Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 2377 542949 495923 2024-11-20T07:09:59Z Adamu ab 23827 542949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag_of_Japan.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Japan.]] [[File:Diet of Japan Kokkai 2009.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Majalisar Japan.]] [[Fayil:Japan-Tokyo-tower-1024.jpg|thumb|Tokyo japan]] [[Fayil:Kator kecamatan Japah, Kabupaten Blora,Jateng, Indonesia.jpg|thumb]] '''Japan''' kasa ce, wadda kungiyar tsibirai ce, da ke a gabashin nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Japan tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba'i 377,972. Japan tana da yawan jama'a 126,672,000, bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2017. Babban birnin Japan, [[Tokyo]] . Japan tana da tsibiri da yawa, fiye da 6,800; manyan tsibiran Japan, su ne [[Honshu]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Kyushu]] kuma da [[Shikoku]]. Japan ta samu 'yancin kanta a karni na bakwai bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa (A.S). Sarkin Japan [[Akihito]] ne daga shekarar alif 1989. Firaministan Japan [[Shinzo Abe]] ne daga shekarar 2012; mataimakin firaminista [[Taro Aso]] ne daga shekara ta 2012. == Tarihi == == Mulki == == Arziki == == Wasanni == == Fannin tsaro == == Kimiya == == Al'adu == == Addinai == == Mutane == == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Worm's-eye view of Tokyo Skytree with vertical symmetry impression, a sunny day, in Japan.jpg|Nakuran isar da bayanai a kasar Japan File:Colorful neon street signs in Kabukichō, Shinjuku, Tokyo.jpg|Cikin garin Tokyo File:Togetsu-kyō bridge at golden hour, Kyoto, Japan.jpg|Gada a cikin garin Kyoto File:Water reflection of Kinkaku-ji Temple a sunny day, Kyoto, Japan.jpg|Gida a bakin ruwa File:Founder's Hall gate of Higashi-Honganji Temple, with water reflection, Kyoto, Japan.jpg| Tsarin gini a kasar Japan File:Japan tea ceremony 1165.jpg|Bikin girmama shayi File:Jigokudani hotspring in Nagano Japan 001.jpg|Birai a kasar Japan </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Asiya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Japan}} [[Category:Kasashen Asiya]] 2yy044dnev0uynfln6baunwusj0ut1e 0 2655 542985 512322 2024-11-20T08:26:39Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] .jamus Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yan ci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1989, shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Har ma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1989 a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasan e cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] t9f9w8utnb4cw128ci3dk045uhc89lj 542986 542985 2024-11-20T08:27:57Z Adamu ab 23827 542986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yan ci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1989, shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Har ma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1989 a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasan e cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] k7ndpy96bi5a85k3gryxy9feakzyne1 542990 542986 2024-11-20T08:33:54Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[File:Cancillería Federal, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-21, DD 37-39 HDR.JPG|thumb|Fadar Gwamnatin Kasar Jamus dake Berlin]] [[File:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb|Gini Potsdamer Plats, Berlin Germany]] [[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Kloster Paulinzella, Thüringen, 170316, ako (2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eilean Donan Castle Panorama.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:EU-Germany (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hexenbuche mit Kreuzberg.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Neues Schloss Schlossplatzspringbrunnen Jubiläumssäule Schlossplatz Stuttgart 2015 02.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Potsdamer Platz, Berlin, 360x180, 160403, ako.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Hamburg Notgeld 1 Mark 1921.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Lüdinghausen, Burg Kakesbeck -- 2021 -- 8860.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Höxter Germany Corvey-Abbey-11.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Rösrath Germany Gasthof-zur-Brücke-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Cologne Germany Cologne-Ship-Scenic-Ruby-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Dresden Germany Statue-Frederick-Augustus-I-of-Saxony-01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Porsche 911 No 1000000, 70 Years Porsche Sports Car, Berlin (1X7A3888).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Eselsburger-Tal Herbrechtingen Baden-Württemberg Germany Bindsteinmühle-02.jpg|thumb]] '''jamus''' Neman tuna yadda rayuwa ta kasan ce a yankin, '''Jamus''' ta gabas, al'amari ne da kan kasan ce mai matuƙar sarƙaƙiya ga su kansu mazauna wannan yanki. Suma baki yan ci rani da suka saba zama a yankin na Jamus ta gabas, basa samun saukin bayanin irin halin da suka zauna karkashin sa a yankin. Daya daga cikin irin wadannan baki da suka zauna a Jamus ta gabas din har zuwa ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif 1989, shine Eric Singh. Haifaffen [[Afrika]] ta kudu, Singh ya tsera ne zuwa Jamus ta gabas daga Durban, domin ya kaura cewa gallazawa a ƙasar sa. <ref> "Repräsentation und Integration" (in German). Bundespräsidialamt. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2016.</ref> Daga [[Berlin]], [[Bonn]] ta gabas, dan gwagwarmayar na kungiyar ANC yaci gaba da nuna adawar sa ga mulkin wariya, inda har ma ya riƙa samun goyon baya da taimakon kuɗi daga.hukumomin wannan yanki. Har ma bayan rushewar katangar ta Berlin, Eric Singh yaci gaba da zama a Berlin, inda a yanzu kuma yake tuna rayuwa a Jamus ta gabas da rushewar katangar '''Berlin'''. Shin ana iya cewa wannan hirar da manema labarai ya canza al'amuran [[duniya]]. Wannan dai tabbas haka yake, a bisa ra'ayin yan [[jarida]] da suka hallara, suka saurari jawabin [[Günter Schabowski]], kakakin gwmanatin kwaminisanci ta Jamus ta gabas, ranar tara ga watan Nuwamba na shekara ta alif 1989 a Berlin ta gabas. A wannan rana, Schabowski ya sanar da matakan sassauta tafiye-tafiye zuwa kyetare ga yan Jamus ta gabas. Eric Singh ya halarci wannan taro na manema [[labarai]], saboda daga can Berlin ta gabas ya rika aikawa mujallu dabam dabam sharhuna da rahotanni. Saboda haka ma Singh yace yayi imanin zai kasan e cikin wadanda suka shaidar da wani al'amari na [[tarihi]]. Yace:<ref> "The German Federal Government". deutschland.de. 23 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020</ref> "Na bi wannan taro na yan jarida a tsanake kuma naji tambayar da [[Ricardo Ehrmann]] daga [[Italiya]] yayi, inda ya tambaye shi shin wani lokaci ne za'a bude iyakokin na Jamus ta gabas? Shi kuma Schabowski ya amsa da cewa yau". Jim kadan kuwa bayan wannan hira da yan jaridu, wanda ma gidan television na hukumar ta nuna kai tsaye, aka fara samun yan Jamus ta gabas da suka yi kasadar zuwa kan iyakokin da suka raba tsakanin Berlin ta gabas da Berlin ta yamma. Masu tsaron kan iyakokin, wadanda ma tururuwar jama'a ta nemi fin karfin su, suka kyale jama'a su tsallaka zuwa dayan bangaren, wanda har ya zuwa wannan lokaci aka haramtawa yan Jamus ta gabas shi. Nan da nan kuwa labarin haka ya watsu ko ina, inda jama'a suka rika cunkoso a wuraren kan iyaka a Berlin ta gabas, domin neman tsallkawa zuwa yamma da kuma samun yancin su. Ya zuwa tsadar dare aka bude dukkanin iyakokin, katangar Berlin ta zama sai labari. Shi kansa Eric Singh ya shaidar da wannan babban abu na tarihi ne a washegari, inda ya shiga jirgin kasa daga tashar Friedrichstrasse a [[Berlin]] ta gabas zuwa yankin [[Berlin]] ta yamma. Yace: "Daga Friedrichstrasse na isa kan iyaka, inda na taras da dubban jama'a, musmaman matasa. Daga nan muka tsallaka kogin Spree zuwa Berlin ta yamma. Na kuma fahimci yadda dimbin jama'a sukai ta nuna bukatar su ta zuwa ga samun yanci, saboda ni kaina na kasa samun damar tserewa daga [[Afrika]] ta kudu lokacin da naso, saboda a matsayi na na dan gwagwarmaya adawa da wariya, bani da yancin fita zuwa ketare, saboda bani da paspo".<ref>Gesley, Jenny (26 September 2018). "The Protection of Minority and Regional Languages in Germany". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 25 May 2020.</ref> A yau, Eric Singh yana nuna matukar godiyar sa ga dukkanin taimako da goyon bayan da ya samu daga Jamus ta gabas kasar da a bana, shekaru ashirin kenan da bacewar ta. Yace duk da mummunan kasawar yankin a bangaren democradiya da kuma matakai masu tsanani kan yan adawa, amma Jamus ta gabas ta bada gudumuwa mai yawa a gwagwarmaya kan gwamnatin wariya ta [[Afrika]] ta kudu. Yace: A nan ko da shike mutane basu da yancin tafiye-tafiye yadda suka so, amma sun karbi wannan hali cikin kwanciyar hankali. Na kan tattauna haka din da matata ta, wdada ita ma yar Jamus ta gabas ce. Takan ce a da can nayi rayuwa ce ba tare da hatsaniya ba, amma ba haka abin yake ba a yanzu. Bayan da aka rushewa kasar, ta rasa aikin ta a matsayin mai fassara saboda wai ta tsufa. Ba kuwa ita kadai ba, jama'a da dama sun shiga irin wannan hali. Yanzu Eric Singh yana zaune cikin farin ciki da jin dadi da matar sa a Berlin. Dan jaridar da yayi ritaya har yanzu yana da alaka ta kurkusa tare da [[Afrika]] ta kudu, kasar da tun bayan kawo karshen mulkin wariya yake mallakar paspo din ta. * [http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4819204,00.html DW-World: Shekaru 20 da rushewar katangar Berlin] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:FFM HBF Frankfurt.jpg|[[Fayil:Brandenburger Tor morgens.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Speyer - Altstadt - Altpörtel - Blick auf Domfassade und Kirchtürme mit Abendsonne.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Thuringia Eisenach asv2020-07 img23 Wartburg Castle.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Maximilianeum Munich at Night, March 2018.jpg|thumb|Munich]][[Fayil:Aerial view of Berlin (32881394137).jpg|thumb|berlin]][[Fayil:Mercedes-Benz Museum 201312 08 blue hour.jpg|thumb|Meseum]][[Fayil:EU-Germany.svg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:Pieter Brueghel the Elder - The Dutch Proverbs - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:Reichstagsgebäude von Westen.jpg|thumb|germany]][[Fayil:SonyCenterAtNight.jpg|thumb|Balin]][[Fayil:Pilsumer Leuchtturm 2010-10 CN-I.jpg|thumb|Germany]][[Fayil:01-01-2014 - Messeturm - trade fair tower - Frankfurt- Germany - 01.jpg|thumb|Garin Frankfurt]][[Fayil:Horse-racing-4.jpg|thumb|tseren doki a Munich]]Birnin Frankfurt na ƙasar File:Berlin Mitte by night.JPG|Birnin Berlin na kasar File:Cologne_cathedral_aerial_(25326253726)_(cropped).jpg|Cocin Cologne File:5 56 49 am .....a ship.jpg File:Essen-Südviertel Luft.jpg|Essen-Südviertel Luft File:Einsteinturm_7443.jpg|Hasumiyar Einsteinturn </gallery> {{Turai}} {{stub}} == Manazarta == [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] [[Category:Mukaloli marasa hujja]] s2sb66y1ehveamrdze9z98tlysferyx 0 3690 542809 457029 2024-11-19T21:09:52Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542809 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Karin magana''', magana ce ko zance da hausawa kan yi wanda ke dauke da hikima da basira da azanci a ciki, domin yin hannunka mai sanda da huce takaici a kan wani abinda aka yi maka mara dadi. Masana Harshen [[Hausa]] sun [[fassara]] karin magana gwargwadon fahimtarsu. Daga ciki akwai: Farfesa dangambo a shekara ta alif da dari tara arba'in da takwas (1984), da ya ce, “Karin magana dabara ce ta dunkule magana mai yawa a cikin zance ko kuma dan kalmomi kaɗan cikin hikima”. == Asali == “Karin Magana Tsararren zance ne wanda yake zuwa a gajarce na hikima da zalaka tare da bayar da ma’ana gamsashshiya, mai fadi, mai yalwa, musamman idan aka tsaya aka yi bayani daki-daki” Kenan idan aka lura sosai za a ga cewa shi karin Magana, magana ce dunkulalliya wacce ba kowa ne zai iya gane ta ba, in ba tare da an yi masa cikakken bayani ba. Amma yau da gobe da kuma yawan amfani da ita, musamman a zamunan da suka shude, da ake yawan tsoma ta a cikin zance, sai ya zama shi Bahaushe yana iya gane abin sa. Misali:- ana kuma iya yiwa mutumin da ba shi da tattali nuni cikin dan kalmomi marasa yawa, kamar a ce da shi, wannan abin da ka ke yi ''zai hana ka farcen susa''. Ko kuma idan ana son yin magana game da wani abu mai amfani da kuma maras amfani. Kamar a ce idan an aikata abin, wani abu maras dadi zai faru da wanda ya aikata, to ana iya yi masa nuni ta hanyar cewa da shi, wannan abin ''ba zai haifar maka da da, mai ido ba''. Da sauransu. Kowace daya aka dauka daga cikin wadannan karin magana guda biyu, za a tarar cewa maganganu ne dunkulallu, wadanda idan aka tashi farfasa su, za su ci guri mai yawa. Amma idan aka fade su da baki ko aka rubuta su, za a ji su ko a gan su gajeru, sannan kuma shi wanda ake magana da shi zai iya fahimtar abin da ake nufi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://rumbunilimi.com.ng/ |access-date=2020-08-19 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213434/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karin magana zance ne a dunkule ko a karye, wacce aka tsakaita ta, ta hanyar karya magana, wacce ake fada yau da gobe domin isar da sakon hikima da hankalta ga wanda aka fadamawa a cikin harshen [[Hausa]].<ref name=":0">Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.p. 70</ref>  kamar a ce “ Karen Bana Shi ke Maganin Zomon Bana” ko “Ra’ayi Riga” ko “ Tafiya Sannu Sannu Baya Hana Kwana Nesa”. “ Abinda Babba Ya Hango Yaro Ko Ya Hau Rimi Ba Zai Hango shi Ba” ko a ce “Sara da sassaka ba sa hana gamji toho”. == Sifa == Karin magana tana da banbanci da wasu hikimomin magana na hausawa kamar su habaici, zambo, Kirari, Take, wanda wadannan daban suke da karin magana,<ref name=":0" /> Kuma karin magana wani nau’i ne na azancin magana da harshen [[Hausa]], ba tare da ka tsawwala ma mutum ba ta sigar magana ko tsawaita masa ba a cikin zance, amman ta hanyar amfani da karin magana zaka isar da saƙo a sauƙaƙe ko a fahimce. === Sigar sauyi === Karin magana takan zo a sigar tambaya, habaici ko kuma azanci, sannan takan zo a sigar misali kamar karin maganar da ake cewa “ Ina ganin Kura da Rana/ yaya zan yarda ta cije ni?” wannan karin maganar ta zo ne a sigar tambaya, amma ba a bukatan wanda aka gaya ma karin maganan da ya bayar da amsa, kamar yace eh! Ko A’ah!, amman zai iya bayar da amsar ta sigar mayar da baƙan magana ko raddi, misali “Mallam Musa yaga alamun cewa Mallam Shehu naso ya ara fatanyarshi yaƙi dawo masa da kayansa, sai ya ce ma Mallam Shehu “ Ina ganin Kura Da rana, Ta ya zan yarda ta cijeni?” ma’ana ba zai yarda Mallam Musa ya mai wayo ba ya ara fatanyar sa ya cuce shi ba, Shi kuma Mallam Shehu da yin karin maganan ya fahimci cewa Mallam Musa ya gane, amman tinda al’amari ne wanda ba a fili yake ba na cewar tabbas cutar shi zai yi ba, sai shi kuma ya mayar masa da baƙar magana, ta hanyar cewa “ ba kura ba ce zaki ne” kaga a nan kamar ya amsa ga tambayar karin maganan ne, amman kuma bada amsawa, a wannan misali amsa tamabayan karin magana ta sigar tambaya ba laifi ba ne, amman galibi ba a amsawa sai dai a amsa ta sigar bakar magana, zambo, ko habaici. === Karin Magana Mai Siffar Tambaya === 1-Ƙasa ta gudu ta je ina? 2-Ina ganin kura da rana ta yaya zan yarda ta cijeni? === Karin Magana Mai Siffar Misali === 1- Wanka da gari baya maganin yunwa. 2- Mushen tinkiya ta fi yankakken biri. 3- Na shiga ban dauka ba, bata fidda ɓarawo. 4- Wankan wuta sau guda ka yafa.<ref>Skimner (1988),^{(p238,239 and p73)}</ref>. === Wasu Karin Magana === 1- Hadarin kasa, maganin mai kabido. 2- Gobara daga kogi. 3- Hakuri maganin  zaman duniya. 4- Ana kukan karaya ga mutuwa ta zo. 5- Kome nisan daji, da gari gabansa. 6-kwaɗayi Mabudin wahala 7-wayon waniƙiƙi. 8-Hankaka mai da ɗan wani naka 9-kowa ya yi ƙeta,kansa. 10-kome wato amarya,a sha manta. 11-baƙo taɓa,ɗan gari kaba. 12-kwaɗayi makas kare. 13-yaro ɗan kalgo ne,tun yana ƙarami ake lanƙwasa shi 14-Horo ba kisa ba ne, gyara hali ne. 15-wanda bai sha kashi ba,ba ya jin bari. 16-Kada ka yi shuka a idon makwarwa. 18-Idan ungulu ta biya bukata,zabuwa tafi da zancenki. 19-Masu abu da abin su,kura da kalla bin kitse. 20-Wasa da yaro shi ya kan kawo reni. 21-"yau a garin? In ji maƙi baƙo. 22-Idan kura na da maganin zawo, tayi wa kanta. 23-Da ma yaya lafiya kura,balle tayi hauka? 24-"Ribar Ƙafa,"kura tayi karo da kwaɗo. 25-Ya zama kura da guntun ƙiri. 26-Bahili ya fi kowa rowa. === Canjin sigar Karin Magana === A karin magana ana cewa “ hadarin ƙasa, maganin mai kabido”  ida dan dambe ya furta hakan kamar ya na yiwa abokin takararsa habaici ne, kamar ya ce “sai ni hadarin ƙasa, maganin mai kabido”. <ref>Furniss, Graham. (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute.p. 73</ref> == Amfani da Hikima == # Takaita doguwar magana. # Nuni, gargadi, da fadakarwa cikin nishaɗi, sannan kuma a takaice. # Bayyanar da kwarewa da fasahar Bahaushe wajen iya magana. # Adon harshe. Abin da ake nufi da adon harshe a nan, shi ne cewa karin magana yana karawa zance kyau da kuma dadi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://rumbunilimi.com.ng/ |access-date=2020-08-19 |archive-date=2020-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919213434/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Misalai == *Kowane bakin wuta, da na shi hayaki *Komai tsufan zaki, ya fi saurayin kare *Komai jarabar bunsuru, ya kiyayi matar kura *Komai nisan jifa, Kasa zai faɗo .......... . ..... . ....... ,. .... *Wuta da Aljanna duka na Allah ne. Inji mai sabo *Duk wanda ka gani a inuwa, ba ta can ya faro ba. * # # # * * * * *Idan ka ji wane, ba banza ba. *Taya taito, ya fi ban cigiya. *Rashin jini, rashin tsagawa. *Idan kaga ki gudu, sa gudu ne bai zo ba. *Da mai rai ake rikicin duniya *Aikin banza, antura agwagwa ruwa == Bibiliyo == * ''The Hausa world of Rudolf Prietze : being the complete collection of the scholar in the Hausa and German originals and the English versionsISBN978-125-659-1OCLC950033236''. * Ahmed, Umaru Balarabe,. ''The Hausa World of Rudolf Prietze being the complete collection of the Scholar in the Hausa and German originals and the English versions. Volume 2''. Zaria. <nowiki>ISBN 978-125-653-2</nowiki>.OCLC 992986877. * Aminu, Alhaji Ayuba ashekara ta. (1998). ''Kacici-kacici''. Dukku, Malam Bello., Mu'azu, Mohammed Aminu. (1. publ ed.). Maiduguri: Compaq Publ. <nowiki>ISBN 978-32300-4-2</nowiki>. OCLC 634309537. * Furniss, Graham. ashekara ta (1996). ''Poetry, prose and popular culture in Hausa''. International African Institute. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press for the International African Institute. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4744-6829-9</nowiki>. OCLC 648578425. * Dikko, Inuwa.a shekara ta (2006). ''Ruwan bagaja : wasan kwaikwayo''. Zaria: Northern Nigerian Pub. <nowiki>ISBN 978-978-169-143-0</nowiki>. OCLC 232270270.<br /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Ilimi]] ow6y5s8gm7pnq9eugh3475qrq5058ii 0 5849 542872 509106 2024-11-19T23:42:04Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Michael_Jackson_Dangerous_World_Tour_1993_cropped.png|Michael_Jackson_Dangerous_World_Tour_1993_cropped.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Kritzolina|Kritzolina]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Michae 542872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Michael Jackson 1984 (cropped 2).jpg|thumb|Micheal Jackson|left]] [[File:Michael Jackson - Madame Tussauds Bangkok.jpg|left|thumb|Michael Jackson]] [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] '''Michael Joseph Jackson''' (Augustan 29, 1958 - ga watan yuni 25, shekarar ta dubu biyu da Tara 2009) mawaƙin [[Amurika]] ne,shi marubucin waka, da rawa, da shiryawa, sannan kuma shi sananna jarumi, Wanda yana daya daga cikin sanannu kuma wadan da suka sami nasara a cikin mawakan kowani lokaci gaba daya. Ana masa lakabi da '''sarkin salon waka na pop.''' Kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin mawakan da aka fi tasirantuwa da dasu a salon waka na pop. Shine wanda yafi kowanne mawaki saida wakokinsa a lokacin da yake da rai. Gudun mowar sa a harkar waka, rawa, da kuma salon kwalliyarsa tare kuma da kebantacciyar rayuwarsa data fito fili sunsa ya zama sananne a duk duniya a mawakan tsawon shekara Arba'in. Kundin wakoƙinsa sa mai suna [[Michael Jackson's Thriller|Thriller]] shine kudin waƙoƙi da aka fi siya a duk duniya kusan kwafi miliyan 66. [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html] Patricewaldrip. == Rayuwa da aiki == === Rayuwar farko da Jackson 5 (1958-1975) === Michael Joseph Jackson an haife shi a [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]], [[Indiana]], a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1958. <ref name="Barnes">{{cite news|first=Brokes|last=Barnes|title=A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 25, 2009|access-date=July 12, 2009|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html?ref=obituaries&_r=0|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Shi ne na takwas cikin yara goma a cikin [[Iyalin Jackson|dangin Jackson]], dangin [[Afirkawan Amurka|Ba-Amurke]] mai aiki ajin da ke zaune a gida mai daki biyu a titin Jackson. {{Sfn|Jackson|2009}} {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Mahaifiyarsa, [[Katarina Jackson|Katherine Esther Jackson]] ( ''née'' Scruse), ta buga clarinet da piano, ta yi burin zama ɗan wasan [[Kidan kasa|ƙasa-da-yamma]], kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a [[Sears]] . {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Ita [[Shaidun Jehobah|Mashaidiyar Jehobah]] ce . <ref name="monstrous">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> Mahaifinsa, [[Joe Jackson (manja)|Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson]], tsohon dan dambe, ya kasance ma'aikacin crane a [[Amurka Karfe|US Steel]] kuma ya buga guitar tare da [[Rhythm da blues|raye-raye na gida da blues]] band, Falcons, don ƙara yawan kudin shiga na iyali. <ref name="Obit Guardian">{{cite news|first=Adam|last=Sweeting|title=Joe Jackson obituary|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 14, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-obituary}}</ref> {{Sfn|Young|2009}} Kakan kakan Joe, Yuli "Jack" Gale, wani [[Sojan doki|dan leken asiri]] ne na Sojojin Amurka; labarin iyali sun ɗauka cewa shi ma [[Mutumin likitanci|ɗan asalin Amurka ne mai magani]] . {{Sfn|Knopper|2016}} Michael ya girma tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku ( [[Rebbie Jackson|Rebbie]], [[La Toya Jackson|La Toya]], da [[Janet Jackson|Janet]] ) da 'yan'uwa biyar ( [[Jackie Jackson|Jackie]], [[Tito Jackson|Tito]], [[Jermaine Jackson|Jermaine]], [[Marlon Jackson|Marlon]], da [[Randy Jackson (Jackson)|Randy]] ). <ref name="Obit Guardian" /> Wani ɗan'uwa na shida, tagwayen Marlon Brandon, ya mutu jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. A cikin 1964, Michael da Marlon sun shiga cikin 'yan uwan Jackson - ƙungiyar da mahaifinsu ya kafa wanda ya haɗa da Jackie, Tito da Jermaine - a matsayin mawaƙan mawaƙa suna wasa [[Conga|congas]] da [[tambourine]] . <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson: a life of highs and lows|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=November 28, 2019|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5642588/Michael-Jackson-a-life-of-highs-and-lows.html|archive-date=January 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Michael ya ce mahaifinsa ya gaya masa cewa yana da "hanci mai kitse", <ref name="bbcnews">{{cite news|title=Jackson interview seen by 14m|work=BBC News|date=February 4, 2003|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2719763.stm}}</ref> kuma ya zage shi a jiki da ta zuciya yayin da ake yin atisaye. Ya tuna cewa Joe sau da yawa yakan zauna a kujera da bel a hannunsa yayin da shi da ’yan uwansa ke karantawa, a shirye yake ya hukunta duk wani kuskure. <ref name="monstrous2">{{cite news|first=Alexis|last=Petridis|title=Joe Jackson was one of the most monstrous fathers in pop|newspaper=The Guardian|date=June 27, 2018|access-date=April 18, 2019|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/jun/27/joe-jackson-one-of-the-most-monstrous-fathers-in-pop}}</ref> {{Sfn|Lewis Jones|2005}} Joe ya yarda cewa yakan yi wa Michael bulala akai-akai. Katherine ta ce duk da cewa bulala ya zama kamar cin zarafi, amma hanya ce ta yau da kullun don horar da yara lokacin da Michael ya girma. Jackie, Tito, Jermaine da Marlon sun musanta cewa mahaifinsu yana cin zarafi kuma sun ce bulala da ya yi tasiri sosai a kan Michael saboda yana karami, ya sa su kasance da tarbiya kuma ba su da matsala. Michael ya ce a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya kasance kaɗai kuma ya keɓe. {{Sfn|Young|2009}} == Lamarin Pepsi da sauran ayyukan kasuwanci (1984-1985) == A cikin Nuwamba 1983, Jackson da 'yan uwansa sun haɗu da [[PepsiCo]] a cikin $ 5{{Spaces}}yarjejeniyar tallata miliyan wanda ya karya rikodin don amincewar mashahuri (daidai da $ 14.7 miliyan a 2022 ). Kamfen na Pepsi na farko, wanda ya gudana a cikin Amurka daga 1983 zuwa 1984 kuma ya ƙaddamar da taken "Sabon Generation", ya haɗa da tallafin yawon shakatawa, abubuwan da suka shafi dangantakar jama'a, da nunin kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Jackson ya taimaka wajen ƙirƙirar tallan, kuma ya ba da shawarar yin amfani da waƙarsa "Billie Jean", tare da waƙoƙin da aka bita, azaman [[jingle]] . <ref name="Herrera2">Bain, Raymone K. (October 31, 2006). "Statement from Raymone Bain to all fans and fanclubs". ''Mjtmc.com''. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007</ref> A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1984, Michael da sauran membobin Jacksons sun yi fim ɗin kasuwanci na Pepsi wanda [[Phil Dusenberry]] ke kula da shi, <ref>{{cite news|first=Louise|last=Story|title=Philip B. Dusenberry, 71, Adman, Dies|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 31, 2007|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/media/31dusenberry.html}}</ref> babban jami'in talla na [[BBDO]], da [[Alan Pottasch]], Babban Daraktan Kirkirar Pepsi na Duniya, a Babban [[Dakin ibada|Dakin Shrine]] a Los Angeles. A yayin wani wasan kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo a gaban cikakken gidan magoya baya, injiniyoyin pyrotechnics sun kunna wa Jackson wuta da gangan, wanda ya haifar da [[Ƙonewa|konewar digiri na biyu]] a kan kansa. An yi wa Jackson magani don ɓoye tabo kuma an yi masa aikin rhinoplasty na uku jim kaɗan bayan haka. == ''Bad'', tarihin rayuwa, da Neverland (1987-1990) == Kundin farko na Jackson a cikin shekaru biyar, ''[[Bad (album)|Bad]]'' (1987), an yi tsammani sosai, tare da masana'antar suna tsammanin wata babbar nasara. Ya zama kundi na farko da ya samar da guda biyar na Amurka guda-daya: " [[Ba zan iya daina son ku ba]] ", " [[Bad (Michael Jackson song)|Mummuna]] ", " [[Yadda Kuke Sa Ni Ji|Hanyar da kuka sa ni ji]] ", " [[Mutum a cikin madubi]] ", da " [[Datti Diana|Dirty Diana]] " . Wata waƙa, " [[Laifi mai laushi|Smooth Criminal]] ", ta kai kololuwa a lamba bakwai. ''Bad'' ya lashe Grammy na 1988 don Mafi kyawun Rikodi Injiniya - Ba Na gargajiya da [[Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa|Kyautar Grammy na 1990 don Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa]], Short Form don " [[Bar Ni Alone (Michael Jackson song)|Bar Ni kaɗai]] ". Jackson ya lashe lambar yabo ta Nasara a Kyautar Kiɗa na Amurka a cikin 1989 bayan ''Bad'' ya samar da waƙoƙi guda biyar na lamba ɗaya, ya zama kundi na farko da ya hau kan ginshiƙi a cikin ƙasashe 25 da kundi mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya a 1987 da 1988. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael, Travis top Music Award winners|newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]|agency=United Press International|date=January 30, 1989|access-date=June 16, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lZozAAAAIBAJ&pg=4477,3617735}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson tour on its way to u.s.|newspaper=[[Mercury News]]|date=January 12, 1988|access-date=July 5, 2010|url=https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SJ&s_site=mercurynews&p_multi=SJ&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB72CE855E5ADB3&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}</ref> By 2012, an sayar tsakanin 30 zuwa 45{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. == ''Dangerous'' and public social work (1991–1993) == A cikin Maris 1991, Jackson ya sabunta kwangilarsa tare da Sony akan $ 65{{Spaces}}miliyan (daidai da $ 140 miliyan a cikin 2022 ), [[Jerin manyan yarjejeniyoyi na kiɗa|yarjejeniyar karya rikodin]], <ref>{{cite news|first=James|last=Montgomery|title=Michael Jackson's Life & Legacy: The Eccentric King Of Pop (1986–1999)|publisher=MTV|date=July 6, 2009|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|access-date=November 4, 2023|archive-date=October 24, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024095208/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1615214/michael-jacksons-life-amp-legacy-1986-1999.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> doke kwangilar sabuntawar [[Neil Diamond]] tare da [[Columbia Records]] . <ref>{{cite news|first1=Chris|last1=Gray|first2=Saeed|last2=Shah|title=Robbie swings historic record deal with EMI|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=October 3, 2002|access-date=May 31, 2015|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/robbie-swings--historic-record-deal-with-emi-138739.html|archive-date=May 14, 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin 1991, ya fito da kundin sa na takwas, ''[[Haɗari (Albam Michael Jackson)|Mai haɗari]]'', tare da [[Teddy Riley]] . <ref>{{cite news|first=Chris|last=Willman|title=Michael Jackson's 'Dangerous'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=November 24, 1991|access-date=June 11, 2015|url=https://www.latimes.com/la-archive-dangerous-review-nov24-story.html}}</ref> An ba da takardar shaidar platinum sau takwas a Amurka, kuma ya zuwa 2018 ya sayar da 32{{Spaces}}kwafi miliyan a duniya. <ref>{{cite news|title=Michael Jackson's best selling studio albums|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=June 26, 2009|access-date=September 20, 2021|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html|url-status=live|archive-date=October 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017165055/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/michael-jackson/5648176/Michael-Jacksons-best-selling-studio-albums.html}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, waƙar farko, " [[Baki ko Fari|Baƙar fata ko Fari]] ", ita ce waƙa mafi girma na kundin; ya kasance lamba daya a kan ''Billboard'' Hot 100 na tsawon makonni bakwai kuma ya sami irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo a duk duniya. Guda na biyu, " [[Tuna Lokacin|Ka tuna da Lokacin]] " ya kai sama da lamba uku akan ginshiƙi na 100 ''na Billboard'' Hot.A ƙarshen 1992, ''Haɗari'' shine kundin mafi kyawun siyarwa na shekara a duk duniya da kuma "Baƙar fata ko fari" wanda ya fi fice a shekara a duniya a [[Kyautar Waƙar Billboard|Kyautar Waƙoƙin ''Billboard'']] . <ref name="Brooks">{{cite news|title=Garth Brooks ropes in most Billboard awards|newspaper=[[The Beaver County Times]]|agency=Associated Press|date=December 10, 1992|access-date=July 4, 2010|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w7QiAAAAIBAJ&pg=3124,2012493}}</ref> A cikin 1993, ya yi "Ku tuna da lokacin" a lambar yabo ta [[Soul Train Music Awards]] a kan kujera, yana mai cewa ya murɗe idon sa yayin wasan motsa jiki. <ref>{{cite news|title=Jackson Shows Up to Gather Awards, Despite Ankle Injury|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=March 11, 1993|access-date=July 16, 2019|issn=0458-3035|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-03-11-ca-1327-story.html}}</ref> A cikin Burtaniya, " [[warkar da Duniya]] " ya sanya No. 2 akan sigogi a cikin 1992. ==Mahadi na waje== *https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/30/michael-jacksons-thriller-anniversary-still-all-time-best-seller.html == Manazarta == [[Category:Mawaƙan Tarayyar Amurka]] tkno6xz834gnhucsohq1iqqsuf89z6w 0 6317 543007 491648 2024-11-20T10:38:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 543007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jakarta old football.jpg|thumb|Jakarta tsowun dan wasan kwallo]] '''Jakarta''' (IPAc-en |dʒ|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|t|ə; IPA-|dʒaˈkarta|id), shine babban birni kuma birni mafi girma a kasar [[Indonesiya]]. Jakarta tana a arewa maso yammacin gabar tsibiri mafi yawan al'ummah a duniya wato tsibirin [[Java]]. Nan ne cibiyar tattalin arziki, al'adu da siyasar kasar Indonesia. Tanada yawan al'ummah dasuka kai,kimanin miliyan goma da dubu saba'in da dari uku.(10,075,310) tun a shekara ta 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dki.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php/statistik/jumlah-pendududk-provinsi-dki-jakarta|title=''Jumlah Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta''|work=Dinas Kependudukan dan Catatan Sipil|accessdate=27 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227023825/http://dki.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php/statistik/jumlah-pendududk-provinsi-dki-jakarta|archivedate=27 December 2013 }}</ref> Babban garin birnin Jakarta nada girman kasa daya kai 6,392 na murabba'in kilomita, Ana kiranta da ''Jabodetabek'' (wato kintse kalmin Jakarta, [[Bogor]], [[Depok]], [[Tangerang]] and [[Bekasi]]). Tana daga cikin biranen kasashen duniya masu yawan al'ummah. Itace ta biyu bayan birnin [[Tokyo]] dake da yawan al'ummah miliyan talatin da dubu dari biyu da dari uku da uku (30,214,303) {{As of|2010|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Indonesia: Java |title=Regencies, Cities and Districts - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-jawa-admin.php |website=www.citypopulation.de |language=en}}</ref> ana ganin birnin na [["Jakarta"]] zai kai yawan al'ummah 35.6 million kafin shekara ta 2030 inda zata zama babban birni dake da yawan al'ummah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/|title=These are the megacities of the future|accessdate=11 October 2018|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910132641/http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/|url-status=dead}}</ref> kasuwanci a birnin Jakarta da kuma samar da wa yankasan rayuwa mai kyawo yasa yan cirani cucurundo zuwa Kasar daga al'ummah daban daban da kuma al'adu.<ref>Markus Taylor, Tales from the Big Durian, 2009}}</ref> A Samar da garin da fari a matsayin [[Sunda Kelapa]], garin yazama wurin kasuwancin Daular [[Sunda Kingdom]]. Itace babban garin da Dutch kedashi a yankin [[Dutch East Indies]], ada ake kiranta da [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]. Jakarta yakin Indonesia. Jakarta tanada biranen gwamnati biyar da tsibirai dubu(1000)<ref>{{cite web|title=The World According to GaWC 2016|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|date=24 April 2017|publisher=GaWC|accessdate=1 November 2018|archive-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503165246/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html|url-status=dead}}}}</ref>a birnin ne kungiyar [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]], bankuna kamar [[Bank of Indonesia]], [[Indonesia Stock Exchange]] .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/05/29/056879582/Six-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List|title=Six Indonesian Companies Make Forbes Global 2000 List}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/global500/list|title=Fortune 500|access-date=2018-11-06|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510221016/http://fortune.com/global500/list|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-startups/indonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J|title=Indonesia expects to have more than 5 unicorns by 2019: minister|newspaper=Reuters|accessdate=22 June 2018}}</ref>In 2014, the city's GDP was estimated at US$321.3 billion<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global city GDP 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|accessdate=8 May 2015}}</ref> a cigaban tattalin arziki itace ta 34th acikin biranen duniya masu girman tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global Metro Monitor|publisher=Brookings Institution|date=22 January 2015|language=en-US|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> Jakarta tasamu cigaba fiye da birane kamar [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Bangkok]] and [[Beijing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533:foke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17:politik&Itemid=30|title=Foke lebih yakin lembaga survei asing|work=Waspada Online|date=24 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831024245/http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=243533%3Afoke-lebih-yakin-lembaga-survei-asing&catid=17%3Apolitik&Itemid=30|archivedate=31 August 2013|language=id|deadurl=yes|df= }}</ref> Daga cikin abubuwan dake ciwa birnin Jakarta tuwo a kwarya sun hada da Karin yawan al'ummah da birnin ke ciga da yi, karancin wuraren rayuwa ga dabbobi, matsanaicin cunkoso, talauci da rashin daidaito tsakanin maikudi da talaka da kuma ambaliyar ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|title=Jakarta – Urban Challenges Overview – Human Cities Coalition|website=www.humancities.co|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-03|archive-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203224641/https://www.humancities.co/2017/01/jakarta-urban-challenges-overview/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jakarta tana nutsawa cikin kasa kusan 17&nbsp;cm (6.7 inches) a duk shekara, inda ya janyo wa kasar Karin sama na ruwan teku daka iya haifar da ambaliya<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20171130-the-ambitious-plan-to-stop-the-ground-from-sinking|title=The ambitious plan to stop the ground from sinking|last=Ruggeri|first=Amanda|work=BBC|date=1 December 2017|accessdate=2017}}</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Bus_Stop_dekat_Halte_Pasar_Genjing.jpg|Wurin tsayawar Bas, Genjing Jakarta File:Keong_Emas.jpg|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin File:Cipinang_Depot_in_Jakarta.jpg|Cipinang Depot in Jakarta File:ASEAN_HQ_1.jpg|ASEAN a Jl. Sisingamangaraja No.70A, Jakarta ta Kudu File:Gambir_Expo_Jakarta_Fair.JPG|Jakarta Fair of 2007 File:Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg|Festival beach Ancol, Jakarta File:Central_Jakarta.JPG|Central Jakarta File:South_Jakarta_buildings_skyline.jpg|Dogayen gine-gine a kudancin Jakarta </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jakarta}} [[Category:Biranen Indonesiya]]. 2aioxv1ewfrap12mwv5qwhtqy70ykoa 0 6551 542751 489284 2024-11-19T19:01:56Z Fateekachan 23120 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257088425|Tea]]" 542751 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 542831 542751 2024-11-19T21:44:34Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi kari 542831 wikitext text/x-wiki Ruwan shayi ruwa ne da ake sha domin samun kuzari da kuma washe kwakwalwa. 5rvhgnze17ih6qyfoe8zygblw15tvsd 0 6838 542983 522113 2024-11-20T08:22:47Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542983 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Plage du Ghana.jpg|thumb|kugin ganah]] [[File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Ghana.]] [[File:Coat of arms of Ghana.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tambarin Ghana]] [[File:Ghana National Theatre.jpg|thumb|kasar Ghana]] [[File:Streets of Ghana (2).jpg|thumb|wani yanki a kasar Ghana]] [[File:Electoral Commission Ghana.jpg|thumb|electral commission Ghana]] [[File:Nana Akufo Addo, Jan. 2020.jpg|thumb|Nana Akufo-Addo shugaba mai ci a ksar Ghana]] [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Beach with palms Ghana.jpg|thumb|bakin ruwa a Ghana]] '''Ghana''' ko kuma '''Gana''' ko '''Jamhuriyar Ghana''' (da Turanci: '''Republic of Ghana'''), ƙasa ce da ke a nahiyar [[Afirka]]. Ghana tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba'i 238,540. Ghana tana da yawan jama'a 27,043,093, bisa ga jimillar kidaya ta shekara ta 2014. Ghana tana da iyaka da [[Côte d'Ivoire]], [[Togo]] kuma da [[Burkina Faso]]. Babban birnin Ghana, [[Accra]] ne. Ghana ta kasance kasa mai bunkasa ta fannin ilimi da tattalin arziki a gaba daya fadin Afirka. [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ne Shugaban ƙasar tare da mataimakin sa [[Mahamudu Bawumia]], daga shekara ta 2017. [[Fayil:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Manuniyar Ghana]] [[Fayil:Ghana Street Market.jpg|thumb|kasuwa a ghana]] == shekarar samun ƴancin kai. == Ghana ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai1957A.C, daga ƙasar [[Birtaniya]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/countryinfo.html |access-date=2020-06-04 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604190746/https://www.gh.undp.org/content/ghana/en/home/countryinfo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13433790</ref> [[File:Black Star Gate.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Kofar Black Star, Ghana]] == Yankunan Gwamnati == Waɗannan sune yankunan Gwamnatin ƙasar Ghana da biranen su: <div style="overflow:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" |- ![[Yankunan Ghana]] !Area (km²) !Babban Birnin Yanki ! |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Ashanti]] |style="text-align:center;"|24,389 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Kumasi]] | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Brong-Ahafo]] |style="text-align:center;"|39,557 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Sunyani]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin ta Tsakiya]] |style="text-align:center;"|9,826 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Cape Coast]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Gabashi (Ghana)|Yankin Gabashi]] |style="text-align:center;"|19,323 |style="text-align:center;"|[[Koforidua]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Greater Accra]] |style="text-align:center;"|3,245 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Accra]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Arewaci (Ghana)|Yankin Arewaci]] |style="text-align:center;"|70,384 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Upper East]] |style="text-align:center;"|8,842 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bolgatanga]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Upper West]] |style="text-align:center;"|18,476 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Wa, Ghana|Wa]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Volta]] |style="text-align:center;"|20,570 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Ho, Ghana|Ho]] |- |border="1"|[[Yankin Yammaci, Ghana|Yankin Yammaci]] |style="text-align:center;"|23,941 | style="text-align:center;"|[[Sekondi-Takoradi]] |} [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb|yankin ghana]] == Al'adu == <gallery> File:A_drone_footage_of_Accra_central,_Ghana.jpg|birnin Accra Ghana File:An_evening_at_Labadi.jpg|Da yammaci a birnin Labadi, Ghana File:Fishermen_at_work.jpg|Masunta a bakin aiki, Ghana File:Ghana_road_transport.jpg|Ghana File:Accra_Central,_Accra,_Ghana.jpg|Birnin Accra File:Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg|Bakin Teku, Ghana File:Black_Star_Gate_located_in_Accra.jpg|Black Star Gate File:Borla_beach_Accra_Ghana.3.jpg|Kogin Borla Ghana File:Gold_Coast_Regiment_1-_Kumasi.jpg|Gold Coast Regiment File:Accra_Osu_18851914_300dpi.jpg|Accra Osu File:FB 20151104 19 47 22 Saved Picture(1).jpg|Yan rawar gargajiya a Ghana File:Traditional Adowa dance form and music performance.ogv|Yan rawar Adowa File:Kpetoee.jpg|Shigabannin gargajiya da shigar al'ada ta mutanen kasar Ghana File:Masquerades Dancing in Takoradi.jpg|Rawan Masquerades a garin Takoradi dake Ghana </gallery></div> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Afirka}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ghana}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Afirka]] 9040cjfe9417sb36wz4wkr170dlmcke 0 7008 542897 512719 2024-11-20T04:17:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigerian number plate Edo.jpg|thumb|Lambar motar jihar edo]] [[File:Auchi central mosque.jpg|thumb|Masallacin unguwar auchi dake birnin Edo]] [[File:Nigerian Television Authority, Benin City, Edo State 3.jpg|thumb|Gidan talabijin na jihar Edo]] [[File:Edo state University, Uzairue, Edo state gate2.jpg|thumb|jami'ar Edo]] [[Fayil:Edo state polytechnic Usen.jpg|thumb]] '''Jihar Edo''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudancin [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Edo | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-09-16.</ref> Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Benin City |Benin]]. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, Jihar ita ce ta shida a yawan jama'a da adadin mutane kimanin 3,233,366.<ref>"Nigeria Census - Nigeria Data Portal". ''nigeria.opendataforafrica.org''. Retrieved 2021-07-08.</ref> Edo ita ce ta 22 a faɗin ƙasa a Najeriya.<ref>"World Gazetteer: Nigeria - administrative divisions (per geographical…". ''archive.ph''. 2013-01-05. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref> Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], ita ce [[Jerin birane a Najeriya|birni ta hudu]] a girma a Najeriya, kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyar masana'antun roba a Najeriya.<ref>"Benin City | History & Facts". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref><ref>admin (2018-06-08). "Obaseki Revives N5.1bn Urhonigbe Rubber Plantation". ''THISDAYLIVE''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1991, daga tsohuwar [[Yamma ta tsakiyar Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]], kuma ana kiranta da kuma suna "Heart beat of the Nation" (bugun zuciyan ƙasa).<ref>"Edo state: The heartbeat of the Nation". ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 2022-08-14.</ref> [[File:Edo state polytechnic Usen.jpg|thumb|Manyan makarantun jihar edo]] Jihar Edo tana da iyaka da [[Kogi (jiha)|Jihar Kogi]] daga arewa maso gabas, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] da ga gabas, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga kudu maso gabas da kudu maso kudancin jihar, [[Ondo|Jihar Ondo]] kuma daga yamma.<ref>"Edo | state, Nigeria | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2022-07-24.</ref> Yankunan Jihar Edo a yau sun haɗa iyaka da masarautun da dauloli da aka kafa tun a ƙarni na 11 miladiyya, harda [[Masarautar Benin]].<ref>[[Edo State#CITEREFStrayer2013|Strayer 2013]], pp. 695–696.</ref> A shekarar alif 1897, Daular Burtaniya ta ƙaddamar da wata azzalimar ziyara ga yankin Benin, inda suka tarwatsa tsaffin biranen Edo, inda suka haɗe su a cikin yankin da ta zamo Yankin mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>Obinyan, T. U. (September 1988). "The Annexation of Benin". ''Journal of Black Studies''. Sage . '''19''' (1): 29–40. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1177/002193478801900103. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 2784423. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 142726955.</ref><ref>Koutonin, Mawuna (2016-03-18). "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace". ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> Edo jiha ce dake ɗauke da mutane iri-iri musamman [[Harsunan Edoid]] da kuma [[Mutanen Edo]] ko Bini,<ref>"Edo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-30.</ref> [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], [[Kabilar Owan]], [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]].<ref>Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: Esan ethnic group; whether it is a sub-group of the Yoruba; religions practised; whether members of this ethnic group engage in Ogboni practices". ''Refworld''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> Harshen da yafi fice daga cikin yarukan Edo shine [[Yaren Edo]] wanda akae yawan amfani dashi a Birnin Benin.<ref>"Edo language, alphabet and pronunciation". ''omniglot.com''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> Mafi yawa mutanen Jihar mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne. Turawan mishanari na Portugal suka kawo addinin a yankin a ƙarni na 15. Akwai 'yan tsirarun mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya.<ref>"Benin kingdom/Edo state Religions". ''www.edoworld.net''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya]] yanki ne a Najeriya a tsakanin shekarun 1963 zuwa 1991. Kuma ana kiranta da [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]] daga shekarar 1976. An ƙirƙiri jihar a watan June 1963, daga yankin gundumomin Benin da Delta na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya, kuma babban birninta shi ne Benin City.<ref>"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-08.</ref> An canza mata suna zuwa gunduma a 1966, sannna kuma a 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba sauran gundumomin zuwa jihohi da dama, ta tsaya a matsayin yanki, kafin daga bisani ta zamo jiha.<ref>"Edo state: The heartbeat of the Nation". ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], sojojin [[Biyafara]] sun kai wa sabuwar jihar [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya]] hari, wacce ta haɗa hanya da [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], a wata yunkuri na tilasta kawo karshen yakin. A yayin wannan fafatawar, an sanya wa jihar suna <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Jamhuriyar Benin (1967)|Jamhuriyar Benin]] gabanin sojojin Najeriya su sake ƙwato yankin. Jimhuriyar ta zo ƙarshe na tsawon yini ɗaya bayan sojojin Najeriya sun kwace birnin Benin City. An ƙirƙiri jihar Edo a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan 1991, a lokacin da aka raba [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]] zuwa jihohin Edo da [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]].<ref>"Unveiling Nigeria - state". ''www.unveilingnigeria.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref><ref>Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Roese, Peter M. (1999). "Benin Prehistory: The Origin and Settling down of the Edo". ''Anthropos''. '''94''' (4/6): 542–552. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0257-9774. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 40465021.</ref> == Mutane == [[Fayil:Burial in Edo State.jpg|thumb|Mutanen Edo]] Tare da Birnin Benin a matsayin babban birnin jihar, yawan mutanen garin sun kai kimanin mutum miliyan 8.<ref name=":0">"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> Jihar ta kunshi muhimman kabilu guda hudu sune: [[Mutanen Edo|Kabilar Edo]] (mutanen Bini, [[Owan]], [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]] ([[Kabilar Etsakọ|Etsakọ]] da kuma [[Akoko-Edo]]). A jihar akwai mutane daga yankuna da dama daga sassa daban daban na duniya. Birnin bini yana da tarihin zama daya daga cikin yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a zamanin ziyarar su Nahiyar [[Afirka]] daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna sun zamo wuraren ziyaran buda idanu a yau.<ref>"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref> == Zamantakewa == [[Fayil:Edo state University, Uzairue, Edo state gate2.jpg|thumb|Edo]] Muhimman kabilun Jihar Edo sun hada da kabilun Bini, Etsako, Esan, Owan da kuma kabilar Akoko Edo.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin wadannan Kabilu sun samo asalli ne daga babban birnin Benin City, a dalilin haka harsunansu sun bambanta ne dangane da nisansu da babban birnin. Kabilar Bini sun mamaye kananan hukumomi guda bakwai daga cikin kananan hukumomi 18 dake jihar kuma sun kwashe kaso 57.54% na yawan mutanen Jihar. Sauran kuma: Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), da kuma Akoko Edo (5.70%).<ref name=":0" /> Amma kuma akwai yarukan dake zaune a yankunan Akoko Edo, su kuma Itsekiri na zaune a yankin Ikpoba-Okha, da kuma harsunan [[Ijaw]]Izons, [[Kabilar Urhobo|Urhobos]] dake zaune a kananan hukumomin Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Yamma da kuma yankunan iyakokin jihar. Har wayau, ana samun [[Harshen Ibo|mutanen Ibo]] a yanki Igbanke(Ika) dake karamar hukumar Orhionmwon.<ref>"Daily, Peoples (2020-07-17). "Edo: Igbo community in Edo declare support for Obaseki". ''Peoples Daily Newspaper''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> == Gwamnoni == {| class="sortable" !Suna !Take !Lokacin zama gwamna !Lokacin sauka !Jam'iyya !Bayani |- |Colonel [[John Ewerekumoh Yeri]] |[[Governor]] |August 1990 |January 1992 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |[[John Odigie Oyegun|John E.K. Odigie Oyegun]] |Governor |January 1992 |November 1993 |SDP | |- |Colonel [[Mohammed Abul-Salam Onuka]] |[[Administrator of the government|Administrator]] |9 December 1993 |14 September 1994 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Colonel [[Bassey Asuquo]] |Administrator |14 September 1994 |22 August 1996 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Group Captain [[Baba Adamu Iyam]] |Administrator |22 August 1996 |7 August 1998 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Navy Captain [[Anthony Onyearugbulem]] |Administrator |7 August 1998 |29 May 1999 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Chief [[Lucky Igbinedion]] |Governor |29 May 1999 |29 May 2007 |[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | |- |Professor [[Oserheimen Osunbor]] |[[Governor]] |29 May 2007 |12 November 2008 |[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] |Kotu ta sauke shi kuma ta soke zaben<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |title=The grand conspiracy that removed me as governor- Prof Osunbor |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/the-grand-conspiracy-that-removed-me-as-governor-prof-osunbor/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Comrade [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] |Governor |12 November 2008 |12 November 2016 |[[Action Congress|AC]] wacce daga bisani tayi maja da wasu jam'iyyoyi suka zama APC ([[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]]) in 2013 | |- |[[Godwin Obaseki]] |[[Governor]] |12 November 2016 |present |[[All Progressive Congress|APC]] daga baya kuma ya sauya sheka zuwa [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] a ranar 19 Juni 2020 don a sake zabar sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/breaking-edo-2020-governor-obaseki-formally-joins-pdp/|access-date=19 June 2020|title=BREAKING: EDO 2020: Governor Obaseki formally joins PDP|website=www.vanguardngr.com|date=19 June 2020}}</ref> |An sake zaben shi a Satumban 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian opposition governor wins re-election |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nigerian-opposition-governor-wins-election-152121634.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=AFP |date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |} [[File:Ososo2.jpg|300px|thumb|Ososo Hills]] == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Edo nada [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha takwas (18). Sune: *[[Akoko-Edo]] *[[Egor]] *[[Esan ta Tsakiya]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Yamma]] *[[Etsako ta Tsakiya]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas]] *[[Etsako ta Yamma]] *[[Igueben]] *[[Ikpoba-Okha]] *[[Oredo]] *[[Orhionmwon]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas]] *[[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] *[[Owan ta Gabas]] *[[Owan Yamma]] *[[Uhunmwonde]] == Yankunan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo (Majalisa ta Biyar) a shekara ta 2013 == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo a shekara ta 2013 ta kunshi yankuna guda ashirin da hudu (24){{div col|colwidth=10em}} *[[Akoko-Edo 1]] *[[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] *[[Orhionmwon I]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas]] *[[Uhunmwode]] *[[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Tsakiya]] *[[Esan ta Yamma]] *[[Igueben]] *[[Oredo ta Yamma]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas I]] *[[Ikpoba-Okha]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas I]] *[[Owan ta Gabas]] *[[Orhionmwon II]] *[[Etsako ta Tsakiya]] *[[Owan ta Yamma]] *[[Egor]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas II]] *[[Akoko-Edo II]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas II]] *[[Oredo ta Gabas]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas I]] *[[Etsako ta Yamma II]] {{div col end}} == Sashen Shari'a na Jihar Edo == Sashen Shari'a itace mataki na uku na gwamnatin Jihar Edo, wacce ke da alhakin zartar da shari'a da kuma sasanta rigingimu na al'umma da kuma masu laifi a jihar. A ranar 16 ga watab Mayun 2021 ne, Gwamna Obaseki ya rantsar da Mai Shari'a Joe Acha a matsayin a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai na rikon kwarya a Jihar Edo, bayan mai shari'a Esther Edigin ya ajiye aiki.<ref>"EDO: Obaseki appoints new Acting Chief Judge, urges commitment to oath of office". ''Vanguard News''. 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-03-19.</ref> == Siyasa == [[Godwin Obaseki]] ne gwamnan jihar Edo na yanzu kuma an rantsar da shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamban, 2016.<ref>"Edo State Governor". ''www.nggovernorsforum.org''. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</ref> Mataimakinshi kuma shine Comrade Philip Shaibu.<ref>"Obaseki begins vacation, transfers powers to deputy". ''Punch Newspapers''. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</ref> == Harsuna == Turanci ne harshen gwamnati a jihar. Yarukan da ake magana dasu a jihar sun hada da:[[Harshen Edo]], Igarra, Etsako/Afemai, [[Harshen Esan]] da kuma [[Yaren Okpamheri]].<ref>Seibert, Uwe (24 April 2000). "Languages of Edo State". [[University of Iowa]]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</ref> Jihar Edo gida ne ga wasu harsunan kamar; [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]], [[Okpe]], [[Okpe]], [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], Ora, [[Akoko-Edo]], [[Igbanke]], [[Mutanen Emai|Emai]].<ref name=":1">"Full List of Tribes in Edo State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref><ref>"Benin: City of tradition and culture". ''Vanguard News''. 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref><ref>"Edo » Facts.ng". ''Facts.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-11.</ref> Kabilun Etsako/Afemai ne ke da mafiya yawan musulmai a jihar. Sun mamaye kananan hukumomi shida kuma muhimmin aikinsu shine noma.<ref>"Full List of Tribes in Edo State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref> Harsunan Jihar Edo dangane da kananan hukumomin jihar.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | [[Akoko-Edo]] || Aduge; Akuku; Ebira; Enwan; Igwe; Ikpeshi; Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe; Okpamheri; Okpe; Oloma; Ososo; Sasaru; Ukaan; Uneme |- | [[Esan ta TSakiya]] || Esan |- | [[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas]] || Esan |- | [[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] || Esan |- |[[Esanta Yamma]] || Esan |- | [[Etsako]] || Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe; Uneme<ref name=":1" /> |- | [[Etsako a TSakiya]] || Etsako |- | [[Etsako ta Gabas]] || Etsako |- | [[Etsako ta Yamma]] || Etsako |- | [[Igueben]] || Esan |- | [[Ikpoba-Okha]] || Edo, Itsekiri |- |[[Oredo]] |Edo |- | [[Orhionmwon]] || Edo; Ika; |- | [[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas]] || Edo |- | [[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] || Edo |- | [[Owan ta Gabas]] || Emai-Iuleha-Ora; Ghotuo; Idesa; Ihievbe |- |[[Owan ta Yamma]]|| Emai - Iuleha, Ora |- | [[Uhunmwonde]] || Edo; Ika |} == Addinai == Mafi yawan mutanen Jihar Edo mabiya addinin Kirista ne tare da tsiraru daga cikin mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya.<ref>"Edo 2020: Group vows to boycott poll if Muslim candidate is not fielded". ''Tribune Online''. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref><ref>"Benin: City of tradition and culture". ''Vanguard News''. 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref> == Tattalin arziki == Wuraren ziyara na Jihar Edo sun hada da; [[Mutum-mutumin Emotan]] dake cikin Birnin Benin, koramar Ise, da wurin shakatawa na gabar Kogin Niger wato [[Agenebode]]. Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square dake [[fugar]], Ambrose Alli Square, [[Ekpoma]], River Niger Beaches da ke Ilushi, BFFM Building dake [[Ewu]], Igun Bronze Caster da ke Igun Street a birnin Benin City, Kwalejin numa da kiwon halittun ruwa (Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode), [[Okpekpe]] da tsaunukan ta da wuraren kallo, tsaunin ''Usomege Hills, Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills'' da ke [[Akoko Edo]] inda akwai wurin bude ido da gwamnati ta a shirya a [[Ososo]] da kyawawan wuraren kallon.<ref>"Edo State". NigeriaGalleria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.</ref><ref>"70 Exciting Tourist Spots". OnlineNigeria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.</ref> Jihar tana samar da man fetur<ref>Ogbeifun, Greg U (April 2006). "Importance of a Sea Outlet for Edo State". Retrieved 10 November 2007.</ref> da sauran ma'adanai kamar farar kasa da dutsen kwaru. Jihar tana da kamfanin siminti a Okpilla.<ref name=":2" /> da kamfanin fulawa a Ewu wanda ke kawo karshe.<ref name=":2">"CEMENT MANUFACTURING /PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF EDO CEMENT FACTORY, UKPILLA, EDO STATE". ''NAU :: Open Educational Resources''. Retrieved 2022-08-15.</ref> == Ma'adanai == Ma'adinan da ake iya samu a jihar sun hada da:<ref>"Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria". Retrieved 2022-05-09.</ref> * Asphalt/Bitumen * Clay * Dolomite (mineral)/Dolomite * Phosphate * Glass/Glass-sand * Gold * Gypsum/Gypsium * Iron ore/Iron-ore * Lignite * Limestone * Marble * Fossil fuel/Oil/Gas == Ilimi == Makarantu na gaba da sakandare a Jihar Edo sun hada da: <!---♦♦♦ Only add an institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> * [[Auchi Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Auchi Polytechnic|url=https://www.auchipoly-online.com/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.auchipoly-online.com}}</ref> * [[Ambrose Alli University]], Ekpoma<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015-06-16 Ambrose Alli University|url=https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/report/2015-06-16-ambrose-alli-university/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Scholars at Risk|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Benson Idahosa University]], Benin City<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=NUC approves new courses for BIU|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-approves-new-courses-for-biu/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203752/https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-approves-new-courses-for-biu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Edo State Polytechnic|Edo State Polytechnic Usen]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Edo poly to resume February 1|url=https://guardian.ng/news/edo-poly-to-resume-february-1/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Edo Technical College]] *[[Edo University, Iyamho|Edo State University]], Uzairue (formerly Edo University, Iyahmo)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Edo University, Iyamho|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/edo-university-iyamho|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref> * [[Igbinedion University|Igbinedion University, Okada]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Igbinedion University Okada Nigeria|url=https://www.campus.africa/university/igbinedion-university-okada/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=campus.africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kings Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kings Polytechnic kingspoly{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Kings-Polytechnic.php|access-date=2021-06-23|website=universitycompass.com}}</ref> * [[Mudiame University]], Irrua * [[Samuel Adegboyega University]], [[Ogwa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Adegboyega University Nigeria|url=https://www.campus.africa/university/samuel-adegboyega-university/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=campus.africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Shaka Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Polytechnic{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Shaka-Polytechnic.php|access-date=2021-06-23|website=universitycompass.com}}</ref> * [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]] (UNIBEN)<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Benin on The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-benin-3614|access-date=2021-06-23|website=theconversation.com}}</ref> * [[Wellspring University]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=keetu|date=2018-02-01|title=Wellspring University School Fees For New Students 2021/2022 Academic Session|url=https://schoolings.org/wellspring-university-school-fees-for-new-students-2018-19/|access-date=2021-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[College of Education, Ekiadolor]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Education, Ekiadolor courses, details and contact information - CoursesEye.com|url=https://www.courseseye.com/colleges-and-universities/3038-college-of-education-ekiadolor.aspx|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.courseseye.com|language=en}}</ref> *[[College of Agriculture, Iguoriakhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=Edo College of Agriculture to takeoff first quarter 2021, Obaseki reassures|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/edo-college-of-agriculture-to-takeoff-first-quarter-2021-obaseki-reassures/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-23|title=Obaseki performs groundbreaking ceremony of College of Agriculture in Edo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/obaseki-performs-groundbreaking-ceremony-of-college-of-agriculture-in-edo/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kiwon Lafiya == Jerin wuraren kiwon lafiya na Jihar Edo da kananan hukumomin da suke.<ref name="opendata.edostate.gov.ng"/> {| class="wikitable" |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |- |[[Abudu]] |[[Orhionmwon]] |General Hospital, Abudu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-27|title=For 14-Years Now, BEDC Has Not Supplied Us Electricity – MD, Abudu General Hospital|url=http://nigerianobservernews.com/2019/08/for-14-years-now-bedc-has-not-supplied-us-electricity-md-abudu-general-hospital/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> |Benin |[[Oredo]] |Central Hospital B/City<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-18|title=PDP flays Gov Obaseki over Central Hospital, says it's fraud|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/pdp-flays-gov-obaseki-central-hospital-says-fraud/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Igarra]] |[[Akoko Edo]] |General Hospital, Igarra |- |[[Abudu]] |[[Orhionmwon]] |General Hospital, Igbanke<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Terms of Infrastructure, There Was Igbanke!|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/299540/in-terms-of-infrastructure-there-was-igbanke.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> |[[Benin]] |[[Oredo]] |Cottage. Hospital Obayantor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eshemokha|first=Udomoh|date=2020-05-09|title=73 Accredited List of NHIS Hospitals in Benin city with their Addresses|url=https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2020/05/09/73-accredited-list-of-nhis-hospitals-in-benin-city-with-their-addresses/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Nigerian Health Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821214223/https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2020/05/09/73-accredited-list-of-nhis-hospitals-in-benin-city-with-their-addresses/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Hopital in Edo State – Edo State OpenData|url=http://www.opendata.edostate.gov.ng/2019/12/16/distribution-of-hopital-in-edo-state/|access-date=2021-08-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821214224/http://www.opendata.edostate.gov.ng/2019/12/16/distribution-of-hopital-in-edo-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Igarra]] |[[Akoko Edo]] |Government Hospital, Ibillo |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |General Hospital, Uronigbe<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=Odubu canvasses votes for APC|url=http://nigerianobservernews.com/2015/03/odubu-canvasses-votes-for-apc/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> |Benin |Oredo |Stella Obasanjo Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-17|title=Stella Obasanjo Hospital Isolation Centre will be best — Obaseki|url=https://guardian.ng/news/stella-obasanjo-hospital-isolation-centre-will-be-best-obaseki/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821215743/https://guardian.ng/news/stella-obasanjo-hospital-isolation-centre-will-be-best-obaseki/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stella Obasanjo Women & Children Hospital • Hospitals - Private • Benin City, Benin City|url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?page=organisation&orgcode=346421|access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.medpages.info}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> |Etete Layout Road, |Benin City |Dist. Hospital, Uneme-Osu |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |Cot. Hospital Oben |Ekpoma |Esan West |General Hospital, Ekpoma<ref>{{Cite web|title=ClinicStandard|url=https://clinicstandard.com/General-Hospital-Iruekpen-Iruekpen-Ekpoma-Nigeria-2|access-date=2021-07-10|website=clinicstandard.com|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710123026/https://clinicstandard.com/General-Hospital-Iruekpen-Iruekpen-Ekpoma-Nigeria-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Iguobazuwa]] |[[Ovia South West]] |General Hospital. Iguobazuwa |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |Cot. Hospital Egbokor |Ekpoma |Esan West |General Hospital, Iruekpen |Iguobazuwa |Ovia South West |Government Hospital Usen |- |Abudu |Uhunmwode |Dist. Hospital, Egba |Ekpoma |Esan Central |Dist. Hospital, Usugbenu |Iguobazuwa |Ovia North East |Dist. Hospital, Ekiadolor |- |Afuze |Owan East |General Hospital, Afuze<ref>{{Cite web|title=General and Teaching Hospitals in Delta State Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Delta/General-Teaching-Hospitals-in-Delta-State.