da aka yi niyya da kwayar halitta, za a ware kwayar halitta kuma a canja ta zuwa ta biyu, kwayar halitta ba ta cututtuka ba, kuma ta al'ada don samar da taro.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Liljeqvist S, Ståhl S |date=July 1999 |title=Production of recombinant subunit vaccines: protein immunogens, live delivery systems and nucleic acid vaccines |journal=Journal of Biotechnology |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00107-8 |pmid=10483112}}</ref> An kuma san wannan tsari a matsayin maganganun heterologous.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> An zaɓi tsarin magana mai dacewa bisa ga buƙatun gyare-gyare na fassarar, farashi, sauƙin cire samfurin da ingancin samarwa. Tsarin da aka saba amfani dashi don duka lasisi da haɓaka allurar rigakafi recombinant sun haɗa da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], yisti, ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, ƙwayohin [[kwari]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Francis MJ |date=March 2018 |title=Recent Advances in Vaccine Technologies |journal=The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=231–241 |doi=10.1016/j.cvsm.2017.10.002 |pmc=7132473 |pmid=29217317}}</ref> === Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta === [[Fayil:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg|thumb|Escherichia coli]] Ana amfani da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]] a ko'ina don aiwatar da cloning, gyaran kwayar halitta da ƙananan kayan aiki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ferrer-Miralles N, Domingo-Espín J, Corchero JL, Vázquez E, Villaverde A |date=March 2009 |title=Microbial factories for recombinant pharmaceuticals |journal=Microbial Cell Factories |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/1475-2859-8-17 |pmc=2669800 |pmid=19317892 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana amfani da Escherichia coli (E. Coli) a ko'ina saboda binciken [[Genetics|kwayoyin halitta]], kayan aikin kwayoyin halitta da ke samuwa a ko'ida don bayyana kwayar halitta, ingantaccen bayanin martaba da kuma ikon sa na girma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai masu arha a babban ƙwayoyin halitta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Corchero JL, Gasser B, Resina D, Smith W, Parrilli E, Vázquez F, Abasolo I, Giuliani M, Jäntti J, Ferrer P, Saloheimo M, Mattanovich D, Schwartz S, Tutino ML, Villaverde A |date=2013 |title=Unconventional microbial systems for the cost-efficient production of high-quality protein therapeutics |journal=Biotechnology Advances |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=140–153 |doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.09.001 |pmid=22985698}}</ref> E. Coli ya fi dacewa da sunadarai masu sauƙi saboda rashin iya aiwatar da gyare-gyare na fassarar, rashin tsarin sakataren sunadarai da kuma yiwuwar samar da jikin hadawa wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin solubilisation.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taguchi S, Ooi T, Mizuno K, Matsusaki H |date=November 2015 |title=Advances and needs for endotoxin-free production strains |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=99 |issue=22 |pages=9349–9360 |doi=10.1007/s00253-015-6947-9 |pmid=26362682 |s2cid=8308134}}</ref> Game da aikace-aikace, ana amfani da E.Coli a matsayin tsarin bayyanawa allurar rigakafin dengue.<ref name=":7" /> === Yisti === Yisti ya dace da tasirin [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta]], inganci da yiwuwar fasaha.<ref name=":0" /> Bugu da ƙari, yisti yana ɓoye sunadarai mai narkewa kuma yana da ikon yin gyare-gyare na fassarar kama da ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa.<ref name=":25" /> [[Fayil:Saccharomyces_cerevisiae_YGC_colonies_50.jpg|thumb|''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' mazauna a kan yisti cire glucose chloramphenicol agar (YGC).]] Musamman, yisti ya haɗa da ƙarin kwayoyin mannose a lokacin N-glycosylation idan aka kwatanta da sauran eukaryotes, wanda zai iya haifar da martani na damuwa na sel.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gerngross TU |date=November 2004 |title=Advances in the production of human therapeutic proteins in yeasts and filamentous fungi |journal=Nature Biotechnology |volume=22 |issue=11 |pages=1409–1414 |doi=10.1038/nbt1028 |pmid=15529166 |s2cid=22230030}}</ref> Irin waɗannan martani na iya haifar da gazawar isa ga tsarin furotin na asali, wanda ke nuna yiwuwar rage rabin rayuwar serum da rigakafi.<ref name=":0" /> Game da aikace-aikace, duka antigen na kwayar cutar hepatitis B (HBsAg) da ƙwayoyin cuta masu kama da kwayar cutar ([[VLPs]]) na babban furotin capsid L1 na kwayar cuta ta mutum nau'in 6, 11, 16, 18 ana samar da su ta hanyar ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> === Kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa === Kwayoyin Dabbobi masu shayarwa sanannu ne saboda ikon su na yin gyare-gyare masu mahimmanci na warkewa da kuma bayyana yadda ya kamata, glycosylated da kuma sunadarai masu aiki.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Zhu J |date=2012 |title=Mammalian cell protein expression for biopharmaceutical production |journal=Biotechnology Advances |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=1158–1170 |doi=10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.022 |pmid=21968146}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Baeshen NA, Baeshen MN, Sheikh A, Bora RS, Ahmed MM, Ramadan HA, Saini KS, Redwan EM |date=October 2014 |title=Cell factories for insulin production |journal=Microbial Cell Factories |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=141 |doi=10.1186/s12934-014-0141-0 |pmc=4203937 |pmid=25270715 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, ingancin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa na iya iyakance ta hanyar shiru na kwayar halitta da kuma samar da aggresome (ƙaddamar da furotin).<ref name=":1" /> Ga ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, an ruwaito sunadarai da aka haɗa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da aka bayyana ta hanyar sunadarai, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙa cire furotin da tsarkakewa.<ref name=":0" /> Misali mafi shahara a ƙarƙashin wannan aji shine ƙwayoyin Hamster Ovary na kasar Sin (CHO) da aka yi amfani da su don kira na recombinant varicella zoster virus surface glycoprotein (gE) antigen don SHINGRIX.<ref name=":20" /> Ana gane Kwayoyin CHO don saurin girma da kuma ikon su na bayar da tsarin sassauci. Hakanan ana iya al'adunsu da suka dace da dakatarwa a cikin matsakaici mara furotin, saboda haka rage haɗarin gurɓataccen prion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> === Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta === [[Fayil:Fmicb-08-01337-g001.jpg|thumb|Bayani na tsari na tsarin baculovirus da sake zagayowar kamuwa da cuta.]] tsarin bayyanawa kwayar cuta na [[kwari]] yana da ikon bayyana sunadarai iri-iri a manyan matakan kuma samar da mahimman damar sarrafa furotin na eukaryotic, gami da phosphorylation, glycosylation, Myristoylation da palmitoylation.<ref name=":33">{{cite book|vauthors=Jarvis DL|title=Guide to Protein Purification, 2nd Edition|chapter=Chapter 14 Baculovirus–Insect Cell Expression Systems|series=Methods in Enzymology|volume=463|pages=191–222|date=2009|pmid=19892174|doi=10.1016/s0076-6879(09)63014-7|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780123745361}}</ref> Kamar kwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa, sunadarai da aka bayyana galibi suna narkewa, an ninka su daidai, kuma suna aiki da kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Galleno M, Sick AJ|chapter=Baculovirus expression vector system|date=1999|title=Gene Expression Systems|pages=331–363|publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> Koyaya, yana da saurin girma kuma yana buƙatar tsada mafi girma fiye da [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]] da yisti, kuma yana ba da haɗarin haɗari. Wani sanannen fasalin shine kasancewar abubuwa na sarrafawa waɗanda ke ba da damar bayyana sunadarai masu ɓoyewa da membrane-bound a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na Baculovirus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":33" /> allurar rigakafi da aka ba da lasisi wanda ke amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta sun HA da Cervarix (papillomavirus C-terminal truncated major capsid protein L1 iri 16 da 18)<ref name=":192">{{Cite web |title=CERVARIX [Human Papillomavirus Bivalent (Types 16 and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant] |url=https://www.fda.gov/media/78013/download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829053628/https://www.fda.gov/media/78013/download |archive-date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> da Flublok Quadrivalent (haemagglutinin (HA) sunadarai daga nau'ikan Kwayoyin mura guda huɗu ).<ref name=":15" /> === Cirewa da tsarkakewa === A cikin tarihi, hanyoyin cirewa da tsarkakewa sun samo asali ne daga daidaitattun Hanyoyin chromatographic zuwa amfani da alamun zumunci.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Wingfield PT |date=April 2015 |title=Overview of the purification of recombinant proteins |journal=Current Protocols in Protein Science |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6.1.1–6.1.35 |doi=10.1002/0471140864.ps0601s80 |pmc=4410719 |pmid=25829302}}</ref> Koyaya, tsarin cirewa na ƙarshe da tsarkakewa da aka yi ya dogara sosai da tsarin furcin da aka zaɓa. Da fatan za a yi la'akari da furcin subunit da kira don ƙarin fahimta.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ƙara adjuvants === Adjuvants kayan aiki ne da aka kara don inganta rigakafin rigakafi recombinant subunit.<ref name=":42">{{cite book|vauthors=Shah RR|chapter=Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status|date=2017|title=Vaccine Adjuvants|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|volume=1494|pages=1–13|veditors=Fox CB, Hassett KJ, Brito LA|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_1|pmid=27718182|isbn=978-1-4939-6443-7}}</ref> Adjuvants kara girman amsawar daidaitawa ga allurar rigakafi kuma jagorantar kunnawa na mafi inganci nau'ikan rigakafi ga kowane takamaiman pathogen (misali karuwar ƙarni na ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalyar T).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Coffman RL, Sher A, Seder RA |date=October 2010 |title=Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work |journal=Immunity |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=492–503 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002 |pmc=3420356 |pmid=21029960}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Soler E, Houdebine LM |date=2007 |title=Preparation of recombinant vaccines |journal=Biotechnology Annual Review |publisher=Elsevier |volume=13 |pages=65–94 |doi=10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13004-0 |isbn=978-0-444-53032-5 |pmc=7106376 |pmid=17875474}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Rambe DS, Del Giudice G, Rossi S, Sanicas M |date=2015-07-06 |title=Safety and Mechanism of Action of Licensed Vaccine Adjuvants |journal=International Current Pharmaceutical Journal |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=420–431 |doi=10.3329/icpj.v4i8.24024 |issn=2224-9486 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ƙara adjuvants na iya ba da fa'idodi ciki har da adana kashi da daidaita tsarin allurar rigakafi na ƙarshe.<ref name=":422">{{cite book|vauthors=Shah RR|chapter=Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Introduction, History, and Current Status|date=2017|title=Vaccine Adjuvants|series=Methods in Molecular Biology|volume=1494|pages=1–13|veditors=Fox CB, Hassett KJ, Brito LA|place=New York, NY|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_1|pmid=27718182|isbn=978-1-4939-6443-7}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ana zaɓar adjuvants masu dacewa bisa ga aminci, haƙuri, jituwa da antigen da la'akari da [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]]. adjuvants da aka sa<sub>B</sub> amfani da su don allurar rigakafi recombinant sune Alum adjuvants (misali Aluminium hydroxide), Emulsions (misali MF59) da Liposomes hade tare da kwayoyin rigakafi (misali AS01B).<ref name=":5" /> === Tsari da kuma isarwa === Tsarin isar da farko an raba shi zuwa tsarin isar da polymer-based (microspheres da liposomes) da tsarin isarwar rayuwa (gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria da ƙwayoyin cuta) [ana buƙatar ambaton]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} === Tsarin isarwa polymer === Ana amfani da Antigen na rigakafi a cikin microspheres ko liposomes. Microspheres na yau da kullun da aka yi ta amfani da Poly-lactic acid (PLA) da poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) suna ba da izinin sarrafa antigen ta hanyar ƙasƙantar da hankali yayin da liposomes ciki har da multilamellar ko unilamellar vesicles suna ba da damar saki mai tsawo.<ref name=":5" /> Tsarin isar da polymer yana ba da fa'idodi kamar karuwar juriya ga lalacewa a cikin GI tract, sarrafa antigen release, haɓaka Kwayoyin rigakafi da haɓaka ikon haifar da martani na cytotoxic T cell. Misali na allurar rigakafin recombinant mai lasisi wanda ke amfani da isar da liposomal shine Shringrix. === Tsarin isarwa na kai tsaye === Tsarin isar da shi, wanda aka fi sani da vectors, ƙwayoyin halitta ne da aka gyara tare da ligands ko antigens don inganta immunogenicity na recombinant subunits ta hanyar canza gabatarwar antigen, biodistribution da fataucin mutane.<ref name=":5" /> Ana iya saka subunits a cikin mai ɗaukar ko kuma an tsara su ta hanyar kwayar halitta don a bayyana su a saman vectors don ingantaccen gabatarwa ga Tsarin rigakafin mucosal.<ref name=":10" /> == Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi == === Fa'idodi === * Ba za su iya komawa ga ƙwayoyin cuta ba ma'ana ba za su iya haifar da cutar da suke da niyyar karewa daga ba.<ref name="Baxter_2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Baxter D |date=December 2007 |title=Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing |journal=Occupational Medicine |volume=57 |issue=8 |pages=552–556 |doi=10.1093/occmed/kqm110 |pmid=18045976 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Moyle_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Moyle PM, Toth I |date=March 2013 |title=Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities |journal=ChemMedChem |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=360–376 |doi=10.1002/cmdc.201200487 |pmid=23316023 |s2cid=205647062}}</ref> * Tsaro ga marasa lafiya masu fama da rigakafi <ref name="Vartak_2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vartak A, Sucheck SJ |date=April 2016 |title=Recent Advances in Subunit Vaccine Carriers |journal=Vaccines |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=12 |doi=10.3390/vaccines4020012 |pmc=4931629 |pmid=27104575 |doi-access=free}}</ref> * Zai iya tsayayya da canje-canje a cikin yanayi (misali zafin jiki, hasken haske, danshi) <ref name="Baxter_2007" /> === Rashin fa'idodi === * Rage rigakafin rigakafirigakafin rigakafi da rigakafin da aka rage <ref name="Moyle_2013" /><ref name="Vartak_2016" /> ** Yana buƙatar adjuvants don inganta rigakafin rigakafi <ref name="Baxter_2007" /><ref name="Moyle_2013" /> ** Sau da yawa ana buƙatar allurai da yawa ("doses masu haɓaka") don samar da rigakafi na dogon lokaci<ref name="Baxter_2007" /><ref name="Moyle_2013" /> * Zai iya zama da wahala a ware takamaiman antigen (s) wanda zai haifar da amsawar rigakafin da ake bukata.<ref name="Vartak_2016" /> * Ba abu ne mai sauƙi a kula da ilmin sunadarai wanda ke haifar da bambancin da ba a ci gaba ba <ref name="Vartak_2016" /> == Sakamakon da ba daidai ba == allurar rigakafi da aka haɗu da ita tana da aminci ga gudanarwa.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Costa AP, Cobucci RN, da Silva JM, da Costa Lima PH, Giraldo PC, Gonçalves AK |date=2017 |title=Safety of Human Papillomavirus 9-Valent Vaccine: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials |journal=Journal of Immunology Research |volume=2017 |pages=3736201 |doi=10.1155/2017/3736201 |pmc=5546048 |pmid=28812030 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cox MM, Izikson R, Post P, Dunkle L |date=July 2015 |title=Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of Flublok in the prevention of seasonal influenza in adults |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=97–108 |doi=10.1177/2051013615595595 |pmc=4591523 |pmid=26478817}}</ref>Koyaya, ana iya haɗuwa da halayen gida masu sauƙi, gami da [[Yanayin fata|induration]] da [[kumburi]] na shafin allurar, tare da [[Zazzaɓi|zazzabi]], [[Rashin karfi|Gajiya]] da [[ciwon kai]] bayan allurar rigakafi.<ref name=":30" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=James SF, Chahine EB, Sucher AJ, Hanna C |date=July 2018 |title=Shingrix: The New Adjuvanted Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine |journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapy |volume=52 |issue=7 |pages=673–680 |doi=10.1177/1060028018758431 |pmid=29457489 |s2cid=206644211}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Possible Side effects from Vaccines |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317050028/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm |archive-date=2017-03-17 |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke faruwa na matsanancin halayen hypersensitivity da anaphylaxis ba su da yawa, amma suna iya haifar da [[Mutuwa]] mutane.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=McNeil MM, DeStefano F |date=February 2018 |title=Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity |journal=The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology |volume=141 |issue=2 |pages=463–472 |doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.971 |pmc=6602527 |pmid=29413255}}</ref> Sakamakon mummunan sakamako na iya bambanta tsakanin al'ummomi dangane da yanayin [[Lafiya|lafiyar jiki]], shekaru, [[jinsi]] da kuma yanayin [[Genetics|kwayar halitta]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fink AL, Klein SL |date=November 2015 |title=Sex and Gender Impact Immune Responses to Vaccines Among the Elderly |journal=Physiology |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=408–416 |doi=10.1152/physiol.00035.2015 |pmc=4630198 |pmid=26525340}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crowe JE |date=July 2007 |title=Genetic predisposition for adverse events after vaccination |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=196 |issue=2 |pages=176–177 |doi=10.1086/518800 |pmid=17570102 |s2cid=14121320}}</ref> Ana hana allurar rigakafiallurar rigakafi mutanen da suka fuskanci halayen rashin lafiyan da anaphylaxis ga antigens ko wasu abubuwan da ke cikin allurar rigakanin a baya.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=ACIP Contraindications Guidelines for Immunization |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501034917/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/contraindications.html |archive-date=2019-05-01 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Public Health Agency of Canada |date=2007-07-18 |title=Contraindications and precautions: Canadian Immunization Guide |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-2-vaccine-safety/page-3-contraindications-precautions-concerns.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525150921/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/canadian-immunization-guide-part-2-vaccine-safety/page-3-contraindications-precautions-concerns.html |archive-date=2023-05-25 |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ya kamata a yi taka tsantsan yayin ba da allurar rigakafi ga mutanen da ke [[ciki]] rashin lafiya da kuma lokacin daukar ciki, inda ya kamata a jinkirta allurar su har sai yanayin su ya zama mai ɗorewa kuma bayan haihuwa bi da bi.<ref name=":31" /> == Allurar rigakafin da aka ba da lasisi == === Ciwon hanta na B === [[Fayil:Engerix_B_(Hepatitis_B)_vaccine.jpg|thumb|Allurar rigakafin Engerix B (Hepatitis B)]] ENGERIX-B (wanda GSK ya samar) da RECOMBIVAX HB (wanda merck ya samar) allurar rigakafi ne guda biyu da aka ba da lasisi don kariya daga cutar [[Hepatitis B]]. Dukansu suna dauke da HBsAg da aka girbe kuma an tsarkake su daga ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae'' kuma an tsara su azaman dakatar da antigen da aka haɗa da alum.<ref name=":162">{{Cite web |title=RECOMBIVAX HB Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant) |url=https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines%2C%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/package-insert-recombivax-hb.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519052432/https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines%2C%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/package-insert-recombivax-hb.pdf |archive-date=2023-05-19 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref name=":172">{{Cite web |title=ENGERIX-B [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant)] |url=https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines%2C%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/Package-Insert---ENGERIX-B.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408031252/https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines%2C%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/Package-Insert---ENGERIX-B.pdf |archive-date=2022-04-08 |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref> Maida hankali na Antibody ≥10mIU / mL akan HBsAg an gane su a matsayin ba da kariya daga kamuwa da cutar hepatitis B.<ref name=":162" /><ref name=":172" /> An nuna cewa rigakafin rigakafi na farko na mutane masu lafiya yana da alaƙa da ≥90% na kariya ta seroprotection don ENGERIX-B, duk da raguwa tare da tsufa. Ƙananan ƙarancin kariya suna da alaƙa da kasancewar cututtukan da ke tattare da cututtukani da ƙarancin rigakafi. Duk da haka, GSK HepB har yanzu yana da Bayanan tsaro mai karɓa a cikin dukkan mutanen da aka yi nazari.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Van Den Ende C, Marano C, Van Ahee A, Bunge EM, De Moerlooze L |date=August 2017 |title=The immunogenicity and safety of GSK's recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in adults: a systematic review of 30 years of experience |journal=Expert Review of Vaccines |volume=16 |issue=8 |pages=811–832 |doi=10.1080/14760584.2017.1338568 |pmid=28573913 |s2cid=4721288 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kwayar cutar Papillomavirus ta mutum (HPV) === [[Fayil:Gardasil_vaccine_and_box.jpg|thumb|Allurar rigakafin Gardasil da akwatin]] Cervarix, GARDASIL da GARDASIL9 allurar rigakafi ne guda uku da aka ba da lasisi don kariya daga kamuwa da cutar [[Human papillomavirus infection|HPV]]. Sun bambanta a cikin nau'ikan da suke kare marasa lafiya daga kamar yadda Cervarix ke ba da kariya daga nau'in 16 da 18, Gardasil yana ba da kide-kide daga nau'ikan 6, 11, 16 da 18, kuma Gardasil 9 yana ba da kari daga nau'i 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58 bi da bi.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Gardasil[Human Papillomavirus Quadrivalent (Types 6, 11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant] |url=https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines%2C%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/Package-Insert---Gardasil.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616232624/https://www.fda.gov/files/vaccines,%20blood%20%26%20biologics/published/Package-Insert---Gardasil.pdf |archive-date=2023-06-16 |access-date= |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref>allurar rigakafi ta ƙunshi tsarkakewar VLP na babban furotin L1 wanda aka samar ta hanyar ''Saccharomyces cerevisiae''.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">&#x5B;''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>''&#x5D;</sup> An nuna shi a cikin sake dubawa na tsarin 2014 cewa allurar rigakafin HPV (Cervarix) tana da alaƙa da [[ciwo]] (OR 3.29; 95% CI: 3.00-3.60), [[Allergy|kumburi]] (OR 3.14; 95% CI, 2.79-3.53) da ja (OR 2.41; 95% CI: 2.17-2.68) kasancewar mafi yawan sakamako masu illa. Ga Gardasil, abubuwan da aka fi bayar da rahoton akai-akai sune [[ciwo]] (ko 2.88; 95% CI: 2.42-3.43) da [[Allergy|kumburi]] (ko 2.65; 95% CI: 2.0-3.44).<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gonçalves AK, Cobucci RN, Rodrigues HM, de Melo AG, Giraldo PC |date=2014 |title=Safety, tolerability and side effects of human papillomavirus vaccines: a systematic quantitative review |journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=651–659 |doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2014.02.005 |pmc=9425215 |pmid=24780368}}</ref> An dakatar da Gardasil a Amurka a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2017, bayan gabatarwar Gardasil 9 kuma an janye Cervarix da son rai a Amurka a mokolo ta 8 ga Agusta, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2022 |title=Gardasil-4 is no longer available. |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/what-is-new.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015064022/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/what-is-new.html |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=2 April 2023 |publisher=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-21 |title=GSK exits U.S. market with its HPV vaccine Cervarix |url=https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/gsk-exits-u-s-market-its-hpv-vaccine-cervarix |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184357/https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/gsk-exits-u-s-market-its-hpv-vaccine-cervarix |archive-date=2021-07-09 |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Fierce Pharma}}</ref> === Rashin lafiya === Flublok Quadrivalent allurar rigakafi ce mai lasisi don rigakafin [[Influenza|mura]]. Ya ƙunshi sunadarai na HA na nau'ikan Kwayar cuta [[Influenza|mura]] guda huɗu da aka tsarkake kuma aka cire ta amfani da tsarin bayyanawa [[kwari]] na Baculovirus. Ana daidaita nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta guda huɗu a kowace shekara bisa ga bukatun Hukumar Lafiya ta Jama'a ta Amurka (USPHS). Flublok Quadrivalent yana da kwatankwacin bayanin aminci ga maganin rigakafin gargajiya na trivalent da quadrivalent. Flublok kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙananan halayen gida (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98, RCTs uku, FEM, I2 = 0%, ƙananan tabbacin tabbacin) da haɗarin sanyi (RR= 1.33, 95% CI 1.03-1.72, RCTs guda uku, FIM, I2=14%, ƙananan tabbaci).<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=O Murchu E, Comber L, Jordan K, Hawkshaw S, Marshall L, O'Neill M, Ryan M, Teljeur C, Carnahan A, Pérez JJ, Robertson AH, Johansen K, Jonge J, Krause T, Nicolay N, Nohynek H, Pavlopoulou I, Pebody R, Penttinen P, Soler-Soneira M, Wichmann O, Harrington P |date=February 2022 |title=Systematic review of the efficacy, effectiveness and safety of recombinant haemagglutinin seasonal influenza vaccines for the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in individuals ≥18 years of age |journal=Reviews in Medical Virology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=e2331 |doi=10.1002/rmv.2331 |pmid=35106885 |s2cid=246475234}}</ref> === Herpes Zoster === SHINGRIX rigakafi ne mai lasisi don kariya daga [[Shingles|Herpes Zoster]], wanda haɗarin ci gaba ke ƙaruwa tare da raguwar kwayar cutar varicella zoster (VZV) . Allurar rigakafin ta ƙunshi ɓangaren antigen na VZV gE wanda aka cire daga sel na CHO, wanda za a sake gina shi tare da dakatarwa mai suna AS01<sub>B</sub>. An gudanar da sake dubawa na tsari da meta-analysis akan inganci, tasiri da aminci na SHINGRIX a cikin marasa lafiya masu shekaru 18-49 da suka fi lafiya masu shekaru 50 da sama. Wadannan binciken sun bayar da rahoton rigakafin rigakafin humoral da cell-mediated ya kasance tsakanin 65.4 da 96.2% da 50.0%-93.0% yayin da inganci a cikin marasa lafiya (18-49 yo) tare da cutar haematological an kiyasta shi a 87.2% (95%CI, 44.3-98.6%) har zuwa watanni 13 bayan rigakafin tare da bayanin aminci mai karɓa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Racine É, Gilca V, Amini R, Tunis M, Ismail S, Sauvageau C |date=September 2020 |title=A systematic literature review of the recombinant subunit herpes zoster vaccine use in immunocompromised 18-49 year old patients |journal=Vaccine |volume=38 |issue=40 |pages=6205–6214 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.049 |pmid=32788132 |s2cid=221123883}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Tricco AC, Zarin W, Cardoso R, Veroniki AA, Khan PA, Nincic V, Ghassemi M, Warren R, Sharpe JP, Page AV, Straus SE |date=October 2018 |title=Efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of herpes zoster vaccines in adults aged 50 and older: systematic review and network meta-analysis |journal=BMJ |volume=363 |pages=k4029 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k4029 |pmc=6201212 |pmid=30361202}}</ref> === CUTAR COVID 19 === NUVAXOVID allurar rigakafi ce mai lasisi don rigakafin kamuwa da [[Koronavirus 2019|Cutar SARS-CoV-2]]. An bayar da izinin kasuwa a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2021 |title=Nuvaxovid COVID-19 Vaccine (recombinant, adjuvanted) |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/nuvaxovid#authorisation-details-section |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223093752/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/nuvaxovid#authorisation-details-section |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref> Allurar rigakafin ta ƙunshi furotin na SARS-CoV-2 wanda aka samar ta amfani da [[Magana mai ba da labari|tsarin bayyanawa]] baculovirus, wanda daga ƙarshe aka haɗa shi da [[Matrix-M|Matrix M]] adjuvant. == Tarihi == Duk da yake ana iya gano aikin rigakafi zuwa Karni na 12, inda tsoffin Sinanci a wannan lokacin suka yi amfani da dabarar variolation don ba da rigakafi ga kamuwa da kyanda.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}[ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] zamanin zamani na allurar rigakafi yana da ɗan gajeren tarihin kusan shekaru 200. Ya fara ne tare da kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta Edward Jenner a cikin shekara ta 1798 don kawar da kyanda ta hanyar yin allurar [[Agana|kwayar cutakwayar cuta]] rauni a cikin jikin mutum. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}} Tsakiyar karni na 20 ta nuna zamanin zinariya na kimiyyar rigakafi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}Ci gaban fasaha mai sauri a wannan lokacin ya ba masana kimiyya damar noma al'adun sel a ƙarƙashin yanayin sarrafawa a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje, daga baya ya haifar da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar shan inna, [[Baƙondoro|kyanda]] da cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban.<ref name=":122">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Plotkin S |date=August 2014 |title=History of vaccination |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=111 |issue=34 |pages=12283–12287 |bibcode=2014PNAS..11112283P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1400472111 |pmc=4151719 |pmid=25136134 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}An kuma kirkiro allurar rigakafin da aka haɗa ta amfani da alamun rigakafi ciki har da capsular polysaccharide da sunadarai.<ref name=":122" /> Samar da samfuran da ke da niyya ga cututtukan yau da kullun ya sami nasarar rage Mutuwa da ke da alaƙa da kamuwa da cuta da rage nauyin [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|Kiwon lafiya na jama'a]]. Fitowar dabarun injiniyan kwayoyin halitta sun sauya kirkirar allurar rigakafi. A ƙarshen karni na 20, masu bincike suna da ikon ƙirƙirar allurar rigakafi ban da allurar rigakawa ta gargajiya, misali allurar rigar Hepatitis B, wacce ke amfani da antigens na kwayar cuta don fara amsawar rigakafi. Yayin da hanyoyin [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]] ke ci gaba da haɓakawa, ba makawa za a samar da alluran rigakafin da ke da tsarin tsarin mulki a nan gaba don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacensu na warkewa zuwa cututtukan da ba su iya kamuwa da su ba .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2022}}</link> don kiyaye lafiyar ƙarin mutane. == Hanyar gaba == Ana amfani da allurar rigakafi na recombinant don haɓakawa don [[Tibi|tarin fuka]], <ref name=":23" /> [[Zazzabin Dengue|zazzabin dengue]],<ref name=":7" /> helminths da ke watsa ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Noon JB, Aroian RV |date=December 2017 |title=Recombinant subunit vaccines for soil-transmitted helminths |journal=Parasitology |volume=144 |issue=14 |pages=1845–1870 |doi=10.1017/S003118201700138X |pmc=5729844 |pmid=28770689}}</ref> cutar sankarar bargo <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Marciani DJ, Kensil CR, Beltz GA, Hung CH, Cronier J, Aubert A |date=February 1991 |title=Genetically-engineered subunit vaccine against feline leukaemia virus: protective immune response in cats |journal=Vaccine |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=89–96 |doi=10.1016/0264-410x(91)90262-5 |pmid=1647576}}</ref> da [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] . <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen WH, Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME |date=June 2020 |title=Potential for developing a SARS-CoV receptor-binding domain (RBD) recombinant protein as a heterologous human vaccine against coronavirus infectious disease (COVID)-19 |journal=Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=1239–1242 |doi=10.1080/21645515.2020.1740560 |pmc=7482854 |pmid=32298218}}</ref> Ba a yi la'akari da allurar rigakafin subunit masu tasiri ga SARS-COV-2 kawai ba, har ma a matsayin 'yan takara don haɓaka rigakafin cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, tetanus, salmonella enterica, da sauran cututtuka. === COVID-19 === An gudanar da bincike don gano yuwuwar haɓaka wani yanki mai haɓaka mai karɓa na SARS-CoV (RBD) azaman rigakafin ɗan adam akan [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] . Ana goyan bayan ka'idar ta hanyar shaida cewa maganin [[Amincewa|convalescent]] daga marasa lafiya na SARS-CoV suna da ikon kawar da SARS-CoV-2 (kwayar da ta dace don [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] ) da kuma kamannin amino acid tsakanin SARS-CoV da SARS-CoV-2 spike da RBD furotin yana da girma (82%).<ref name=":8" /> == Manazarta == <references /> 0ubxpuk9cuq618ul5gvi0g5kwloddx3 Ibrahim Adam Al-Madani 0 83851 539550 530376 2024-11-10T20:28:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 539550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malam Ibrahim Adam Usman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Al-Madani''' ya kasance ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun malamai dake a ƙasar [[Najeriya]], (An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1977) a [[Jihar Kaduna]] da ke arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Malam Ibrahim Adam ya fi bayar da fatawa akan lamuran da suka shafi aure da kuma zamantakewar auren, saboda an fi yi masa tambaya a kan lamuran.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/crgzzjwnejno.amp</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== Malam Ibrahim Adam an haife shi a [[Jihar Kaduna]] a [[Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903082026/https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, mahaifinsa ba malami ba ne ɗan kasuwa ne, amma Allah ya sa yana da sha'awar karatu, wanda hakan ya sanya tun da suka tashi suke fagen neman ilimi. Mahaifinsa ya sanya shi makarantar Islamiyya, amma tasirin abokai ya sanya yake bin abokansa zuwa makarantarsu ta allo. Ya yi ɓangaren karatun boko amma ya tsaya ne a iya matakin sakandire, sai dai a ɓangaren karatun [[Addini]] ya tiƙe har digiri na biyu, wanda kuma a yanzu haka yana kan yin na ukku. Malam ya samu damar haddar Al-Qur'ani mai girma kuma ya fi son karanta Suratu Nahli. ==Malamansa== Malam Ibrahim yayi karatu a gaban malamai da yawa ciki da wajen [[Najeriya]], yace wasu ma bazai iya tuna su ba. Cikin Malaman da ya tasirantu da su akwai: *Malam Rabi'u Daurawa da Muhammadu mai Ti da Malam Yahaya Muhammadu Al-Salafy, akwai [[Sheikh Muhammad Bin Uthman]] da Marigayi [[Malam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]]. A [[Madina]] ya yi karatu a wajen, *[[Farfesa Sulaiman Ruhaili]] wanda a hannunsa ya yi karatun Tauhidi, Sheikh Abdul-Muhsunil Abbad, Sheikh Abdul'Aziz Ɗuwaiyyan. Allah ya saka musu da Alkhairinsa. ==Iyali== Malam Ibrahim yana da mata uku da 'ya'ya takwas. ==Manazarta== patqdffgaymjx2yg0ubhzz24ri88r4j 539551 539550 2024-11-10T20:28:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 539551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malam Ibrahim Adam Usman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Al-Madani''' ya kasance ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun malamai dake a ƙasar [[Najeriya]], (An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1977) a [[Jihar Kaduna]] da ke arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Malam Ibrahim Adam ya fi bayar da fatawa akan lamuran da suka shafi aure da kuma zamantakewar auren, saboda an fi yi masa tambaya a kan lamuran.