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> |Ekpoma |Esan Central |Dist. Hospital, Ewu |Ossiomo |Leprosy Clinic in All L.G.A |Specislist Hospital, Ossiomo |- |[[Afuze]] |Owan East |Dist. Hospital, Otuo |[[Fugar]] |[[Etsako East]] |General Hospital, Fugar |[[Ubiaja]] |[[Esan South West]] |General Hospital, Ubiaja |- |Afuze |Owan West |General Hospital, Sabogida Ora<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-02|title=Edo communities where constituency projects are living testimonies|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/edo-communities-where-constituency-projects-are-living-testimonies/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> |Fugar |Etsako East |General Hospital, Agenebode |Ubiaja |Esan South West |Dist. Hospital, Ewohimi |- |Afuze |Owan West |Dist. Hospital, Uzebba |Fugar |Etsako East |Dist. Hospital, Apana |Ubiaja |Igueben |Government Hospital, Igueben |- |[[Auchi]] |[[Etsako West|Estako West]] |Central. Hospital, Auchi<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHIS Providers – EDO STATE {{!}} Integrated Health Care Limited|url=https://integratedhealthcareltd.com/nhis-providers-edo-state-2/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204452/https://integratedhealthcareltd.com/nhis-providers-edo-state-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Fugar]] |Etsako West |Government Hospital, [[Agbede, Edo State|Agbede]] |Uromi |Esan North East |Central Hospital Uromi |} ==Shahararrun Mutane== <!-- ONLY ADD A PERSON TO THIS LIST IF THEY ALREADY HAVE A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE--> *[[Oba of Benin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-24|title=Oba of Benin emerges TROMPCOM chairman|url=https://punchng.com/oba-of-benin-emerges-trompcom-chairman/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[John Odigie Oyegun]], Gwamnan farko na Jihar Edo kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar APC<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Odigie-Oyegun bemoans agitations for Nigeria's breakup|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/odigie-oyegun-bemoans-agitations-for-nigerias-breakup/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200924/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/odigie-oyegun-bemoans-agitations-for-nigerias-breakup/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Oyegun to APC: Give Nigerians the change they desire|url=https://www.thecable.ng/oyegun-to-apc-give-nigerians-the-change-they-desire|access-date=2021-06-20|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Godwin Obaseki]], Tsohon chiyaman na jiha na kungiyar harkokin tattalin arziki kuma Gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu<ref>{{Cite news|title='Make we stop to dey play di ostrich' - See Obaseki response to FG claims on Nigerian economy|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56763979|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBL - Using technology to improve teacher performance and education quality in Edo State, Nigeria|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/bbl-using-technology-to-improve-teacher-performance-and-education-quality-in-edo-state-nigeria|access-date=2021-06-20|website=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> *[[Jeffrey O]]bomeghie, Babban jami'i na asibitin International Hospitality Institute da marubuci<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title=Obomeghie shines in American hospitality industry, inducted into world hotelier's guild |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/obomeghie-shines-in-american-hospitality-industry-inducted-into-world-hoteliers-guild/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Erhabor Emokpae]], wanda ya fara fasaha na zamani a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-05|title=Erhabor Ogieva Emokpae; Unforgettable master of African art|url=https://guardian.ng/art/erhabor-ogieva-emokpae-unforgettable-master-of-african-art/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625011457/https://guardian.ng/art/erhabor-ogieva-emokpae-unforgettable-master-of-african-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Admiral [[Mike Akhigbe]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa na [[Federal Republic of Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-29|title=Mike Akhigbe, ex-Vice President of Nigeria, is dead, elder brother says {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/147398-mike-akhigbe-ex-vice-president-nigeria-dead-elder-brother-says.html|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Dele Giwa]], dan jarida a Najeriya, edita kuma wanda ya kirkiri mujallar Newswatch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=34 years after murder, Dele Giwa's family seeks justice, colleague insists on govt investigation|url=https://guardian.ng/features/media/34-years-after-murder-dele-giwas-family-seeks-justice-colleague-insists-on-govt-investigation/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625012328/https://guardian.ng/features/media/34-years-after-murder-dele-giwas-family-seeks-justice-colleague-insists-on-govt-investigation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|date=1986-10-20|title=PARCEL BOMB KILLS NIGERIAN JOURNALIST ACCUSED OF PLOTTING|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/20/world/parcel-bomb-kills-nigerian-journalist-accused-of-plotting.html|access-date=2021-06-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> *Senator [[Albert Legogie]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattawa na Jamhuriya ta Uku kuma mafarin "Board of Trustees" na [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-18|title=Update: Ex-Deputy Senate President, Legogie, dies at 66 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/139017-ex-deputy-senate-president-legogie-dead.html|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> *Pa [[Michael Imoudu]], shugaban labour kuma and founder of the Nigeria state,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-20|title=Pa Michael Imoudu, a selfless labour leader|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/pa-michael-imoudu-a-selfless-labour-leader/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605075413/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/pa-michael-imoudu-a-selfless-labour-leader/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Chief [[Julius Momo Udochi]], jakadan Najeriya na farko da kasar [[United States|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Nigeria Ambassadors to US – US-NIGERIA Trade Council USA|url=https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-US}}</ref> *Gen. [[George Agbazika Innih]], gwamna na dan-lokaci a zamanin mulkin soji [[Mid-Western Region, Nigeria|Bendel]] and [[Kwara State]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major General Agbazika Innih|url=https://www.edoworld.net/General_Innih.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * Major-General [[Abdul Rahman Mamudu]] tsohon kwamanda [[Nigerian Army]] "Signals Corps and military administrator" [[Gongola State]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=Afemai People {{!}} Hometown.ng™|url=https://hometown.ng/listing-item/afemai-people/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede]], wanda ya taimaka wajen kirkirar bankin [[Access Bank Plc]] kuma ya kirkiri "Africa Initiative for Governance" (AIG)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-28|title=Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede Soldiers on at 53|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/28/aigboje-aig-imoukhuede-soldiers-on-at-53/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Aig-Imoukhuede: How Access Bank designed a winning business model for MTN|url=https://www.thecable.ng/aig-imoukhuede-how-access-bank-designed-a-winning-business-model-for-mtn-in-nigeria|access-date=2021-06-21|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Adams Oshiomhole]], tsohon shugaban [[Nigeria Labour Congress]] kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo; shi ya gina [[Edo University, Iyamho|Edo University]] da ke Iyamoh, Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise and fall of a Nigerian labor hero|url=https://africasacountry.com/2021/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-a-nigerian-labor-hero|access-date=2021-06-21|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='I dey kampe' - See Oshiomhole reaction to Obaseki election victory|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54276989|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> *Pastor [[Chris Oyakhilome]], wanda ya kirkiri Believers Loveworld Nation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-31|title=Pastor Oyakhilome has come again {{!}} The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pastor-oyakhilome-has-come-again/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Oyakhilome condemns regulation of church services|url=https://punchng.com/oyakhilome-condemns-regulation-of-church-services/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *Prince [[Tony Momoh]], tsohon ministan Labarai da al'adu (Information and Culture)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Tinubu, Mohammed, Gani Adams, others mourn Momoh|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-mohammed-gani-adams-others-mourn-momoh/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Ex-information minister Tony Momoh is dead|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ex-information-minister-tony-momoh-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Maymunah Kadiri]], Wakilin masu tabun hankali a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Maymunah Kadiri|url=https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/fellow/maymunah-kadiri/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=New Voices Fellowship|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMAN OF THE MONTH: Dr. Maymunah Yusuf Kadiri – Pinnacle Medical Services|url=https://www.pinnaclemedicalservices.com.ng/woman-of-the-month-dr-maymunah-yusuf-kadiri/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204003/https://www.pinnaclemedicalservices.com.ng/woman-of-the-month-dr-maymunah-yusuf-kadiri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Commander [[Anthony Ikhazoboh]], ministan wasanni da zurga-zurga{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} *Professor [[Ambrose Folorunsho Alli|Ambrose Alli]], tsohon gwamnan Jihar Bendel da ta shude. Shi ya kirkiri Jami'ar Jihar Bendel kuma an sanya mata sunanshi a yau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli|url=https://www.edoworld.net/Alli_Biography.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-18|title=Buhari jailed my father unjustly — Ambrose Alli's daughter|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-jailed-father-unjustly-ambrose-allis-daughter/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[John Momoh]], dan jarida mai watsa labari kuma CEO na [[Channels TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Momoh {{!}} PeaceTech Lab|url=https://www.peacetechlab.org/john-momoh|access-date=2021-06-21|website=PeaceTech Lab {{!}} Putting the Right Tools in the Right Hands to Build Peace|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-22|title=Mr. John Momoh|url=http://www.cfa-network.org/business-services-john-momoh|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Constituency for Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202348/http://www.cfa-network.org/business-services-john-momoh|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Professor [[Osayuki Godwin Oshodin]], tsohon vice chancellor na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-03|title=Oshodin formally hands over to new Uniben VC|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/oshodin-formally-hands-new-uniben-vc/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Perishable|title=Uniben: Oshodin's Footprints News - TELL Magazine|url=https://tell.ng/special-focus/uniben-oshodins-footprints-news/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=tell.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210524/https://tell.ng/special-focus/uniben-oshodins-footprints-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Jacob U. Egharevba]], a [[Bini people|Bini]] masanin tarihi kuma jagora na gargajiya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Usuanlele |first1=Uyilawa |last2=Falola |first2=Toyin |date=1994 |title=The Scholarship of Jacob Egharevba of Benin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171890 |journal=History in Africa |volume=21 |pages=303–318 |doi=10.2307/3171890 |jstor=3171890 |s2cid=161203337 |issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * Dr [[Samuel Ogbemudia]], tsohon gwamnan Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya na Najeriya kuma daga bisani na Jihar Bendel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Midwest/Bendel/Edo state Governors 1963-Date|url=https://www.edoworld.net/Governors_1963_to_date.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-12|title=My father dug his grave years ago — Son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/ogbemudia-ex-governor-midwest-bendel-dies-84/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-18|title=Eulogies as Samuel Ogbemudia is buried|url=https://guardian.ng/news/eulogies-as-samuel-ogbemudia-is-buried/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625012338/https://guardian.ng/news/eulogies-as-samuel-ogbemudia-is-buried/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Chief [[Anthony Enahoro]], dan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma mai and pro-democracy activist and politician<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chief-anthony-enahoro-h6ndvv5rwbw|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title=REMEMBERING THE "FATHER OF NIGERIA STATE" CHIEF ANTHONY ENAHORO|url=https://fatherlandgazette.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/remembering-the-father-of-nigeria-state-chief-anthony-enahoro/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Fatherland Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *Professor [[Festus Iyayi]], marubucin littattafai kuma dan Afurka na farko da ya fara lashe lamban yao na [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-21|title=South Africa, Nigeria dominate African Region for Commonwealth Writers' Prize|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/south-africa-nigeria-dominate-african-region-for-commonwealth-writers-prize/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwakobi|first=Emeka|date=2019-10-02|title=Five Times Nigerian Writers Won The Commonwealth Best Book Prize|url=https://www.eelive.ng/five-times-nigerian-writers-won-the-commonwealth-best-book-prize/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=eelive|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Odia Ofeimun]], mahikyanci kuma tsohon shugaban [[Association of Nigerian Authors]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-15|title=Odia: I have never been celibate, ask my girlfriends|url=https://guardian.ng/art/odia-i-have-never-been-celibate-ask-my-girlfriends/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201320/https://guardian.ng/art/odia-i-have-never-been-celibate-ask-my-girlfriends/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-15|title=Buhari celebrates Poet Odia Ofeimun at 70|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/382006-buhari-celebrates-poet-odia-ofeimun-at-70.html|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> *Dr [[Abel Guobadia]], mai ilimantarwa kuma tsohon jakadan Najeriya da Republic of Korea, tsohon Chairman [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-04|title=Ex-INEC Boss, Guobadia Dies|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/02/04/ex-inec-boss-guobadia-dies/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-04|title=Breaking News: Abel Guobadia ex-INEC boss dies|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/breaking-news-abel-guobadia-die/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *General [[Godwin Abbe]], tsohon ministan Najeriya akan Tsaron cikin Gida<ref>{{Citation|title=Price, Rt Hon. George (Cadle), (15 Jan. 1919–19 Sept. 2011), Senior Minister, 1998–2003, and former Minister of Defence and National Emergency Management, Belize|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31415|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31415|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Godwin Abbe: At 70, I Have Learnt to Be Patient, Satisfied and to Shun Materialism|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/01/12/godwin-abbe-at-70-i-have-learnt-to-be-patient-satisfied-and-to-shun-materialism/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Archbishop John Edokpolo]], wanda ya kirkiri makarantar Edokpolo Grammar Schools and Political Activist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politics and Legacies- Arch-Bishop John Enoyogiere Edokpolo and the verdict of history- a text presented at Edokpolo Grammar School Old Boys 50th Anniversary Ceremony- 4thDecember 2010 by Comrade Aiyamenkhue Edokpolo- SSA to the Gov of Edo State.|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/40149/politics-and-legacies-arch-bishop-john-enoyogiere-edokpolo.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Edo – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group|url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/overview-of-edo/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *Sir [[Victor Uwaifo]], mawakai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Victor Uwaifo music, videos, stats, and photos|url=https://www.last.fm/music/Sir+Victor+Uwaifo|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Last.fm|language=en}}</ref> *Archbishop [[Benson Idahosa]], shugaban cocin Pentecost<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Founder|url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Benson Idahosa University|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111125800/https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dacb.org/stories/nigeria/idahosa-bensona/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=dacb.org|title=Idahosa, Benson Andrew}}</ref> *[[Sonny Okosun]], mawaki<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=2008-06-25|title=Sonny Okosuns, 61, Musician With Message, Is Dead|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/25/arts/music/25okosuns.html|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Okosuns, Sonny {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/okosuns-sonny|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> *[[Augustine Eguavoen]], tsohon dan wasan kwallafa na kwararru na Najeriya pkuma mai horo <ref>{{Cite web|title=Augustine Eguavoen biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15660/augustine-eguavoen|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> *[[Felix Idubor]], artist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felix Idubor {{!}} Art Auction Results|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Felix-Idubor/3F455E9A5FE4F72F|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en}}</ref> *[[Festus Ezeli]], dan wasan kwallon kwando wanda yayi wasa a kungiyar [[Golden State Warriors]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professional Basketball Player Festus Ezeli Works to Brighten the Future for Youth|url=https://kindhumans.com/kindhumans-blog/professional-basketball-player-festus-ezeli-works-to-brighten-the-future-for-youth/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Kindhumans|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Modupe Ozolua]], likitan habaka jiki da surgery<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=As Modupe Ozolua Dumps 'First Love'|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/27/as-modupe-ozolua-dumps-first-love/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=The Rise of Cosmetic Surgery in Nigeria|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/the-rise-of-cosmetic-surgery-in-nigeria/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> *Chief [[Tony Anenih]], chairman na kwamitin amintattu na (PDP) tsohon Ministan Ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=None|date=2018-10-29|title=Free to read {{!}} FW: Tony Anenih, former Nigerian Minister of Works, is dead|url=https://www.stearsng.com/article/fw-tony-anenih-former-nigerian-minister-of-works-is-dead|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.stearsng.com|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203607/https://www.stearsng.com/article/fw-tony-anenih-former-nigerian-minister-of-works-is-dead|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tony Anenih – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/tony-anenih/|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> *[[Gabriel Igbinedion]], international business mogul kuma babban chife na bini, me ITV<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=CHIEF (SIR) GABRIEL OSAWARU IGBINEDION CELEBRATES 86TH BIRTHDAY IN GRAND STYLE|url=http://www.ovationinternational.com/chief-sir-gabriel-osawaru-igbinedion-celebrates-86th-birthday-in-grand-style/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Ovation Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Itv benin contact|url=https://enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com/3yyomuw/itv-benin-contact.php|access-date=2021-06-21|website=enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203251/https://enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com/3yyomuw/itv-benin-contact.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Raymond Dokpesi]], me babban gidan telebijin a Afurka kuma dan siyasa<ref>{{Cite news|title=DAAR Communications say na politics make goment destroy dia Abuja building|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47955400|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria shuts down private TV, radio stations tied to opposition|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/7/nigeria-shuts-down-private-tv-radio-stations-tied-to-opposition|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Raymond Dokpesi Honoured with 'Zuoje' Title in Liberia|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/27/raymond-dokpesi-honoured-with-zuoje-title-in-liberia/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]], film director, screenwriter and producer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen|url=https://cultureintelligence.yafri.ca/people/lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Suyi Davies Okungbowa]], marubuci kirkirarren labari da kuma labarai na almara<ref>{{Cite web|last=africaindialogue|date=2020-02-05|title=Pushing Frontiers In African Speculative And Fantasy Fiction: A Dialogue With Suyi Davies Okungbowa|url=https://africaindialogue.com/2020/02/05/pushing-frontiers-in-african-speculative-and-fantasy-fiction-a-dialogue-with-suyi-davies-okungbowa/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Africa in Dialogue|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Suyi Davies Okungbowa|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/contributor/suyi-davies-okungbowa/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Hachette Book Group|language=en-US}}</ref> *Osaze [[Peter Odemwingie]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa<ref>{{Cite news|title=MR P and ex-Nigerian striker Peter Odemwingie gbas-gbos ontop social media|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55157341|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adeoye|first=Aanu|date=2021-01-28|title=A tribute to Peter Odemwingie, a wonderful player unfairly remembered|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/moment-madness-shouldnt-define-peter-odemwingies-career/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Planet Football|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Chris Aire]]-Iluobe, mai sana'ar jauhari kuma designer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-10|title=CHRIS AIRE: A Nigerian can succeed any where in the World|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/chris-aire-a-nigerian-can-succeed-any-where-in-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-30|title=How I started top jewellery business in US with just $5, 000 — Nigerian-born international bizman Chris Aire|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-i-started-top-jewellery-business-in-us-with-just-5-000-nigerian-born-international-bizman-chris-aire/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Francis Edo-Osagie]], dan kasuwa {{citation needed|date=June 2022}} *[[Kamaru Usman]], kwararren dan damben mixed martial arts wanda aka baiwa kwantiragin [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]], kuma welterweight champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamaru Usman Net Worth 2021, Salary & Endorsements|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/kamaru-usman-net-worth|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> *[[Yakubu (footballer)|Yakubu Ayegbeni]], tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=Portsmouth Great Yakubu Aiyegbeni Reveals New Career After Retirement|url=https://soccernet.ng/2020/10/portsmouth-great-yakubu-aiyegbeni-reveals-new-career-after-retirement.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Aiyegbeni: How NFF, Everton and fans celebrated Super Eagles legend at 38 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ph/news/yakubu-aiyegbeni-how-nff-everton-and-fans-celebrated-super/7k20k0rqhqyl1jl7fr51st1tp|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adeoye|first=Aanu|date=2020-11-22|title=A tribute to Yakubu, the one-man Premier League wrecking ball|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/tribute-yakubu-one-man-premier-league-wrecking-ball/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Planet Football|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Rema (Nigerian musician)]], mawaki wanda ya sa hannu da [[Mavin Records]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Nigeria's Mavin Records launches executive talent program, Mavin Future Five|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/nigerias-mavin-records-launches-new-exec-talent-program-mavin-future-five/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Music Business Worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Philip Shaibu]] (haihuwar 1 December 1969, a Kaduna) tsohon dalbi a [[University of Jos]] alkali ne a Najeriya, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa. Shine mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Page 15|url=https://metrowatchonline.com/page/15/?p=infolist%3Fpr%3D125776&lang=en|access-date=2021-06-21|website=METROWATCH|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo]], politician, coordinator of Michael Agbonifo shoe a child foundation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-21|title=Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo speak on what inspired him to join Edo State politics, as campaign kicks off|url=https://businessday.ng/uncategorized/article/eghosa-asemota-agbonifo-speaks-on-what-inspired-him-to-join-edo-state-politics-as-campaign-kicks-off/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> *Prof [[T. M. Yesufu]], wanda ya fara zama Vice-Chancellor a Jami'ar Benin, economist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-09|title=Prof. T. M. Yesufu, pioneer UNIBEN vice chancellor passes on|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/prof-t-m-yesufu-pioneer-uniben-vice-chancellor-passes/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=THE pioneer vice chancellor of the University of Benin, Prof {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/pioneer-uniben-vice-chancellor-prof-t-m-yesufu-dies-2/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Odion Jude Ighalo]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Odion Ighalo Biography Facts, Childhood, Net Worth, Life |url=https://sportytell.com/biography/odion-ighalo-biography-facts-childhood-net-worth-life/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=SportyTell |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Victor Osimhen]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor Osimhen: How football celebrated Africa's most expensive player at 22 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/victor-osimhen-how-football-celebrated-africas-most/3a7vzrikgh1m1rkd6d9edrah4|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Most expensive Nigerian footballer Victor Osimhen biography, net worth, cars, & latest news!|url=https://naijauto.com/market-news/victor-osimhen-6991|access-date=2021-06-21|website=naijauto.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202728/https://naijauto.com/market-news/victor-osimhen-6991|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Aisha Yesufu]], 'Yar gwarmayar siyasa akan zamantakewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adenuga|first=Pete|date=2021-02-24|title=The Problematic Mentality Of Aisha Yesufu's LGBTQ Activism|url=https://aninjusticemag.com/the-problematic-mentality-of-aisha-yesufus-lgbtq-activism-785f31a0c74a|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Female Activists Press to Overcome Biases {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerian-female-activists-press-overcome-biases|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> *[[Yvonne Jegede]] jaruman, furodusan fina-finai, 'yar talla, kuma mai fitowa a shiri Telebijin; musamman wajen shirya ''3 is Company''.<ref>{{Citation |last=actor. |first=Jombo, Nelson, producer, executive producer. Eme, Emmanuel Mang, director. Kalu, Ijeoma Cinthia, screenwriter. Akindele, Seun, actor. McNwizu, Bayray, actor. Ogbonna, LK, actor. Jegede, Yvonne, actress. Ade, Adunni |title=Housegirl Lover. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/906611470 |oclc=906611470 |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref> *[[Zakariyau Oseni]], shaharrren farfesa na Larabci kuma malami a [[Islamic Studies Library|Islamic studies]], guardian of [[Arabic language school|Arabic language]] da literature, kuma limami kuma poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As Nigeria's Guardian of Arabic retires from Unilorin to Auchi|url=https://dailytrust.com/as-nigerias-guardian-of-arabic-retires-from-unilorin-to-auchi|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Daily Trust|date=19 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> *[[Mike Ozekhome]], mai kare hakki da 'yan dan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Chief Mike Ozekhome, SAN |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chief-mike-ozekhome-san/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Mike Oghiadomhe]], chief of staff na shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-10|title=Why Jonathan's CoS, Oghiadomhe resigned|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/02/jonathans-cos-oghiadomhe-resigned/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-18|title=Breaking: Jonathan appoints retired General Arogbofa as new Chief of Staff {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/155371-breaking-jonathan-appoints-retired-general-arogbofa-new-chief-staff.html|access-date=2021-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Solomon Arase]], tsohon kuma Inspeta jenar na 'Yan sanda a Najeriya karkashin shugaba mulkin Goodluck Jonathan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-21|title=DIG Solomon Arase appointed acting IGP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/dig-solomon-arase-appointed-acting-igp/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Police reform: Buhari wished Arase worked with him longer, says Femi Adesina|url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-reform-buhari-wished-arase-worked-with-him-longer-says-femi-adesina|access-date=2021-07-10|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Julius Aghahowa]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Julius Aghahowa explains why he shunned coaching|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/aghahowa-explains-why-he-shunned-coaching/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Julius Aghahowa biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15643/julius-aghahowa|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> *[[Sam Loco Efe]] (1945-2011), tsohon jarumin Nollywood kuma furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-10|title=Six years after death, veteran actor, Sam Loco, comes alive in 'The Diary of Mimicko' {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/239787-six-years-death-veteran-actor-sam-loco-comes-alive-diary-mimicko.html|access-date=2021-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-08|title=Remembering legendary Nollywood actor 7 years after death|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sam-loco-efe-remembering-legendary-nollywood-actor-7-years-after-death/v7hpgbx|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> *Admiral [[Augustus Aikhomu]],tsohon chief of staff a lokacin General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] administration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-17|title=Nigerians react as Admiral Augustus Aikhomu dies @72|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/nigerians-react-as-admiral-augustus-aikhomu-dies-72/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Helen Paul]], 'yar barkwanci kuma jaruma kuma an santa da Tatafo. ta kasance fuskar Telecom consumer na [[Nigerian Communications Commission]] (NCC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Paul, Tatafo, Comedian, Actress, Singer, Nigeria Personality Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Comedians/Helen-Paul.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanusi|first=Sola|date=2017-03-17|title=Nollywood actors get appointment with Nigerian Communications Commission|url=https://www.legit.ng/1094260-helen-paul-ali-nuhu-ncc-ambassadorial-appointments.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> *[[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]], darekta kuma furodusa a Nollywood. Ya kirkiri makarantan fim na farko a Benin [[Igbinedion University]], Okada, Jihar Edo. *Hon. [[Joe Edionwele]], dan siyasa kuma dan majalisa a majalisa ta 8 da ta 9 [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly, Nigeria]] mai wakiltar mazabar Edo ta Tsakiya. *[[Lucky Igbinedion]] dan siyasa kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nosakhare. |first=Igbinedion, Lucky |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/49861823 |title=A mid-term report of Lucky Nosakhare Igbinedion, Executive Governor, Edo State. |date=2001 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Youth & Sports |oclc=49861823}}</ref> *[[Oserheimen Osunbor]], Lauya kuma gwamna na wani dan lokaci a jihar.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Oserheimen |last=Osunbor |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/805381036 |title=Deepening democracy in Nigeria through law : an analysis of some contemporary issues in national transformation |date=2010 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies |isbn=978-978-8407-21-8 |oclc=805381036}}</ref> *[[Osagie Ehanire]] Likitan Najeriya kuma dan siyasa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. E. Osagie Ehanire |url=https://www.gainhealth.org/dr-e-osagie-ehanire |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Home |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Osagie E. Ehanire |url=https://tydanjumafoundation.org/board-of-trustees/dr-osagie-e-ehanire/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=TY Danjuma Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Skales]] mawakin rap na Najeriya, kuma marubci. *[[Nancy Isime]] Jaruma a Najeriya, 'yar talla kuma sannan a midiya. *[[Adesua Etomi]] Jaruma a Najeriya *[[BB02]] Mawaki *[[Prof. Eghosa Emmanuel Osaghae]], farfesa akan harkokin siyasa a Jami'ar Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya. ya rike matsayin Vice Chancellor a [[Igbinedion University, Okada]] tsakanin 2004-2018. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance shugaban Claude Ake a Jam'iar Uppsala da ke Sweden. A shekara ta 2017, Professor Osaghae ya koyar da siyasa da zamantakewa a Van Zyl Slabbert, Jam'iar Cape Town South Africa. A yanzu yana bin sahun MacArthur. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada shi matsayin Director General na Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). <!-- ONLY ADD A PERSON TO THIS LIST IF THEY ALREADY HAVE A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE--> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edo}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 3v3sk5ggmri0xzl4hw494b79hz17clc 0 7166 542836 521313 2024-11-19T21:55:13Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:Sanyi gőzfejlesztő8.jpg|thumb|yanayin sanyi]] [[Fayil:Great caucasus.JPG|thumb|Inda akwai sanyi]] [[Fayil:Generation III Extended Cold Weather Clothing System.jpg|thumb|lokacin sanyi]] [[Fayil:Mother protecting her child from the cold at -20 degrees Celsius.jpg|thumb|lokacin sanyi]] '''Sanyi''' lokaci ne na iska wanda ke kewayawa, busashshiya yana mayar da Ruwa izuwa daskararre. Sannan sanyi lokaci ne dake zuwa a duk shekara. Akwai ƙasashen da sunyi fice wajen sanyi Kamar Rasha, Ostreliya, Landon, wani yanki na India da Pakistan da dai sauran su. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 13mg4061jj2abpwxym1n5dpbhpgc8ss 0 7280 542839 534065 2024-11-19T22:03:08Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|dakin ajiye kayan tarihi na Oxford]] '''Prehistory''', wanda kuma aka fisani '''da tarihin adabi''', <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=733–739}}</ref> shine lokacin [[Tarihin dan-Adam|tarihin dan adam]] tsakanin amfani da kayan aikin [[dutse]] na farko da hominins {{Circa}}Shekaru miliyan 3.3 da suka gabata, da farkon rubuta tarihin tare da kirkira tsarin rubutu. Amfani da alamomi, da hotuna, suna bayyana da wuri a tsakanin mutane, amma tsarin rubutun da aka sani na farko ya bayyana {{Circa}} shekaru 5000 da suka gabata. An dauki dubban shekaru kafin tsarin rubutu ya fara karbuwa sosai, tare da yada rubuce-rubuce zuwa kusan dukkan al'adu a karni na 19. Karshen tarihi ya zo a lokuta daban-daban a wurare daban-daban, kuma ba a cika amfani da kalmar ba wajen tattaunawa a cikin al'ummomi inda tarihi ya Kare kwanan nan. A farkon shekarun Bronze, Sumer a Mesopotamiya, Indus Valley Civilization, da kuma tsohuwar Misira sune farkon wayewar da suka bunkasa rubutun nasu da kuma kiyaye bayanan tarihi, tare da makwabta masu biyo baya. Yawancin sauran wayewa sun kai karshen tarihi a lokacin zamanin Iron Age mai zuwa. Sashe na shekaru uku na prehistory zuwa Stone Age, Bronze Age, da Iron Age ya kasance ana amfani da shi don yawancin Eurasia da Arewacin Afirka, ama ba a yi amfani da su ba a wadancan sassan duniya inda aikin karfe mai karfi ya isa ba zato ba tsammani daga Hulda da su. Al'adun Eurasian, irin su Oceania, Australasia, da yawa na yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, da wasu sassan [[Amurka]]. Tare da wasu kebancewa a cikin wayewar zamanin Columbia a cikin Amurka, wadandan yankuna ba su habaka tsarin rubuce-rubuce masu sarƙaƙƙiya ba kafin zuwan Eurasia, don haka kafin tarihinsu ya kai dan lokaci kadan; misali, 1788, yawanci ana daukarsa azaman karshen prehistory na Ostiraliya. Lokacin da al'ada ke rubutawa da wasu, amma ba ta inganta tsarin rubutunta ba, yawanci ana kiranta da tarihin al'ada. Ta hanyar ma'anarsa, babu rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce daga tarihin dan adam, wadanda za mu iya sani kawai daga bayanan kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi da na [[Ilimin dan adam|dan adam]]: kayan tarihi da ragowar dan adam. An fara fahimtar wadanda ta hanyar tarin tatsuniyoyi da kwatanci tare da al'ummomin da suka riga sun fara karatu da aka gani a zamanin yau. Babban mataki don fahimtar shaidar da ta gabata shine haduwa, kuma amintattun dabarun haduwa sun ci gaba a hankali tun Karni na sha tara. <ref>Graslund, Bo. 1987. ''The birth of prehistoric chronology.'' Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.</ref> Karin shaida ya zo daga sake gina tsoffin harsunan magana. Dabarun na baya-bayan nan sun hada da binciken sinadarai na bincike don bayyana amfani da ingancin kayan, da nazarin kwayoyin halitta na kasusuwa (archeology) don tantance dangi da halayen jiki na mutanen zamanin da. == Ma'anarsa. == [[File:Göbekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg|thumb| Manyan ginshikan dutse a Göbekli Tepe, a kudu maso gabashin Turkiyya, waɗanda farkon mutanen Neolithic suka gina don amfani da su shekaru 11,000 da suka wuce.]] [[File:Caveman_6.jpg|thumb| Zane na farko da ke tunanin balagagge da matashi daga zamanin da suka rigaya suna yin kayan aikin dutse]] [[File:Prehistoric_man.jpg|thumb| Tunanin Karni na goma sha tara na mutanen farko a cikin jeji]] '''Farko''' Kalmar “''prehistory''” na iya nufin tsawon lokaci tun farkon duniya ko duniya, amma galibi yana nufin lokacin da rayuwa ta bayyana a duniya, ko ma musamman ga lokacin da halittu masu kama da mutum suka bayyana. <ref name="fagan07">Fagan, Brian. 2007. ''World Prehistory: A brief introduction'' New York: Prentice-Hall, Seventh Edition, Chapter One</ref> <ref name="renfrew">Renfrew, Colin. 2008. ''Prehistory: The Making of the Human Mind.'' New York: Modern Library</ref> '''Karshe''' Kwanan da ke nuna karshen tarihin prehistory yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman zuwan rubutaccen tarihin tarihin zamani. Kwanan wata saboda haka ta bambanta sosai daga yanki zuwa yanki dangane da ranar da bayanan da suka dace suka zama tushen ilimi mai amfani. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=35–40}}</ref> Alal misali, a [[Misra|Masar]] an yarda da cewa tarihi ya Kare a shekara ta 3100 KZ, yayin da a [[Sabuwar Gini|New Guinea]] karshen zamanin prehistoric ya kasance kwanan nan, a cikin 1870s, lokacin da masanin ilimin dan adam na Rasha Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana zaune a tsakanin 'yan kasa. jama'a, kuma sun bayyana tsarin rayuwarsu a cikin cikakken bayani. A cikin Turai al'adun gargajiyar da aka rubuta da kyau na tsohuwar Girka da [[Romawa na Da|tsohuwar Roma]] suna da al'adun makwabta, gami da Celts da karamin Etruscans, tare da dan karamin rubutu ko babu rubutu, kuma masana tarihi dole ne su yanke shawarar nawa nauyin da za su ba wa sau da yawa masu tsananin son zuciya. lissafin wadannan al'adun protohistoric a cikin adabin Girkanci da na Romawa. '''Lokaci lokaci''' A cikin rarrabuwar tarihin dan adam a cikin Eurasia, masana tarihi galibi suna amfani da tsarin shekaru uku, yayin da malaman zamanin kafin dan adam yawanci suna amfani da ingantaccen rikodin yanayin kasa da kayyadaddun tushe na duniya a cikin [[Tarihin ilimin kasa da duwatsu|ma'aunin lokacin geologic]]. Tsarin shekaru uku shine kaddamar da tarihin dan adam zuwa lokaci guda uku a jere, wanda aka sanya wa suna don manyan fasahar yin kayan aiki: :* Zamanin Dutse. :* Shekarun Bronze. :* Iron Age. Don prehistory na Amurka duba zamanin Pre-Columbian. === Tarihin kalmar. === Ra'ayin "prehistory" ya fito ne a lokacin haskakawa a cikin aikin antiquarians wadanda suka yi amfani da kalmar "na farko" don kwatanta al'ummomin da suka wanzu kafin rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=9–24}}</ref> Kalmar "prehistory" ta fara bayyana a cikin Turanci a cikin shekarar 1836, a cikin ''Binciken Kwata-kwata na kasashen waje''. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=1–8}}</ref> Ma'auni na lokacin geologic don lokutan lokaci na dan adam, da kuma tsarin shekaru uku na tarihin dan adam, an tsara shi a cikin karshen karni na sha tara a cikin aikin Birtaniya, Jamusanci, da Scandinavian [[Ilimin dan adam|anthropologists]], archeologists, da antiquarians. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sxgxeb4yr15ayks0go3y0429dn73k6l 0 8280 542969 58266 2024-11-20T07:58:58Z Adamu ab 23827 Expandin 542969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tokyo_Montage_2015.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tokyo.]] '''Tokyo''' (lafazi : /tokiyo/) ko '''Tokiyo'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Shi ne babban birnin kasar Japan. Tokyo yana da yawan jama'a 38,305,000 bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2016. An gina birnin Tokyo kafin karni na sha biyar bayan haifuwan annabi Isa. Shugaban birni Tokyo [[Yuriko Koike]] ne. == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tokyo}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] fysrig06l6uw3gz2grw7b3k6gb20s6q 542970 542969 2024-11-20T08:00:17Z Adamu ab 23827 Added link 542970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Tokyo_Montage_2015.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tokyo.]] '''Tokyo''' (lafazi : /tokiyo/) ko '''Tokiyo'''<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/ha/articles/art20150306130417116 Sunayen Ƙasashe da Manyan Birane], ''BBC''.</ref> birni ne, da ke a ƙasar [[Japan]]. Shi ne babban [[birnin]] kasar Japan. Tokyo yana da yawan jama'a 38,305,000 bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2016. An gina birnin Tokyo kafin karni na sha biyar bayan haifuwan [[annabi]] Isa. Shugaban birni Tokyo [[Yuriko Koike]] ne. == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tokyo}} [[Category:Biranen Japan]] azv000xhivuxg9hvuknq2tcpqj635m0 0 8772 542976 494896 2024-11-20T08:05:53Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Shinzō Abe 20120501.jpg|thumb|right|Shinzo Abe]] '''Shinzō Abe''' (安倍 晋三 Abe Shinzō, IPA: [abe ɕin(d)zoː]; An haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1954, shahararren dan siyasa kuma firayim minista na 63rd na kasar [[Japan]] kuma shugaban jam'iyar ''Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)'' tun daga shekarar 2012, kafin nan shine na 57th da ke rike da ita tun daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa shekarar 2007. shine firayim minista na uku da suka fi kowa dadewa akan karagar mulki tun bayan yakin Japan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/shinzo-abe |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2020-08-25 |archive-date=2020-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020034329/https://live.worldbank.org/experts/shinzo-abe |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Shinzo Abe and Dan Sullivan.jpg|thumb|Shinzo Abe Suna gaisawa ]] Mai Daraja Shinzō Abe 安倍 晋三, Shine Firayim minista na 57th a Kasar Japan mai ci a yanzu. Ya kama aiki daga 26 ga watan December shekara ta 2012 har zuwa 16 Satumba 2020.[https://apnews.com/23a3685932db83a826360280e5e5435f] ==Tarihinsa== [[Fayil:State Funeral of Shinzo Abe 20220927 (4).jpg|thumb|Shinzo Abe]] An haife da rada masa suna 安倍晋三 (Abe Shinzō) a 21 ga watan September shekara ta 1954 (shekarunsa 64) [[Tokyo]], Japan Jam'iyar sa, Liberal Democratic Matansa: Akie Matsuzaki (m. 1987) Wurin zamansa: [[Kantei]] Makarantar sa: [[Jami'ar Seikei]]. Abe yataso ne daga gidan yan'siyasa kuma an zabe shine a matsayin firayim minista na farko tun a watan satumban shekara ta 2006. A lokacin yana da shekara 52, yazama firayim minista mai karancin shekaru a kasar Japan tun bayan yakin Kasar kuma firayim minista na farko da aka Haifa bayan [[yakin duniya II]]. Abe yayi marabus a dalili na rashin lafiya a 12 ga watan September 2007, bayan kuma jam'iyarsa tayi rashin nasara a zaben kansiloli a wannan shekara. [[Yasuo Fukuda]] ne yagaje shi, Wanda na daya daga cikin firayim minista biyar da suka kasa dawowa ofishinsu fiye da watanni 16. Abe ya dawo siyasa a 26 ga watan September shekara ta 2012, ya doke abokin takarar sa tsohon Ministan Tsaron Kasar, Shigeru Dan fafatwa a shugaban cin Kasar na jam'iyar LDP. Bayan samun nasara a jam'iyar ne a zaben 2012, yazama firayim minista na farko daya sake dawowa karagar mulki tun bayan Shigeru Yoshida a shekara ta 1948. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 2014 kuma da sake samun 2 cikin 3 na masu yawan al'ummah tare da abokin gamayyarsa Komeito, kuma yakara samun haka a zaben 2017.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Abe, Shinzo}} [[Category:Shugaban kasar Japan]] 5wjoqea7z52ulyqlb9f58nf3wx1dcrl 0 8777 542948 329902 2024-11-20T07:06:56Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Harshen Japan''' ko '''Yaren Japan''' da turanci kuma ''Japanese (Yamato)'' (日本語 Nihongo, (ɲihoŋɡo) ([ɲihoŋŋo]) shi ne yare ko harshen da mutanen gabashi. [[Asiya]] ke amfani da shi, wadanda adadinsu sunkai kusan mutane miliyan 128, an fi amfani da harshen a Kasar [[Japan]] a yanzu, a inda harshen shi ne harshen da ake amfani da shi a Kasar. Harshen na daya daga cikin harsunan da ake kira da Japonic (ko kuma Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family, kuma yana da dangantaka da wasu yaruka kamar, Korean. An dai danganta harshen da harsuna kamar, Ainu, Austroasiatic, da Altaic. Harfofin Rubutun Harshen Haruffan Sin (kanji) Kana (hiraganakatakana) Japanese Braille. Harshen Japan bashi da wata alaka da harshen Sin wato ''Chinese language'',<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan |first=William E. |last=Deal |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=0816074852 |page=242 |quote=Japanese has no genetic affiliation with Chinese, but neither does it have any clear affiliation with any other language. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKr3XPabVQIC&pg=PA242}}</ref> Amma dai yana amfani da haruffan kalmomin Harshen Sin, ko Nihongo wato (''kanji'' 漢字) a cikin rubutun ta, kuma mafi yawan kalmomin harshen suna daga harshen Sin din ne. Tareda ''kanji'' harufan rubutun harshen Japan. Harshen na amfani da silabul biyu na Mora (linguistics) A rubuce, Nihongo '' hiragana '' (ひらがな ko 平仮名) da kuma Nihongo ''katakana'' (カタカナ or 片仮名). Harshen na amfani da rubutun Latin a wasu wurare da kuma Lambobin na harshen wato ''Japanese numerals'' sun fi yawa ne daga Lambobin larabci wato ''Arabic numerals'' tare da na harshen Sin ''chinese numerals''. == Tarihi == === Gabanin Tarihi === Wani dadadden harshen da harshen Ryukyuan or dialects ana ganin ya zo kasar Japan ta hannun mazauna wadanda Kuma suka zo daga continental Asia ko kusa da tsibirin Pacific wani lokaci a farkon mid-2nd century BC (the [[Yayoi period]]), Wanda yamaye asalin harshen mutanen [[Jōmon]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/asia/04language.html|title=Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People|first=Nicholas|last=Wade|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 May 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref> tare da da dadadden [[harshen Ainu]]. Wanda labari kadan ne aka samo a kan Yanjapan din Lokacin. Saboda rubutu kamar "Kanji" wanda ya shige cikin "Hiragana" da "Katakana" daga baya<ref name=":0" /> a Lokacin baizo nan ba daga China, babu cikakken shaida, da wani abu dazai nuna japanese ta kafu ne daga masa hadaddiyar tsohuwar [[Old Japanese]]. === Tsohon Harshen === [[File:Genryaku Manyosyu.JPG|right|thumb|alt=Page from the Man'yōshū|A page from the ''[[Man'yōshū]]'', dadaadden anthology akan classical [[Japanese poetry]]]] Tsohon Japanese shi ne kawai abin da aka tabbatar daga cikin harshen Japanese. Da yaduwar [[Buddhism]], sai aka shigo da rubutun China zuwa Japan. Farkon rubututtukan da aka samu a Japan an yi su ne ta [[Classical Chinese]], amma an dauke su ne a matsayin Japanese daga yana yin [[kanbun]]. Wasu cikin rubutun Chinese sun nuna tagomashin Japanese grammar, kamar yadda Jerin kalmomin suke (for example, placing the verb after the object). In these hybrid texts, [[Chinese characters]] are also occasionally used phonetically to represent [[Japanese particles]]. Rubutu na fari ''[[Kojiki]]'', ansamo sa ne tun a Karni 8th, kuma dukkanin rubutun a Chinese characters yake. Karshen Old Japanese yahadu ne tareda [[Nara period]] a 794. Old Japanese na amfani da [[Man'yōgana]] yanayin rubutun, dake amfani da ''kanji'' domin phonetic da semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct syllables. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different ''kanji'' for each of the syllables now pronounced (lang|ja|き ki, ひ hi, み mi, け ke, へ he, め me, こ ko, そ so, と to, の no, も mo, よ yo and ろ ro).<ref>Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第3冊)』(岩波書店)。</ref> ( ''Kojiki'' Nada kalmomi 88, amma daga baya 87. Babban cin dake tsakanin mo₁ and mo₂ ya bata bayan samun composition dinsq.) Wadannan jerin syllables sun dawo zuwa 67 a farkon [[Middle Japanese]], dukda wasu ansanya sune ta Chinese influence. Dan samun karin syllables an hypothesized cewar Old Japanese's vowel system yafi yawa akan Japanese din zamani – dake kunshe da kusan eight vowels. A cewar [[Shinkichi Hashimoto]], the extra syllables in Man'yōgana yaZone ta samun babban cin acikin vowels of the syllables in question.<ref>大野 晋 (1953)『上代仮名遣の研究』(岩波書店) p.126</ref> wadannan ban bancin ne suka nuna Old Japanese nada eight-vowel system,<ref>大野 晋 (1982)『仮名遣いと上代語』(岩波書店) p.65</ref> in contrast to the five vowels of later Japanese. The vowel system would have to have shrunk some time between these texts and the invention of the ''[[kana]]'' (''[[hiragana]]'' and ''[[katakana]]'') in the early 9th century. According to this view, the eight-vowel system of ancient Japanese would resemble that of the Uralic and [[Altaic language]] families.<ref>有坂 秀世 (1931)「国語にあらはれる一種の母音交替について」『音声の研究』第4輯(1957年の『国語音韻史の研究 増補新版』(三省堂)</ref> However, it is not fully certain that the alternation between syllables necessarily reflects a difference in the vowels rather than the consonants – at the moment, the only undisputed fact is that they are different syllables. A newer reconstruction of ancient Japanese shows strikingly similarities with Southeast-Asian languages, especially with [[Austronesian languages]].<ref name="Alexander">{{Cite journal|last=Alexander|first=Vovin,|title=Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system|url=https://www.academia.edu/19253123/Proto-Japanese_beyond_the_accent_system|journal=Current Issues in Linguistic Theory|language=en}}</ref> Tsohuwar Japanese baida (IPA|/h/), amma akwai (IPA|/ɸ/) (Wanda aka taskance a ''fu'', (IPA|/ɸɯ/)), Wanda aka Samar dashi daga *(IPA|/p/). Man'yōgana also has a symbol for (IPA|/je/), da yahade da (IPA|/e/) kafin karshen lokutan. Saboda fossilizations na Old Japanese grammatical elements an cigaba da Samun su a sauran harsunan – the genitive particle ''tsu'' (superseded by modern ''no'') akwai su a Kalma kamar ''matsuge'' ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); sabuwar Kalmar ''mieru'' ("to be visible") da ''kikoeru'' ("to be audible") sun cigaba da abinda aka sansa da [[mediopassive voice|mediopassive]] suffix -''yu(ru)'' (''kikoyu'' → ''kikoyuru'' (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) > ''kikoeru'' (as all shimo-nidan verbs in modern Japanese did)); and the genitive particle ''ga'' remains in intentionally archaic speech. === Farkon Samuwar Harshen=== [[File:Genji emaki 01003 001.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Two pages from Genji Monogatari emaki scroll|Two pages from a 12th-century [[emaki]] scroll of ''[[The Tale of Genji]]'' from the 11th century]] Farkon Lokaci matsakaici na Japanese shine Japanawan [[Lokacin Heian]], na daga 794 zuwa 1185. Farkon Middle Japanese ya gamu da significant amount of Chinese influence on the language's phonology – length distinctions become phonemic for both consonants and vowels, and series of both labialised (e.g. ''kwa'') and palatalised (''kya'') consonants are added, Intervocalic (IPA|/ɸ/) tahade da (IPA|/w/) daga Karni na 11th. Karshen farkon Middle Japanese yagamu da beginning of a shift where the attributive form (Japanese ''rentaikei'') da kadan kasan ya canja zuwa (''shūshikei'') na verb classes din dake da biyu ma banbanta. === Bayan Samuwar Harshen=== A karshen matsakaicin zamanin Japanese yafaru ne daga 1185 zuwa 1600, kuma anraba sane zuwa sashe biyu, Wanda aka kiyasta da daidai [[Lokacin Kamakura]] da kuma [[Lokacin Muromachi]], kamar yadda sukazo. Na karshen da aka samu na irin Middle Japanese sune na first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] da [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the ''[[Arte da Lingoa de Iapam]]''). Among other sound changes, the sequence (IPA|/au/) merges to (IPA|/ɔː/), in contrast with (IPA|/oː/); (IPA|/p/) ansake shigar dasu daga Chinese; da (IPA|/we/) yahade da (IPA|/je/). Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending -''te'' begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g. ''yonde'' for earlier ''yomite''), the -k- in the final syllable of adjectives drops out (''shiroi'' for earlier ''shiroki''); akwai wasu a modern standard Japanese dasuka cigaba da rike asalin su (e.g. ''hayaku'' > ''hayau'' > ''hayɔɔ'', inda modern Japanese just has ''hayaku'', dukda Wanda ake amfani dashi amadadinsa a kiyayeshi a cikin gaisuwan garin ''o-hayō gozaimasu'' "good morning"; this ending is also seen in ''o-medetō'' "congratulations", from ''medetaku''). Karshen Middle Japanese nadauke da loanwords na farko daga wasu harsunan turai – now-common words borrowed into Japanese a wannan Lokacin yahada da ''pan'' ("bread") and ''tabako'' ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), duk daga [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]. === Farkon Harshen na Zamani=== Farkon harshen zamani na Japanese, Nada banbanci tsakanin Modern Japanese, shine dialect akai amfani dashi bayan [[Meiji Restoration]]. Saboda harsunan nada matukar kamanni, farkon Modern Japanese anfi danganta shi da Modern Japanese.farkon Modern Japanese da kadan kadan ya canja zuwa Modern Japanese Lokacin Karni 19th. Kawai bayan 1945, jim kadan bayan [[Yakin Duniya II]], sai Modern Japanese yazamanto standard language, inda aka fara amfani dashi a kasar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Language Adaptation|last=Coulmas|first=Florian|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|year=1989|isbn=0-521-36255-5|location=|pages=107}}</ref> A wannan Lokacin da muke ciki Japanese da amfani da Katakana da kuma Hiragana har wayau suna amfani da traditional Chinese characters da akekira da "[[Chinese characters|Han]]" wanda ya canja zuwa "Kanji" wanda shine irin rubutun da ake amfani dashi Dan express ideas a harsunan Japanese da Chinese.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese : A Companion to Grammata Serica Recensa.|last=SCHUESSLER|first=KARLGREN|publisher=Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press|year=2009|isbn=9780824832643|location=Honolulu|pages=}}</ref> === Harshen na Zamani === Harshen Japan na zamani ana ganin yafara ne tareda [[Lokcin Edo]], Wanda yadauki tsawon shekaru tun daga 1603 har zuwa 1868. Tun Old Japanese, the de facto standard Japanese shine [[Kansai dialect]], musamman ma [[Kyoto]]. A yayin Lokacin Edo, Edo (itace Tokyo ayanzu) yazama wani babban birni a Japan, sannan kuma Edo-area dialect yazama standard Japanese. Tun karshen [[Sakoku|Japan's self-imposed isolation]] a 1853, samun shigowar loanwords daga Harsunan yarukan turai yakaru matuka. Lokacin tun daga 1945 ansamu mafi yawan kalmomin da aka aro daga wasu harsunan, kamar su [[Jamusanci]], [[Portuguese]] da [[Turanci]].<ref>Miura, Akira, ''English in Japanese'', Weatherhill, 1998.</ref> Yawancin English loan words musamman dangantaka da fasaha, Misali ''pasokon'' (kintsen dake nufin "personal computer"), ''intānetto'' ("internet"), da ''kamera'' ("camera"). Saboda yawan da English loanwords keda shi, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between (IPA|/tɕi/) da (IPA|/ti/), da (IPA|/dʑi/) da kuma (IPA|/di/), wanda ana karshen kowannen su ake samunsa acikin loanwords. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harshen Japan}} [[Category:Harsuna]] 79ng44ihcjblpd6rqca0v102k4t2fsw 0 8799 542966 366362 2024-11-20T07:56:58Z Adamu ab 23827 Expanding 542966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nihongo |'''Akihito'''; An haife shi a ranar ashirin da uku 23 ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1933, shine sarkin [[Daular Japan]] (1989-2019) na yanzu maici. Ya gaji ragamar daga [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] bayan rasuwar Mahaifinsa [[Hirohito]] (Emperor Shōwa) a 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1989. Kamar yadda tsarin sarautar kasar Japan take, shine yasa aka nadashi sarautar, yagaji Mahaifinsa a matsayin sarkin daular na 125th daya daga cikin sarakan dake dadaddun daulolin masu mulki.<ref><nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akihito</nowiki></ref> Gwamnatin kasar [[Japan]] ta sanar da cewar Akihito zaibar mukaminsa a 30 ga watan Afrilun 2019 [[Naruhito]].<ref>https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14381111</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230829060759/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2023082600349/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002640/http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset</ref><ref name=":0">cite news |last=Enjoji |first=Kaori |date=1 December 2017 |title=Japan Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/30/asia/japan-emperor-akihito-abdication-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=1 December 2017 </ref> == Suna == A Japan ba'a taba kiran sarkin da sunansa na asali amma dai a kiransa ne da nihongo | "Sarki Maimartaba" | 天皇陛下 | Tennō Heika, ko kuma sukan takaita sunan da nihongo|'''Maimartaba'''|陛下|Heika}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the Order of the Garter|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/MembersoftheOrderoftheGarter.aspx|publisher=The British Monarchy}}</ref> A rubuce kuma ana rubuta sunan sarkin da nihongo|"Sarki Maizamani"|今上天皇|Kinjō Tennō. Kuma idan sarkin ya gama mulkinsa kamar yadda aka tsara to za'a masa lakabi da Nihongo|Jōkō|上皇}}, Wanda ake takaitawa da Nihongo| '''[[Daijō Tennō]]''' |太上天皇|, sannan kuma zamanin wani sabon sarki yafara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government panel outlines proposals on Emperor's abdication, titles|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/04/14/national/government-panel-outlines-proposals-emperors-abdication-titles/|website=The Japan Times Online|accessdate=9 June 2017|date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080525113304/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/epress/epress-01-12.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230829060759/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2023082600349/</ref><ref>http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154</ref><ref>https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/26/de-brusselse-romance-van-het-japanse-keizerlijk-paar-met-dank-a/</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/19/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-may-announce-new-imperial-era-name-summer-2018/|title=Japan may announce new Imperial era name in summer 2018|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |date=19 May 2017 }}</ref> == Rayuwarsa Da Aiki == [[File:Empress_Kojun_and_Prince_Akihito.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Sarauniya Nagako]] tareda danta na farko, Maijiran gado (Prince) Akihito, a shekarar 1934]] Akihito an haife shi a fadar sarautar [[Tokyo]], Japan, kuma shine babban da namiji amma kuma na biyar daga cikin yayan sarki [[Emperor Shōwa]] (Hirohito) da matansa [[Empress Kōjun]] (Nagako). Ana kiranshi da Prince Tsugu amatsayin da, ya rayu da karantarwarsa a hannun Malaman sa na gida, kuma yaje makarantar elementary da secondary departments of the Peers' School (''[[Gakushūin]]'') daga shekara ta 1940 zuwa 1952.<ref name='officialbio'>cite web |url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e03/ed03-01.html |title=Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress |access-date=28 December 2007 |year=2002 |publisher=Imperial Household Agency |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092521/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e03/ed03-01.html |archive-date=1 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy </ref> Sarki Akihito bazama daya da sauran yan'uwansa ba dankuwa shi biyi aikin soja ba, dalilin nema masa da Mahaifinsa Hirohito yayi. A lokacin da Amurika ke tada bamabamai da kona garin Tokyo a watan March shekarar 1945, Akihito da karamin kanensa, [[Masahito, Prince Hitachi|Prince Masahito]], an gudar dasu daga garin Tokyo. Bayan kama kasar Japan da Amurika tayi lokacin [[yakin duniya na II]], Prince Akihito anci zarafinsa ta hannun [[Elizabeth Gray Vining]], yayi karatun [[Political science|Political Science]] at [[Gakushuin University]] a Tokyo, dukda cewar bai samu digiri ba. Akihito yakasance mai jirangadon mulkin [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] tun daga sanda aka haife shi. Anyi bikin gabatar dashi a matsayin nihongo|[[Crown Prince|Investiture as Crown Prince]]|立太子礼|Rittaishi-no-rei a fadar sarautar kasar dake Tokyo 10 Nuwamba shekara ta 1952. A watan Yunin 1953 Akihito ya wakilci kasar Japan a wurin nadin sarautar Sarauniya ( Queen) [[Elizabeth II]] a [[London]].<ref name='officialbio'/> Crown Prince Akihito da Crown Princess Michiko sun kai ziyara kasashe 37. Ya bayyana son ganin ya kusantar da gidan sarautar kasar zuwa kusa da alummar kasar.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/14/archives/those-apprentice-kings-and-queens-who-may-one-day-ascend-a-throne.html?sq=akihito%2520%2520and%2520Windsor&scp=1&st=cse "Those Apprentice Kings and Queens Who May – One Day – Ascend a Throne,"] ''The New York Times.'' 14 November 1971.</ref> Da rasuwar Mahaifinsa [[Hirohito]] a 7 January 1989, Akihito ya haye karagar mulki (''senso'') <ref name="varley44">Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 44.</ref> with an enthronement ceremony taking place (''sokui'')<ref name="varley44"/> on 12 November 1990.<ref name='officialbio'/> A 1998, yayin wata ziyara a kasar [[Ingila]], an nadashi da daya daga manyan mukamin kasar [[The Most Noble Order of the Garter|UK Order of the Garter]]. A 2011 an kai sarkin asibiti da ciwon [[pneumonia]].<ref>cite news|title=Japan's Emperor Akihito leaves Tokyo hospital|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15868000|accessdate=24 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=24 November 2011</ref> In February 2012 it was announced that the Emperor would be having a coronary examination;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120201p2g00m0dm109000c.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120714073820/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120201p2g00m0dm109000c.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} July 2012|title=Emperor Akihito to have coronary examination|newspaper=Mainichi Daily News|date=1 February 2012</ref> he underwent successful heart bypass surgery on 18 February 2012.<ref>cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/18/world/asia/japan-Emperor-surgery/index.html?hpt=hp_t3|work=CNN|title=Report: Japan's Emperor undergoes successful cardiac bypass|date=18 February 2012</ref> HOTO <gallery> File:Crown Prince Akihito 1938-10.jpg|crown prince akihito lokacin yarintar sa File:Tsugu-no-miya Akihito 1935.jpg|akihito a shekarun baya sosai File:Komatsumiya akihito1024.jpg|komatsumiya akihito File:Akihito 090710-1600b.jpg|akihito a shekarun nan File:Barack Obama and Emperor Akihito 20140424.jpg|akihito tareda Barrack Obama File:Barack Obama Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20140424 1.jpg|akihito, Barrack Obama da empress michiko File:PM Modi meets Akihito, the Emperor of Japan.jpg|Pm modi ya ziyarci akihito File:Emperor Akihito cropped Emperor Akihito 199011.jpg|emperor akihito File:Emperor Akihito (2016).jpg|emperor akihito a shekarar 2016 File:Emperor Akihito cropped 1 Emperor Akihito Empress Michiko and Yasuyoshi Umehara 20120727.jpg|emperor akihito File:Akihito 090710-1600a.jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko with the Imperial Family (November 2013).jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko tareda imperial family File:Prince Akihito, December 1938.jpg|prince akihito File:Emperor Akihito Empress Michiko and Yasuyoshi Umehara 20120727.jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko tareda da yasuyoshi File:Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti cropped Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti 20090715.jpg|emperor akihito da Gene Castagnetti File:Akihito 090710-1605.jpg|akihito a cikin mota File:Prins Akihito (1953).jpg|prince akihito File:Akihito and Vladimir Putin 20051122.png|akihito da Vladimir putin File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri.jpg|akihito, michiko, Awada da Macri File:Emperor Akihito 198901 (cropped).jpg|Emperor Akihito File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri 01.jpg|akihito, michiko, Awada da Macri File:Emperor Akihito 200302.jpg|Emperor Akihito a office File:Emperor Akihito 20090715 1.jpg|emperor Akihito File:Emperor Akihito 201101.jpg|Emperor akihito a wajen taro File:Emperor Akihito hawai 090715.jpg|Emperor Akihito a Hawai File:Akihito and Dick Cheney 20070221.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Dick Cheney File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri 02.jpg|Emperor Akihito File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20090715 1.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Empress Michiko File:Emperor Akihito and Bunmei Ibuki 201301.jpg File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20090715 3.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Empress Michiko </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} jfa9jltwmyx1pow37hrm653ft7rqscr 542967 542966 2024-11-20T07:57:31Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Nihongo |'''Akihito'''; An haife shi a ranar ashirin da uku (23) ga watan Disamban shekara ta alif 1933, shine sarkin [[Daular Japan]] (1989-2019) na yanzu maici. Ya gaji ragamar daga [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] bayan rasuwar Mahaifinsa [[Hirohito]] (Emperor Shōwa) a 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1989. Kamar yadda tsarin sarautar kasar Japan take, shine yasa aka nadashi sarautar, yagaji Mahaifinsa a matsayin sarkin daular na 125th daya daga cikin sarakan dake dadaddun daulolin masu mulki.<ref><nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/biography/Akihito</nowiki></ref> Gwamnatin kasar [[Japan]] ta sanar da cewar Akihito zaibar mukaminsa a 30 ga watan Afrilun 2019 [[Naruhito]].<ref>https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14381111</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230829060759/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2023082600349/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200927002640/http://www.ritarikunnat.fi/index.php/fi/64-ritarikunnat/palkitut/216-suomen-valkoisen-ruusun-ritarikunnan-suurristin-ketjuineen-saajat-ulkomaalaiset</ref><ref name=":0">cite news |last=Enjoji |first=Kaori |date=1 December 2017 |title=Japan Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/30/asia/japan-emperor-akihito-abdication-intl/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |location=Tokyo |access-date=1 December 2017 </ref> == Suna == A Japan ba'a taba kiran sarkin da sunansa na asali amma dai a kiransa ne da nihongo | "Sarki Maimartaba" | 天皇陛下 | Tennō Heika, ko kuma sukan takaita sunan da nihongo|'''Maimartaba'''|陛下|Heika}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Members of the Order of the Garter|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/OrderoftheGarter/MembersoftheOrderoftheGarter.aspx|publisher=The British Monarchy}}</ref> A rubuce kuma ana rubuta sunan sarkin da nihongo|"Sarki Maizamani"|今上天皇|Kinjō Tennō. Kuma idan sarkin ya gama mulkinsa kamar yadda aka tsara to za'a masa lakabi da Nihongo|Jōkō|上皇}}, Wanda ake takaitawa da Nihongo| '''[[Daijō Tennō]]''' |太上天皇|, sannan kuma zamanin wani sabon sarki yafara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government panel outlines proposals on Emperor's abdication, titles|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/04/14/national/government-panel-outlines-proposals-emperors-abdication-titles/|website=The Japan Times Online|accessdate=9 June 2017|date=14 April 2017}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080525113304/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/epress/epress-01-12.html</ref><ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36784045</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230829060759/https://www.nippon.com/en/news/yjj2023082600349/</ref><ref>http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154</ref><ref>https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/04/26/de-brusselse-romance-van-het-japanse-keizerlijk-paar-met-dank-a/</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/19/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-may-announce-new-imperial-era-name-summer-2018/|title=Japan may announce new Imperial era name in summer 2018|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]] |date=19 May 2017 }}</ref> == Rayuwarsa Da Aiki == [[File:Empress_Kojun_and_Prince_Akihito.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Sarauniya Nagako]] tareda danta na farko, Maijiran gado (Prince) Akihito, a shekarar 1934]] Akihito an haife shi a fadar sarautar [[Tokyo]], Japan, kuma shine babban da namiji amma kuma na biyar daga cikin yayan sarki [[Emperor Shōwa]] (Hirohito) da matansa [[Empress Kōjun]] (Nagako). Ana kiranshi da Prince Tsugu amatsayin da, ya rayu da karantarwarsa a hannun Malaman sa na gida, kuma yaje makarantar elementary da secondary departments of the Peers' School (''[[Gakushūin]]'') daga shekara ta 1940 zuwa 1952.<ref name='officialbio'>cite web |url=http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e03/ed03-01.html |title=Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress |access-date=28 December 2007 |year=2002 |publisher=Imperial Household Agency |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201092521/http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/e03/ed03-01.html |archive-date=1 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy </ref> Sarki Akihito bazama daya da sauran yan'uwansa ba dankuwa shi biyi aikin soja ba, dalilin nema masa da Mahaifinsa Hirohito yayi. A lokacin da Amurika ke tada bamabamai da kona garin Tokyo a watan March shekarar 1945, Akihito da karamin kanensa, [[Masahito, Prince Hitachi|Prince Masahito]], an gudar dasu daga garin Tokyo. Bayan kama kasar Japan da Amurika tayi lokacin [[yakin duniya na II]], Prince Akihito anci zarafinsa ta hannun [[Elizabeth Gray Vining]], yayi karatun [[Political science|Political Science]] at [[Gakushuin University]] a Tokyo, dukda cewar bai samu digiri ba. Akihito yakasance mai jirangadon mulkin [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] tun daga sanda aka haife shi. Anyi bikin gabatar dashi a matsayin nihongo|[[Crown Prince|Investiture as Crown Prince]]|立太子礼|Rittaishi-no-rei a fadar sarautar kasar dake Tokyo 10 Nuwamba shekara ta 1952. A watan Yunin 1953 Akihito ya wakilci kasar Japan a wurin nadin sarautar Sarauniya ( Queen) [[Elizabeth II]] a [[London]].<ref name='officialbio'/> Crown Prince Akihito da Crown Princess Michiko sun kai ziyara kasashe 37. Ya bayyana son ganin ya kusantar da gidan sarautar kasar zuwa kusa da alummar kasar.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/11/14/archives/those-apprentice-kings-and-queens-who-may-one-day-ascend-a-throne.html?sq=akihito%2520%2520and%2520Windsor&scp=1&st=cse "Those Apprentice Kings and Queens Who May – One Day – Ascend a Throne,"] ''The New York Times.'' 14 November 1971.</ref> Da rasuwar Mahaifinsa [[Hirohito]] a 7 January 1989, Akihito ya haye karagar mulki (''senso'') <ref name="varley44">Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' p. 44.</ref> with an enthronement ceremony taking place (''sokui'')<ref name="varley44"/> on 12 November 1990.<ref name='officialbio'/> A 1998, yayin wata ziyara a kasar [[Ingila]], an nadashi da daya daga manyan mukamin kasar [[The Most Noble Order of the Garter|UK Order of the Garter]]. A 2011 an kai sarkin asibiti da ciwon [[pneumonia]].<ref>cite news|title=Japan's Emperor Akihito leaves Tokyo hospital|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15868000|accessdate=24 January 2012|newspaper=BBC News|date=24 November 2011</ref> In February 2012 it was announced that the Emperor would be having a coronary examination;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120201p2g00m0dm109000c.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120714073820/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20120201p2g00m0dm109000c.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=14{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} July 2012|title=Emperor Akihito to have coronary examination|newspaper=Mainichi Daily News|date=1 February 2012</ref> he underwent successful heart bypass surgery on 18 February 2012.<ref>cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/18/world/asia/japan-Emperor-surgery/index.html?hpt=hp_t3|work=CNN|title=Report: Japan's Emperor undergoes successful cardiac bypass|date=18 February 2012</ref> HOTO <gallery> File:Crown Prince Akihito 1938-10.jpg|crown prince akihito lokacin yarintar sa File:Tsugu-no-miya Akihito 1935.jpg|akihito a shekarun baya sosai File:Komatsumiya akihito1024.jpg|komatsumiya akihito File:Akihito 090710-1600b.jpg|akihito a shekarun nan File:Barack Obama and Emperor Akihito 20140424.jpg|akihito tareda Barrack Obama File:Barack Obama Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20140424 1.jpg|akihito, Barrack Obama da empress michiko File:PM Modi meets Akihito, the Emperor of Japan.jpg|Pm modi ya ziyarci akihito File:Emperor Akihito cropped Emperor Akihito 199011.jpg|emperor akihito File:Emperor Akihito (2016).jpg|emperor akihito a shekarar 2016 File:Emperor Akihito cropped 1 Emperor Akihito Empress Michiko and Yasuyoshi Umehara 20120727.jpg|emperor akihito File:Akihito 090710-1600a.jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko with the Imperial Family (November 2013).jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko tareda imperial family File:Prince Akihito, December 1938.jpg|prince akihito File:Emperor Akihito Empress Michiko and Yasuyoshi Umehara 20120727.jpg|emperor akihito da empress michiko tareda da yasuyoshi File:Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti cropped Emperor Akihito and Gene Castagnetti 20090715.jpg|emperor akihito da Gene Castagnetti File:Akihito 090710-1605.jpg|akihito a cikin mota File:Prins Akihito (1953).jpg|prince akihito File:Akihito and Vladimir Putin 20051122.png|akihito da Vladimir putin File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri.jpg|akihito, michiko, Awada da Macri File:Emperor Akihito 198901 (cropped).jpg|Emperor Akihito File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri 01.jpg|akihito, michiko, Awada da Macri File:Emperor Akihito 200302.jpg|Emperor Akihito a office File:Emperor Akihito 20090715 1.jpg|emperor Akihito File:Emperor Akihito 201101.jpg|Emperor akihito a wajen taro File:Emperor Akihito hawai 090715.jpg|Emperor Akihito a Hawai File:Akihito and Dick Cheney 20070221.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Dick Cheney File:Akihito, Michiko with Awada and Macri 02.jpg|Emperor Akihito File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20090715 1.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Empress Michiko File:Emperor Akihito and Bunmei Ibuki 201301.jpg File:Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko 20090715 3.jpg|Emperor Akihito da Empress Michiko </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fkg4qk44zrke0v1pt293c18p53o20nd 0 8820 542984 484018 2024-11-20T08:25:39Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Panorama of some streets in Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dar es Salaam, babban birnin kasar]] [[File:Morogoro panorama.jpg|thumb|Kasar tanzaniya]] [[File:Flag of Tanzania.svg|thumb|Tutar kasar tanzaniya]] '''Tanzania,''' furucci (IPAc-en|US|ˌ|t|æ|n|z|ə|ˈ|n|iː|ə, IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|t|æ|n|z|ə|ˈ|n|ɪ|ə),<ref>cite web | url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania | title=Tanzania &#124; Define Tanzania at Dictionary.com | website=Dictionary.reference.com | accessdate=19 February 2014</ref><ref>cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tanzania|title=Tanzania|work=Oxford{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Dictionaries Online|accessdate=October 28, 2018</ref><ref group="note">These approximate the [[Kiswahili]]<nowiki> pronunciation IPA-sw|tanzaˈni.a|. However, IPAc-en|t|æ|n|ˈ|z|eɪ|n|i|.|ə}} is also heard in English.</nowiki></ref> officially the '''United Republic of Tanzania''' (lang-sw|Jamhuri ya Mungano wa Tanzania), [[Kasar Yarbawa|kasa]] ce, dake ,[[Gabashin Turai|gabashin]] [[Afirka]] a tsakanin yankin [[African Great Lakes]]. Tana da iyaka da [[Uganda]] da ga arewaci; [[Kenya]] arewa maso gabas; tekun [[Indian Ocean]] ta gabas; [[Mozambique]] da [[Malawi]] ta kudu; [[Zambia]] ta kudu maso yamma; da [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], da kuma [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] ta yamma. [[Tsaunin Kilimanjaro]] wanda shine tsauni mafi tsawo a [[Afirka]] yana arewa maso,gabashin kasar Tanzania ne. Yancirani dasuka shiga Tanzania sun hada masu magana da harshen [[South Cushitic languages|Southern Cushitic]] wadanda sukazo daga [[Ethiopia]] ([[Habasha]]);<ref name="Genetics"/> Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of [[Lake Turkana]] about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago;<ref name="Genetics"/> and the [[Southern Nilotic languages|Southern Nilotes]], sunhada da [[Datooga people|Datoog]], wadanda asalin su daga yankin iyakar [[South Sudan]]–[[Ethiopia]] ayanzu, tun daga shekara ta 2,900 da 2,400 dasuka shude.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="auto"> cite book | author=Christopher Ehret | title=An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-IBmCeNhUC | date=2001 | publisher=University Press of Virginia | isbn=978-0-8139-2057-3</ref> [[Mulkin mallaka]]n turawa yafara ne da asalin garin Tanzania a karshen karni na 19th lokacin da [[Jamus]] ta kirkira [[German East Africa]], inda kuma hakan yaba Britaniya damar kwashe su yayin [[World War I]]. Asalin garin shine [[Tanganyika]], tareda [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] wanda aka keba dan hukuncin yanmulkin mallaka. Bayan basu yanci kai a alif 1961 da alif 1963, sai garuruwan biyu suka hade a watan April ta shekara alif 1964 inda suka kafa Kasar hadaddiyar jamhoriyar Tanzania.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web | author=Central Intelligence Agency | authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency | work=[[The World Factbook]] | title=Tanzania | url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html | access-date=2018-11-12 | archive-date=2020-11-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127225447/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Mbalizi Mbeya Tanzania -0003.jpg|thumb|birnin Tanzaniya]] [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|Majalisar dinkin Duniya]] ta kiyasta yawan [[mutanen]] Tanzania sunkai kusan miliyan 16, Tsarin mulkin kasar, tsarin [[Shugaban kasa|Shugaban kasa]] ne akan bin dokar constitutional [[Jamhoriya|Jamhuriya]] tun daga shekara ta alif 1996, babban birnin tarayyar ƙasar itace [[Dodoma]] anan ne fadar gwamnati da Majalisa da wasu hukumomi na gwamnatin suke.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf|title=The planning of the new capital of Tanzania: Dodoma, an unfulfilled dream|author=Aloysius C. Mosha|accessdate=13 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712145006/http://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf|archivedate=12 July 2013|deadurl=yes|publisher=University of Botswana}}</ref> [[Dar es Salaam]], tsohuwar babban birnin kasar ita ta cigaba da rike msfi yawan hukumomin gwamnatin, kuma itace birni mafi yawa a kasar, da babban tashar [[ruwa]], kuma jagorar kasuwancin kasar.<ref name="factbook" /><ref name="official_website">{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html|title=The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile|website=Tanzania.go.tz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html|archivedate=25 November 2013|deadurl=yes|accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270|title=Dar es Salaam Port|publisher=Tanzaniaports.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180354/http://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270|archivedate=22 February 2014|deadurl=yes|accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> Tanzania is a [[Dominant-party system|''de facto'' one-party state]] with the [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] party in power. [[File:Grants Gazelle Gazella granti in Tanzania 1469 Nevit.jpg|thumb|manyan tsaunikan kasar tanzaniya]] Tanzania takasance mai yawan tsaunuka kuma tanada cunkoson mutane a arewa maso gabashin kasar, inda tsaunin Kilimanjaro yake. Three of [[African Great Lakes|Africa's Great Lakes]] sunada bangare a Tanzania. Daga arewa da yamma akwai [[Lake Victoria]], Africa's largest lake, da kuma [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]], lake din dayafi zurfi a Afirka, yashahara a iri kifayansa, gabar gabashi nada zafi da damshi, tareda [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] tsibiri. [[Kalambo Falls]], yana nan a [[Kalambo River]] a Zambian border, is the second highest uninterrupted [[waterfall]] a Africa.<ref name="Kalambo Falls">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310022/Kalambo-Falls "Kalambo Falls"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> [[Menai Bay Conservation Area]] shine babban yankin Zanzibar marine dake samun kulawa. [[File:Tanzania market.jpg|thumb|Wasu al'ummar kabilu mabanbanta a kasuwa a tanzaniya]] [[File:St. Augustine University of Tanzania Administration Block.png|thumb|Jami'ar kasar tanzaniya]] [[File:Samia Suluhu Hassan.jpg|thumb|Samia Suluhu Hassan shugaba ta kasar a yanzu, kuma mace ta farko da ke shugabanci a wannan kujera a kasar.]] Sama da yaruka 100 daban daban ne ake amfani dasu a kasar Tanzania, haka yasa tazama kasa mafi mabanbantan harsuna a gabashin Afirka.<ref name=sim>cite book | author1=Ulrich Ammon | author2=Norbert Dittmar | author3=Klaus J. Mattheier | title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1967 | year=2006 | publisher=Walter de Gruyter | isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 | page=1967</ref> The country does not have a ''de jure'' official language,citation needed|date=September 2017}} although the national language is [[Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name="tzgov">cite web | title=Tanzania Profile | url=https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/68 | website=Tanzania.go.tz | publisher=Tanzanian Government | accessdate=23 July 2017 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124344/https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/68 | archivedate=2 August 2017 | df=dmy-all </ref> A na amfani da harshen Swahili dan tattaunawa a Majalisar kasar, da ƙananan kotuna kuma harshen da ake magana dashi a [[primary school]]. Turanci kuma ana amfan dashi a kasuwanni da [[diplomacy]], da manyan kotuna, kuma harshen a [[Secondary education|secondary]] da manyan makarantu,<ref name=sim/> duk da gwamnatin Tanzanian tana shirin daina amfani da turanci a ƙasar.<ref name="afkinsider.com">cite news | url=https://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224091256/http://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ |date=2015-02-24 }} | agency=AFK Insider | title=Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan | date=17 February 2015 | accessdate=23 February 2015</ref> kusan kashi 10 na 'yan Tanzania suke amfani da Swahili a matsayin harshen su na farko amma kusan kashi 90 a matsayi na biyu suka dauke shi.<ref name=sim/> == Al'umma == ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Lake_Duluti.jpg|Kogin Duluti File:Cityscape,_Sekei_Ward,_Arusha_Urban_District.jpg|Cityscape, Sekei Ward, Arusha Urban District File:Boma_Street_4,_Sekei_Ward.jpg|Boma File:Beach_at_Chunguu_Island,_Mjini_DC_2.jpg|Bakin Teku a tsibirin Chunguu, Mjini File:Chimwaga_Complex_Hall.jpg|Chimwaga Complex Hall File:City_view_from_Ferry,_Kigamboni_District.jpg|Birnin File:Clove_trees_in_Kisiwani_ward,_Muheza_District.jpg|Bishiyoyin ciyayi a unguwar Kisiwani, gundumar Muheza File:Tanzania Tasuba culture at bagamoyo.jpg|Wasu matasa yan kabilar Tasuba a Bagamoyo akasar Tanzaniya </gallery>. == Manazarta == <references/> {{Afirka}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tanzaniya}} [[Category:Kasashen Afirka]] ski32vedgxg6fys73ad239s3r77udf6 0 8842 542980 492727 2024-11-20T08:14:20Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mace''' itace kishiyar duk wani abin halitta namiji. Wacece mace An samu bayanai mabambamta da yawa game da wacece mace, inda masana da yawa sukai ta zubo baya nai kamar haka: *1. Falsafofin [[Girkawa]] suna rayawa cewa mace ba mutum bace, kawai [[Aljana]] ce. *2. Hakama wani ɓangare na [[Larabawa]] shekaru masu yawa suna rayawa cewa mace kawai halittace kamar shauran [[dabbobi]] ko kayan abinci da Allah (S.W.A) Ya samar wa maza saboda haka namiji na da ikon mallakarta kamar yadda zai mallaki kaza ko shinkafa ko zomo a jeji, kuma na da ikon bautar da ita yadda yake so. *3. Haka nan ɓangaren [[Jamusawa]] sama da shekaru masu yawa suma suna ɗaukar mace a matsayin halitta sai dai bata da cikakken 'yanci da daraja kamar namiji. *4. Malaman [[kimiyya]] suma sun yadda mace mutunce kamar kowa sai dai yan canje canje na halayya da ɗabi'u da ba a rasa ba. *5. Duk a bayanai da aka yi a kan mace, ba a sami wani bayani wanda yaiwa mace adalci ba, irin bayanin da musulunci da malaman kiymiyya sukace akan mace. Mace ba dabba bace ba kuma aljana ba ce, halittace wadda babu banbanci tsakanin namiji da mace a ɓangaren ɗan'adamtaka. Mace na da cikakken yanci da iko daidai da ita a musulunci, namiji ya zam mai mata hidima har tsawon rayuwarta ta hanyar ɗaukemata nauyinta da buƙatunta na rayuwa. Muslunci ya ba da umarni a girmama su, a nemi shawararsu. Wacece mace a mahanga ta masana soyayya? *Mace kishiyar jinsin da namiji ce wacce aka baibaye ta da abubuwan sha'awa, a wani mataki na rayuwarta. Mace na da wasu sinadarai na kwarjini ga ɗa namiji (driving force) wadda takan sarrafa ɗa namiji yadda take so. Mace a fage na soyayya tana da [[rauni]] da tausayi da saurin amincewa da wuyar sha ani. Ƙarin bayani daga malaman kimiyya sunce mace nada rangwamen tunani a kan ɗa namiji sai dai sunfi namiji saurun haddace abu suna iya riƙe abu a kansu shekara da shekaru ,basu mantaba . Mata kan samun tawaya a tunanin su, rashin nutsuwa canji ajikinsu adukkan kowane wata yayin yin wata ibada tasu ta al'ada me mata suke so? *1. Kulawa Ba abin da mata suka fi so irin nuna musu kulawa da damuwa ta hanyar nuna musu soyayya ɗaukar nauyinsu da kare musu buƙatunsu da dukiyarar da mutuncinsunsu. *2. Nishaɗi *mata na son nishaɗi mafiya yawan lokuta a rayuwarsu, dan haka abokina kazama me shiryawa iyalanka nishaɗi a kai akai dan sasu farin cikin. 3. Jarumtaka: Mata na son su ga mutum [[jarimi]], imma na ƙarfi ko jarimtaka da ilmi da fasaha, suna alfahari da saurayi mai ƙarfi da ilimi da addini da fasaha da shauransu. Mata sun bawa Musulunci gudunmawa sosai da dukiyarsu da rayukansu da lokacinsu . ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Portrait_of_a_Persian_lady_in_Iran,_10-08-2006.jpg|Wata Mace yar Kasar Iran File:Portrait_Fortepan_1357.jpg|Wata Mace a cikin Daji </gallery> gk5w4rzrv5vmrrwk7xupcvgfvbfg9kx 0 8843 542978 369582 2024-11-20T08:09:32Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Sikh man, Agra 10.jpg|thumb|namiji mai saje]] [[File:Man biking on Recife city.jpg|thumb|namiji na tuƙa keke]] '''''Duk da cewa yaren''''' Amurka ne na Turanci don mutum, galibi namiji.<ref name="webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dude|title=''Dude'', Def. 2 – The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|access-date=8 May 2007|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> Daga shekarar ta alif 1870 zuwa shekara ta alif 1960, duk da farko ana nufin mutumin da ya yi ado irin na zamani (dandy ) ko kuma wani fitaccen mutum da ya ziyarci ƙauye, "mai birge gari ". A cikin shekara ta 1960, "dude" ta samo asali zuwa ma’anar kowane namiji, ma’anar da ta shigo cikin yaren Amurkawa a cikin shekara alif 1970s. Kalaman yanzu suna riƙe da aƙalla amfani da dukkan waɗannan ma'anoni guda uku.<ref name="unisex1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|title=Slang|author1=Winona Bullard|author2=Shirley Johnson|author3=Jerkeshea Morris|author4=Kelly Fox|author5=Cassie Howell|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204062100/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2013|df=mdy}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Berry-wall-king-dudes.jpg|right|thumb| Evander Berry Wall, wani ɗan kishin zamantakewar New York, an yi masa laƙabi da "Sarkin Dudes". An ɗauke shi hoto (1888) a cikin ''jaridar New York ta Amurka'' a lokacin "yaƙin Dude"..<ref name="Bryk">{{cite news|url=http://www.nysun.com/on-the-town/king-of-the-dudes/15834/|title=King of the Dudes|last=Bryk|first=William|date=June 22, 2005|work=[[The New York Sun]]|access-date=2008-11-11}}</ref><ref>Jeffers, Harry Paul (2005). ''Diamond Jim Brady: Prince of the Gilded Age'', p.45. John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN|0-471-39102-6}}</ref> ]] Kalmar "dude" wataƙila ma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar ƙarni na 18 "doodle", kamar yadda yake a "Yankee Doodle Dandy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2013/11/05/dude_etymology_of_the_word_is_traced_to_doodle_as_in_yankee_doodle_dandy.html|title=Mystery Solved: The Etymology of Dude|last=Okrent|first=Arika|date=2013-11-05|work=Slate|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> A cikin sanannun latsawa na 1880s da 1890s, "dude" sabuwar kalma ce ta " dandy " - wani "maɗaukakiyar sutturar namiji", mutum ne wanda ya ba da mahimmanci ga yadda ya bayyana. Theungiyar cafe da Abubuwan Youngaramar Matasa na ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s an mamaye su tare da lalata. Samari na lokacin hutu don nuna kayan tufafin su. Mafi shaharar wannan nau'in shine watakila Evander Berry Wall, wanda aka yiwa laƙabi da "Sarki na Dude" a cikin 1880s New York kuma ya ci gaba da zama sanannen mai [[wiktionary:sartorial|martaba a]] duk rayuwarsa. Wannan sigar kalmar har yanzu ana amfani da ita a wasu lokutan a cikin yaren Amurka, kamar a cikin kalmar "duk an lalata" don sanya tufafi masu kyau.<ref>{{citation|contribution=duded up|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs|year=2002|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/duded+up|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref> [[File:1883_-_origin_of_dude_-_Chicago_Tribune_-_25_Feb_1883.jpg|left|thumb| Daga cikin kwatancen farko da aka buga masu ma'anar "mutum"; ''Chicago Tribune'', 25 Fabrairu 1883]] An yi amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga mutanen Gabas  kuma an ambaci wani mutum da "tufafin da aka sayi kantin sayar da". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xah2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103|title=Eagle County Characters: Historic Tales of a Colorado Mountain Valley|first=Kathy|last=Heicher|date=June 4, 2013|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref> Maza da mata sun yi amfani da kalmar don amfani da ita don ma'anar mazauna birni.<ref>{{cite web|title=h2g2 - The Word 'Dude' - Edited Entry|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A193853|website=h2g2.com|access-date=2015-07-26|first=Not Panicking|last=Ltd}}</ref> [[File:Old man, Bihar, India, 04-2012.jpg|thumb|Tsohon namiji kenan]] Bambancin wannan shine "mutumin da ke sanye da suttura wanda bai san rayuwa a wajen babban birni ba". A cikin ''The Home da Farm Manual'' (1883), marubucin Jonathan Periam ya yi amfani da kalmar "dude" sau da yawa don nuna rashin ɗabi'a da jahilci, amma mai son birni, mutumin birni.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}} Ma'anar mutumin da bai san bukatun rayuwa ba a wajen biranen birni ya haifar da ma'anar dude a matsayin "mai birge birni ", ko kuma "ɗan Gabas a Yammacin [Amurka]". Don haka "dude" aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana mawadata na faɗaɗa Amurka a cikin ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar baƙi-da-gida-gida-gida na Westasar Amurka ta Yamma . Ana amfani da wannan amfani a cikin ''randa'', gidan baƙunci wanda ke ba da abinci ga mazauna birane don neman ƙwarewar ƙauyuka. Dude ranches sun fara bayyana a Yammacin Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 20, don wadatattun Easternan Gabas waɗanda suka zo don fuskantar " rayuwar kaboyi ". Bambancin bayyananne yana tare da waɗancan mutanen da suka saba da iyakar da aka ba su, aikin gona, hakar ma'adanai, ko wasu wuraren karkara. Wannan amfani da "dude" har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin shekarun 1950 a Amurka, a matsayin kalma ga masu yawon buɗe ido-na kowane jinsi-waɗanda ke ƙoƙari su sanya tufafi irin na al'ada amma suka kasa.<ref name="oldunisex">{{cite journal|jstor=453362|title=The meanings and etymologies of dude|journal=American Speech|author=Robert Knoll|year=1952|volume=27|issue=1|pages=20–22|doi=10.2307/453362}}</ref> Sabanin waɗannan amfani da "dude" zai zama kalmar " redneck ," haɗin kai na Amurka wanda yake magana akan manoma matalauta da marasa ilimi, wanda shi kansa ya zama mai farin jini, kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi. <ref>Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref> <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/redneck "Redneck"]. ''Dictionary.com''.</ref> <ref>Barbara Ann Kipfer and Robert L. Chapman, ''American Slang'' (2008), p. 404.</ref> Yayin da kalmar ta sami karbuwa har ta kai ga gabar Amurka kuma tayi tafiya tsakanin kan iyaka, sai bambancin ''lafazin ya fara fitowa'' kamar na mace na dudette da ''dudines'' ; duk da haka, sun daɗe da rayuwa saboda dude kuma suna samun mahimmancin ma'anar jinsi kuma wasu masana ilimin harshe suna ganin sigogin mata sun fi ƙanƙantar da hankali. Slaarfafawa a ƙarshe ya ragu da amfani har zuwa farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 lokacin da wasu ƙananan al'adun Amurka suka fara amfani da shi akai-akai yayin da suke sake samu daga nau'in suturar kuma daga karshe ta yi amfani da shi azaman mai bayyanawa ga maza na gama gari kuma wani lokacin mata mata. Daga karshe, daganan makarantu masu haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun ba da izinin yada kalmar zuwa kusan dukkanin al'adu kuma daga ƙarshe ya hau kan tsani ya zama ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka Daga ƙarshen 20 zuwa farkon karni na 21, dude ya sami ikon amfani dashi ta hanyar magana, ko hakan ya kasance abin cizon yatsa, farin ciki, ko soyayya kuma hakan ya faɗaɗa don iya komawa zuwa kowane mutum na gaba ba tare da jinsi, jinsi, ko [[Al'ada|al'ada ba]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hill|first=Richard A.|date=1994|title=You've Come a Long Way, Dude: A History|jstor=455525|journal=American Speech|volume=69|issue=3|pages=321–327|doi=10.2307/455525}}</ref> Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar azaman "bayanin aiki", kamar "bush hook dude" a matsayin matsayi a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1880s. Misali, duba Ramin Stampede .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}} A farkon 1960s, dude ya zama sananne a cikin al'adun surfer a matsayin ma'anar ''mutum'' ko ''fella'' . Mace daidai take "dudette" ko "dudess". amma waɗannan duka sun faɗo cikin rashin amfani kuma "dude" yanzu ana amfani dashi azaman kalmar unisex. Wannan mahimmancin ma'anar "dude" ya fara rarrafe zuwa cikin al'ada a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s. "Dude", musamman a cikin surfer da al'adun "bro ",{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}} is{{When|date=December 2015}} gabaɗaya an yi amfani da shi ba da izini ba don magance wani ("Dude, Na yi farin ciki da a ƙarshe kuka kira") ko koma zuwa ga wani mutum ("Na taɓa ganin irin wannan mutumin a nan").<ref>{{cite web|title=Examples of Slang|first=Cassie|last=Howell|url=http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|access-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204062100/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref> Daya daga cikin farkon ambaton kalmar a fim din Amurka shine a cikin fim din 1969 mai suna ''Easy Rider'' inda Wyatt (wanda Peter Fonda ya zana) ya bayyana wa lauyan da ke tare da shi (wanda Jack Nicholson ya nuna ) ma'anar "dude": "Dude na nufin mutumin kirki ; Dude na nufin mutum na yau da kullun. " Amfani da kalmar da ma'anar " mutum mai sanyi " ya kara yaduwa a cikin fina-finan Amurka na shekarun 1980 da 1990 kamar ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'', ''Fast Times a Ridgemont High'', ''Bill da Ted's Excellent Adventure'', ''Wayne's World'', and ''Clerks'' .<ref name="good">{{cite news|last1=Peters|first1=Mark|title=The History of the "Dude"|url=https://www.good.is/articles/the-history-of-the-dude|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=GOOD Worldwide, Inc.|date=25 April 2010}}</ref> Fim din ''The Big Lebowski na'' 1998 ya fito da Jeff Bridges a matsayin "The Dude", wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "malalacin mutuwa". Yanayin ya sami karbuwa sosai daga mai fafutuka da furodusa Jeff Dowd wanda ake kira "Dude" tun suna yara.<ref name="npr">{{cite news|last1=Raz|first1=Guy|title=The Dude: A Little Lebowski, Alive in All of Us|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90725993|access-date=27 January 2017|work=All Things Considered|publisher=National Public Radio|date=25 May 2008}}</ref> Matsayi na tsakiya na fim ɗin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Dudeism, sabon addini .<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Richard|title=The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'|url=http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793/|access-date=27 January 2017|work=CNN Travel|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2013}}</ref> Fim na 2000 na ''Dude, Ina Mota Ta?'' yayi amfani da kalmar a taken. A cikin 2008, Bud Light ya nuna wani kamfen na talla wanda tattaunawar ta ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na maganganun "Dude!" kuma baya ambaci samfurin da suna. Bi ne ga kamfen ɗin su na kusa-kusa kuma mafi sanannun kamfen ɗin "Whassup?"<ref>{{cite web|last=Swansburg|first=John|title=Dude! How great are those new Bud Light ads?|work=Slate|date=28 January 2008|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2182846/pagenum/all/#page_start|access-date=10 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="good2">{{cite news|last1=Peters|first1=Mark|title=The History of the "Dude"|url=https://www.good.is/articles/the-history-of-the-dude|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=GOOD Worldwide, Inc.|date=25 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:Boris Johnson MP.jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson kenan]] A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin, 2019 [[Boris Johnson|Boris Johnson ya]] yadu da kalmar "dude" azaman gajeriyar kalma ta kamfen din shugabancin jam'iyyar Conservative . A cikin jawabinsa na jagoranci ya bayyana shi kamar yadda yake magana game da Isar da Brexit - Haɗa kan ƙasar - Kayar da Jeremy Corbyn - Enarfafa ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-49084446/boris-johnson-dude-we-are-going-to-energise-the-country|title=Dude! We are going to energise the country|website=BBC News|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref> == Kara karantawa == * [http://www.pitt.edu/~kiesling/dude/dude.html Dude] – By [[:en:Scott_Kiesling|Kiesling, Scott F.]], Published in ''American Speech'', Vol. 79, No. 3, Fall 2004, pp.&nbsp;281–305 * [http://observer.com/2003/07/dude-wheres-my-dude-dudelicious-dissection-from-sontag-to-spicoli/ Dude, Where's My Dude?] – Dudelicious Dissection, From Sontag to Spicoli, ''[[:en:The_New_York_Observer|The New York Observer]]'' * [http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010621 Words@random:] "dude" * [http://dudespaper.com/dude-university/material-for-the-study-of-dude-part-1 Material for the Study of Dude] – The etymological origin of the word "dude" by Barry Popik, David Shulman, and Gerald Cohen. Originally published in ''Comments on Etymology'', October 1993, Vol. 23, No. 1 * {{cite journal|title=You've Come a Long Way, Dude: A History|last=Hill|first=Richard A.|journal=[[American Speech]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=69|issue=3|date=Autumn 1994|pages=321–327|doi=10.2307/455525|jstor=455525}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/dude-transcends/309528/|title=A Brief History of ''Dude''|last=Gould|first=J. J.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 2013|access-date=May 21, 2017}} == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9czfdl5sd4q1a1820hwgpfoin2hy5z8 0 9453 543010 502476 2024-11-20T10:44:21Z Maryamarh 29382 543010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} [[Fayil:Fulani boys, Agaie.jpg|thumb|hotpn yaran Fulani a agaie]] [[Fayil:Narrative. (IA ASPC0005246900).pdf|thumb|takadda game da aga iye]] '''Agaie''' ko '''Agaye''' ɗaya ce daga cikin [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|ƙananan Hukumomin]] dake jihar [[Neja]] a [[Najeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Neja]] bfs62glfl4zwbv9epq2525beycy1ipp 0 9505 542973 416943 2024-11-20T08:02:37Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kalmar '''Annabi''' an samo ta ne daga kalmar [[Larabci]] wato[[النبي]] kuma tana nufin [[mutum]] wanda musulmai sukai imani cewar [[Allah]] yana aiko mala'ika [[Jibrilu]] a gare shi,Kuma da yaran harshen larabci tana nufin mutum wanda mai bada labari A hasashen Hausa kalmar tana nufin [[Annabi Muhammad]] Sallallahu alaihi Wasallama a duk lokacin da aka fadeta ba tare da ansa sunan wani Annabi ba a gaban kalmar misali mutum yace Annabi yace to abin da zai zo zuciyar mai saurare yana nufin Annabi Muhammad Sallallahu alaihi Wasallama. == Annabawa a Muslunci == *ANNABI [[MUHAMMAD]][[AS]] *Annabi [[Adam]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Idris]][[AS]] *Annabi [[Nuhu]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Hud]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Salihu]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Ibrahim]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Luɗ]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Isma'il]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Isah]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Yunus]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Yusuf]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Shuaibu]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[Musa]] [[AS]] *Annabi [[DAUWUD]] [[AS]] == Littafan da Allah ya saukar wa annabawa== * [[Zabura]] [[Annabi Dauda]] * [[Attaura]] [[Annabi Musa]] * [[Injila]] [[Annabi Isa]] * [[Al-Kur'ani]] [[Annabi Muhammad SAW]] * [[Suhufi]] [[Ibrahim wa musa]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1secv3pi0lqk70dw5uau1hv6ks5x02o 0 9770 542792 482837 2024-11-19T19:54:56Z Adamu ab 23827 Expanding 542792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Map of the Plateau languages.svg|thumb]][[File:West Chadic Languages.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Nigerian Languages.jpg|thumb|Harsunan Najeriya ]] '''Harsunan Najeriya''' sun kai harsuna guda dari biyar da ashirin biyar 525 na gargajiya da ake amfani dasu a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2017-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=An Atlas Of Nigerian Languages|last=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2014|isbn=|location=Oxford|pages=}}</ref> [[Turanci]] shi ne harshen da ake magana da kuma shi a harkokin gwamnati, harshen turawan mulkin mallaka na ƙasar [[Birtaniya]]. Kamar yadda aka rawaito a shekarar 2003, mutane kimanin miliyan 100 suke magana da harshen Turanci da harshen Pidgin na Najeriya a matsayin harshensu na biyu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG/languages|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|accessdate=2018-05-10|language=en}}</ref> Harshen Turanci ya fi shahara a yankunan biranen ƙasar fiye da yadda ake amfani dashi a yankunan karkara, saboda cigaba a birane.<ref>"Vigouroux, Cécile B.; Mufwene, Salikoko S. (2008-11-05). ''Globalization and Language Vitality: Perspectives from Africa''. A&C Black. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7073-6|<bdi>978-1-4411-7073-6</bdi>]].</ref> Shahararren harshe dangane da yawan masu amfani da harshen shi ne [[Hausa]], mutane aƙalla (fiye da miliyan 49, idan kuma an haɗa da masu amfani da shi a matsayin harshe na biyu, ko L2), [[Yarbanci]] (fiye da mutane miliyan 42), [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] (kimanin miliyan 30), [[Fulfulde]] (miliyan 15), Ibibio (miliyan 10), [[Kanuri]] (miliyan 8), Tiv (miliyan 4). Miliyan biyu kowane Edo da Igala da Nupe da Ishekiri da Izon da Birom.<ref name=":0">"Nigeria". ''worldpopulationreview.com''. Retrieved 2020-05-30.</ref> Tarin harsuna daban-daban na Najeriya yana da dangantaka da wasu harsunan [[Afirka]], kuma harsunan ƙasar sun samo asali ne daga manyan-manyan harsunan Afirka guda uku: [[Afroasiatic]] da [[Nilo-Saharan]] da kuma [[Nijar-Congo]]. Har ila yau Najeriya tana da harsuna da dama da kuma ba a kasafta ba, irin su Centúúm, wanda kuma zai iya wakiltar wani muhimmin bambanci kafin a yaɗa harshe na yanzu.<ref>"Adeleke, Dr Wale. "Languages of Nigeria - Regions". ''NaijaSky''. Retrieved 2020-05-27.</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun Harsuna == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Harshe !Adadin Masu Magana da Harshen (Miliyoyi) |- |[[Turanci]] |140 |- |[[Hausa]] |52 |- |[[Yarbanci]] |42 |- |[[Igbo]] |26 |- |[[Fulfulde]] |23 |- |[[Tiv]] |6 |- |[[Kanuri]] |6 |- |[[Ijo]] |3 |- |[[Edo]] |2 |- |[[Annang]] |1 |- |[[Arabic]] |1 |- |[[Igala]] |1 |- |[[Faransanci]] |1 |- |[[Idoma]] |0.8 |- |[[Nupe]] |0.2 |- |[[Okpe]] |0.5 |- |[[Harshen Itsekiri]] |0.4 |} === Harsunan Afroasiatic === [[File:Afro_asiatic_peoples_nigeria.png|left|thumb|450x450px| Taswirar da ke nuna mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Afroasiatic a Najeriya]] == Harsunan Afroasiatic == Harsunan Afroasaitiatic sun rarrabu zuwa Chadic da Semitic da kuma Berber. Acikin waɗannan rabe-raben, harsunan Chadic sunfi yawa wanda ke da yaruka akalla 700 a ƙarkashinsa. Semitic ya kunshi harsunan Larabawa da ake amfani dasu a sassa daban-daban na yankin Arewacin Afurka. Sannan kuma Berber ya kunshi al'ummomi dake amfani da harsunan Tuareg dake can arewa-maso-yammacin Afurka. Harshen Hausa shine mafi sanannen harshe daga cikin harsunan Chadic duk da har yanzu babu takamaiman adadin masu amfani da harshen a Najeriya, akalla mutum miliyan 24 ke amfani da harshen a yankunan Afurka ta yamma, musamman a yankunan Sahel. Ainihin masu amfani da harshen suna zaune a yankin arewacin Najeriya kuma mafi akasarin masu yaren a Najeriya da sauran sassa Afurka musulmai ne. An sanya Hausa a kashin harsunan yammacin Chadi na rabe-raben harsunan Chadi wanda jigo ne daga cikin harsunan Afroasiatic. Al'adun Hausawa yayi kamaiceceniya kwarai da na Fulani tun bayan jihadin [[Shehu Usman Dan Fodio| Shehu DanFodio]] a karni na 19. Hausa ya kasance harshen asali na jihohi daban daban na arewacin Najeriya sannan daga ciki akwai muhimmi wanda shine Hausa garuruwan Hausa Bakwai. Har wayau akwai bambamce-bambamce harshe a tsakanin wadannan garuruwa na Hausa. Akwai Kananci wanda ake amfani da ita a Kano, akwai harsunan gabacin kasar Hausa wanda ake magana da ita a Zaria ''"Zazzaganci"'' da Bauchi; sannan akwai na yammacin yankin wanda ake amfani da ita a Sokoto ''"Sakkwatanci'' da kuma ''Katsinanci'' a Katsina. Sai kuma Arewanci wanda ake magana da ita a yankin Gobir ''"Gobiranci"'', Azara, Kebbi da kuma Zamfara ''"Zamfaranci"''. Sannan daga karshe akwai sabon samfuri da ya samo asali daga barikin soji watau ''"Barikanchi"''. Yawancin kalmomi da sautukan hausa sun samo asali ne daga kalmomin aro na Larabci. Wasu daga cikin sanannun harsunan Chadi sun hada da Mupun, Ngas, Goemai, Mwaghavul, Bole, Ngizim, Bade da kuma Bachama. Yankunan gabacin Najeriya da kuma cikin Cameroon sune aihin harsunan Chadi kamarsu Bura, Kamwe and Margi. Wadannan yarukann na da yawa matuka kuma akwai karancin bayanai akansu. Mafi akasarin Yarukan sun bace; bincike da Bernard Caron yayi a kudancin Bauchi ya nuna cewa mafi yawancin harsuna har da wadanda aka shigar da bayanansu a shekara ta 1970's sun bace. Duk da haka akwai sabbin yaruka Chadic da ake bayani akansu; kamar bayanin harshen Dyarim. Tarihi ya nuna cewa harshe Hausa dangane da sauran harsuna Afroasiatic kamarsu Kanuri, Margi da Bade an fara rubutasu ne yaren Larabci da Hausa da ake kira [[ajami]. Amma daga baya an canza zuwa sabon tsari na turawa wato [[boko]] wanda turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo a shekara ta 1930s. === Rassa da kuma Wurare === A kasa akwai jerin rassan yarukan Chadi dangane da wuraren da suke kamar yadda Blench (2019) ya zayyano.<ref name=":1">"Blench, Roger (2019). ''An Atlas of Nigerian Languages'' (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</ref> Kamar dai yankin Adamawa da Bantu, ana amfani da bakaken sirri a maimakonsu. {| class="wikitable" ! Reshe !! Lambobin sirri !! Wurin Asali |+ Rabe-raben Harsunan [[West Chadic languages#Names and locations|Yankunan yammacin Chadi]] |- | [[Hausa–Gwandara languages#Names and locations|Hausa–Gwandara]] || A1 || [[Arewacin Nigeria]] |- | [[Bole–Tangale languages#Names and locations|Bole–Tangale]] || A2 || [[Darazo]] LGA, [[Jihar Bauchi]]; jihar Yobe, Taraba, Gombe, Borno |- | [[Angas languages#Names and locations|Angas]] || A3 || [[Shendam]] and [[Mangu, Nigeria|Mangu]] LGAs, [[Jihar Plateau]] |- | [[Ron languages#Names and locations|Ron]] || A4 || [[Mangu, Nigeria|Mangu]] LGA, [[Jihar Plateau]] |- | [[Bade languages#Names and locations|Bade]] || B1 || [[Bade, Nigeria|Bade]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] |- | [[Warji languages#Names and locations|Warji]] (North Bauchi) || B2 || [[Darazo]] and [[Ningi, Nigeria|Ningi]] LGAs, [[Jihar Bauchi]] |- | [[Barawa languages#Names and locations|Barawa]] (South Bauchi) || B3 || [[Jihar Bauchi]] ([[Toro, Nigeria|Toro]], [[Dass, Nigeria|Dass]], [[Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi|Tafawa Balewa]], [[Bauchi]] LGAs) |} {| class="wikitable" ! Branch !! Code !! Primary locations |+ Rabe-raben harsunan [[Biu–Mandara languages#Names and locations|Biu–Mandara]] a Najeriya |- | Tera || A1 || [[Gombi]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] and [[Biu, Nigeria|Biu]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] |- | Bata || A8 || [[Mubi (town)|Mubi]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | Kamwe (Higi) || A3 || [[Michika]] LGA, Mubi North LGA, Hong LGA, Madagali LGA [[Jihar Adamawa]]; Askira/Uba LGA, [[Borno State]] |- | Mandara || A4 || [[Gwoza]] LGA, [[Jihar Borno]] and [[Michika]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |} == Harsunan Nijar-Congo == Nijar-Congo ta fi rinjaye a yankunan tsakiya, gabas da kudancin Nijeriya; manyan rassan da aka wakilta a Nijeriya sune Mande, Atlantic, Gur, Kwa, Benue-Congo da Adamawa-Ubangi.<ref>"Niger-Congo languages « Sorosoro". Retrieved 2020-05-30.</ref> Mande yana wakiltar busa da Kyenga a arewa maso yamma. Fulatanci ne guda Atlantic harshe, na Senegambian asalin amma yanzu magana da dabbõbin ni'ima da makiyaya a fadin yankin Sahel da kuma sun fi mayar a cikin jihohin Najeriya, musamman [[Adamawa]]. Ana magana da harsunan Ijoid a fadin Niger Delta kuma sun hada da Iuniw, Kalabari, da kuma sauran 'yan kungiyoyi masu ban mamaki na Defaka. Ana magana da harshen Efik a fadin kudu maso gabashin sashin Najeriya kuma ya hada da harsunan Ibibio, Annang, da kuma Efik daidai. Maganin Gur guda guda ne ake magana da ita ita ce Baatunun, a cikin matsanancin Arewa maso yamma. Ana magana da harshen Adamawa-Ubangi tsakanin tsakiyar Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya. Ma'aikatan su na yammaci a Nijeriya su ne harshen Tula-Waja. Kwararren Kwaran suna wakiltar su ne a yankin kudu maso yammaci, wanda ke da alaqa da harshen Turanci a [[Benin]] da [[Togo]]. Kayyadewa sauran sauran harsuna yana da rikici; [[Joseph Greenberg]] ya rubuta wadanda ba tare da sunaye ba, irin su Yoruba, Igbo, da Ibibio (Efik, Ibibio, da Annang), 'Eastern Kwa ' da wadanda ke da nau'o'in ' Benue-Congo '. Wannan ya sake komawa cikin littafi mai tasiri na shekara ta 1989 kuma ya nuna a kan taswirar harsuna a shekara ta 1992, inda dukkanin wadannan aka dauke Benue-Congo. Kwanan nan ra'ayi, duk da haka, ya sake komawa ga bambancin Greenberg. Ya kamata a karanta wallafe-wallafen tare da kulawa da kuma kulawa da kwanan wata. Akwai kananan gungiyoyin harshe a yankin Neja Confluence, musamman Ukaan, Akpes, Ayere-Ahan da kuma Magoya, wanda ba a taba jayayya da shiga cikin wadannan rukuni ba. Tsohon Eastern Kwa, watau Daga yammacin Benue-Congo za su hada da Igboid, watau [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Turanci]] daidai, Ukwuani, Ikwerre, Ekpeye da sauransu, Yoruboid, watau [[Yarbanci|Yar'Adua]], Itsekiri da Igala, Akokoid (kananan harsuna takwas a [[Ondo]], [[Edo]] da [[Kogi]]), Edoid ciki har da Edo (wani lokaci ana kiran su) Bini a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], Ibibio-Efik, Idomoid ( Idoma ) da Nupeid ( Nupe ) kuma watakila sun hada da da sauran harsuna da aka ambata a sama. An rarraba harshen Idoma a cikin rukunin Akweya na harsunan Idomoid na gidan Volta-Nijar, wanda ya hada da alago da Alago, Agatu, Etulo da Yala na [[Benue]], [[Nasarawa]] da jihohin arewacin Cross Cross. Kudancin Benue-Congo sun hada da Kainji, Filato (harsuna 46, kamar harshen Gamai ), Jukunoid, Dakoid da Cross River. Baya ga wadannan, akwai harsunan Bantoid da yawa, wanda shine harsunan nan da nan kakanninmu zuwa Bantu. Wadannan sun hada da harsunan Mambiloid, Ekoid, Bendi, Beboid, Grassfields da Tivoid. Kasuwanci na rarraba harsunan Niger-Congo a Najeriya ba ta iyakance ne a tsakiyar gabas da tsakiyar kudancin Nigeriya ba, yayin da gudun hijirar ya ba da damar yadawa zuwa ƙasashen Afro-Asia a arewacin Najeriya, da kuma a ko'ina cikin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] da kasashen waje. Harshen kalmomi kamar "ku" don<nowiki>'ku' ',' sooso 'don' kawai ',' obia 'don' 'likita' '' '</nowiki>, da dai sauransu. harshe a cikin ƙungiyoyi irin su Santeria a cikin Caribbean da Kudancin Tsakiya ta Tsakiya, da harshen Berbice Dutch a Surinam ya dogara da harshen Ijoid. Har ma da bambancin harshe da aka ambata a cikin Nijar-Congo a cikin Najeriya yana da iyakancewa, saboda waɗannan harsuna na iya ƙara ƙunshi harsunan yanki wanda bazai zama daidai da juna ba. Kamar yadda irin wa] annan harsuna, musamman wa] anda ke da yawancin masu magana, an daidaita su kuma sun karbi rubutun asalin. Kusan dukkanin harsuna suna bayyana a cikin haɗin Latin lokacin da aka rubuta. === Rassa da Wurarensu === A kasa akwai jerin harsunan Niger–Congo dangane da ainihin wurarensu kamar yadda Blench a shekara ta (2019) ya zayyano.<ref name=":1" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben harsunan [[Volta–Niger languages#Branches and locations|Volta–Niger]] da rassansu''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin Wuri |- | [[Akpes language#Names and locations|Akpes]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Ayere–Ahan languages#Names and locations|Ayere–Ahan]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Gbe languages|Gbe]] || [[Badagry]] LGA, [[Jihar Lagos]] and adjacent areas |- | [[Yoruboid languages#Names and locations|Yoruboid]] || Southwestern Nigeria |- | [[Edoid languages#Names and locations|Edoid]] || Rivers, Edo, Ondo, Delta States |- | [[Akoko language|Akoko]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |- | [[Igboid languages#Names and locations|Igboid]] || Anambra, Rivers, Delta States (excluding Igbo proper) |- | [[Nupoid languages#Names and locations|Nupoid]] || Niger, Kwara, Nasarawa States, Kogi, FCT |- | [[Oko language|Oko]] || [[Ogori-Magongo]] LGA, [[Jihar Kogi]] |- | [[Idomoid languages#Names and locations|Idomoid]] || Benue, Cross River, Nasarawa States |- | [[Ukaan language|Ukaan]] || Akoko North LGA, [[Jihar Ondo]] |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben Harsunan [[Benue–Congo languages#Branches and locations (Nigeria)|Benue–Congo]] a Nigeria''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin wuri |- | [[Cross River languages#Branches and locations|Cross River]] || Jihohin [[Cross River State|Cross River]], [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom]], and [[Rivers State|Rivers]] |- | [[Bendi languages#Names and locations|Bendi]] || [[Obudu]] and [[Ogoja]] LGAs, [[Jihar Cross River]] |- | [[Mambiloid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Mambiloid]] || [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Dakoid languages#Names and locations|Dakoid]] || [[Mayo Belwa]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] and adjacent areas |- | [[Jukunoid languages#Names and locations|Jukunoid]] || [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Yukubenic languages#Names and locations|Yukubenic]] || [[Takum]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Kainji languages#Names and locations|Kainji]] || [[Kauru]] LGA, [[Jihar Kaduna]] and [[Bassa, Plateau State|Bassa]] LGA, [[Jihar Plateau]]; [[Kainji Lake]] area |- | [[Plateau languages#Branches and locations|Plateau]] || [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Kaduna State|Kaduna]], and [[Nasarawa State|Nasarawa]] States |- | [[Tivoid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Tivoid]] || [[Obudu]] LGA, [[Jihar Cross River]] and [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba ]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Beboid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Beboid]] || [[Takum]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba ]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Ekoid languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Ekoid]] || [[Ikom]] and [[Ogoja]] LGAs, [[Jihar Cross River]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Grassfields languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Grassfields]] || [[Sardauna]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Jarawan languages#Names and locations|Jarawan]] || [[Bauchi State|Bauchi]], [[Plateau State|Plateau]], [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]], and [[Jihar Taraba|Taraba]] States |} {| class="wikitable" |+ '''Rabe-raben harsunan [[Savannas languages#Branches and locations (Nigeria)|Adamawa]] a Nigeria''' ! Reshe !! Ainihin wuri |- | [[Duru languages#Names and locations|Duru]] (Vere) || [[Fufore]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | [[Leko languages#Names and locations (Nigeria)|Leko]] || Jihohin [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] and [[Taraba State|Taraba]]; [[Cameroon]] |- | [[Mumuye languages#Names and locations|Mumuye]] || [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Yendang languages#Names and locations|Yendang]] || [[Mayo Belwa]] and [[Numan, Nigeria|Numan]] LGAs, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | [[Tula–Waja languages#Names and locations|Waja]] || [[Kaltungo]] and [[Balanga, Nigeria|Balanga]] LGAs, [[Jihar Gombe]] |- | ''[[Kam language (Nigeria)|Kam]]'' || [[Bali, Nigeria|Bali]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | ''[[Kwah language|Baa]]'' || [[Numan, Nigeria|Numan]] LGA, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |- | ''[[Laka language (Nigeria)|Laka]]'' || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] and [[Yola, Adamawa|Yola]] LGA, [[Adamawa State]] |- | [[Bikwin–Jen languages#Names and locations|Jen]] || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Bikwin–Jen languages#Names and locations|Bikwin]] || [[Karim Lamido]] LGA, [[Jihar Taraba]] |- | [[Bena–Mboi languages#Names da locations|Yungur]] || [[Song, Nigeria|Song]] da [[Guyuk, Nigeria|Guyuk]] LGAs, [[Jihar Adamawa]] |} == Harshen Nilo-Saharan == A Najeriya harsunan dangin Nilo Saharan na wakilai kamar haka: * Harsunan Sahara **[[Kanuri]] da [[Kanembu] a Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a jihar Borno, Yobe da kuma wasu jihohi kamar Jigawa da Bauchi. ** Harshen Teda a arewacin Najeriya. * Harsunan Songhai: Zarma ko Zabarma da Dendi a jihar Kebbi dake kusa da iyakar Ƙasar Nijar. * Harshen Lau Laka: harshen da aka gano kwanannan a yankin jihar Taraba. == Sunayen harsuna == Sunayen harsunan Nijeriya (Blench 2019; Ethnologue 22):<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya]</ref><ref> Blench, Roger (2019). [https://www.academia.edu/40463130/AN_ATLAS_OF_NIGERIAN_LANGUAGES Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed. IV] (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier & Blench 1992).</ref><ref>"Crozier, David Henry; Blench, Roger (1992). ''An Index of Nigerian languages''. Dallas: Summer Inst of Linguistics. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780883126110|<bdi>9780883126110</bdi>]].</ref><ref>"Ethnologue 15 report for Nigeria". ''archive.ethnologue.com''. Retrieved 2017-04-30.</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" | style="font-size: 85%;" | ! Harshe (suna daga Ethnologue) !! Harshe<br>(sunan Hausa) !! Al'umma<br>(sunan Hausa) !! Sunan kansu<br>(autonym) !! Sunaye !! Code (ISO) !! Rukuni |- | [[Harshen Larabci, Shuwa|Arabic, Shuwa]] || Shuwa-arab || Shuwa || || Arabe Choa, Chadian Arabic, Shua Arabic, Shuwa, Western Sudanic Arabic || [[:en:ISO 639:shu|shu]] || Semitic, Central, South, Arabic |- | [[Harshen Tamajaq, Tawallammat|Tamajaq, Tawallammat]] || || || || Azbinawa, Buzu, Tahoua Tamajeq, Tamajaq, Tamasheq, Tomacheck, Tuareg || [[:en:ISO 639:ttq|ttq]] || Berber, Tamasheq, Southern |- | [[Harshen Boga|Boga]] || || || || Boka || [[:en:ISO 639:bvw|bvw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Ga'anda|Ga'anda]] || || || Kaandata || Ga'ana, Ga'andu, Ganda, Kaandecha, Makwar, Mokar || [[:en:ISO 639:gqa|gqa]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Hwana|Hwana]] || || || Tuftera || Fiterya, Hona, Hwona || [[:en:ISO 639:hwo|hwo]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Jara|Jara]] || Jara || Jarawa || || Jera || [[:en:ISO 639:jaf|jaf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western |- | [[Harshen Tera|Tera]] || Tera || Terawa || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ttr|ttr]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western |- | [[Harshen Bura-Pabir|Bura-Pabir]] || Babur || Baburawa || || Babir, Babur, Barburr, Bourrah, Bura, Burra, Huve, Huviya, Kwojeffa, Mya Bura, Pabir || [[:en:ISO 639:bwr|bwr]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kibaku|Kibaku]] || || || || Chibbak, Chibbuk, [[Chibok]], Chibuk, Cibak, Cibuk, Kibbaku, Kikuk, Kyibaku || [[:en:ISO 639:ckl|ckl]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kofa|Kofa]] || || || || Kota || [[:en:ISO 639:kso|kso]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Putai|Marghi (Yamma)]] || Putai || || || Marghi West || [[:en:ISO 639:mfl|mfl]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 |- | [[Harshen Marghi (Kudu)|Marghi South]] || Marghi || || Margi || margi || [[:en:ISO 639:mfm|mfm]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Marghi (Tsakiya)|Marghi Central]] || || || Marghi, Margi || || [[:en:ISO 639:mrt|mrt]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Nya Huba|Nya Huba]] || || || || Chobba, Huba, Kilba || [[:en:ISO 639:hbb|hbb]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 |- | [[Harshen Nggwahyi|Nggwahyi]] || || || || Ngwaxi, Ngwohi || [[:en:ISO 639:ngx|ngx]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2 |- | [[Harshen Kamwe|Kamwe]] || || || Kamwǝ || Hiji, Vacamwe, “Higgi” (pej.), “Higi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:hig|hig]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Kirya-Konzel|Kirya-Konzel]] || || || myá Kákíryà, myá Kónzə̀l || Fali of Kiria, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Kirya, Fali of Mijilu, Karya, Kirya, Konzal || [[:en:ISO 639:fkk|fkk]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Hya|Hya]] || || || || Ghye, Hwate, Manta, Mukta, Munta, Za || [[:en:ISO 639:hya|hya]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Psikye|Psikye]] || || || || Kamsiki, Kapsiki, Ptsake || [[:en:ISO 639:kvj|kvj]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 |- | [[Harshen Hide|Hide]] || || || || Ftour, Hdi, Hedi, Tourou, Tur, Turu, Turu-Hide, Xedi || [[:en:ISO 639:xed|xed]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Lamang|Lamang]] || || || || Gbuhwe, Laamang, Waha || [[:en:ISO 639:hia|hia]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Vemgo-Mabas|Vemgo-Mabas]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:vem|vem]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang |- | [[Harshen Gvoko|Gvoko]] || || || || Gavoko, Gevoko, Ghboko, Kuvoko, Nggweshe, Ngoshe Sama, Ngoshe-Ndhang, Ngoshi, Ngossi, Ngweshe-Ndaghan || [[:en:ISO 639:ngs|ngs]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Glavda|Glavda]] || || || || Galavda, Galvaxdaxa, Gelebda, Glanda, Guelebda || [[:en:ISO 639:glw|glw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Guduf-Gava|Guduf-Gava]] || || || || Afkabiye, Gudupe || [[:en:ISO 639:gdf|gdf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Cineni|Cineni]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cie|cie]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Dghwede|Dghwede]] || || || || Azaghvana, Dehoxde, Hude, Johode, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude, Wa'a, Zaghvana || [[:en:ISO 639:dgh|dgh]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda |- | [[Harshen Wandala|Wandala]] || || || || Mandara, Ndara || [[:en:ISO 639:mfi|mfi]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Mandara |- | [[Harshen Mafa|Mafa]] || || || || Bula, Bulahai, Natakan, “Matakam” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:maf|maf]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5 |- | [[Harshen Sukur|Sukur]] || || || || Adikimmu Sukur, Gemasakun, Sakul, Sugur || [[:en:ISO 639:syk|syk]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.6 |- | [[Harshen Daba|Daba]] || || || || Dabba || [[:en:ISO 639:dbq|dbq]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7 |- | [[Harshen Bata|Bata]] || || || || Batta, Bete, Birsa, Bwaatye, Bwatiye, Demsa Bata, Dunu, Eastern Bwatiye, Gboati, Gbwata, Gbwate || [[:en:ISO 639:bta|bta]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Bacama|Bacama]] || || || || Abacama, Bachama, Bashama, Bashamma, Besema, Bwaatye, Bwareba, Bwatiye, Gboare || [[:en:ISO 639:bcy|bcy]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Fali|Fali]] || || || || Fali of Mubi, Fali of Muchella, Vimtim, Yimtim || [[:en:ISO 639:fli|fli]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Gude|Gude]] || || || Guɗe || Cheke, Goude, Mapodi, Mapuda, Mocigin, Motchekin, Mudaye, Shede, Tchade || [[:en:ISO 639:gde|gde]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Gudu|Gudu]] || || || || Gudo, Gutu || [[:en:ISO 639:gdu|gdu]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Holma|Holma]] || || || || Bali Holma, Da Holmaci || [[:en:ISO 639:hod|hod]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Ngwaba|Ngwaba]] || || || || Goba, Gombi || [[:en:ISO 639:ngw|ngw]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Nzanyi|Nzanyi]] || || || || Jeng, Jenge, Kobotshi, Njai, Njanyi, Njei, Njeing, Njeny, Nzangi, Zani, Zany || [[:en:ISO 639:nja|nja]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Zizilivakan|Zizilivakan]] || || || || Fali of Jilbu, Jilvu, Zhilvu, Ziliva, Ziziliveken, Àmzírív || [[:en:ISO 639:ziz|ziz]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8 |- | [[Harshen Yedina|Yedina]] || || || || Boudouma, Buduma, Yedana, Yedima, Yidana || [[:en:ISO 639:bdm|bdm]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Buduma |- | [[Harshen Afade|Afade]] || || || || Afada, Afadeh, Affade, Kotoko, Mogari || [[:en:ISO 639:aal|aal]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko Proper, North |- | [[Harshen Jilbe|Jilbe]] || || || || Zoulbou || [[:en:ISO 639:jie|jie]] || Chadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1 |- | [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] || [[Harshen Hausa]] || [[Hausawa]] || Hausa || Abakwariga, Habe, Haoussa, Hausawa, Kado, Mgbakpa || [[:en:ISO 639:hau|hau]] || Chadic, West, A, A.1 |- | [[Harshen Gwandara|Gwandara]] || || || || Kwandara || [[:en:ISO 639:gwn|gwn]] || Chadic, West, A, A.1 |- | [[Harshen Kubi|Kubi]] || [[Kubanci]] || [[Kubawa]] || || Be, Denawa, Deno, Denwa, Kuba, Kubawa || [[:en:ISO 639:kof|kof]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Beele|Beele]] || [[Belanci]] || [[Belawa]] / [[Bellawa]] || || Bele, Bellawa, Àbéélé || [[:en:ISO 639:bxq|bxq]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Bole|Bole]] || [[Bolanci]] || [[Bolawa]] / [[Bolewa]] || || Ampika, Bolanchi, Bolanci, Bolawa, Bolewa, Borpika || [[:en:ISO 639:bol|bol]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Bure|Bure]] || || || || Bubure || [[:en:ISO 639:bvh|bvh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Deno|Deno]] || [[Denanci]] || [[Denawa]] || || Be, Denawa, Denwa || [[:en:ISO 639:dbb|dbb]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Galambu|Galambu]] || || || || Galambe, Galambi, Galembi || [[:en:ISO 639:glo|glo]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Gera|Gera]] || [[Geranci]] || [[Gerawa]] || || Gerawa, Rawam || [[:en:ISO 639:gew|gew]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Geruma|Geruma]] || || || || Gerema, Germa || [[:en:ISO 639:gea|gea]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Giiwo|Giiwo]] || [[Kirifanci]] || [[Kirifawa]] || || Bu Giiwo, Kirfi, Kirifawa, Kirifi || [[:en:ISO 639:kks|kks]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Kholok|Kholok]] || || || || Kode, Koode, Kwoode, Pia, Pitiko, Widala, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:ktc|ktc]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Maaka|Maaka]] || || || || Maga, Magha, Maha, Maka || [[:en:ISO 639:mew|mew]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Ngamo|Ngamo]] || [[Gamanci]] || [[Gamawa]] || || Gamawa, Gamo, Ngamawa || [[:en:ISO 639:nbh|nbh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Nyam|Nyam]] || || || || Nyambolo || [[:en:ISO 639:nmi|nmi]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Bole Proper |- | [[Harshen Karekare|Karekare]] || || || || Karai Karai, Karai-karai, Karaikarai, Kerekere, Kerrikerri || [[:en:ISO 639:kai|kai]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, Karekare |- | [[Harshen Dera|Dera]] || || || || Kanakuru || [[:en:ISO 639:kna|kna]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Dera |- | [[Harshen Kushi|Kushi]] || || || || Chong'e, Goji, Kushe || [[:en:ISO 639:kuh|kuh]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Kutto|Kutto]] || || || || Kupto, Kúttò || [[:en:ISO 639:kpa|kpa]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Kwaami|Kwaami]] || [[Kwamanci]] || [[Komawa]] || || Komawa, Kwam, Kwamanchi, Kwami, Kwom || [[:en:ISO 639:ksq|ksq]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Pero|Pero]] || || || || Filiya, Pipero || [[:en:ISO 639:pip|pip]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Piya-Kwonci|Piya-Kwonci]] || || || Ambandi || Pia, Pitiko, Piya, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:piy|piy]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Tangale|Tangale]] || || || || Tangle || [[:en:ISO 639:tan|tan]] || Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale Proper |- | [[Harshen Mwaghavul|Mwaghavul]] || || || Mwaghavul || Maghavul, Sura || [[:en:ISO 639:sur|sur]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Cakfem-Mushere|Cakfem-Mushere]] || || || || Chakfem, Chokfem || [[:en:ISO 639:cky|cky]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Jorto|Jorto]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:jrt|jrt]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Kofyar|Kofyar]] || || || || Koffiar || [[:en:ISO 639:kwl|kwl]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Miship|Miship]] || || || || Chip, Cip, Ship || [[:en:ISO 639:mjs|mjs]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Ngas|Ngas]] || || || || Angas, Karang, Kerang || [[:en:ISO 639:anc|anc]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 1 |- | [[Harshen Pyapun|Pyapun]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:pcw|pcw]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Goemai|Goemai]] || || || || Ankwai, Ankwe, Ankwei, Gamai, Kemai || [[:en:ISO 639:ank|ank]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Koenoem|Koenoem]] || || || || Kanam || [[:en:ISO 639:kcs|kcs]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Montol|Montol]] || || || || Baltap, Montal, Teel, Tehl || [[:en:ISO 639:mtl|mtl]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Tal|Tal]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:tal|tal]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2 |- | [[Harshen Ywom|Ywom]] || [[Gerkanci]] || [[Gerkawa]], [[Garkawa]] || || Garkawa, Gerka, Gerkanchi, Gerkawa, Gurka, Yioum, Yiwom || [[:en:ISO 639:gek|gek]] || Chadic, West, A, A.3, Yiwom |- | [[Harshen Fyer|Fyer]] || || || || Fier || [[:en:ISO 639:fie|fie]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer |- | [[Harshen Tambas|Tambas]] || || || || Tambes, Tembis || [[:en:ISO 639:tdk|tdk]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Fyer |- | [[Harshen Mundat|Mundat]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:mmf|mmf]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Duhwa|Duhwa]] || || || || Karfa, Kerifa, Nzuhwi || [[:en:ISO 639:kbz|kbz]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Kulere|Kulere]] || || || || Akande, Akandi, Kande, Korom Boye, Tof || [[:en:ISO 639:kul|kul]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Ron|Ron]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cla|cla]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Sha|Sha]] || [[Calanci]] / [[Callanci]] || [[Calawa]] / [[Callawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:scw|scw]] || Chadic, West, A, A.4, Ron Proper |- | [[Harshen Bade|Bade]] || [[Badanci]] || || Gabaden || Badanci, Bedde, Bede, Gidgid || [[:en:ISO 639:bde|bde]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper |- | [[Harshen Ngizim|Ngizim]] || [[Ngizimanci]] || [[Ngizimawa]] || || Ngezzim, Ngizmawa || [[:en:ISO 639:ngi|ngi]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper |- | [[Harshen Duwai|Duwai]] || || || || Eastern Bade, Evji || [[:en:ISO 639:dbp|dbp]] || Chadic, West, B, B.1, Duwai |- | [[Harshen Ajawa|Ajawa]] || [[Ajanci]] || [[Ajawa]] || || Aja, Ajanci || [[:en:ISO 639:ajw|ajw]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Warji|Warji]] || [[Warjanci]], [[Saranci]] || [[Warjawa]], [[Sarawa]] || || Sar, Sarawa, Warja, Warjawa || [[:en:ISO 639:wji|wji]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Ciwogai|Ciwogai]] || || || || Sago, Tsagu || [[:en:ISO 639:tgd|tgd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Diri|Diri]] || [[Diryanci]] || [[Diryawa]] || || Diriya, Dirya, Diryawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dwa|dwa]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Kariya|Kariya]] || [[Kauyanci]], [[Lipkanci]] || [[Kauyawa]], [[Lipkawa]] || || Kariyu, Kauyawa, Lipkawa, Vinahe, Wihe || [[:en:ISO 639:kil|kil]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Mburku|Mburku]] || [[Burkanci]] || [[Burkanawa]] || || Barke, Barko, Burkanawa, Kariya, Lipkawa, Mburkanci, Wudufu, Wuufu || [[:en:ISO 639:bbt|bbt]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Miya|Miya]] || [[Miyanci]] || [[Miyawa]] || || Miyanci, Miyawa, Muya, vә́na mίy || [[:en:ISO 639:mkf|mkf]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Pa'a|Pa'a]] || [[Afanci]], [[Pa'anci]] || [[Afawa]], [[Pa'awa]] || || Afa, Afanci, Afawa, Fa'awa, Foni, Fucaka, Fuucəka, Pa'anci, Pa'awa, Pala || [[:en:ISO 639:pqa|pqa]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Siri|Siri]] || [[Siranci]] || [[Sirawa]] || || Sirawa || [[:en:ISO 639:sir|sir]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Zumbun|Zumbun]] || [[Jimbinanci]] || [[Jimbinawa]] || || Jimbin, Jimbinawa || [[:en:ISO 639:jmb|jmb]] || Chadic, West, B, B.2 |- | [[Harshen Boghom|Boghom]] || || || || Bogghom, Boghorom, Bohom, Bokiyim, Borrom, Burma, Burom, Burrum, Burum || [[:en:ISO 639:bux|bux]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Kir-Balar|Kir-Balar]] || [[Larbanci]] || [[Larbawa]] (Balar) || || Kir, Kirr || [[:en:ISO 639:kkr|kkr]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Mangas|Mangas]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:zns|zns]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Boghom |- | [[Harshen Jimi|Jimi]] || || || || Bi-Gimu || [[:en:ISO 639:jmi|jmi]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Guruntum-Mbaaru|Guruntum-Mbaaru]] || || || || Gurdung, Guruntum || [[:en:ISO 639:grd|grd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Ju|Ju]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:juu|juu]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Tala|Tala]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:tak|tak]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Zangwal|Zangwal]] || || || || Twar, Zwangal || [[:en:ISO 639:zah|zah]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Guruntum |- | [[Harshen Geji|Geji]] || [[Gejanci]] / [[Gezanci]], [[Kaiyoranci]] || [[Gejawa]] / [[Gezawa]], [[Kaiyorawa]] || || Gejawa, Gezawa, Kayauri || [[:en:ISO 639:gji|gji]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Luri|Luri]] || || || || Lúr || [[:en:ISO 639:ldd|ldd]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Polci|Polci]] || [[Polci]], [[Palci]] || [[Palsawa]], [[Zulawa]] || || Palchi, Palci, Polchi || [[:en:ISO 639:plj|plj]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Saya|Saya]] || [[Sayanci]] || || || Sayanci, Sayara, Sayawa, Seiyara, Seya, Seyawa, Vigzar, Vikzar, Zaar || [[:en:ISO 639:say|say]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Zari|Zari]] || || || || Zariwa || [[:en:ISO 639:zaz|zaz]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Zeem|Zeem]] || || || || Chaari || [[:en:ISO 639:zua|zua]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar Proper |- | [[Harshen Dass|Dass]] || [[Ɓaranci]], [[Zumbulanci]] / [[Dumbulanci]] || [[Ɓarawa]], [[Zumbulawa]] / [[Dumbulawa]] || || Barawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dot|dot]] || Chadic, West, B, B.3 |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Nigerian|Fulfulde, Nigerian]] || || || Fulfulde || || [[:en:ISO 639:fuv|fuv]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, East Central |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Adamawa|Fulfulde, Adamawa]] || [[Fillanci]], [[Fulatanci]] || || || Eastern Fulfulde, Fillanci, Fula, Fulani, Fulatanchi, Fulɓe, Fulfulde || [[:en:ISO 639:fub|fub]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Fulfulde, Benin-Togo|Fulfulde, Benin-Togo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fue|fue]] || Senegambian, Fula-Wolof, Fula, West Central |- | [[Harshen Defaka|Defaka]] || || || || Afakani, Defaka-Nkooro || [[:en:ISO 639:afn|afn]] || Ijoid, Defaka |- | [[Harshen Ijo, Southeast|Ijo, Southeast]] || || || || Brass Ijo, Brass-Nembe, Ijaw, Nembe-Akassa || [[:en:ISO 639:ijs|ijs]] || Ijoid, Ijo, East |- | [[Harshen Kalabari|Kalabari]] || || || Kalaḇari Bibi || Ịjọ || [[:en:ISO 639:ijn|ijn]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Ibani|Ibani]] || || || || Bonny, Ubani || [[:en:ISO 639:iby|iby]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Kirike|Kirike]] || || || Kịrịkẹ || Okrika || [[:en:ISO 639:okr|okr]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern, Eastern |- | [[Harshen Nkoroo|Nkoroo]] || || || || Nkoro || [[:en:ISO 639:nkx|nkx]] || Ijoid, Ijo, Eastern, Northeastern |- | [[Harshen Izon|Izon]] || || || || Central-Western Ijo, Ijaw, Ijo, Izo, Uzo || [[:en:ISO 639:ijc|ijc]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West Ijo |- | [[Harshen Okodia|Okodia]] || || || || Akita, Okordia || [[:en:ISO 639:okd|okd]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Biseni|Biseni]] || || || || Amegi, Buseni, Northeast Central Ijo || [[:en:ISO 639:ije|ije]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Oruma|Oruma]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:orr|orr]] || Ijoid, Ijo, West, Inland Ijo |- | [[Harshen Dirim|Dirim]] || || || || Daka, Dakka, Dirin, Dirrim || [[:en:ISO 639:dir|dir]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Dong|Dong]] || || || || Donga || [[:en:ISO 639:doh|doh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Gaa|Gaa]] || || || || Tiba || [[:en:ISO 639:ttb|ttb]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Lamja-Dengsa-Tola|Lamja-Dengsa-Tola]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ldh|ldh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Samba Daka|Samba Daka]] || || || || Chamba, Chamba Daka, Daka, Dakka, Dekka, Deng, Jama, Sama, Samba, Tchamba, Tikk, Tsamba || [[:en:ISO 639:ccg|ccg]] || Bantoid, Northern, Dakoid |- | [[Harshen Fam|Fam]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fam|fam]] || Bantoid, Northern, Fam |- | [[Harshen Mbongno|Mbongno]] || || || || Bungnu, Bungun, Bunu, Gbunhu, Kakaba, Kamkam || [[:en:ISO 639:bgu|bgu]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Mvanip|Mvanip]] || || || || Magu, Mvanlip, Mvano, Mvanon, Mvanöp || [[:en:ISO 639:mcj|mcj]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Ndunda|Ndunda]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nuh|nuh]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Somyev|Somyev]] || || || || Kila, Somyewe || [[:en:ISO 639:kgt|kgt]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Magu-Kamkam-Kila |- | [[Harshen Mambila, Nigeria|Mambila, Nigeria]] || || || || Bang, Lagubi, Mabila, Mambere, Mambilla, Nor, Nor Tagbo, Tongbo || [[:en:ISO 639:mzk|mzk]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Mambila |- | [[Harshen Njerep|Njerep]] || || || || Njerup || [[:en:ISO 639:njr|njr]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Mambila-Konja, Njerup |- | [[Harshen Ndoola|Ndoola]] || || || || Ndola, Ndoro, Njoyame, Nundoro || [[:en:ISO 639:ndr|ndr]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Ndoro |- | [[Harshen Vute|Vute]] || || || || Babute, Bute, Buti, Fute, Mbute, Mbutere, Mfuti, Vutere, Wetere, Wute || [[:en:ISO 639:vut|vut]] || Bantoid, Northern, Mambiloid, Suga-Vute, Vute |- | [[Harshen Bukwen|Bukwen]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:buz|buz]] || Bantoid, Southern, Beboid |- | [[Harshen Mashi|Mashi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:jms|jms]] || Bantoid, Southern, Beboid |- | [[Harshen Ekajuk|Ekajuk]] || || || || Akajo, Akajuk || [[:en:ISO 639:eka|eka]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Abanyom|Abanyom]] || || || || Abanyum, Befun, Bofon, Mbofon || [[:en:ISO 639:abm|abm]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Efutop|Efutop]] || || || || Agbaragba, Ofutop || [[:en:ISO 639:ofu|ofu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nde-Nsele-Nta|Nde-Nsele-Nta]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ndd|ndd]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nkem-Nkum|Nkem-Nkum]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:isi|isi]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Nnam|Nnam]] || || || || Ndem || [[:en:ISO 639:nbp|nbp]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid, Bakor |- | [[Harshen Ejagham|Ejagham]] || || || || Ekoi || [[:en:ISO 639:etu|etu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid |- | [[Harshen Ndoe|Ndoe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nbb|nbb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Ekoid |- | [[Harshen Mbat|Mbat]] || [[Ɓadanci]] || [[Ɓadawa]] || || Bada', Badanchi, Badawa, Bat, Garaka, Jar, Jarawan Kogi, Kanna, Mbada, Mbadawa, Plains Jarawa, River Jarawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bau|bau]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mbula-Bwazza|Mbula-Bwazza]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:mbu|mbu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Ɓille|Bille]] || [[Ɓillanci]] || || || Bile, Bili, Billanchi, Kunbille || [[:en:ISO 639:bil|bil]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Kulung|Kulung]] || || || || Bakuli, Bakulu, Bakulung, Bambur, Kukulung, Kulu, Kuluno, Wo, Wurkum || [[:en:ISO 639:bbu|bbu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Labir|Labir]] || [[Jakanci]] || || || Jakanci, Jaku, Jakun, Labur || [[:en:ISO 639:jku|jku]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Bankal|Bankal]] || [[Bankalanci]], [[Baranci]], [[Jaranci]] || [[Jarawa]] || || Bankala, Bankalanci, Baranci, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Kasa, Zhar || [[:en:ISO 639:jjr|jjr]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Duguri|Duguri]] || [[Duguranci]] || [[Dugurawa]] || || Doori, Dugarwa, Duguranchi, Dugurawa, Dukuri || [[:en:ISO 639:dbm|dbm]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Dulbu|Dulbu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:dbo|dbo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Gwa|Gwa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gwb|gwb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Gwak|Gwak]] || [[Jaranci]], [[Bankalanci]] || [[Jarawa]], [[Bankalawa]] || Gwak || Bankalawa, Gingwak, Jar, Jaracin Kasa, Jaranchi, Jaranci, Jarancin Kasa, Jarawa, Jarawan Bununu, Jarawan Kasa, Lasjar || [[:en:ISO 639:jgk|jgk]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Lame|Lame]] || [[Rufanci]], [[Bomberanci]] || [[Rufawa]], [[Bomberawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bma|bma]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mama|Mama]] || || || || Kantana, Kwarra || [[:en:ISO 639:mma|mma]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Shiki|Shiki]] || [[Gubanci]] || [[Gubawa]] || || Guba, Gubawa, Gubi, Mashiki || [[:en:ISO 639:gua|gua]] || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Damlanci|Damlanci]] || [[Damlanci]] || [[Damlawa]] || || || || Bantoid, Southern, Jarawan, Nigerian |- | [[Harshen Mbe|Mbe]] || || || Mbe || Ketuen, Western Mbube || [[:en:ISO 639:mfo|mfo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Mbe |- | [[Harshen Otank|Otank]] || || || || Itang, Itank, Otang, Otanga, Utanga, Utange, Utank || [[:en:ISO 639:uta|uta]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Abon|Abon]] || || || || Abong, Abõ, Ba'ban || [[:en:ISO 639:abo|abo]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Ambo|Ambo]] || || || || Timap || [[:en:ISO 639:amb|amb]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Batu|Batu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:btu|btu]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Bitare|Bitare]] || || || || Njwande, Yukutare || [[:en:ISO 639:brt|brt]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Esimbi|Esimbi]] || || || || Aage, Age, Bogue, Eshimbi, Essimbi, Isimbi, Mburugam, Simpi || [[:en:ISO 639:ags|ags]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Evant|Evant]] || || || || Avand, Avande, Balegete, Belegete, Evand, Ovand, Ovande, Ovando || [[:en:ISO 639:bzz|bzz]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Iceve-Maci|Iceve-Maci]] || || || || Icheve, Oceve, Ochebe, Ocheve, Utse, Utser, Utseu || [[:en:ISO 639:bec|bec]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Iyive|Iyive]] || || || || Asumbo, Ndir, Uive, Yiive || [[:en:ISO 639:uiv|uiv]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Tiv|Tiv]] || || || Tiv || || [[:en:ISO 639:tiv|tiv]] || Bantoid, Southern, Tivoid |- | [[Harshen Kpati|Kpati]] || || || || Bati, Dong, Kam || [[:en:ISO 639:koc|koc]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Ngemba |- | [[Harshen Lidzonka|Lidzonka]] || || || || Adere, Adiri, Dzodinka || [[:en:ISO 639:add|add]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Limbum|Limbum]] || || || || Kambu, Wimbum || [[:en:ISO 639:lmp|lmp]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Yamba|Yamba]] || || || || Mbem, “Kaka” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yam|yam]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, Nkambe |- | [[Harshen Lamnso'|Lamnso']] || || || || Bansaw, Banso, Banso', Lamnsok, Lamso, Nsaw, Nsho', Nso, Nso', Panso || [[:en:ISO 639:lns|lns]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Ring, East |- | [[Harshen Nde-Gbite|Nde-Gbite]] || || || || Biti, Bötö || [[:en:ISO 639:ned|ned]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Viti|Viti]] || || || || Vötö || [[:en:ISO 639:vit|vit]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Fum|Fum]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fum|fum]] || Bantoid, Southern, Wide Grassfields, Narrow Grassfields |- | [[Harshen Áncá|Áncá]] || || || || Bunta || [[:en:ISO 639:acb|acb]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Buru|Buru]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bqw|bqw]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Nshi|Nshi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nsc|nsc]] || Bantoid, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Bete-Bendi|Bete-Bendi]] || || || || Bette-Bendi, Dama || [[:en:ISO 639:btt|btt]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Elege|Elege]] || || || || Alege, Alegi, Ugbe, Uge || [[:en:ISO 639:alf|alf]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bekwarra|Bekwarra]] || || || || Bekworra, Ebekwara, Yakoro || [[:en:ISO 639:bkv|bkv]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bokyi|Bokyi]] || || || || Boki, Nfua, Nki, Okii, Osikom, Osukam, Uki, Vaaneroki || [[:en:ISO 639:bky|bky]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bukpe|Bukpe]] || || || || Ukpe, Ukpe-Bayobiri || [[:en:ISO 639:ukp|ukp]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Bumaji|Bumaji]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byp|byp]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Obanliku|Obanliku]] || || || || Abanglekuo, Abanliku || [[:en:ISO 639:bzy|bzy]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Ubang|Ubang]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:uba|uba]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike|Utugwang-Irungene-Afrike]] || || || || Ebe Cluster, Putukwam || [[:en:ISO 639:afe|afe]] || Cross River, Bendi |- | [[Harshen Odual|Odual]] || || || Ọḍual || Onu Oḍual, Saka || [[:en:ISO 639:odu|odu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual |- | [[Harshen Abua|Abua]] || || || Abuan || || [[:en:ISO 639:abn|abn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Abua-Odual |- | [[Harshen Kugbo|Kugbo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kes|kes]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta, Kugbo |- | [[Harshen Abureni|Abureni]] || || || || Mini || [[:en:ISO 639:mgj|mgj]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen O'chi'chi'|O'chi'chi']] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:xoc|xoc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Obulom|Obulom]] || || || || Abuloma || [[:en:ISO 639:obu|obu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbia|Ogbia]] || || || || Ogbinya || [[:en:ISO 639:ogb|ogb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbogolo|Ogbogolo]] || || || || Obogolo || [[:en:ISO 639:ogg|ogg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ogbronuagum|Ogbronuagum]] || || || || Bukuma, Obronuagum || [[:en:ISO 639:ogu|ogu]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Central Delta |- | [[Harshen Ebughu|Ebughu]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:ebg|ebg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ebughu |- | [[Harshen Efai|Efai]] || || || || Effiat || [[:en:ISO 639:efa|efa]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efai |- | [[Harshen Anaang|Anaang]] || || || Anaañ || Anang, Annang || [[:en:ISO 639:anw|anw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Efik|Efik]] || || || Efik || Calabar || [[:en:ISO 639:efi|efi]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ibibio|Ibibio]] || || || Ibibio || || [[:en:ISO 639:ibb|ibb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ukwa|Ukwa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ukq|ukq]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Efik |- | [[Harshen Ekit|Ekit]] || || || || Eket || [[:en:ISO 639:eke|eke]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit |- | [[Harshen Etebi|Etebi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:etb|etb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ekit |- | [[Harshen Enwan|Enwan]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:enw|enw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda |- | [[Harshen Uda|Uda]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:uda|uda]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Enwang-Uda |- | [[Harshen Ibino|Ibino]] || || || || Ibeno, Ibuno || [[:en:ISO 639:ibn|ibn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibino |- | [[Harshen Ibuoro|Ibuoro]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ibr|ibr]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Ito|Ito]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:itw|itw]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Itu Mbon Uzo|Itu Mbon Uzo]] || || || || Itu Mbon Uso, Itu Mbuzo || [[:en:ISO 639:itm|itm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Nkari|Nkari]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nkz|nkz]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ibuoro |- | [[Harshen Iko|Iko]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:iki|iki]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Iko |- | [[Harshen Ilue|Ilue]] || || || || Idua || [[:en:ISO 639:ilv|ilv]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Ilue |- | [[Harshen Okobo|Okobo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:okb|okb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Okobo |- | [[Harshen Oro|Oro]] || || || || Oron || [[:en:ISO 639:orx|orx]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Oro |- | [[Harshen Usaghade|Usaghade]] || || || || Isangele, Usakade, Usakedet || [[:en:ISO 639:usk|usk]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo, Usaghade |- | [[Harshen Eki|Eki]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:eki|eki]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Idere|Idere]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ide|ide]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Obolo|Obolo]] || || || Obolo || Andone, Andoni, Andonni || [[:en:ISO 639:ann|ann]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Lower Cross, Obolo |- | [[Harshen Khana|Khana]] || || || || Kana, Ogoni || [[:en:ISO 639:ogo|ogo]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Gokana|Gokana]] || || || Gokana || || [[:en:ISO 639:gkn|gkn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Tee|Tee]] || || || || Tai || [[:en:ISO 639:tkq|tkq]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, East |- | [[Harshen Baan|Baan]] || || || || Baan-Ogoi, Goi, Ogoi || [[:en:ISO 639:bvj|bvj]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West |- | [[Harshen Eleme|Eleme]] || || || Eleme || || [[:en:ISO 639:elm|elm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Ogoni, West |- | [[Harshen Agoi|Agoi]] || || || || Ibami, Ro Bambami, Wa Bambani, Wagoi || [[:en:ISO 639:ibm|ibm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Bakpinka|Bakpinka]] || || || || Begbungba, Iyongiyong, Iyoniyong, Uwet || [[:en:ISO 639:bbs|bbs]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Doko-Uyanga|Doko-Uyanga]] || || || || Basanga, Dosanga, Iko, Uyanga || [[:en:ISO 639:uya|uya]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Agoi-Doko-Iyoniyong |- | [[Harshen Ukpet-Ehom|Ukpet-Ehom]] || || || || Akpet-Ehom || [[:en:ISO 639:akd|akd]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Akpet |- | [[Harshen Olulumo-Ikom|Olulumo-Ikom]] || || || || Lulumo || [[:en:ISO 639:iko|iko]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Ikom |- | [[Harshen Lokaa|Lokaa]] || || || Lokạạ || Loka, Loke, Loko, Lokǝ, Lokö, Luko, Yakurr, Yakö || [[:en:ISO 639:yaz|yaz]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Lubila|Lubila]] || || || || Kabila, Kabire, Lubilo, Ofor, Ojor || [[:en:ISO 639:kcc|kcc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Nkukoli|Nkukoli]] || || || || Ekuri, Lokoli, Lokukoli, Nkokolle || [[:en:ISO 639:nbo|nbo]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Loko |- | [[Harshen Legbo|Legbo]] || || || || Agbo, Gbo, Igbo, Imaban, Itigidi, Leggbo || [[:en:ISO 639:agb|agb]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Lenyima|Lenyima]] || || || || Anyima, Inyima || [[:en:ISO 639:ldg|ldg]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Leyigha|Leyigha]] || || || || Asiga, Assiga, Ayiga, Ayigha, Yigha || [[:en:ISO 639:ayi|ayi]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Legbo |- | [[Harshen Mbembe, Cross River|Mbembe, Cross River]] || || || || Ekokoma, Ifunubwa, Oderiga, Ofunobwam, Okam, Wakande || [[:en:ISO 639:mfn|mfn]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, East-West, Mbembe-Legbo, Mbembe |- | [[Harshen Oring|Oring]] || || || || Koring, Orri, Orrin, Orringorrin || [[:en:ISO 639:org|org]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Koring |- | [[Harshen Kukele|Kukele]] || || || || Bakele, Ukele || [[:en:ISO 639:kez|kez]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele |- | [[Harshen Uzekwe|Uzekwe]] || || || || Ezekwe || [[:en:ISO 639:eze|eze]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Koring-Kukele, Kukele |- | [[Harshen Agwagwune|Agwagwune]] || || || || Agwaguna, Akurakura, Gwune, Okurikan, “Akunakuna” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yay|yay]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Hohumono|Hohumono]] || || || || Bahumono, Bhahumono, Ediba, Ekumuru, Humono, Kohumono, Ohumono || [[:en:ISO 639:bcs|bcs]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Umon|Umon]] || || || || Amon || [[:en:ISO 639:umm|umm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Kohumono |- | [[Harshen Ubaghara|Ubaghara]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byc|byc]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Central, North-South, Ubaghara-Kohumono, Ubaghara |- | [[Harshen Kiong|Kiong]] || || || || Akayon, Akoiyang, Iyoniyong, Okonyong, Okoyong, Äkäyön~ || [[:en:ISO 639:kkm|kkm]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Korop|Korop]] || || || || Durop, Kurop, Ododop || [[:en:ISO 639:krp|krp]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Odut|Odut]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oda|oda]] || Cross River, Delta Cross, Upper Cross, Kiong-Korop |- | [[Harshen Akpes|Akpes]] || || || || Ibaram-Efifa || [[:en:ISO 639:ibe|ibe]] || Akpes |- | [[Harshen Arigidi|Arigidi]] || || || || North Akoko || [[:en:ISO 639:aqg|aqg]] || Defoid, Akokoid |- | [[Harshen Àhàn|Àhàn]] || || || || Ahaan || [[:en:ISO 639:ahn|ahn]] || Defoid, Ayere-Ahan |- | [[Harshen Ayere|Ayere]] || || || || Iluwu, Mayin nuwu, Oyuwu, Uwu || [[:en:ISO 639:aye|aye]] || Defoid, Ayere-Ahan |- | [[Harshen Isekiri|Isekiri]] || || || Iṣekiri || Chekiri, Irhobo, Iselema-Otu, Ishekiri, Itsekiri, Iwere, Jekri, Selemo, Shekiri, Warri || [[:en:ISO 639:its|its]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Ulukwumi|Ulukwumi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ulb|ulb]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Yoruba|Yoruba]] || [[Yarbanci]] || || Èdè Yorùbá || Yariba, Yooba, Yorùbá || [[:en:ISO 639:yor|yor]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Edekiri |- | [[Harshen Igala|Igala]] || || || Igala || Igara || [[:en:ISO 639:igl|igl]] || Defoid, Yoruboid, Igala |- | [[Harshen Degema|Degema]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:deg|deg]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Engenni|Engenni]] || || || || Egene, Ngene || [[:en:ISO 639:enn|enn]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Epie|Epie]] || || || || Epie-Atissa || [[:en:ISO 639:epi|epi]] || Edoid, Delta |- | [[Harshen Edo|Edo]] || || || Edo || Addo, Benin, Bini, Oviedo, Ovioba || [[:en:ISO 639:bin|bin]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Emai-Iuleha-Ora|Emai-Iuleha-Ora]] || || || || Ivbiosakon, Kunibum || [[:en:ISO 639:ema|ema]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Esan|Esan]] || || || || Anwain, Esa, Isa, Ishan || [[:en:ISO 639:ish|ish]] || Edoid, North-Central, Edo-Esan-Ora |- | [[Harshen Enwan|Enwan]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:env|env]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Etsako|Etsako]] || || || || Afenmai, Etsakor, Iyekhee, Yekhee, “Kukuruku” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:ets|ets]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ghotuo|Ghotuo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:aaa|aaa]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Igwe|Igwe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:igw|igw]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ikpeshi|Ikpeshi]] || || || || Ekpeshe, Ikpeshe || [[:en:ISO 639:ikp|ikp]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe|Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:atg|atg]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ososo|Ososo]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oso|oso]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Sasaru|Sasaru]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:sxs|sxs]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Uneme|Uneme]] || || || || Ileme, Ineme, Uleme || [[:en:ISO 639:une|une]] || Edoid, North-Central, Ghotuo-Uneme-Yekhee |- | [[Harshen Ihievbe|Ihievbe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ihi|ihi]] || Edoid, North-Central |- | [[Harshen Ehueun|Ehueun]] || || || || Ekpenmen, Ekpimi, Epimi || [[:en:ISO 639:ehu|ehu]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Iyayu|Iyayu]] || || || || Idoani || [[:en:ISO 639:iya|iya]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Uhami|Uhami]] || || || || Ishua || [[:en:ISO 639:uha|uha]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Ukue|Ukue]] || || || || Ekpenmen, Ekpenmi, Epinmi, Ukpe || [[:en:ISO 639:uku|uku]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Osse |- | [[Harshen Akuku|Akuku]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ayk|ayk]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Idesa|Idesa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ids|ids]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Okpamheri|Okpamheri]] || || || || Opameri || [[:en:ISO 639:opa|opa]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Okpe|Okpe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:okx|okx]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Oloma|Oloma]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:olm|olm]] || Edoid, Northwestern, Southern |- | [[Harshen Aduge|Aduge]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:adu|adu]] || Edoid, Northwestern |- | [[Harshen Eruwa|Eruwa]] || || || || Arokwa, Erakwa, Erohwa || [[:en:ISO 639:erh|erh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Isoko|Isoko]] || || || Isoko || || [[:en:ISO 639:iso|iso]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Okpe|Okpe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:oke|oke]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Urhobo|Urhobo]] || || || Urhobo || Biotu, “Sobo” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:urh|urh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Uvbie|Uvbie]] || || || || Effurun, Evrie, Uvhria, Uvwie, “Evhro” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:evh|evh]] || Edoid, Southwestern |- | [[Harshen Eloyi|Eloyi]] || || || Eloyi || Afao, Afo, Afu, Aho, Epe, Keffi || [[:en:ISO 639:afo|afo]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Eloyi |- | [[Harshen Etulo|Etulo]] || || || || Eturo, Turumawa, Utur || [[:en:ISO 639:utr|utr]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Etulo |- | [[Harshen Agatu|Agatu]] || || || || North Idoma, Ochekwu || [[:en:ISO 639:agc|agc]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Alago|Alago]] || || || Alago || Arago, Aragu, Argo, Idoma Nokwu || [[:en:ISO 639:ala|ala]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Idoma|Idoma]] || || || Idoma || || [[:en:ISO 639:idu|idu]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Igede|Igede]] || || || || Egede, Igedde || [[:en:ISO 639:ige|ige]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Yala|Yala]] || || || Yala || Iyala || [[:en:ISO 639:yba|yba]] || Idomoid, Akweya, Etulo-Idoma, Idoma |- | [[Harshen Akpa|Akpa]] || || || || Akweya || [[:en:ISO 639:akf|akf]] || Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa |- | [[Harshen Yace|Yace]] || || || || Ekpari, Iyace, Yache, Yatye || [[:en:ISO 639:ekr|ekr]] || Idomoid, Yatye-Akpa |- | [[Harshen Ebira|Ebira]] || || || Ebira || Egbira, Egbura, Ibara, Igbarra, Igbira, Igbirra, Katawa, Kotokori, Kwotto || [[:en:ISO 639:igb|igb]] || Nupoid, Ebira-Gade |- | [[Harshen Gade|Gade]] || || || || Gede || [[:en:ISO 639:ged|ged]] || Nupoid, Ebira-Gade |- | [[Harshen Gbagyi|Gbagyi]] || || || || East Gwari, Gbagye, Gwari, Gwari Matai, Ibagyi || [[:en:ISO 639:gbr|gbr]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari |- | [[Harshen Gbari|Gbari]] || || || || Gbari Yamma, Gwari Yamma, Nkwa, West Gwari || [[:en:ISO 639:gby|gby]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Gbagyi-Gbari |- | [[Harshen Asu|Asu]] || || || || Abewa, Ebe || [[:en:ISO 639:aum|aum]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Gupa-Abawa|Gupa-Abawa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gpa|gpa]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kakanda|Kakanda]] || || || || Adyaktye, Akanda, Hyabe || [[:en:ISO 639:kka|kka]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kami|Kami]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kmi|kmi]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Kupa|Kupa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kug|kug]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Nupe-Nupe-Tako|Nupe-Nupe-Tako]] || [[Nupenci]] || [[Nufawa]] || Nupe || Nufawa, Nupeci, Nupenchi || [[:en:ISO 639:nup|nup]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi, Nupe |- | [[Harshen Dibo|Dibo]] || [[Ganaganci]] || [[Ganagawa]] || || Ganagana, Ganagawa, Shitako, Zhitako, Zitako || [[:en:ISO 639:dio|dio]] || Nupoid, Nupe-Gbagyi |- | [[Harshen Oko-Eni-Osayen|Oko-Eni-Osayen]] || || || || Ogori-Magongo, Oko || [[:en:ISO 639:oks|oks]] || Oko |- | [[Harshen Ukaan|Ukaan]] || || || || AIKA (Ayanran-Ishe-Kakumo-Auga), Anyaran, Auga, Ikan, Kakumo || [[:en:ISO 639:kcf|kcf]] || Ukaan |- | [[Harshen Ekpeye|Ekpeye]] || || || || Ekkpahia, Ekpabya, Ekpaffia || [[:en:ISO 639:ekp|ekp]] || Igboid, Ekpeye |- | [[Harshen Ika|Ika]] || || || Ika || || [[:en:ISO 639:ikk|ikk]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ezaa|Ezaa]] || || || Ezaa || Eza, Ezza || [[:en:ISO 639:eza|eza]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Igbo|Igbo]] || || || Igbo || Ibo || [[:en:ISO 639:ibo|ibo]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ikwere|Ikwere]] || || || Ikwerre || Ikwerri || [[:en:ISO 639:ikw|ikw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ikwo|Ikwo]] || || || Ikwo || || [[:en:ISO 639:iqw|iqw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Izii|Izii]] || || || Izii || Izhi, Izi, Izzi || [[:en:ISO 639:izz|izz]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Mgbolizhia|Mgbolizhia]] || || || Mgbolizhia || Mgbo, Ngbo || [[:en:ISO 639:gmz|gmz]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ogbah|Ogbah]] || || || Ọgba || Ogba, Olu Ọgba || [[:en:ISO 639:ogc|ogc]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni|Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ukw|ukw]] || Igboid, Igbo |- | [[Harshen Hõne|Hõne]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:juh|juh]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jibu|Jibu]] || [[Jibanci]] || [[Jibawa]] || Jibu || Jibanci, Jibawa || [[:en:ISO 639:jib|jib]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jukun Takum|Jukun Takum]] || || || || Diyi, Jukun, Njikum || [[:en:ISO 639:jbu|jbu]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Wãpha|Wãpha]] || || || || Wase, Wase Tofa || [[:en:ISO 639:juw|juw]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Jukun |- | [[Harshen Jiba|Jiba]] || || || || Bajibaro, Jibe, Jibi, Jukun Kona, Kona || [[:en:ISO 639:juo|juo]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Wannu|Wannu]] || || || || Abinsi, Awannu, Jukun Abinsi, River Jukun || [[:en:ISO 639:jub|jub]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Wapan|Wapan]] || || || || Jinkum, Jukon, Juku, Juku Junkun, Jukum, Jukun Wapan, Jukun Wukari, Wakari, Wapã, Wukari || [[:en:ISO 639:juk|juk]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Kororofa |- | [[Harshen Mbembe, Tigon|Mbembe, Tigon]] || || || || Akonto, Akwanto, Noale, Tigim, Tigon, Tigong, Tukun || [[:en:ISO 639:nza|nza]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Mbembe |- | [[Harshen Shoo-Minda-Nye|Shoo-Minda-Nye]] || [[Bandanci]] || [[Bandawa]] (Shoo) || || Bakula || [[:en:ISO 639:bcv|bcv]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Como Karim|Como Karim]] || || || || Asom, Bakula, Chomo, Kinzimba, Kirim, Kiyu, Nuadhu, Shomo Karim, Shomoh, Shomong || [[:en:ISO 639:cfg|cfg]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Jiru|Jiru]] || || || || Atak, Bakula, Kir, Wiyap, Zhiru || [[:en:ISO 639:jrr|jrr]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Tita|Tita]] || || || || Hoai Petel || [[:en:ISO 639:tdq|tdq]] || Jukunoid, Central, Jukun-Mbembe-Wurbo, Wurbo |- | [[Harshen Etkywan|Etkywan]] || || || || Etekwe, Icen, Ichen, Itchen, Kentu, Kyanton, Kyato, Nyidu || [[:en:ISO 639:ich|ich]] || Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen |- | [[Harshen Kpan|Kpan]] || || || || Abakan, Hwaso, Hwaye, Ibukwo, Ikpan, Kpanten, Kpwate, Nyatso, Nyonyo, Yorda || [[:en:ISO 639:kpk|kpk]] || Jukunoid, Central, Kpan-Icen |- | [[Harshen Akum|Akum]] || || || || Aakuem, Anyar, Oakuem || [[:en:ISO 639:aku|aku]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Kapya|Kapya]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:klo|klo]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Kutep|Kutep]] || || || Kuteb || Ati, Kutev, Mbarike, Zumper, “Jompre” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:kub|kub]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Yukuben|Yukuben]] || || || || Ayikiben, Balaabe, Balaaben, Boritsu, Nyikobe, Nyikuben, Oohum, Uhumkhegi, Uhumkiji, Uuhum, Uuhum-Gigi || [[:en:ISO 639:ybl|ybl]] || Jukunoid, Yukuben-Kuteb |- | [[Harshen Bete|Bete]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:byf|byf]] || Jukunoid |- | [[Harshen Amo|Amo]] || || || Timap || Amap, Amon, Among, Ba || [[:en:ISO 639:amo|amo]] || Kainji, Eastern, Amo |- | [[Harshen Gamo-Ningi|Gamo-Ningi]] || [[Butanci]] (Gamo) || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bte|bte]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Gyem|Gyem]] || [[Gyemanci]] / [[Gemanci]] || [[Gyemawa]] / [[Gemawa]] || || Gema, Gemawa, Gyam, Gyemawa || [[:en:ISO 639:gye|gye]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Iguta|Iguta]] || || || || Anaguta, Naraguta || [[:en:ISO 639:nar|nar]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Izora|Izora]] || [[Cokobanci]] || [[Cokobawa]] || || Chokobo, Cokobanci, Cokobawa, Ndazora, Zora || [[:en:ISO 639:cbo|cbo]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Janji|Janji]] || || || || Ajanji, Anafejanzi, Jenji, Tijanji || [[:en:ISO 639:jni|jni]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Jere|Jere]] || [[Gusanci]] (Gusu), [[Jeriyanci]] (Azelle), [[Ipananci]] / [[Unupananci]] / [[Pananci]] || [[Gusawa]] (Gusu), [[Jeriyawa]] (Azelle), [[Ipanawa]] / [[Unupanawa]] || || Jeere, Jera || [[:en:ISO 639:jer|jer]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Kudu-Camo|Kudu-Camo]] || [[Kudanci]] || [[Kudawa]] || || Kuda-Chamo, Kudawa || [[:en:ISO 639:kov|kov]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Lemoro|Lemoro]] || || || || Anemoro, Anowuru, Emoro, Limorro || [[:en:ISO 639:ldj|ldj]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Lere|Lere]] || [[Gananci]] || [[Rishuwa]] (Si), [[Ganawa]] (Gana) || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gnh|gnh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Sanga|Sanga]] || || || || Asanga, Isanga || [[:en:ISO 639:xsn|xsn]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Shau|Shau]] || || || || Lìsháù, Sho || [[:en:ISO 639:sqh|sqh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Sheni|Sheni]] || [[Shenanci]] || || || Shaini, Shani, Shenanci || [[:en:ISO 639:scv|scv]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Tunzuii|Tunzuii]] || || || || Dugusa, Duguza, Itunzu || [[:en:ISO 639:dza|dza]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Ziriya|Ziriya]] || || || || Jiriya || [[:en:ISO 639:zir|zir]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Jera |- | [[Harshen Bina|Bina]] || [[Binanci]] || [[Binawa]] || || Abin, Binawa, Bogana, Ibin, Tibin || [[:en:ISO 639:byj|byj]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Dungu|Dungu]] || [[Dunjanci]] || [[Dunjawa]] || || Dingi, Dungi, Dunjawa, Dwingi || [[:en:ISO 639:dbv|dbv]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kaivi|Kaivi]] || || || || Kaibi || [[:en:ISO 639:kce|kce]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kinuku|Kinuku]] || || || || Kinugu, Kinuka || [[:en:ISO 639:kkd|kkd]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kono|Kono]] || || || || Konu, Kwono || [[:en:ISO 639:klk|klk]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Kurama|Kurama]] || || || || Akurmi, Akurumi, Azumu, Bagwama, Tikurami || [[:en:ISO 639:krh|krh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Mala|Mala]] || || || || Amala, Rumaiya, Rumaya, Tumala || [[:en:ISO 639:ruy|ruy]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Ruma|Ruma]] || || || || Bagwama, Rurama, Ruruma, Turama || [[:en:ISO 639:ruz|ruz]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Shuwa-Zamani|Shuwa-Zamani]] || || || || Kauru, Kuzamani, Rishuwa || [[:en:ISO 639:ksa|ksa]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Tugbiri-Niragu|Tugbiri-Niragu]] || || || || Gbiri-Niragu, Gure-Kahugu, Tugbiri || [[:en:ISO 639:grh|grh]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Tumi|Tumi]] || || || || Kitimi, Tutumi || [[:en:ISO 639:kku|kku]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Vono|Vono]] || || || || Kiballo, Kiwollo || [[:en:ISO 639:kch|kch]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Vori|Vori]] || || || || Fiti, Skrubu, Srubu, Surubu, Tivori, Zurubu || [[:en:ISO 639:sde|sde]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos, Kauru |- | [[Harshen Panawa|Panawa]] || [[Pananci]] || [[Panawa]] || || Bugel, Bujiye || [[:en:ISO 639:pwb|pwb]] || Kainji, Eastern, Northern Jos |- | [[Harshen Abishi|Abishi]] || || || || Abisi, Bisi, Piti, Pitti || [[:en:ISO 639:pcn|pcn]] || Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam |- | [[Harshen Atsam|Atsam]] || || || || Cawai, Cawe, Cawi, Chawai, Chawe, Chawi || [[:en:ISO 639:cch|cch]] || Kainji, Eastern, Piti-Atsam |- | [[Harshen Basa-Gumna|Basa-Gumna]] || || || || Basa, Basa Kuta, Basa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kaduna, Bassa-Kuta, Gwadara Basa || [[:en:ISO 639:bsl|bsl]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Basa|Basa]] || || || || Abacha, Abatsa, Basa-Benue, Bassa, Rubasa, Rubassa, “Bassa-Komo” (pej.), “Bassa-Kwomu” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bzw|bzw]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Basa-Gurmana|Basa-Gurmana]] || || || || Koromba || [[:en:ISO 639:buj|buj]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Bassa-Kontagora|Bassa-Kontagora]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bsr|bsr]] || Kainji, Western, Basa |- | [[Harshen Bauchi|Bauchi]] || || || || Bauci, Baushi, Kushi || [[:en:ISO 639:bsf|bsf]] || Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana |- | [[Harshen Gurmana|Gurmana]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:gvm|gvm]] || Kainji, Western, Baushi-Gurmana |- | [[Harshen C'Lela|C'Lela]] || [[Cilala]], [[Dakarci]] || [[Lalawa]] || Lela || Cala-Cala, Chilala, Chilela, Dakakari, Dakarkari, Dakkarkari, Kolela, Lalawa || [[:en:ISO 639:dri|dri]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Damakawa|Damakawa]] || [[Harshen Damakawa|Damakawa]] || [[Damakawa]] || || Tidama'un || [[:en:ISO 639:dam|dam]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Gwamhi-Wuri|Gwamhi-Wuri]] || [[Banganci]] || [[Bangawa]], [[Wurawa]], [[Gwamfawa]], [[Konkanawa]] || || Banganci, Bangawa, Lyase, Lyase-Ne || [[:en:ISO 639:bga|bga]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen us-Saare|us-Saare]] || [[Dukanci]] || [[Dukawa]] || || Western Duka, Western Dukawa, es-Saare, əs-Saare || [[:en:ISO 639:uss|uss]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen ut-Hun|ut-Hun]] || [[Dukanci]] || [[Dukawa]] || it-Hun || Eastern Duka, Eastern Dukawa, Hun-ne, Hune, et-Hun, ət-Hun || [[:en:ISO 639:uth|uth]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen ut-Ma'in|ut-Ma'in]] || [[Fakanci]] || [[Fakawa]], [[Gelawa]], [[Zuksun]], [[Kukumawa]], [[Kelawa]], [[Tuduwa]], [[Kuluwa]] || ut-Ma'in || Fakai, Fakanchi, Fakanci, Fakkanci, Gelanchi || [[:en:ISO 639:gel|gel]] || Kainji, Western, Duka |- | [[Harshen Lopa|Lopa]] || [[Lopanci]] || [[Lopawa]] || || Djiri, Kirikjir, Lopawa, Lupa, Ollaran || [[:en:ISO 639:lop|lop]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Laru|Laru]] || [[Laranci]] || [[Larawa]] || || Laranchi, Larawa, Laro, Sengwe || [[:en:ISO 639:lan|lan]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Tsucuba|Tsucuba]] || || || || Cuba, Urcibar || [[:en:ISO 639:cbq|cbq]] || Kainji, Western, Kainji Lake |- | [[Harshen Cishingini|Cishingini]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Cishingini || Agwara Kambari, Aschingini, Ashaganna, Ashingini, Chisingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Tsishingini, [[Yauri]], “Maunchi” (pej.), “Mawanchi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:asg|asg]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Baangi|Baangi]] || || || || Cibaangi || [[:en:ISO 639:bqx|bqx]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsikimba|Tsikimba]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Tsikimba || Akimba, Auna, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Kimba || [[:en:ISO 639:kdl|kdl]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsishingini|Tsishingini]] || [[Kamberci]] || || Tsishingini || Ashingini, Cishingini, Kambari, Kamberchi, Kamberri, Salka || [[:en:ISO 639:tsw|tsw]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Tsuvadi|Tsuvadi]] || || || || Abadi, Avadi, Evadi, Ibeto, Kamberi || [[:en:ISO 639:tvd|tvd]] || Kainji, Western, Kambari |- | [[Harshen Rogo|Rogo]] || || || || Burogo, Shiyabe, Toshiyabe, Ucanja Kamuku, Urogo, toRogo || [[:en:ISO 639:rod|rod]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Cahungwarya|Cahungwarya]] || || || || Hungworo, Ingwe, Ingwo, Ngwe, Ngwoi, Nkwoi, Ungwe || [[:en:ISO 639:nat|nat]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Shama-Sambuga|Shama-Sambuga]] || || || || Tushama, Ushama || [[:en:ISO 639:sqa|sqa]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Acipanci (Zubazuba)|Acipa, Eastern]] || [[Acipanci (Zubazuba)|Acipanci]] || || || Achipa, Acipanci, Zubazuba || [[:en:ISO 639:acp|acp]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Acipanci (Cicipu)|Cicipu]] || [[Acipanci (Cicipu)|Acipanci]] || || || Achipa, Acipanci, Western Acipa || [[:en:ISO 639:awc|awc]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Fungwa|Fungwa]] || || || || Afungwa, Tufungwa, Ula, Ura || [[:en:ISO 639:ula|ula]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Kamuku|Kamuku]] || || || || 'Yara, Cinda-Regi-Tiyal, Tiyal, Tiyar, Tu'yara, Tucipu || [[:en:ISO 639:cdr|cdr]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Pangu|Pangu]] || || || Tarin || Akwa, Arringeu, Pongo, Pongu || [[:en:ISO 639:png|png]] || Kainji, Western, Kamuku |- | [[Harshen Reshe|Reshe]] || [[Gunganci]] || [[Gungawa]], [[Yaurawa]] || Tsureshe || Bareshe, Gunga, Gunganchi, Gunganci, Gungawa, Tsureja, Yaurawa || [[:en:ISO 639:res|res]] || Kainji, Western, Reshe |- | [[Harshen Alumu-Tesu|Alumu-Tesu]] || || || || Alumu, Arum-Cesu, Arum-Chessu, Arum-Tesu || [[:en:ISO 639:aab|aab]] || Plateau, Alumic |- | [[Harshen Ayu|Ayu]] || || || || Aya || [[:en:ISO 639:ayu|ayu]] || Plateau, Ayu |- | [[Harshen Berom|Berom]] || || || || Afango, Berum, Birom, Gbang, Kibbo, Kibbun, Kibo, Kibyen, Lêm Berom, “Shosho” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bom|bom]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Iten|Iten]] || || || Iten || Aten, Eten, Etien, Ganawuri, Niten, Ten, “Jal” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:etx|etx]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Shall-Zwall|Shall-Zwall]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:sha|sha]] || Plateau, Beromic |- | [[Harshen Cara|Cara]] || || || || Chara, Fachara, Fakara, Nfachara, Pakara, Tariya, Tera, Teriya, Terri || [[:en:ISO 639:cfd|cfd]] || Plateau, Central, North-Central |- | [[Harshen Ibaas|Ibaas]] || || || Ibaas || Aficen, Biken, Cen, Chen, Forom, Icen, Icen FiForon, Icen Ibaas, Ichen || [[:en:ISO 639:cen|cen]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Izere|Izere]] || || || Izere || Afizare, Afizarek, Afizere, Afudelek, Afusare, Feserek, Fezere, Fizere, Hill Jarawa, Izarek, Izer, Jarawa, Jarawan Dutse, Jari, Jos-Zarazon || [[:en:ISO 639:izr|izr]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Firan|Firan]] || || || || Faran, Foron, Kwakwi, Yes Firan || [[:en:ISO 639:fir|fir]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Ganang|Ganang]] || || || || Gashish || [[:en:ISO 639:gne|gne]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Jju|Jju]] || || || Jju || Kache, Kaje, Kajji || [[:en:ISO 639:kaj|kaj]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Rigwe|Rigwe]] || || || Rigwe || Aregwe, Idafan, Iregwe, Irigwe, Kwal, Kwan, Kwoll, Miango, Miyango, Nkarigwe, Nnerigwe, Nyango, Yirigwe || [[:en:ISO 639:iri|iri]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Tyap|Tyap]] || || || || Katab, Kataf || [[:en:ISO 639:kcg|kcg]] || Plateau, Central, South-Central |- | [[Harshen Ahwai|Ahwai]] || [[Nandu]] || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:nfd|nfd]] || Plateau, Central, West-Central |- | [[Harshen Adara|Adara]] || || || || Kadara || [[:en:ISO 639:kad|kad]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Ajiya|Ajiya]] || || || || Ajuli, Idon, Idong, Misiwa || [[:en:ISO 639:idc|idc]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Doka|Doka]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:dbi|dbi]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Iku-Gora-Ankwa|Iku-Gora-Ankwa]] || || || || Ekhwa, Iku || [[:en:ISO 639:ikv|ikv]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Ikulu|Ikulu]] || || || || Ankulu, Ikolu, Kulu || [[:en:ISO 639:ikl|ikl]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Kuturmi|Kuturmi]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:khj|khj]] || Plateau, Northern |- | [[Harshen Bo-Rukul|Bo-Rukul]] || || || || Mabo-Barkul, Mabo-Barukul, “Kaleri” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:mae|mae]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Horom|Horom]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:hoe|hoe]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Pyam|Pyam]] || [[Genanci]] || [[Genawa]] || Pyam || Fem, Fyam, Fyem, Genawa, Gyem, Gyema, Paiem, Pem, Pyem || [[:en:ISO 639:pym|pym]] || Plateau, Southeastern |- | [[Harshen Lijili|Lijili]] || || || Lijili || Jili, Koro Lafia, Koro of Lafia, Ligili, Megili, Migili, Mijili || [[:en:ISO 639:mgi|mgi]] || Plateau, Southern |- | [[Harshen Tanjijili|Tanjijili]] || || || || Jijili, Koro, Koro Funtu of Kafin Koro, Koro Funtu of Minna, Koro Funtu of Shakoyi, Ujijili || [[:en:ISO 639:uji|uji]] || Plateau, Southern |- | [[Harshen Pe|Pe]] || || || || Dalong, Pai || [[:en:ISO 639:pai|pai]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Sur|Sur]] || [[Tapshinanci]] || [[Tapshinawa]] || || Dishili, Myet, Nsur, Suru, Tapshin, Tapshinawa || [[:en:ISO 639:tdl|tdl]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Tarok|Tarok]] || || || iTárók || Appa, Taroh, Yergam, Yergem, Yergum || [[:en:ISO 639:yer|yer]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Yangkam|Yangkam]] || [[Basharanci]] || [[Basharawa]] || || Bashar, Basharawa, Bashiri, Yankam || [[:en:ISO 639:bsx|bsx]] || Plateau, Tarokoid |- | [[Harshen Cori|Cori]] || || || || Chori || [[:en:ISO 639:cry|cry]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Gyong|Gyong]] || || || || Agoma, Gong, Gwong, Kagoma, Kwong || [[:en:ISO 639:kdm|kdm]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam]] || || || || Ham, Hyamhum, Jabba, Jeba || [[:en:ISO 639:jab|jab]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Shamang|Shamang]] || || || || Samang, Samban || [[:en:ISO 639:xsh|xsh]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Zhire|Zhire]] || || || || Kenyi || [[:en:ISO 639:zhi|zhi]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Hyamic |- | [[Harshen Ashe|Ashe]] || || || Ishe || Ala, Koro Makama, Koron Ache, Koron Ala || [[:en:ISO 639:ahs|ahs]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Duya|Duya]] || || || || Adong, Idun, Jaba Duya, Jaba Lunga, Lungu, Ungu || [[:en:ISO 639:ldb|ldb]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Koro Wachi]] || || || || Agere, Begbere-Ejar, Koro Agwe, Koro Makama, Koro Myamya, Miamia, Miamiya || [[:en:ISO 639:bqv|bqv]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Nyankpa|Nyankpa]] || || || || Nyenkpa, Yasgua, Yeskwa || [[:en:ISO 639:yes|yes]] || Plateau, Western, Northwestern, Koro |- | [[Harshen Bu|Bu]] || || || || Ibut, Jida, Jida-Abu, Jidda-Abu, Nakare || [[:en:ISO 639:jid|jid]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kamantan|Kamantan]] || || || || Angan, Kamanton || [[:en:ISO 639:kci|kci]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kanufi|Kanufi]] || || || || Karshi || [[:en:ISO 639:kni|kni]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Kuce|Kuce]] || || || Kuche || Bace, Bache, Che, Inchazi, Rukuba, Sale || [[:en:ISO 639:ruk|ruk]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Mada|Mada]] || || || Mada || Madda, Yidda || [[:en:ISO 639:mda|mda]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Nikyob-Nindem|Nikyob-Nindem]] || || || || Kaningdom-Nindem, Kaningdon-Nindem, Kaningkom-Nindem, Kaningkon-Nindem, Kaninkom-Nindem, Kaninkon-Nindem, Ninkyob-Nindem || [[:en:ISO 639:kdp|kdp]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Ninzo|Ninzo]] || || || || Akiza, Amar Tita, Ancha, Fadan Wate, Gbhu, Gbhu D Amar Randfa, Hate, Incha, Kwasu, Ninzam, Nunzo || [[:en:ISO 639:nin|nin]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Numana|Numana]] || || || || Arak, Inmwen, Nimana, Numana-Nunku-Gbantu-Numbu || [[:en:ISO 639:nbr|nbr]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Nungu|Nungu]] || || || || Lindiri, Rendre, Rindiri, Rindre || [[:en:ISO 639:rin|rin]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri|Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri]] || || || || Vwhat || [[:en:ISO 639:bij|bij]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, A |- | [[Harshen Ake|Ake]] || || || || Aike, Akye, Kapon || [[:en:ISO 639:aik|aik]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Eggon|Eggon]] || || || || Egon, Hill Mada, Mada Dutse, Mada Eggon, Mo Egon || [[:en:ISO 639:ego|ego]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Hasha|Hasha]] || || || || Yashi || [[:en:ISO 639:ybj|ybj]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Sambe|Sambe]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:xab|xab]] || Plateau, Western, Southwestern, B |- | [[Harshen Toro|Toro]] || || || || Turkwam || [[:en:ISO 639:tdv|tdv]] || Plateau |- | [[Harshen Fali Baissa|Fali of Baissa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:fah|fah]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Ija-Zuba|Ija-Zuba]] || || || || Koro Afiki, Koro Ija, Koro Zuba || [[:en:ISO 639:vki|vki]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Gun|Gun]] || || || || Egun, Gugbe, Gun-Alada, Gun-Gbe, Seto-Gbe || [[:en:ISO 639:guw|guw]] || Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left Bank, Gbe, Aja |- | [[Harshen Kam|Kam]] || || || || Nyingwom, Nyiwom, Yimwom || [[:en:ISO 639:kdx|kdx]] || Adamawa, Kam |- | [[Harshen Kwa|Kwa]] || || || || Baa, Kwah || [[:en:ISO 639:kwb|kwb]] || Adamawa, Kwa |- | [[Harshen Peere|Peere]] || || || || Kotofo, Kotopo, Kotpojo, Koutin, Kutin, Kutine, Kutinn, Pare, Patapori, Peer, Pere, Potopo, Potopore || [[:en:ISO 639:pfe|pfe]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin |- | [[Harshen Koma|Koma]] || || || || Kuma || [[:en:ISO 639:kmy|kmy]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere |- | [[Harshen Verre|Verre]] || || || || Kobo, Mom Jango, Vere, Were || [[:en:ISO 639:ver|ver]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo, Vere-Gimme, Vere |- | [[Harshen Nyong|Nyong]] || || || || Chukkol, Daganyonga, Mubako, Mumbake, Nyoking, Nyongnepa, Peti, Teteka, Yapeli || [[:en:ISO 639:muo|muo]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Samba Leko|Samba Leko]] || || || || Chamba Leko, Lego, Leko, Lekon, Ndi, Samba, Samba Leeko, Suntai || [[:en:ISO 639:ndi|ndi]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Wom|Wom]] || || || || Pere, Pereba, Perema || [[:en:ISO 639:wom|wom]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Leko |- | [[Harshen Gengle|Gengle]] || || || || Momu, Wegele, Yagele || [[:en:ISO 639:geg|geg]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Kumba|Kumba]] || || || || Isaro, Sate, Yofo || [[:en:ISO 639:ksm|ksm]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Mumuye|Mumuye]] || || || || Yoro || [[:en:ISO 639:mzm|mzm]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Pangseng|Pangseng]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:pgs|pgs]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Rang|Rang]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:rax|rax]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Teme|Teme]] || || || || Tema || [[:en:ISO 639:tdo|tdo]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Waka|Waka]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:wav|wav]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye |- | [[Harshen Yendang|Yendang]] || || || || Kuseki, Nya Korok, Nya Yendang, Nyandang, Yadang, Yandang, Yendam, Yundum || [[:en:ISO 639:ynq|ynq]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Bali|Bali]] || || || Abaali, Maya || Bibaali, Ekpali, Ibaali || [[:en:ISO 639:bcn|bcn]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Kpasham|Kpasham]] || || || || 'Balo, Kpasam, Maya, Nyisam, Passam || [[:en:ISO 639:pbn|pbn]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Kugama|Kugama]] || || || || Kugamma, Wegam, Yamale, Yamalo || [[:en:ISO 639:kow|kow]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Yotti|Yotti]] || || || || Wonkorok, Yoti || [[:en:ISO 639:yot|yot]] || Adamawa, Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang |- | [[Harshen Laka|Laka]] || || || || Godogodo, Lakka, Lao Habe, Lau || [[:en:ISO 639:lak|lak]] || Adamawa, Mbum-Day, Mbum, Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Burak|Burak]] || || || || Buurak || [[:en:ISO 639:bys|bys]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Dza|Dza]] || || || Ngwa Idza || E Idza, Janjo, Jen, Jenjo || [[:en:ISO 639:jen|jen]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Kyak|Kyak]] || || || || Bambuka, Nyakyak || [[:en:ISO 639:bka|bka]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Leelau|Leelau]] || || || || Bakula, Lelau, Lelo, Munga, Munga Lelau || [[:en:ISO 639:ldk|ldk]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Loo|Loo]] || || || || Lo, Loh, Shungo, Shunhu || [[:en:ISO 639:ldo|ldo]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mághdì|Mághdì]] || || || || Tala, Widala || [[:en:ISO 639:gmd|gmd]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mak|Mak]] || || || || Leemak, Lemak, Panya, Panyam, Zo || [[:en:ISO 639:pbl|pbl]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Mingang Doso|Mingang Doso]] || || || || Doso, Munga Doso, Ngwai Mungàn || [[:en:ISO 639:mko|mko]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Moo|Moo]] || || || || Gomu, Gwom, Gwomo, Gwomu, Ngwaa Móò, Yáá Mòò || [[:en:ISO 639:gwg|gwg]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Tha|Tha]] || [[Kapanci]] || [[Kapawa]] || || Joole Manga, Kapawa || [[:en:ISO 639:thy|thy]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Jen |- | [[Harshen Longuda|Longuda]] || || || || Languda, Longura, Nunguda, Nungura, Nunguraba || [[:en:ISO 639:lnu|lnu]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Longuda |- | [[Harshen Kamo|Kamo]] || || || || Kamu, Ma, Nubama, Nyima || [[:en:ISO 639:kcq|kcq]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak |- | [[Harshen Awak|Awak]] || || || || Awok, Yebu || [[:en:ISO 639:awo|awo]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Awak |- | [[Harshen Dikaka|Dikaka]] || [[Harshen Mwona|Mwona]] || [[Mwona]] (Bwilim) || || || [[:en:ISO 639:cfa|cfa]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona |- | [[Harshen Tso|Tso]] || || || || Cibbo, Cuyi Tsó, Kitta, Lotsu-Piri, Pire, Piri, Tsóbó || [[:en:ISO 639:ldp|ldp]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona |- | [[Harshen Dadiya|Dadiya]] || || || || Daadiya, Dadia, Loodiya || [[:en:ISO 639:dbd|dbd]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Dadiya |- | [[Harshen Bangwinji|Bangwinji]] || || || Bangjinge || Bangunji || [[:en:ISO 639:bsj|bsj]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Tula|Tula]] || || || || Kotule, Kutule || [[:en:ISO 639:tul|tul]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Waja|Waja]] || || || || Nyan Wiyau, Wiyaa, Wuya || [[:en:ISO 639:wja|wja]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula |- | [[Harshen Kaan|Kaan]] || || || || Kan, Libbo, Libo || [[:en:ISO 639:ldl|ldl]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Libo |- | [[Harshen Mboi|Mboi]] || || || || Gena, Mboire, Mboyi || [[:en:ISO 639:moi|moi]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Mboi |- | [[Harshen Ɓena|Bena]] || || || Ɓə́ná-Yungur || Binna, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Gbinna, Purra, Yangeru, Yongor, Yungur, “Lala” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:yun|yun]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Lala-Roba|Lala-Roba]] || || || || Gworam || [[:en:ISO 639:lla|lla]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Voro|Voro]] || || || || Bena, Buna, Ebina, Ebuna, Woro, Yungur || [[:en:ISO 639:vor|vor]] || Adamawa, Waja-Jen, Yungur, Yungur-Roba |- | [[Harshen Gbaya, Northwest|Gbaya, Northwest]] || || || || Baya || [[:en:ISO 639:gya|gya]] || Ubangi, Gbaya-Manza-Ngbaka, Northwest |- | [[Harshen Baatonum|Baatonum]] || [[Borganci]] || [[Borgawa]] || || Baatonun, Baatonun-Kwara, Barba, Bargu, Bariba, Batonnum, Batonu, Berba, Bogung, Borgawa, Borgu, Burgu, Zana || [[:en:ISO 639:bba|bba]] || Gur, Bariba |- | [[Harshen Bisã|Bisã]] || [[Busanci]] || [[Busawa]] || Bisã || Bariba, Bisayã, Busa, Busa-Bisã, Busano, Bussanchi, Bussawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bqp|bqp]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Bokobaru|Bokobaru]] || [[Busanci]] || [[Busawa]] || Zogben || Bariba, Busa-Bokobaru, Bussanchi, Bussawa || [[:en:ISO 639:bus|bus]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Boko|Boko]] || || || || Bo'o, Bokonya || [[:en:ISO 639:bqc|bqc]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Busa |- | [[Harshen Shanga|Shanga]] || [[Shanganci]] / [[Shonganci]] || [[Shangawa]] / [[Shongawa]] || || Shangawa, Shonga, Shongawa || [[:en:ISO 639:sho|sho]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga |- | [[Harshen Kyanga|Kyanga]] || [[Kyanganci]] || [[Kyangawa]] || Kyanga || Canga, Changa, Kenga, Kyangawa, Kyenga, Kã, Tienga, Tyanga, Tyenga || [[:en:ISO 639:tye|tye]] || Mande, Eastern, Eastern, Kyanga |- | [[Harshen Sorko|Sorko]] || [[Sarkanci]] || [[Sarkawa]] || || Corogama, Jenaama Bozo, Jenama, Nononke, Sarkanci, Sarkawa, Sorogama, “Boso” (pej.), “Bozo” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:bze|bze]] || Mande, Western, Northwestern, Soninke-Bobo, Soninke-Boso, Boso, Jenaama |- | [[Harshen Kanuri|Kanuri]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:kau|kau]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Kanuri, Yerwa|Kanuri, Yerwa]] || || || Kanuri, Yerwa Kanuri || Bornu, Central Kanuri, Kanouri, Kanoury, “Beriberi” (pej.) || [[:en:ISO 639:knc|knc]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Tarjumo|Tarjumo]] || || || || Old Kanembu || [[:en:ISO 639:txj|txj]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Kanuri, Manga|Kanuri, Manga]] || || || || Kanouri, Kanoury, Manga || [[:en:ISO 639:kby|kby]] || Saharan, Western, Kanuri |- | [[Harshen Tedaga|Tedaga]] || || || || Teda || [[:en:ISO 639:tuq|tuq]] || Saharan, Western, Tebu |- | [[Harshen Dendi|Dendi]] || [[Dandanci]] || [[Dandawa]] || || Dandawa, Songhay || [[:en:ISO 639:ddn|ddn]] || Songhai, Southern |- | [[Harshen Zarma|Zarma]] || || || || Adzerma, Djerma, Dyabarma, Dyarma, Dyerma, Zabarma, Zarbarma, Zarma sanni, Zarmaciine, Zerma || [[:en:ISO 639:dje|dje]] || Songhai, Southern |- | [[Harshen Turanci|English]] || [[Turanci]] || [[Turawa]] || || || [[:en:ISO 639:eng|eng]] || Indo-European, Germanic, West, English |- | [[Harshen Pidgin Nijeriya|Pidgin, Nigerian]] || || || Naijá || Anglo-Nigerian Pidgin, Broken English, Brokin, Brokun, Nigerian Creole English, Nigerian Pidgin English, Pidgin || [[:en:ISO 639:pcm|pcm]] || Creole, English based, Atlantic, Krio |- | [[Harshen Centúúm|Centúúm]] || || || || Cen Tuum, Jalaa || [[:en:ISO 639:cet|cet]] || Language isolate |- | [[Harshen Lufu|Lufu]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:ldq|ldq]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Mawa|Mawa]] || || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:wma|wma]] || Unclassified |- | [[Harshen Barikanci|Barikanchi]] || [[Barikanci]] || || || || [[:en:ISO 639:bxo|bxo]] || Pidgin, Hausa based |- | [[Harshen Gibanawa|Gibanawa]] || [[Gembananci]] / [[Gimbananci]] || [[Gembanawa]] / [[Gimbanawa]] || || Gembanawa, Gimbanawa, Jega || [[:en:ISO 639:gib|gib]] || Pidgin, Hausa based |- | [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Nijeriya|Nigerian Sign Language]] || [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Nijeriya]] || || || NSL || [[:en:ISO 639:nsi|nsi]] || Sign language |- | [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Hausa|Hausa Sign Language]] || [[Harshen bebaye na ƙasar Hausa]] || || || Maganar Hannu || [[:en:ISO 639:hsl|hsl]] || Sign language |} == Duba kuma == * [[Harsunan Nijar-Congo]] * [[Nijeriya|Ƙungiyoyin kabilanci na Nijeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Karin bayani == * Blench, Roger (2002) [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Minority%20Languages-%20Nigeria%202001.pdf Bincike a kan Maganar Magana a Nijeriya a shekara ta 2001]. ''Ogmios''. * Chigudu, Theophilus Tanko (2017); 'Yan asalin Arewa na Arewacin gundumar Najeriya: Yan gudun hijira. * Blench, Roger (1998) 'Matsayin Harsunan Tsakiyar Nijeriya', a Brenzinger, M. (ed. ) ''Harshen hasara a Afirka''. Köln: Köppe Verlag, 187-206. [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Language%20Death%20in%20Nigeria.pdf shafin intanet]{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Crozier, David & Blench, Roger (1992) ''Harshen Turanci na Harsunan Harsuna (na biyu)''. Dallas: SIL. == Hanyoyin waje == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=NG Rahoton Ethnologue na Harsunan Nijeriya] * Blench, Roger (2012). [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf Atlas na Harsunan Nijeriya, ed.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806024945/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf |date=2016-08-06 }} [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806024945/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages-%20ed%20III.pdf |date=2016-08-06 }} (sabuntawa da gyara edition of Crozier & Blench 1992) * Lamle, Elias Nankap, Coprreality da mazaunin wurare a Tarokland. NBTT Latsa. Jos Nijeriya a cikin "Labarin" Ngappak "na Tarok Nation 2005 [[Category:Harsunan Nijeriya|*]] n7p94962hg274zy0x9lpxuga0gr3iak 0 9846 542614 496285 2024-11-19T16:39:05Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Nayi Gyara 542614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}{{hujja}} * [[Fayil:Nigeria Akwa Ibom State map.png|thumb|obot ]]'''Obot-Akara''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya| karamar hukuma]] ce dake a [[jihar Akwa Ibom]], Kudu maso kudanci [[Nijeriya]]. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Akwa Ibom]] ewppc7g8xs75y3xfp0r1svt28ounghe 3 10475 542893 47358 2024-11-20T03:10:19Z Taketa 547 Taketa moved page [[Tattaunawar user:BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Bharathesha Alasandemajalu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU|BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bharathesha Alasandemajalu|Bharathesha Alasandemajalu]]" 47358 wikitext text/x-wiki </noinclude> [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa a Hausa Wikipedia, BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU|gudummuwarka]]. Kuma ina fatan zaka tsaya ka ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimake ka ka fahimci Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyaranta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]], ko kuma ka tambayeni a {{Gyara|User talk:Ammarpad|section=new|shafina na tattaunawa}}. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:02, 6 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) </noinclude> 2yxhofzxb26m8ff7koip2hpn5ek6b4u 0 11150 542587 489545 2024-11-19T12:57:17Z 2409:4062:4D91:2B91:94A4:19FF:FED4:6C4D Lo 542587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ali Khamenei reading book 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|353x353px|Seyyed Ali Khamenei]] [[File:Ali khamenei in Baghiatallah Hospital after surgery.jpg|thumb|ali khamenei in Baghiatallah hospital after surgery ]] [[File:Ali Khamenei Saeed Toosi 21072012.jpg|thumb]] '''Ali Hosseini Khamenei'''<ref>"A photo of Identity document of Ayatollah Khamenei" (in Persian). Khamenei.ir. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2018.</ref> Farisanci: علی حسینی خامنه‌ای, a Rumanci<small>:</small> ʼAlī Ḥosaynī Khāmeneʼī, <small>furuci</small> [ʔæˈliː hosejˈniː xɒːmeneˈʔiː] (listen); an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun, Shekarar alif 1939).<ref>"Ali Khamenei". ''CGIE (fa)''</ref><ref>"taking look at the biography of Ali Khamenei". ''khamenei (fa)''. 21 March 2014. Retrieved 21 March2014.</ref> babban malamin shi'a ne, na biyu a matsayin ''marjai kuma shine'' babban shugaba a kasar [[Iran]], yana riƙe da matsayin tun daga shekarar alif 1989.<ref>"Iran". State. 23 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August2010. <q>The government monitored meetings, movements, and communications of its citizens and often charged persons with crimes against national security and insulting the regime based on letters, e-mails, and other public and private communications.</q></ref><ref>"Profile: Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei". ''BBC News''. 17 June 2009. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009.</ref> Da fari ya fara rike matsayin shugaban kasar Iran daga shekarar alif 1981 zuwa shekarar alif 1989. Khamenei shine shugaba mafi daɗewa akan shugabanci a [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], haka kuma zalika kuma na biyu a dadewa a karagar shugabancin kasar Iran a wannan ƙarnin, b ayan shugaba Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].<ref>"The Supreme Leader – The Iran Primer". 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.