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/crgzzjwnejno.amp</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== Malam Ibrahim Adam an haife shi a [[Jihar Kaduna]] dake a [[Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903082026/https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, mahaifinsa ba malami ba ne ɗan kasuwa ne, amma Allah ya sa yana da sha'awar karatu, wanda hakan ya sanya tun da suka tashi suke fagen neman ilimi. Mahaifinsa ya sanya shi makarantar Islamiyya, amma tasirin abokai ya sanya yake bin abokansa zuwa makarantarsu ta allo. Ya yi ɓangaren karatun boko amma ya tsaya ne a iya matakin sakandire, sai dai a ɓangaren karatun [[Addini]] ya tiƙe har digiri na biyu, wanda kuma a yanzu haka yana kan yin na ukku. Malam ya samu damar haddar Al-Qur'ani mai girma kuma ya fi son karanta Suratu Nahli. ==Malamansa== Malam Ibrahim yayi karatu a gaban malamai da yawa ciki da wajen [[Najeriya]], yace wasu ma bazai iya tuna su ba. Cikin Malaman da ya tasirantu da su akwai: *Malam Rabi'u Daurawa da Muhammadu mai Ti da Malam Yahaya Muhammadu Al-Salafy, akwai [[Sheikh Muhammad Bin Uthman]] da Marigayi [[Malam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]]. A [[Madina]] ya yi karatu a wajen, *[[Farfesa Sulaiman Ruhaili]] wanda a hannunsa ya yi karatun Tauhidi, Sheikh Abdul-Muhsunil Abbad, Sheikh Abdul'Aziz Ɗuwaiyyan. Allah ya saka musu da Alkhairinsa. ==Iyali== Malam Ibrahim yana da mata uku da 'ya'ya takwas. ==Manazarta== 4h9fp2w7inw0z32slhi53p7do4x9w87 539552 539551 2024-11-10T20:29:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 539552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malam Ibrahim Adam Usman''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Al-Madani''' ya kasance ɗaya ne daga cikin fitattun malamai dake a ƙasar [[Najeriya]], (An haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1977) a [[Jihar Kaduna]] da ke arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Malam Ibrahim Adam ya fi bayar da fatawa akan lamuran da suka shafi aure da kuma zamantakewar auren, saboda an fi yi masa tambaya a kan lamuran.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/crgzzjwnejno.amp</ref> ==Tarihin Rayuwa== Malam Ibrahim Adam an haife shi a [[Jihar Kaduna]] dake a [[Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-09-03 |archive-date=2024-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903082026/https://sunnahsak.com/product/tafsir-sheikh-ibrahim-adam-almadaniy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, mahaifinsa ba malami ba ne ɗan kasuwa ne, amma Allah ya sa yana da sha'awar karatu, wanda hakan ya sanya tun da suka tashi suke fagen neman ilimi. Mahaifinsa ya sanya shi makarantar Islamiyya, amma tasirin abokai ya sanya yake bin abokansa zuwa makarantarsu ta allo. Ya yi ɓangaren karatun boko amma ya tsaya ne a iya matakin sakandire, sai dai a ɓangaren karatun [[Addini]] ya tiƙe har digiri na biyu, wanda kuma a yanzu haka yana kan yin na ukku. Malam ya samu damar haddar Al-Qur'ani mai girma kuma ya fi son karanta Suratu Nahli. ==Malamansa== Malam Ibrahim yayi karatu a gaban malamai da yawa ciki da wajen [[Najeriya]], yace wasu ma bazai iya tuna su ba. Cikin Malaman da ya tasirantu da su akwai: *Malam Rabi'u Daurawa da Muhammadu mai Ti da Malam Yahaya Muhammadu Al-Salafy, akwai [[Sheikh Muhammad Bin Uthman]] da Marigayi [[Malam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam]]. A [[Madina]] ya yi karatu a wajen, *[[Farfesa Sulaiman Ruhaili]] wanda a hannunsa ya yi karatun Tauhidi, Sheikh Abdul-Muhsunil Abbad, Sheikh Abdul'Aziz Ɗuwaiyyan. Allah ya saka musu da Alkhairinsa. ==Iyali== Malam Ibrahim yana da mata uku da kuma 'ya'ya takwas. ==Manazarta== pupk9w9ad94gyu7pjpceop9wcmsjcwe Khash 0 83926 539547 520957 2024-11-10T20:20:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 539547 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Juyin Halitta: Binciken Canjin Taswirar Duniya tun 1587''' = [[File:Taswirar Duniya a shekara ta 1570.png|thumb|]] '''Gabatarwa''' Taswirar duniya ta sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci tun daga shekarar alif 1587, wanda ke nuna ci gaban bincike, zane-zane, da sauyin yanayi. Wannan labarin ya shiga cikin manyan canje-canjen da suka sake fasalin fahimtarmu game da duniya, yana nuna mahimman abubuwan bincike, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da gyare-gyaren kan iyaka. '''Binciken Farko (a shekarar 1587-1800)''' - Gano Ostiraliya (1606) na ɗan ƙasar Holland mai bincike Willem Janszoon ya nuna farkon binciken Turai a yankin (Janszoon, a shekarar 1606). - Taswirar New Zealand ( a shekarar 1642) na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Holland Abel Tasman ya faɗaɗa ilimin Turai game da Pacific (Tasman, 1642). - Binciken Arewacin Amurka da turawa suka yi, ciki har da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Mutanen Espanya, ya kai ga zana taswirar gabas da manyan tafkuna (Buisseret, a shekarar 2003). '''Zamanin Mulki (1800-1900)''' - The Scramble for Africa (1881-1914) ya ga ikon Turai suna sake fasalin iyakokin Afirka, suna ƙirƙirar sabbin yankuna da yankuna (Hobsbawm, 2010). - Fitowar sababbin ƙasashe, irin su Kanada (1867) da Ostiraliya (1901), ya haifar da canje-canje a kan iyakokin ƙasa da sunaye (Smith, 2010). - Turawan mulkin mallaka na Asiya, da suka hada da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Dutch, ya haifar da taswirar sabbin yankuna da iyakokin (Tarling, 2001). '''Zamanin Zamani ( shekara 1900-Yanzu)''' - Gano Antarctica ( a shekara 1820) da taswirar sa (shekarar 1950s-60s) ya fadada fahimtarmu game da duniya (Amundsen, 1912). - Decolonization da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai sun haifar da sababbin kan iyakoki da sunaye, kamar Indiya (shekara 1947) da Indonesia (shekarar 1945) (Smith, 2010). - Rikicin kan iyaka da kudurori, irin su rikicin Alaska Panhandle (shekarar 1903), sun ci gaba da tsara taswirar duniya (Hayne, shekarar 1903).<ref>Janszoon, W. (1606). Nova Guinea. Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz.</ref><ref>Hobsbawm, E. (2010). The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. Abacus.</ref><ref>Hayne, J. (1903). The Alaska Boundary Dispute. The Geographical Journal, 22(3), 257-266.</ref><ref>Buisseret, D. (2003). The Mapmaker's Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Amundsen, R. (1912). The South Pole. London: John Murray.</ref> ''Kammalawa''' Taswirar duniya ta samo asali sosai tun 1587, tana nuna binciken ɗan adam, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da sauye-sauyen yanayi. Fahimtar waɗannan sauye-sauye na ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci a cikin rikitattun tarihin duniya da siyasa. ==Manazarta== nmtqqoiou4vp2y89zhu1yelhxp4slsz 539548 539547 2024-11-10T20:20:22Z Pharouqenr 25549 539548 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Juyin Halitta: Binciken Canjin Taswirar Duniya tun 1587''' = [[File:Taswirar Duniya a shekara ta 1570.png|thumb|]] '''Gabatarwa''' Taswirar duniya ta sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci tun daga shekarar alif 1587, wanda ke nuna ci gaban bincike, zane-zane, da kuma sauyin yanayi. Wannan labarin ya shiga cikin manyan canje-canjen da suka sake fasalin fahimtarmu game da duniya, yana nuna mahimman abubuwan bincike, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da gyare-gyaren kan iyaka. '''Binciken Farko (a shekarar 1587-1800)''' - Gano Ostiraliya (1606) na ɗan ƙasar Holland mai bincike Willem Janszoon ya nuna farkon binciken Turai a yankin (Janszoon, a shekarar 1606). - Taswirar New Zealand ( a shekarar 1642) na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Holland Abel Tasman ya faɗaɗa ilimin Turai game da Pacific (Tasman, 1642). - Binciken Arewacin Amurka da turawa suka yi, ciki har da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Mutanen Espanya, ya kai ga zana taswirar gabas da manyan tafkuna (Buisseret, a shekarar 2003). '''Zamanin Mulki (1800-1900)''' - The Scramble for Africa (1881-1914) ya ga ikon Turai suna sake fasalin iyakokin Afirka, suna ƙirƙirar sabbin yankuna da yankuna (Hobsbawm, 2010). - Fitowar sababbin ƙasashe, irin su Kanada (1867) da Ostiraliya (1901), ya haifar da canje-canje a kan iyakokin ƙasa da sunaye (Smith, 2010). - Turawan mulkin mallaka na Asiya, da suka hada da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Dutch, ya haifar da taswirar sabbin yankuna da iyakokin (Tarling, 2001). '''Zamanin Zamani ( shekara 1900-Yanzu)''' - Gano Antarctica ( a shekara 1820) da taswirar sa (shekarar 1950s-60s) ya fadada fahimtarmu game da duniya (Amundsen, 1912). - Decolonization da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai sun haifar da sababbin kan iyakoki da sunaye, kamar Indiya (shekara 1947) da Indonesia (shekarar 1945) (Smith, 2010). - Rikicin kan iyaka da kudurori, irin su rikicin Alaska Panhandle (shekarar 1903), sun ci gaba da tsara taswirar duniya (Hayne, shekarar 1903).<ref>Janszoon, W. (1606). Nova Guinea. Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz.</ref><ref>Hobsbawm, E. (2010). The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. Abacus.</ref><ref>Hayne, J. (1903). The Alaska Boundary Dispute. The Geographical Journal, 22(3), 257-266.</ref><ref>Buisseret, D. (2003). The Mapmaker's Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Amundsen, R. (1912). The South Pole. London: John Murray.</ref> ''Kammalawa''' Taswirar duniya ta samo asali sosai tun 1587, tana nuna binciken ɗan adam, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da sauye-sauyen yanayi. Fahimtar waɗannan sauye-sauye na ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci a cikin rikitattun tarihin duniya da siyasa. ==Manazarta== 80n873qvqhqjwhimuuxl9h5c50bhwkm 539549 539548 2024-11-10T20:20:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 539549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} = '''Juyin Halitta: Binciken Canjin Taswirar Duniya tun 1587''' = [[File:Taswirar Duniya a shekara ta 1570.png|thumb|]] '''Gabatarwa''' Taswirar duniya ta sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci tun daga shekarar alif 1587, wanda ke nuna ci gaban bincike, zane-zane, da kuma sauyin yanayi. Wannan labarin ya shiga cikin manyan canje-canjen da suka sake fasalin fahimtarmu game da duniya, yana nuna mahimman abubuwan bincike, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da gyare-gyaren kan iyaka. '''Binciken Farko (a shekarar 1587-1800)''' - Gano Ostiraliya (1606) na ɗan ƙasar Holland mai bincike Willem Janszoon ya nuna farkon binciken Turai a yankin (Janszoon, a shekarar 1606). - Taswirar New Zealand ( a shekarar 1642) na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Holland Abel Tasman ya faɗaɗa ilimin Turai game da Pacific (Tasman, 1642). - Binciken Arewacin Amurka da turawa suka yi, ciki har da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Mutanen Espanya, ya kai ga zana taswirar gabas da manyan tafkuna (Buisseret, a shekarar 2003). '''Zamanin Mulki (1800-1900)''' - The Scramble for Africa (1881-1914) ya ga ikon Turai suna sake fasalin iyakokin Afirka, suna ƙirƙirar sabbin yankuna da yankuna (Hobsbawm, 2010). - Fitowar sababbin ƙasashe, irin su Kanada (1867) da Ostiraliya (1901), ya haifar da canje-canje a kan iyakokin ƙasa da sunaye (Smith, 2010). - Turawan mulkin mallaka na Asiya, da suka hada da Birtaniya, Faransanci, da Dutch, ya haifar da taswirar sabbin yankuna da iyakokin (Tarling, 2001). '''Zamanin Zamani ( shekara 1900-Yanzu)''' - Gano Antarctica ( a shekara 1820) da taswirar sa (shekarar 1950s-60s) ya fadada fahimtarmu game da duniya (Amundsen, 1912). - Decolonization da ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai sun haifar da sababbin kan iyakoki da sunaye, kamar Indiya (shekara 1947) da Indonesia (shekarar 1945) (Smith, 2010). - Rikicin kan iyaka da kudurori, irin su rikicin Alaska Panhandle (shekarar 1903), sun ci gaba da tsara taswirar duniya (Hayne, shekarar 1903).<ref>Janszoon, W. (1606). Nova Guinea. Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz.</ref><ref>Hobsbawm, E. (2010). The Age of Empire: 1875-1914. Abacus.</ref><ref>Hayne, J. (1903). The Alaska Boundary Dispute. The Geographical Journal, 22(3), 257-266.</ref><ref>Buisseret, D. (2003). The Mapmaker's Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe. Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Amundsen, R. (1912). The South Pole. London: John Murray.</ref> ''Kammalawa''' Taswirar duniya ta samo asali sosai tun 1587, tana nuna binciken ɗan adam, faɗaɗa mulkin mallaka, da sauye-sauyen yanayi. Fahimtar waɗannan sauye-sauye na ba da fa'ida mai mahimmanci a cikin rikitattun tarihin duniya da siyasa. ==Manazarta== otlqot3uf843hz28a7pxtee18ay4t2e Ar-Rahman 0 83995 539545 521575 2024-11-10T20:18:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 539545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ar-Rahman(Surah)'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Rahman</ref> Ma'ana: Mai rahama; Mafi Rahamah; Mai Rahama ita ce sura ta 55 a cikin Alkur’ani mai girma, surace mai ayoyi 78.<ref>"Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Rahman"</ref> Taken surar, Ar-Rahman, ya zo a aya ta 1 kuma tana nufin “Mai rahama”. Haka nan kuma la’anar “ar-Rahman” ta zo a cikin tsarin budewa wanda ke gaban kowace sura sai sura ta 9 ("Da sunan Allah Ubangijin rahama Mai jin kai"). Fassarar sunan surar a turanci sun hada da "Mai rahama", "Mai jin ƙai", "Ubangijin rahama", "Mai rahama", da "Mai rahama". A ƙarni na huɗu AD an fara maye gurbin rubutun arna na Larabawa da kalmomin tauhidi, ta amfani da kalmar Rahman.<ref>Saheeh International</ref><ref>George Sale translation</ref> Akwai sabani akan ko ya kamata a kasafta Ar-Rahman a matsayin surar Makka ko Madina. Theodor Nöldeke da Carl Ernst sun sanya ta a cikin surori na farkon Makka (bisa ga gajerun ayoyinta), amma Abdel Haleem ya sanya ta a fassararsa da Madina, duk da cewa mafi yawan malaman musulmi suna sanya Sūrat ar-Rahman a Makka. Bisa ga tarihin Masar na gargajiya, Ar-Rahman ita ce sura ta 97 da aka saukar. Nöldeke ya sanya shi a baya, yana da shekaru 43, yayin da Ernst ya nuna cewa ita ce sura ta biyar da aka saukar.<ref>Saheeh International</ref><ref>The Message of the Qur’an, English edition, Muhammad Asad (The Book Foundation)</ref> == Bayani == '''1-4''' Allah ya koyar da mutane Al-Qur'ani. '''5-16'''Allah mahaliccin dukan kõme. Kuma Allah ne Ya mallaki tẽkuna da abin da yake a cikinsa. '''26-30''' Allah Yã kasance a raye, kuma dukka n halittu duk matattu ne, tabbas, Allah Yanã yin hukunci a kan mutãne da aljannu. '''41-45''' Kuma Allah Yanã shigar da azzãlumai a cikin wutar Jahannama. '''46-78''' An siffanta jin daɗin Aljanna == Hadisi == Saboda kyawun salon surar, sau da yawa ana kallonta a matsayin ‘kyawun(adon)Alqur’ani, kamar yadda ya zo a hadisi cewa: Abdullahi bn Mas’ud ya ruwaito cewa Annabi Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam ya ce: “Kowane abu yana da ado, da adon Alqur’ani. ita ce Surar Ar-Rahman" == Manazarta == 8n2mqxey7pzpuqt5t4atu5y3j0jkdkz 539546 539545 2024-11-10T20:19:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 539546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ar-Rahman(Surah)'''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Rahman</ref> Ma'ana: Mai rahama; Mafi Rahamah; Mai Rahama ita ce sura ta 55 a cikin Alkur’ani mai girma, surace mai ayoyi 78.<ref>"Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Rahman"</ref> Taken surar, Ar-Rahman, ya zo a aya ta 1 kuma tana nufin “Mai rahama”. Haka nan kuma la’anar “ar-Rahman” ta zo a cikin tsarin budewa wanda ke gaban kowace sura sai sura ta 9 ("Da sunan Allah Ubangijin rahama Mai jin kai"). Fassarar sunan surar a turanci sun hada da "Mai rahama", "Mai jin ƙai", "Ubangijin rahama", "Mai rahama", da "Mai rahama". A ƙarni na huɗu AD an fara maye gurbin rubutun arna na Larabawa da kalmomin tauhidi, ta amfani da kalmar Rahman.<ref>Saheeh International</ref><ref>George Sale translation</ref> Akwai sabani akan ko ya kamata a kasafta Ar-Rahman a matsayin surar Makka ko kuma surar Madina. Theodor Nöldeke da Carl Ernst sun sanya ta a cikin surori na farkon Makka (bisa ga gajerun ayoyinta), amma Abdel Haleem ya sanya ta a fassararsa da Madina, duk da cewa mafi yawan malaman musulmi suna sanya Sūrat ar-Rahman a Makka. Bisa ga tarihin Masar na gargajiya, Ar-Rahman ita ce sura ta 97 da aka saukar. Nöldeke ya sanya shi a baya, yana da shekaru 43, yayin da Ernst ya nuna cewa ita ce sura ta biyar da aka saukar.<ref>Saheeh International</ref><ref>The Message of the Qur’an, English edition, Muhammad Asad (The Book Foundation)</ref> == Bayani == '''1-4''' Allah ya koyar da mutane Al-Qur'ani. '''5-16'''Allah mahaliccin dukan kõme. Kuma Allah ne Ya mallaki tẽkuna da abin da yake a cikinsa. '''26-30''' Allah Yã kasance a raye, kuma dukka n halittu duk matattu ne, tabbas, Allah Yanã yin hukunci a kan mutãne da aljannu. '''41-45''' Kuma Allah Yanã shigar da azzãlumai a cikin wutar Jahannama. '''46-78''' An siffanta jin daɗin Aljanna == Hadisi == Saboda kyawun salon surar, sau da yawa ana kallonta a matsayin ‘kyawun(adon)Alqur’ani, kamar yadda ya zo a hadisi cewa: Abdullahi bn Mas’ud ya ruwaito cewa Annabi Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi wa sallam ya ce: “Kowane abu yana da ado, da adon Alqur’ani. ita ce Surar Ar-Rahman" == Manazarta == t7uep2jx9z2m6exh0plzniaya79ybzw Sowemimo Abiodun 0 84115 539543 522270 2024-11-10T20:15:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 539543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sowemimo Abiodun Alex''' an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1986, shine Babban Jami'in Babban Bankin Capital MetriQ Swift Bank, InfoMetriQ Data Network, iNet Telecommunications, da Vapor Paints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Tech Is A Game Changer For Africa —Sowemimo Abiodun |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://leadership.ng/financial-tech-is-a-game-changer-for-africa-sowemimo-abiodun/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(AMB) DR. SOWEMIMO ABIODUN |url=https://about.me/sowemimoabiodun}}</ref>Shi ne wanda ya kafa PagePedia, tsarin aikace-aikacen bayanan bayanan duniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/were-building-entrepreneurial-skills-with-our-leading-networking-website-alex/|title=We're building entrepreneurial skills with our leading networking website —Alex - Vanguard News|date=2016-01-23|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/looking-at-our-future-from-here-2/|title=Looking at our future from here - The Sun News|date=2017-07-20|work=The Sun News|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/youth-magazine/sowemimo-using-ict-to-solve-security-challenges/|title=Sowemimo… Using ICT to solve security challenges |access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>A cikin Maris na 2019, ya karɓi "Kyautar Matasa Mafi Alƙawari" daga shugaban Masar [[Abdel Fattah El-Sisi]] ​​a [[Zauren Matasan Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/egyptian-president-el-sisi-honours-nigerian-entrepreneur-sowemimo-abiodun-with-promising-youth-award/|title=Egyptian President el-Sisi honours Nigerian entrepreneur, Sowemimo Abiodun with Promising Youth award - Guardian News|date=2019-03-17|work=Guardian News|access-date=2021-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerian-tech-innovator-bags-most-promising-youth-in-africa-award/|title=Nigerian tech innovator bags Most Promising Youth in Africa Award - Tribune|date=2019-06-17|work=Tribune|access-date=2021-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Afirka masu tasowa na masu haɓakawa.{{Citation need| date=Oktoba 2023}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} rfmhz1fkh5rv6lg2igjowgko5knin6n 539544 539543 2024-11-10T20:16:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 539544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sowemimo Abiodun Alex''' an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1986, shine Babban Jami'in Babban Bankin Capital MetriQ Swift Bank, InfoMetriQ Data Network, iNet Telecommunications, da Vapor Paints.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Tech Is A Game Changer For Africa —Sowemimo Abiodun |date=7 October 2023 |url=https://leadership.ng/financial-tech-is-a-game-changer-for-africa-sowemimo-abiodun/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(AMB) DR. SOWEMIMO ABIODUN |url=https://about.me/sowemimoabiodun}}</ref>Shi ne wanda ya kafa PagePedia, tsarin aikace-aikacen bayanan bayanan duniya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/01/were-building-entrepreneurial-skills-with-our-leading-networking-website-alex/|title=We're building entrepreneurial skills with our leading networking website —Alex - Vanguard News|date=2016-01-23|work=Vanguard News|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/looking-at-our-future-from-here-2/|title=Looking at our future from here - The Sun News|date=2017-07-20|work=The Sun News|access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/youth-magazine/sowemimo-using-ict-to-solve-security-challenges/|title=Sowemimo… Using ICT to solve security challenges |access-date=2018-07-05|language=en-US}}</ref>A cikin watan Maris na 2019, ya karɓi "Kyautar Matasa Mafi Alƙawari" daga shugaban Masar [[Abdel Fattah El-Sisi]] ​​a [[Zauren Matasan Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/egyptian-president-el-sisi-honours-nigerian-entrepreneur-sowemimo-abiodun-with-promising-youth-award/|title=Egyptian President el-Sisi honours Nigerian entrepreneur, Sowemimo Abiodun with Promising Youth award - Guardian News|date=2019-03-17|work=Guardian News|access-date=2021-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerian-tech-innovator-bags-most-promising-youth-in-africa-award/|title=Nigerian tech innovator bags Most Promising Youth in Africa Award - Tribune|date=2019-06-17|work=Tribune|access-date=2021-03-04|language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban Afirka masu tasowa na masu haɓakawa.{{Citation need| date=Oktoba 2023}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 90qm3wkqh0igobz76fwv7ffb9mxuw8z Mustafa Chike-Obi 0 84143 539542 528963 2024-11-10T20:15:29Z Pharouqenr 25549 539542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Ilimi== Chike-Obi ya sami takaddar shedar Digiri na farko a ban garan lissafi daga Jami'ar Legas da kuma MBA daga Makarantar Kasuwanci ta Jami'ar Stanford. <ref> Admin. "How Mustapha Chime Obi has led Fidelity Bank". thescript.com. </ref> == Manazarta == 6zs473d8ntxycctz7zp62ai9me2upiw Ignace deen hospita! 0 84154 539541 528949 2024-11-10T20:15:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 539541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ignace deen hospital''' Asibitin Ignace Deen (Hopital Ignace Deen) asibiti ne a cikin Conakry, a ƙasar Guinea wanda aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka. Asibitin yana kusa da Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignace_Deen_Hospital#cite_note-Auzias-1</ref> '''Manazarta''' gy5myswlhec1frjsjbwe21d9x3jxiro Sheikh Shureim 0 84156 539540 534465 2024-11-10T20:14:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 539540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stub}} '''Saud ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Shuraim''' (Anhaifeshi a ranar 19 gawatan Junairu a shekarar 1966) b4aozuk04h0t3gfjq96eofjin4nmnnv Tsibirin Afirika 0 84210 539538 528916 2024-11-10T20:12:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 539538 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Afirka''' wani babban yanki ne na yankin nahiyar Afirka,<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=GRs_AQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref> kuma suna wakiltar wani yanki na al'adu da tarihi a yankin. ==Gabatarwa== Ana iya raba tsibiran Afirka zuwa tsibiran tekun Indiya da kuma tsibiran tekun Atlantika. == Manazarta == jw3koaz43xncd9kh8zw3jnfd2h705ee 539539 539538 2024-11-10T20:13:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 539539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsibirin Afirka''' wani babban yanki ne dake yankin nahiyar Afirka,<ref>https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=GRs_AQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y</ref> kuma suna wakiltar wani yanki na al'adu da tarihi a yankin. ==Gabatarwa== Ana iya raba tsibiran Afirka zuwa tsibiran tekun Indiya da kuma tsibiran tekun Atlantika. == Manazarta == g6sffd6o5ywto204sjep67s4vrkber1 Roberts international airport 0 86619 539529 538894 2024-11-10T19:21:12Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karamin gyara 539529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}}{{databox}} '''Tashar Jirgin sama na Roborts'''Filin jirgin saman Roberts International (IATA: ROB, ICAO: GLRB), wanda aka fi sani da Robertsfield, filin jirgin sama ne na duniya a ƙasar Laberiya ta Yamma. Da yake kusa da garin Harbel a cikin Margibi County, tashar jirgin sama guda ɗaya tana da nisan mil 35 (kilomita 56) wajen babban birnin ƙasar Monrovia, kuma a matsayin asali da wurin da ake nufi ana kiranta da "Monrovia". A cikin gida, ana kiranta da "RIA" kawai. An sanya sunan filin jirgin ne don girmama Joseph Jenkins Roberts, shugaban farko Laberiya. Filin jirgin saman shi ne filin jirgin sama mafi yawan jama'a kuma mafi mahimmancin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar sabis ɗin jiragen sama na kasuwanci ɗaya tilo na ƙasar, tare da haɗin kai kai tsaye zuwa manyan biranen yammacin Afirka da kuma jiragen zuwa Turai a kan Brussels Airlines. An bayar da rahoton cewa, filin jirgin saman ya yi hidima ga fasinjoji 228,000 a duk shekara a cikin 2018 kuma kwanan nan ya sami babban fadada, gami da buɗe sabon tashar fasinja.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport#cite_note-4</ref>Wurin da ke da doguwar titin jirgi mai tsawon ƙafa 11,000 (3,353 m) wani wurin saukar gaggawa ne don shirin Jirgin Sama na Amurka kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin biyu kawai da ke da shimfidar titin jirgin sama a cikin ƙasar.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_International_Airport#cite_note-phones-5</ref> Yayin da filin jirgin sama na biyu na Monrovia, Spriggs Payne, ya fi kusa da tsakiyar gari kuma ya mallaki sauran titin jirgin sama na ƙasar, ba ta da shirin sabis na kasuwanci tun lokacin da ASKY Airlinya dakatar da sabis a cikin Nuwamba 2014. ==Manazarta== rlf73va8tx9g7x6q4tis1q28e7fl490 Bazin 0 87043 539525 539108 2024-11-10T18:39:16Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karamin gyara 539525 wikitext text/x-wiki Bazin(Bread) (Larabci: البازين, lafazin [baːˈziːn], burodi ne marar yis a cikin abinci na Libya wanda aka shirya shi da sha'ir, ruwa da gishiri<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3111-5</ref>. magraf, wanda shi ne sanda na musamman da aka kera don haka. Ana iya sanya kullu a cikin kasko kuma a bar lokaci ya taurare, bayan an toya shi ko kuma a dafa shi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1356</ref> Gishiri yana taimakawa wajen taurin. Bazin na iya samun nau'i mai kama da tauri.Hakanan ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar amfani da garin alkama gabaɗaya, man zaitun da barkono a matsayin kayan abinci. da dankali da naman naman naman wannan hanyar ta haɗa da siffanta kullun zuwa siffar dala ko kubba, bayan haka ana iya ba da shi da miya mai tumatur ko nama da dankalin turawa a zuba a kai ko kewaye a yi masa ado da tauri. -kwai da aka tafasa.Hakanan ana iya sanya danyen kwai a cikin miya mai zafi. tare da dafaffen kabewa da cakuda miya na tumatir.[c] Idan ana sha, ana iya “dakaɗe a ci da yatsu.” Yawancin lokaci ana cin ta ta hanyar hannun dama, kuma ana iya amfani da ita a cikin jama’a. an bayyana shi azaman abincin gargajiya kuma a matsayin abincin ƙasar Libya.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=hbouAQAAIAAJ&q=%22bazin%22</ref> == Sauce == Bazin miya za a iya shirya da soya naman nama (zai fi dacewa kafada ko kafa) tare da yankakken albasa, turmeric, gishiri, chilli foda, helba (fenugreek), zaki paprika, black barkono da tumatir manna. Hakanan za'a iya ƙara wake, lentil da dankali. Ana shirya miya, qwai, dankali da nama a kusa da kullu. Yawanci ana ba da tasa da lemo da sabo ko kuma pickled (imsaiyar) chilies. == Tarihi == Tsohuwar hanyar yin bazin ita ce a samar da kullu ta zama biredi mai girman dabino a dafa cikin ruwa a cikin wata tukunyar tagulla ta musamman mai suna qidir. Wareken sha'ir, bayan ya yi ƙarfi, sai a farfasa a cikin tukunyar tare da babban lebur, lebur, katako, a gauraya su zama babba guda ɗaya. A zamanin yau, ana yawan amfani da blender, ko kuma a dafa kullu nan da nan a cikin ruwa kamar pudding. == Manazarta == srkip80kz0t93xsclzuyq41h6tmuh80 539528 539525 2024-11-10T19:04:03Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karamin gyara 539528 wikitext text/x-wiki Bazin(Bread) (Larabci: البازين, lafazin [baːˈziːn], burodi ne marar yis a cikin abinci na Libya wanda aka shirya shi da sha'ir, ruwa da gishiri<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3111-5</ref>. magraf, wanda shi ne sanda na musamman da aka kera don haka. Ana iya sanya kullu a cikin kasko kuma a bar lokaci ya taurare, bayan an toya shi ko kuma a dafa shi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1356</ref> Gishiri yana taimakawa wajen taurin. Bazin na iya samun nau'i mai kama da tauri.Hakanan ana iya shirya shi ta hanyar amfani da garin alkama gabaɗaya, man zaitun da barkono a matsayin kayan abinci. da dankali da naman wanna hanyar ta haɗa da siffanta kullun zuwa siffar dala ko kubba, bayan haka ana iya ba da shi da miya mai tumatur ko nama da dankalin turawa a zuba a kai ko kewaye a yi masa ado da tauri. -kwai da aka tafasa.Hakanan ana iya sanya danyen kwai a cikin miya mai zafi. tare da dafaffen kabewa da cakuda miya na tumatir.[c] Idan ana sha, ana iya “dakaɗe a ci da yatsu.” Yawancin lokaci ana cin ta ta hanyar hannun dama, kuma ana iya amfani da ita a cikin jama’a. an bayyana shi azaman abincin gargajiya kuma a matsayin abincin ƙasar Libya.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=hbouAQAAIAAJ&q=%22bazin%22</ref> == Sauce == Bazin miya za a iya shirya da soya naman nama (zai fi dacewa kafada ko kafa) tare da yankakken albasa, turmeric, gishiri, chilli foda, helba (fenugreek), zaki paprika, black barkono da tumatir manna. Hakanan za'a iya ƙara wake, lentil da dankali. Ana shirya miya, qwai, dankali da nama a kusa da kullu. Yawanci ana ba da tasa da lemo da sabo ko kuma pickled (imsaiyar) chilies. == Tarihi == Tsohuwar hanyar yin bazin ita ce a samar da kullu ta zama biredi mai girman dabino a dafa cikin ruwa a cikin wata tukunyar tagulla ta musamman mai suna qidir. Wareken sha'ir, bayan ya yi ƙarfi, sai a farfasa a cikin tukunyar tare da babban lebur, lebur, katako, a gauraya su zama babba guda ɗaya. A zamanin yau, ana yawan amfani da blender, ko kuma a dafa kullu nan da nan a cikin ruwa kamar pudding. == Manazarta == mlyl1avofjst9t0twij6o5nnmseup4b Tattaunawa:Tarin fuka 1 87087 539504 539493 2024-11-10T12:34:32Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tattaunawa:Tibi]] to [[Tattaunawa:Tarin fuka]]: Ma sake masa suna daga Tari Tibi zuwa 539493 wikitext text/x-wiki == Canza sunan Mukala == @[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]...barka da aiki.. Inaga yakamata a chanza ma wannan mukalar suna zuwa 'Tarin Fuka' wanda shine asalin ingataccen sunan ciwon tuberclosis a hausance. [[User:Saifullahi AS|Saifullahi AS]] ([[User talk:Saifullahi AS|talk]]) 11:13, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) gdp0qwvymyjkur2ohm74s0xnjueo39e Wazobia FM 0 87089 539497 2024-11-10T12:30:15Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248580342|Wazobia FM]]" 539497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wazobia FM''' gidan rediyon pidgin ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryensu cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da sauran yarukan asali wadanda suka hada da Igbo, Yarbanci, da Hausa. Tana da tashoshi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Onitsha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-03-24 |title=I worked as guard, cleaner as a varsity student in Paris – Serge Noujaim, CEO, Cool FM |url=https://punchng.com/i-worked-as-guard-cleaner-as-a-varsity-student-in-paris-serge-noujaim-ceo-cool-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Gidan rediyon mallakar Aim Group ne, wadanda kuma su ne masu gidajen Cool FM, Nigeria Info, Arewa radio da Kidz FM. == Tarihi == Wazobia FM 95. An kafa 1 a watan Nuwamba 2007, a Jihar Legas ta Aim Group kuma ita ce gidan rediyon pidgin na farko a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=AIM Group boss, Amin Mousalli reveals how he started Wazobia FM with his cleaners |url=https://encomium.ng/aim-group-boss-amin-mousalli-reveals-how-he-started-wazobia-fm-with-his-cleaners/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Encomium |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-02 |title=Wazobia FM celebrates 7th anniversary |url=https://thenet.ng/wazobia-fm-celebrates-7th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory Milestone for Wazobia FM – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/celebratory-milestone-for-wazobia-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Bayan shekara daya aka bude wani reshe a Fatakwal da mita 94.1, sai kuma reshe a Abuja a watan Janairun 2011 mai mitar 99.5, sai kuma wani reshe a jihar Kano mai lamba 95.1 a watan Oktobar 2011. A watan Yuli 2018, an bude wani reshe a Onitsha, jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=2019-03-06 |title=Widow attacked and dispossessed of her capital receives N50,000 from Wazobia FM |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/widow-attacked-and-dispossessed-of-her-capital-receives-n50000-from-wazobia-fm/amp/ |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == Tashoshi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tashoshin Wazobia ! Yawanci ! Garin |- | 99.5&nbsp;MHz | [[Abuja]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |- | 93.7&nbsp;MHz | [[Onitsha]] |- | 94.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgedjclb1fsq96bt26d7lkwucm7sqqn 539498 539497 2024-11-10T12:30:33Z Gwanki 3834 539498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wazobia FM''' gidan rediyon pidgin ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryensu cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da sauran yarukan asali wadanda suka hada da Igbo, Yarbanci, da Hausa. Tana da tashoshi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Onitsha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-03-24 |title=I worked as guard, cleaner as a varsity student in Paris – Serge Noujaim, CEO, Cool FM |url=https://punchng.com/i-worked-as-guard-cleaner-as-a-varsity-student-in-paris-serge-noujaim-ceo-cool-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Gidan rediyon mallakar Aim Group ne, wadanda kuma su ne masu gidajen Cool FM, Nigeria Info, Arewa radio da Kidz FM. == Tarihi == Wazobia FM 95. An kafa 1 a watan Nuwamba 2007, a Jihar Legas ta Aim Group kuma ita ce gidan rediyon pidgin na farko a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=AIM Group boss, Amin Mousalli reveals how he started Wazobia FM with his cleaners |url=https://encomium.ng/aim-group-boss-amin-mousalli-reveals-how-he-started-wazobia-fm-with-his-cleaners/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Encomium |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-02 |title=Wazobia FM celebrates 7th anniversary |url=https://thenet.ng/wazobia-fm-celebrates-7th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory Milestone for Wazobia FM – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/celebratory-milestone-for-wazobia-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Bayan shekara daya aka bude wani reshe a Fatakwal da mita 94.1, sai kuma reshe a Abuja a watan Janairun 2011 mai mitar 99.5, sai kuma wani reshe a jihar Kano mai lamba 95.1 a watan Oktobar 2011. A watan Yuli 2018, an bude wani reshe a Onitsha, jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=2019-03-06 |title=Widow attacked and dispossessed of her capital receives N50,000 from Wazobia FM |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/widow-attacked-and-dispossessed-of-her-capital-receives-n50000-from-wazobia-fm/amp/ |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == Tashoshi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tashoshin Wazobia ! Yawanci ! Garin |- | 99.5&nbsp;MHz | [[Abuja]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |- | 93.7&nbsp;MHz | [[Onitsha]] |- | 94.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lzlfdd74t80wwoxcr84n9e4chhdxra7 539499 539498 2024-11-10T12:31:08Z Gwanki 3834 539499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wazobia FM''' gidan rediyon pidgin ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryensu cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da sauran yarukan asali wadanda suka hada da Igbo, Yarbanci, da Hausa. Tana da tashoshi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Onitsha]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-03-24 |title=I worked as guard, cleaner as a varsity student in Paris – Serge Noujaim, CEO, Cool FM |url=https://punchng.com/i-worked-as-guard-cleaner-as-a-varsity-student-in-paris-serge-noujaim-ceo-cool-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Gidan rediyon mallakar Aim Group ne, wadanda kuma su ne masu gidajen Cool FM, Nigeria Info, Arewa radio da Kidz FM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndukwe |first=Ijeoma |title='Everyone is hustling here': The Lebanese of Nigeria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/28/everyone-is-hustling-here-the-lebanese-of-nigeria |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wazobia FM 95. An kafa 1 a watan Nuwamba 2007, a Jihar Legas ta Aim Group kuma ita ce gidan rediyon pidgin na farko a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=AIM Group boss, Amin Mousalli reveals how he started Wazobia FM with his cleaners |url=https://encomium.ng/aim-group-boss-amin-mousalli-reveals-how-he-started-wazobia-fm-with-his-cleaners/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Encomium |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-02 |title=Wazobia FM celebrates 7th anniversary |url=https://thenet.ng/wazobia-fm-celebrates-7th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory Milestone for Wazobia FM – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/celebratory-milestone-for-wazobia-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Bayan shekara daya aka bude wani reshe a Fatakwal da mita 94.1, sai kuma reshe a Abuja a watan Janairun 2011 mai mitar 99.5, sai kuma wani reshe a jihar Kano mai lamba 95.1 a watan Oktobar 2011. A watan Yuli 2018, an bude wani reshe a Onitsha, jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=2019-03-06 |title=Widow attacked and dispossessed of her capital receives N50,000 from Wazobia FM |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/widow-attacked-and-dispossessed-of-her-capital-receives-n50000-from-wazobia-fm/amp/ |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == Tashoshi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tashoshin Wazobia ! Yawanci ! Garin |- | 99.5&nbsp;MHz | [[Abuja]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |- | 93.7&nbsp;MHz | [[Onitsha]] |- | 94.