</ref> == Rayuwa == === Daga Haihuwa Zuwa Makaranta === An Kuma haifi mai girma Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Sayyid Ali Khamene'i dan marigayi Hujjatul Islam wal Muslimin Hajj Sayyid Jawad al-Husaini al-Khamene'i ne a ranar 24 ga watan Tir shekarar 1318 (hijira shamsiyya) wacce ta yi daidai da 28 ga watan Safar na shekarar 1358 (hijira kamariyya) 15 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1939 (miladiyya) a garin [[Mashhad]] mai tsarki. Shi ne na biyu cikin ‘ya’yan mahaifinsa. Rayuwar Sayyid Jawad Khamene'i (mahaifin Jagora) kamar ta sauran malaman addini rayuwa ce wacce ba ta a zo a gani ba. Don haka ne ma mai dakinsa da ‘ya’yansa suka koyi rayuwa mai sauki da yarda da dan abin da ake da shi. Yayin da yake magana kan yanayin rayuwar gidansu, Jagoran juyin juya halin cewa yake: “Babana dai fitaccen malamin addini ne amma mai tsananin tsantsaini da rayuwa ta kadaici… mun yi fama da rayuwa ta rashi. Ina iya tunawa wasu ranakun ma ko abin da kuma za mu ci da dare ma ba mu da shi a gidan. Da kyar mahaifiyarmu take dan shirya mana abin da za mu sa a baki, shi din ma biredi ne da zabibi kawai. Dangane da gidan da iyalin Sayyid Jawad suke rayuwa a cikinsa kuwa ga yadda Juyin juya halin Musuluncin ya siffata yadda gidan yake: “Gidan mahaifina inda a nan ne aka haife ni – wanda kuma na ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin har lokacin da na kai shekara hudu zuwa biyar – karamin gida ne kimanin mita 60-70 a wata unguwa ta fakiran garin Mashhad. Gidan daki guda kawai yake da shi sai kuma dan wani daki a cikin kasa. A duk lokacin da baki suka zo wajen mahaifinmu (kuma a mafi yawan lokuta baki sukan yawaita zuwa wajensa a matsayinsa na malamai) to dole ne dukkanmu mu koma wannan dan daki da ke cikin kasa don bakin su zauna. Har lokacin da wasu masoyan mahaifinmu suka saya masa dan wani waje a kusa da gidanmu a nan ne fa aka samu damar gina wasu dakuna biyu muka zamanto muna da dakuna uku kenan”. Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya taso ne a gidan mutane fakirai amma wadanda suke da kusanci da Ubangiji sannan kuma tsarkakan mutane. Lokacin da ya kuma kai shekaru hudu a duniya ne aka tura su makaranta shi da yayansa Sayyid Muhammad don su karanci bakake da kuma yadda ake karatun Alkur’ani. Ta haka wadannan ‘yan’uwa biyu suka shiga sabuwar makarantar primare da aka bude mai suna “Darut Ta’alimi Diyanati” === A Makarantar Hauza (Makarantar Addini) === Bayan kammala matakin farko na karatunsa sai ya shiga makarantar hauza inda ya ci gaba da karatun adadi da sauran karatuttukan share fage a wajen mahaifinsa da sauran malamai . Dangane da dalilan da suka sanya shi zaban makarantar hauza da riko da tafarkin malanta kuwa Jagora yana cewa: [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei &Hajj authorities.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] “Babban wanda ya kwadaitar da ni zaban wannan tafarki mai haske da haskakawa ta malamanta shi ne mahaifina, mahaifiyata ma ta taimaka sosai”. Jagora ya yi karatun littafan adabi irin su ‘Jami’ul Mukaddimat’, ‘Suyuti’ ‘Mugni’ a wajen malaman makarantar ‘Sulaiman Khan’ da ‘Nawwab’ alhali mahaifinsa kuma yana sa ido kan abubuwan da yake karantawa. A daidai wannan lokacin ne kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Mu’alim’. Daga nan kuma ya karanci littafin ‘Shara’iy al-Islam’ da ‘Sharh al-Lum’a’ wajen mahaifinsa da kuma marigayi Agha Mirza Mudarris Yazdi, littafan Rasa’il da Makasib kuma a wajen marigayi Hajj Sheikh Hashim Kazwini. Sannan sauran darussan fikihu da Usul kuma a wajen mahaifinsa inda ya gama karatun share fage da na tsaka-tsaki a yanayi na ban mamaki cikin shekaru biyar da rabi. Mahaifinsa marigayi Sayyid Jawad ya taimaka masa nesa ba kusa ba a wannan lokaci. A bangaren ilimin mandik da falsafa kuwa da farko Jagora juyin juya halin Musulunci ya karanci littafin Manzuma na Sabzawari ne a wajen marigayi Ayatullah Mirza Jawad Agha Tehrani daga baya kuma a wajen marigayi Sheikh Ridha Isi. === A Makarantar Hauzar Najaf Mai Tsarki === [[Fayil:Ayatollah Khamenei Friday prayer.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei and Vladimir Putin.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Ayatullah Khamene'i ya fara karatun mai zurfi da ake kira (Bahasul Kharij) ne a wajen babban marja’in nan marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Milani a birnin Mashhad a lokacin yana da shekaru sha takwas a duniya. A shekarar 1336 hijira shamsiyya (1957) ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya tafi birnin Najaf al-Ashraf da nufin ziyarar wajaje masu tsarki, bayan isarsa da halartar darussan Bahasul Kharij na manyan malaman hauzar birnin Najaf din irin su marigayi Sayyid Muhsin Hakim, Sayyid Mahmud Shahrudi, Mirza bakir Zanjani, Sayyid Yahya Yazdi da Mirza Hasan Bujunurdi sai ya ji zuciyarsa ta nitsu da yadda ake karantarwa don haka ya kuduri aniyar zama da ci gaba da karatunsa a wajen. Sai dai mahaifinsa ya ki amincewa. Don haka bayan wani lokaci sai ya dawo birnin Mashhad. === A Makarantar Hauzar Kum === [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei reading book 01.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Daga shekarar 1337-1343 (1958-1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da karatunsa mai zurfi na fikihu, Usul da Falsafa a wajen malamai irin su marigayi Ayatullah al-Uzma Burujerdi, Imam Khumaini, Sheikh Murtadha Ha’iri Yazdi da Allamah Tabataba'i. A shekarar 1343 (1964) Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci, cikin wasikar da ya samu daga wajen mahaifinsa, ya fahimci cewa daya daga cikin idanuwan mahaifin nasa ya makance, wannan labari ya sosa masa rai, don haka ya shiga cikin damuwa ko dai ya zauna ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Kum ko kuma ya koma Mashhad don kula da mahaifinsa. Daga karshe dai Ayatullah Khamene'i ya yanke shawawar yin hijira don Allah daga Kum zuwa Mashhad don ya kula da mahaifinsa. Dangane da hakan yana cewa: “Na koma garin Mashhad kuma Allah Ya arzurta mu da nasarori masu yawa. Ala kulli hal na tafi can na ci gaba da sauke nauyin dake kaina. Idan har ina da wata nasara da na samu a rayuwa, na yi imani da cewa na same ta ne sakamakon wannan biyayya da na yi wa mahaifina kai har ma da mahaifiyata”. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zabi tafarkin da ya fi dacewa cikin wadannan hanyoyi biyu. Wasu daga cikin malamai da abokansa sun nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai bar karatu a Kum cikin gaggawa, suna ganin idan da ya ci gaba da zama daga karshe yana iya zama wani…sai dai daga karshe dai an tabbatar da cewa zabin da yayi shi ne abin da ya dace, tuni dai kaddara ta gitta sama da yadda suke tunani. Shin a wancan lokacin wani ma zai taba tunanin cewa wannan matashi dan shekara 25, wanda saboda neman yardar Allah da yin hidima wa iyayensa ya bar birnin Kum zuwa Mashhad bayan shekaru 52 zai iya samun wannan babban matsayi na shugabantar al’ummar musulmi? Bayan komawarsa Mashhad bai bar karatu ba, saboda idan ka cire ranakun hutu ko kuma gwagwarmaya, zaman gidan yari ko kuma tafiya ya kasance yana ci gaba da karatunsa na fikihu da Usul har zuwa shekarar 1347 (1968) a wajen manyan malaman hauzar Mashhad musamman Ayatullah Milani. Tun daga shekarar 1343 (1964) da yake zaune a birnin Mashhad, baya ga karatun da yake yi da kuma kula da mahaifinsa mara lafiya ga kuma tsufa, ya kasance kuma yana karantar da dalibai littafan fikihu, Usul da sauran ilmummukan addini. === Gwagwarmaya Ta Siyasa === [[Fayil:Matteo Renzi, meeting Ali Khamenei in Tehran (4).jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Ayatullah Khamene'i kamar yadda ya ce “yana daga cikin daliban makarantar fikihu, Usul, siyasa da gwagwarmayar (marigayi) Imam Khumaini”, sai dai kuma mutumin da ya fara motsa shi da sanya shi cikin masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin Dagutu (ta Shah) shi ne babban mujahidin nan wanda yayi shahada a tafarkin Musulunci wato Shahid Sayyid Mujtaba Nawwab Safawi. Hakan kuwa ya faru ne lokacin da Shahid Nawwab Safawi da wasu daga cikin ‘yan kungiyar ‘Fida’iyane Islam’ (masu sadaukarwa ga Musulunci) suka kai musu ziyara a makarantar Sulaiman Khan na garin Mashhad a shekarar 1331 (1952) inda suka gudanar da wani jawabi mai motsa rai kan batun raya Musulunci da gudanar da tsarin mulki na Ubangiji da kuma irin yaudara da karyar da Shah da turawan Ingili masu daure masa gindi suka yi wa al’ummar Iran. A wancan lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana daga cikin matasan daliban wannan makaranta, ya yi matukar tasirantuwa ga jawabin Nawwab Safawin. Ya kasance yana cewa: “Tun daga wancan lokacin zuciyata ta koma kan batun juyin juya halin Musulunci sakamakon wannan jawabi na Nawwab Safawi. Babu shakka Nawwab Safawi shi ne mutumin farko da ya rura wutar gwagwarmaya da juyin juya hali cikin zuciyata”. === Tare Da Gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini (r.a) === Tun daga shekarar 1341 (1962), lokacin Ayatullah Khamene'i yana zaune a Kum, ne gwagwarmayar Imam Khumaini ta fuskantar bakar siyasar adawa da Musulunci da mika wuya ga Amurka ta gwamnatin Shah ta fara, tun a wancan lokacin ne Ayatullah Khamene'i ya shiga fagen wannan gwagwarmayar. Cikin wadannan shekaru sha shida (na gwagwarmaya) ya fuskanci matsaloli da azabtarwa kala-kala, kora da tsarewa a gidajen yari, duk hakan kuwa ba su tsoratar da shi ba. A shekarar 1338 (1959) ne marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a karon farko ya aike shi da sako zuwa ga Ayatullah Milani da sauran malaman lardin Khorasan kan yadda tsare-tsare da wa’azuzzukan malamai za su kasance a watan Muharram don tona asirin bakar siyasar gwamnatin Shah da kuma halin da kasar Iran take ciki bugu da kari kan yadda waki’ar birnin Kum ta kasance. Bayan ya isar da sakon, sai kuma ya wuce garin Berjan don isar da sakon da ci gaba da tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah da ta Amurka. Sakamakon ayyukan da yake gudanarwa, jami’an tsaron Shah sun kama shi da tare shi na tsawon dare guda a ranar 9 ga watan Muharram (12 ga watan Khordad 1342 = 2/6/1963). Washegari dai sun sake shi amma da sharadin ba zai sake wa’azi ba kuma zai ci gaba da zama karkashin sanya idon jami’an tsaron. Bayan waki’ar 15 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1963) jami’an tsaron sun sake kama shi a garin Berjan din da tura shi zuwa birnin Mashhad inda aka tsare shi a gidan yari cikin mafi mawuyacin yanayi da azabtarwa mai tsanani. === Tsarewa Ta Biyu === A watan Bahman 1342 (Ramadhan 1383=1964) Ayatullah Khamene'i da wasu daga cikin abokansa suka tafi birnin Kerman don gudanar da wasu ayyuka. Sun zauna na tsawon kwanaki biyu zuwa uku a garin suna wa’azi da ganawa da malamai da daliban garin, daga nan sai suka wuce zuwa garin Zahedan. Mutane sun yi maraba sosai da irin jawaban da ya dinga yi na tona asirin bakar siyasar Shah musamman a ranar shida ga watan Bahman ranar da aka gabatar da jabun zaben jin ra’ayin jama’a da gwamnatin Shah din ta gudanar. Jawaban tona asirin gwamnatin Shah da na Amurka da Ayatullah Khamene'i ya gabatar a ranar 15 ga watan Ramadhan da tayi daidai da ranar haihuwar Imam Hasan (a.s) ya sanya jami’an tsaro na Sabak kama shi tsakar dare da tafiya da shi zuwa birnin Tehran cikin wani jirgin sama. Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci ya zauna na tsawon kimanin watanni biyu a gidan yarin Kazal Kul’eh a dakin ihunka banza da gana masa nau’oi kala-kala na azaba da cin mutumci. === Tsarewa Ta Uku Da Hudu === [[Fayil:Ayatollah Khamenei in Arbor Day 05.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] Darasin tafsirin (Alkur’ani) da hadisi da akidun Musulunci da yake bayarwa a garuruwan Mashhad da Tehran sun sabi karbuwar gaske a wajen matasa da masoya Juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ya sanya ‘yan (sandan) Sabak damuwa sosai don haka suka ci gaba da sanya ido kansa. Wannan yanayi ya tilasta masa gudanar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1345 (1966) a Tehran cikin sirri, amma bayan shekara guda wato a 1346 (1967) jami’an tsaron sun gano inda yake inda suka kama shi. Har ila yau an sake kama shi, bayan sake shi da aka yi, a shekarar 1349 (1970) sakamakon ci gaba da wadannan ayyuka nasa. === Tsarewa Ta Biyar === Dangane da kama shi a karo na biyar da jami’an tsaron Sabak suka yi, Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci Ayatullah Khamene'i (Allah Ya kara masa tsawon rai) ya rubuta cewa: “Tun daga shekarar 1348 (1969-70) aka share fagen gwagwarmaya ta makami a Iran. Don haka matsin lamba da takurin da jami’an tsaron tsohuwar gwamnati Shah suke yi min ya kara munana. Saboda imanin da suke da shi cewa babu yadda za a ce ba ni da hannu cikin irin wadannan ayyuka. Har ila yau a shekarar 1350 a karo na biyar jami’an tsaron sun sake kama ni da tsare ni a gidan yari. Irin azabtarwa da ‘yan Sabak suke yi a gidajen yari a fili yana nuni ne da cewa jami’an tsaron ba za su taba amincewa da gwagwarmaya na makami shi ma karkashin tunani irin na Musulunci ba, sannan kuma babu yadda za su iya yarda da cewa ba ni da hannu cikin hakan sakamakon irin ayyukan da nake gudanarwa a Mashhad da Tehran. Bayan an sako ni na ci gaba da darussan da nake bayarwa na tafsirin Alkur’ani da akidu a boye”. === Tsarewa ta Shida === [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei Saeed Toosi 21072012.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] A tsakanin shekarun 1350-1353 (1971-74) Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da ba da darussansa na tafsiri da akida a masallatai uku na garin Mashhad wato masallacin ‘Karamat’, ‘Imam Hasan (a.s)’ da ‘Mirza Ja’afar’ inda al’umma musamman matasa, masana da dalibai ma’abuta Juyin juya halin Musulunci suke yi, tururuwa don amfanuwa da darussan da ake bayarwa. Shi kuwa darasin Nahjul Balaga da yake bayarwa yana da irin nasa nau'i na karbuwa a wajen mutane inda ake buga su a ‘yan takardu ana raba su wa al’umma. Su ma a nasu bangaren daliban da suka yi karatu a wajensa a kan tura su sauran garuruwa na kusa da na nesa don isar da wannan sako da share fagen gagarumin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Hakan ne ya sanya a watan goma (Dey) na shekarar 1353 (1975) jami’a tsaron Sabak suka fada wa gidansa inda suka kama shi cikin yanayi na rashin tausayi sannan kuma suka tafi da rubuce-rubucen da yayi. Wannan shi ne karo na shida da aka kama shi kuma mafi munin cikinsu inda aka ci gaba da tsare shi har zuwa shekarar 1354 a gidan yarin hadin gwuiwa tsakanin ‘yan sanda da ‘yan Sabak. A wannan lokacin an tsare shi ne a dakin ihunka banza shi kadai. Irin wahalar da ya sha a wajen kamar yadda ya ce ‘wadanda suke cikin wancan yanayin ne za su iya fahimtarta’. Bayan an sako shi ya koma garin Mashhad inda ya ci gaba da ayyukan da daman yake yi. Sai dai a wannan karon kan ba a bar shi ya sake tsara azuzuwa ba. === A Gudun Hijira === [[Fayil:Nasrallah Khamenei Soleimani.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] A shekarar 1356 (1978) gwamnatin kama-karya ta Shah ta kama Ayatullah Khamene'i inda ta tura shi gudun hijira na tilas na shekaru uku zuwa garin Iranshahr. A tsakiyar 1357 (1978) sakamakon fadaduwar gwagwarmayar al’ummar Iran, ya tilasta wa jami’an tsaron sako shi daga inda suka tura shi gudun hijira inda ya dawo garin Mashhad ya ci gaba da zama a sahun farko-farko na masu gwagwarmaya da gwamnatin zalunci da kama-karya ta Shah. Bayan gwagwarmaya da hakurin azabtarwa na sama da shekaru goma sha biyar daga karshe dai wannan gwagwarmaya ta yi nasara da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci ya yi nasara, aka kawar da mulkin kama-karya ta ‘ya’yan gidan Pahlawi da kafa gwamnatin Musulunci a duk fadin kasar Iran. === Dab Da Nasara === Dab da nasarar juyin juya halin Musulunci bayan dawowar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) daga gudun hijira daga birnin Paris (na kasar Faransa), Imam (r.a) ya kafa ‘Majalisar juyin juya halin Musulunci’ a Iran inda ya nada mutanen ‘yan gwagwarmaya irin su Shahid Mutahari, Shahid Beheshti, Hashimi Rafsanjani da sauransu a matsayin membobi…to shi ma Ayatullah Khamene'i bisa umurnin Imam din ya kasance daya daga cikin membobin wannan majalisa. Shahid Mutahari ne ya isar masa da sakon marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a), don haka bayan samun wannan sako sai ya taho birnin Tehran. === Bayan Nasara === Bayan nasarar juyin juya halin Musuluncin, Ayatullah Khamene'i ya ci gaba da hidimar da ya saba wajen ganin an cimma manufofin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ga kadan daga cikin mukamai da abubuwa masu muhimmanci da suka faru a rayuwarsa bayan nasarar: § Assasa ‘Jam’iyyar Jamhuriyar Musulunci’ tare da taimakon abokansa irin su: Shahid Beheshti, Shahid Bahonar, Hashemi Rafsanjani da sauransu a watan Esfand 1357 (1979). § Wakilin ma’aikatar tsaro a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Mai kula da dakarun kare juyin juya halin Musulunci a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Limamin juma’ar birnin Tehran a shekarar 1358 (1979). § Wakilin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) a majalisar koli ta tsaron kasa a 1359 (1980). § Wakilin al’ummar Tehran a majalisar shawarar Musulunci a 1358 (1979). § Halartar fagen daga a yayin kallafaffen yakin da gwamnatin Saddam mai wuce haddi ta kallafawa Iran bisa goyon bayan manyan kasashen duniya musamman Amurka a shekarar 1359 (1980). § Kokarin kashe shi da munafukai suka yi a ranar shida ga watan Tir 1360 (29/7/1981) a masallacin Abu Zar dake birnin Tehran. § Shugaban kasar Iran bayan shahadar Muhammad Ali Raja'i shugaban kasar Iran na biyu. Ayatullah Khamene'i ya zama shugaban kasar Iran ne bayan ya samu kuri’un kimanin mutane miliyan sha shida a zaben da aka gudanar a watan Mehr 1360 (Oktoban 1981) da kuma amincewar marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a). Har ila yau daga shekarar 1364-68 (1985-1989) an sake zabansa shugaban kasa a karo na biyu. § Shugabancin majalisar juyin juya hali da al’adu a shekarar 1360 (1981). § Shugabancin majalisar fayyace maslahar tsarin Musulunci a 1366 (1987). § Shugabancin majalisar sake duba tsarin mulki a 1368 (1989). [[Fayil:Ali Khamenei visiting the shrine of Sayyida Zaynab.jpg|thumb|Ali Khamenei]] § Jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci daga shekarar 1368 (1989), ranar 14 ga watan Khordad (4/6/1989) bayan wafatin marigayi Imam Khumaini (r.a) inda majalisar kwararru ta zaban jagora ta zabe shi a wannan matsayi. == Littafa da Bincike == 1- Akidun Musulunci cikin Alkur’ani. 2- Dubi cikin salla. 3- Maganganu kan hakuri. 4- Muhimman littafa hudu cikin ilimin maruwaita. 5- Wilayah. 6- Rahoto kan tarihi da yanayin makarantar hauzar Mashhad. 7- Tarihin rayuwar Imaman Shi’anci (ba a buga shi ba). 8- Jagorancin Imam Sadik (a.s). 9- Hadin kai da jam’iyyun siyasa. 10- Fasaha a mahangar Ayatullah Khamene'i. 11- Kyakkyawar fahimtar addini. 12- Gwagwarmayar Imamai (a.s). 13- Ruhin tauhidi da haramcin bautan wanin Allah. 14- Wajibcin komawa ga Alkur’ani. 15- Tarihin Imam Sajjad (a.s). 16- Imam Ridha (a.s) da zama waziri mai jiran gado. 17- Bata al’adun al’umma (an ciro su ne daga jawabansa) 18- Kalaman Wilaya (jawabai da kalamansa da ya zuwa yanzu an buga mujalladai 9 daga cikinsu) == Tarjama == 1- Sulhu al-Hasan (a.s), na Radhi Aal Yasin. 2- Al-Mustakbal li haza al-Din na Sa’eed Kutb. 3- Musulmi a gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kasar Indiya na Abdul Mun’im Namri al-Nasri. 4- Bayan Dhid al-Hadharat al-Gharbiyya na Sa’eed Kutb. [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 66i9vncovraklzw21ucf5w8xu39xhkj 0 11290 542979 319519 2024-11-20T08:11:24Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson''' (an haife shi a 19 ga watan Yuni shekara ta alif 1964) Ɗan siyasan Biritaniya ne, tsohon ma'aikacin jarida ne kuma a baya ya riƙe [[Firayim Minista na United Kingdom]] kuma [[Conservative Party (UK)|Shugaban Jam'iyar Conservative Party]] tun a watan Yulin 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/6f533afc9bb14c29a1b9e013f270159e|title=Boris Johnson chosen as new UK leader, now faces Brexit test|last=Lawless|first=Jill|last2=Kirka|first2=Danica|date=23 July 2019|website=AP NEWS|access-date=23 July 2019}}</ref> Ya kasance [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) dake wakiltar [[Uxbridge da Kudancin Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency)|Uxbridge da Kudancin Ruislip]] tun [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]], ya kuma riƙe MP na [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]] daga [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]] zuwa [[2008 Henley by-election|2008]]. Shi ne kuma [[Mayor na London]] dga 2008 zuwa 2016, sannan [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] daga 2016 zuwa shekarar 2018. Johnson dai ana ganin sa a matsayin [[One-nation conservatism|one-nation conservative]] da kuma danganta shi da gudanar da siyasa wadda take da sassauci ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma zamantakewa. <!-- Kafin a canja wani abu a wannan sashen, to a fara bayyana hakan a talkpage Dan samun iko. --> <!--Early life, journalism, and early political career-->== Tarihin rayuwa == [[File:Ali Shamkhani - Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson - Boris Johnson - kj - Iran (9).jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson]] An haife shi a New York City daga gidan masu hannu da shuni, Johnson ya yi karatu a [[European School, Brussels I]], [[Ashdown House, East Sussex|Ashdown House]], da [[Eton College]]. Ya karanci [[Literae Humaniores|Classics]] a [[Balliol College, Oxford]], inda aka zaɓe shi [[President of the Oxford Union]] a 1986. Ya fara gudanar da harkar rayuwarsa a matsayin ma'aikacin jaridar ''[[The Times]]'' amma sai aka kore shi da cusa wani magana ta karya. Daga nan ya koma ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''{{'}}s mai rahoto daga Brussels. <gallery> File:Boris_Johnson_2010.jpg|Boris na kallon was an Paralympic File:Chris_Holmes_and_Boris_Johnson_(cropped).ipg.jpg|Boris na Jawabin File:Boris_Johnson_Leo_Johnson.jpg|Boris da kaninsa Leo File:Johnson_and_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan_walking_at_Downing_Street.jpg|Shugaba Boris Johnson da sarki Abdullah II na Jordan File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_UK_Foreign_Secretary,_Mr._Boris_Johnson,_at_London_airport_on_April_17,_2018.JPG|Shugaba Boris Johnson da shugaba Neranda Modi File:Johnson_met_with_Macron_for_Brexit_issue.jpg|Boris tare da shugaba Macron </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Boris}} 1eta7ihgyluyxeas0chllsamt39iazx 0 11335 542874 508730 2024-11-20T00:08:55Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Babajide_Olusola_Sanwoolu.jpg|Babajide_Olusola_Sanwoolu.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 5 November 2024. 542874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Babajide Sanwo-Olu.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] [[Fayil:Babajide Sanwaolu 2019 00 26 12 110000.jpeg|thumb|Babajide]] . '''Babajide Sanwo-Olu''' ɗan siyasan [[Nijeriya]] ne. An haife shi a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da biyar1965) miladiyya. a jahar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] ([[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]]). Gwamnan [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] ne daga shekara ta 2019 (bayan [[Babatunde Fashola]]). {{DEFAULTSORT:Sanwo-Olu, Babajide }} [[Category:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] [[Category:Gwamnonin jihar Lagos]]. o9ylwbyx3j32mu9g9q0i2zcb28a9lxk 0 11371 543001 484164 2024-11-20T10:10:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 543001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:SMFA with Mr. Isa Ali Ibrahim, the Minister of Communications & Digital Economy.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pantami.jpg|thumb|Isah Ali Ibrahim Pantami]] '''Isa Ali Ibrahim'''{{Audio|Isah Ali Pantami.ogg|Isah Ali Pantami}} Anfi sanin shi da '''Sheikh Pantami''' ko '''Malam Pantami''' (malami ne mai da'awa na Addinin [[Musulunci]]) (An haife shi a ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu( 1972) miladiya,(Ac). An haife shi a anguwar Pantami dake cikin kwaryar jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. A shekarar 2019 mulkin shugaban ƙasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/amp/s/punchng.com/video-atiku-visits-buhari-in-daura/%3famp</nowiki></ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/659583-my-government-didnt-do-anything-in-secret-buhari.html</nowiki></ref> ya naɗa shi a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa na [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{ cite news|url= https://punchng.com/full-list-of-buharis-ministers-sent-to-senate/|date= 23 July 2019|accessdate= 17 November 2022|title= Full list of Buhari’s ministerial nominees|publisher= punchng.com|language= en|last= Aborisade|first= Sunday}}</ref> A baya, ya riƙe muƙamin Darekta Janar na hukumar Kula da hanyoyin sadarwa na zamani (NITDA).<ref name=SaSt>[http://sahelstandard.com/index.php/2016/09/28/meet-the-new-nitda-director-general-dr-isa-ali-pantami/ Meet the New NITDA Director-General-Dr Isa Ali Pantami] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930232239/http://sahelstandard.com/index.php/2016/09/28/meet-the-new-nitda-director-general-dr-isa-ali-pantami/ |date=2016-09-30 }}, ''Sahara Standard''</ref> Haka a ranar shida ga watan Satumban shekara ta 2021 Dr Isah Ali Ibrahim Pantami ya zamo [[Farfesa]] ta ɓangaren tsaron yanar gizo (Cyber Security).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://prnigeria.com/2021/09/06/pantami-professor-cyber-security/|date=6 September 2021|accessdate=8 September 2021|publisher=PRNigeria|title=Communications Minister, Pantami Becomes Professor of Cyber Security}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://hausa.legit.ng/1432907-isa-pantami-ya-zama-farfesa-yana-rike-da-kujerar-ministan-gwamnati-a-najeriya.html|date=6 September 2021|accessdate= 8 September 2021|publisher=legit.hausa.ng|last=Malumfashi|first=Muhammad|title=Isa Pantami ya zama Farfesan Jami'a yana rike da kujerar Ministan Gwamnati a Najeriya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://m.guardian.ng/news/pantami-promoted-to-professor-of-cyber-security/| date=6 September 2021|accessdate=8 September 2021|publisher=The Guidian|title= Pantami promoted to professor of cyber security}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/1434225-kungiyar-kirista-ta-jinjinawa-pantami-muna-alfahari-da-kai-tamkar-mu.html|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=14 September 2021|publisher=legit hausa.ng|title= Kungiyar Kiristocin Nigeria, CAN, ta jinjinawa Pantami: Muna alfahari da kai a matsayin ɗan mu|last=Ibrahim|first=Aminu}}</ref> a jami'ar tarayya ta jihar [[Owerri]] Farfesa Isah Ali Ibrahim Pantami ya zama ministan tun bayan sake babban zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha tara (2019), bayan da [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya yi nasara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/live/labarai-49420061/page/2|date=21 August 2019|accessdate=8 September 2021|publisher=BBC Hausa.Com|title=Buhari ya ba Sheikh Pantami Ministan Sadarwa|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908164239/https://www.bbc.com/hausa/live/labarai-49420061/page/2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saboda shugaban ƙasa yaga ƙwarewar sa a loƙacin da ya riƙe hukumar kula da hanyoyin [[sadarwa]] (NITDA), sai aka ba shi ministan sadarwa<ref><nowiki>https://saharareporters.com/2021/04/12/sheikh-pantami-our-communication-minister-and-american-watch-list-terrorism-dr-bolaji-o</nowiki></ref>.Babban malami na [[sunnah]]. ==Wallafe-Wallafe== Farfesa Pantami ya Wallafa littatafai kamar haka: * Skills Rather than just a Degrees.<ref>https://www.legit.ng/nigeria/1505667-pantami-unveils-book-skills-supervises-disbursement-n187bn-broadband-penetration/</ref> * Cybersecurity initiatives for securing a country * A Scholar's Journey :- Navigating Academia<ref>https://leadership.ng/ex-minister-pantami-to-unveil-book-on-scholarly-journey-personal-experience/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/pantami-to-unveil-book-on-scholarly-journey-personal-experience/amp/</nowiki></ref> # ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pantami, Isa Ali}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] naha3qljczpwmyro2tam7pn51o4rylv 0 12424 542828 383420 2024-11-19T21:38:47Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi kari 542828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Fairy Swallow (Wing Pigeon).jpg|thumb|tattabara mai fari da baki]] [[File:Pigeon baby in nest.jpg|thumb|tantabara da yayansa akan sheka]] '''Tantabara''' ko '''tattabara''' (''tàantabàra''<ref>Blench, Roger (2006). ''Archaeology, Language, and the African Past''. AltaMira Press. ISBN 9780759104662</ref>) (''Columba livia'') [[tsuntsu]] ne.<ref>Door Alhaji Maina Gimba, Russell G. Schuh (2014). Bole-English-Hausa Dictionary and English-Bole Wordlist. University of California Press.</ref><ref>Door Charles Henry Robinson (1906). Dictionary of the Hausa Language, Volume 1.</ref> Ana mata inkiya da uwar alkawari, kuma ana kallon ta a matsayin wani alama na soyayya ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Tsuntsu]] 3jp263grf3967d1h9f72gke2z22ot6c 0 12542 542832 512405 2024-11-19T21:46:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ayobami Adebayo.jpg|thumb|Ayobami Adebayo]] '''Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀''' (an haife tane ranar 29 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 1988) marubuciya, yar [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ne.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e771c6cb-f7de-4146-842b-6133108dcf3c|title=When fake news is funny (and when it's not)|work=Financial Times|date=23 March 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ an haife shi a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Nigeria, a shekara ta 1988; Bayan haka, dangin ta sun tafi [[Ilesa]] sannan kuma suka tafi Ile-Ife, inda ta fi yawancin yaranta a Jami’ar Ma’aikatan Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo . <ref>[http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/authors/2142865/ayobami-adebayo Ayobami Adebayo biography] at [[Penguin Random House]].</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/audio/2017/mar/14/baileys-ayobami-adebayo-london-book-fair-podcast|title=Baileys longlist author Ayòbámi Adébáyò, and London book fair – books podcast|last=Cain|first=Presented by Sian|date=14 March 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2017|last2=Tresilian|first2=Claire Armitstead, produced by Susannah|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Ta yi karatunta ne a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, ta samu digirin ta na biyu da a adabin Ingilishi, sannan a shekarar 2014 ta je karantar da rubuce-rubuce ta Creative Writing (MA Prose fiction) a Jami’ar Gabas ta Anglia, inda aka ba ta Bursary International. <ref name=":0">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08hl5w2 " Nigerian writer Ayobami Adebayo, Tying the knot after 65, Japan's comfort women"], [[BBC]] ''[[Woman's Hour]]'', 16 March 2017.</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu tare da [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adiche|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] da Margaret Atwood . == Rubutun aiki == A shekarar 2015, ''Financial Times'' ta lissafa Adébáyọ̀ a matsayin daya daga cikin taurarin kyawawan litattafan Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2aaa2182-670c-11e5-97d0-1456a776a4f5|first=Tolu |last=Ogunlesi|authorlink=Tolu Ogunlesi|title=A new chapter in Nigeria’s literature|website=Financial Times|date=6 October 2015|access-date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Littafin tarihinta na farko, ''kasance tare da Ni'', an buga shi a cikin shekarar 2017 ta Canongate Litattafai don girmamawa mai girma, kuma aka ba ta jerin sunayen kyaututtukan kyaututtuka na Wellcome , Kyautar Baileys's for Fiction, <ref name=":0"/> kazalika da lambar yabo ta 9mobile ga Littattafai, wanda labari ya lashe a shekarar 2019. <ref>Murua, James (8 ga watan Augustn shekarar 2019), [https://www.jamesmurua.com/ayobami-adebayo-is-9mobile-prize-for-literature-2017-winner/ "Ayobami Adebayo is 9mobile Prize for Literature 2017 winner"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814142251/https://www.jamesmurua.com/ayobami-adebayo-is-9mobile-prize-for-literature-2017-winner/ |date=2019-08-14 }}, ''James Murua's Literature Blog''.</ref> <ref>Obi-Young, Otosirieze (8 August 2019), [https://brittlepaper.com/2019/08/ayobami-adebayo-wins-the-9mobile-prize-for-literature-for-stay-with-me/ "Ayobami Adebayo Wins the 9Mobile Prize for Literature, for Stay with Me"], ''[[Brittle Paper]]''.</ref> An kuma kasance cikin jerin sunayen ga Dylan Thomas Prize na Duniya . Kafin wallafa littafin Kwani ya kasance yana cikin jerin mutanen da a cikin jerin sunayensu <nowiki><i id="mwQQ">?</i></nowiki> Kundin rubutun, <ref>[http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-shortlists.php "Shortlist"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121154928/http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-shortlists.php |date=2019-11-21 }}, The Kwani? Manuscript Project, 2013.</ref> kyauta don almara mai inganci, wanda Babban Edita shine Ellah Allfrey . <ref>[http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-news.php "Ellah Wakatama Allfrey is Series Editor for Kwani? Manuscript Project"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000950/http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-news.php |date=2017-08-02 }}, The Kwani? Manuscript Project website, 27 November 2013.</ref> Michiko Kakutani a bita ta ''kasance tare da Ni'' don ''Jaridar New York Times ta'' bayyana Adébáyọ̀ a matsayin "mashahurin mai ba da labari", ta ƙara da cewa: "Tana yin rubutu ba wai kawai da alherin kwarai ba amma ta ainihin hikima game da soyayya da rashi da kuma yiwuwar fansa. Ta rubuta wani littafi mai karfi na birgima da bugun zuciya."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/books-stay-with-me-by-ayobami-adebayo-k8zm2mdn7|title=Books: Stay With Me by Ayobami Adebayo|first=Francesca|last= Angelini|newspaper=The Times|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/09/stay-with-me-by-ayobami-adebayo-review|title=Stay With Me by Ayòbámi Adébáyò review – a big-hearted Nigerian debut|last=Evans|first=Diana|date=9 March 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/books-reviews/1202170/book-review-stay-ayobami-adebayo/|title=Book Review: Stay With Me by Ayobami Adebayo |first=Ella|last=Walker|work=The Press and Journal|date=27 March 2017|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2018/03/wellcome-book-prize-shortlist-2018/|title=Wellcome Book Prize's 2018 Shortlist: Five of Six Titles Are by Women|date=19 March 2018|work=Publishing Perspectives|access-date=15 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>Kakutani, Michiko (24 July 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/24/books/review-ayobami-adebayo-stay-with-me.html?mcubz=3 "Portrait of a Nigerian Marriage in a Heartbreaking Debut Novel"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> [[File:Ayobami-Adebayo-300x295.png|thumb|Ayobami Adebayo]] Adébáyọ̀ ta kasance marubuciya a mazaunin Ledig House Omi, Hedgebrook, Cibiyar Al'adar Sentyan, Ox Art Bow School, Art na Siena Art Institute, da Ebedi Hills. <ref>"[http://www.ox-bow.org/residency-overview/ Residencies & Fellowships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905215109/http://www.ox-bow.org/residency-overview/ |date=2018-09-05 }}", section, "Fall 2016 Resident Artists and Writers". Ox-Box School of Art&nbsp;&#x26; Artists' Residency. ox-bow.org. Retrieved 30&nbsp;July 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.ayobamiadebayo.com/about-ayobami/ "About Ayọ̀bámi"], Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ website.</ref> Ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan takarar neman gurbin karatun Miles Morland a cikin shekarar 2014 zuwa shekarar 2015.<ref>lanredahunsi (26 November 2014), [http://www.opportunitiesforafricans.com/winners-announced-for-the-2014-miles-morland-foundation-writing-scholarship-for-african-writers/ "Winners Announced for the 2014 Miles Morland Foundation Writing Scholarship for African Writers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925093028/https://www.opportunitiesforafricans.com/winners-announced-for-the-2014-miles-morland-foundation-writing-scholarship-for-african-writers/ |date=2020-09-25 }}, OFA.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/08/baileys-womens-prize-2017-longlist-sees-established-names-eclipse-debuts|title=Baileys women's prize 2017 longlist sees established names eclipse debuts|last=Kean|first=Danuta|date=7 March 2017|work=The Guardian|access-date=3 April 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-39478026|title=Baileys Prize reveals 'daring and intimate' shortlist|date=3 April 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=16 April 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.milesmorlandfoundation.com/shortlist-2015 2015 shortlist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404045318/https://www.milesmorlandfoundation.com/shortlist-2015 |date=2017-04-04 }}, Miles Morland Foundation.</ref> A shekarar 2019 ta kasance baƙo a bikin Aké Arts and Book Festival . <ref>[[Molara Wood|Wood, Molara]] (24 October 2019), [https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/the-irresistible-rise-of-nigerian-fiction-1.4060438 "The irresistible rise of Nigerian fiction"], ''[[The Irish Times]]''.</ref> <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201910240055.html "Africa: Ake Festival - Africa's Leading International Book Festival"], ''[[AllAfrica]]'', 24 October 2019.</ref> == Bibliography == === Littattafai === * ''Kasance Tare dani'' . Littattafan Canongate, 2017 (   ). <ref>[http://www.canongate.tv/stay-with-me-hardback.html ''Stay with Me''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506123418/http://www.canongate.tv/stay-with-me-hardback.html |date=2017-05-06 }} at Canongate.</ref> === Sauran rubuce-rubuce === [[File:Vjaltseva Anastasya Dmitrievna the Seagull of Russian platform.jpg|thumb|Ayobami Adebayo]] Daya daga Adebayo labaran da aka sosai yaba a 2009 Commonwealth Short Story Competition . An buga waƙoƙi da labarunsa a cikin mujallu da dama da kuma tarihi, ciki har da ''East Jasmine Review'', ''Magafina Magazine'', ''Saraba Magazine'', ''Kalahari Review'', ''Lawino Magazine'', ''Da yake Magana don tsararrakin: Anthology of New African Writing'', ''Off Coast: Maine's International Journal of poetry,'' ''Ilanot Review,'' ''gambit: Sabo Afirka Writing,'' <ref>[https://sarabamag.com/saraba-talk-with-ayobami-adebayo-ayo-sogunro/ "Saraba Talk with Ayobami Adebayo & Ayo Sogunro"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406070740/http://sarabamag.com/saraba-talk-with-ayobami-adebayo-ayo-sogunro/ |date=2019-04-06 }}, ''Saraba'', 26 July 2016.</ref> da kuma ''New matan Afirka : An kasa da kasa anthology na rubutu da mata na Afirka lõkacin saukarsa.'' <ref>[[Margaret Busby|Busby, Margaret]] (9 March 2019), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/mar/09/from-ayobami-adebayo-to-zadie-smith-meet-the-new-daughters-of-africa "From Ayòbámi Adébáyò to Zadie Smith: meet the New Daughters of Africa"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> Ta kuma rubuta rubuce-rubuce wadanda bana zube ga ''Elle UK'' da BBC . == Kyaututtuka == * 2019: Kyautar 9mobile ga Littattafan ''Zauna tare'' dani <ref>Malec, Jennifer (8 August 2019), [https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/2019/08/08/the-jrb-daily-ayobami-adebayo-announced-as-winner-of-9mobile-prize-for-literature-for-her-debut-novel-stay-with-me/ "Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀ announced as winner of 9mobile Prize for Literature for her debut novel Stay With Me"], ''Johannesburg Review of Books''.</ref> <ref>Nwakunor, Gregory Austin (11 August 2019), [https://guardian.ng/art/ayobami-adebayo-wins-2018-9mobile-prize/ "Ayobami Adebayo wins 2018 9mobile prize"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201094244/https://guardian.ng/art/ayobami-adebayo-wins-2018-9mobile-prize/ |date=2019-12-01 }}, ''The Guardian'' (Nigeria).</ref> == Tunani == == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.ayobamiadebayo.com/ Yanar gizon hukuma] * Noor Brara, [https://www.vogue.com/article/ayobami-adebayo-stay-with-me "Labari na ƙauna:" Kasance tare da Ni, "Littafin Tarihi na Bako Daga Ayobami Adebayo, ya binciko sabbin hanyoyin fitowar mata da kuma alaƙa"], ''Vogue'', 9 Agusta 2017. * Alice O'Keeffe, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/feb/26/ayobami-adebayo-nigerian-author-stay-with-me-interview-family-children-happiness "Ayòbámi Adébáyò: 'Ya kamata mu yanke wa kanmu irin farin ciki da kama"'], ''The Guardian'', 26 Fabrairu 2017. * [http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-shortlists-ayobami.php Tattaunawa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803002311/http://manuscript.kwani.org/kwani-manuscript-project-shortlists-ayobami.php |date=2017-08-03 }}, The Kwani? Aikin rubutun, 2013. * [https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/qa/2018/11/ayobami-adebayo-qa-3018-i-would-love-be-therapist-robots "Ayobami Adebayo Q&A: 'A cikin 3018, zan so in zama mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga robots'"], ''New Statesman'', 25 Nuwamba 2018. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} nncjsfevfpgvcugqgvk51kyw0aasr32 0 13380 542806 177076 2024-11-19T21:04:08Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:National_Open_University_Of_Nigeria.jpg|National_Open_University_Of_Nigeria.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Didym|Didym]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:COM:Licensing|Commons:Licensing]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1] 542806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jami'ar '''National Open Najeriya''' ta kasance makaranta ce dake koyar da karatu ta hanyar, karatun nesa, cibiyar. wacce irin wannan makarantan ta kasance ta farko a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yankin Afirka ta Yamma]] . Ita ce babbar makarantar jami<nowiki>'a a Najeriya dangane da lambobin dalibai kuma ana kiranta da '' NOUN '. Jami'</nowiki>a ce wacce ta shahara wajen fidda dalibai masu nagarta a Najeriya, ta hanyan karatu ta yanar gizo watau (("internet ")). == Tarihi == [[File:National_Open_University_of_Nigeria.jpg|right|thumb| National Open University helkwata ]] An kafa jami’ar National Open university a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1983 a matsayin matattarar mabubbuga don buɗe koyo da na nesa a Najeriya. Gwamnatin ta dakatar da shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta alif 1984. Ko ta yaya, an fara farfado da shi ne a ranar 12 ga Afrilun 2001 daga tsohon [[Shugaban Nijeriya|Shugaban Najeriya]], Gen. [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] . Lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da jami'ar, rajistar ɗaliban majagaba ta zama 32,400. == Kungiyar == A shekarar 2011, NOUN na da kimanin ɗalibai 57,759. <ref name="needs">[http://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/sites/default/files/CNANU%20NEEDS%20Assessment%20Report%20Presentation%20to%20NEC%20November%202012.pdf COMMITTEE ON NEEDS ASSESSMENT OF NIGERIAN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202120313/http://www.fuotuoke.edu.ng/sites/default/files/CNANU%20NEEDS%20Assessment%20Report%20Presentation%20to%20NEC%20November%202012.pdf |date=2014-12-02 }} Presentation to the Council Chamber State House, Abuja Thursday 1 November 2012</ref> Mataimakin shugabar gwamnati a wancan lokacin Prof. Vincent Tenebe. Jami'ar ta kasance tsawon shekaru tana aiki daga hedkwatar Gudanarwarta da ke Victoria Island, VI Legas, kafin VC din ta na yanzu, Farfesa Abdalla Uba Adamu, ya sauya shi zuwa hedikwatar ta ta dindindin a Jabi, Abuja, a shekara ta 2016. Tana da Cibiyoyin Nazarin 75 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Tana ba da shirye-shirye sama da 50 da kuma darussan 750. Ta yanayinsa a matsayin cibiyar ODL, NOUN ba ta ba da laccoci ga ɗalibai a cikin ɗakunan aji ba sai dai wasu cibiyoyin karatun. Alal misali, cibiyar karatu a Legas tana ba da laccoci ga duk dalibanta na Dokta da kuma bayar da kayan aikin da suka wajaba ga duk ɗalibai bayan an biya kuɗin karatun. Hukumar kula da jami'o'i ta kasa (NUC) ce ta ba da dukkan karatun da jami’ar ke bayarwa. Magatakarda yana matsayin Sakatare a Majalisa da kuma Majalisar Dattawa. Babban sashin rajista shi ne samar da ayyukan tallafi a cikin Babban Ofishin Jami'ar tare da ba da fifiko kan al'amuran majalisar, abubuwan da suka shafi majalisar dattijai, daukar ma'aikata, shigar yara / jin dadin yara, jindadin ma'aikata da sauran ayyukan da suka shafi hakan. Magatakarda na yanzu shine Mr. Felix Edoka. == Dalibai == === Bukatun === Yawancin ɗalibai daban-daban na rayuwa daban-daban suna jawo hankalin su ga National Open University of Nigeria kamar sauran manyan Jami'o'in Bude kamar Jami'ar Open University of [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] (OU); saboda mafi yawan darussan babu wasu buƙatun shigarwa banda ikon yin karatu a matakin da ya dace kamar Jarrabawar [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]], da sauran Diploma na toasa don cancantar shigar da kai tsaye. Kodayake yawancin darussan kammala karatun suna buƙatar shaidar karatun da ya gabata da / ko ƙwarewar rayuwa. Wannan mahimmancin shigar da kudin shiga na siyasa yana sa dukkan daliban jami'a su karanci karatun jami'a. === Masu karatuna === Duk da yake mafi yawan masu karatun ɗaliban ne masu balaga, yawancin adadin sababbin daliban suna shekaru tsakanin 17 da 25, ragowar tallafin kuɗi ga waɗanda ke halartar jami'o'in gargajiya, haɗe tare da yin amfani da fasaha kamar su YouTube da ke jan hankalin wannan alƙaluma, An yi imanin ya kasance bayan wannan ci gaban. === Rigakafi ga bugawa === Wani dalili shi ne Dokar Majalisar da ta kafa Jami'ar da ke hana kowane nau'i na ƙungiyar ko dai a cikin ma'aikata ko ɗalibai. Wannan ya sanya aka sanya sunan NOUN ba ya fuskantar yajin aiki kamar su ASUU yajin aiki (wanda ya kai tsawon watanni takwas) a Najeriya wanda a ƙarshe ya tsawaita lokacin karatun ɗalibai a makaranta ba lallai ba. Studentsaliban NOUN suna koyaushe kuma za su ci gaba da kasancewa cikin raunin kowace irin yajin aiki. NOUN ta yi iya kokarin ta don ganin dalibanta sun kasa shekaru 30 (matsakaicin shekaru) sun shiga Makarantar Bautar da Matasa ta kasa da kuma wadanda suka kammala karatun lauya ci gaba zuwa Makarantar Shari’a ta Najeriya . Koyaya, ƙoƙarin ya kasance kwanan nan, an samo asali. Jami’ar ta fitar da sanarwa inda ta tabbatar da cewa a yanzu haka daliban na NOUN za su iya yin rajista kuma su kasance cikin shirin NYSC. == Matsayi da nasarori == Sakamakon sabon binciken da Jami'oi suka gabatar wanda Ranking Web of Jami'o'i (wanda aka sani da suna Webometrics) ya bayyana wani jerin kyawawan Jami'o'i 100 a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Kamar dai yadda ake yi a cikin kowane sauran shafin yanar gizo, tsarin yanar gizo wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 2015 ya sami alamun nema daga injunan bincike don baiwa manyan jami'o'in da Jami'ar National Open ta sanya a matsayi na 23. Duba: Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya === Rarraban fursunonin da aka yi garkuwa da su === Shawarar gudanarwa da majalisar dattijai na National Open University Nigeria (NOUN) na kafa cibiyoyin karatu a wasu gidajen yarin kasar ya fara ba da ‘ya’ya kamar yadda fursunoni uku daga cikin 7,000 da suka kammala karatun digiri na 13 a kwanan nan. A taronsa karo na 4 da aka gudanar a Babban Baje kolin gidan wasan kwaikwayon na kasa, Iganmu, Legas, wanda ya samu halartar wakilin shugaban kasa, [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Jonathan da]] yawa daga cikin shugabannin majalisun gwamnoni da na wakilai da manyan masu ruwa da tsaki, fursunonin biyu daga Kirikiri Maxgal Prisons sun ƙare sama kamar tauraro ne da nishadantarwa ga masu digiri na farko da digirin farko da suka kafa ta farko. Amma ƙoƙarin da Review, kwararren Nazarin Ilimi ya yi don yin magana da su (fursunoni) wani jami'in gidan yarin ya yi tsayayya da ƙarfi. Ko da yake, Mataimakin Shugaban da ke Kula da Kirikiri Maximum ya fada wa Aminiya ta Ilimi cewa daya daga cikin fursinan din, yana daurin rai da rai ne yayin da aka sake sakin ɗayan na biyu wanda ba zai iya ba da sunansa ba makonni biyu da suka gabata bayan ya yi zamansa na ɗaurin kurkuku. Oladapo da sauran fursunonin da aka kora kawai an basu kyautar BSc cikin kwanciyar hankali da sasanta rikice-rikice, wannan mahimmin dalibin gaba daya, Mrs. Anthonia Okoye (a 43-shekara da haihuwa, mahaifiyar wanda shi ne daya daga cikin na farko guda biyu digiri zuwa digiri na biyu tare da wani farko-Class mataki a cikin ma'aikata) karatu. == Sanannen Alumni == * Beverly Osu, 'yar wasan Najeriya, abin kwaikwayo da kuma Video Vixen. == Dandalin Fasaha == [[File:NOUN_Media_centre.jpg|alt=NOUN Media centre building|thumb| Ginin cibiyar NOUN Media ]] Jami'ar National Open university ta Najeriya a kokarinta na daukar ilimi zuwa ga kofar jama'ar Najeriya ba tare da la’akari da matsayin su ba sannan kuma tattalin arzikin Najeriya mai tasowa ya tura tare da aiwatar da fasahar kere kere ta iLearn don bunkasa kwarewar ilmantarwa na dalibi. An kirkiro tsarin NOUN iLearn don sauƙaƙe damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Tsarin ya samar da dayawa, masu zuwa: Malaman tattaunawa na kan layi wanda Nitocin masu gabatar da kara sun shirya ta hanyar samarda yanayi na aji. Wuri don ɗalibai don samun amsoshin kowace tambaya ko ɓangaren wahala dangane da karatun su. Yanar gizo da kayan aikin haɗin gwiwa don taimakawa a cikin al'umma na ma'amala tsakanin ɗalibai, masu gudanarwa, ma'aikatan ilimi da membobin baiwa. Kayan aikin bincike mafi kyau kamar su Smart e-Book Digitized video video da kuma kayan sauti don haɓaka ƙwarewar ilmantarwa na ɗalibi wanda aka samu akan dandamali. Samun damar aiki, tambayoyin aiki da kayan aikin nazarin binciken kai. == Nazari == [[File:View of NOUN Media centre.jpg|thumb|Jamiar Karatu daga gida ]] A jami'a gudanar da kwamfuta na tushen-Test (CBT) nau'i na jarrabawa ga ta dalibai a farko da na biyu shekaru. Koyaya, Lauyan da ke karatun digiri suna shiga cikin gwaje-gwajen daidaito na Pen-On-Paper (POP) wanda suka fara daga farkon shekararsu ta shiga, tare da LAW111-Hanyar Shari'a a Semester na farkon shekara. Sauran daliban jami'a kuma suna shiga tsarin gwaji na CBT a farkonsu da na biyu kuma sun fara jarrabawar POP daga shekararsu ta uku har zuwa karshen karatunsu. Tsarin jarabawar POP ya shafi ɗaliban Post Graduate suma. Wasu daga cikin daliban sun soki tsarin na CBT. Jarabawar CBT tana cikin nau'i biyu; tambayoyin zabi masu yawa kuma cika rata - wanda shine nau'in jarrabawa mafi tsoro da ɗalibai ko'ina cikin duniya. Tsarin CBT yana buƙatar ɗalibai a mafi yawan lokuta, haddace litattafansu daidai da amsoshin [[wikiwikiweb:program|shirye-shiryen da]] aka adana a uwar garken makarantar don samun cikakkun alamomi kamar yadda kwamfyutoci za su ƙi amsar da ba ta dace da abin da aka tsara ba. === Gwaji === Aiki ne na Kulawa (TMA-Marked Assignedments) (TMAs) cigaba ne na kimantawa a cikin nau'in aikin sanya alama na Tutor kuma yana da kashi 30% na yawan dalibi. Ana tsammanin ɗalibai ya amsa duk TMAs, wanda dole ne a amsa da ƙaddamar da shi kafin ɗalibai su zauna don ƙarshen jarrabawar hanya === Jarrabawar karshe da rubutu === Tare da rubuta jarrabawar cikin nasara, 'ofarshen gwaje-gwajen gwaji' za su sami ɗalibai 70% waɗanda za a ƙara zuwa darajan TMA (30%). Lokaci don wannan jarrabawar ana koyaushe ga ɗalibai. == Kayan aiki == === I-dakin karatu === NOUN tana amfani da dakin karatu na e-library a hedkwatar da ke a Victoria Island, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas, Najeriya]] wanda duk ɗalibai suka sami damar zuwa bayan bayar da katin shaidar ɗalibin sahihiyar. Dalibai su sami damar zuwa biyu Internet wurare, littattafai, mujallolin, ayyukan, taƙaitaccen labari na baya dalibai da sauran kayayakin ba da ilmi. === Gidan rediyo === Rediyon rediyo na watsa shirye-shiryenta a mita 105.9 NOUN FM. <ref>nounfm.caster.fm/</ref> Student dalibai na Sadarwar Mass suna kuma da damar yin ɗalibi a ɗakin studio wanda ke watsa shirye-shiryen duk kwanakin aiki.   === E-courseware === NOUN kuma ta samar da wani dandamali ga ɗaliban da ke buƙatar samun dama ga tsarinta na kayan ilimi [https://web.archive.org/web/20160328233241/http://www.noununiversity.org/noun-e-courseware-download/ NOUN e-Courseware Free Download] mai cikakken ƙarfi don dalilai na ilimi maimakon dalilai na kuɗi ko na kasuwanci. Za'a iya saukar da litattafai a tsarin PDF ba tare da tsada ba. == Karatun == Ini Edo, daya ce daga cikin taurari a masana'antar shirya fina-finai ta Najeriya, Nollywood ta sanya kanun labarai lokacin da aka ba ta tallafin karatu don yin karatun Shari'a a Jami'ar National Open university. An kuma ba da ƙarin actan wasan kwaikwayo da masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood ciki har da Desmond Elliot an kuma ba su guraben karatu. An bayyana Chioma Chukwuka-Akpotha, Francis Duru, Doris Simeon da Sani Danja a matsayin jakadu ga NOUN. Dukkanin su hudu sun gabatar da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe, tare da guraben} karo ilimi don yin karatun yadda ake zabarsu. na Candan takarar da ke neman shiga ne a Cibiyar. == Manazartanani == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == [[Category:Jami'o'i a Nijeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eo3qzh4vvaleo8gxaso6uf0xy8bfzhc 0 13785 543011 497692 2024-11-20T10:47:20Z Maryamarh 29382 543011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Africanimmigrantseurope.jpg|thumb|fame oke acikin shararun mutanan africa]] [[Fayil:Femi Oke.jpg|thumb|ma aika cigar gidan tv]] '''Femi Oke''' (An haife ta ne a 30 Yuni a shekarar 1966) Ta kasance mai' gabatarwa da labarai ce ta gidan talabijin a Burtaniya Kuma shahararriyar [[Ɗan jarida|yar' jarida ce]] . == Farkon rayuwa da karatu == Femi an haife ta ne a [[Landan|London]], <ref name="Interview with Femi Oke">{{Cite web |title=Interview with Femi Oke |url=http://www.walkleys.com/storyology/speakers-2014/femi-oke/ |access-date=2020-05-03 |archive-date=2017-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219135638/http://www.walkleys.com/storyology/speakers-2014/femi-oke/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ingila, ga iyayen [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] yan' kabilan Yarbawa . Tana digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Birmingham inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin adabi da adabin Ingilishi. == Ayyukan watsa labarai == Femi ta fara aiki ne tun tana da shekaru 14 da aiki a matsayin wata junior mai rehoton labaru ga gidan rediyo na [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] 's magana radio station na farko a London Broadcasting Company.<ref name=huff>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ebenezar-wikina/my-stroll-with-femi-oke_b_5697723.html|publisher=HuffingtonPost|accessdate=12 June 2015|title=Flow With the Stream: My Stroll With Femi Oke|date=21 August 2014}}</ref> A cikin 1993, Femi tayi aiki Kuma ma tashar USB wanda ake kira Wire TV, wannan shine pre-Janet Street Porter L! VE TV . Femi ta gabatar da shirye-shirye da yawa ga tashar, gami da shahararrun ''Soap a kan Wire'' a ranar Asabar da yamma, tare da masanin wasan opera Chris Stacey . A farkon shekarun 1990, Femi ta gabatar da shirin Turanci na shirin ''Ilimin Kimiyya na Ilimin Kimiyya na Science A Action'' kuma ta kasance mai gabatar da ''Manyan Aljihunan'' . Har ila yau, ta yi aiki don GMTV, London Weekend Television, Men &amp;amp; Motors da Carlton Television . Ita tsohuwar ce mai ba da labari ga CNN International ta hidimar duniya a cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a [[Atlanta|Atlanta, Georgia]] . Ta gabatar da sassan yanayi don shirye-shiryen ''Duniyar ku Yau'' da ''Labaran Duniya'' . Ta kuma shirya kai-tsaye a ''cikin Afirka'', wanda Errol Barnett ke gabatarwa yanzu, shirin da ke duba tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da halaye a cikin Afirka. Ta shiga CNN a 1999, kuma ta yi aiki a can har zuwa 2008. Ta amfani da su bayyana a matsayin kullum newscaster, gudummawa da kuma interviewer a kan Jama'a Radio International / WNYC ta safe jama'a rediyo labarai shirin, ''The Takeaway'' . A halin yanzu, tana karban bakunci a shirin The Stream na tashar Al Jazeera English . == Zance ga Jama'a == Femi ta karɓi goron gayyata don koyarwa a madadin ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya a [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], ta gabatar da jawabai na baƙi ga Jami'ar Liberiya, Jami'ar Emory a Atlanta kuma ta kasance mai ba da jawabi a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], ta ba da jawabi ga Abinci na Duniya. Shirin a [[Rum|Rome]], [[Italiya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDOII/Resources/Bios.pdf|format=pdf|website=World Bank|title=Moderator: Ms. Femi Oke|accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/femi-oke/|website=Biznis|title=Femi Oke, Al Jazeera Journalist|accessdate=31 January 2015|date=13 February 2014|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401082141/http://www.biznisafrica.co.za/femi-oke/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fim == Femi ta fito a cikin gajeren fim din ''The Last Hour'' (2005). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Official website * [http://www.therealfemioke.com/dbFemi5/ Real Femi Oke blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225164507/http://www.therealfemioke.com/dbFemi5/ |date=2019-12-25 }} * [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/femi-oke-my-life-in-media-408211.html Femi Oke: "Rayuwata a kafafen yada labarai"] Mai zaman kansa * Femi Oke * [http://www.thetakeaway.org/ Shafin yanar gizo na Shirin Tallafin Takewa] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1966]] cg78z6dfsl4xy0u4szqiizl9waa8pnf 0 14626 542846 309151 2024-11-19T22:47:32Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Elikem.jpg|Elikem.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files uploaded by Emmanuelafriye|]]. 542846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elikem Kumordzie''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Elikem The Tailor''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, 1988). ɗan wasan Ghana ne, mai tsara kayan ado da kuma masaniyar bukukuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2013 Kumordzie ya zo na uku akan shirin gidan talabijin na Big Brother Africa (kakar 8), wakiltar Ghana. == Farkon rayuwa da ilimi == Elikem an haife shi ne a Accra, kuma ya halarci Kay Billie Klaer Academy da Englebert Junior High School. Don karatun sakandare, ya halarci St. Thomas Aquinas SHS, wata makarantar sakandare a Accra. Daga baya ya wuce zuwa Jami'ar Ghana, inda ya sami BSc a Combined Psychology da Theater Arts. == Aiki == A cikin shekarar 2013 Kumordzie ya fito a shirin TV na ainihi Big Brother Africa (kakar 8), wakiltar Ghana. Ya zama na uku kuma na farko a cikin Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana don zuwa matakin ƙarshe. Matsayin da ya taka na taka rawar gani ya kasance a cikin shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya yi fim a cikin fim mai taken 'Yan wasa. Ya kuma yi aiki a cikin Silver Rain (2015), Pauline's Diary (2017), da sauransu. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an zaɓe shi a matsayin "Mafi Kyawun Mashahurin Mai Sanya a Kan Jan Kafet" a Glitz Style Awards. == Filmography da aka zaɓa == === Fina-finai === * ''Cheaters'' (2013) * ''Prince of Brimah'' (2014) * ''The Bachelors'' (2014) * ''Happy Death Day'' (2015) * ''Happy Death Day'' (2015) * ''[[:en:Silver_Rain_(film)|Silver Rain]]'' (2015) * ''Princess Natasha'' (2015) * ''The Joy of Natasha'' (2015) * ''Utopia'' (2016) * ''Pauline's Diary'' (2017) * ''The King with No Culture'' (2018) === Talabijan === * 2016, ''Black and White'' (Ghanaian TV series)[22] * 2018, ''Table of Men'' (Ghanaian TV series) == Rayuwar mutum == A watan Yunin shekara ta 2015, Elikem ya auri Pokello. Su biyun sun sadu a Big Brother Africa (lokacin 8) ainihin TV show, The Chase kuma Hit it off. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a cikin shekarar 2018 kuma suna da ɗa tare. == Kyaututtuka == * 2014 - Gwarzon Dan wasa a Matsayi Na Gaban, Ghana Movie Awards ta 2014 * 2015 - Mafi Kyawun suttura da Mai zane Wardrobe, ni nake yi, 2015 Ghana Movie Awards * 2015 - Kyautar Kyautar Dan Wasan Kwaikwayo, Golden Movie Awards * 2019 - Mafi Kyawun Mashahurin Mai Sanya Kyakkyawan Red Carpet, Glitz Style Awards a Accra * 2019 - Kasuwancin Yan Kasuwa na Shekara, Fashion and Lifestyle Awards ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kumordzie, Elikem}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1988]] [[Category:Mutane daga Ghana]] 6z42ssf2ljcoat947y423atgar8jteu 0 16249 542871 475729 2024-11-19T23:31:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Blanche Bailly''' (an haifeta a shekara ta 1995) ta kasance mawakiyar [[Kamaru|Kamaru ce]]. Wakarta ta farko mai suna 'Kam we stay' wacce aka fitar a watan Agustan shekarar 2016 ta samu karbuwa a cikin fannin waƙa kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, ana ta bugawa bayan bugawa ga mawaƙa a yau ana ganin wakar amatsayin na ɗayan daga cikin mafi kyawu Afirka.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://dcodedtv.com/blanche-bailly-is-cameroons-sexiest-female-artist/|title= Blanche Bailly is Cameroon's sexiest female artist |publisher= dcodedtv.com|date=2017-08-27 |accessdate=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://blog.ruulaconcepts.com/video-cameroonian-pop-star-blanche-bailly-releases-new-song-ndolo/ |title= Video: Cameroonian Pop Star Blanche Bailly Releases New Song 'Ndolo' |publisher= ruulaconcepts.com |date=2017-03-25 |accessdate=2019-06-11}}</ref><ref name=" solowayne.com ">{{cite web |url= https://solowayne.com/blanche-bailly-released-a-new-song-titled-bonbon-watch-video/ |website= solowayne.com |title= Blanche Bailly released a new song titled "Bonbon" (WATCH VIDEO!) |accessdate= 2018-04-01 |archive-date= 2018-04-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180415074720/http://solowayne.com/blanche-bailly-released-a-new-song-titled-bonbon-watch-video/ |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africatopsuccess.com/showbiz-les-confessions-de-blanche-bailly/|title=Showbiz: les confessions de Blanche Bailly|date=Sep 12, 2017|accessdate=Jul 26, 2020}}</ref> == Bayan Fage == [[Fayil:Blanche Bailly - Prince Essaka - Ludwigs.jpg|thumb|Blanche Bailly a gefe]] An haife ta a Kumba a yankin Kudu maso Yammacin Kamaru a cikin dangin addini, Blanche ta halarci makarantar firamare a Sacred Heart Kumba yankin Kudu maso Yamma sannan daga baya ta yi wani ɓangare na karatun sakandarenta a Makarantar Sakandaren Baptist-Kang Barombi da Deligent Bilingual College- Kumba kafin ta ta sake zama tare da Iyalinta zuwa Faransa a lokacin tana shekara 12 inda ta ci gaba da karatunta. Zamanta a Faransa ya amfanar da mawakiyar kamar yadda take bin ta bashida halinta. Yayin da take Faransa ta yanke shawarar bin burinta da burinta na zama mai yin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yin rikodi. Jirgin nata mai cike da wahala ya ga kin amincewa, matsaloli da sauransu wanda ya ingiza ta komawa Burtaniya. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Blanche Bailly 02.jpg|thumb|Blanche Bailly]] Yayin da take Burtaniya, ta hadu da wani mai zane-zane dan Kamaru wanda ya sadu da ita tare da zama na farko na sutudiyo. A can baya mai zane ya kasance da suna 'Swagger Queen'. Zuwa shekarar 2015, ta fitar da wakarta ta farko 'Killa' wacce Ayo Beats ya samar. Daga baya ta samu ganawa da furodusa dan asalin Kamaru Mista Elad wanda ya rubuta wakinta na farko mai suna 'Kam we stay' a shekarar 2016 wanda furodusa dan Kamaru Philbillbeatz ya shirya. Bayan barin mara aure, Blanche ta yanke shawarar lokaci ya yi da za ta koma mahaifarta kuma ta kara cudanya da masana'antar da take kokarin gina sana'a daga gare ta. Tare da nasarar 'Kam mun tsaya', Blanche ta sake yin aiki tare a cikin 2017 tare da Philbillbeatz a kan wani waƙoƙin da ta rubuta mai taken 'Mimbayeur' wanda ke nuna Minks mai rairayi. Tare da ƙarin nasara a kan ɗayan wanda ya hura YouTube tare da ra'ayoyi sama da miliyan 5, Blanche Bailly ya zama mai riƙe da suna a cikin Wakar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Daga baya ta sake yin karin haske kamar; 'Dinguo, Bonbon da kwanan nan' Ndolo 'da' Ton sun fyaɗa, mon pied 'da sabon fim dinta' Argent '. Blanche yayi rawar gani a cikin Kamaru da kasashe kamar Gabon, Malabo, Faransa, Geneva kuma a cikin 2018 tayi nasarar zagayen kulaf din Turai. An ba da kyautar Blanche Bailly da kwazon aiki tare da gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Centralwararrun Centralwararrun Centralwararrun Afirka ta Tsakiya a AFRIMA, Mafi Kyawun biranen gari da Wahayin shekara a Canal D'or da kuma lashe Wahayin shekara a Balafon Music Awards a cikin 2016. == Ayyukan jin kai == A watan Oktoba 2018, Blanche Bailly ta shiga gudanar da zane kamar; Mista Leo, Daphné, Minks, Pit Barccardi, Magasco da wasu gungun wasu a cikin waƙar zaman lafiya; ''Muna buƙatar Salama'' ta Salatiel don rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a Yankunan Anglophone na Kamaru. == Kyauta & Sunaye == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamakon |- | 2018 | Mafi Kyawun Matan Afirka ta Tsakiya (AFFRIMA) | Mafi kyawun 'yar wasa mace | Kanta | {{nominated}} |- | 2018 | Mafi kyawun birni da Wahayin shekara (Canal D'or) | Mafi kyawun 'yar wasa mace | Kanta | {{nominated}} |- |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'Yan wasan Kamaru * Cinema na Kamaru == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * "isblanchebailly (@isblanchebailly) on Facebook". facebook.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12. [[category:Haifaffun 1995]] 5ur1erjg4z44zoi0eq3dczyp2pailbk 0 16353 542794 449168 2024-11-19T20:00:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amelia Umuhire''' (an haifeta a shekara ta 1991) ta kasance mai bada umarni, ƴar ƙasar [[Rwandan]]-Jamusanci, furodusa, kuma marubuciya.<ref name="agyen">{{cite news |last1=Agyen |first1=Akua |title=TALKING FILM WITH DIRECTOR AND FILMMAKER AMELIA UMUHIRE |url=http://ayibamagazine.com/talking-film-director-filmmaker-amelia-umuhire/ |accessdate=14 October 2020 |work=Ayiba Magazine |date=9 May 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107000854/http://ayibamagazine.com/talking-film-director-filmmaker-amelia-umuhire/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="void">{{cite web |title=Speaking from the Void: A Conversation with Filmmaker Amelia Umuhire |url=https://mcachicago.org/Publications/Blog/2018/Speaking-From-The-Void-A-Conversation-With-Filmmaker-Amelia-Umuhire |website=MCA|date=13 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="negusse">{{cite news |last1=Negusse |first1=Mearg |title=Amelia Umuhire: Unpacking Hidden Rwandese Stories |url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/magazines/amelia-umuhire-unpacking-hidden-rwandese-stories/ |accessdate=14 October 2020 |work=Contemporary And |date=12 December 2019}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Umuhire a [[Kigali]], Rwanda a 1991. Tana da ‘yan uwa mata guda biyu, Anna Dushime, yar jarida a Buzzfeed, da kuma Amanda Mukasonga, wadanda suka yi waka tare da Umuhire. Mahaifiyarta Esther Mujawayo 'yar gwagwarmaya ce kuma mai warkar da rauni. A lokacin kisan kare dangin na Ruwanda a shekarar 1994, an kashe mahaifinta da mahaifinta saboda 'yan Tutsi ne.<ref name="agyen"/> Umuhire ta tsere zuwa Jamus tun tana yarinya, tana zuwa makaranta kuma ya sami takardar zama yar ƙasa tana da shekaru 11. Ta girma, ta sami amsoshi game da ainihi da kuma manufar al'adun Ba'amurke. Umuhire ta koma Vienna don yin karatu sannan ya koma Berlin.<ref name="void"/> A shekarar 2015, ta fara gabatar da shirinta na darektan ne tare da shahararren gidan yanar gizo mai suna ''Polyglot''. Ta sami Kyautar Jerin Gidan Yanar Gizo Mafi Kyawu. Umuhire ta dauki nauyin gajeren fim din ''Mugabo'' a shekarar 2016. Ana yin fim ɗin a Kigali, ya ƙunshi baƙon Afro-Turai da ke ziyarar Rwanda a karon farko tun bayan kisan ƙare dangi na 1994. Ta ba da umarnin bidiyon da aka ba da izini wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman wasan kwaikwayon na zagayowar cika shekaru 20 na ''The Miseducation na Lauryn Hill'' . A cikin 2018, Umuhire ta jagoranci kwasfan fayiloli game da rayuwar mahaifinta. Mai suna ''Vaterland'', an ''zaɓi'' shi don Prix Europa. Ta ba da umarnin girka bidiyon ''King Wanda'', wanda aka yi fim din a gidan inna, a shekarar 2019. Umuhire ta samu kyautar Villa Romana a shekarar 2020. Ta yi sauti da gwajin bidiyo ''Kana'' game da rayuwa a duniyar Mars a shekarar 2020. An nuna aikinta a bukukuwa da yawa na fim, ciki har da MOCA Los Angeles, MCA Chicago, Tribeca Film Festival, Smithsonian African American Film Festival, International Film Festival Rotterdam.<ref name="void"/> == Fina-finai == * 2015: ''Polyglot'' (Jerin Yanar gizo) * 2016: ''Mugabo'' * 2019: ''Sarkin Wane'' * 2020: ''Kana'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://iffr.com/en/persons/amelia-umuhire Bayanin IFFR] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105031800/https://iffr.com/en/persons/amelia-umuhire |date=2021-11-05 }} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1991]] qed5id1n43mqobd33xhcql3c9r6x0ae 0 17960 543009 523292 2024-11-20T10:43:08Z Maryamarh 29382 543009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Al Bukayriyah''' ( {{Lang-ar|البكيرية}} ), ya kasan ce birni ne, da ke a yankin Al-Qassim, [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. Ya zuwa 2018, akwai mazauna dubu 25,153 a birnin. A cikin 1904, wurin ne aka yi Yakin Bekeriyah. == Yanayi == Al-Bukayriyah wani yanki ne na yanayin da ake samu a yankin Najd, wanda shine yanayin hamada wanda aka san shi da tsananin zafi a lokacin rani da kuma sanyi sosai a lokacin sanyi. Abinda ya banbanta Al-Bukayriyah shine yanayin yanayi a lokacin bazara bashi da zafi idan aka kwatanta shi da na Najd. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon tasirin gonaki da lambunan da ke kewaye da Al-Bukayriyah, saboda suna ba da gudummawa ga zafin yanayin lokacin bazara. Tunda gonaki da yawa suna cikin tsakiyar Al-Bukayriyah da ƙarshen ƙarshenta, suna tausasa yanayin saboda ƙanshi saboda yawan ciyawar yana haifar da matsakaicin yanayi a bazara. Hakanan ruwan sama yana sauka akan Al-Bukayriyah a lokacin sanyi saboda iskar yamma. == Bayanan kidaya == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Yawan jama'a ! Shekara ! Source |- | 24,629 | 2004 | |- | 29,547 | 2010 | |- | 25,153 | 2018 | |} ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AD%D9%8A.jpg|Birnin Al Bukayriyah File:Al-Amal_Club_Stadium.JPG|Filin wasan kwallon Kafa na Al-Amal, Al Bukayriyah </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin garuruwa da garuruwa a Saudi Arabia {{Databox}} ==Al-Bukayriyah== Al-Bukayriyah, dake garin Najd dake tsakiyar ƙasar Saudiyya, a tsakiyar yankin Al-Qassim kudu maso yammacin birnin Buraidah, mai tazarar kilomita 36, ​​kuma kimanin kilomita goma sha biyar daga yammacin filin jirgin saman Al-Qassim, kimanin kilomita talatin daga Onaizah, kimanin kilomita talatin daga gabas, sannan daga bayansa Al-Badaa'a da misalin kilomita goma sha biyar, daga yamma kuma masana kuma daga bayansa akwai Riyad Khabara da al-Rass, sannan daga arewacin al-Shehiya. Bayansa kuma, Ayyun al-Jawa, kimanin kilomita ashirin da biyar daga al-Bukayriyah, da kuma a arewa maso yammacin al-Fuwailiq, da kuma karkashin dutsen Saq. Ana ganin wadannan kasashe makwabta ne na Bukayriya Bukariyah البكيرية Bukayriyah is located in Saudi ArabiaBukayriyahBukayriyah Location a Saudi Arabia Daidaitawa: 26.161984°N 43.654683°E Ƙasa Saudi Arabia Yanki Yankin Al-Qassim Yawan jama'a (2018) Jimlar 25 153 ==Yanayi== == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Saudiyya]] [[Category:Saudiyya]] jww1uyrd24lq1ana7epr5acvpyc6ilp 4 19488 542904 80559 2024-11-20T04:53:57Z 104.162.202.54 /* a */ 542904 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Icon-addlinks.png|center|64x64px|frameless]] <h2 style="background:#0077D4; border:1px solid #f9fdfd; color: #FFFFFF; font-weight:bold; padding:.3em;">Wannan shafine dake dauke da Template na [[Babban shafi]] Hausa Wikipedia</h2> {| align="center" style="width:100%; border:2px #a3b1bf solid; background:#f5faff; text-align:left;" | colspan="3" align="center" style="background:#cee0f2; text-align:center;" |[[Wikipedia:Mukalar mu a yau]] |- | colspan="3" style="background:#E6F2FF; border-top:2px #a3b1bf solid;text-align:center;" |Bayanai |- |} [[Wikipedia:Mukalar mu a yau]] {| class="nomobile" style="margin-top:5px; width:100%; margin-bottom:2px;" |} Geotrott Holiday Sale is On! Grab your favorite *Music Band Suitcase* just in time for the holidays! The *perfect gift* to surprise your loved ones this season! GEOTROTT.COM hbv5as4qqvp05wjv2bbnu2j4bp0nsuw 0 20576 543006 514669 2024-11-20T10:34:06Z Maryamarh 29382 543006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Ten Minute Rule Speech.png|thumb|Adam Afriyie]] [[Fayil:Official portrait of Adam Afriyie MP crop 2.jpg|thumb|Adam Afriyie]] '''Adam Afriyie''' (an haife shi a 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1965) ɗan siyasar Ghana ne mazaunin ƙasar Ingila kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan Majalisar Wakilai (MP) na Windsor tun shekara ta 2005. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Conservative.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/35516.stm "Adam Afriyie MP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019150514/http://news.bbc.co.uk/democracylive/hi/representatives/profiles/35516.stm |date=2014-10-19 }}, Democracy Live, BBC.</ref> == Kuruciya == [[File:Adam Afriyie MP.jpg|thumb|Adam Afriyie]] Mahaifiyar Ofan ta kasance [[Ghana|Baturiyar Ingila ce mahaifin sa kuma ɗan Ghana]], Afriyie an haife shi ne a Wimbledon, London, kuma ya girma a cikin unguwar gwamnati a Peckham, ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Oliver Goldsmith ta yankin. Ya yi karatu a Addey da makarantar Stanhope da ke New Cross kuma ya sami digiri na BSc a fannin tattalin arzikin noma daga Kwalejin Wye a 1987.<ref>[http://www.obv.org.uk/our-communities/black-politicians/adam-afriyie-mp "Adam Afriyie, MP"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216163904/https://www.obv.org.uk/our-communities/black-politicians/adam-afriyie-mp |date=2022-12-16 }}, OBV (Operation Black Vote).</ref> == Bunƙasar Kasuwanci == == Harkar siyasa == == Iyali == A May 2004, Adamu da Romi Afriyie lashe a yi ɓatanci karar ''The Mail a ranar Lahadi'' kan wani da aka buga labarin, "Abin da ID ta Mr Perfect bai gaya Tory bosses". Labarin an kira shi da"[[wiktionary:hatchet job|aikin hatchet]]" daga Darcus Howe a cikin ''New Statesman''. A watan Agusta na 2005 ya auri matarsa ta biyu kuma ta yanzu mai suna Tracy-Jane (née Newell), lauya kuma tsohuwar matar Kit Malthouse, sannan Mataimakin Jagora na Majalisar Birni ta Westminster. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2015}} [[File:Adam Afriyie on street.jpg|thumb|Adam Afriyie]] A watan Fabrairun 2013, [ yana bukatar sabuntawa ] An kiyasta arzikin Afriyie zuwa miliyan 13 zuwa to 100 miliyan.<ref name="pinknewsmarriage">Scott Roberts, [http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/02/07/tory-mp-adam-afriyie-i-voted-against-the-same-sex-marriage-bill-because-it-does-not-represent-true-equality "Tory MP Adam Afriyie: I voted against the same-sex marriage bill because it does not represent true equality"], ''[[Pink News]]'', 7 February 2013.</ref> Afriyie yana da babban gida a Westminster, da kuma tsohuwar gidan sufi na karni na sha bakwai a Old Windsor da ake kira "The Priory".<ref>[http://www.berkshirehistory.com/castles/priory_old_windsor.html "The Priory, Old Windsor, Berkshire"], berkshirehistory.com; accessed 9 May 2015.</ref> == Manazarta == # # '''^''' "Adam Afriyie MP", Democracy Live, BBC. # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' ^'''''c''''' # '''^''' "Adam Afriyie, MP", OBV (Operation Black Vote).  [[Category:Mutanen Gana]] [[Category:Mutanen Afirka]] [[Category:Yan Kasuwa]] [[Category:Masu Kuɗi]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1965]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yan siyasa]] q7o9daco31s9f2cmhkryfv04g4lxvmt 0 20721 542938 489707 2024-11-20T06:29:38Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Hammouda_Pacha_Bey.jpg|Hammouda_Pacha_Bey.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 11 November 2024. 542938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hammouda_Pacha.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Hammuda bn Ali]] '''Hammuda bn Ali''' (9 Disamban shekarar 1759 - 15 Satumban shekarata 1814) ( {{Lang-ar|أبو محمد حمودة باش}} ) shi ne shugaba na biyar a daular Husainid kuma mai mulkin Tunisia daga 26 ga watan Mayu zuwa shekarar 1782 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1814.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=cslsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Moustapha Khodja * Boma-bamai na Venetian na Beylik na Tunis (1784–88) * Yusuf Saheb Ettabaa == Manazarta ==  {{S-start}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakunan Tunusiya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1814]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1759]] ebdqjzsqhfzdo79dyktv6eanvsvfcxq 542943 542938 2024-11-20T06:50:32Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Hammouda_Pacha.jpg|Hammouda_Pacha.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 11 November 2024. 542943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hammuda bn Ali''' (9 Disamban shekarar 1759 - 15 Satumban shekarata 1814) ( {{Lang-ar|أبو محمد حمودة باش}} ) shi ne shugaba na biyar a daular Husainid kuma mai mulkin Tunisia daga 26 ga watan Mayu zuwa shekarar 1782 har zuwa rasuwarsa a ranar 15 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1814.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=cslsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147</ref> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Moustapha Khodja * Boma-bamai na Venetian na Beylik na Tunis (1784–88) * Yusuf Saheb Ettabaa == Manazarta ==  {{S-start}} {{Succession box}} {{S-end}} [[Category:Sarakunan Tunusiya]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1814]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1759]] sabzzglau8q7ct54u88wvptblhin8jt 0 20965 542945 486239 2024-11-20T06:53:14Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Ministére_Chenik.jpg|Ministére_Chenik.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 11 November 2024. 542945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mohamed Salah Mzali''' (An haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1896 zuwa 22 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1984) ya kuma kasance malamin [[Tunisiya|Tunusiya]], tarihi da ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance Firayim Minista na Tunisia na ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin shekarar 1954 karkashin Muhammad VIII al-Amin . Mohamed Salah Mzali asalinsa ne na Ait Mzal dangin Masmuda na Sous wanda ya kafa daular Hafsid, shi ma dangin Mohammed Mzali ne . <ref name="mzali">Mohamed Mzali, ''Un Premier ministre de Bourguiba témoigne'', éd. Jean Picollec, Paris, 2004, p. 86</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Shekaru goma, ya bi aikin gwamnati a shugaban ma'aikatun Habous, Kasuwanci da Sana'o'in hannu da Masana'antu, gami da gwamnati ta biyu ta Chenik a shekarar 1950. An kama shi kuma an tasa keyarsa zuwa kudancin kasar tare da Kuma dukkanin gwamnatin a lokacin fatattakar a watan Maris, shekara ta 1952. [[Fayil:Habib Bourguiba, Mohamed Mzali, Moncef Cheikh-Rouhou, Sheikh Abdullah Salah Kamel.jpg|thumb|Mohamed Salah Mzali]] Wanda aka sake shi shekara daya bayan haka, hukumomin mulkin mallaka suka zabe shi ya kafa gwamnati a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1953. A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, an naɗa shi Grand Vizier. Gwamnatinsa, wacce ta kunshi kwararrun masu gudanarwa da gaskiya. Mzali kuma memba ne na kwamitin gudanarwa na Cibiyar Carthage kuma shi ne kwamitin editan Jaridar Tunisiya; ya kuma hada kai da mujallar Al Fajr, Al Majalla zeitounia, da sauransu. == Girmamawa == Ya samu lambar yabo ta Alliance Française, the Académie des Jeux Floraux da sauran gasa ta adabi. == Littattafai == * ''L'Hérédité dans la dynastie husseinite: évolution da take hakki'' * ''Au fil de ma vie: kayan tarihin d Tunisien'' == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1896]] [[Category:Mutuwan 1984]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Sarakunan Tunusiya]] [[Category:Mutane daga Tunusiya]] fsp7zma9bcj774r6e5xacukpimdjlik 4 21908 542826 542219 2024-11-19T21:27:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 542826 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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19 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |75 |[[User:Ammar Mahraz Salisu|Ammar Mahraz Salisu]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ammar Mahraz Salisu|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 19 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |76 |[[User:WayOfTheWarrior66|WayOfTheWarrior66]] |[[Special:Contributions/WayOfTheWarrior66|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 19 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |77 |[[User:Glamayaofficial|Glamayaofficial]] |[[Special:Contributions/Glamayaofficial|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 19 ga Nuwamba 2024 |- |} mjn733m1safxhdqwg9d88pi9y86eey9 0 22605 542977 536425 2024-11-20T08:08:05Z Adamu ab 23827 542977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Beautiful_couple_at_there_engagement_eve.jpg |thumb| Wasu masoya a ranar Baikonsu]] [[File:Engagement_ring_Israel.jpg |thumb| Zoben baiku a al'adar ƴan kasar Isra'ila]] [[File:Indian engagement ceremony 19.jpg|thumb|yanda ake bikin baiko a indiya masoya biyun su sanya ma junansu zoben soyaya]] '''Baiko,''' biki ne na yarjejeniya, akan amincewa da neman [[aure]] tsakanin [[namiji]] da [[mace]].<ref>https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/engagement</ref> A ƙasar [[Hausa]] kuwa, baiko wata [[al'ada]] ce wadda ake yi gabanin [[aure]]. Ana yin baiko ne a lokacin da [[Budurwa]] da [[Saurayi]] suka amince da cewa za su zauna da juna a matsayin. ma'aurata. To a wannan lokacin ne za a dakatar da duk wani saurayi dake neman ta da aure, saboda cewa an amince za a aurar da ita ne ga wanda ta zaɓa daga cikin samarinta. Daga nan dangin ango za su kawo wa su kuɗi wanda ake kira da kuɗin baiko ''ko kuɗin sa rana'' tare da shaidu daga ɓangaren [[amarya]] da na [[Angon|ango]]. Bayan anyi ''baiko '' sai kuma shirye-shiryen ɗaurin [[aure]]. Amma ga rayuwar Turawan kudancin [[duniya]], sun ce baiko shi ne tsawon lokaci tsakanin sanarwar amincewa da neman [[aure]]. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category: al'ada]] [[category: Hausa]] [[Category:Aure]] 4o17z3nqbnx9epzamwma9rdhlsmm2xe 0 22764 542662 333301 2024-11-19T17:38:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Darnel Abimbọla "Bim" Olumegbon Fernandez''' (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1989), magaji ne kuma mawaƙi Ba-Amurke haifaffen Faransa. Ita 'yar Antonio Deinde Fernandez, jakadan hamshakin mai kudin [[Najeriya]] ne.<ref name="Punch2">{{cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/my-father-wants-me-to-mine-gold-abimbola-fernandez/|title=My father wants me to mine gold – Abimbola Fernandez|work=Punch|location=Nigeria|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302111929/http://www.punchng.com/spice/essence/my-father-wants-me-to-mine-gold-abimbola-fernandez|author=Peter Okeugo|archive-date=March 2, 2014|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> A cikin 2014, ta yi waƙa tare da ƙungiyar Pink Grenade, kuma ta saki bidiyo mai rikitarwa biyu waɗanda suka ɗauki miliyoyin ra'ayoyin kan layi. Ta bar tambarinta a waccan shekarar. == Rayuwar farko == Abimbola Fernandez an haife shi ne a Asibitin Amurka na Paris a Neuilly-sur-Seine, wani yanki ne a yammacin karkarar [[Faris|Paris, Faransa]] . Mahaifinta ya kasance biloniya Antonio Deinde Fernandez daga [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] a kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], wanda ya koma Amurka tun yana saurayi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/11/16/10-african-millionaires-to-watch/4/|title=10 African Millionaires To Watch|author=Mfonobong Nsehe|date=16 November 2011|work=Forbes}}</ref> Danginsa Fernandez sun fito ne daga wani dan kasuwar Fotigal-dan kasar Brazil wanda ya yi iyali tare da matar Afirka a Legas a farkon ƙarni na 19.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenerveafrica.com/2099/the-fernandez-house-in-lagos-relic-of-an-afro-brazilian-past/|title=The Fernandez house in Lagos: Relic of an Afro-Brazilian past|date=2015-12-18|work=The Nerve Africa|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005072123/https://thenerveafrica.com/2099/the-fernandez-house-in-lagos-relic-of-an-afro-brazilian-past/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mahaifin Fernandez yana da ƙungiyoyi huɗu da suka gabata;<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://encomium.ng/erelu-dosumu-refuses-to-talk-about-late-husband-fernandez/|title=Erelu Dosumu refuses to talk about late husband, Fernandez|work=Encomium Magazine|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> matarsa ta uku farar fata Ba’amurkiya Barbara Joyce<ref name="His Intimate World2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/anthonio-oladehinde-fernandez-his-intimate-world/|title=Anthonio Oladehinde Fernandez: His Intimate World - The Elites Nigeria|date=2015-09-18|work=The Elites Nigeria|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> wacce ta aure shi a 1961 yayin da suke zaune a Virginia, ta haifa masa yara uku a Amurka, suka rabu da shi a 1984 ko farkon 1985, sannan suka nemi a sake su a 1987 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/1988537208conn3291514|title=FERNANDEZ v. FERNANDEZ {{!}} 208 Conn. 329 (1988) {{!}} conn3291514 {{!}} Leagle.com|work=Leagle|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> Abokin zama na hudu shi ne Gimbiya Abiola Dosunmu, wacce ta aure shi a Najeriya a watan Afrilun 1973 a wani biki da aka samu halarta. Ungiyar ta haifar da 'ya mace kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1987-1988.<ref name="Vanguard2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/fernandez-at-last-the-veil-is-lifted/|title=Fernandez: At last 'the veil is lifted' - Vanguard News Nigeria|date=2015-09-16|work=Vanguard News Nigeria|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Abokinsa na biyar, mahaifiyar Fernandez Ba-Amurke, an haife shi Sandra Inett Price. Ta dauki sunan Aduke Fernandez ne a haduwar tasu, wacce ta ce ta fara ne a shekarar 1982 tare da bikin aure a Najeriya, duk da cewa daga baya ya ce ba su taba yin aure ba.<ref name="Scotsman2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/absence-makes-the-ex-partner-163-1m-richer-1-1133600|title=Absence makes the ex-partner £1m richer|website=Scotsman.com|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref><ref name="His Intimate World3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/anthonio-oladehinde-fernandez-his-intimate-world/|title=Anthonio Oladehinde Fernandez: His Intimate World - The Elites Nigeria|date=2015-09-18|work=The Elites Nigeria|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-second-department/2009/2009-04376.html|title=Fernandez v Price|work=Justia Law|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en}}</ref> Thea na farko da ma'auratan suka haifa shine 'yar Atinuke a cikin 1984, sannan Abimbola ya bi ta 1989. Takardar shaidar haihuwa ta kasar Faransa ta bayyana sunan ta kamar ''Darnel Abimbola Olumegbon Fernandez'' da kuma sunan mahaifiyar ta Aduke Olufunmilola Olumegbon Price Fernandez.<ref name="Messier2">{{cite news|url=http://thelightnews.com/fernandez-family-feud-gets-messier-you-are-a-bastard-wife-you-are-a-gold-digger-my-father-never-married-you-daughter/|title=Fernandez Feud Gets Messier|date=September 2, 2015|author=Harold Udaka|work=The Light News|location=Nigeria|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005195050/http://thelightnews.com/fernandez-family-feud-gets-messier-you-are-a-bastard-wife-you-are-a-gold-digger-my-father-never-married-you-daughter/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sunan da aka raba na Olumegbon ya fito ne daga layin Olumegbon mai daraja na Isale-Eko, Lagos; mahaifinta dan gidan wannan mulki ne ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://yemojanewsng.com/billionaire-deinde-fernandez-is-dead/|title=Billionaire Deinde Fernandez Is Dead! {{!}} YemojaNews|website=Yemojanewsng.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08|archive-date=2018-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130010804/https://yemojanewsng.com/billionaire-deinde-fernandez-is-dead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan haihuwar Fernandez, dangin sun ɗan zauna na wani ɗan lokaci a Hotel Ritz Paris, sannan suka koma Chateau de Bois-Feuillette a cikin Pontpoint.<ref name="PRLog2">{{cite web|url=https://www.prlog.org/12420522-abimbola-fernandez-aka-bim-fernandez.html|title=Abimbola Fernandez aka Bim Fernandez|author=Abimbola Fernandez|work=PRLog Press Release Distribution|date=January 31, 2015|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> Wani motsi ya dauke ta zuwa New York, mahaifinta ya sayi gidan tarihi mai tsoka All View Estate a kudancin kudu na Premium Point, New Rochelle . Fernandez ya fara koyon violin yana ɗan shekara huɗu. Tana da shekara shida, ta halarci Makarantar Rye Country Day, sannan daga baya Convent of the Sacred Heart a Connecticut. A shekara 10, ta ƙaura tare da dangin zuwa Edinburgh, inda ta halarci Kwalejin Fettes.<ref name=":0" /> A 13, ta fara kunna guitar.<ref name="Punch2" />Fernandez ya kammala karatunsa daga Fettes yana da shekara 18. Ta dauki darasi a cikin samar da bidiyo a Art Art Institute na Birnin New York, sannan a cikin 2009, ta shiga Jami'ar Oxford Brookes a Oxford.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin da ta daina karatu bayan wata ɗaya don bin salon waƙa, mahaifinta bai yarda ba.<ref name="Punch2" /><ref name="PRLog2" /><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+PUNK+PRINCESS%3B+Her+dad+is+one+of+the+world%27s+richest+men%2C+she+...-a0358743528|title=The Punk Princess|author=Annette Witheridge|date=February 16, 2014|magazine=People|location=London}} Text hosted by thefreelibrary.com. Also [https://web.archive.org/web/20181005111853/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-358743528.html hosted by HighBeam Research].</ref> A lokacin yarinta, Fernandez ta yi rayuwa irin ta 'yar attajira, tana yawo a duniya cikin jirgin sa, musamman zuwa kasashen Afirka, da kuma hutu a lokacin bazara a jirgin ruwan sa mai kafa 150, ''Yemoja'' . Ta samu horo ne a kan dawaki, tana fafatawa a wasannin dawakai shida na kasa. <ref name="Punch2" /> Mahaifinta ya damu da cewa watakila a sace ta kuma a biya ta fansa.<ref name="PRLog2" /> Mutane da yawa a duniya sun ziyarci gidanta a kan kasuwanci tare da mahaifinta, ciki har da [[John Paul na Biyu|Paparoma John Paul II]], George HW Bush, [[Kofi Annan]], [[Nelson Mandela]] da Mobutu Sese Seko.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Ovation International|location=Nigeria|author=Dele Momodu|author-link=Dele Momodu|number=26|date=2000|title=Tribute to Achievement}} Exclusive edition devoted to Antonio Deinde Fernandez. Partial text and images hosted by Asabeafrika [https://www.asabeafrika.com/2015/09/inside-late-deinde-fernandezs-multi.html here] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006002114/https://www.asabeafrika.com/2015/09/inside-late-deinde-fernandezs-multi.html |date=2018-10-06 }}.</ref> A watan Mayu 2003 lokacin da take makaranta a Scotland, mahaifinta ya tashi daga gidansu Edinburgh, kuma mahaifiyarta ta fara aiwatar da kisan aure, tana neman £ 300&nbsp;miliyan, wanda aka ruwaito a lokacin a matsayin ɗayan mafi girman girman saurin saki.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/jul/04/gerardseenan|title='Wife' of diplomat sues for £300m|last=Seenan|first=Gerard|date=2003-07-04|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> An yanke hukunci a ƙarshe don biyan kuɗi na 36 na monthly 30,000 jimlar ing 1,080,000.<ref name="Scotsman2" /> == Fashion == A cikin samartakanta, Fernandez ya yi fasali sau ɗaya don Vivienne Westwood a lokacin Makon Edinburgh. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/photos-billionaire-businessman-deinde-fernandez-his-wealthy-lifestyle-wives-and-children-revealed/|title=[PHOTOS] Billionaire Businessman Deinde Fernandez: His Wealthy Lifestyle, Wives And Children Revealed|website=Nigerianmonitor.com|date=2 September 2015|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720101044/http://www.nigerianmonitor.com/photos-billionaire-businessman-deinde-fernandez-his-wealthy-lifestyle-wives-and-children-revealed/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150920124457/http://thenationonlineng.net/stupendous-wealth-dehinde-fernandez-left-behind/]</ref> Da take zaune ita kadai a New York, kayan tufafinta sun haɗa da tufafi masu zane kamar su kayan kwalliya na Carmen Marc Valvo, da kuma Gasparee caftan na Gillian Harding. <ref name="PRLog2" /> Ta gaji kayan mahaifiyarta ne na suttura da suka hada da caftans da yawa, daya ta Jean-Paul Gaultier, da sauran abubuwa ta Givenchy, Chanel, Oscar de la Renta da ƙari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nylon.com/articles/abimbola-fernandez-interview|title=Abimbola Fernandez Invites Us Inside Her Couture Closet|date=December 16, 2016|website=Nylon.com|author=Sydney Gore|access-date=October 6, 2018}}</ref> == Waƙa == Fernandez ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi a kan guitar a lokacin yarinta. Ta je kide kide da wake-wake kuma ta san membobin kungiyar fandare har abada yara masu ciwo, da kuma Gabe Saporta, shugaba da mawaƙa na ƙungiyar pop-pop band Cobra Starship . A cikin 2009, Fernandez ya raira waƙa don goyan bayan waƙa a cikin waƙar "Nice Guys Finish Last",<ref name="PRLog2" /> kuma ta yi kwalliya don murfin kundin kundin ''Hot Mess'', wanda ya kai lamba 4 a kan Billboard 200 don zama kundin waƙoƙin da ya fi nasara a Cobra Starship. Fernandez kuma ya yi samfuri don murfin waƙoƙin waƙar, " Girlsan mata masu kyau sun tafi mummunan "<ref name=":0" /> Daukar sunan matakin Madame Luxe, Fernandez ya fara hada kai da mawaka daban-daban. EdM mai zane Draper, shima tsoffin ɗalibai ne na Jami'ar Oxford Brookes, ya nuna Madame Luxe tana rera waka a kan waƙarsa ta dubstep "Painting the Sky", wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a watan Yunin 2011.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.toogoodforradio.com/electronic/house-music/draper-painting-the-sky/|title=Draper - Painting the Sky|date=2011-06-29|work=Too Good For Radio|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720101038/http://www.toogoodforradio.com/electronic/house-music/draper-painting-the-sky/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An saka waƙar a kan EP mai taken Draper, wanda aka fitar a watan Fabrairun 2012 a kan Drop Dead lakabin da Ku kawo min Horizon na gaba Oliver Sykes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://drapermusic.bigcartel.com/product/draper-ep-12-limited-edition|title=Draper EP 12" [LIMITED EDITION]|last=Drapermusic|website=Drapermusic.bigcartel.com|access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref> Fernandez ya yi aiki tare da deejay trio Cash Cash, yana raira waƙa tare da goyan baya a kan waƙoƙin "Tongue Twister" da "Ba Mu Barci a Dare", duka an sake su ne a cikin kundin tsarin Japan na kawai Cash Cash ''The Beat Goes On'' in Satumba 2012. Fernandez shima ya fito a " Cash Cash's Crime" Ba laifi bane laifi "", wanda aka loda zuwa SoundCloud a 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/hiiibim/love-crime-not-innocent-bim-as|title=Love Crime (Not Innocent) - Bim as Madame Luxe|access-date=29 July 2020|website=Soundcloud.com}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2013, Fernandez ya rattaba hannu ga SMH Records, wanda Jonathan Hay da Mike Smith suka kafa, waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Pink Grenade a kusa da Fernandez. An ba shi matsayin Bim Fernandez, ta buga guitar da raira waƙa a kan waƙoƙin "Lets Take It tsirara" da "Lipstick", tare da raba waƙar ta ƙarshe tare da Hay da Cash Cash.<ref name="AllMusic2">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/fear-of-a-pink-planet-mw0002700410|title=Pink Grenade: Fear of a Pink Planet|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> An fitar da waƙar pop ɗin "Bari mu ɗauka tsirara" don yawo a kan layi a cikin Janairu 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://jezebel.com/meet-the-nigerian-heiress-whos-chasing-rihannas-thron-1506560996|title=Meet the Nigerian Heiress Who's Chasing Rihanna's Throne|date=January 23, 2014|author=Hillary Crosley Coker|magazine=Jezebel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/domingo/detalhe/a-estrela-pop-afilhada-de-eduardo-dos-santos|title=A estrela pop afilhada de Eduardo dos Santos|website=Cmjornal.pt|access-date=29 July 2020|archive-date=20 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720101031/https://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/domingo/detalhe/a-estrela-pop-afilhada-de-eduardo-dos-santos|url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 2014, an loda bidiyon “Bari Mu Itauke shi a tsirara” zuwa Vevo da WorldStarHipHop, sun tara 7.5&nbsp;miliyoyin ra'ayoyi a cikin makon farko. Bidiyon ya bambanta wasan kwaikwayo, kidan poppy tare da almara mai ban mamaki na Fernandez tare da yara maza da hodar iblis, girkin meth, da yin wasan Roulette Roulette, wanda aka saka da ciki mai ciki kamar tana cikin watannin ƙarshe na ciki. ''Jaridar The Herald'' a Najeriya ta kira bidiyon "abin kunya, mai tayar da hankali da hargitsi."<ref name="TheHerald2">{{cite news|url=https://www.herald.ng/billionaire-rockstar-heiress-bim-fernandez-controversial-new-music-video-lets-take-naked/|title=Billionaire rockstar heiress Bim Fernandez in controversial new music video 'Let's Take it Naked'|date=July 2014|newspaper=The Herald|location=Nigeria}}</ref> Vevo da WorldStarHipHop ne suka saukar da bidiyon amma har yanzu ana iya kallon Tidal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tidal.com/browse/video/37440798|title=Let's Take It Naked – Pink Grenade|website=Tidal.com|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref> Bidiyo na waƙar hip-hop "Lipstick", an sake shi a ranar 23 ga Yulin, 2014, tare da wuraren wasan kwaikwayon Fernandez, suna musanyawa da wuraren wasan mata masu wasa da jan leshi da fenti. Waƙar "da ake zargi da lalata" tana da waƙoƙin da ke ba da shawarar fellatio, kuma a ƙarshen muryar namiji "ta raba" Kim Kardashian da iyalinta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/07/ashlee-holmes-rhonj-provocative-music-video-kim-kardashian-diss-lipstick-jacqueline-laurita/|title=RHONJ's Jacqueline Laurita's Daughter Ashlee Holmes Stars In Controversial Music Video — Disses Kim Kardashian!|author=Amber Ryland|work=Radaronline.com|date=July 23, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2018}}</ref> An saka waƙoƙin a ƙarshen Yuli a kan albam ɗin Grenade na Pink, ''Tsoron Planawon Ruwa mai ruwan hoda'', wanda aka rarraba ta Caroline Records.<ref name="Yahoo2">{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com:80/fear-pink-planet-070000857.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324034732/http://news.yahoo.com/fear-pink-planet-070000857.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014|title=Fear of A Pink Planet: Pink Grenade is About to Explode|author=SMH Records|date=March 20, 2014|access-date=October 3, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Fernandez ya bar Rakodin SMH a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2014.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwar mutum == Mahaifiyar Fernandez ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa ta hanjin ciki a watan Mayu 2013.<ref name=":0" /> Asarar ta sa Fernandez ya sake kimanta aikinta, kuma ya sa gaba a cikin kade-kade, kamar yadda mahaifiyarta ta so,<ref name="NYPost2">{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2014/01/20/meet-the-nigerian-heiress-who-wants-to-be-the-next-rihanna/|title=Meet the Nigerian heiress who wants to be the next Rihanna|date=January 20, 2014|newspaper=[[New York Post]]|author=Gregory E. Miller}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/abimbola-fernandez-is-unlikely-songbird/|title=Abimbola Fernandez is unlikely songbird|date=January 26, 2014|newspaper=Thenationonlineng.net|location=Nigeria}}</ref>sabanin mahaifinta wanda ya yanke mata alawus na fewan shekaru saboda bai yarda da hanyar waƙarta ba . Bayan mahaifinta ya mutu a watan Satumbar 2015, Fernandez ya aika da sakonnin girmamawa da hotunan dangi a [[Instagram|shafin]] ta na Instagram, wanda ke nuna mahaifinta tare da ita.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/celebrities/deinde-fernandez-see-last-pictures-of-late-billionaire-with-daughter-id4139880.html|title=Deinde Fernandez – See last pictures of late billionaire with daughter|date=September 5, 2015|author=Gbenga Bada|website=Pulse.ng|location=Nigeria}}</ref> Tare da mahaifinta ya mutu, Fernandez da mahaifiyarsa mahaifiya Halima, abokin mahaifinta na shida na dogon lokaci, sun shiga cikin mummunan rikici game da rabon gado. Halima ba ta dauki Fernandez a matsayin halattaccen magajin mahaifinta ba, yayin da Fernandez ya ce Halima ba ta taba auren mahaifinta ba. Fernandez ya rubuta cewa Halima ba ta kula da burin mahaifin a binne shi a Najeriya ba tare da jana'izar kasa, ta binne shi a maimakon Beljiyam inda ya mutu, da kuma shirya wani karamin hidimar jana'iza, wanda aka gudanar tare da maganganun batanci ga mahaifin Fernandez da ya mutu. Rikicin ya bazu cikin jabs na kan layi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewillnigeria.com/news/late-deinde-fernandezs-daughter-abimbola-3rd-wife-halima-launder-dirty-linen-on-social-media/|title=Late Deinde Fernandez's Daughter Abimbola & 3rd Wife Halima Launder Dirty Linen On Social Media {{!}} THEWILL|website=Thewillnigeria.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-08|archive-date=2018-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005071930/https://thewillnigeria.com/news/late-deinde-fernandezs-daughter-abimbola-3rd-wife-halima-launder-dirty-linen-on-social-media/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theelitesng.com/fernandez-family-feud-gets-messier-why-i-am-at-war-with-my-fathers-mistress-halima-deinde-fernandez-last-child-abimbola/|title=Fernandez Family Feud Gets Messier: "Why I Am At War With My Father's Mistress, Halima - Deinde Fernandez' Last Child, Abimbola - The Elites Nigeria|date=2016-01-29|work=Theelitesng.com|access-date=2018-11-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1989]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Yarbawa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 42y1kk94kiq2n0gj6cs1cr6qquxz7od 0 23119 542886 219562 2024-11-20T01:55:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cletus Madubugwu Ibeto''' (An haife shi ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba 1952) ɗan kasuwa ne, ɗan Nijeriya, daga garin masana'antu na [[Nnewi]]. Shi ne shugaban The Ibeto Group, babban kamfani na kasuwanci daga Nnewi, birni ne na musamman don ruhun kasuwanci. A farkon shekarun 1980, lokacin da faduwar mai da kuma tsarin bayar da lasisi na shigo da kayayyaki ke yin tasiri ga yanayin masana'antar Najeriya, Nnewi ta shiga cikin wani yanayi na bunkasa. Rukunin Ibeto a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ibeto ya kasance mai sassauci a cikin yankin da kasuwancin ƙasa da ci gaban masana'antu a gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibeto.com/IBETO-page.asp?P=3%7Ctitle= |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2021-07-26 |archive-date=2021-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142833/http://ibeto.com/IBETO-page.asp?P=3%7Ctitle= |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == ==Kasuwani== Cletus Ibeto ya fara fita a matsayin kayayyakin gyara shigo da dila, bayan jawabin da wasu lokaci a matsayin almajiri a cikin mota sassa kasuwanci, a hankali a hankali mataki dauka da yawa m yan kasuwa. A watan Maris na 1988 ya dakatar da shigo da batirin mota mai gubar acid da kayan mashin roba, bayan ya gama masana'antar sa a Nnewi. Zuwa 1995 Kungiyar Ibeto ta zama daya daga cikin manyan kayan kera kayayyakin kera motoci a kasar. ===Kamfaninsa=== A ranar 2 ga Oktoba, 1996, ya kafa Ibeto Petrochemical Industries Ltd. wanda ke tsunduma cikin hada man shafawa tare da samar da nau'ikan kayayyakin man fetur don kasuwannin gida da na waje. Kamfanin ya mallaki mafi girman wuraren ajiyar ruwa don kayayyakin mai a Najeriya tare da karfin sama da tan 60,000 wanda ke Apapa Wharf da Ibru Jetty Complex, Lagos. May 2018, Ibeto Kamfanin Siminti Limited sanar da wani kuma baya da ci tare da Century Petroleum Corporation, a United States bayyane-yi ciniki man fetur bincike da kuma samar da kamfanin a wani matakin shiga kasuwannin duniya da kuma kewaye da hadaddun aiwatar da jeri. Ibeto ya sami hannun jarin kamfanin na kashi 70% sannan daga baya aka sanya Cletus Ibeto a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa. Ya kammala karatun sa a jami’ar Nijeriya, Nsukka da digiri a fannin Akaunta.<ref>https://thenationonlineng.net/ibeto-cement-acquires-u-s-oil-firm/%7Ctitle=</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1952]] lo15a2emo54exobuiloqq5ibj1xjhpc 0 24285 542915 324478 2024-11-20T05:35:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Noi Bai Airport.jpg|thumb|hoton hilin jirgin noi]] [[File:Noi Bai International Airport T2 Waiting Area.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Aeroflot aircraft in Noi Bai International Airport.JPG|thumb]] [[File:Noi Bai new airport September 2015 A.jpg|thumb]] [[File:Noi Bai International Airport.jpg|thumb]] '''Filin jirgin saman Nội Bài''' (Vietnamese ) a [[Hanoi]], babban birnin [[Vietnam]], shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a kasar Vietnam dangane da jimlar iya aiki.Hakanan shine filin jirgin sama mafi girma a cikin ƙasar don jigilar kayayyaki, kuma filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi cunkoson jama'a don zirga -zirgar fasinjoji, bayan [[Filin Tan Son Nhat|Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat]]. A halin yanzu Nội Bài, shine babban filin jirgin sama da ke hidimar Hanoi, ya maye gurbin rawar filin jirgin saman Gia Lam. Filin jirgin saman ya ƙunshi tashoshin fasinjoji guda biyu. Terminal 1, yana hidimar jiragen sama na cikin gida ([[Domestic Flight]]). Sai kuma Terminal 2, (wanda aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015) yana hidimar duk jiragen sama na duniya (International). Filin jirgin saman a halin yanzu shine babban cibiyar jigilar tutar Vietnam Airlines, da masu ɗaukar kasafin kuɗi [[Bamboo Airways]], [[Jetstar Pacific Airlines|Pacific Airlines]] da [[VietJet Air|Vietjet Air]]. [[File:Noi Bai airport operations.jpg|thumb]] Filin jirgin yana cikin Phu Minh Commune a gundumar Sóc Sơn, kimanin kilomita 35 (mil 21) arewa maso gabas na tsakiyar Hanoi, ta hanyar sabon gadar Nhật Tân (wanda kuma aka ƙaddamar a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015). Hakanan ana iya isa gare shi ta hanyar National Road 3, wacce ta haɗa ta da gabashin unguwar Hanoi. Filin jirgin saman yana kusa da wasu biranen Hanoi na tauraron dan adam kamar Vĩnh Yên, Bắc Ninh da Thái Nguyên . Filin jirgin saman yayi jigilar fasinjoji miliyan 13 a shekarar 2013, duk da yana da karfin miliyan 9 a lokacin. Sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, wadda keda jirgin kasuwanci na farko a ranar 25 ga watan Disamban 2014, kuma ta fara aiki cikakke a ranar 31 ga Disamba shekara ta 2014, ta kara yawan karfin tashar jirgin zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 20 a kowace shekara. A cikin shekara ta 2018, filin jirgin saman yayi wa fasinjoji miliyan ashirin da takwas 28 aiki. Kuma Lambar IATA ta filin jirgin sama,'''HAN''', ta samo asali ne daga sunan garin na yanzu [[Hanoi]]. Daga cikin hanyoyin da filin jirgin sama ke bayarwa,hanyar Hanoi-[[Filin Tan Son Nhat|Ho Chi Minh City]] ita ce mafi cunkoson jama'a a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ta shida mafi cunkoson jama'a a duniya, inda take hidimar abokan ciniki 6,867,114 a shekara ta 2018. == Tarihi == An haɓbaka filin jirgin saman nan da nan kudu da Phúc Yên Air Base kuma an buɗe shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 1978. An kammala ginin tashar ta daya 1 kuma ta fara aiki a shekara ta 2001. A cikin shekara ta 2005, [[Tiger Airways]], ya fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama sau uku tsakanin Hanoi da Singapore, bayan ƙaddamar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin [[Birnin Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh City]] da Singapore ya zama jirgin farko na kasafin kuɗi da zai fara aiki a Vietnam. Daga baya kamfanin [[AirAsia]] mai rahusa ya hada shi lokacin da suka fara zirga-zirgar jiragen sama kai tsaye tsakanin Hanoi da [[Bangkok]] da [[Kuala Lumpur]] . An buɗe titin jirgin sama na biyu (1B - 11R/29L) a cikin shekara ta 2006 kuma shekara 1 bayan haka, filin jirgin saman ya karɓi Airbus A380 a karon farko, koda yake ba'a gudanar da ayyukan A380 da aka shirya daga tashar jirgin ba. A shekara ta 2013, ya ga farkon isowar Cargolux Boeing 747-8F. A cikin 2014 filin jirgin ya karɓi sabis na farko da aka tsara tare da sabon ƙarni na jirgin sama na kasuwanci lokacin da [[All Nippon Airways|All Nippon Airways suka]] fara amfani da Boeing 787-8 akan sabis tsakanin [[Filin jirgin saman Tokyo Haneda|Tokyo-Haneda]] kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar tashar jirgin ta sami ziyarar farko ta Airbus A350 XWB. ta Airbus a lokacin Yawon shakatawa na Duniya. A cikin 2015, Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Vietnam ya fara aiki da Airbus A350 XWB don tashin jiragen cikin gida na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin ya kasance tashar SkyTeam tun tsakiyar 2010, bayan da kamfanin jirgin saman Vietnam ya shiga hanyar sadarwa a waccan shekarar. <ref>[http://www.vietnamairlines.com/en/about-us/press-room/gianhap_SKT Vietnam Airlines Joins SkyTeam] Vietnam Airlines Hanoi, 10 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613051401/http://www.skyteam.com/news/headlines/20100610.html archive] 2010-06-13</ref> == Tashoshi da wurare == A hekta 650, Noi Bai shine filin jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a Vietnam, bayan filin hectare 800 na [[Filin Tan Son Nhat|Tan Son Nhat International Airport]]. Terminal 1, wanda aka kammala a 2001, yana da babban sashi na jiragen sama na duniya tare da sabon ƙaramin tashar (wanda ake kira Lobby E) don jiragen cikin gida (Domestic Flight), wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen 2013. Tare da haɓakawa, tashar 1 tana da ikon sarrafa fasinjoji miliyan 9 a kowace shekara. Bayan kaddamar da Terminal 2 a watan Janairun 2015, Terminal 1 ana amfani da itane kawai don zirga-zirgar cikin gida. A halin yanzu ana haɓaka tashar don kula da fasinjoji miliyan 15 kowace shekara bayan kammalawa a cikin Maris, 2018. Ginin sabon tashar (Terminal 2) kusa da wanda ake da shi wanda ke da ikon tsara fasinjoji miliyan 10 a kowace shekara ya fara a watan Maris na 2012. Farashin 996&nbsp;M dogon sabon tashar jirgin sama, wanda Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Kasa da Kasa ta kasar [[Japan]] ta bada rancen ODA wanda masu ba da shawara na tashar jirgin saman Japan suka tsara kuma Kamfanin Taisei ne ya gina shi. Jimlar jarin da aka kashe don aikin ya kai billion 75.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 645.35). Taimakon ci gaban da Japan ta bayar a hukumance ya kai Dala billion 59 na Amurka (dala miliyan 504.27) na jarin, yayin da sauran kudaden suka rufe da kudaden gida. An kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa a ranar 4 ga Janairun 2015 tare da sabuwar hanyar mota da ta hada tashar jirgin sama zuwa cikin garin Hanoi ta gadar Nhật Tân . Filin jirgin yana da titin jirgin mai nisan mita 3,800 (CAT II-11R/29L) wanda aka buɗe a watan Agustan 2006, da kuma tsohon titin mai mita 3,200 (CAT I-11L/29R). An rufe tsohuwar hanyar jirgin sama don haɓakawa na tsawon watanni 4 daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamban 2014. Nisa tsakanin hanyoyin jirgin sama guda biyu mita 250 ne kacal, don haka a halin yanzu filin jirgin saman ya taƙaita iyakar fasinja daidai da ƙa'idojin aminci na [[Ƙungiyar Kula da Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya]]. === Kyaututtuka === Bayan kaddamar da sabuwar tashar ta kasa da kasa, filin jirgin saman Noi Bai ya karbi lambar yabo, ta mafi kyawun filin jirgin sama na duniya daga Skytrax . Aikin ginin sabuwar tashar jirgin kasa ta Noi Bai kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta Shugaban JICA na 2015. ===Wucewa=== Gabaɗaya mutum na iya yin jigilar ƙasa da ƙasa ta tashar jirgin sama ba tare da biza ba muddin mutum baya buƙatar barin yankin tsaro. Akwai ikon ɗaukar fasfunan jirgi a cikin yankin tsaro ciki har da na wasu ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama kamar VietJet. == Jiragen sama da wurare == === Fasinja === {{Airport-dest-list|[[Aeroflot]]|62=[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|71=[[Scoot]]|70=[[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]|69=[[Qatar Airways]]|68=[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]<ref name="pr-timetable">{{cite web | url=https://www.philippineairlines.com/en/~/media/files/flighttimetable/intl%20winter%20december%2021%202018.pdf?la=en | title=Philippine Airlines International Timetable (October 28, 2018 – UFN) | access-date=21 December 2018 | archive-date=4 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404054842/https://www.philippineairlines.com/en/~/media/files/flighttimetable/intl%20winter%20december%2021%202018.pdf?la=en | url-status=dead }}</ref>|67=[[Philippine Airlines]]|66=[[Lien Khuong Airport|Da Lat]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|65=[[Pacific Airlines]]|64=[[Taichung Airport|Taichung]]|63=[[Mandarin Airlines]]|61=[[Malindo Air]]|73=[[Shenzhen Airlines]]|60=[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|59=[[Malaysia Airlines]]|58=[[Luang Prabang International Airport|Luang Prabang]], [[Wattay International Airport|Vientiane]]|57=[[Lao Airlines]]|56=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|55=[[Korean Air]]|54=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|53=[[Jin Air]]|52=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|72=[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|74=[[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]|50=[[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]|86=<!-- Do not add Ho Chi Minh City as the airline will not have traffic rights from HAN to SGN. -->[[Istanbul Airport|Istanbul]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onemileatatime.com/istanbul-airport/|title=Istanbul NEW Airport Review I One Mile At A Time|date=9 April 2019|website=One Mile at a Time}}</ref>|95=[[Vietravel Airlines]]|94=[[Dien Bien Phu Airport|Dien Bien Phu]], [[Dong Hoi Airport|Dong Hoi]], [[Vinh Airport|Vinh]]|93=[[Vietnam Airlines]]<br>operated by [[Vietnam Air Service Company|VASCO]]|92=[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]], [[Beijing Daxing International Airport|Beijing–Daxing]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/290985/vietnam-airlines-adds-beijing-daxing-service-from-july-2020/|title=Vietnam Airlines adds Beijing Daxing service from July 2020|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Buon Ma Thuot Airport|Buon Ma Thuot]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Can Tho International Airport|Can Tho]], [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]], [[Chu Lai International Airport|Chu Lai]], [[Lien Khuong Airport|Da Lat]], [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]], [[Dong Hoi Airport|Dong Hoi]], [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Fukuoka Airport|Fukuoka]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Haikou Meilan International Airport|Haikou]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/287291/vietnam-airlines-4q19-china-network-additions/|title=Vietnam Airlines 4Q19 China network additions|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Phu Bai International Airport|Hue]], [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]], [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]], [[Heathrow Airport|London–Heathrow]], [[Luang Prabang International Airport|Luang Prabang]], [[Macau International Airport|Macau]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/286888/vietnam-airlines-schedules-macau-service-from-mid-dec-2019/|title=Vietnam Airlines schedules Macau service from mid-Dec 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow–Sheremetyevo]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Vietnam Airlines W19 Moscow aircraft changes |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/287544/vietnam-airlines-w19-moscow-aircraft-changes/ |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=Routesonline |date=14 November 2019}}</ref> [[Chūbu Centrair International Airport|Nagoya–Centrair]], [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]], [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]], [[Charles de Gaulle Airport|Paris–Charles de Gaulle]], [[Phnom Penh International Airport|Phnom Penh]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]], [[Pleiku Airport|Pleiku]], [[Phu Cat Airport|Quy Nhon]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]], [[Shanghai–Pudong]], [[Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport|Shenzhen]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/287333/vietnam-airlines-adds-shenzhen-service-from-late-nov-2019/|title=Vietnam Airlines adds Shenzhen service from late-Nov 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Siem Reap International Airport|Siem Reap]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Sydney Airport|Sydney]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]], [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo–Haneda]], [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]], [[Tuy Hoa Airport|Tuy Hoa]], [[Wattay International Airport|Vientiane]], [[Vinh Airport|Vinh]], [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]<br>'''Charter:''' [[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport|Dalian]], [[Ibaraki Airport|Ibaraki]], [[Ningbo Lishe International Airport|Ningbo]]|91=[[Vietnam Airlines]]|90=[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Buon Ma Thuot Airport|Buon Ma Thuot]], [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Can Tho International Airport|Can Tho]], [[Chu Lai International Airport|Chu Lai]], [[Lien Khuong Airport|Da Lat]], [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://networkthoughts.com/2019/08/13/vietjet-finally-launches-flights-to-delhi-from-hanoi-ho-chi-minh-city|title=VietJet launches flights to Delhi from Hanoi & Ho Chi Minh City|work=Network Thoughts|access-date=13 August 2019}}</ref> [[Ngurah Rai International Airport|Denpasar/Bali]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=VietJet Air adds Hanoi – Denpasar service from late-Jan 2020 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/288445/vietjet-air-adds-hanoi-denpasar-service-from-late-jan-2020/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> [[Dong Hoi Airport|Dong Hoi]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Phu Bai International Airport|Hue]], [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]], [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]], [[Kansai International Airport|Osaka–Kansai]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]], [[Pleiku Airport|Pleiku]], [[Phu Cat Airport|Quy Nhon]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]], [[Siem Reap International Airport|Siem Reap]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vietjetair.com/Sites/Web/en-us/NewsDetail/news/2644/vietjet-opens-new-route-from-hanoi-to-singapore|title=vietjet-opens-new-route-from-hanoi-to-singapore - news - VietJetAir.com - Enjoy Flying!|website=www.vietjetair.com}}</ref> [[Taichung International Airport|Taichung]],<ref>[https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278338/vietjet-air-adds-hanoi-taichung-service-from-late-june-2018/ Vietjet Air adds Hanoi – Taichung service from late-June 2018] Routesonline. 25 April 2018.</ref> [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]], [[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/280151/vietjet-air-plans-hanoi-tokyo-narita-from-jan-2019/|title=Vietjet Air plans Hanoi – Tokyo Narita from Jan 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Tuy Hoa Airport|Tuy Hoa]], [[Yangon International Airport|Yangon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272855/vietjet-air-plans-hanoi-yangon-3q17-launch/|title=Vietjet Air plans Hanoi – Yangon 3Q17 launch|publisher=routesonline|access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref><br>'''Charter:''' [[Yangyang International Airport|Yangyang]]|89=[[VietJet Air]]|88=[[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]], [[Daegu International Airport|Daegu]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/281253/tway-air-adds-daegu-hanoi-from-late-nov-2018/|title=T'Way Air adds Daegu – Hanoi from late-Nov 2018|publisher=routesonline|access-date=30 October 2018}}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|87=[[T'way Air]]|85=[[Turkish Airlines]]|75=[[Sichuan Airlines]]|84=[[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]]|83=[[Thai Lion Air]]|82=[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]]|81=[[Thai Airways]]|80=[[Don Mueang International Airport|Bangkok–Don Mueang]], [[Chiang Mai International Airport|Chiang Mai]]|79=[[Thai AirAsia]]|78=[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|77=[[Singapore Airlines]]|76=[[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport|Chengdu–Shuangliu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285681/sichuan-airlines-plans-chengdu-hanoi-service-from-mid-august-2019/|title=Sichuan Airlines plans Chengdu – Hanoi service from mid-August 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref>|51=[[Jeju Air]]|49=[[Japan Airlines]]|[[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow–Sheremetyevo]]|13=[[All Nippon Airways]]|22=[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|21=[[Cathay Pacific]]|20=[[Chiang Mai International Airport|Chiang Mai]]|19=[[Bangkok Airways]]|18=[[Buon Ma Thuot Airport|Buon Ma Thuot]], [[Can Tho International Airport|Can Tho]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/283246/bamboo-airways-expands-domestic-network-from-march-2019/|title=Bamboo Airways expands domestic network from March 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref> [[Chu Lai International Airport|Chu Lai]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etrip4u.com/bamboo-airways-khai-thac-duong-bay-moi-ha-noi-chu-lai|title=Bamboo Airways khai thác đường bay mới Hà Nội – Chu Lai chỉ từ 199.000 VNĐ|website=www.etrip4u.com|access-date=2021-08-24|archive-date=2022-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129232928/https://www.etrip4u.com/bamboo-airways-khai-thac-duong-bay-moi-ha-noi-chu-lai|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Con Dao Airport|Con Dao]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Nhiều cơ hội, lắm thách thức khi Bamboo Airways bay thẳng tới Côn Đảo |url=https://vietnambiz.vn/nhieu-co-hoi-lam-thach-thuc-khi-bamboo-airways-bay-thang-toi-con-dao-20200914002357047.htm |website=Vietnambiz |access-date=15 September 2020 |language=vi |date=14 September 2020}}</ref> [[Lien Khuong International Airport|Da Lat]], [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]], [[Dong Hoi Airport|Dong Hoi]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Phu Bai International Airport|Hue]], [[Kaohsiung International Airport|Kaohsiung]],<ref name="BambooAugust">{{cite web |last1=Liu |first1=Jim |title=Bamboo Airways delays new International routes launch to August 2020 |url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/292060/bamboo-airways-delays-new-international-routes-launch-to-august-2020/ |website=Routesonline |access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]], [[Pleiku Airport|Pleiku]], [[Phu Cat Airport|Quy Nhon]], [[Rach Gia Airport|Rach Gia]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Van |first1=Son |title=Rạch Giá mở đường bay thẳng kết nối với Thủ đô Hà Nội |url=https://baotintuc.vn/kinh-te/rach-gia-mo-duong-bay-thang-ket-noi-voi-thu-do-ha-noi-20210122103808017.htm |access-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=Baotintuc.vn |date=22 January 2021 |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]],<ref name="BambooAugust"/> [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]],<ref>https://twitter.com/Airlineroute/status/1194329365560971265?s=19</ref> [[Tuy Hoa Airport|Tuy Hoa]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Bamboo Airways khai trương đường bay Tuy Hoà - Hà Nội, TP HCM |url=https://vnexpress.net/bamboo-airways-khai-truong-duong-bay-tuy-hoa-ha-noi-tp-hcm-4225245.html |access-date=22 January 2021 |publisher=VnExpress |date=22 January 2021 |language=Vietnamese}}</ref> [[Vinh International Airport|Vinh]]<br>'''Charter:''' [[Ibaraki Airport|Ibaraki]], [[Tainan Airport|Tainan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/news-20190422170234794.htm|title=Bamboo Airways khai trương liên tiếp 3 đường bay|first=TUOI TRE|last=ONLINE|date=22 April 2019|website=TUOI TRE ONLINE}}</ref>|17=[[Bamboo Airways]]|16=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|15=[[Asiana Airlines]]|14=[[Narita International Airport|Tokyo–Narita]]<ref name="ANA Tokyo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/287773/ana-s20-tokyo-international-network-changes-as-of-26nov19/|title=ANA S20 Tokyo International network changes as of 26NOV19|website=Routesonline}}</ref>|12=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ekn.kr/news/article.html?no=450235|title=에어서울, 동계 시즌부터 국내선 사업 진출···'日 노선 대폭 축소'|date=28 August 2019|website=www.ekn.kr}}</ref>|24=[[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila]]|11=[[Air Seoul]]|10=[[Macau International Airport|Macau]]|9=[[Air Macau]]|8=[[Beijing Capital International Airport|Beijing–Capital]]<ref>[https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/278324/air-china-adds-hanoi-service-from-june-2018/ Air China adds Hanoi service from June 2018] Routesonline. 25 April 2018.</ref>|7=[[Air China]]|6=[[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/280722/air-busan-adds-busan-hanoi-route-from-late-oct-2018/|title=Air Busan adds Busan – Hanoi route from late-Oct 2018|publisher=routesonline|access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref>|5=[[Air Busan]]|4=[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|[[AirAsia]]|23=[[Cebu Pacific]]|25=[[China Airlines]]|48=[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/285650/indigo-adds-hanoi-service-from-oct-2019/|title=IndiGo adds Hanoi service from Oct 2019|publisher=Airlineroute|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>|38=[[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]|47=[[IndiGo]]|46=[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|45=[[Hong Kong Airlines]]|44=[[Ha Long Bay]]|43=[[Hai Au Aviation]]|42=[[Luoyang Beijiao Airport|Luoyang]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/286052/gx-airlines-launches-new-routes-to-hanoi-in-late-sep-2019/|title=GX Airlines launches new routes to Hanoi in late-Sep 2019|website=Routesonline}}</ref>|41=[[GX Airlines]]|40=[[Yangyang International Airport|Yangyang]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.traveltimes.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=109814|title=양양-베트남 하늘길 넓히는 플라이강원|date=7 May 2020|website=여행신문}}</ref>|39=[[Fly Gangwon]]|37=[[EVA Air]]|26=[[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]|36=[[Dubai International Airport|Dubai–International]] <!-- Do not add Etihad Airways! No passenger service (provide source otherwise) only cargo! -->|35=[[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]|34=[[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastarjet.com/newstar/PGWHC00001|title=Announcement Detailed view - Eastar Jet|website=www.eastarjet.com}}</ref>|33=[[Eastar Jet]]|32=[[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/276588/chongqing-airlines-plans-mid-jan-2018-hanoi-launch/|title=Chongqing Airlines plans mid-Jan 2018 Hanoi launch|website=Routesonline}}</ref>|31=[[Chongqing Airlines]]|30=[[Changsha Huanghua International Airport|Changsha]], [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]|29={{nowrap|[[China Southern Airlines]]}}|28=[[Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming]], [[Nanning Wuxu International Airport|Nanning]]|27=[[China Eastern Airlines]]|96=[[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]] <br> '''Charter:''' [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]], [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]], [[Phu Cat Airport|Quy Nhon]]}} === Kaya === {{Airport-dest-list|[[AirBridgeCargo]]|29=[[MASkargo]]|23=[[Hong Kong Air Cargo]]|24=[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|25=[[Korean Air Cargo]]|26=[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/227680/korean-air-launches-cargo-flights-to-delhi-india/|title=Korean Air launches cargo flights to Delhi, India|date=10 July 2018}}</ref> [[Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]], [[Navoi International Airport|Navoi]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]]|27=[[K-Mile Air]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/flights/8k524|title=Live Flight Tracker - Real-Time Flight Tracker Map|website=Flightradar24}}</ref>|28=[[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]]|30=[[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur–International]]|21=[[FedEx Express]]|31=[[Qatar Airways Cargo]]<ref>[http://www.gulfbase.com/news/qatar-airways-cargo-division-adds-three-new-routes/173693 Qatar Airways cargo division adds three new routes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729115906/https://www.gulfbase.com/news/qatar-airways-cargo-division-adds-three-new-routes/173693 |date=2021-07-29 }} GulfBase.com 12/04/2011 00:00 AST. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110416082431/http://www.ameinfo.com/261971.html archive] 2011-04-16</ref>|32=[[Hamad International Airport|Doha]]|33=[[SF Airlines]]|34=[[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport|Wuhan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macaubusiness.com/sf-airlines-launches-wuhan-hanoi-intl-cargo-route/|title=SF Airlines launches Wuhan-Hanoi int'l cargo route|date=31 March 2021|accessdate=5 June 2021}}</ref>|35=[[Spicejet#Spicexpress|Spicexpress]]|36=[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spicejet.com/PressReleaseNewsPage.aspx?strNews=seasonallyweakquarter|title=Press Release News Page|website=www.spicejet.com}}</ref>|37=[[Turkish Airlines Cargo]]|22=[[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]|20=[[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Flight Timetable |url=https://www.brcargo.com/NEC_WEB/FileServer/CMS/1815/Cargo_Flights.pdf |website=EVA Airways Cargo |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=2021-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806010115/https://www.brcargo.com/NEC_WEB/FileServer/CMS/1815/Cargo_Flights.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|[[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport|Anchorage]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Moscow-Sheremetyevo]], [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]|10=[[Shahjalal International Airport|Dhaka]], [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Penang International Airport|Penang]], [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]|[[Asiana Cargo]]|[[Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport|Chongqing]], [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul–Incheon]], [[Changi Airport|Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Schedules by Route |url=https://www.asianacargo.com/schedule/nodeSchedule.do |website=www.asianacargo.com}}</ref>|[[Cargolux]]|[[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]], [[Kuwait International Airport|Kuwait]], [[Luxembourg Airport|Luxembourg]]|[[Cardig Air]]|[[Soekarno–Hatta International Airport|Jakarta–Soekarno–Hatta]], [[Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport|Shenzhen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cardigair.com/site/schedule.php|title=Cardig Air Scheduled Timetable|publisher=Cardigair.com|access-date=1 January 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172541/http://www.cardigair.com/site/schedule.php%20|url-status=dead}}</ref>|[[Cathay Pacific Cargo]]|11=[[China Airlines Cargo]]|19=[[EVA Air Cargo]]|12=[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]], [[Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei–Taoyuan]]|13=[[China Southern Airlines|China Southern Cargo]]|14=[[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]], [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]]|15=[[Emirates SkyCargo]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skycargo.com/english/media-centre/media-news-press-details.aspx?id=1620090|title=Emirates SkyCargo Freighter Operations get ready for DWC move|publisher=Emirates SkyCargo|date=2 April 2014}}</ref>|16=[[Al Maktoum International Airport|Dubai–Al Maktoum]]|17=[[Etihad Cargo]]<ref>[http://www.etihad.com/en-gb/about-us/etihad-news/archive/2014/etihad-cargo-announces-freighter-operations-to-hanoi/ Etihad Cargo announces freighter operations to Hanoi] [[Etihad Airways]] 13 July 2014 14:00</ref>|18=[[Abu Dhabi International Airport|Abu Dhabi]], [[Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport|Anchorage]], [[Shah Amanat International Airport|Chittagong]]|38=[[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport|Istanbul]], [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran–Imam Khomeini]]}} == Jirgin ƙasa == An tsara layin gaba na 6 na Hanoi Metro zuwa filin jirgin sama. == Ƙididdiga == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-2}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:89%; align=center;" |+ Busiest international flights out of Nội Bài International Airport by frequency |- style="background:darkgrey;" ! |Rank|| |Destinations|| |Frequency (Weekly) |- | 1 | {{Flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Incheon International Airport|Seoul-Incheon]] | 108 |- | 2 | {{Flagdeco|Singapore}} [[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]] | 75 |- | 3 | {{Flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Bangkok]] ([[Don Mueang International Airport|Don Mueang]] + [[Suvarnabhumi Airport|Suvarnabhumi]]) | 64 |- | 4 | {{Flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taoyuan International Airport|Taipei-Taoyuan]] | 46 |- | 5 | {{Flagdeco|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur International Airport|Kuala Lumpur]] | 44 |- | 6 | {{Flagdeco|Japan}} [[Tokyo]] ([[Haneda Airport|Haneda]] + [[Narita International Airport|Narita]]) | 42 |- | 7 | {{Flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport|Guangzhou]] | 32 |- | 8 | {{Flagdeco|Hong Kong}} [[Hong Kong International Airport|Hong Kong]] | 31 |- | 9 | {{Flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Gimhae International Airport|Busan]] | 28 |- | 10 | {{Flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Siem Reap International Airport|Siem Reap]] | 19 |} {{Col-break}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:89%; align=center;" |+ Busiest domestic flights out of Nội Bài International Airport by frequency |- style="background:darkgrey;" ! |Rank|| |Destinations|| |Frequency (Weekly) |- | 1 | [[Tan Son Nhat International Airport|Ho Chi Minh City]] | 475 |- | 2 | [[Da Nang International Airport|Da Nang]] | 320 |- | 3 | [[Cam Ranh International Airport|Nha Trang]] | 102 |- | 4 | [[Phu Quoc International Airport|Phu Quoc]] | 69 |- | 5 | [[Lien Khuong Airport|Da Lat]] | 48 |- | 6 | [[Can Tho International Airport|Can Tho]] | 42 |- | 7 | [[Phu Bai International Airport|Hue]] | 40 |- | 8 | [[Phu Cat Airport|Quy Nhon]] | 36 |- | 9 | [[Buon Ma Thuot Airport|Buon Ma Thuot]] | 24 |- | 10 | [[Pleiku Airport|Pleiku]] | 21 |} {{Col-end}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="padding:0.5em;font-size: 87.5%" |+Operational statistics of Noi Bai International Airport !<center>Year</center> !<center>Passengers<br /><br />handled</center> !<center>Passenger<br /><br />% Change</center> !<center>Cargo<br /><br />(tonnes)</center> !<center>Cargo<br /><br />% Change</center> !<center>Aircraft<br /><br />Movements</center> !<center>Aircraft<br /><br />% Change</center> |- style="background:#eee;" |2013 |12,847,056 |N/A |352,322 |N/A |89,835 |N/A |- style="background:#eee;" |2014 |14,190,675 |{{increase}} 10.6 |405,407 |{{increase}} 16.4 |100,864 |{{increase}} 12.3 |- style="background:#eee;" |2015 |17,213,715 |{{increase}} 19.85 |478,637 |{{increase}} 18.1 |119,330 |{{increase}} N/A |- style="background:#eee;" |2016 |20,596,632 |{{increase}} 19.65 |566,000 |{{increase}} 18.2 |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#eee;" |2017 |23,824,400 |{{increase}} 15.7 |712,677 |{{increase}} 25.99 |N/A |N/A |- style="background:#eee;" |2018 |25,908,048 |{{increase}} 8.7 |728,414 |{{increase}} 8.7 |164,668 |N/A |- style="background:#eee;" |2019 |29,304,631 |{{increase}} 13.1 |708,580 |{{decrease}} 2.7 |N/A |N/A |} == Gallery == <gallery> File:Noi Bai check-in.jpg|Terminal 1 yankin shiga. File:Noibai_T2_check-in.jpg|Terminal 2 yankin shiga. File:Noibai New Terminal.jpg|Duba tashar tashar jirgin sama ta Noi Bai International 2. File:Noibai_T2_gates.jpg|Tashar tashar jirgin sama ta Noi Bai International Gates 2. File:Noi Bai International Airport Terminal 2 Night View.JPG|Kallon dare na tashar jirgin saman Noi Bai International Terminal 2. File:Aeroflot Il-96-300 RA-96010 HAN 2007-6-22.png|Jirgin sama na Aeroflot II-96-300 a Filin Jirgin Sama na Noi Bai. File:VN-A360 (8238115838).jpg|Jirgin saman Vietnam Airbus A321-200 taksi a filin jirgin saman Noi Bai. File:AT QV RFPL34173 1.jpg|Lao Airlines ATR 72 a Noi Bai International Airport. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Filin Da Nang|Da Nang International Airport]] * [[Filin Tan Son Nhat|Filin Jirgin Sama na Tan Son Nhat]] * Jerin filayen jirgin sama a Vietnam * Phu Quoc International Airport == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin waje == * Airport information for VVNB * [https://hoianprivatecar.com/transfer-from-noi-bai-airport/ Sabis ɗin Canja Filin Jirgin Sama na Noi Bai] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t5zy8y0gppmxa10tde7f0at5h13klsu 0 24919 542852 449394 2024-11-19T22:57:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bernardo Víctor Cruz Torres''' (an haife shi ranar 17 watan Yulin 1993), wanda aka fi sani da '''Bernardo''', ɗan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke buga wa Córdoba CF a matsayin mai [[Mai buga baya|tsaron gida na tsakiya]] . == Aikin kulob == An haife shi a Córdoba, Andalusia, Bernardo ya kammala ci gabansa a kulob ɗin Córdoba CF, yana yin babban halarta na farko tare da ajiyar su a 2010 - 11 . Ya fara buga wasan ƙungiya ta farko a ranar 6 ga watan Satumbar 2011, lokacin da ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke Real Murcia da ci 1-0 a zagaye na biyu na Copa del Rey.