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 36sthhkmmceogxl893s01xd3658doi8 539500 539499 2024-11-10T12:31:54Z Gwanki 3834 539500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wazobia FM''' gidan rediyon pidgin ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryensu cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da sauran yarukan asali wadanda suka hada da Igbo, Yarbanci, da Hausa. Tana da tashoshi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Onitsha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-03-24 |title=I worked as guard, cleaner as a varsity student in Paris – Serge Noujaim, CEO, Cool FM |url=https://punchng.com/i-worked-as-guard-cleaner-as-a-varsity-student-in-paris-serge-noujaim-ceo-cool-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular Representations of America in Non-American Media |year=2019|isbn=9781522593140|editor=Floribert Patrick C. Endong|pages=262–263|publisher=IGI Global}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Gidan rediyon mallakar Aim Group ne, wadanda kuma su ne masu gidajen Cool FM, Nigeria Info, Arewa radio da Kidz FM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndukwe |first=Ijeoma |title='Everyone is hustling here': The Lebanese of Nigeria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/28/everyone-is-hustling-here-the-lebanese-of-nigeria |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wazobia FM 95. An kafa 1 a watan Nuwamba 2007, a Jihar Legas ta Aim Group kuma ita ce gidan rediyon pidgin na farko a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=AIM Group boss, Amin Mousalli reveals how he started Wazobia FM with his cleaners |url=https://encomium.ng/aim-group-boss-amin-mousalli-reveals-how-he-started-wazobia-fm-with-his-cleaners/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Encomium |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-02 |title=Wazobia FM celebrates 7th anniversary |url=https://thenet.ng/wazobia-fm-celebrates-7th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory Milestone for Wazobia FM – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/celebratory-milestone-for-wazobia-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Bayan shekara daya aka bude wani reshe a Fatakwal da mita 94.1, sai kuma reshe a Abuja a watan Janairun 2011 mai mitar 99.5, sai kuma wani reshe a jihar Kano mai lamba 95.1 a watan Oktobar 2011. A watan Yuli 2018, an bude wani reshe a Onitsha, jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=2019-03-06 |title=Widow attacked and dispossessed of her capital receives N50,000 from Wazobia FM |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/widow-attacked-and-dispossessed-of-her-capital-receives-n50000-from-wazobia-fm/amp/ |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == Tashoshi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tashoshin Wazobia ! Yawanci ! Garin |- | 99.5&nbsp;MHz | [[Abuja]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |- | 93.7&nbsp;MHz | [[Onitsha]] |- | 94.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6atg2zyftnxureig6w7rex7zkfo3jf6 539501 539500 2024-11-10T12:32:28Z Gwanki 3834 539501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wazobia FM''' gidan rediyon pidgin ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryensu cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da sauran yarukan asali wadanda suka hada da Igbo, Yarbanci, da Hausa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A Sociolinguistic Perspective |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2021 |isbn=9781501513541 |editor=Akinmade T. Akande, Oladipo Salami |pages=84–85}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Scholarship and Commitment: Essays in Honour of G.G. Darah |publisher=Malthouse Press |year=2018 |isbn=9789785557886 |editor=Ojaruega |editor-first=Enajite Eseoghene |page=406 |editor-last2=Omoko |editor-first2=Peter E. |editor-last3=Awhefeada |editor-first3=Sunny I.}}</ref> Tana da tashoshi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Kano (birni)|Kano]], [[Abuja]], [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] da [[Onitsha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojoye |first=Taiwo |date=2019-03-24 |title=I worked as guard, cleaner as a varsity student in Paris – Serge Noujaim, CEO, Cool FM |url=https://punchng.com/i-worked-as-guard-cleaner-as-a-varsity-student-in-paris-serge-noujaim-ceo-cool-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Popular Representations of America in Non-American Media |year=2019|isbn=9781522593140|editor=Floribert Patrick C. Endong|pages=262–263|publisher=IGI Global}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Gidan rediyon mallakar Aim Group ne, wadanda kuma su ne masu gidajen Cool FM, Nigeria Info, Arewa radio da Kidz FM.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ndukwe |first=Ijeoma |title='Everyone is hustling here': The Lebanese of Nigeria |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2017/1/28/everyone-is-hustling-here-the-lebanese-of-nigeria |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wazobia FM 95. An kafa 1 a watan Nuwamba 2007, a Jihar Legas ta Aim Group kuma ita ce gidan rediyon pidgin na farko a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-25 |title=AIM Group boss, Amin Mousalli reveals how he started Wazobia FM with his cleaners |url=https://encomium.ng/aim-group-boss-amin-mousalli-reveals-how-he-started-wazobia-fm-with-his-cleaners/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Encomium |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-11-02 |title=Wazobia FM celebrates 7th anniversary |url=https://thenet.ng/wazobia-fm-celebrates-7th-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Nigerian Entertainment Today |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebratory Milestone for Wazobia FM – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/12/03/celebratory-milestone-for-wazobia-fm/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Bayan shekara daya aka bude wani reshe a Fatakwal da mita 94.1, sai kuma reshe a Abuja a watan Janairun 2011 mai mitar 99.5, sai kuma wani reshe a jihar Kano mai lamba 95.1 a watan Oktobar 2011. A watan Yuli 2018, an bude wani reshe a Onitsha, jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=2019-03-06 |title=Widow attacked and dispossessed of her capital receives N50,000 from Wazobia FM |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/03/widow-attacked-and-dispossessed-of-her-capital-receives-n50000-from-wazobia-fm/amp/ |access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == Tashoshi == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tashoshin Wazobia ! Yawanci ! Garin |- | 99.5&nbsp;MHz | [[Abuja]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] |- | 95.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |- | 93.7&nbsp;MHz | [[Onitsha]] |- | 94.1&nbsp;MHz | [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] |} == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lbx16ay77dbk9b2291jdjt77cm46d6f Tibi 0 87090 539503 2024-11-10T12:34:32Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tibi]] to [[Tarin fuka]]: Ma sake masa suna daga Tari Tibi zuwa 539503 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tarin fuka]] gzpi45en6cgfptao5fbzbwmvc3dm0xe Tattaunawa:Tibi 1 87091 539505 2024-11-10T12:34:32Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tattaunawa:Tibi]] to [[Tattaunawa:Tarin fuka]]: Ma sake masa suna daga Tari Tibi zuwa 539505 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawa:Tarin fuka]] jcxgwd93ws7f7jupoh5fzbz9h0hyoe5 Sophie Thatcher 0 87092 539506 2024-11-10T13:52:47Z Abdoulmerlictech 32148 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256194627|Sophie Thatcher]]" 539506 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sophie Bathsheba Thatcher''' an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 2000, <ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=May 28, 2020 |title=Sophie Thatcher: A self-isolating shoot at Sophie's home in Evanston |url=http://www.contentmode.com/sophie-thatcher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210319163700/http://www.contentmode.com/sophie-thatcher/ |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=March 19, 2021 |website=Contents}}</ref> 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Amurka. An fi saninta da fitowa a matsayin matashi Natalie Scatorccio a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Showtime na ''Yellowjackets'' (2021- har zuwa yanzu), da kuma bayyanarta a matsayin Drash a cikin ''Littafin Boba Fett'' (2022). [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] sxwalwwd5rxw2e9zbhycxh0j1g2cw44 Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite 0 87093 539507 2024-11-10T15:01:15Z Abdoulmerlictech 32148 Sabon shafi: == Hausa Translation Start == 539507 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hausa Translation Start == nmcun05h32vc9c7idn3akc1ro9wmtzo 539508 539507 2024-11-10T15:01:17Z Abdoulmerlictech 32148 539508 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 1 == {{Short Side | Shafin Dinosaur a Wyoming, US} [Fayil: mujallata My Fashaye Mata, bazara 2014 (13969734272) .jpg | Titin Dinosaur Tracksite] [[Hoto: Red Gulch Dinosaur sawun (babbanpg | babban yatsa | 300px | sawun dinsaur a waka] '' '' '' Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite '' 'sillaranin Burbushin halittu [[Bugun, Wyoming], wyoming]].BLM> {CITE WEL | URL = HTTPS:/ Ref> An gano su a cikin 1997 ta Erik P. KnOcs na bincike na bincike daga binciken gida = HTLPS: //wwwggeosences.org/abut-the-bighorn-basin/dinosaur-tracksites/ |website=Bighorn Basin Geoscience Center |access-date=24 May 2022 |date=2018}}</ref> [Edopleungiyar Gudanar da Gida ta Gudanar da Yanar gizo]] A matsayin wani ɓangare na 8davt0zdjoqrpx8n88s69xvud3x1y2i 539509 539508 2024-11-10T15:01:20Z Abdoulmerlictech 32148 539509 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 2 == [[Red Gulch / Alkali na Nina da Kasa == Fossils == An yi imanin translway [[Bugaric)> N.H.Dayan, Jurastic Tsarin Black Hills na South Dakota, 'jama'ar Al'adun Kasar Amurka ta sanarwa}}} [[Theropoda | Ana tunanin zama daga cikin wadanda aka gano, amma gungun suna nuna cewa an sanya sunan dinosa ne. <Ref cite yanar gizo nena farko1 = c.Kent | Title = Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite | HTTP: //WB.DML |HTML |HTML |HTML: //WW.envs.emory.edu/ichnology/in9990Gulchch.html | Kwanan Wata = {mafi kyawun tushen yanar gizo tare daBabu wata alama ta sake dubawa ko sarrafa edita | Ranar = Mayu 2022} {{eite Journal | {edithaupt 5dvbfmhb279ef89m65c5j2i4iu1jcmf 539510 539509 2024-11-10T15:01:23Z Abdoulmerlictech 32148 539510 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 3 == | na farko1 = B.H.| A karshe2 = Southwell | Na farko2 = E.H.| Kadan 3 = Adams | Farko 3 = t.| karshe4 = Matthews | Na farko4 = N.A.|date=September 2001 |title=Innovative documentation methodologies in the study of the most extensive dinosaur tracksite in Wyoming.| Jaridar Taro na Bincike na 6 na 6. Pages = 113-122 | Matsayi = Sashin Kasa = Sashin Kasa = Sashin Kasuwancin Gail_PDF # Shafi = 122 | Ranta-wata = 24222} 42} 41} Rar -imewararrun halittun Jurassic, nau'in da suka sanya waƙoƙin a halin yanzu ba a san su ba.Mafi yawan sawun suna cikin 4r6f7l91ckqvwbyq69prdvgg2jgp9hl Saint-Thibéry 0 87094 539520 2024-11-10T18:19:38Z Lawan Bala 15944 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253659881|Saint-Thibéry]]" 539520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saint-Thibéry''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}[[Faransa]]: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) wani Garin ne a cikin [[Hérault]] département a yankin Occitan a kudancin Faransa .{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}} An gina ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Thongue da Hérault . Tsohuwar hanyar Romawa "Via Domitia" tana ratsa ƙauyen (Grand Rue) kuma wasu gidaje sun koma karni na 15. Saint-Thibéry yana tsakanin manyan garuruwan Agde da Pezenas da biranen Besiers da [[Montpellier]] kuma yana da ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]]. Fiye da shekaru 4000, wannan tsohon ƙauyen Celtic an taɓa kiransa "Cessero".  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry == Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) da Ikilisiya suna zaune a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Atilio, almajirin Benedict Aniane ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 8, kusa da kabarin shahidai uku na gida. Cocin Abbey yana da bagade mai ban mamaki a karkashin kasa. A cikin karni na 15, an sake gina cocin a kan asalin Romanesque, a cikin salon Gothic. An gina hasumiyar kararrawa a cikin 1509 kuma tana da kararrawa takwas. A baya Cocin ya ja hankalin mahajjata da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi da aka ajiye a can suna da ikon warkarwa na musamman. Saint-Thibéry kuma yana kan ɗayan tsoffin hanyoyin aikin hajji na Santiago de Compostela.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ginin Saint-Thibéry == An gina wannan ma'adinin masara (alkama) a cikin karni na 13 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ma'adinan da aka adana a yankin. Yana da ƙafafu huɗu da ruwa ke amfani da su daga Hérault. An yi amfani da hasumiyar Romanesque don adana hatsi. Ginin ya kasance na abbots na Benedictine kuma yana kusa da abin da ake kira gadar Roman. == Dutsen wuta == Dutsen Ramus, wani dutse mai fitattun wuta, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Languedoc, tsaunukan Pyrenees da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da Spain a nesa. A cikin ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry akwai wasu siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dutsen wuta kamar ginshiƙan basalt "organ". Akwai tsohuwar sansani a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 5 BC. Yana kallon ƙauyen da kwarin Hérault. == Kogin Saint-Thibéry == Saint-Thibéry yana cikin inda Kogin Thongue ya haɗu da Hérault . (An sanya sunan sashen Hérault bayan wannan.) Thongue shine karamin kogi kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Languedoc. Hérault yana da kilomita 148 (92 mi) kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Cévennes. &nbsp;Ya kai Tekun Bahar Rum a [[Grau d'Agde]] . == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1968|1888|1975|1808|1982|1874|1990|2076|1999|2200|2007|2281|2012|2326|2017|2665}}<gallery> Fayil:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG|General view Fayil:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG|Mairie Fayil:St-Thibery-maison.JPG|House Fayil:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG|Mill Fayil:Saint-Thibéry_mill_race.JPG|Mill race Fayil:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG|Basalt organ Fayil:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG|Tower Fayil:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thibéry_cf01.jpg|A Christian cross in border of a road </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5tuzdae7w8nh6bhq3bcb4f6jvhbunmv 539521 539520 2024-11-10T18:20:51Z Lawan Bala 15944 539521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saint-Thibéry''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}[[Faransa]]: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) wani Garin ne a cikin [[Hérault]] département a yankin Occitan a kudancin Faransa .{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}} An gina ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Thongue da Hérault . Tsohuwar hanyar Romawa "Via Domitia" tana ratsa ƙauyen (Grand Rue) kuma wasu gidaje sun koma karni na 15. Saint-Thibéry yana tsakanin manyan garuruwan Agde da Pezenas da biranen Besiers da [[Montpellier]] kuma yana da ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]]. Fiye da shekaru 4000, wannan tsohon ƙauyen Celtic an taɓa kiransa "Cessero". == Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry == Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) da Ikilisiya suna zaune a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Atilio, almajirin Benedict Aniane ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 8, kusa da kabarin shahidai uku na gida. Cocin Abbey yana da bagade mai ban mamaki a karkashin kasa. A cikin karni na 15, an sake gina cocin a kan asalin Romanesque, a cikin salon Gothic. An gina hasumiyar kararrawa a cikin 1509 kuma tana da kararrawa takwas. A baya Cocin ya ja hankalin mahajjata da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi da aka ajiye a can suna da ikon warkarwa na musamman. Saint-Thibéry kuma yana kan ɗayan tsoffin hanyoyin aikin hajji na Santiago de Compostela.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ginin Saint-Thibéry == An gina wannan ma'adinin masara (alkama) a cikin karni na 13 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ma'adinan da aka adana a yankin. Yana da ƙafafu huɗu da ruwa ke amfani da su daga Hérault. An yi amfani da hasumiyar Romanesque don adana hatsi. Ginin ya kasance na abbots na Benedictine kuma yana kusa da abin da ake kira gadar Roman. == Dutsen wuta == Dutsen Ramus, wani dutse mai fitattun wuta, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Languedoc, tsaunukan Pyrenees da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da Spain a nesa. A cikin ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry akwai wasu siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dutsen wuta kamar ginshiƙan basalt "organ". Akwai tsohuwar sansani a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 5 BC. Yana kallon ƙauyen da kwarin Hérault. == Kogin Saint-Thibéry == Saint-Thibéry yana cikin inda Kogin Thongue ya haɗu da Hérault . (An sanya sunan sashen Hérault bayan wannan.) Thongue shine karamin kogi kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Languedoc. Hérault yana da kilomita 148 (92 mi) kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Cévennes. &nbsp;Ya kai Tekun Bahar Rum a [[Grau d'Agde]] . == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1968|1888|1975|1808|1982|1874|1990|2076|1999|2200|2007|2281|2012|2326|2017|2665}}<gallery> Fayil:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG|General view Fayil:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG|Mairie Fayil:St-Thibery-maison.JPG|House Fayil:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG|Mill Fayil:Saint-Thibéry_mill_race.JPG|Mill race Fayil:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG|Basalt organ Fayil:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG|Tower Fayil:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thibéry_cf01.jpg|A Christian cross in border of a road </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n8o8ck2yte7ro6iomclazy48gna7c8n 539522 539521 2024-11-10T18:21:38Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry */ 539522 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Saint-Thibéry''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}[[Faransa]]: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) wani Garin ne a cikin [[Hérault]] département a yankin Occitan a kudancin Faransa .{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}} An gina ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Thongue da Hérault . Tsohuwar hanyar Romawa "Via Domitia" tana ratsa ƙauyen (Grand Rue) kuma wasu gidaje sun koma karni na 15. Saint-Thibéry yana tsakanin manyan garuruwan Agde da Pezenas da biranen Besiers da [[Montpellier]] kuma yana da ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]]. Fiye da shekaru 4000, wannan tsohon ƙauyen Celtic an taɓa kiransa "Cessero". == Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry == Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) da Ikilisiya suna zaune a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Atilio, almajirin Benedict Aniane ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 8, kusa da kabarin shahidai uku na gida. Cocin Abbey yana da bagade mai ban mamaki a karkashin kasa. A cikin karni na 15, an sake gina cocin a kan asalin Romanesque, a cikin salon Gothic. An gina hasumiyar kararrawa a cikin 1509 kuma tana da kararrawa takwas. A baya Cocin ya ja hankalin mahajjata da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi da aka ajiye a can suna da ikon warkarwa na musamman. Saint-Thibéry kuma yana kan ɗayan tsoffin hanyoyin aikin hajji na Santiago de Compostela. == Ginin Saint-Thibéry == An gina wannan ma'adinin masara (alkama) a cikin karni na 13 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ma'adinan da aka adana a yankin. Yana da ƙafafu huɗu da ruwa ke amfani da su daga Hérault. An yi amfani da hasumiyar Romanesque don adana hatsi. Ginin ya kasance na abbots na Benedictine kuma yana kusa da abin da ake kira gadar Roman. == Dutsen wuta == Dutsen Ramus, wani dutse mai fitattun wuta, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Languedoc, tsaunukan Pyrenees da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da Spain a nesa. A cikin ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry akwai wasu siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dutsen wuta kamar ginshiƙan basalt "organ". Akwai tsohuwar sansani a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 5 BC. Yana kallon ƙauyen da kwarin Hérault. == Kogin Saint-Thibéry == Saint-Thibéry yana cikin inda Kogin Thongue ya haɗu da Hérault . (An sanya sunan sashen Hérault bayan wannan.) Thongue shine karamin kogi kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Languedoc. Hérault yana da kilomita 148 (92 mi) kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Cévennes. &nbsp;Ya kai Tekun Bahar Rum a [[Grau d'Agde]] . == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1968|1888|1975|1808|1982|1874|1990|2076|1999|2200|2007|2281|2012|2326|2017|2665}}<gallery> Fayil:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG|General view Fayil:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG|Mairie Fayil:St-Thibery-maison.JPG|House Fayil:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG|Mill Fayil:Saint-Thibéry_mill_race.JPG|Mill race Fayil:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG|Basalt organ Fayil:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG|Tower Fayil:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thibéry_cf01.jpg|A Christian cross in border of a road </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 91ddyr4i5uc30foih18ena4h7ei1aiv 539523 539522 2024-11-10T18:22:38Z Lawan Bala 15944 539523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saint-Thibéry''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}[[Faransa]]: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) wani Garin ne a cikin [[Hérault]] département a yankin Occitan a kudancin Faransa .{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}} An gina ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Thongue da Hérault . Tsohuwar hanyar Romawa "Via Domitia" tana ratsa ƙauyen (Grand Rue) kuma wasu gidaje sun koma karni na 15. Saint-Thibéry yana tsakanin manyan garuruwan Agde da Pezenas da biranen Besiers da [[Montpellier]] kuma yana da ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]]. Fiye da shekaru 4000, wannan tsohon ƙauyen Celtic an taɓa kiransa "Cessero". == Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry == Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) da Ikilisiya suna zaune a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Atilio, almajirin Benedict Aniane ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 8, kusa da kabarin shahidai uku na gida. Cocin Abbey yana da bagade mai ban mamaki a karkashin kasa. A cikin karni na 15, an sake gina cocin a kan asalin Romanesque, a cikin salon Gothic. An gina hasumiyar kararrawa a cikin 1509 kuma tana da kararrawa takwas. A baya Cocin ya ja hankalin mahajjata da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi da aka ajiye a can suna da ikon warkarwa na musamman. Saint-Thibéry kuma yana kan ɗayan tsoffin hanyoyin aikin hajji na Santiago de Compostela. == Ginin Saint-Thibéry == An gina wannan ma'adinin masara (alkama) a cikin karni na 13 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ma'adinan da aka adana a yankin. Yana da ƙafafu huɗu da ruwa ke amfani da su daga Hérault. An yi amfani da hasumiyar Romanesque don adana hatsi. Ginin ya kasance na abbots na Benedictine kuma yana kusa da abin da ake kira gadar Roman. == Dutsen wuta == Dutsen Ramus, wani dutse mai fitattun wuta, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Languedoc, tsaunukan Pyrenees da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da Spain a nesa. A cikin ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry akwai wasu siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dutsen wuta kamar ginshiƙan basalt "organ". Akwai tsohuwar sansani a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 5 BC. Yana kallon ƙauyen da kwarin Hérault. == Kogin Saint-Thibéry == Saint-Thibéry yana cikin inda Kogin Thongue ya haɗu da Hérault . (An sanya sunan sashen Hérault bayan wannan.) Thongue shine karamin kogi kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Languedoc. Hérault yana da kilomita 148 (92 mi) kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Cévennes. &nbsp;Ya kai Tekun Bahar Rum a [[Grau d'Agde]] . == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1968|1888|1975|1808|1982|1874|1990|2076|1999|2200|2007|2281|2012|2326|2017|2665}}<gallery> Fayil:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG|General view Fayil:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG|Mairie Fayil:St-Thibery-maison.JPG|House Fayil:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG|Mill Fayil:Saint-Thibéry_mill_race.JPG|Mill race Fayil:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG|Basalt organ Fayil:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG|Tower Fayil:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thibéry_cf01.jpg|A Christian cross in border of a road </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8n9sxta02t5hc34cicw9xc5x5yfmgql 539524 539523 2024-11-10T18:24:42Z Lawan Bala 15944 539524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Saint-Thibéry''' ({{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}}[[Faransa]]: [sɛ̃ tibeʁi]; Occitan: Sant Tibèri) wani Garin ne a cikin [[Hérault]] département a yankin Occitan a kudancin Faransa .{{IPA|fr|sɛ̃ tibeʁi}} An gina ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry a wurin haɗuwar Kogin Thongue da Hérault . Tsohuwar hanyar Romawa "Via Domitia" tana ratsa ƙauyen (Grand Rue) kuma wasu gidaje sun koma karni na 15. <ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=9 August 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Saint-Thibéry yana tsakanin manyan garuruwan Agde da Pezenas da biranen Besiers da [[Montpellier]] kuma yana da ɗan gajeren nesa zuwa [[Bahar Rum|Tekun Bahar Rum]]. Fiye da shekaru 4000, wannan tsohon ƙauyen Celtic an taɓa kiransa "Cessero". == Abbey da Ikilisiyar Saint-Thibéry == Benedictine Abbey (l'abbaye bénédictine) da Ikilisiya suna zaune a tsakiyar ƙauyen. Atilio, almajirin Benedict Aniane ne ya kafa shi a ƙarshen karni na 8, kusa da kabarin shahidai uku na gida. Cocin Abbey yana da bagade mai ban mamaki a karkashin kasa. A cikin karni na 15, an sake gina cocin a kan asalin Romanesque, a cikin salon Gothic. An gina hasumiyar kararrawa a cikin 1509 kuma tana da kararrawa takwas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=9 August 2021|language=fr}}</ref> A baya Cocin ya ja hankalin mahajjata da yawa waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa kayan tarihi da aka ajiye a can suna da ikon warkarwa na musamman. Saint-Thibéry kuma yana kan ɗayan tsoffin hanyoyin aikin hajji na Santiago de Compostela. == Ginin Saint-Thibéry == An gina wannan ma'adinin masara (alkama) a cikin karni na 13 kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ma'adinan da aka adana a yankin. Yana da ƙafafu huɗu da ruwa ke amfani da su daga Hérault. An yi amfani da hasumiyar Romanesque don adana hatsi. Ginin ya kasance na abbots na Benedictine kuma yana kusa da abin da ake kira gadar Roman. == Dutsen wuta == Dutsen Ramus, wani dutse mai fitattun wuta, yana ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Languedoc, tsaunukan Pyrenees da Tekun Bahar Rum tare da Spain a nesa. A cikin ƙauyen Saint-Thibéry akwai wasu siffofi masu ban sha'awa na dutsen wuta kamar ginshiƙan basalt "organ". Akwai tsohuwar sansani a kan dutsen mai fitattun wuta, wanda ya kasance daga karni na 5 BC. Yana kallon ƙauyen da kwarin Hérault. == Kogin Saint-Thibéry == Saint-Thibéry yana cikin inda Kogin Thongue ya haɗu da Hérault . (An sanya sunan sashen Hérault bayan wannan.) Thongue shine karamin kogi kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Languedoc. Hérault yana da kilomita 148 (92 mi) kuma yana gudana daga tsaunukan Cévennes. &nbsp;Ya kai Tekun Bahar Rum a [[Grau d'Agde]] . == Yawan jama'a == {{Historical populations|1968|1888|1975|1808|1982|1874|1990|2076|1999|2200|2007|2281|2012|2326|2017|2665}}<gallery> Fayil:St-Thibery_(vue_generale2).JPG|General view Fayil:St-Thibery_Mairie.JPG|Mairie Fayil:St-Thibery-maison.JPG|House Fayil:St-Thibery-moulin4.JPG|Mill Fayil:Saint-Thibéry_mill_race.JPG|Mill race Fayil:St-Thibery_orgues_basaltiques1.JPG|Basalt organ Fayil:St-Thibery-Ste-Marie.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery_eglise_Ste_Marie1.JPG|Church of Ste Marie Fayil:St-Thibery-Tour.JPG|Tower Fayil:Christian_cross_near_Saint-Thibéry_cf01.jpg|A Christian cross in border of a road </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cwstazun8uwua9gi205bh71p7iimo85 Venu 0 87095 539526 2024-11-10T18:44:50Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1232324077|Venu]]" 539526 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Wurin''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=venu -- flute -- Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://sanskritdictionary.org/venu |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Sanskritdictionary.org}}</ref> (Sanskrit: {{Lang|sa|[[wikt:वेणु|वेणु]]}}</link> ; vēṇu /मुरळि; ''muraļi'' ) ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin sarewa na kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya . {{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002}} Wayar iska ce da aka yi ta daga bamboo, wato kayan aikin iska ne da ake hurawa a gefe. Ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin al'adar kiɗan Carnatic ta Kudancin Indiya. <ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ana kiransa nadi da tunava a cikin Rigveda da sauran rubutun Vedic na Hindu . A cikin kiɗan arewacin Indiya, ana kiran irin wannan sarewa ''bansuri'' . {{Sfn|Dalal|2014}} A kudanci kuma ana kiranta da wasu sunaye daban-daban kamar ''pullanguḻal'' ( புல்லாங்குழல்) a Tamil (Tamil Nadu), ''oodakuḻal'' (ഓടകുഴൽ) ko ''kurungu kuḻal'' (കു൱ുഴപ്) MalaalaKyalam. ''ಕೊಳಲು (koḷalu)'' or ಮುರಳಿ (muraļi) in Kannada (Karnataka) . An san shi da ''pillana grōvi'' (పిల్లన గ్రోవి) ko ''vēṇuvu'' (వేణువు) a Telugu (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana). Ana kuma kiranta da sarewar Carnatic. Ana tattauna wurin a matsayin muhimmin kayan kida a cikin ''Natya Shastra'', rubutun Hindu na gargajiya akan kiɗa da zane-zane.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015}} Tsohon matani na Sanskrit na Indiya sun bayyana wasu waƙoƙi da aka hura kamar ''Mural'' da ''vamsika'', amma wani lokacin ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a musayar. Wurin yana da ramuka shida, kusan kauri ne na yatsa, da yatsunsu goma sha biyu. Wani ''Mural'' mai tsawo yana da ramuka huɗu da tsawon hannaye biyu. ''vamsika'' yana da ramuka takwas, tsakanin yatsunsu goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha bakwai. Wurin wasa wani bangare ne na hoton allahn Hindu shree [[Krishna]].{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002}} == Gine-gine da fasaha == [[Fayil:Images_of_Lord_Krishna_-_Lord_Krishna_plays_the_flute.jpg|thumb|Wurin wasa kayan kida ne na yau da kullun a cikin hoton Krishna]] Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kayan kida na [[Indiya]], kayan aikin shine ƙwanƙwasawa mai ƙwanƙanta wanda aka yi da bamboo. Ana amfani da yatsun hannu biyu don rufewa da buɗe ramuka. Yana da rami mai hurawa kusa da ƙarshen ɗaya, da ramukan yatsun da aka sanya kusa. Kayan ya zo a cikin girma daban-daban. Wurin kuma kayan aiki ne mai daraja sosai kuma ana sa ran waɗanda suka buga shi su fahimci shi, domin ana ɗaukarsa kyauta ce don iya kunna shi. Wurin yana iya samar da octaves biyu da rabi tare da taimakon wuce gona da iri da kuma giciye. Fitar tana kama da muryar mutum saboda tana da sauti guda ɗaya kuma tana da nau'ikan sauti guda biyu da rabi. Sanya yatsunsu a kan da kuma kashe ramuka yana ba da damar samar da ''gamakas'' iri-iri, yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin kiɗa na raga. == Tarihi == Fitar (venu) ta sami babban ambato a cikin tatsuniyoyin Indiya da al'adun gargajiya an jera su a cikin kayan kida na asali guda uku da ake nufi don kiɗa tare da muryar mutum da ''Veena'' (vaani-veena-venu). Wurin yana da alaƙa da allahn Hindu [[Krishna]], wanda galibi ana nuna shi yana wasa da shi. Ana amfani da irin wannan sarewa a Kudancin Indiya. An nuna Vishnu a matsayin Venugopala, yana wasa da sarewar halitta. Wurin bai kasance wani ɓangare na kiɗa na gargajiya na Carnatic ba har sai da Shri Sharaba Shastri ya fara bugawa da kuma sake dubawa da sabuntawa a kan ƙirar sa ta Shri T.R. Mahalingam (wanda ake kira Flute Mali). Saboda ilimin lissafi na samar da sauti, flautes suna da "ƙetare" na halitta ko raguwa yayin tafiya daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girma. Wannan raguwa ya bayyana tsakanin bayanin kula "ga" da "ma" a kan sarewa ta Carnatic da kuma tsakanin "Ma" da "Pa" don sarewa ta Hindustani (musamman saboda bambancin fasahar yatsan hannu). Don daidaita kaɗa-kaɗe zuwa Carnatic Music, wasu gyare-gyare sun zama dole kamar ƙara rami na 7, amfani da bamboos mai kauri, dabara ta ɗaga kai don canza kusurwar embouchure yayin canzawa tsakanin "ga" da "ma" bayanin kula. Wadannan sababbin abubuwa sun ba masu zane-zane damar yin ragas na Carnatic tare da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata da kayan ado ba tare da rasa "Bhaava" na raga ba. == Bambanci tsakanin ''bansuri'' da wurin''ya zo'' == Sau da yawa masu farawa a Indiya suna samun kansu cikin matsala game da irin kaɗa-kaɗa don fara wasa kamar yadda Indiya ke da nau'ikan kaɗa- kaɗa-yaɗe guda biyu. Su ne ''bansuri'' (Fitar bamboo ta Arewacin Indiya) da kuma wurin (Fitar bambou ta Kudu ta Indiya).Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan biyu sune albarkatun kasa, gini da salon wasa. Abubuwan da aka fi so don yin wurin Kudancin Indiya yawanci sun fi kauri kuma sun fi yawa kuma suna girma a Kerala ko kudancin Tamil Nadu. Yana da duhu kuma yana samar da sauti mai haske da wadata. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a Bansuri galibi suna da bamboo mai laushi (amma ya fi tsayi da diamita). Yana da haske a launi kuma yana samar da sautin iska mai haske (ana kiransa ''Jawaari''). Wannan bamboo yana girma a Assam (Silchar). Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'ikan da ake amfani da su, gami da bamboos da ke girma a yankin Sirsi, Arewacin Karnataka, Bihar. An gina Venu tare da ramuka takwas na wasa da rami ɗaya mai hurawa. Daga cikin wadannan ramuka takwas na wasa, ana amfani da bakwai don wasa kuma ana amfani da ramukan yatsa na ƙarshe a cikin sautin. ''bansuri'' yana da ramuka shida da rami ɗaya. Akwai wasu masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi gwaji tare da ƙarin rami na ''pancham'' (rami na yatsa don cimma bayanin kula Pa) da rami na Teevra ma a ƙarshen. Koyaya, daidaitattun ''bansuri'' yawanci suna da ramuka shida kawai. Wadannan bambance-bambance galibi don karɓar nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban da ake kunnawa a ciki. Ana samun Sa a wurin ta hanyar rufe ramukan yatsunsu biyu na sama. A kan ''bansuri'' an rufe ramukan yatsunsu uku na sama don cimma wannan bayanin kula. Hanyar da ake kunna bayanan ma ya ɗan bambanta. Waƙoƙin Carnatic suna jaddada "style gayaki" ko "style na kwaikwayon muryar ɗan adam". Saboda haka amfani da ''gamakas'' da andolans suna buƙatar riƙewa da sauri da kuma hanyar da za a karkatar da bayanin kula a hankali a kan Venu. Bansuri ya fi dacewa da salon kiɗa na Hindustani saboda muhimmancinsa a kan bayanan da aka daɗe da kuma ''taans'' masu sauri. Wadannan kayan kida guda biyu suna aiki da nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban kuma saboda haka bambancin wasa da gini. == Girman flauta da kuma farar == Ana yawan yin alama da flauta a ƙarshen busawa. Ana nuna shi ko dai a cikin lambobi a kan Venu daga 1 zuwa 7 tare da ko ba tare da (1/2, yana nuna sautin daya mafi girma) ko kuma kamar yadda daidaitattun haruffa Pitch a kan Bansuri daga A zuwa G tare da ko babu (#-Sharps / b-Flats). Girman ya bambanta har zuwa girman 12 a tsawon, kowannensu yana ba da filaye daban-daban. Har ila yau, diamita na sarewa ya bambanta bisa ga filin. Tare da ƙananan octaves diamita da tsawon flauta suna ƙaruwa, yayin da idan akwai mafi girman octaves, diamita da tsayin flauta sun fi ƙanƙanta. Akwai waƙoƙi masu yawa da aka saba amfani da su. Wasu flautes har ma sun wuce tsawon mita 1. Babu iyaka a cikin tunanin irin waɗannan gine-ginen flauta. Misalai kalilan sune Double contrabass flute, Contrabass flute da Anahat Venu, wanda zai iya kaiwa har zuwa ƙafa 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azharuddin Shaikh |year=2016 |title=World Record - longest and smallest flute playing performance in a concert, Anahat Venu (12 feet) and Chetanya Venu (1 Inch) |url=http://goldenbookofrecords.com/longest-and-smallest-flute-playing-performance-in-a-concert/}}</ref> Ko da bututun PVC za a iya amfani da shi don gina sarewa a hanya mai sauƙi, kawai ta amfani da takalma na yau da kullun. == Yin sauti na farko == Don samun sauti na farko daga cikin sarewa, mutum na iya hura iska a cikin rami. Wannan dabarar ta zama ruwan dare ga duk waƙoƙi masu tsayi kamar waƙoƙin Yamma, Bansuri, waƙoƙen Dizi na kasar Sin da sauransu. == Bayanan kiɗa == [[Fayil:Eight_Hole_Flute_Notes_New.svg|right|frame|Basic 8 Bayanan da ke wasa tare da rufewa / buɗewa cikakke<br />]] Yin wasa ya haɗa da Scale na Musical ko Sargam, wanda yawanci yana da bayanin kula 7 Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; a cikin Kiɗa na gargajiya na Hindustani.A cikin Carnatic Music, ana nuna swaras kamar yadda tsarin Melakarta ya nuna. Canjin daga Ga zuwa Pa wani muhimmin bangare ne wanda ya kamata a yi shi yadda ya kamata a karkashin Jagoran Malami na Flute. Ana buƙatar canza ƙarfin busawa a hankali ba tare da karkatar da sauti ba. Kyakkyawan bugawa yana bawa mai zane damar kunna wasu karin bayanan da suka wuce kewayon flauta (wasu lokuta suna haifar da sauti). Angling da flauta a kan rami mai hurawa, yana bawa mai zane damar gyarawa da kuma daidaita bayanin kula zuwa asalin farar. Yayin da yake busa iska, mai zane na iya zaɓar ko dai ci gaba da busawa ko kuma ba ci gaba da hurawa ba ko ma amfani da wuya / lips don girgiza iska don kunna kiɗa. == Rubutun kiɗa na rabin yatsa == Mai zane na iya amfani da yatsa don rufe rami rabin ko kwata ko uku kwata don yin sauti daban-daban, duk da cewa sautin bai fada cikin maɓallin maɓallin ba amma ya dace da tunanin mai zane-zane don yin waɗannan sautuna. Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar kunna kusan bayanin kula 30+ a cikin sarewa ɗaya. A matsayin misali ana iya yin amfani da maɓallan baki a cikin keyboard a cikin sarewa tare da rabin yatsa da aka rufe a kan rami mai dacewa. A hankali budewa da sannu a hankali rufe ramin yana ba da damar saurin kiɗa / sautin kiɗa don motsawa tsakanin bayanin kula zuwa wani bayanin kula yayin ci gaba da busawa, har ma yatsunsu biyu / uku na iya zama sannu a rufewa kuma a hankali a buɗe yayin ci gaba. Wannan dabarar murya ta sauti tana samar da halayyar ''gamak'' na kiɗa na Carnatic. Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar yin wasa kamar Waƙar namiji daga tsuntsu na Asiya. Wannan na iya danganta da matsewar igiyar Veena don samun bayanin karkatarwa / pitching ko amfani da Pitch Wheel a cikin keyboard na lantarki / MIDI. == 'Yan wasan da aka yi ==   === Daga baya === * Palladam Sanjiva Rao (1882-1962), almajirin Sharaba Shastri . * H. Ramachandra Shastry (1906 - 1992), almajirin Palladam Sanjiva Rao . * T. R. Mahalingam (1926-1986), wani yaro mai ban mamaki wanda ya fara wasa da sarewa yana da shekaru biyar. An fi saninsa da "Mali" ko kuma wani lokacin "Flute Mali". * [[T.A. Hariharan]], almajirin T.K. Radhakrishnan * T.K.Radhakrishnan (1919-2003) * Manda Balarama Sharma, almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * T. Viswanathan (1927-2002), jikan Veena Dhanammal kuma ɗan'uwan Balasaraswati * [[Cochin Ranganathan|Ranganathan na Cochin]] * B.N.Suresh, (1946-1990) almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * Prapancham Sitaram (ya mutu a shekara ta 2014) * N. Kesi (1918-2015) * [[Dindigul S.P. Natarajan]], almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * [[K.S. Narayanaswamy, (Flute)]] (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) * N Ramani (1934-2015), almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * [[A.V.Prakash]] (1941 - 2016) * 'Yan uwa mata na Sikkil - Kunjumani &amp;amp; Neela === Daga yanzu === * [[G.Raghuraman]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) * [[G. S. Rajan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) * K. Bhaskaran (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) * B. Shankar Rao (1922 - 2020) * [[B.M. Sundar Rao]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) * T. S. Sankaran (1930 - 2015) * K. S. Gopalakrishnan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) * [[Guruvayoor Srikishnan]] (1936 - 2019) * Tiruchy L. Saravanan * [[Ludwig Pesch]] * Thiagarajan Ramani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) * Sikkil Mala Chandrasekar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) * Kudamaloor Janardanan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) * Raman Kalyan * Shashank Subramanyam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) == Dubi kuma ==   == manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Bayanan littattafai === *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=Alain Daniélou}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Walter Kaufmann (composer)}} *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=Emmie te Nijenhuis}} *   == Haɗin waje == * [http://anubodh.com/Carnatic_fing_chart/Carnatic_Fing_Chart.html Hoton Fingering na Carnatic] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9n9f3w4axphi4jxjmk1507wjywxcagr 539527 539526 2024-11-10T18:45:30Z Smshika 14840 539527 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''''Wurin''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=venu -- flute -- Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://sanskritdictionary.org/venu |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=Sanskritdictionary.org}}</ref> (Sanskrit: {{Lang|sa|[[wikt:वेणु|वेणु]]}}</link> ; vēṇu /मुरळि; ''muraļi'' ) ɗaya ne daga cikin tsoffin sarewa na kiɗan gargajiya na Indiya . {{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002}} Wayar iska ce da aka yi ta daga bamboo, wato kayan aikin iska ne da ake hurawa a gefe. Ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a cikin al'adar kiɗan Carnatic ta Kudancin Indiya. <ref>{{Cite book|ref=etal}}</ref> Ana kiransa nadi da tunava a cikin Rigveda da sauran rubutun Vedic na Hindu . A cikin kiɗan arewacin Indiya, ana kiran irin wannan sarewa ''bansuri'' . {{Sfn|Dalal|2014}} A kudanci kuma ana kiranta da wasu sunaye daban-daban kamar ''pullanguḻal'' ( புல்லாங்குழல்) a Tamil (Tamil Nadu), ''oodakuḻal'' (ഓടകുഴൽ) ko ''kurungu kuḻal'' (കു൱ുഴപ്) MalaalaKyalam. ''ಕೊಳಲು (koḷalu)'' or ಮುರಳಿ (muraļi) in Kannada (Karnataka) . An san shi da ''pillana grōvi'' (పిల్లన గ్రోవి) ko ''vēṇuvu'' (వేణువు) a Telugu (Andhra Pradesh & Telangana). Ana kuma kiranta da sarewar Carnatic. Ana tattauna wurin a matsayin muhimmin kayan kida a cikin ''Natya Shastra'', rubutun Hindu na gargajiya akan kiɗa da zane-zane.{{Sfn|Rowell|2015}} Tsohon matani na Sanskrit na Indiya sun bayyana wasu waƙoƙi da aka hura kamar ''Mural'' da ''vamsika'', amma wani lokacin ana amfani da waɗannan kalmomin a musayar. Wurin yana da ramuka shida, kusan kauri ne na yatsa, da yatsunsu goma sha biyu. Wani ''Mural'' mai tsawo yana da ramuka huɗu da tsawon hannaye biyu. ''vamsika'' yana da ramuka takwas, tsakanin yatsunsu goma sha biyu zuwa goma sha bakwai. Wurin wasa wani bangare ne na hoton allahn Hindu shree [[Krishna]].{{Sfn|Lochtefeld|2002}} == Gine-gine da fasaha == [[Fayil:Images_of_Lord_Krishna_-_Lord_Krishna_plays_the_flute.jpg|thumb|Wurin wasa kayan kida ne na yau da kullun a cikin hoton Krishna]] Ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin kayan kida na [[Indiya]], kayan aikin shine ƙwanƙwasawa mai ƙwanƙanta wanda aka yi da bamboo. Ana amfani da yatsun hannu biyu don rufewa da buɗe ramuka. Yana da rami mai hurawa kusa da ƙarshen ɗaya, da ramukan yatsun da aka sanya kusa. Kayan ya zo a cikin girma daban-daban. Wurin kuma kayan aiki ne mai daraja sosai kuma ana sa ran waɗanda suka buga shi su fahimci shi, domin ana ɗaukarsa kyauta ce don iya kunna shi. Wurin yana iya samar da octaves biyu da rabi tare da taimakon wuce gona da iri da kuma giciye. Fitar tana kama da muryar mutum saboda tana da sauti guda ɗaya kuma tana da nau'ikan sauti guda biyu da rabi. Sanya yatsunsu a kan da kuma kashe ramuka yana ba da damar samar da ''gamakas'' iri-iri, yana da mahimmanci a cikin aikin kiɗa na raga. == Tarihi == Fitar (venu) ta sami babban ambato a cikin tatsuniyoyin Indiya da al'adun gargajiya an jera su a cikin kayan kida na asali guda uku da ake nufi don kiɗa tare da muryar mutum da ''Veena'' (vaani-veena-venu). Wurin yana da alaƙa da allahn Hindu [[Krishna]], wanda galibi ana nuna shi yana wasa da shi. Ana amfani da irin wannan sarewa a Kudancin Indiya. An nuna Vishnu a matsayin Venugopala, yana wasa da sarewar halitta. Wurin bai kasance wani ɓangare na kiɗa na gargajiya na Carnatic ba har sai da Shri Sharaba Shastri ya fara bugawa da kuma sake dubawa da sabuntawa a kan ƙirar sa ta Shri T.R. Mahalingam (wanda ake kira Flute Mali). Saboda ilimin lissafi na samar da sauti, flautes suna da "ƙetare" na halitta ko raguwa yayin tafiya daga mafi ƙasƙanci zuwa mafi girma. Wannan raguwa ya bayyana tsakanin bayanin kula "ga" da "ma" a kan sarewa ta Carnatic da kuma tsakanin "Ma" da "Pa" don sarewa ta Hindustani (musamman saboda bambancin fasahar yatsan hannu). Don daidaita kaɗa-kaɗe zuwa Carnatic Music, wasu gyare-gyare sun zama dole kamar ƙara rami na 7, amfani da bamboos mai kauri, dabara ta ɗaga kai don canza kusurwar embouchure yayin canzawa tsakanin "ga" da "ma" bayanin kula. Wadannan sababbin abubuwa sun ba masu zane-zane damar yin ragas na Carnatic tare da duk abubuwan da ake buƙata da kayan ado ba tare da rasa "Bhaava" na raga ba. == Bambanci tsakanin ''bansuri'' da wurin''ya zo'' == Sau da yawa masu farawa a Indiya suna samun kansu cikin matsala game da irin kaɗa-kaɗa don fara wasa kamar yadda Indiya ke da nau'ikan kaɗa- kaɗa-yaɗe guda biyu. Su ne ''bansuri'' (Fitar bamboo ta Arewacin Indiya) da kuma wurin (Fitar bambou ta Kudu ta Indiya).Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin waɗannan biyu sune albarkatun kasa, gini da salon wasa. Abubuwan da aka fi so don yin wurin Kudancin Indiya yawanci sun fi kauri kuma sun fi yawa kuma suna girma a Kerala ko kudancin Tamil Nadu. Yana da duhu kuma yana samar da sauti mai haske da wadata. Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su a Bansuri galibi suna da bamboo mai laushi (amma ya fi tsayi da diamita). Yana da haske a launi kuma yana samar da sautin iska mai haske (ana kiransa ''Jawaari''). Wannan bamboo yana girma a Assam (Silchar). Har ila yau, akwai wasu nau'ikan da ake amfani da su, gami da bamboos da ke girma a yankin Sirsi, Arewacin Karnataka, Bihar. An gina Venu tare da ramuka takwas na wasa da rami ɗaya mai hurawa. Daga cikin wadannan ramuka takwas na wasa, ana amfani da bakwai don wasa kuma ana amfani da ramukan yatsa na ƙarshe a cikin sautin. ''bansuri'' yana da ramuka shida da rami ɗaya. Akwai wasu masu zane-zane waɗanda suka yi gwaji tare da ƙarin rami na ''pancham'' (rami na yatsa don cimma bayanin kula Pa) da rami na Teevra ma a ƙarshen. Koyaya, daidaitattun ''bansuri'' yawanci suna da ramuka shida kawai. Wadannan bambance-bambance galibi don karɓar nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban da ake kunnawa a ciki. Ana samun Sa a wurin ta hanyar rufe ramukan yatsunsu biyu na sama. A kan ''bansuri'' an rufe ramukan yatsunsu uku na sama don cimma wannan bayanin kula. Hanyar da ake kunna bayanan ma ya ɗan bambanta. Waƙoƙin Carnatic suna jaddada "style gayaki" ko "style na kwaikwayon muryar ɗan adam". Saboda haka amfani da ''gamakas'' da andolans suna buƙatar riƙewa da sauri da kuma hanyar da za a karkatar da bayanin kula a hankali a kan Venu. Bansuri ya fi dacewa da salon kiɗa na Hindustani saboda muhimmancinsa a kan bayanan da aka daɗe da kuma ''taans'' masu sauri. Wadannan kayan kida guda biyu suna aiki da nau'ikan kiɗa daban-daban kuma saboda haka bambancin wasa da gini. == Girman flauta da kuma farar == Ana yawan yin alama da flauta a ƙarshen busawa. Ana nuna shi ko dai a cikin lambobi a kan Venu daga 1 zuwa 7 tare da ko ba tare da (1/2, yana nuna sautin daya mafi girma) ko kuma kamar yadda daidaitattun haruffa Pitch a kan Bansuri daga A zuwa G tare da ko babu (#-Sharps / b-Flats). Girman ya bambanta har zuwa girman 12 a tsawon, kowannensu yana ba da filaye daban-daban. Har ila yau, diamita na sarewa ya bambanta bisa ga filin. Tare da ƙananan octaves diamita da tsawon flauta suna ƙaruwa, yayin da idan akwai mafi girman octaves, diamita da tsayin flauta sun fi ƙanƙanta. Akwai waƙoƙi masu yawa da aka saba amfani da su. Wasu flautes har ma sun wuce tsawon mita 1. Babu iyaka a cikin tunanin irin waɗannan gine-ginen flauta. Misalai kalilan sune Double contrabass flute, Contrabass flute da Anahat Venu, wanda zai iya kaiwa har zuwa ƙafa 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azharuddin Shaikh |year=2016 |title=World Record - longest and smallest flute playing performance in a concert, Anahat Venu (12 feet) and Chetanya Venu (1 Inch) |url=http://goldenbookofrecords.com/longest-and-smallest-flute-playing-performance-in-a-concert/}}</ref> Ko da bututun PVC za a iya amfani da shi don gina sarewa a hanya mai sauƙi, kawai ta amfani da takalma na yau da kullun. == Yin sauti na farko == Don samun sauti na farko daga cikin sarewa, mutum na iya hura iska a cikin rami. Wannan dabarar ta zama ruwan dare ga duk waƙoƙi masu tsayi kamar waƙoƙin Yamma, Bansuri, waƙoƙen Dizi na kasar Sin da sauransu. == Bayanan kiɗa == [[Fayil:Eight_Hole_Flute_Notes_New.svg|right|frame|Basic 8 Bayanan da ke wasa tare da rufewa / buɗewa cikakke<br />]] Yin wasa ya haɗa da Scale na Musical ko Sargam, wanda yawanci yana da bayanin kula 7 Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni; a cikin Kiɗa na gargajiya na Hindustani.A cikin Carnatic Music, ana nuna swaras kamar yadda tsarin Melakarta ya nuna. Canjin daga Ga zuwa Pa wani muhimmin bangare ne wanda ya kamata a yi shi yadda ya kamata a karkashin Jagoran Malami na Flute. Ana buƙatar canza ƙarfin busawa a hankali ba tare da karkatar da sauti ba. Kyakkyawan bugawa yana bawa mai zane damar kunna wasu karin bayanan da suka wuce kewayon flauta (wasu lokuta suna haifar da sauti). Angling da flauta a kan rami mai hurawa, yana bawa mai zane damar gyarawa da kuma daidaita bayanin kula zuwa asalin farar. Yayin da yake busa iska, mai zane na iya zaɓar ko dai ci gaba da busawa ko kuma ba ci gaba da hurawa ba ko ma amfani da wuya / lips don girgiza iska don kunna kiɗa. == Rubutun kiɗa na rabin yatsa == Mai zane na iya amfani da yatsa don rufe rami rabin ko kwata ko uku kwata don yin sauti daban-daban, duk da cewa sautin bai fada cikin maɓallin maɓallin ba amma ya dace da tunanin mai zane-zane don yin waɗannan sautuna. Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar kunna kusan bayanin kula 30+ a cikin sarewa ɗaya. A matsayin misali ana iya yin amfani da maɓallan baki a cikin keyboard a cikin sarewa tare da rabin yatsa da aka rufe a kan rami mai dacewa. A hankali budewa da sannu a hankali rufe ramin yana ba da damar saurin kiɗa / sautin kiɗa don motsawa tsakanin bayanin kula zuwa wani bayanin kula yayin ci gaba da busawa, har ma yatsunsu biyu / uku na iya zama sannu a rufewa kuma a hankali a buɗe yayin ci gaba. Wannan dabarar murya ta sauti tana samar da halayyar ''gamak'' na kiɗa na Carnatic. Wannan dabarar tana bawa mai zane damar yin wasa kamar Waƙar namiji daga tsuntsu na Asiya. Wannan na iya danganta da matsewar igiyar Veena don samun bayanin karkatarwa / pitching ko amfani da Pitch Wheel a cikin keyboard na lantarki / MIDI. == 'Yan wasan da aka yi ==   === Daga baya === * Palladam Sanjiva Rao (1882-1962), almajirin Sharaba Shastri . * H. Ramachandra Shastry (1906 - 1992), almajirin Palladam Sanjiva Rao . * T. R. Mahalingam (1926-1986), wani yaro mai ban mamaki wanda ya fara wasa da sarewa yana da shekaru biyar. An fi saninsa da "Mali" ko kuma wani lokacin "Flute Mali". * [[T.A. Hariharan]], almajirin T.K. Radhakrishnan * T.K.Radhakrishnan (1919-2003) * Manda Balarama Sharma, almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * T. Viswanathan (1927-2002), jikan Veena Dhanammal kuma ɗan'uwan Balasaraswati * [[Cochin Ranganathan|Ranganathan na Cochin]] * B.N.Suresh, (1946-1990) almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * Prapancham Sitaram (ya mutu a shekara ta 2014) * N. Kesi (1918-2015) * [[Dindigul S.P. Natarajan]], almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * [[K.S. Narayanaswamy, (Flute)]] (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) * N Ramani (1934-2015), almajirin T.R.Mahalingam * [[A.V.Prakash]] (1941 - 2016) * 'Yan uwa mata na Sikkil - Kunjumani &amp;amp; Neela === Daga yanzu === * [[G.Raghuraman]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968) * [[G. S. Rajan]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) * K. Bhaskaran (an haife shi a shekara ta 1961) * B. Shankar Rao (1922 - 2020) * [[B.M. Sundar Rao]] (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937) * T. S. Sankaran (1930 - 2015) * K. S. Gopalakrishnan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) * [[Guruvayoor Srikishnan]] (1936 - 2019) * Tiruchy L. Saravanan * [[Ludwig Pesch]] * Thiagarajan Ramani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962) * Sikkil Mala Chandrasekar (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) * Kudamaloor Janardanan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969) * Raman Kalyan * Shashank Subramanyam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) == Dubi kuma ==   == manazarta == {{Reflist}} === Bayanan littattafai === *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=Alain Daniélou}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=Walter Kaufmann (composer)}} *   *   *   *   *   *   *   * {{Cite book|last3=Emmie te Nijenhuis}} *   == Haɗin waje == * [http://anubodh.com/Carnatic_fing_chart/Carnatic_Fing_Chart.html Hoton Fingering na Carnatic] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9cyypc4hibyy8tneqeb26qhv4648ceh Uric acid 0 87096 539530 2024-11-10T19:30:50Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Kirkirar muqala 539530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate p3r1bgylw82jjyyor96bf0tj2f3gklj 539531 539530 2024-11-10T19:32:54Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karin bayani 539531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.[1] Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. 3zo6k0wrdxxcq5f3tl4sekvtnolpspm 539532 539531 2024-11-10T19:35:50Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Saka sashe 539532 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.[1] Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == owo14709x9a39n0wc8nqii6z2zyt4rg 539533 539532 2024-11-10T19:39:55Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karin bayani 539533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.[1] Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == An fara keɓe Uric acid daga dutsen koda a cikin 1776 ta masanin kimiyar Sweden Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[2] 2809vi5igcr4does9ejd325olex2a17 539534 539533 2024-11-10T19:43:50Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Saka sashe 539534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.[1] Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == An fara keɓe Uric acid daga dutsen koda a cikin 1776 ta masanin kimiyar Sweden Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[2] == Manazarta == cqjb42ra9l5p2hlntqp31sv4b1y5jp0 539535 539534 2024-11-10T19:45:05Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Hujja 539535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.<ref>"Uric Acid". ''PubChem''.