<ref>[https://archive.is/20131118154015/http://www.cordobadeporte.com/ruben-jugo-para-el-cordoba-0-1-17068-18 Rubén jugó para el Córdoba (0–1) (Rubén played for Córdoba (0–1))]; Córdoba Deporte, 6 September 2011 {{In lang|es}}</ref> Fitowar budurwarsa Segunda División ta zo bayan shekaru biyu, a cikin nasarar gida 3-1 akan CD Numancia. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli 2014, bayan ba da gudummawa tare da wasanni 15 a cikin haɓakawa zuwa La Liga, Bernardo ya shiga Racing de Santander a kan aro. Bayan wannan sihirin, ya soke kwantiraginsa da Córdoba kuma ya sanya hannu tare da wata ƙungiyar ajiyar, Sevilla Atlético a Segunda División B. Bernardo ya kasance mai farawa wanda ba a musantawa ba a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi, yana samun ci gaba a farkon kakar sa. Ya ci burinsa na farko a matsayin ƙwararre a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2016, don taimakawa ƙungiyarsa ta sami maki ɗaya a Gimnàstic de Tarragona (1 - 1). A ranar 30 watan Yuni 2017, Bernardo ya amince da kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da CD Lugo . <ref>[http://www.cdlugo.com/noticia/bernardo-cruz-nuevo-jugador-del-cd-lugo Bernardo Cruz, nuevo jugador del CD Lugo (Bernardo Cruz, new player of CD Lugo)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184228/http://www.cdlugo.com/noticia/bernardo-cruz-nuevo-jugador-del-cd-lugo |date=2019-01-10 }}; CD Lugo, 30 June 2017 {{In lang|es}}</ref> A cikin kasuwar canja wuri na Janairu 2019, duk da haka, ya koma tsohon kocin Sevilla B Diego Martínez a Granada CF, wanda shi ma ya fafata a matakin na biyu. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 2019, bayan da ya bayyana da wuya yayin da ƙungiyar ta sami ci gaba, an ba da Bernardo ga AD Alcorcón na shekara guda. Ranar 11 ga watan Janairu mai zuwa, ya koma Numancia shima a matakin na biyu kuma a cikin yarjejeniyar ta wucin gadi. Bernardo ya koma Córdoba a lokacin bazara na 2020, akan canja wuri kyauta. == Rayuwar mutum == Babban ɗan'uwan Bernardo, Francisco, shima ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma mai tsaron gida. Dukansu an shirya su a Córdoba. == Hanyoyin waje == * Bernardo at BDFutbol * Bernardo at Futbolme (in Spanish) * {{Soccerway|bernardo-victor-cruz-torres/207329|Bernardo}} ==Manazarta== [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] ftebmewnvx1wv3xy1xe20nthzqnvltx 0 25255 542808 221240 2024-11-19T21:06:25Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''SM''' ko '''sm na''' iya nufin to:   == A kasuwanci da tattalin arziki == * Alamar alamar sabis, ℠ * Spesmilo ₷, tsohon kudin duniya * Babban gudanarwa == Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi == === Sufuri === * SM (babur), wanda ya ƙera babur ɗin Poland * Gabatarwar wasu jiragen saman Savoia-Marchetti, misali SM.83 * Metro na Shanghai * Ruhun Manila Airlines, lambar jirgin saman IATA * Maryamu's Railroad, alamar rahoto * Swedline Express, tsohon lambar jirgin saman IATA. === Sauran kasuwanci da kungiyoyi === * SM Nishaɗi, alamar kiɗan Koriya ta Kudu * SM Prime Holdings, ma'aikacin dillali na Philippine * SM Supermalls, sarkar manyan kantuna na Philippine * SM-liiga, saman wasan ''ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa na Finnish'' * SM-sarja, tsohon dan wasan ''ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwal na ƙasar Finnish'' * ''Syndicat de la Magistrature'', ƙungiyar Faransa == Wurare == * Yankin lambar lambar SM, Greater London, Ingila. * [[San Marino]], lambar ƙasar ISO. * Satu Mare, Romania, rajistar abin hawa. == Kimiyya == === Biology da magani === * "Sm.", Taƙaitaccen marubucin don "Smith", duba Jerin hukumomin haraji mai suna Smith * SM (mai haƙuri), mai haƙuri da lalacewar kwakwalwa * James Edward Smith (1759-1828), masanin kimiyyar halittu da aka ambata a matsayin "Sm." === Kwamfuta === * .sm, Babban yankin Intanet na San Marino * SM EVM, kwamfutocin Soviet, misali SM-4 === Physics da sunadarai === * Samarium (Sm), wani sinadarin sinadarai === Sauran kimiyyar === * Karkacewar Magellanic, ajin galaxy * Zaɓin mutism, tashin hankali == Lakabi, darajoji, da kyaututtuka == === Soja === * Lambar hadaya, Kanada * Medal Sena, Indiya * Memba memba, memba na wani reshe na sojoji * Medal Cross ta Kudu (1952), Afirka ta Kudu * Lambar Kudancin Kudancin (1975), Afirka ta Kudu === Sauran lakabi, darajoji, da kyaututtuka === * Medal of Service of the Order of Canada, haruffan bayan-suna * Scientiæ Magister ko Jagora na Science * Mai sarrafa Studio, a cikin sana'o'in watsa labarai * Suomen mestaruus (Zakaran Finnish), lambar yabo ta wasanni * Gasar Yaren mutanen Sweden (disambiguation) (Champion na Sweden), lambar yabo ta wasanni == Motoci == * Citroën SM, ƙirar mota * Spec Miata, ajin tseren mota * Makami mai linzami, dangin makamai masu linzami na Amurka, misali SM-3 * <nowiki><i id="mwdA">SM</i></nowiki> -class minesweeper, ajin jirgin ruwan Sojojin ruwan Finland == Sauran amfani == * Sadomasochism (S/M ko SM) * Yaren Samoan (ISO 639-1 code ''sm'' ) * Stephen Malkmus (an haife shi 1966), mawaƙin Pavement * Ƙarin Memba a cikin tsarin jefa ƙuri'a na demokraɗiyya * Ƙungiyar Maryamu (Marianists), ikilisiyar Roman Katolika == Duba kuma == * S&amp;amp;M (rarrabuwa) {{Disambig|geo}} tckpje1sglxnfkw3z1t2xarwbxtua6e 0 25480 542795 508447 2024-11-19T20:01:05Z Adamu ab 23827 Expanding 542795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox grapheme|type=[[Alphabet]]}} [[Fayil:Latin letter T.svg|thumb|T babba da karama]] '''T''', ko '''t''', shine [[Harfa|harafi na]] ashirin a cikin haruffan [[Turanci|Ingilishi na zamani da]] haruffan Latin na ISO na, asali .Its sunan Turanci ne <nowiki><i id="mwFw">Tee</i></nowiki> (pronounced /t I / ) am'i ''tees.'' <ref>"T", ''Oxford English Dictionary,'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "tee", ''op. cit''.</ref> An samo shi daga haruffan Semitic taw (ת, ܬ, ت) ta harafin Girkanci,τ ( tau ) A cikin Ingilishi, galibi ana amfani da shi don wakiltar muryar alveolar marar sauti, sautin kuma yana nuni a cikin Haifar Fassarar Ƙasa ta Duniya. Shi ne baƙaƙe da aka fi amfani da shi kuma harafi na biyu na gama-gari a cikin rubutun harshen Turanci. == Tarihi == {| class="wikitable" !Dan Fodiyo<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Taw'' ! Etruscan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> T ! Girkanci<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ''Tau'' |- align="center" |</img> |</img> |</img> |} ''Taw'' ita ce wasika ta ƙarshe ta haruffan Yammacin Turai da haruffan Ibrananci . Ƙimar sauti ta Semitic ''Taw'', haruffan Girkanci Tαw ( ''Taw'' ) Tsohuwar Italic da Latin T sun kasance daidai gwargwado, suna wakiltar [ t ] a kowane ɗayan waɗannan; kuma ya kiyaye ainihin asalin sa a mafi yawan waɗannan haruffan. == Yi amfani da tsarin rubutu == === Turanci === A Turanci, ⟩ yawanci tana nufin da voiceless alveolar plosive ( International karin lafazi Alphabet da X-SAMPA : /t /) kamar yadda a ''tart,'' ''Tee,'' ko ''dangantaka,'' sau da yawa tare da muradinta a farkon kalmomi ko kafin ya jaddada vowels. A digraph ⟩ sau da yawa yayi dace da sauti {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant ) kalma-juya daga tsakiya a lokacin da ya bi ta hanyar wani wasali, kamar yadda a cikin ''al'umma,'' ''rabo,'' ''sulhu,'' da kuma ''Croatia.'' Harafin ⟩ dace da affricate {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} a wasu kalmomi a sakamakon yod-coalescence (misali, a cikin kalmomi ƙare da "-ture", kamar ''gaba)'' A na kowa digraph ne ⟩ wanda yawanci wakiltar wani hakori fricative, amma lokaci-lokaci wakiltar {{IPA|/t/}} (as a ''Thomas'' da ''thyme.'' ) A cikin 'yan kalmomin asalin Faransanci na zamani, harafin T yana yin shiru a ƙarshen kalma; waɗannan sun haɗa da ''croquet'' da ''halarta na farko'' . === Wasu harsuna === A orthographies na sauran harsuna, ⟩ ne sau da yawa amfani {{IPA|/t/}} da voiceless hakori plosive {{IPA|/t̪/}} ko kama da sautuna. === Sauran tsarin === A International karin lafazi Alphabet, ⟩ kwatanta da voiceless alveolar plosive . == Haruffa masu alaƙa == === Zuriyar da haruffa masu alaƙa a cikin haruffan Latin === [[File:Teisko.vaakuna.svg|thumb| T mai lanƙwasa T da aka nuna a rigar makamai na tsohuwar gundumar Teisko, wanda aka haɗe zuwa [[Tampere]].]] * T tare da diacritics : Ť ť Ṫ ṫ ṫ ẗ Ţ ţ Ṭ ṭ Ʈ ʈ Ț ț ț ƫ Ṱ Ṱ ṱ Ṯ ṯ Ŧ Ŧ ŧ Ⱦ ⱦ ⱦ ᶵ * Ꞇ : William Pryce ya yi amfani da Insular T don ƙaddara haɓakar hakoran hakora [θ] * ʇ : Juya ƙaramin t ana amfani da shi cikin [[Haruffa Sautin Duniya|Harafin Sautin Ƙasa na Duniya]] * Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da T: ** === Kakanni da 'yan uwan juna a wasu haruffa === * Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Taw, wanda daga baya aka samo alamun da ke gaba ** Τ : Harafin Girkanci Tau ***   : [[Harafin 'yan Koftik]] Taw, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau *** Da : Harafin Cyrillic [[Т|Te]], shima ya fito daga Tau ***   : [[Harafin Gothic|Gothic]] harafin tius, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau *** Ƙari : Tsohon Italic T, wanda ya samo asali daga Girkanci Tau, kuma shine kakan Latin T na zamani ****   : Harafin [[Runes|Runic]] [[Tiwaz rune|teiwaz]], wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga tsohuwar Italic T * ፐ. : Ofaya daga cikin haruffan haruffa 26 na rubutun Ge'ez . The Ge'ez abugida ya bunƙasa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nassi na Kirista ta hanyar ƙara lafazin lafazi na wajibi zuwa haruffan baƙaƙe. Pesa ፐ is is ta dogara ne akan Tawe te . === Alamu da aka samo, alamomi da gajarta === * Ƙari : Alamar kasuwanci * Ƙari : Mongolian tögrög * Ƙari : Kazakhstani tenge == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * {{Commons-inline|T}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|T}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|t}} {{Haruffan Latin}} gorwuaq8446h75c23ugmezv2whjxykj 0 26911 542802 417656 2024-11-19T21:00:43Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542802 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Lasisi Elenu in NdaniTGIF show - cropped.png|right|thumb|Lasisi Elenu]] '''Nosa Afolabi''' (an haife shi 20 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1991), wanda aka fi sani da '''Lasisi Elenu''', ɗan wasan barkwanci ne, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ma kaɗi kuma mawaƙi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lasisi Elenu (Nosa Afolabi)'s schedule for Social Media Week Lagos|url=https://socialmediaweeklagos2018.sched.com/speaker/chroma360|access-date=12 November 2020|website=socialmediaweeklagos2018.sched.com}}</ref> daga garin [[Offa (Nijeriya)|Offa, Kwara]] a kasar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Female fans usually ask me for sex –Musa Afolabi, comedian|url=https://punchng.com/female-fans-usually-ask-me-for-sex-musa-afolabi-comedian/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu tasiri a Afirka, an san shi da skits tare da faɗin bakitacewa yayin wasan kwaikwayo da kuma a kan kafofin watsa labarun. Elenu kwanan nan ya fito a cikin Netflix thriller,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ghost and the Tout {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81172755|access-date=12 November 2020|website=www.netflix.com|language=en}}</ref> ''The Ghost and the Tout''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2018|title=The Future Awards Africa Prize for Comedy|url=https://awards.yafri.ca/the-future-awards-africa-prize-for-comedy/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=The Future Awards Africa|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201246/https://awards.yafri.ca/the-future-awards-africa-prize-for-comedy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, an zaɓe shi don bayar da Kyautar Future Awards Africa don na ɗan wasan barkwanci. A cikin watan Maris din shekarar 2020, an nada shi daya daga cikin manyan 25 na kasar Najeriya na ƙasa da 30 Superstars.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2020|title=See Who Made Top 25 Under-30 Nigerian Superstars|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/03/04/see-who-made-top-25-under-30-nigerian-superstars/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Farkon asali da ilimi == Elenu, ko da yake an haife shi Nosa Afolabi a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]], arewacin Najeriya, ya fito ne daga Offa a jihar Kwara. Ya kammala karatunsa na Ilimin Kiwon Lafiya da Lafiyar Muhalli daga [[Jami'ar Ilorin]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=10 things you Probably Don't Know About the Fast-Rising Comedian, Lasisi Elenu – Opera News|url=https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/cc57792d6da5e7ed4663ad1f8cdeefb9|access-date=12 November 2020|website=za.opera.news|archive-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118085057/https://za.opera.news/za/en/entertainment/cc57792d6da5e7ed4663ad1f8cdeefb9|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sana'a == Mai wasan barkwanci yana ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran masu tasiri na kafofin watsa labarun nahiyar tare da mabiya 75,000 akan TikTok<ref>{{Cite web|last=Okike|first=Samuel|date=8 August 2019|title=African meme accounts are becoming big on Instagram, but this comes at a price|url=https://techpoint.africa/2019/08/08/african-meme-accounts-are-becoming-big-on-instagram-but-this-comes-at-a-price/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Techpoint Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> kuma sama da 3.4&nbsp;mabiya miliyan a Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lasisi Elenu (@lasisielenu) • Instagram photos and videos |url=https://www.instagram.com/lasisielenu/ |access-date=12 November 2020 |website=www.instagram.com |language=en}}[[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=BellaNaija.com|date=13 January 2018|title=Lasisi Elenu shares his Journey to Fame in New Interview {{!}} WATCH|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/01/lasisi-elenu-shares-journey-fame-new-interview-watch/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Skits nasa yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa daban-daban daga doka zuwa laifukan yanar gizo, tattalin arziki, rashin tsaro da falsafa, sun fara ne a matsayin mawaƙa kafin karkata zuwa kasuwancin ban dariya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Isaac|first=Michael|date=15 April 2020|title='This Country Isn't Safe, I Don't Feel Safe' – Lasisi Elenu (Video)|url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2020/04/this-country-isnt-safe-i-dont-feel-safe-lasisi-elenu-video.html|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Information Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Aikin da ya yi na baya-bayan nan, Mama & Papa Godspower, shiri ne na tsawon mintuna 16 wanda ke mayar da hankali kan gidaje masu karamin karfi a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 September 2020|title=Lasisi Elenu launches new web series "Mama and Papa Godspower"|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/09/08/lasisi-elenu-launches-new-web-series-mama-and-papa-godspower/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tv|first=Bn|date=8 September 2020|title=Lasisi Elenu is Out with a New Comedy Series "Mama and Papa Godspower" {{!}} Watch Episode 1|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/lasisi-elenu-mama-and-papa-godspower/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> == Fina-finai == * [[The Ghost and the Tout|''The Ghost and the Tout'']] (2018)<ref>{{Citation|title=The Ghost and the Tout|date=12 November 2020|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ghost_and_the_Tout&oldid=988276941|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> * [[Made in Heaven (2019 film)|Made in Heaven]] * Sylva * [[The Razz Guy]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2020|title='Sylvia' producers star Lasisi Elenu in upcoming comedy, 'The Razz Guy'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sylvia-producers-star-lasisi-elenu-in-upcoming-comedy-the-razz-guy/4b1rll9|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Newswatch.ng|date=18 May 2020|title=Lasisi Elenu Star in New Comedy Movie "The Razz Guy"|url=https://www.newswatch.ng/lasisi-elenu-star-in-new-comedy-movie-the-razz-guy/|access-date=12 November 2020|website=Newswatch Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519095633/https://www.newswatch.ng/lasisi-elenu-star-in-new-comedy-movie-the-razz-guy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rigima == Takaddama ta barke ne a watan Yulin shekarar 2020 lokacin da mambobin ƙungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya suka gargadi Elenu, wadanda suka yi ikirarin barkwancinsa na bata sunan lauyan da yi masa barazanar kai ƙararsa. A wata hira da ya yi, ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa wasu daga cikin masoyansa mata sun nemi yin lalata da shi daga wurinsa. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Ƴan fim]] rbc0432j0fub681537wwo5ioz7e1xsy 0 27051 542889 522098 2024-11-20T02:16:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:SARS-CoV-2_without_background.png |thumb| Samfurin kwayar cutar corona]] [[File:Afectos_en_pandemia.jpg|thumb|300x300px| "Afectos en pandemia," na Hilda Chaulot]] Magana game da '''cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sanannun al'adun''' sun fara ne yayin da cutar ke ci gaba da gudana. Duk da mummunan tasirin cutar ta COVID-19, ta haɗu da mutane ta hanyoyin nishaɗi waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe haɓaka da haɓaka al'adun pop. Cuta ce wacce ta halakar da daruruwan mutane a cikin lokaci mafi kankanta a tarihin duniya. == Fage da jigogi == Cutar kwalara ta Korona (Covid-19) ta mamaye duniya a farkon watannin shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, wanda ke gudana har zuwa November 2021. Baya ga ita kanta cutar, yawancin jama'a sun yi fama da kulle-kulle, karancin abinci da gajiyawar annoba . Wannan Kuma ya sanya zamanin annoba ya zama lokacin damuwa na musamman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/seven_ways_the_pandemic_is_affecting_our_mental_health|title=Seven Ways the Pandemic Is Affecting Our Mental Health|last=Newman|first=Kira M.|date=2020-08-11|website=greatergood.berkeley.edu|publisher=Greater Good|access-date=2020-12-19|quote="In late March, nearly 3,500 people were surveyed in Spain, when the country ranked second in the world in COVID-19 deaths. Many people met the criteria for clinical mental health problems: 19 percent for depression, almost a quarter for anxiety, and 16 percent for PTSD. Within a week after Slovenia declared an epidemic, over half of the thousands of people surveyed had high stress levels. In April, 14 percent of Americans were experiencing serious psychological distress, more than triple the rate in 2018."}}</ref> Barkewar cutar ta kori wasu mutane don neman tsira cikin lumana a kafafen yada labarai, amma wasu zuwa ga annoba ta almara (watau aljanu apocalypses ) a matsayin wani nau'in tserewa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-13/why-we-read-pandemic-stories-in-a-pandemic/12138290|title=COVID-19 will shape pop culture for years to come, but for now we love pandemic stories|last=Nobel|first=Emma|date=2020-04-13|website=abc.net.au|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=2020-12-18|quote="Fictitious stories about pandemics give us a way to experience the horror in a controlled way, with the pacing we've grown to expect, where resolution is always possible, and where we can always turn off the TV if it gets a bit too much."}}</ref> Jigogi sun haɗa da yaduwa, keɓewa da asarar sarrafawa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://time.com/5891305/horror-movies-coronavirus-history-genre/|title=Horror Films Have Always Tapped Into Pop Culture's Most Urgent Fears. COVID-19 Will Be Their Next Inspiration|last=McCluskey|first=Megan|date=2020-10-07|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=2020-12-19|quote=}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == An saka cutar ta ɓarke a cikin labarun shirye-shiryen talabijin da ke gudana kafin ɓarkewar cutar kuma an mai da hankali kan sababbi, tare da sakamako masu gauraya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.augustman.com/my/culture/film-tv/how-the-covid-19-pandemic-is-affecting-popular-culture/|title=How The Covid-19 Pandemic Is Affecting Popular Culture|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2020-11-24|website=augustman.com|publisher=[[August Man]]|access-date=2020-12-18|quote="In addition to existing shows, streaming platforms and cable channels have tried putting together new series centred on coronavirus, like HBO’s “Coastal Elites” or Netflix’s “Social Distance” – but with no real success."}}</ref> Da yake rubutu game da <nowiki><i id="mwIw">Pandemonium na</i></nowiki> BBC mai zuwa na gaba a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2020, ''[[New York Times|New York Times ya]]'' tambaya, "Shin muna shirye mu yi dariya game da Covid-19? Ko kuma, akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa, ko kuma a iya gane shi ta hanyar ban dariya, game da rayuwa a lokacin annoba, tare da dukan rashin jin daɗi da koma baya, ba tare da la'akari da al'adunsa ba (tafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ) da dokoki (masu [[Takunkumi a lokacin annobar cutar korona|rufe fuska]], don Allah). "<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/16/business/media/pandemonium-bbc-coronavirus.html|title=Are We Ready to Laugh About Covid-19? A British Sitcom Hopes So|last=Segal|first=David|date=2020-12-16|website=The New York Times|access-date=2020-12-18|quote="Are we ready to laugh about Covid-19? Or rather, is there anything amusing, or recognizable in a humorous way, about life during a plague, with all of its indignities and setbacks, not to mention its rituals (clapping for [[health care worker]]s) and rules ([[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]], please)."}}</ref> === Fim da talabijin === ==== Abin tsoro ==== Fim ɗin mai ban tsoro mai ''watsa shiri'', fim ɗin allo na kwamfuta, an ƙirƙira shi kuma an sake shi yayin bala'in kuma ya ta'allaka ne kan halayen halayen allahntaka da aka kai wa hari bayan gudanar da bincike ta hanyar zuƙowa .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} ==== Abin ban dariya ==== A fim ''Borat M Moviefilm'', wani mabiyi da 2006 mockumentary film ''Borat'', aka saki a kan Amazon Prime Video a watan Oktoba 2020. Ya ƙunshi ɗan jaridar Kazakh ɗan jaridar Borat Sagdiyev ( Sacha Baron Cohen ) da ke yawo a cikin Amurka tare da yin hulɗa da Amurkawa yayin bala'in. Ƙarshen fim ɗin cikin raha ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Kazakhstan ce ta ƙirƙira COVID-19, wacce ta yi amfani da Borat don yada shi tare da fara cutar.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Buchanan|first1=Kyle|date=October 23, 2020|title=The 'Borat' Sequel's 3 Wildest Scenes: Here's What Happens|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/23/movies/borat-sequel-giuliani-trump.html|access-date=November 9, 2020|website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Fim ɗin ''Locked Down'', game da heist na kayan ado a lokacin bala'in, an sake shi akan HBO Max a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2021, bayan an yi fim ɗin a cikin Satumba 2020 kuma ya saita bazarar da ta gabata. An samu gaurayawan sake dubawa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Locked Down (2021)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/locked_down_2021|access-date=January 14, 2021|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Locked Down Reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/locked-down|access-date=14 January 2021|website=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[Red Ventures]]}}</ref> ==== Wasan kwaikwayo/mai ban sha'awa ==== ''Wasan Gone'' jerin gidan yanar gizo ne mai ban sha'awa na Indiyawa wanda Nikhil Bhat ya jagoranta, wanda aka harbe shi gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin gidaje kuma an ba da umarni daga nesa yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya . An fara shi a Voot a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2020. Nunin ya biyo bayan mutuwar wani majiyyaci na COVID-19 tare da layin da ke samun rikici a kowane bangare.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=The Gone Game review: Voot's shot-during-lockdown thriller is an effective experiment|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/the-gone-game-review-voot-s-shot-during-lockdown-thriller-is-an-effective-experiment/story-ByjGlV0Es7EBWORCmOeA5N.html|access-date=2020-09-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Jerin wasan kwaikwayo ''na likitanci na Amurka The Good Doctor'' da ''Grey's Anatomy'' sun fara watsa shirye-shiryen su na 4 da kakar 17, bi da bi, a cikin Nuwamba 2020. Dukansu sun nuna tasirin COVID-19 akan haruffan da ke aiki a, da marasa lafiya na, asibitin da aka saita nunin - gami da maimaita haruffan da suka kamu da cutar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grobar|first=Matt|date=2020-11-03|title='The Good Doctor' Creator David Shore On Season 4 Opener: COVID-19 Pandemic & New Residents Arrive As Shaun & Lea Set Up House – Q&A|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/the-good-doctor-season-4-premiere-creator-david-shore-interview-abc-1234605878/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Jess|date=2020-11-18|title=Grey's Anatomy star responds to cast's on-set face mask criticism|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a34708868/greys-anatomy-camilla-luddington-face-mask-response/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Digital Spy|language=en-GB}}</ref> Jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo ''na Amurka 9-1-1'' ya fara nuna lokacinsa 4 a cikin Janairu 2021. Lamarin buɗewa mai lamba 47, "Sabuwar Abun Al'ada" ta ƙunshi jerin labaran da ke tattare da cutar ta COVID-19 da tasirin sa ga duka masu maimaitawa da kuma daidaikun mutane na yau da kullun.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2021}} ''Songbird'', wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na soyayya na Amurka wanda Adam Mason ya ba da umarni kuma Michael Bay ya shirya, wanda "COVID-23" ya sa duniya ta kasance cikin kulle-kulle tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda aka yi fim a Los Angeles a lokacin bala'in bala'in duniya tare da rugujewa. - samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Countryman|first=Eli|date=2020-10-29|title=Michael Bay's Covid-Inspired 'Songbird' Trailer Shows the World Ravaged by Pandemic|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/songbird-michael-bay-pandemic-covid-1234818352/|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Amsar farko ba ta da kyau, tare da masu sukar suna jayayya cewa yana "Cirar Kuɗi a kan wahalar ɗan adam"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ushe|first=Naledi|date=2020-10-29|title='Songbird' movie trailer about pandemic 'COVID-23' slammed by critics: 'Cashing in on human suffering'|url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/songbird-movie-trailer-about-pandemic-covid-23-slammed-with-criticism-cashing-in-on-human-suffering|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Fox News|language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma "jifa mai mafarki mai ban tsoro a kan wutar masu ra'ayin makirci."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kiefer|first=Halle|date=2020-10-29|title=The Songbird Trailer Is Here to Bravely Prey on Your Worst Fears About COVID|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/10/songbird-movie-trailer.html|access-date=2020-10-29|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref> An kwatanta shi a matsayin fim ɗin Amurka na farko da aka samo gabaɗaya daga cutar,<ref>{{cite web|last=Vishnevetsky|first=Ignatiy|date=2020-12-10|title=The first movie inspired by the pandemic is here, and it sucks|url=https://film.avclub.com/the-first-movie-inspired-by-the-pandemic-is-here-and-i-1845848429|access-date=2020-12-21|website=film.avclub.com|publisher=[[The A.V. Club]]|quote="Shot in July, it has the dubious honor of being the first American movie to come out of the pandemic—the first to be conceived, filmed, and released in the current climate."|archive-date=2020-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221205654/https://film.avclub.com/the-first-movie-inspired-by-the-pandemic-is-here-and-i-1845848429|url-status=dead}}</ref> an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2020 zuwa sake dubawa gabaɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Songbird (2020)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/songbird_2020|access-date=December 17, 2020|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Songbird Reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/songbird|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> Aƙalla takwas daga cikin fina-finai 75 da aka sanar don 2021 Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma sun haɗa da COVID-19.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mattise|first=Nathan|date=March 27, 2021|title=Can you make a comedy set during COVID-19? ''Recovery'' takes the idea for a drive|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2021/03/can-you-make-a-comedy-set-during-covid-19-recovery-takes-the-idea-for-a-drive/|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Conde Nast]]|quote="Of the 75 feature-length films on the SXSW Online 2021 schedule, more than a tenth (at least eight) explicitly involve COVID-19."}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Alter|first=Rebecca|date=February 10, 2021|title=Here Are All the Movies About COVID at SXSW This Year|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/02/sxsw-film-festival-2021-all-of-the-movies-about-covid.html|access-date=April 1, 2021|website=[[New York (magazine)#Vulture|Vulture]]|publisher=New York magazine|quote=}}</ref> ''Putham Pudhu Kaalai'' ( transl. <span>Wani sabon alfijir</span> ) fim ne na anthology na Indiya na Tamil na 2020, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun sassan fina-finai biyar. An harbe shi gabaɗaya yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya kuma an saita shi a kan yanayin kulle-kulle na ƙasar na tsawon kwanaki 21 a cikin Maris 2020, gajerun fina-finai guda biyar suna magana game da bege, ƙauna, da sabon farawa yayin bala'in. Fim ɗin ya fito akan Amazon Prime Video akan 16 Oktoba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2020|title='Putham Pudhu Kaalai' trailer: Tamil anthology set and filmed in times of COVID-19 lockdown|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-putham-pudhu-kaalai-trailer-tamil-anthology-set-and-filmed-in-times-of-covid-19-lockdown-2847555|access-date=5 October 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> ''Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn'' ( transl. <span>Lambar da Karthik ya buga</span> ) gajeriyar fim ce ta 2020 na Indiya ta Tamil wanda Gautham Menon ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Mabiyi ga ''Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa'' (2010), taurarin Silambarasan da Trisha suna sake dawo da rawar da suka taka a wannan fim. An yi fim ɗin da farko ta amfani da iPhone kuma an sake shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020 akan YouTube . <ref name="unrequited">{{Cite news|date=21 May 2020|title='Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn': A letter to unrequited love, and then some|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200521051003/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/karthik-dial-seytha-yenn-a-letter-to-unrequited-love-and-then-some/article31636643.ece|archive-date=21 May 2020}}</ref> Hakan ya biyo bayan mai shirya fina-finai Karthik wanda ke gida yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Tamil Nadu ba tare da aiki ba yayin da aka rufe gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, yana shafar aikinsa na marubucin allo. Yayin da yake fuskantar shingen marubuci, ba da jimawa ba ya kira tsohuwar budurwarsa Jessie, wacce ta tsere sakamakon barkewar cutar a cikin birnin New York kuma tana cikin kulle-kulle a Kerala . Bayan kiran waya, Karthik ya ci gaba da rubutunsa kuma ya tsara ''Kamal & Kadambari - Labarin Soyayya.''<ref name="unrequited" /> ''Coronavirus'' [[Talgu|fim ne na]] yaren Telugu na Indiya wanda ke bincika rayuwar dangi mai matsakaicin matsayi a cikin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Indiya . An saki fim ɗin a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pathi|first=Thadhagath|title=Coronavirus Movie Review: A slow narrative proves bane for this attempt to rightly question disastrous health policies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/coronavirus/movie-review/79678889.cms|access-date=2021-04-25|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Eeswaran'' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya na Tamil na 2021 wanda Suseenthiran ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Yana ba da labarin rikicin dangi a lokacin da kuma sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ramanujam|first=Srinivasa|date=14 January 2021|title='Eeswaran' movie review: A predictable rural subject that goes nowhere|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/eeswaran-movie-review-a-predictable-rural-subject-that-goes-nowhere/article33574757.ece|access-date=14 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''Fensir zuwa Jugular'' wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya na 2021 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An saita yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Melbourne shine kashi na biyu a cikin jerin fina-finai na 2020 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fina- Finan Duniya na Moscow karo na 43 a cikin Afrilu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/409585/ph-movie-on-antiracism-screened-in-russian-fest|title=PH movie on antiracism screened in Russian fest|date=5 May 2021}}</ref> ==== Gajere ==== Pablo Larrain ya haɗu da ɗan gajeren tarihin tarihin fim mai suna ''Na gida'', wanda aka ƙirƙira lokacin — kuma yana ba da labarai game da lokacin kulle-kulle na COVID-19. An bukaci kowane daraktoci 17 da su shirya fim mai tsawon minti biyar zuwa bakwai, ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka samu a gida kawai, kuma ga jama'a. An ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin Maris kuma an sake shi bayan watanni uku kawai a watan Yuni, ta hanyar Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Ravindran|first1=Manori|date=2 June 2020|title=Kristen Stewart, Maggie Gyllenhaal Direct in Pablo Larrain's Netflix Short Film Collection 'Homemade'|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/global/kristen-stewart-pablo-larrain-maggie-gyllenhaal-paolo-sorrentino-netflix-homemade-1234646217/|access-date=24 June 2020|website=Variety|language=en}}</ref> ==== Bidiyon kiɗa ==== Bidiyon kiɗan hukuma na waƙar ''Phenom'' ta Thao &amp;amp; the Get Down Stay Down an yi rikodin ta gabaɗaya ta hanyar "tsararriyar grid na app Zoom ," yayin da membobin ƙungiyar ke keɓe a gida. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗan da ya fito daga zamaninmu na keɓewa," ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don kammalawa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Sarah L.|date=2 April 2020|title=The best music video to emerge from our age of isolation|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/music/the-best-music-video-to-emerge-from-our-age-of-isolation-20200423-p54mgf.html|access-date=23 April 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Don faifan kiɗan na hukuma ''"Rasa Wani"'' ta masu fasaha Kygo, da Jamhuriyya ɗaya, sun yi amfani da manyan hotunan allo na kore da hotunan daji yayin da suke aiki nesa da juna saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yopko|first=Nick|title=Kygo and OneRepublic Drop Bizarre Green Screen-Powered Music Video for "Lose Somebody"|url=https://edm.com/music-releases/kygo-lose-somebody-music-video|access-date=2021-04-09|website=EDM.com - The Latest Electronic Dance Music News, Reviews & Artists|language=en}}</ref> Don bidiyon kiɗan Kygo ''“Yanci” mai'' nuna Zak Habila, an harbe shi dabam da gidajensu kuma ya mai da hankali kan rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin umarnin gida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kassam|first=About the Author / Alshaan|date=2020-04-17|title=Kygo – Freedom (ft. Zack Abel)|url=https://weraveyou.com/2020/04/kygo-freedom-ft-zack-abel/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=We Rave You|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Aribum Anbum'' ( transl. <span>Ilimi da Soyayya</span>&nbsp;<span>– fassara.</span><span>&#x2009;</span><span>Hikima da Ƙauna</span> ) waƙar Indiya ce ta Tamil da aka saki ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2020 ta Think Music India akan YouTube don amsa cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya . Ghibran ne ya shirya waƙar da kuma waƙar Kamal Haasan . Mawaka 12 ne suka rera shi kuma mawaƙan suka naɗa daga gidajensu. Kalmomin waƙar suna magana ne game da bukatar yin amfani da zuciyarmu da basirarmu don yaƙi da rikicin. Bidiyon ya kuma ƙunshi hotunan yadda ɗimbin ƴan ci-rani ke gudun hijira daga biranen ƙasar.<ref name="Knowledge and Love2">{{Cite news|title=Kamal Haasan releases new song Arivum Anbum, states that 'knowledge and love' is the need of the hour|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kamal-haasan-releases-new-song-arivum-anbum-states-that-knowledge-and-love-is-the-need-of-the-hour/article31413543.ece|date=2020-04-23|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2020-05-11|last1=Ramanujam|first1=Srinivasa}}</ref> ==== Jadawalin saki ==== Sakamakon rufe gidajen kallon fina-finai, wasu fina-finai da aka yi niyya da farko don fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a maimakon haka sun fara fitowa akan ayyukan yawo. Disney's ''Mulan ya'' fara fitowa akan Disney + a cikin Satumba 2020, kuma ''an fitar da fim ɗin Warner Brothers Wonder Woman 1984'' a ranar 25 ga Disamba akan HBO Max.<ref>{{Cite web|last=March 2021|first=Daniel Pateman 26|title=Disney Plus Premier Access: what is it, how do I get it and what can I watch?|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/disney-plus-premier-access|access-date=2021-04-09|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Julia|date=2020-11-18|title=Wonder Woman 1984 will be released on HBO Max the same day it's in theaters for no extra cost|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/18/21504152/wonder-woman-1984-release-delay-new-date-warner-bros-disney-black-widow-dune-tenet|access-date=2021-04-09|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref> Wasu fina-finai, kamar shigarwar James Bond ''Babu Lokacin Mutuwa'', an dage su sama da shekara guda saboda cutar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New 007 Release Delayed For 3rd Time As Pandemic Continues To Batter Film Industry|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/01/22/959645065/new-007-release-delayed-for-3rd-time-as-pandemic-continues-to-batter-film-indust|access-date=2021-04-09|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> === Kiɗa === Yayin da mutane suka juya zuwa kiɗa don sauƙaƙe motsin zuciyar da bala'in ya haifar, masu sauraron Spotify sun nuna cewa nau'ikan gargajiya, yanayi, da yara sun girma saboda COVID-19 yayin da ya kasance iri ɗaya ga Pop, Ƙasa, da Rawa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-23|title=How the Coronavirus Pandemic Affects Music Genres on Spotify|url=https://blog.chartmetric.com/covid-19-effect-on-the-global-music-business-part-1-genre/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=How Music Charts|language=en}}</ref> Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan na ƙarshe, duk da haka, ƙasar ta bayyana ita ce mafi ƙarfin juriya, tare da shaharar da ta karu da kashi 15.8%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Pandemic Could Have Hurt Country Music. Instead, the Genre Is Booming|url=https://time.com/5898001/country-music-streaming-numbers-coronavirus/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Time}}</ref> Sauran misalan kiɗan da COVID-19 ya yi tasiri sun haɗa da: * Markus J. Buehler a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha ta haifar da wata m ci daga wani sonification algorithm da kuma tsarin da cutar 'S (karu) gina jiki. Bayan kyakkyawan kyakkyawan sakamako na sakamakon bincike, yana iya bayar da wata hanyar gano yuwuwar wuraren dauri don maƙasudin warkewa kuma ta haka ne ke taimakawa tare da jiyya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Tegan|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2020-04-06/coronavirus-music-scientists-translate-spike-proteins-melody/12124424|title=Scientists translate coronavirus spike protein into music, revealing more about its structure|date=6 April 2020|work=ABC News (Sydney)|access-date=7 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407085650/https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2020-04-06/coronavirus-music-scientists-translate-spike-proteins-melody/12124424|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Venugopal|first1=Vineeth|date=3 April 2020|title=Scientists have turned the structure of the coronavirus into music|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/scientists-have-turned-structure-coronavirus-music|journal=Science|doi=10.1126/science.abc0657|s2cid=216483751|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407040713/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/scientists-have-turned-structure-coronavirus-music|archive-date=7 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * Mawaƙan Australiya Tim Minchin da Briggs ne suka shirya waƙar ''HouseFyre —'' jagororin Firayim Minista Scott Morrison mai ban sha'awa a cikin watannin da suka gabata - yayin da suke keɓe a gidajensu. An yi fim ɗin faifan bidiyon daga wayoyinsu ta hannu, tare da kuɗin da aka samu daga siyar da waƙar da aka yi don tara kuɗi don masu fasaha na asali.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/apr/09/tim-minchin-and-briggs-release-isolation-track-satirising-scott-morrisons-leadership|title=Tim Minchin and Briggs release isolation track satirising Scott Morrison's leadership|date=9 April 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=10 April 2020|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410052654/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/apr/09/tim-minchin-and-briggs-release-isolation-track-satirising-scott-morrisons-leadership|archive-date=10 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Cutar Korona a Cikin Sanannun Al'adun|Mawaƙin iMarkkeyz ya]] sake haɗa wani bidiyo na Instagram ta mai rapper [[Cardi B]] don fitar da waƙar "Coronavirus" a tsakiyar Maris. Ya kai lamba 1 akan ginshiƙi na iTunes na<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itunescharts.net/bra/artists/music/imarkkeyz/songs/coronavirus/|title=iTunesCharts.net: 'Coronavirus' by iMarkkeyz (Brazilian Songs iTunes Chart)|website=www.itunescharts.net|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> da na 9 a Amurka,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itunescharts.net/us/artists/music/imarkkeyz/songs/coronavirus/|title=iTunesCharts.net: 'Coronavirus' by iMarkkeyz (American Songs iTunes Chart)|website=www.itunescharts.net|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403235450/http://www.itunescharts.net/us/artists/music/imarkkeyz/songs/coronavirus/|archive-date=3 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma ana kiransa "farko na farko na abin da ɗan tarihi na gaba zai iya kira cutar annoba".<ref name="Pandemic pop2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-20/cardi-b-coronavirus-dj-imarkkeyz-pandemic-pop|title=Pandemic pop: At home and around the world, dark-humored new songs about coronavirus go viral|date=2 March 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401082158/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-20/cardi-b-coronavirus-dj-imarkkeyz-pandemic-pop|archive-date=1 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * Tsohon sojan Burtaniya Kyaftin Tom Moore ya tara fiye da $55&nbsp;miliyan don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Biritaniya (NHS) a tsakiyar barkewar cutar a makon da ya cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa tare da wani nau'in ''Ba za ku taɓa yin tafiya Shi kaɗai'' tare da mawaƙa Michael Ball da NHS Voices of Care Choir, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi tsufa da ya yi fice. sigogin kiɗan kuma suna da'awar lamba ɗaya ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shelton|first=Tracey|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-25/captain-tom-moore-number-1-youll-never-walk-alone-coronavirus/12180754|title=Captain Tom Moore becomes oldest artist to top the UK charts with You'll Never Walk Alone cover|date=27 April 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> * Littafin Laburare na Jama'a na New York ya buga kundi na "filayen sauti" - rikodin sauti na yanayi mai tayar da hankali na birni - ''Rasa Sauti na New York'' (ciki har da sautin zirga-zirgar sa'a mafi girma, wasan ƙwallon baseball, gidan cin abinci mai aiki, da na ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu). dakin karatun kansa). An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, an watsa shi a Spotify a cikin makon farko sama da sau 200,000 kuma magajin gari ya yaba wa jama'a. * Opera ta kasa ta Finnish ta samar da opera Covid fan tutte, wanda aka fara a [[Helsinki]] a cikin Maris 2020. Wasan opera ta ɗauki makinta daga [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] 's Così fan Tutte, tare da ainihin libertto ta Minna Lindgren tana tattaunawa game da tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020 akan rayuwa a [[Finland]] . * Wani daidaitawa da aka tsara don ba da aikin yi ga mawaƙa da kuma nishaɗantarwa ga abokan ciniki, shine farfaɗowar kide-kide na raye-raye da ake yi yayin hutu a cikin abincin gidan abinci, irin su Sydney Symphony Orchestra string trio wanda ke wasa don masu cin abinci lokacin da aka sake buɗe gidan abinci a Sydney Opera House.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dye|first=Josh|date=30 October 2020|title=Dinner and a show: Sydney restaurants resurrect musical tradition|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.goodfood.com.au/eat-out/news/dinner-and-a-show-sydney-restaurants-resurrect-musical-tradition-20201029-h1rso8}}</ref> * NPR 's "Morning Edition Song Project" yana gayyatar mawaƙa don ƙaddamar da waƙoƙin asali game da abubuwan da suka samu na musamman yayin bala'in COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Morning Edition Song Project|url=https://www.npr.org/series/898937366/morning-edition-song-project|access-date=2021-01-08|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> * Taurarin Pop Justin Bieber da Ariana Grande sun fitar da wata waka mai suna "Stuck With U", wadda ta kasance mai tara kudade ga gidauniyar yara masu amsawa ta farko. Bidiyon kiɗan da ke rakiyar ya ƙunshi mashahurai daban-daban a cikin hira ta bidiyo, tare da "squares na Grande da Bieber suna waƙa a ware a gidajensu da rajistar bidiyo daga magoya baya da shahararrun abokai, ciki har da Kylie da Kendall Jenner, Stephen da Ayesha Curry da Chance the Rapper tare da matarsa, Kristen Corley."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ariana Grande And Justin Bieber Team Up For Fundraising Single 'Stuck With U'|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/05/08/852618716/ariana-grande-and-justin-bieber-team-up-for-fundraising-single-stuck-with-you|access-date=2021-04-10|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> === Adabi === * Littafin ''Lockdown'' na Peter May, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 2005 kuma yana bayyana cutar ta duniya, an ƙi asali don bugawa don rashin gaskiya. Lokacin da wani fan ya nemi ya rubuta wani abu da ya shafi cutar ta COVID-19, marubucin ya ce ya yi tunani game da hakan na minti daya kafin ya “gane cewa na riga na yi shi.” An buga shi a watan Afrilu 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/04/us/peter-may-lockdown-coronavirus-book-trnd/index.html|title=A pandemic thriller, once rejected by publishers for being unrealistic, is now getting a wide release|last=Elassar|first=Alaa|website=CNN|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407163523/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/04/us/peter-may-lockdown-coronavirus-book-trnd/index.html|archive-date=7 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> * Marubucin almara mai ban tsoro da allahntaka Stephen King ya ba da baya ga saitin ''Billy Summers'' daga 2020 zuwa 2019, ta yadda haruffan su iya haduwa a fili kuma su hau jirgin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/829298135/stephen-king-is-sorry-you-feel-like-youre-stuck-in-a-stephen-king-novel|title=Stephen King Is Sorry You Feel Like You're Stuck In A Stephen King Novel|last=King|first=Stephen|website=NPR.org|language=en|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411060002/https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/829298135/stephen-king-is-sorry-you-feel-like-youre-stuck-in-a-stephen-king-novel|archive-date=11 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/stephen-king-shifted-plot-new-novel-billy-summers-due-pandemic-1234995358/|title=Stephen King Shifted Plot Elements of New Novel Due to Pandemic|last=Parker|first=Ryan|date=10 August 2021|website=The Hollywood Reporter|publisher=|access-date=23 September 2021|quote="I had a couple of characters that I had to get off the stage for reasons that have to do with the plot … so I said, ‘I’ll put them on a cruise ship,'" King began. "And then COVID came along and I said, ‘No, this is probably not going to work.’ So what I did was I took the whole book, which was set in 2020 and shoved it back to 2019."}}</ref> * Paolo Giordano, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Italiya kuma marubucin da ya lashe lambar yabo na Premio Strega, ya buga tunaninsa game da barkewar kwayar cutar a cikin wata makala mai taken ''Yadda Contagion ke Aiki'' a cikin Maris 2020. An fassara shi cikin sauri zuwa fiye da harsuna 20.<ref name="Burioni2">{{Cite news|last=Momigliano|first=Anna|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/books/italy-coronavirus-paolo-giordano-roberto-burioni.html|title=In Italy, Coronavirus Books Rush to Publication|date=9 April 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412174228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/09/books/italy-coronavirus-paolo-giordano-roberto-burioni.html|archive-date=12 April 2020}}</ref> * Italian virologist kuma marubucin Roberto Burioni buga {{Lang|it|Virus. La grande sfida}} {{Lang|it|Virus. La grande sfida}} [ ''Virus.'' ''Babban Kalubale'' ], jarrabawar yadda annoba ke tsara wayewa a cikin Maris 2020. Abubuwan da aka samu sun tafi wajen bincike kan kwayar cutar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consulenzeditoriali.it/books-fr/virus-the-great-challenge|title=Roberto Burioni – "Virus. The Great Challenge"|last=Carpinelli|first=Rosalia|date=2020|website=www.consulenzeditoriali.it/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415135838/https://www.consulenzeditoriali.it/books-fr/virus-the-great-challenge/|archive-date=15 April 2020}}</ref> * Mawallafin Italiyanci Garzanti ya buga {{Lang|it|Andrà tutto bene}} [ ''Komai zai yi kyau'' ], tarihin gajeriyar labarai ashirin da shida da kasidu game da keɓewa daga yawancin marubuta ciki har da marubuciyar yara Elisabetta Gnone . Riba daga siyar da littafin e-littafin ya tafi asibitin Paparoma John XXIII a Bergamo<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.garzanti.it/libri/ritanna-armeni-andra-tutto-bene-9788811816331/|title=Andrà tutto bene|website=Garzanti.it|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417045928/https://www.garzanti.it/libri/ritanna-armeni-andra-tutto-bene-9788811816331/|archive-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> * An yi wahayi zuwa da yawa idan aka kwatanta martanin COVID-19 a cikin Burtaniya da sitcom na Burtaniya ''Dad's Army'', masanin tarihin Ingila kuma marubuci Niles Schilder ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce hudu don kungiyar Dad's Army Appreciation Society, uku daga cikinsu sun kalli yadda haruffan jerin za su yi aiki. tare da annoba.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schilder|first=Niles|title=fanfiction|url=http://www.dadsarmy.co.uk/fanfiction.html|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.dadsarmy.co.uk|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301061238/http://dadsarmy.co.uk/fanfiction.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Yin zane-zane === Madrid ta Teatro Real fito modified version of Verdi ta ''La Traviata'' inda COVID-19 [[Ba wa Juna Tazara|jiki distancing]] hani da aka kafa a cikin samarwa. Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun fara kan mataki sanye da abin rufe fuska na tiyata, shirin yana nuna grid na layukan jajayen layukan da aka ɗora tsawon mita 2 a ƙasa, tare da ɗora dukkan motsin ƴan wasan don su rabu, kuma an zaɓi opera da kanta kamar yadda shirin ke [[Tibi|ɗauke da tarin fuka]] .<ref>{{Cite news|last=Higgins|first=Charlotte|date=8 July 2020|title=The great reopening – how Britain's galleries Covid-proofed themselves|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jul/08/great-reopening-britains-galleries-covid-proofed-london-dundee-llandudno|access-date=8 July 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Tamas Detrich, darektan Stuttgart Ballet, ya ba da umarni takwas ayyukan rawa na zamani "wanda aka halicce su a cikin da kuma waɗannan yanayi masu wuyar gaske", uku daga cikinsu an gabatar da su a taron farko na kamfanin bayan rufewar ''Response 1.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last=Roy|first=Sanjoy|date=2020-07-16|title=Bouncing back: European dance is kick-started with huge state support|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/jul/16/bouncing-back-european-dance-is-kick-started-with-huge-state-support|access-date=2020-07-20|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>'' ƙwararrun ƴan rawa da kamfanoni, na gargajiya da na zamani, sun yi fim kuma sun buga sabbin ayyuka waɗanda suka amsa jigogi na keɓewa. Ko dai ta hanyar a cikin choreography kanta (misali Rhiannon Faith's ''Drowntown'' ), a cikin wurin (misali wuraren jama'a marasa amfani Taylor Stanley a wajen Cibiyar Lincoln, Choreography na Kyle Abraham ), ko fasahar yin fim (misali a ''Flying Home'' ta ƙungiyar rawa ta titi BirdGang ta hanyar "... yanzu duka-ma - sanannen yanki mai salo na zuƙowa").<ref>{{Cite news|last=Winship|first=Lyndsey|date=2020-08-17|title=No standing still: the best of lockdown dance|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2020/aug/17/lockdown-dance-highlights-dance-of-dreams-summer-shorts|access-date=2020-08-18|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Nunin da aka yi imanin shine farkon farkon wasan kwaikwayo a ko'ina cikin duniya tun lokacin da cutar ta fara wani salon wasan kwaikwayo ne na shahararren wasan kwaikwayon talabijin na yara Bluey mai suna ''Bluey's Big Play, The Stage Show.'' Bayan watanni na jinkiri, wasan kwaikwayo - wanda Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Windmill ya kirkira daga wani asali na asali ''na mahaliccin Bluey'' Joe Brumm tare da sabon waƙa na ''mawaƙin Bluey'', Joff Bush - ya fara halarta a [[Brisbane]] a ƙarshen Disamba 2020 a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Queensland.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dacey|first=Jason|date=23 December 2020|title=Bluey TV series makes its theatrical debut on stage in Brisbane world premiere|work=ABC News|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-22/bluey-theatre-production-takes-to-the-stage-in-brisbane-premiere/13007020|access-date=}}</ref> === Fasahar gani === * [[File:Illustration_of_Plague_and_Death_encircling_the_Earth.jpg|alt=allegorical pencil illustration about the danger of COVID-19|thumb| ''Misali na annoba da Mutuwa kewaye da Duniya'', na Spencer Alexander McDaniel]] A watan Afrilu, mai zanen titi Banksy ya buga wani sabon yanki na fasahar bangon alamar kasuwancinsa - wannan lokacin yana cikin gidan wanka nasa, yana yin nuni da warewar da ake buƙata - tare da coronavirus a matsayin jigon da "beraye masu hauka" a matsayin batunsa. Ya buga hotunan ta a yanar gizo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/banksy-bathroom-art-coronavirus-lockdown-united-kingdom/12156326|title=Banksy follows stay-at-home orders and makes bathroom art during coronavirus crisis|date=17 April 2020|work=ABC News|access-date=17 April 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420195925/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-17/banksy-bathroom-art-coronavirus-lockdown-united-kingdom/12156326|archive-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> A watan Yuli ya ci gaba da jigon berayen, tare da rubutaccen rubutu na berayen sanye da wasa da abin rufe fuska a cikin karusar London.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bakare|first=Lanre|date=2020-07-14|title=Banksy creates mask-themed work on London Underground|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jul/14/banksy-creates-mask-themed-work-on-london-underground|access-date=2020-07-15|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * Masu zane-zane a Burtaniya sun zana hotunan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kasa kyauta, a matsayin hanyar gane gudummawar da suke bayarwa, da nufin gudanar da nune-nunen da zarar annobar ta lafa.<ref name="BBC-12">{{cite news|title=The artists painting front-line workers for free|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/entertainment-arts-52319539/coronavirus-artist-tom-croft-paints-nhs-key-worker-portraits-for-free|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> * Damien Hirst ya samar da nau'ikan sabon zane -zane guda biyu mai suna ''Butterfly Rainbow'' - daya azaman zazzagewa kyauta "don tayar da ruhohi", wani kuma wanda za'a siyar dashi a iyakanceccen bugu azaman mai tara kuɗi don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/entertainment-arts-52319538/coronavirus-damien-hirst-s-rainbow-giveaway|title=Damien Hirst's rainbow giveaway|date=2 April 2020|website=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> * Sculptor Antony Gormley ya ƙirƙiri ''Hold'' yayin da yake cikin kulle-kulle-wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan adam wanda aka yi da yumbu mai duhu, "ya kwantar da kansa tsakanin makamai masu rauni, murƙushe gwiwoyi da kafadu. Yatsu sun dunkule ciki" wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "kokarin yin wata manufa mai kama da yanayin da muke ciki". An "nuna shi akan layi" a White Cube gallery.<ref name=":292">{{Cite news|last=Wills|first=Ella|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52296886|title=How artists are depicting the coronavirus lockdown|date=2 April 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=24 April 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Artist Sara Shakeel halitta jerin dijital images karfafa dace [[Tsaftar hannu|wanke hannuwa]] da kuma godiya ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da suke nuna duka biyu collaged da artist ta sa hannu kyalkyali da kuma lu'ulu'u ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistani artist Sara Shakeel's crystal-covered image of exhausted medical worker sends powerful message|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/pakistani-artist-sara-shakeel-s-crystal-covered-image-of-exhausted-medical-worker-sends-powerful-message-1.1004987|website=The National|language=en|access-date=23 May 2020}}</ref> [[File:Dio_smaterializza_la_molecola_del_Coronavirus_COVID-19_per_porre_fine_alla_pandemia_del_2019-2020_in_Italia_e_nel_mondo_(E_guarirai_da_tutte_le_malattie_ed_io,_avrò_cura_di_te);_God_fights_the_Coronavirus,_grattage_dell'artista_Giovanni_Guida.jpg|alt=|thumb| ''E guarirai da tutte le malattie.. ed io, avrò cura di te,'' na Giovanni Guida]] * Mawaƙin Italiyanci Giovanni Guida ya ƙirƙira {{Lang|it|E guarirai da tutte le malattie.. ed io, avrò cura di te}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Guida Giovanni nell'Enciclopedia Treccani|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-guida|access-date=|website=[[Treccani]]}}</ref> [Kuma za ku ji a warke daga duk cututtuka .. kuma zan kula da ku], a grattage hoto na Allah yakar cutar a wani abun da ke ciki referencing Michelangelo ta ''halittar Sun kuma Moon.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fabrizio Intravaia|title=Un'opera d'arte per sconfiggere la pandemia|url=https://www.corriereitaliano.com/cultura/arte-e-spettacolo/7050/unopera-darte-per-sconfiggere-la-pandemia/|website=[[Corriere Italiano]]|date=27 May 2020}}</ref>'' Kafofin yada labaran Italiya sun bayyana aikin da cewa ya tafi "kwayoyin cuta".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Emanuela Sorrentino|title=Coronavirus, l'illustrazione dell'artista campano è "virale"|url=https://www.ilmattino.it/napolismart/cultura/coronavirus_illustrazione_artista_campano_virale-5170287.html|website=[[Il Mattino]]}}</ref> * Mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar China Ai Weiwei ya ƙirƙiro "wani rukuni na farko" na mashin tiyata 10,000 tare da hotuna da aka buga a hannu na "kwayoyin sunflower, namomin tatsuniyoyi da ... ɗan yatsa na tsakiya". Za a siyar da kayan ta hanyar eBay tare da bayar da gudummawa ga [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]], [[Yan Gudun Hijira Na Duniya|Refugees International]] da Médecins Sans Frontières.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=2 May 2020|title=Ai Weiwei creates 10,000 masks in aid of coronavirus charities|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/may/28/ai-weiwei-creates-10000-masks-in-aid-of-coronavirus-charities|access-date=29 May 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * Fiye da raye -rayen ban dariya 70 sun shiga cikin ''Binciken Babban Na gode'' na 2020. Kowane tsiri ya ƙunshi alamomi shida na ma'aikata waɗanda ke da mahimmanci yayin bala'in.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2020/06/07/features/hawaii-cartoonists-participate-in-the-big-thank-you-search-of-2020/|title=Hawaii cartoonists participate in The Big Thank You Search of 2020|work=[[Star-Advertiser]]|date=7 June 2020|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> * Don bugu na 2020 na bikin daukar hoto na shekara-shekara ''Cortona akan Motsawa'' [ [[:it:Cortona On The Move|Yana]] ] masu shirya sun ba da izini ga masu daukar hoto don nuni mai taken ''Aikin gani na COVID 19'' — bikin fasahar Italiyanci na farko tun lokacin da aka fara gaggawar lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID 19 visual project|url=https://covid19visualproject.org/en/about|access-date=2020-08-18|website=covid19visualproject.org}}</ref> An kuma samar da nunin gani da ido.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cortona On The Move 2020|url=http://www.arte.it/calendario-arte/arezzo/mostra-cortona-on-the-move-2020-69075|access-date=2020-08-18|website=www.arte.it|publisher=[[Arte]]|language=it}}</ref> * Titin Artist Banksy ya tara sama da £3 don NHS, tare da samar da aikin da zai ci gaba da kasancewa a asibiti. Hoton yana da girman 1m x 1m, kuma an rataye shi tare da haɗin gwiwar shugabannin asibitin a cikin falo kusa da dakin gaggawa. Hoton ya nuna wani yaro rike da wani adadi na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rufe fuska sanye da hula. An dauki wannan zanen baki da fari a matsayin "haraji na duniya" ga ma'aikata a Babban Asibitin Southampton . An yi amfani da zane-zane don tara kuɗi don asibiti.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-03-08|title=Covid: Banksy to auction Southampton hospital artwork for NHS|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-56319474|access-date=2021-04-09}}</ref> * A lokacin annoba, Google Arts da Al'adu sun ƙirƙira gidajen tarihi dubu don mutane su "ziyartar" waɗannan gidajen tarihi kusan daga gida. Wadannan gidajen tarihi sun hada da Hammer Museum a LA, Anne Frank House, National Museum of Indonesia, Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium da dai sauransu. Google Arts da Al'adu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Arts & Culture|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=artsandculture.google.com|language=en}}</ref> sa baƙi su zama globetrotters kama-da-wane kuma su ga zane-zane da nune-nune daga gidajen tarihi sama da dubu 1200 a duniya. Hakanan yana ba da damar Zuƙowa ga mutane don bincika ayyukan fasaha dalla-dalla. Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium kuma ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da ayyukan don sanya ƙwarewar koyo na baƙi kamar yadda ya kai ziyara cikin mutum. Google Arts & Al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Experience Art & Culture During Coronavirus|url=https://www.artworkarchive.com/blog/how-to-experience-art-culture-during-coronavirus|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Artwork Archive|language=en}}</ref> * Mawallafin Francisca Lita Sáez ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane uku waɗanda ke nuna kwarewar likitoci yayin bala'in Covid-19 na Spain. Ayyukan zane-zane na acrylic da pastel duk suna nuna adawar mutanen da ba su da kariya da cutar ta Covid-19, wacce ke da wahalar sarrafawa. Haɗin gwaninta na likitoci da fasaha yana nuna alamar gani na girman asibiti da yaƙin ɗan adam don rayuwa. Ayyukan zane-zane guda uku sune Barazana, 2020, Yaƙi mara daidaituwa, 2020, da Dakatar da Cutar, 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-01|title=Paintings From Spain's COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/paintings-spains-covid-19-pandemic/2020-10|journal=AMA Journal of Ethics|language=en|volume=22|issue=10|pages=E893–897|doi=10.1001/amajethics.2020.893|pmid=33103653|issn=2376-6980|doi-access=free|last1=Vicente-Herrero|first1=T.}}</ref> === Shafukan yanar gizo === Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta shafi tsarin gidan yanar gizon, ayyuka, da kuma yadda mutane ke hawan intanet. Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Brokerage, Live Hirarraki, da Shafukan Yawo na Bidiyo, Kasuwancin E-Ciniki, da Fasahar Kuɗi sun canza tsarin gidan yanar gizon su don dacewa da yanayin rashin tausayi da COVID-19 ya kawo wa al'ummarmu. Duk da wannan, wasu gidajen yanar gizo sun ga karuwar ra'ayoyin shafi da / ko tallace-tallace, yayin da wasu zaɓaɓɓun wasu a cikin takamaiman masana'antu ba su yi sa'a ba.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} ==== Tallace-tallacen dijital ==== Tun farkon barkewar cutar, yawancin kamfanonin yanar gizon dole ne su canza dabarun tallan dijital su don ko dai jawo ƙarin ziyartan shafi, umarni ko hana tallace-tallacen yaudara waɗanda za su iya rage amincin gidan yanar gizo da zirga-zirga.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Three key ways the Covid-19 pandemic has changed digital advertising strategies|url=https://marketingtechnews.net/news/2020/oct/28/three-key-ways-the-covid-19-pandemic-has-changed-digital-advertising-strategies/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Marketing Tech News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Don hana bayanan da ba su da tushe, Facebook ya cire tallan tallace-tallace sama da miliyan bakwai da aka jera a matsayin bayanan da ba daidai ba dangane da cutar ta COVID-19. Tare da sauran dabarun talla, masu tallan dijital sun ga ya dace don daidaita yanayin al'umma na hanyoyin da suka dace na mu'amala da wannan ƙwayar cuta. Ta yin hakan, sun canza saƙonsu ga jama'a ta haɗa da ayyukan nisantar da jama'a, zama a gida, tsabta, da kuma amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin tallan su. Misali, NORAD, Rundunar Tsaron Jiragen Sama ta Arewacin Amurka, ta ce za ta ci gaba da bin diddigin Santa Claus a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2020, duk da barkewar cutar. Don NORAD don kiyaye yara lafiya da sanin yakamata, sun 3D hotunan zane mai ban dariya na Santa Claus sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin hawa sleigh.<ref>{{Cite web|author=David Williams|title=Covid-19 won't stop NORAD from tracking Santa's Christmas Eve flight around the world|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/us/norad-santa-2020-trnd/index.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=CNN}}</ref> ==== Shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwancin e-commerce ==== Wani ginshiƙi daga Bazaarvoice.com yana nuna haɓakar Shekara-shekara ("YoY") a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi na kowane wata da ƙididdiga na tsari daga 1 ga Janairu - Yuni 30, 2020, matsakaicin daga gidajen yanar gizo na e-commerce (ECOM) daban-daban 6,200.