</ref> Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == An fara keɓe Uric acid daga dutsen koda a cikin 1776 ta masanin kimiyar Sweden Carl Wilhelm Scheele.[2] == Manazarta == e3xuu6iew4sc89qx8p8qo4c1bxyovzk 539536 539535 2024-11-10T19:48:03Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Hujja 539536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.<ref>"Uric Acid". ''PubChem''.</ref> Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == An fara keɓe Uric acid daga dutsen koda a cikin 1776 ta masanin kimiyar Sweden Carl Wilhelm Scheele.<ref>Scheele, C. W. (1776). "Examen Chemicum Calculi Urinari" [A chemical examiniation of kidney stones]. ''Opuscula''. '''2''': 73.</ref> == Manazarta == cn5ed3l7cga292cpqngtdmqed92rsbl 539537 539536 2024-11-10T19:49:55Z Abdull kwasha 28216 Karin bayani 539537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uric acid'''  shine haɗin heterocyclic na carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, da hydrogen tare da formula C5H4N4O3. Yana samar da ions da gishiri da aka sani da urates da acid urates, kamar ammonium acid urate.Uric acid samfur ne na rugujewar rayuwa ta purine nucleotides, kuma al'ada ce ta fitsari.<ref>"Uric Acid". ''PubChem''.</ref> Yawan yawan uric acid na jini na iya haifar da gout kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu yanayin kiwon lafiya, gami da ciwon sukari da samuwar ammonium acid urate  kodan. == Bangaren Chemistry == An fara keɓe Uric acid daga dutsen koda a cikin 1776 ta masanin kimiyar Sweden Carl Wilhelm Scheele.<ref>Scheele, C. W. (1776). "Examen Chemicum Calculi Urinari" [A chemical examiniation of kidney stones]. ''Opuscula''. '''2''': 73.</ref>A cikin 1882, masanin ilmin sinadarai na Ukrainian Ivan Horbaczewski  ya fara haɗa uric acid ta hanyar narkewar urea tare da glycine.[3] == Manazarta == msmr6xto3ewjbz7m81nzwre5ostylp3 Tattaunawar user:Leoleo7495 3 87097 539589 2024-11-10T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539589 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Leoleo7495! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Leoleo7495|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) rse2n24jml2ys60vaw2qx69s7586k8i Tattaunawar user:Doudjinny 3 87098 539590 2024-11-10T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539590 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Doudjinny! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Doudjinny|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) hqainn183dbwn0vy2tzntw7z8xfxh76 Tattaunawar user:Canibal2014 3 87099 539591 2024-11-10T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539591 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Canibal2014! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Canibal2014|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 7p4tit3g7bcd0vntdtunpto2ku3npww Tattaunawar user:Ggunthy 3 87100 539592 2024-11-10T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539592 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ggunthy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ggunthy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) cq3dz8actxjipmj9wbci48ouwxulrgw Tattaunawar user:M i Rumah 3 87101 539593 2024-11-10T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539593 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, M i Rumah! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/M i Rumah|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) hdcwgfhqvxchcjuj8imgrzkat7lrp86 Tattaunawar user:SolApk 3 87102 539594 2024-11-10T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539594 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, SolApk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/SolApk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) pcwbiefd0ma9a2zi5uevfb0grui25we Tattaunawar user:BobYZH 3 87103 539595 2024-11-10T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539595 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BobYZH! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BobYZH|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) kdnbbu0ame1kueeii9w5m7i67djzepl Tattaunawar user:Sagiru Wakili Musa 3 87104 539596 2024-11-10T21:26:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539596 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sagiru Wakili Musa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sagiru Wakili Musa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ipqx58kx12sweypdsix9sg61jg10wbk Tattaunawar user:Lacherstein 3 87105 539597 2024-11-10T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539597 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Lacherstein! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Lacherstein|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ezqn4g03bj49eombqakgukcm6g5gz81 Tattaunawar user:AngelicDevil29 3 87106 539598 2024-11-10T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539598 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AngelicDevil29! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AngelicDevil29|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 1t7gmct6m32zcgkf81g3uegi5x5xtam Tattaunawar user:Dondoggone 3 87107 539599 2024-11-10T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539599 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Dondoggone! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Dondoggone|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ejz8bdzl6wt9q2lodgcpuznuaf89srz Tattaunawar user:NitinMlk 3 87108 539600 2024-11-10T21:27:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 539600 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, NitinMlk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/NitinMlk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 10 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ae1frvov3gdayrd0xhcl0kqfbz28y2j Isak Frey 0 87109 539630 2024-11-11T10:07:05Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 Sabon shafi: == Hausa Translation Start == 539630 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hausa Translation Start == nmcun05h32vc9c7idn3akc1ro9wmtzo 539631 539630 2024-11-11T10:07:06Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539631 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 1 == {{Short Siffikai | Karen Norwegi (Hammanin haihuwar 2003)} {{Bayani na Wasanni |Suna = isak frey |Hoto = Isak Frey (KO) 2020.jpg |Takaddar = Frey a Gasar Olympics a shekarar 2020 |'Yan ƙasa = Norwegian |haifuwa_date = {{ranar haihuwa da shekaru | | 08 | 28 | |Haihuwa_ wuri = [[Bærum]], Norway |Mutuwa_date = |Mutuwa_ |Ilimi = |Alma_Maker = |Aiki = |shekaru_Amm = |Mata = |Kasar = Norway |Wasanni = [[Biathlon]] |Medaltemples = {{Medisport | Maza [[Ba'amon])} {{Medalcountry |{{{A'a} to} {{Medalchoptitionitionitionitionatips | [Ba'atlollol. Gasar Turai]] Kasar Turai]]])} {{Lambar Redal | [2024 na bude gasar cin Kofin Turai | 2024 Osrblie]] | 0dgadgj1h7uu91h2i7yo6ragphl9i07 539632 539631 2024-11-11T10:07:10Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539632 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 2 == 12.5 & Nbsplie]] | 12.5 & nbsp; KM {{Lambar Kishiya | Zinare | 2024 Osrblie | Mixuraye ba da izini ba} ► {{Lambar Redal | tagulla | 2024 Osrblie | 10 Km Spright}} {{Medalchoptitionitionitionitionitionatips | [Biyolon Chardep ChampionS | Gasar ta Junior ta Junior]])} {{Medalgold | [[Bahior Junior Duniya Championships 2023 | 2023 Shchuy]]]] | 4 × 7.5 km {{Medalgold | [[Bahior Junior Duniya Champunships 2024 | 2024 otepää] | {{Medalgold | 2024 otepää | 4 × 6 Km gauraye da shi}} {{Medalgold | 2024 otepää | 4 × 7.5 km remay to} {{Medalsilver | 2024 otepää | 12 km f6jg6d5wh5peieifnqfu3dhvigeyv1l 539633 539632 2024-11-11T10:07:13Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539633 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 3 == taro fara 60} 12 {{MedalBronze | 2023 Shchuchinsk | 15 Km mutum} {{Medalbronze | 2023 shchuy | 4 × 6 Km gauraye {{Medalchoptitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitionitiontances | Gasar ta Juli Kofin Duniya | Gwarzon Matasa na Matasa])} {{Medalgold | [[Biyoman Junior Duniya Championships 2022 | 2022 Soja m Chilla]]]]] | 3 × 7.5 km }} '' 'Isak Leknes Frey' '' (haifa ta 28 ga Agusta 2003) wani yanki ne na Yammacin [{CETELTHLONNOCK 6/AhtM.REALBIHLONAiBEID = BTNOR12808200309 | Tassi = ƙididdigar = ƙididdigar ɗan wasa - yanar gizo = www.realbiathlon.com}}} en Ref> == aiki == Isak Frey ya sami frey bayyanarsa ta farko a watan ivjsaapjffsksnn6glxfe5wkx2y7zv3 539634 539633 2024-11-11T10:07:16Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539634 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 4 == Janairu 2020 a matsayin memba na kungiyar Norway a kan [[Olympic wasanni]].Koyaya, duk da kasancewarsa, bai amintar da lambar yabo ba saboda harbi da yawa da aka rasa.Bayan Hiatus daga gasa na duniya, ya yi wasan farko a shekarar 2022 a gasar zakarun duniya na 2022 | Andreas The, tare da Stan Feddim Andoschnasara a cikin abin ba da gudummawa.Bugu da ƙari, frey ya ce taken zakara na Yaren mutanen Norway a cikin Sprint a cikin rukuni na Junior. A watan Janairu 2023, yana da shekara 19, Isak Frey ya sanya halarta a cikin [[Ibu]] a Osrblie, ya nuna nasarar iqcrxyxvdvc7lcf3qzei30bo5c3uko7 539635 539634 2024-11-11T10:07:20Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539635 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 5 == nan da nan.A cikin sripint, ya kiyaye matsayi na biyu da baya [Écir perrot]].Ari ga haka, a cikin hade mai haɗawa, frey, abokin tarayya tare da [[Juni Arneklev], da [Nasara Akev]], da [Nasara ta Kirgeide] Bayan jagorancin nasara bayan fara ƙungiyar a matsayin farkon wasan.A cikin watan Maris na wannan shekarar, Frey ya shiga cikin gasar cin kofin duniya [[Biyolon Junior ta Junior ta Junior)], tsananin farin ciki a cikin abubuwan da aka hade da juna.Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga nasarar da aka ruwaito, a wannan karon tare da Tanada, Einar Hedegaart, da Martin nevland.Wurin da OSlo OG Akershus, 4kao8op7gkgmopud1cfct51iz8r7luw 539636 539635 2024-11-11T10:07:23Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539636 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 6 == shi, tare da Stormheimim, [[Johanna Delmesheim,A [[2024 IBU bude gasar cin Kofin Turai | 2024 Championship Champlen], ya ci zinare 2 da tagulla na tagulla.-To-bomskudd-p-sprinten-1.16734536 </ Ref> == Biathlon results == Dukkanin sakamakon an fi so daga [[kungiyar Busawar Union]]. === matasa da Junioran wasan duniya na duniya === '' 5 lambobin yabo (4 zinariya, 1 zinariya) '' {|Class = "Wikitable" style = "font-girma: 95%; Rubutun-Daidaici: CIGABA: GROPX CROPPEPPEPS: #FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF; !Salon = "Canjin Balind: # 369; Launi: Farida; nisa: 160px;" | Shekarar !Salo = "Canjin Balind: # 369; Launi: Farin Ciki: Nisa: 40px;"Yawan shekaru !Salo = "Canjin Balind: # 4180BE; 3w4kqli6d0fndz96rqq1wm0ek75hw09 539637 539636 2024-11-11T10:07:27Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539637 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 7 == Launi: Faɗin: Faɗin: |Guda ɗaya !Salo = "Canjin Balind: # 4180BE; Launi: Faɗin: Faɗin: |M !Salo = "Canjin Balind: # 4180BE; Launi: Faɗin: Faɗin: |Bi !Salo = "Canjin Balind: # 4180BE; Launi: Faɗin: Faɗin: |Injin kuma ruwa | - |Daidaitawa = {Flajamus | {Flogwon | Amurka} }} Junior Duniya Championships 2022 | 2022 Sojoji m |'' 18 '' |Na 15 |10 |7 ne |Salon = "bango: Zinariya" |'' '' Zinare '' '' | - |Daidaitawa = {Flogon | Kaz {ENGIGOPICOSHINSPIESS 2023 | 2023 SHCHUSK]] |''19'' |salo = "Caka: # cfa88;" |'' '' Tagul '' ' |10 |10 |Salon = "bango: max9g7ym7298y8n88sxj5u6iexyyca0 539638 539637 2024-11-11T10:07:31Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539638 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 8 == Zinariya" |'' '' Zinare '' '' | - | Align = hagu | {Flogwon | {PRIGIGON |} enif [[Bahon Junior Duniya Championships 2024 | 2024 otepä]] |'' 20 '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' | 4 |Salon = "bango: Zinariya" |'' '' Zinare '' '' | N / a |Salon = "bango: Zinariya" |'' '' Zinare '' '' |} == nassoshi == {{{Ya sake yin magana { == Hanyoyin waje == * {{{Haɗin wasanni} {{Iko sarrafawa A} {{Haura: Frey, Isak} ►} [[Kateory: haihuwa]] [[Kategory: mutane masu rai]] [[Kategory: Ba'anar Norway Vie] [[Kategory: Wasanni daga 8w6m063s3t2bzuhxwegxcu0on6z8egv 539639 539638 2024-11-11T10:07:34Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539639 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 9 == Bærum]]] [[Kategory: Biathletes a 2020 hunturu olympics) 1qz04etx9xocqe3kmlg7x3hnw8goq7y 539640 539639 2024-11-11T10:12:50Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 /*Databox*/ 539640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isak Leknes Frey ''' an haife shi 28 ga Agusta shekara ta 2003, ɗan Norwegian ne [[Biathlon|biathlete]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realbiathlon.com/athletes.html? ibuId=BTNOR12808200301|title=Kididdigar 'yan wasa - na gaske biathlon|website=www.realbiathlon.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Isak Frey ya sami bayyanarsa ta farko a duniya a cikin Janairu 2020 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Norwegian a [Wasanni na Olympics]]. Duk da haka, duk da halartarsa, bai sami lambar yabo ba saboda yawan harbe-harbe. Bayan dakatar da gasar wasannin kasa da kasa, ya fara halarta a shekarar 2022 a [[Biathlon Junior World Championship 2022 | Gasar Matasa ta Duniya]] a [[Soja Hollow]], Utah, inda shi, tare da Stian Fedreheim da Andreas Aas, suka fito. mai nasara a gasar gudun ba da sanda. Bugu da kari, Frey ya lashe kambun zakaran dan kasar Norway a gasar tsere a matakin kananan yara. kgcxgheki6tqoju310bo1v81h40jv2h 539641 539640 2024-11-11T10:14:55Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 /* Reference */ 539641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isak Leknes Frey ''' an haife shi 28 ga Agusta shekara ta 2003, ɗan Norwegian ne [[Biathlon|biathlete]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.realbiathlon.com/athletes.html? ibuId=BTNOR12808200301|title=Kididdigar 'yan wasa - na gaske biathlon|website=www.realbiathlon.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Isak Frey ya sami bayyanarsa ta farko a duniya a cikin Janairu 2020 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar Norwegian a [Wasanni na Olympics]]. Duk da haka, duk da halartarsa, bai sami lambar yabo ba saboda yawan harbe-harbe. Bayan dakatar da gasar wasannin kasa da kasa, ya fara halarta a shekarar 2022 a [[Biathlon Junior World Championship 2022 | Gasar Matasa ta Duniya]] a [[Soja Hollow]], Utah, inda shi, tare da Stian Fedreheim da Andreas Aas, suka fito. mai nasara a gasar gudun ba da sanda. Bugu da kari, Frey ya lashe kambun zakaran dan kasar Norway a gasar tsere a matakin kananan yara. A cikin watan Janairu 2023, yana da shekaru 19, Isak Frey ya fara halartan sa a gasar [[IBU Cup]] a Osrblie, yana nuna nasara nan take. A cikin tseren, ya tabbatar da matsayi na biyu a baya [Éric Perrot]]. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin gaurayawan gudun ba da sanda, Frey, haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Endre Strømsheim]], [Juni Arnekleiv]], da [[Maren Kirkeeide]], ya sami nasara bayan ya jagoranci ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗan wasa na farko. A cikin Maris na wannan shekarar, Frey ya shiga cikin [[Biathlon Junior World Championships 2023 | Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Ƙarshen]], yana ƙulla tagulla a cikin gaurayawan gudun hijira da na daidaikun mutane. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga nasarar tserewa, wannan lokacin tare da Trym Gerhardsen, Einar Hedegart, da Martin Nevland. Wakilin Oslo og Akershus, shi, tare da Strømsheim, [[Johannes Dale-Skjevdal]], da [[Sturla Holm Lægreid]], ya zama zakara na Norwegian a wasan tseren maza. A [[2024 IBU Open European Championship|2024 European Biathlon Championship]], ya ci lambar zinare 2 da tagulla ɗaya.<ref>https://www.nrk.no/sport/em-solv-til-botn-tross -to-bomskudd-pa-sprinten-1.16734536</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} qepg8qa9e8u6hyfv0m4sc63p8929mwp Tattaunawa:Abubakar Gumi 1 87110 539642 2024-11-11T10:28:45Z 102.164.34.94 /* Malam gum8 babban malamine kuma abinkoyi da dukkanin al,ummar kasar hausa kana tundaga kan sarakuna malamai mahukunta harda masu damara */ sabon sashe 539642 wikitext text/x-wiki == Malam gum8 babban malamine kuma abinkoyi da dukkanin al,ummar kasar hausa kana tundaga kan sarakuna malamai mahukunta harda masu damara == mutum ka mar malam mahhamud gumi haskene da allah yasaukar anigeria alokacin da turawa suke kokarin kawar da musulunci daga arewacin kasar domin tabbatar da al,adun su da tsarukansu [[Musamman:Contributions/102.164.34.94|102.164.34.94]] 10:28, 11 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) a596z2k6fw1ndhf3ztak745r251crsp Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre 0 87111 539643 2024-11-11T10:39:30Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 Sabon shafi: == Hausa Translation Start == 539643 wikitext text/x-wiki == Hausa Translation Start == nmcun05h32vc9c7idn3akc1ro9wmtzo 539644 539643 2024-11-11T10:39:31Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539644 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 1 == {{Short Sihxaki | Firist Katolika firist (1935-2020)}} '' '' 'Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre' '' (22 Fabrairu 1935 & Ndash; 10 Agusta Katolika [[Roman Katolika]] Shin Akbishop. Kuma aka naɗa shi firist a 1962. Ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na Tarma]], Peru, daga 1992 zuwa 2001 sannan ya yi aiki jh1v4isd0mda4mi4r83do40fehm6ke2 539645 539644 2024-11-11T10:39:35Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539645 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 2 == da Archbishop na [[Roman Archdioese na Ayachicho], Peru, daga 2001 zuwa 2011 zuwa 2011.4. == Notes == {{{ya sake yin magana { {{Designesoror: Sebastiani Aguirre, Luis Abilio mis ne}} [[Kategory: 1935 haihuwa]] [[Kategory: mutane 2020]] [[Kateory: Peruvian Roman Katolika na Katolika]] [[Kategory: Rombishisops na Ayacucho] [[Kategory: Roman Katolika na Katolika i1vlks8mcu8y10s6y3m4pml1kac6klz 539646 539645 2024-11-11T10:39:38Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 539646 wikitext text/x-wiki == Translation Segment 3 == na Talma]] {{{{Peru-RC-Achbishop-Stub toiko ca3l8jggn9o05a0eve5lw3ifqrb414s 539647 539646 2024-11-11T11:14:04Z Abdoulmerlic 10126 /* Minor Edit */ 539647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre''' an haifeshi 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1935 - 10 ga watab Agusta shekara ta 2020, babban limamin Peruvian [[Roman Catholic]] ne. An haifi Sebastiani Aguirre a [[Peru]] kuma an nada shi a matsayin firist a 1962. Ya yi aiki a matsayin bishop na [[Roman Catholic Diocese na Tarma]], Peru, daga 1992 zuwa 2001 sannan ya zama babban Bishop na [[ Archdiocese Roman Katolika na Ayacucho]], Peru, daga 2001 zuwa 2011.<ref>[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/ayac0.htm Archdiocese na Ayacucho]</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} mu2pstxcy3fvh0hz8ovzczs239ucxbm