<ref name="bazaarvoice.com2">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=The impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce by category|url=https://www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-e-commerce-by-category/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Bazaarvoice|language=en-US}}</ref> Kamar yadda aka gani daga ginshiƙi, kafin manyan keɓancewar jihar baki ɗaya, ECOM ya riga ya fara ganin haɓakar ra'ayoyin shafi da umarni daga Janairu - Maris, yana ƙaruwa 14% a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da 19% cikin umarni. Lokacin da tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya ba da COVID-19 Gaggawa na Kasa a tsakiyar Maris, duka ra'ayoyin shafi da kididdigar oda sun karu zuwa 96% da 88%, bi da bi. Ilimin halin ɗan adam da ke faruwa a bayan wannan haɓakar amfani da ECOM shine tunda yawancin mutane a wannan lokacin suna cikin tsoron mutum-mutumi da madadin Brick-in-Mortar waɗanda har yanzu suke buɗe a lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020|url=https://www.ajmc.com/view/a-timeline-of-covid19-developments-in-2020|access-date=2021-04-09|website=AJMC}}</ref> Manyan wuraren ECOM masu tasowa a cikin bala'in daga mafi girman haɓakar YoY zuwa aƙalla sune Toys da Wasanni, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Kayayyakin Wasanni, Hardware, Gida & Lambu, Nishaɗi, Kayayyakin Dabbobi, Kayan Lantarki, da Abinci/ Abin sha/Taba. Shafukan yanar gizo na ECOM masu tasowa sun haɗa da waɗanda ke siyar da samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a lokutan bala'i, kamar gidajen yanar gizon kaya. Shafukan yanar gizo na jaka da jaka sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yanar gizo kawai don ganin an rage sama da kashi 10 cikin 100 a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da kirga oda.<ref name="bazaarvoice.com3">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-15|title=The impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce by category|url=https://www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-e-commerce-by-category/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Bazaarvoice|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Fasahar kudi ==== Cutar ta COVID-19 ta yi sa'a, kamar ECOM, ta gabatar da iskar wutsiya zuwa amfani da gidan yanar gizo. Masu sharhi kan harkokin kudi sun yi hasashen cewa ga masu biyan kuɗi da yawa, hakan na iya haifar da sabbin halaye na siye waɗanda za su iya barin kamfanonin cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi da zarar rikicin ya ƙare. Shafukan yanar gizo na hanyar sadarwar katin kiredit kamar Visa.com, PayPal.com, da Mastercard.com sun ga kallon shafi da girman girman biyan kuɗi da aka matsa lamba ta hanyar rufe kasuwancin wucin gadi, haɓakar rashin aikin yi, da raguwar balaguron ƙasa. Saboda nisantar da jama'a da matsuguni na baya-bayan nan, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kuma ga mutane suna haɓaka kashe kuɗinsu akan layi, kamar yadda aka gani tare da haɓakar shaharar ECOM. Koyaya, don gidajen yanar gizo irin su Squareup.com, tare da ayyukan Brick-in-Mortar da yawa, rikicin ya yi musu mummunan tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bary|first=Emily|title=Muted spending growth in pandemic doesn't cancel big opportunities for payments companies|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-can-the-companies-that-help-us-pay-for-goods-survive-a-coronavirus-shutdown-2020-04-14|access-date=2021-04-09|website=MarketWatch|language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Shafukan dillalai ==== Tare da mutane da yawa da aka kora, marasa aikin yi, rashin kuɗi, ko kuma sun gaji da lokaci mai yawa a hannunsu daga cutar ta COVID-19 da matsuguni, da yawa sun faɗa cikin kasuwancin dillali azaman sabon sha'awa ko aiki. Misali, Robinhood, wani dandali na saka hannun jari da aka kafa a cikin 2013, ya ba da damar rikicin don cin moriyarsu ta hanyar jawo miliyoyin mutane su zama wani bangare na dandalin su tun farkon barkewar cutar. Sun yi hakan ne ta hanyar tallata dandalin ciniki mai sauƙin amfani ga waɗanda za su so su zama masu saka hannun jari.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rega|first=Sam|date=2020-10-07|title=How Robinhood and Covid opened the floodgates for 13 million amateur stock traders|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/07/how-robinhood-and-covid-introduced-millions-to-the-stock-market.html|access-date=2021-04-09|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> ==== Taɗi kai tsaye da gidajen yanar gizo masu yawo na bidiyo ==== Makarantu da kasuwancin duniya sun canza tsarin kasuwancin su zuwa hanyar koyo da aiki ta kan layi. Sakamakon sabon ƙa'idar taɗi ta kan layi da hanyoyin yawo na bidiyo, gidajen yanar gizo irin su Zoom.us sun ga babban ci gaba a cikin ziyarar shafi da ƙarar mai amfani. Waɗannan gidajen yanar gizon sun ba abokan ciniki damar; tsoron kamuwa da cutar; hanyar sadarwa mara haɗari, koyo, da aiki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Have Websites Changed to Accommodate COVID 19|url=https://www.revize.com/blog/how-have-websites-changed-to-accommodate-covid-19/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=www.revize.com}}</ref> ==A kafofin sada zumunta== Yawancin memes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gpbnews.org/post/coronavirus-goes-viral-how-online-meme-culture-reflects-our-shared-experience-global-pandemic|title=Coronavirus Goes Viral: How Online Meme Culture Reflects Our Shared Experience Of A Global Pandemic|last=Prescott|first=Emilia Brock, Pria Mahadevan, Virginia|website=www.gpbnews.org|language=en|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523194059/https://www.gpbnews.org/post/coronavirus-goes-viral-how-online-meme-culture-reflects-our-shared-experience-global-pandemic|url-status=dead}}</ref> (musamman a cikin nau'ikan nishaɗin fasaha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/an-egg-a-pringle-some-lego-aussies-attempt-diy-art-masterpieces-20200421-p54lu0.html|title=An egg, a Pringle, some Lego: Aussies attempt DIY art masterpieces|last=Miller|first=Nick|date=2 April 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> waƙoƙi,<ref name="Pandemic pop3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-20/cardi-b-coronavirus-dj-imarkkeyz-pandemic-pop|title=Pandemic pop: At home and around the world, dark-humored new songs about coronavirus go viral|date=2 March 2020|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401082158/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-20/cardi-b-coronavirus-dj-imarkkeyz-pandemic-pop|archive-date=1 April 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> da bidiyoyi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr.com/technology/online-life-explodes-with-covid-19-memes-and-hand-washing-tiktoks-20200318-p54bc7|title=Online life explodes with COVID-19 memes, and hand-washing TikToks|date=2 March 2020|website=Australian Financial Review|language=en|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321152138/https://www.afr.com/technology/online-life-explodes-with-covid-19-memes-and-hand-washing-tiktoks-20200318-p54bc7|archive-date=21 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>) an ƙirƙira su, kuma an raba su tsakanin ɗimbin ɗimbin masu ƙirƙira abun ciki mai son daga cikin gidajensu a lokacin kadaici lokaci kanta. === Juyawa === Yayin bala'in cutar, aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun [[TikTok]] ya fi girma,<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Molla|first=Rani|date=2021-03-01|title=Posting less, posting more, and tired of it all: How the pandemic has changed social media|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/22295131/social-media-use-pandemic-covid-19-instagram-tiktok|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> yana ba da rance ga sabbin abubuwa da yawa a cikin al'adun gargajiya na dijital ciki har da wasannin bidiyo kamar ''Ketare dabbobi'', ''Daga cikinmu'' da ''Tasirin Genshin'', burodin ayaba, ''memes Tiger King'' memes., da keɓe masu ciwo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schoenberg|first=Nara|title=Americans are drinking quarantinis with Cuomosexuals. Your guide to quarantine culture.|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/coronavirus/ct-life-coronavirus-quarantine-culture-tt-04282020-20200430-ivdff37ilzgc5jo7kbyrigrvgi-story.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=chicagotribune.com}}</ref> Karuwar shaharar TikTok ya haifar da haɓaka abubuwan kamanni a kan sauran dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun, kamar [[Instagram|Instagram Reels]] da YouTube Shorts . === Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun === Kodayake amfani da kafofin watsa labarun ya ƙaru gabaɗaya, ayyukan aika aika ya ragu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar rashin samun ƙasa don rabawa ko ma jin laifi ko jin tsoron koma baya bayan halartar ayyuka marasa aminci. Masu amfani da yawa sun ji cewa bai dace a raba saƙon farin ciki ko na murna a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai daɗi ba.<ref name=":02" /> Don haka, karuwar ayyukan kafofin watsa labarun ya haifar da damuwa ga masu amfani da su, wanda ya sa su bar shafukan yanar gizon kafin su sake shiga.<ref name=":02" /> === Damuwa === A farkon barkewar cutar, wani bincike da Gao J. Zheng ya gudanar ya nuna yadda matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yawaita, wanda ke da nasaba da yawaitar shiga shafukan sada zumunta.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Bhat|first6=Basant|pmc=7207131|issn=0889-1591|doi=10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.006|pages=136–137|volume=87|journal=Brain, Behavior, and Immunity|title=Sentiment analysis of social media response on the Covid19 outbreak|date=July 2020|last6=Agarwal|first1=Muzafar|first5=Naffi|last5=Ahanger|first4=Majid|last4=Kundroo|first3=Noor-ul-Asrar|last3=Beg|first2=Monisa|last2=Qadri|pmid=32418721}}</ref> Lokacin da aka aiwatar da odar zaman-gida, matasa sun nuna rashin jin daɗi fiye da sauran rukunin shekaru saboda da yawa sun yi kuskuren tunanin ba sa cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Basch|first1=Corey H.|last2=Hillyer|first2=Grace C.|last3=Jaime|first3=Christie|date=2020-08-10|title=COVID-19 on TikTok: harnessing an emerging social media platform to convey important public health messages|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2020-0111/html|journal=International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health|language=en|doi=10.1515/ijamh-2020-0111|pmid=32776899|s2cid=221098586|issn=2191-0278|doi-access=free}}</ref> Kafofin watsa labarun sun kasance daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da irin wannan takaici. Misali, yawancin posts akan [[TikTok|TikTok suna mai da]] hankali kan damuwar matasa saboda nisantar da jama'a da warewa.<ref name=":22" /> Irin waɗannan halaye marasa kyau sun yadu cikin sauri akan TikTok.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}} Ba kamar TikTok ba, wanda yawancin masu amfani da shi matasa ne, gaba ɗaya halin cutar ta bambanta akan [[Twitter]] . <ref name=":22" /> Misali, wani bincike akan masu amfani da Twitter yayin bala'in yana nuna gabaɗayan ingantattun ra'ayoyi. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal}}</ref> Daga cikin [[Twitter|masu amfani da Twitter,]] masu amfani da 48,157 (51.97%) sun bayyana ra'ayoyin masu kyau, yayin da 31,553 (34.05%) ba su da tsaka tsaki, da sauran tweets - wanda ya kai 12,936 (13.96%) - ya nuna mummunan motsin rai. Babban dalilin da ke bayan shaharar ra'ayi mai kyau shine yawancin mutane har yanzu suna godiya ga gwamnati da ma'aikatan lafiya duk da damuwar su.<ref name=":22" /> == A cikin wasanni == COVID-19 ya tilasta wa wahala da yanke shawara ta hanyar kuɗi akan masana'antar wasanni. Kusan duk wani babban taron wasanni a masana'antar taron-abun-zuwa an soke shi, an motsa shi, ko kuma a jinkirta shi a tsakiyar barkewar. A matsayin rashin jin daɗi na abubuwan da suka kunno kai daga rikicin, masu sha'awar wasanni sun kasance cikin damuwa yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fi so aka tilasta su janye daga takamaiman gasa ko ma kakar wasa gaba ɗaya. Misali, a cikin Maris 2020, a lokacin Sweet 16, an tilasta wa Rams janye matsayinsu a gasar bayan 'yan wasa da yawa sun kama kwayar COVID-19. Jadawalin haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2019-2020 na YoY da aka jera akan Mujallar Forbes ya nuna cewa haɓakar kuɗin shiga na YoY ya ragu sosai don manyan wasannin motsa jiki saboda waɗannan sokewar.<ref name=":2" /> Jadawalin 2020 daga Mujallar Forbes yana nuna kwatancen haɓakar kudaden shiga na manyan wasannin wasanni daga 2019-2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Birnbaum|first=Justin|title=Major Sports Leagues Lost Jaw-Dropping Amount Of Money In 2020|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/justinbirnbaum/2021/03/06/major-sports-leagues-lost-jaw-dropping-amount-of-money-in-2020/|access-date=2021-04-09|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020, an hana masu kallo na kasashen waje{{When|date=April 2021}} daga halartar wasannin a Japan ba tare da dawo da kashi 100 ba. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara yawan allurar rigakafin, kuma Major League Baseball ya ba da labarin don samar da wuraren rigakafin a cikin filayen wasan su. Alurar riga kafi na 'yan wasan ya kasance batun da'a, idan ya kasance bisa doka da ka'ida.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Traub|first=Matt|date=2021-03-30|title=Sports and COVID-19: The Impact on the Sports-Event Industry|url=https://www.sportstravelmagazine.com/sports-and-covid-19-what-happened-earlier-this-summer/|access-date=2021-04-10|website=SportsTravel|language=en-US}}</ref> NBA ta sanar da allurar rigakafin ba dole ba ne, amma 'yan wasan da aka yi wa allurar za su kasance masu sassauƙa. A cewar ESPN, NBA na barin ’yan wasan da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi kada su sanya abin rufe fuska a wuraren horarwa, tare da tafiye-tafiye na yanci. Kafin yin rigakafin, NBA na ci gaba da yin kumfa, inda ba a ba wa 'yan wasa damar barin ba. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin kumfa suna sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don nisantar da jama'a. Ana buƙatar masu ba da rahoto waɗanda ke son shiga cikin kumfa don zazzabi da duban oxygen da gwajin COVID. An canza kujerun 'yan wasan NBA, kuma sun zama masu nisa a cikin jama'a. Ba tare da magoya bayansu ba, wasu tsofaffin kociyan NBA har yanzu suna sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin wasannin. Popovich, kocin mafi tsufa a cikin NBA, wanda ke da shekaru 77, ya ce "Ba na so in mutu", lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da sanya abin rufe fuska.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stein|first=Marc|date=2020-08-04|title=Life Inside the N.B.A. Bubble|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/04/sports/nba-bubble-coronavirus.html|access-date=2021-04-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Covid-19]] [[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sajh0smpy59h6x4w2pzsrlk3c8npri3 0 27160 542797 534564 2024-11-19T20:13:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Amor Hakkar''' ( [[Larabci]] : عمر حكار; An haife shi 1 ga watan Janairu 1958), ɗan fim ɗin [[Aljeriya]] kuma furodusa, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a halin yanzu yana aiki a masana'antar fina-finan Faransa.<ref name= IFFR>{{cite web | url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/amor-hakkar | title=Amor Hakkar at IFFR | publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam | accessdate=3 October 2020 | archive-date=6 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006001709/https://iffr.com/en/persons/amor-hakkar/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya mallaki kamfanin shirya fina-finai na "Sarah Films".<ref name= sarah>{{cite web | url=https://www.topo-bfc.info/article-amor-hakkar-le-cinema-est-difficile-mais-pas-impossible,24.html| title=Amor Hakkar : "le cinéma est difficile mais pas impossible"| publisher=topo-bfc | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi a ranar 1, ga Janairun shekarar 1958, a ƙauyen Aurès mai tsaunuka a yankin Khenchela na ƙasar Aljeriya. Yana da shekaru 6, watanni, ya isa Faransa tare da iyayensa.<ref name= IFFR/> Since then, they lived in Besançon, a slum, the city of Founottes.<ref name= sarah/> Tun daga wannan lokacin, suna zaune a Besançon, wani ƙauye a birnin Founettes. Mahaifinsa Chays Hakkar ya rinjayi shi don neman ilimin kimiyya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tiburonfilmfestival.com/contactInfo.php?contact_id=12023| title=Amor Hakkar bio | publisher=Tiburon Film Festival | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> == Sana'a == A cikin 1990, Hakkar ya ba da umarni ga gajeriyar fim ɗinsa na farko mai taken ''Koyar da ni don ƙidaya zuwa rashin iyaka''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amazighnews.net/films/Amor-Hakkar.html| title=Amor Hakkar biography | publisher=amazighnews | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> [[Fayil:Amor Hakkar.jpg|thumb|Amor Hakkar]] Sannan a cikin 1992, ya yi fim na farko da ya fito da ''Bad Time for a Thug''. Ya kasance aikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Pierre-Loup Rajot, Sylvie Fennec da Serge Giamberardino kuma kamfanin Rage au cœur fina-finai ne suka samar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/56107/amor-hakkar| title=Companies linked to the person | publisher=unifrance | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> A cikin 1994, ya fara yin fim a Faransa da Italiya fim ɗin ''Ailleurs c'est beau aussi'' tare da Mado Maurin da Pierre Remund. Sannan a cikin 1998, Hakkar ya koma yankinsa na Aurès don binne gawar mahaifinsa, inda ya yi fim ɗin fim ɗin talbijin na ''Timgad, la vie au cœur des Aurès'', wani fim na mintuna 52, na France 5 TV.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.inter-film.org/regisseure/amor-hakkar | title=Amor Hakkar | publisher=interfilm | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> A halin yanzu, a cikin 2001, ya ci lambar yabo ta Marcel Aymé don littafin mai suna ''La cité des fausses bayanin kula''.<ref name= IFFR/> A 2005, Hakkar ya ƙirƙiro kamfanin shirya fina-finai Sarah Films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117944453?refcatid=31 |title=A Few Days of Respite |accessdate=6 April 2012 |work=Variety}}</ref> A cikin 2008, ya fitar da fim na gaba ''The Yellow House (La Maison jaune)'' a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo a Faransa da Aljeriya, daga baya kuma a Switzerland da Kanada. Fim din ya lashe kyautuka 37, a fadin duniya kuma ya samu yabo sosai.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rwanda.spla.pro/en/file.person.amor-hakkar.7188.html| title=Amor Hakkar career | publisher=Isaano Rwanda Culture | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ecumenical Jury a Locarno Film Festival da kuma lambar yabo ta musamman a bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya na Kerala. Sa'an nan a cikin 2010, ya jagoranci fim dinsa na uku ''Quelques jours de répit'', wanda aka harbe shi gaba ɗaya a cikin Franche-Comté. An sake shi a Faransa a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2011, kuma an zaɓa a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya a 2011, Sundance Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mubi.com/cast/amor-hakkar | title=Director Amor Hakkar filmography | publisher=MUBI | accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> ya zama fim ɗin Faransanci kawai da aka zaɓa. A cikin 2013, ya yi fim ɗin ''La Preuve'' a cikin kwanaki 14, tare da Nabil Asli da Anya Louanchi. Kamfanin shirya fina-finan nasa, Sarah Films ne ya rarraba shi kuma an fitar da fim ɗin a gidajen kallo a watan Yulin 2014. A cikin 2015, ya jagoranci fim ɗin ''Celle qui vivra'' tare da Meryem Medjkane, Muriel Racine, Nicolas Dufour, Hichem Berdouk da Caroline Fouilhoux. Fim ɗin ya sami fitarwa ne ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na asali na Florence Bouteloup da kuma fim ɗin da aka saki a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin 2017. A cikin 2018, ya jagoranci fim ɗin ''Le Choix d'Ali'' . == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula ! Ref. |- | 1990 | ''Koyar da Ni Kidaya Zuwa Ƙarfi'' | Darakta | gajeren fim | |- | 1992 | ''Mummunan Lokutta don Dan damfara (Yanayin Sayar da Kuɗi)'' | Darakta | zaɓi na hukuma a bukukuwan Carthage, Tetouan da Paris | |- | 2002 | ''Timgad: Rayuwa a Zuciya a Aurès (Timgad, la vie au cœur dans les Aurès)'' | Darakta | Kyautar TVS a bikin Vues d'Afrique a Montreal 2003 | |- | 2008 | ''The Yellow House (La Maison jaune)'' | Darakta, Mawallafin allo, Edita, Jarumi: Mouloud | Zaɓin Locarno na hukuma na 2007 | |- | 2011 | ''[[A Few Days of Respite|Kwanaki kaɗan na Jinkiri]] (Quelques jours de répit)'' | Daraktan, Mawallafin allo, Actor: Moshen | Zabin hukuma Sundance 2011 | |- | 2013 | ''Hujja (La Preuve)'' | Darakta | Official Selection Dubai 2013 | |- | 2016 | ''Wanda Zai Rayu (Celle qui vivra)'' | Darakta | | |- | 2018 | ''Zabin Ali (Le Choix d'Ali)'' | Darakta, Furodusa, Mawallafin allo | | |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|3063985}} * [https://www.estrepublicain.fr/edition-besancon/2019/12/09/le-choix-d-ali-du-bisontin-amor-hakkar-en-avant-premiere Le choix d'Ali, du Bisontin Amor Hakkar da avant-première] * [https://www.zimbio.com/Amor+Hakkar Amor Hakar] [[Category:Mutanen Aljeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] gh611j8pxx7pko97qqepis5wm7s6g00 0 27483 542920 372667 2024-11-20T05:44:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Florence Kasumba''' (an Haife shi 26 Oktoban shekarar 1976) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce haifaffiyar Uganda. An fi saninta da hotonta na Ayo a cikin Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) da wasanta a fina-finan Jamusanci da Dutch. Ta kuma buga Sanata Acantha a cikin ''Wonder Woman'' (2017), Shenzi a cikin ''The Lion King'' (2019), da Wicked Witch of the East a cikin jerin talabijin na ''NBC Emerald City'' (2017). == Rayuwar farko == [[File:Florence Kasumba beim Filmfestival Munich (cropped).jpg|thumb|Florence Kasumba]] An haifi Florence Kasumba a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1976 a [[Kampala]], Uganda.<ref name="kfm">{{Cite web|url=http://kfm.co.ug/lifestyle/a-glance-at-ugandas-kasumba-who-featured-in-captain-america-civil-war.html|title=A glance at Uganda's Kasumba who featured in Captain America: Civil War|publisher=KFM|access-date=5 November 2016|date=26 May 2016|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812171220/http://kfm.co.ug/lifestyle/a-glance-at-ugandas-kasumba-who-featured-in-captain-america-civil-war.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta yi kuruciyarta a [[Essen]], Jamus, inda ta halarci makarantar firamare da sakandare. Bayan kallon kiɗan Starlight Express tana da shekaru 12, ta sami kwarin gwiwa ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta sami digirinta a fannin wasan kwaikwayo, rera waƙa, da raye-raye daga Jami'ar Fontys na Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa a Tilburg, Netherlands. Kasumba yana iya magana da Jamusanci, Ingilishi, da Yaren mutanen Holland. Tana zaune a [[Berlin]], Jamus. == Aiki sana'a == Yayin da take ci gaba da karatu a jami'a, Kasumba ta sami matsayinta na farko na ƙwararriyar fim, Silke, a cikin hoton fim ɗin Dutch hit Ik ook van jou . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, irin su ''Chicago'', ''The Lion King'', Cats, West Side Story, Evita, da Beauty da Beast. Florence Kasumba ta yi balaguro zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] kuma an jefa ta a cikin rawar take a shirin Jamus na farko na fitaccen kiɗan Elton John na kasa da kasa Aida. Ta kuma buga Lisa a cikin ƴan wasan farko na Jamus na Mamma Mia. Kasumba ta fito a cikin fina-finan Dutch, Jamusanci da Ingilishi da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin iri-iri. Kasumba ta fara halarta ta Marvel Cinematic Universe a cikin fim ɗin 2016 ''Captain America: Yaƙin basasa ,'' tana ba da layin "sata yanayin yanayi" guda ɗaya zuwa Bakar Baƙar fata Scarlett Johansson . An ba da matsayinta a matsayin mai gadi ga Black Panther . Kasumba ya mayar da martani ga halin, Ayo, memba na duk macen Dora Milaje fada squad, a cikin ''Black Panther'' solo fim, ''Avengers: Infinity War ,'' da kuma streaming jerin ''The Falcon da Winter Soja'' . Ta buga Sanata Acantha a cikin 2017's ''Wonder Woman'' da Mugun Mayya na Gabas a cikin jerin talabijin na ''NBC Emerald City'' . Ta raba lokacinta tsakanin fina-finan Amurka da Jamusanci da shirye-shiryen TV. [[File:Filmfest Muenchen Premiere Film Kongo - die Produktion.JPG|thumb|Florence Kasumba a cikin mutane ]] A cikin 2019, Kasumba ya sami halin Shenzi a cikin sake gyara na'urar kwamfuta, ''The Lion King'' (2019) wanda Jon Favreau ya jagoranta. tare da Keegan-Michael Key, da Eric André a matsayin Kamari da Azizi. == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == [[File:Florence Kasumba beim Filmfestival Munich.jpg|thumb|Florence Kasumba]] An zaɓi ta ne don Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television & Arts Award for International Rising Star a 2016, da Lupita Nyong'o, John Boyega da Lisa Awuku.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dankwah|first1=Kwame|title=Ghana: Yvonne Okoro, Abraham Attah, Others for 2016 BEFFTA Awards|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201610070315.html|accessdate=5 November 2016|work=AllAfrica}}</ref> Kasumba ya bayyana tare da Nyong'o a cikin ''Black Panther''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McKenny|first1=Kyle|title=Lupita Nyong'o Shares Details on Black Panther's Story|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/07/lupita-nyongo-shares-details-on-black-panthers-sto.html|accessdate=5 November 2016|work=Paste|date=27 July 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062649/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/07/lupita-nyongo-shares-details-on-black-panthers-sto.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Fina-finai == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Darakta(s) ! Bayanan kula |- | 2001 | ''Ik ok ban jou'' | Silke | Ruud van Hemert | |- | 2006 | ''Jifewa'' | Nilophé | Harald Holzenleiter ne | |- | 2012 | ''Transpapa'' | Tessi | Sarah-Judith Mettke | |- | 2014 | ''Zeit der Kannibalen'' | Florence | Johannes Naber | |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''Offline: Shin Kun Shirya Don Mataki Na Gaba?'' | Kwankwan kai | Florian Schnell ne adam wata | |- | ''Captain America: Yakin Basasa'' | Ayo | Anthony &amp;amp; Joe Russo | Amintacce ''"Shugaban Tsaro"'' |- | ''Wie Männer über Frauen reden'' | Sabine | Henrik Regel | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Mace Abin Mamaki'' | Sanata Acantha | Patty Jenkins ne adam wata | |- | ''Arthur & Claire'' | Maitre | Miguel Alexandre | |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''Black Panther'' | rowspan="2" | Ayo | Ryan Coogler | |- | ''Avengers: Infinity War'' | Anthony & Joe Russo | |- | ''Yi shiru'' | Tanya | Duncan Jones | |- | rowspan="1" | 2019 | ''Sarkin Zaki'' | Shenzi (murya) | Jon Favreau | |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Take ! Matsayi ! Bayanan kula |- | 2006-2016 | ''Tatort'' | Daban-daban | 7 sassa |- | rowspan="2" | 2007 | ''Die Familienanwältin'' | Mboose Thallert | |- | ''Mata Hudu Da Jana'iza'' | 'Yanci | |- | 2010 | ''Vienna Crime Squad'' | Mira Wiesinger | |- | 2012 | ''Das Vermächtnis der Wanderhure'' | Alika | Fina-finan TV |- | rowspan="3" | 2013 | ''Großstadtrevier'' | Sisi Ngoro | |- | ''Daga Bulle'' | Denise Mokaba | |- | ''A cikin Freundschaft'' | Imani Kutesa | |- | 2014 | ''The Quest'' | Talmuh | sassa 10 |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 | ''Komt mai ban sha'awa'' | Likita | Fim ɗin TV |- | ''Letzte Spur Berlin'' | Madame Manyong | Episode: "Abseitsfalle" |- | ''Mulki'' | Dariya | 3 sassa |- | 2016-2017 | ''Emerald City'' | Gabas | 3 sassa |- | 2017 | ''Dokta Klein'' | Grace Kahindi-Bäumer | Episode: "Pläne" |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | ''Ƙararrawa für Cobra 11 - Die Autobahnpolizei'' | Wakilin FBI Karen Morris | Episode: "Anfi So" |- | ''Deutschland 86'' | Rose Seithat | sassa 10 |- | 2019- | ''Tatort'' | Anais Schmitz ne adam wata | |- | 2019 | ''Mai laifi: Deutschland'' | Antje Borchert ne adam wata | 3 sassa |- | 2020 | ''Deutschland 89'' | Rose Seithat | |- | rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''Falcon da Sojan Winter'' | Ayo | 3 sassa |- | ''Marvel Studios: Haɗuwa'' | Ita kanta | Takardun shaida; Episode: "An Haɗa: Yin ''Falcon da Sojan Winter'' " |} == Magana == [[Category:Mutanen Uganda]] [[Category:Ƴan Fim]] 3rrbpyp3vpqigem7zmyxxivo81pv58z 0 27814 542800 516661 2024-11-19T20:40:03Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:PIng_panda_profile.jpg|PIng_panda_profile.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:PIng panda profile.jpg|]]. 542800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:2020-01-15_Mascot_Ceremony_Alpine_skiing_Parallel_Mixed_Team_Event_(2020_Winter_Youth_Olympics)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93080.jpg |thumb|Teddy bear ]] '''Teddy bear''' yana daya daga cikin shahararrun nau'ikan kayan wasan kwaikwayo masu laushi a cikin karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21: wani nau'in [[Wasanni|wasan]] kwaikwayo na kayan wasa mai laushi. A Yammacin Turai da Amurka, an san shi da sunan "Teddy" (Turanci teddy bear, Jamus Teddybär), wanda aka danganta da sunan shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt. [[File:Teddy bear early 1900s - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.jpg|thumb|Teddy bear a farkon 1900s - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History]] A cikin harshen Rashanci an kafa sunan "teddy bear", ko da yake yanzu ba duk nau'in wasan kwaikwayo na irin wannan nau'in ba ne. Teddy bears daga kamfanoni daban-daban na Turai da [[Amurka]] na farkon karni na 20 (wanda aka yi kafin yakin duniya na biyu) sanannen kayan tattarawa ne. = Tarihi = A shekara ta 1902, shugaban Amurka Theodore Roosevelt ya keɓe wani baƙar fata Ba'amurke akan farauta, wanda ƙungiyar farauta tare da karnuka suka kora, an kashe rabin-kashe kuma an ɗaure su da itace (willow). An gayyaci Roosevelt don harba ganima. Ya ki yin hakan da kansa, yana mai cewa “marasa wasa ne”, amma ya umarce shi da a harbi beyar domin ya ƙare azabarsa [bayyanai]. Labarin ya mayar da shi zane mai ban dariya na jarida, amma a ƙarshe an daidaita shi don dalilai masu dacewa, kuma beyar ta juya ta zama ɗan ƙaramin beyar kyakkyawa (a cikin zane mai ban dariya na Washington Post, Nuwamba 16, 1902). Bayanan labarin sun ɓace a tsawon lokaci, babban abu ya kasance - Teddy (laƙabin Roosevelt) ya ƙi harba beyar. Ɗaya daga cikin faifan caricatures ɗin da aka miƙe har zuwa teddy bear ya kama idon matar Morris Michtom, ɗan gudun hijira daga Rasha (sunan gaske - Mikhail Mishim), mai kantin sayar da kayan wasan yara. Ta dinka dan duwawu na farko mai kaman beyar daga cikin caricature. An shigar da shi a cikin taga kantin kuma aka sanya masa suna "Teddy Bear" bayan Shugaba Roosevelt. Sabon abin wasan yara ya tayar da sha'awar da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba a tsakanin masu siye, kuma nan da nan, bayan samun izinin Roosevelt na yin amfani da sunansa, Micht ya kafa Ideal Toy Company, wanda ke tsunduma cikin samar da teddy bears. Ko da yake nasarar da 'ya'yan suka samu na da girma, amma bai kawo arzikin Michtom ba. Ya yi babban kuskure - bai ba da izini ga sabon abin wasan yara da sunansa ba. Ba da da ewa akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke samar da irin wannan bears kuma suna amfani da ra'ayinsa. A cewar wani sigar, ɗan beyar farko ta Margarita Steif ne bisa ra'ayin ɗan ɗan'uwanta Richard, wanda ya tsara teddy bear na farko tare da ƙafafu masu motsi a 1902. A shekara ta 1903, a wurin baje kolin kayan wasan yara a Leipzig, nan da nan wani Ba’amurke ya ba da umarnin kwafin 3,000, kuma a wurin nunin da aka yi a St. Louis a 1904, an sayar da beraye 12,000, wanda Margarita da Richard suka sami lambar zinariya. = Tattara = Yanzu a cikin duniya akwai kimanin gidajen tarihi ashirin da aka sadaukar don teddy bears, da dubban dubban masu tara wannan abin wasan yara. Musamman a gare su, ana samar da ƙayyadaddun bugu na teddy bears, misali ta Steiff, Dean's, Merrythought ko na musamman bears na masu fasaha na zamani, waɗanda aka yi a cikin kwafi ɗaya. Christie's lokaci-lokaci yana gudanar da gwanjo wanda kawai teddy bears ake nunawa. Teddy bear mafi tsada shine abin wasan motsa jiki na mohair wanda aka yi a 1929. An sayar da shi kan $90,000. Teddy bear babbar kyauta ce ga kowane lokaci. [https://big-ted.co.uk Wannan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112221718/https://big-ted.co.uk/ |date=2021-11-12 }} sanannen abin wasan yara yana son kowa da kowa, ba tare da togiya ba, ko da kuwa shekaru. Bayan haka, yawancin mutane suna so su ji kamar yara, sun karbi mai laushi mai laushi mai laushi a matsayin kyauta, musamman 'yan mata da mata. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kayan wasan yara]] 37mx868fsweguuh2hyfqxs906qgb12t 0 29052 543002 538339 2024-11-20T10:20:14Z AAkalabata 32325 543002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Contraceptive_birth_control.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Maganin hana haihuwa.]] [[Fayil:Methods of contraception.jpg|thumb|Hanyan an fani da magungunan]] '''Kula da haihuwa''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''hana haihuwa''' da kuma '''kula da haihuwa''', hanya ce ko na'urar da ake amfani da ita don hana ciki.<ref name="Terms2012">{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=August 9, 2012|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|archivedate=August 6, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Tun zamanin da ake amfani da kariyar haihuwa, amma ingantattun hanyoyin hana haifuwa sun kasance a cikin ƙarni na 20 kawai.<ref name="Hopkins2010">{{cite book|last1=Hanson|editor3-first=Jessica L.|pages=382–395|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|edition=4th|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|editor5-first=Edward E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor4-last=Fox|editor3-last=Bienstock|first1=S.J.|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor2-last=Guile|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor1-last=Hurt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|year=2010|first2=Anne E.|last2=Burke|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Tsara, samarwa, da kuma amfani da tsarin haihuwa ana kiranta tsarin iyali.<ref name="OED2012">{{cite book|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref name="WHO-health-topic">{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|title=Family planning|author=World Health Organization (WHO)|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)|work=Health topics|accessdate=March 28, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318195523/http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|archivedate=March 18, 2016|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Wasu al'adu suna iyakance ko hana samun damar haihuwa saboda suna ganin bai dace da ɗabi'a, addini, ko siyasa ba.<ref name="Hopkins2010" /> Hanyoyi mafi inganci na hana haihuwa sune haihuwa ta hanyar vasectomy na maza da ligation na tubal a cikin mata, na'urorin ciki (IUDs), da hana haihuwa da za'a iya dasa su.<ref name="WHO_FP2011">{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archivedate=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Wannan yana biye da wasu hanyoyin tushen hormone ciki har da ƙwayoyi na baka, faci, zoben farji, da allurai.<ref name="WHO_FP2011" /> Hanyoyin da ba su da tasiri sun haɗa da shinge na jiki kamar kwaroron roba, diaphragms da soso na hana haihuwa da hanyoyin wayar da kan haihuwa.<ref name="WHO_FP2011" /> Mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su shine maganin maniyyi da cirewar namiji kafin fitar maniyyi.<ref name="WHO_FP2011" /> Bakarawa, yayin da yake da tasiri sosai, ba yawanci ake juyawa ba; duk sauran hanyoyin suna jujjuya su, mafi yawan nan da nan bayan dakatar da su.<ref name="WHO_FP2011" /> Ayyukan jima'i masu aminci, kamar yin amfani da kwaroron roba na maza ko mata, na iya taimakawa wajen hana kamuwa da cututtuka ta hanyar jima'i.<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal|last1=Taliaferro|first1=L.A.|last2=Sieving|first2=R.|last3=Brady|first3=S.S.|last4=Bearinger|first4=L.H.|title=We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health—do we have the will?|journal=Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews|volume=22|issue=3|pages=xii, 521–43|year=2011|pmid=22423463}}</ref> Sauran hanyoyin hana haihuwa ba su kariya daga cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i.<ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal|last1=Chin|first8=D.|pmc=|pmid=22341164|year=2012|pages=272–94|issue=3|volume=42|journal=American Journal of Preventive Medicine|title=The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections|doi=10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006|first9=D.B.|last9=Elliston|last8=Kirby|first1=H.B.|first7=H.R.|last7=Wethington|first6=V.|last6=Jacob|first5=S.K.|last5=Chattopadhyay|first4=S.L.|last4=Mercer|first3=R.|last3=Elder|first2=T.A.|last2=Sipe|url=http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract}}</ref> Tsarin haihuwa na gaggawa zai iya hana daukar ciki idan an sha cikin sa'o'i 72 zuwa 120 bayan jima'i mara kariya.<ref name="Gizzo2012">{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|last8=D'Antona|pmid=22390259|pages=758–63|issue=10|volume=28|date=October 2012|journal=Gynecological Endocrinology|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications|first9=GB|last9=Nardelli|first8=D|first7=A|first=S|last7=Omar|first6=A|last6=Zambon|first5=TS|last5=Patrelli|first4=C|last4=Saccardi|first3=S|last3=Di Gangi|first2=T|last2=Fanelli|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Selected practice recommendations for contraceptive use|date=2004|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|isbn=978-92-4-156284-3|page=13|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908191327/https://books.google.com/books?id=77hFLypBfHYC&pg=RA2-PA16|archivedate=September 8, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Wasu suna jayayya cewa rashin yin jima'i ma wani nau'i ne na hana haihuwa, amma ilimin jima'i-kawai na iya kara yawan ciki na samari idan an ba da shi ba tare da ilimin hana haihuwa ba, saboda rashin bin doka.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal|vauthors=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L|title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials|journal=BMJ|volume=324|issue=7351|page=1426|date=June 2002|pmid=12065267|pmc=115855|doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal|last1=Duffy|issue=6|archivedate=December 11, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211135056/http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html|url-status=live|url=http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html|pmid=18923389|year=2008|pages=746–48|volume=84|first1=K.|journal=Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics|title=Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education|doi=10.1038/clpt.2008.188|first3=J.|last3=Santinelli|first2=D.A.|last2=Lynch|df=mdy-all}}</ref> A cikin samari, masu juna biyu suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na sakamako mara kyau.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal|last1=Black|first1=A.Y.|last2=Fleming|first2=N.A.|last3=Rome|first3=E.S.|title=Pregnancy in adolescents|journal=Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews|volume=23|issue=1|pages=xi, 123–38|year=2012|pmid=22764559}}</ref> Cikakken ilimin jima'i da samun damar haihuwa yana rage yawan ciki maras so a cikin wannan rukunin shekaru.<ref name="pmid22764559" /><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal|last1=Rowan|first1=S.P.|last2=Someshwar|first2=J.|last3=Murray|first3=P.|title=Contraception for primary care providers|journal=Adolescent Medicine: State of the Art Reviews|volume=23|issue=1|pages=x–xi, 95–110|year=2012|pmid=22764557}}</ref> Yayin da matasa za su iya amfani da kowane nau'i na hana haihuwa gabaɗaya,<ref name="WHO_FP2011p260">{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|archivedate=September 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> maganin hana haihuwa da aka daɗe ana iya jujjuyawa kamar su implants, IUDs, ko zoben farji sun fi samun nasara wajen rage yawan ciki na samari.<ref name="pmid22764557" /> Bayan haihuwa, macen da ba ta shayarwa ba za ta iya sake samun ciki bayan makonni huɗu zuwa shida.<ref name="WHO_FP2011p260" /> Wasu hanyoyin hana haihuwa za a iya farawa nan da nan bayan haihuwa, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar jinkirta har zuwa watanni shida.<ref name="WHO_FP2011p260" /> A cikin matan da suke shayarwa, hanyoyin progestin kawai an fi fifita fiye da haɗa magungunan hana haihuwa.<ref name="WHO_FP2011p260" /> A cikin matan da suka kai ga lokacin al'ada, ana ba da shawarar ci gaba da hana haihuwa har tsawon shekara guda bayan al'ada ta ƙarshe.<ref name="WHO_FP2011p260" /> Kimanin mata miliyan 222 da ke son gujewa ɗaukar ciki a ƙasashe masu tasowa ba sa amfani da tsarin hana haihuwa na zamani.<ref name="pmid22764557" /><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|volume=380|archivedate=May 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext|url-status=live|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext|pmid=22784540|year=2012|pages=80–82|issue=9837|journal=The Lancet|first1=B.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2|title=Giving women the power to plan their families|first4=R.|last4=Shah|first3=A.|last3=Mitchell|first2=M.F.|last2=Gates|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa ya rage yawan mace-mace a lokacin ciki ko kuma lokacin ɗaukar ciki da kashi 40% (kimanin mutuwar 270,000 da aka hana a 2008) kuma zai iya hana kashi 70% idan an biya cikakkiyar buƙatar hana haihuwa.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A|author3=Peterson, H|author4=Ross, J|author5=Tsui, A|title=Contraception and health|journal=Lancet|date=July 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal|last1=Ahmed|volume=380|archivedate=May 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext|url-status=live|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext|pmid=22784531|year=2012|pages=111–25|issue=9837|journal=The Lancet|first1=S.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4|title=Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries|first4=A.O.|last4=Tsui|first3=L.|last3=Liu|first2=Q.|last2=Li|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Ta hanyar tsawaita lokaci tsakanin masu juna biyu, hana haihuwa na iya inganta sakamakon haihuwar mata manya da kuma rayuwar 'ya'yansu.<ref name="pmid22784533" /> A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa, kuɗin da mata ke samu, kadarori, da nauyi, da kuma karatun yaransu da lafiyarsu, duk suna inganta tare da samun damar samun damar haihuwa.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal|last1=Canning|pages=165–71|archivedate=June 2, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext|url-status=live|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext|pmid=22784535|year=2012|issue=9837|first1=D.|volume=380|journal=The Lancet|title=The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7|first2=T.P.|last2=Schultz|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Haihuwa yana haɓaka haɓakar tattalin arziki saboda ƙarancin yara masu dogaro, ƙarin mata da ke shiga cikin ma'aikata, da ƙarancin amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu.<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal|last1=Van Braeckel|volume=380|archivedate=May 10, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext|url-status=live|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext|pmid=22784542|year=2012|pages=84–85|issue=9837|journal=The Lancet|first1=D.|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7|title=Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development|first4=O.|last4=Degomme|first3=K.|last3=Roelens|first2=M.|last2=Temmerman|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>Sulaiman Ibrahim, [https://www.lafiyata.com.ng/2023/03/hanyoyin-hana-aukar-ciki-da-kuma-bada.html"Hanyoyin bada tazarar haihuwa na zamani da kuma yadda ake hana daukar ciki (Methods of contraception)"], ''Lafiyata'', March 01, 2023</ref> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kulawar haihuwa}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kj45ak994coapk8hrvoy83vi5iolwud 0 29796 542988 460756 2024-11-20T08:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Imperial School of Jurisprudence SPB.jpg|thumb|Makarantan da ake koyan ilimin fikihu]] '''Ilimin fikihu''' falsafa falsafa ce ta shari'a da [[Gwamnati|mulkin]] [[Ɗan Adam|dan'adam]] wanda ya ginu a kan cewa dan'adam yanki daya ne kawai na al'ummar duniya baki daya kuma jin dadin kowane dan wannan al'umma ya dogara ne akan jin dadin [[duniya]] baki daya. Ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin bil'adama za su kasance masu wanzuwa da bunƙasa ne kawai idan sun tsara kansu a matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan al'ummar duniya mai faɗi kuma suka yi hakan ta hanyar da ta dace da dokoki ko ka'idodin da suka dace da yadda duniya ke aiki, wanda shine 'Babban Fikihu. '. Za a iya bambanta fikihu na duniya da babban fikihu, amma kuma ana iya fahimtar cewa an cusa cikinta. Ganin cewa Ana iya ganin fikihun duniya a matsayin wani lamari na musamman na Babban Fikihu, yana amfani da ka'idodin duniya ga tsarin gwamnati, al'umma da nazarin halittu na Duniya. Ilimin fikihu na duniya yana neman fadada fahimtarmu game da dacewar mulki fiye da bil'adama ga daukacin al'ummar Duniya, abin da ya shafi duniya ne maimakon anthropocentric . Ya shafi kiyayewa da daidaita dangantaka tsakanin dukkanin al'ummar Duniya ba kawai tsakanin 'yan adam ba. An yi nufin ilimin fikihu a duniya don samar da tushen falsafa don haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsarin mulkin ɗan adam, wanda zai iya haɗa da ɗa'a, dokoki, cibiyoyi, manufofi da ayyuka. Har ila yau, yana ba da mahimmanci ga shigar da waɗannan abubuwan da aka fahimta da kuma a kan aikin mutum, a cikin rayuwa daidai da fikihu na duniya a matsayin hanyar rayuwa Ko hanzar Zaman lafiya a rayuwa. Ilimin fikihu ya kamata ya nuna fahimtar wata al'umma ta musamman game da yadda za a dai-daita kanta a matsayin wani ɓangare na al'ummar Duniya kuma ya kamata ya bayyana halaye na Babban Fikihu wanda ya zama sashi nasa. Takamaiman aikace-aikacen fikihu na Duniya za su bambanta daga al'umma zuwa al'umma, yayin da ake raba abubuwan gama gari. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da: * sanin cewa duk wani fikihu na Duniya yana wanzuwa a cikin yanayi mai faɗi wanda ya siffata ta kuma yana tasiri yadda take aiki; * Sanin cewa duniya ita ce tushen tushen 'yancin duniya' na dukkan membobin al'ummar Duniya, maimakon wani bangare na tsarin mulkin dan Adam don haka ba za a iya kayyade wadannan hakkoki ba ko kuma soke su ta hanyar ilimin fikihu; * wata hanya ta gane ayyuka da 'yancin 'yan uwa na al'ummar Duniya da kuma kame mutane daga hana su cika wadannan ayyuka ba tare da hakki ba; * damuwa don daidaitawa da kuma kiyaye daidaito mai ƙarfi tsakanin dukkan membobin al'ummar Duniya da aka ƙaddara ta hanyar abin da ya fi dacewa ga tsarin gaba ɗaya (Adalcin Duniya); kuma * hanyar yarda ko ƙin yarda da halayen ɗan adam akan ko a'a halayen yana ƙarfafawa ko raunana alakar da ke tattare da al'ummar Duniya. == Tarihi == Thomas Berry masani ne ya fara gano buƙatun sabon fikihu wanda ya gano ɓarna anthropocentrism wanda tsarin shari'a da na siyasa suka ginu a kai a matsayin babban cikas ga canjin da ya wajaba zuwa yanayin yanayin muhalli wanda ɗan adam zai nemi sabon kusanci tare da aiki mai mahimmanci. na duniyar halitta. An tattauna yuwuwar haɓaka wannan fikihu (wanda ake kira na ɗan lokaci a matsayin 'Fikihun Duniya') a taron da Berry ya halarta a watan Afrilu shekarata 2001, wanda Gidauniyar Gaia a London ta shirya a Cibiyar Taro na Airlie a wajen [[Washington DC|Washington]] . Ƙungiyar mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin dokar kuma tare da ƴan asali sun taru daga Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Colombia, Kanada da Amurka. (Dubi 'Thomas Berry da Shari'a ta Duniya: Maƙalar Bincike', na Mike Bell, ''The ƙaho'', Vol. 19, na 1 shekarata (2003)). Dalla-dalla na farko na binciken fikihu na Duniya a cikin bugawa da gabatar da kalmar 'Babban Shari'a' ya faru tare da bugu na farko na <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Dokar daji</i></nowiki> ta Cormac Cullinan, wanda aka ƙaddamar a taron koli na Duniya don Ci gaba mai dorewa a [[Cape Town]] a shekarata 2002. 2004 taron Afrilun shekarar 2004, taron bita na farko da aka gudanar a Burtaniya don tattaunawa da haɓaka ƙa'idodin shari'a na Duniya, mai taken [https://web.archive.org/web/20071007023233/http://www.peoplesearthdecade.org/events/calendar.php?event_id=285 'Bita na Wilderness Workshop: Taron Tafiya akan Shari'ar Duniya'] . Donald Reid (tsohon shugaban UKELA, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Muhalli ta Birtaniya) da Cormac Cullinan (mawallafin <nowiki><i id="mwLg">Dokar Wild</i></nowiki> ) sun jagoranci taron bitar a cikin Knoydart Peninsula (ɗaya daga cikin yankunan jeji na ƙarshe a cikin Scotland). An tattauna yuwuwar haɓaka sabon nau'i na shari'a a wani taro a [[Washington DC|Washington]] wanda Thomas Berry ya halarta a Afrilun shekarar 2001, wanda Gidauniyar Gaia ta shirya. Ƙungiyar mutanen da ke da hannu da doka da ƴan asalin ƙasar sun halarci daga Afirka ta Kudu, Birtaniya, Colombia, Kanada da Amurka. A cikin shekarata 2006 Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya ta farko da aka kafa a Florida. Manufar Cibiyar, wadda ke da haɗin gwiwar Jami'o'in Barry da St. Thomas, Florida, ita ce sake tsara dokoki da gudanar da mulki ta hanyoyin da za su tallafa wa rayuwar al'ummar Duniya gaba ɗaya. Wannan ya ƙunshi haɓaka alaƙar haɓaka juna tsakanin mutane da yanayi da kuma sanin haƙƙoƙin yanayi . An gudanar da taron bitar shari'a na duniya, 'Tafiya a gefen daji: Canja Dokar Muhalli' a watan Nuwamba. An kuma gudanar da wani taron shari'a na duniya, magana da tattaunawa kan 'Doka da Mulki daga Mahangar Duniya Mai Tsakiyar Kasa', a watan Nuwamba. 2007 abubuwan da suka faru [https://web.archive.org/web/20070921140707/http://www.earthjuris.org/4-07EJcolloquium.htm "Hukuncin Duniya: Ma'anar Filin da Da'awar Alkawari"], taron kwana uku akan ka'idoji da abubuwan da ke fitowa na filin Fikihu na Duniya. Cormac Cullinan na EnAct International, Afirka ta Kudu, Thomas Linzey da Richard Grossman dukkansu na Asusun kare hakkin muhalli na Community Environmental Legal Defence, Pennsylvania, da Liz Hosken na Gidauniyar Gaia, London, suna cikin masu magana a sabuwar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya a Florida, Amurka, Afrilu. Shekarata 2007. Taron Burtaniya da taron bita, Satumban shekarar 2007, mai taken, "Maradin 'Dokar daji' ga Canjin Yanayi". Taron shiga don haɓaka hanya mai amfani don amfani da ƙa'idodin Dokokin daji waɗanda tuni ke taimakawa tafiyar matakai na doka a cikin Amurka da Afirka ta Kudu. Ƙungiyar Dokar Muhalli ta Burtaniya ta shirya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gidauniyar Dokar Muhalli da Gidauniyar Gaia, tare da tallafi daga Gidauniyar Shagon Jiki. Shahararrun masu magana a duniya za su hada da Andrew Kimbrell, Babban Daraktan Cibiyar Tsaron Abinci, Pennsylvania, wanda ya taimaka wajen lashe Kotun Koli a Amurka game da sauyin yanayi; Cormac Cullinan, lauya na Afirka ta Kudu kuma marubucin ''Dokar daji'' ; da Peter Roderick, Darakta na Shirin Adalci na Yanayi na Burtaniya, Barista mai gogewar shekaru ashirin a sana'o'i masu zaman kansu, masana'antar mai, ilimi da fannin muhalli, kuma shi ne lauyan Friends of the Earth a Landan daga shekarata 1996. An gudanar da shi a cibiyar taro a Derbyshire, UK. Bayani: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070627234530/http://www.ukela.org/about_us_wild_law.shtml UKELA] abubuwan da suka faru na gaba. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070915045525/http://www.earthjuris.org/events.htm Taron Shari'a na Duniya da] aka gudanar a Amurka a cikin Fabrairu 2008, tare da haɗin gwiwar sabuwar Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya, da kuma ɗalibai daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Barry (Orlando, FL) da Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar St. Thomas (Miami, FL). Ostiraliya tana da ƙwaƙƙwaran ikon shari'a na duniya da motsi 'dokokin daji'. An gudanar da taron dokokin daji na farko a Ostiraliya a Adelaide, South Australia a cikin 2009 kuma an gudanar da taro na biyu a Wollongong, New South Wales, a cikin shekarata 2010. An shirya taron shari'ar daji na uku a cikin 2011 a Brisbane, Queensland kuma a wancan lokacin babbar ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Duniya ta kafa Ƙungiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Australiya (www.earthlaws.org.au). Ƙungiyar Dokokin Duniya ta Australiya ita ce babbar ƙungiya a Ostiraliya da ke inganta dokokin Duniya da dokokin daji. Don bayani game da ayyukan su, membobinsu, taro da abubuwan da suka faru, da fatan za a ziyarci gidan yanar gizon su. == Darussan da ake koyarwa a makarantun shari'a == Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Barry ta ƙaddamar da wani kwas a cikin ilimin fikihu a lokacin shekarata 2007. == Duba sauran abunuwa == * Gadon gama gari na ɗan adam * Wayewar muhalli * [[Mutuncin Muhalli|Muhalli na muhalli]] * Hakkokin yanayi * Sikeli (kayan aikin nazari) * Anthropogenic metabolism == Wasu abubuwan == {{Reflist}} == Adabi == * Cullinan, C (2003), <nowiki><i id="mwlg">Dokokin daji: Manifesto don Adalci na Duniya</i></nowiki>, Littattafai Green, Totnes, Devon,  * Simon Boyle, [http://environment.guardian.co.uk/climatechange/story/0,,1941608,00.html 'A kan kankara mai bakin ciki'], Jaridar Guardian, London, Nuwamba 2006 * Stephan Harding, [http://environment.guardian.co.uk/conservation/story/0,,2049023,00.html 'Yancin Duniya'], Jaridar Guardian, London, Afrilu 2007 * Silver Donald Cameron, [http://www.precaution.org/lib/07/when_do_trees_have_standing.070108.htm 'Yaushe itace ke da hakki?'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131080029/http://www.precaution.org/lib/07/when_do_trees_have_standing.070108.htm |date=2023-01-31 }} , The Chronicle Herald (Halifax, Nova Scotia), Janairu, 2007 * Cormac Cullinan, [http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/500 'Idan Yanayin Yana da Hakki'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216203517/http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/500 |date=2014-02-16 }}, Orion (mujalla), Amurka, Janairu 2008. == Manazarta == * Abram, D (1996), ''The Spell of Sensuous'', Vintage Books, New York * Berry, T (1999), ''Babban Aiki: Hanyarmu zuwa Gaba'', Bell Tower, New York * Berry, T (2002), 'Hakkokin Duniya: Gane Haƙƙin Dukan Rayuwa' - [http://www.resurgence.org/contents/214.htm ''Tadawa''], La'a. 214, Satumba/Oktoba 2002 * Berry, T (1996), Kowa Yana da Hakki, 23rd Shekarar EF Schumacher Lectures, Stockbridge, Massachusetts * Berry, T, Swimme, B (1992) ''Labari na Duniya: Daga Farko na Farko zuwa Zamanin Ecozoic - Bikin Bayyanar Cosmos'', Harper Collins, New York * Cullinan, C (2002) 'Adalci Ga Duka: Dole ne Mulkin Dan Adam Ya Kasance Mai Daidai da Dokokin Duniya' - ''Tadawa'', Lamba. 214, Satumba/Oktoba 2002 * Gardner, J (2004) Hakkokin Dan Adam da Wajibi - Lakca a Majalisar PEN ta Duniya a Tromsø, Norway * Reichel-Dolmatoff, G (1994) ''Daji A Cikin: Duniya-Kallo na Tukano Amazonian Indiyawa'', Green Books, Totnes * Reichel-Dolmatoff, G (1997) ''Rainforest Shamans: Rubuce-rubuce a kan Tukano Indiyawan Arewa maso Yamma Amazon'', Green Books, Totnes * Ruwa, N.; Jones, A (2016) [http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/2/174 Aiwatar da Shari'a ta Duniya ta Hakkokin Tsarin Mulki na] ''Dorewar'' yanayi, 8, 174. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070408145454/http://www.entrust.org.uk/staff/details/8.asp Reid, D] (2001) 'Hukuncin Shari'a na Duniya: Wadanne Darussa Za a Iya Koyi Daga Tasirin Celtic akan Dokar Scotland?' Gabatarwa zuwa Zama na Fasaha akan jeji da shari'a a taron [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223244/http://store.wild.org/mall/Wilderness_Communities.html daji na duniya karo na 7], Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu * Roldán Ortega, R (2000) ''ƴan asalin ƙasar Colombia da Doka: Hanyar Mahimmanci ga Nazarin Abubuwan da suka gabata da na Yanzu'', COAMA, Bogotá, Tercer Mundo Edita * Stutzin, G (2002) 'Hakkokin Hali: Adalci na Bukatar A Gane Halitta A Matsayin Ƙa'idar Shari'a' - ''Tadawa'', Lamba 210, Janairu / Fabrairu 2002. Godofredo Stutzin ya kasance 1990 wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Duniya 500 na Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ( UNEP ) wanda ya fahimci nasarorin muhalli na daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi a duniya. == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Category:Doka]] [[Category:Falsafa]] [[Category:Shari'a]] [[Category:Adabi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tirifq7hrwo0ns685hzxv863hl2y3qk 0 29815 542840 504218 2024-11-19T22:05:58Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Black_smoke_emissions_from_a_vehicle%E2%80%99s_exhaust_are_a_key_contributing_factor_to_air_pollution_and_climate_change_in_Kamonyi_District_road,_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg |thumb|Gurbataccen Iska ]] [[File:013_Air_pollution_in_Cuba_-_fumes_from_old_faulty_motorcycle_in_Cienfuegos_town,_Cuba.jpg |thumb|Air pollution in Cuba - fumes from old faulty motorcycle in Cienfuegos town, Cuba ]] [[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg|thumb| Wannan motar da ke amfani da dizal tana fitar da iskar gas mai wadata da baƙar fata a lokacin da ta fara injin ta.]] '''Gas''' mai fitar da hayaki ko hayaki yana fitowa ne sakamakon konewar mai kamar iskar gas, man fetur (man fetur), man dizal, man fetur, gaurayawan biodiesel, ko kwal. Dangane da nau'in injin, ana fitar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar bututun shaye-shaye, bututun hayaƙi, ko bututun ƙarfe . Sau da yawa yana watsar da iska a cikin tsarin da ake kira ''sharar ruwa''. Babban sashi ne na hayakin abin hawa (kuma daga injunan konewa na ciki a tsaye), wanda kuma yana iya haɗawa da busa-baki da ƙafewar mai da ba a yi amfani da Shi ba. Fitar da ababen hawa na taimakawa wajen gurbacewar iska kuma wani babban sinadari ne wajen samar da hayaki a wasu manyan biranen kasar. Wani bincike na shekarar 2013 da MIT ya yi ya nuna cewa kimanin 53,000 na mutuwa da wuri a kowace shekara a Amurka kadai saboda hayakin abin hawa. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi daga wannan jami’a, hayakin motoci kadai ke haddasa mutuwar mutane 5,000 a duk shekara a kasar Birtaniya. == Abun ciki == Mafi girman sashi na mafi yawan iskar gas shi ne nitrogen (N ₂ ), tururin ruwa (H ₂ O) (sai dai tare da man fetur mai tsabta), da carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) (sai dai man fetur ba tare da carbon); waɗannan ba masu guba ba ne ko masu lahani (ko da yake tururin ruwa da carbon dioxide iskar gas ne da ke haifar da [[canjin yanayi]] ). Wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na iskar gas ɗin da ba a so, mara kyau, ko abubuwa masu guba, kamar carbon monoxide (CO) daga konewar da ba ta cika ba, hydrocarbons (wanda aka nuna daidai kamar C _x H _y, amma yawanci ana nuna shi azaman “HC” akan iskar gwaji-gwajin. ) daga man fetur da ba a ƙone ba, nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) daga yanayin zafi mai yawa, da kuma kwayoyin halitta (mafi yawa soot ). == Fitar da zafin gas == Zazzagewar iskar gas (EGT) yana da mahimmanci ga aiki na mai jujjuyawar injin konewa na ciki. Ana iya auna shi da ma'aunin zafin jiki na iskar gas. EGT kuma ma'auni ne na lafiyar injin a cikin injin turbin gas (duba ƙasa). == Injin sanyi == [[File:Exhaust.jpg|right|thumb| Turi daga bututun mota mai sanyi]] A cikin mintuna biyu (2) na farko bayan fara injin motar da ba a sarrafa ta tsawon sa'o'i da yawa ba, yawan hayakin na iya yin yawa sosai. Wannan yana faruwa saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: * '''Abubuwan da ake buƙata na rabon iskar da man fetur a cikin injunan sanyi''' : Lokacin da injin sanyi ya fara, man ba ya yin vapor gabaɗaya, yana haifar da hayaki mafi girma na hydrocarbons da carbon monoxide, wanda ke raguwa kawai yayin da injin ya kai zafin aiki. An rage tsawon lokacin wannan lokacin farawa ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin kayan aiki da fasaha, gami da allurar mai sarrafa kwamfuta, gajeriyar tsawon lokacin sha, da zafin mai da / ko iskar da aka shigar. * '''Mai jujjuyawar catalytic mara inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyi''' : Masu juyawa na catalytic ba su da inganci sosai har sai sun dumama zuwa zafin aikins u. Wannan lokacin ya ragu sosai ta hanyar matsar da mai canzawa kusa da ma'aunin shaye-shaye har ma da sanya ƙaramin mai jujjuya mai saurin zafi kai tsaye a mashin ɗin. Ƙaramin mai jujjuyawar yana ɗaukar hayakin farawa, wanda ke ba da damar isasshen lokaci don babban mai jujjuyawar don yin zafi. Ana iya samun ƙarin haɓakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, <ref>Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey</ref> gami da dumama wutar lantarki, baturi mai zafi, preheating na sinadarai, dumama harshen wuta da superinulation. == Takaitaccen bayanin fitar da fasinja == {| class="wikitable" |+Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta ƙiyasta matsakaiciyar hayaƙin motar fasinja a cikin Amurka na Afrilu shekarata 2000 ! Bangaren ! Yawan fitarwa ! Gurbacewar yanayi na shekara-shekara |- | Hydrocarbons | 2.80&nbsp;grams/mil (1.75 g/km) | {{Convert|77.1|lb}} |- | Carbon monoxide | 20.9&nbsp;grams/mil (13.06 g/km) | {{Convert|575|lb}} |- | BA _''x'' | 1.39&nbsp;grams/mil (0.87 g/km) | {{Convert|38.2|lb}} |- | Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas | 415 grams/mil (258 g/km) | {{Convert|11,450|lb}} |- |} Kwatanta da ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Turai EURO III kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a watan Oktoba shekarata 2000 A cikin shekarata 2000, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta fara aiwatar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don abubuwan hawa masu haske. An fara aiwatar da buƙatun tun da farko da motocin 2004 kuma ana buƙatar duk sabbin motoci da manyan motoci don cika ƙa'idodin da aka sabunta a ƙarshen shekarar 2007. {| class="wikitable" |+Motar Lantarki ta Amurka, Motar Kula da Haske, da Motar Fasinja Mai Matsakaici-Tsarin Ƙirar Fitar da Wuta na 2 (na Bin 5) ! Bangaren ! Yawan fitarwa ! Gurbacewar yanayi na shekara-shekara |- | NMOG ( Magungunan kwayoyin halitta marasa ƙarfi) | 0.075&nbsp;grams/mil (0.046 g/km) | {{Convert|2.1|lb}} |- | Carbon Monoxide | 3.4&nbsp;grams/mil (2.1 g/km) | {{Convert|94|lb}} |- | BA _''X'' | 0.05&nbsp;grams/mil (0.0305 g/km) | {{Convert|1.4|lb}} |- | Formaldehyde | 0.015&nbsp;grams/mil (0.0092 g/km) | {{Convert|0.41|lb}} |- |} == Nau'ukan == === Injin konewa na ciki === [[File:Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg|thumb| Shaye-shayen mota]] ==== Wutar lantarki da injunan Diesel ==== A cikin injunan kunna walƙiya ana kiran iskar gas da ke fitowa daga konewar mai da iskan iska. Haɗin ya bambanta daga man fetur zuwa injin dizal, amma yana kusa da waɗannan matakan: {| class="wikitable" |'''Gas mai ƙonewa-injin''' <br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ^{''Duk alkaluma sun yi kusanta''} ! colspan="2" | % na duka |- ! Haɗin gwiwa ! Man fetur ! Diesel |- | nitrogen | 71 | 67 |- | carbon dioxide | 14 | 12 |- | tururin ruwa | 13 | 11 |- | oxygen | | 10 |- ! Abubuwan da aka gano{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2013}} | <0.6 | ~ 0.3 |- | nitrogen oxides | <0.25 | <0.15 |- | carbon monoxide | 1-2 | <0.045 |- | particulate al'amarin | | <0.045 |- | hydrocarbons | <0.25 | <0.03 |- | sulfur dioxide | yiwu burbushi | <0.03 |} Oxygen 10% na "dizal" mai yiyuwa ne idan injin yana aiki, misali a cikin injin gwaji. Ya ragu sosai idan injin yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kaya, kodayake injunan diesel koyaushe suna aiki tare da wuce gona da iri akan mai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}}Abubuwan da ke injunan mai ya bambanta daga ~ 15 ppm don ingin ingantaccen injin tare da allurar mai da mai canzawa zuwa kimanin 100,000 ppm (10%) don ingin carburetor mai ɗorewa, kamar yawanci ana samuwa akan ƙananan janareta da lambun. kayan aiki. ===== Nitromethane ƙari ===== Gas da ke fitowa daga injin konewa na ciki wanda man ya ƙunshi [nitromethane] zai ƙunshi tururi [nitric acid] mai lalata, kuma idan an shaka yana haifar da motsin tsoka yana sa ba za a iya numfashi ba. Mutanen da za su iya kamuwa da shi ya kamata su sanya abin rufe fuska na gas. ==== Injin dizal ==== ==== Injin turbin gas ==== * A cikin injunan injin turbine na jirgin sama, "zazzaɓin iskar gas" (EGT) shine ma'auni na farko na lafiyar injin. Yawanci ana kwatanta EGT tare da alamar wutar lantarki ta farko da ake kira "injin matsin lamba" (EPR). Misali: a cikakken iko EPR za a sami matsakaicin izini EGT iyaka. Da zarar injin ya kai wani mataki a rayuwarsa inda ya kai wannan iyaka na EGT, injin din zai bukaci kulawa ta musamman domin gyara matsalar. Adadin EGT da ke ƙasa da iyakar EGT ana kiransa gefen EGT. Gefen EGT na injin zai kasance mafi girma lokacin da injin ya zama sabo, ko kuma an yi masa overhauled. Ga yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama, ana kuma lura da wannan bayanin daga nesa ta sashen kula da jiragen sama ta hanyar ACARS . ==== Injin jet da injunan roka ==== [[File:Jet_exhaust_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb| Abin da ya yi kama da shaye-shaye daga injunan jet a haƙiƙanin ɓarna ne.]] A cikin injunan jet da injunan roka, shaye-shaye daga nozzles wanda a wasu aikace-aikacen ke nuna lu'ulu'u masu girgiza .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2009}} === Sauran nau'ikan === ==== Daga kona kwal ==== * Gas mai guba * Turar iskar gas daga konewar mai ==== Injin tururi ==== A cikin kalmomin injin tururi shaye-shaye shi ne tururi wanda yanzu ya ragu sosai wanda ba zai iya yin aiki mai amfani ba. == Babban hayakin abin hawa == === BA _''x'' === [[File:SmogNY.jpg|right|thumb| Smog a cikin [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] kamar yadda aka duba daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a 1988]] Mono- nitrogen oxides NO da NO ₂ ( NOx ) (ko an samar da wannan hanya ko ta hanyar walƙiya ) suna amsawa tare da ammonia, danshi, da sauran mahadi don samar da tururi na nitric acid da abubuwan da suka danganci. Ƙananan barbashi na iya shiga zurfi cikin ƙwayar huhu mai mahimmanci kuma su lalata shi, haifar da mutuwa da wuri a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Shakar NO nau'in yana ƙara haɗarin [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|kansar huhu]] da kansar launin fata. da shakar irin wannan barbashi na iya haifar ko dagula cututtuka na numfashi kamar su emphysema da mashako da cututtukan zuciya. A cikin shekarata 2005 US EPA binciken mafi girman hayaƙin sun zo ne daga motocin da ke kan hanya, wanda na biyu mafi girma ya ba da gudummawar shi ne kayan aikin da ba na titi ba ne wadanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Sakamakon nitric acid ana iya wanke shi cikin ƙasa, inda ya zama nitrate, wanda ke da amfani ga [[shuka]] shuka. === Mahalli maras tabbas === [[File:Sources_of_Volatile_Organic_Compounds.PNG|right|thumb| Kayayyakin da ba na titi galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. ]] Lokacin da oxides na nitrogen (NOx) da mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta (VOCs) suka amsa a gaban hasken rana, an samar da matakin ozone na ƙasa, wani abu na farko a cikin smog . Rahoton EPA na Amurkan shekarata 2005 ya ba da motocin tituna a matsayin tushe na biyu mafi girma na VOCs a Amurka a kashi 26% da 19% daga kayan aikin da ba na hanya ba ne waɗanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Kashi 27% na fitar da VOC daga abubuwan kaushi ne waɗanda ake amfani da su a masana'antar fenti da fenti da sauran abubuwan amfani. === Ozone === Ozone yana da amfani a sararin sama, amma a matakin ƙasa ozone yana fusata tsarin numfashi, yana haifar da tari, shaƙa, da rage ƙarfin huhu. Har ila yau, yana da mummunan tasiri a ko'ina cikin yanayin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |archive-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024115445/http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Carbon monoxide (CO) === [[File:MOPITT_www.acd.ucar.edu.Web-201003-mixing_ratio_at_surface.png|thumb| MOPITT tauraron dan adam Hoton kwamfuta na carbon monoxide Maris 2010]] Guba monoxide shi ne mafi yawan nau'in gubar iska mai saurin kisa a ƙasashe da yawa. Carbon monoxide ba shi da launi, mara wari kuma marar ɗanɗano, amma mai guba sosai. Ya haɗu da haemoglobin don samar da carboxyhemoglobin, wanda ke toshe jigilar iskar oxygen. A mafi yawan abubuwan da ke sama da 1000ppm ana ɗaukarsa nan da nan yana da haɗari kuma shine mafi haɗarin lafiya nan take daga injuna aiki a cikin sarari mara kyau. A cikin shekarata 2011, 52% na iskar carbon monoxide an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar motocin hannu a cikin Amurka === Gurbatacciyar iska (masu guba) === Tsawon lokaci (dogon lokaci) bayyanar benzene ( C <nowiki><sub id="mwAWQ">6</sub></nowiki> H <nowiki><sub id="mwAWU">6</sub></nowiki> ) yana lalata bargon kashi . Hakanan zai iya haifar da zubar da jini mai yawa da kuma rage karfin garkuwar jiki, yana kara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta . Benzene yana haifar da cutar sankarar bargo kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji na jini da pre-ciwon daji na jini. === Matsalolin musamman (PM ₁₀ da PM _2.5 ) === An yi nazari sosai kan illolin shakar iska a cikin mutane da dabbobi kuma sun haɗa da [[Fuka|asma]], [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|ciwon huhu]], al'amuran zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, mutuwa da wuri. Saboda girman ɓangarorin, za su iya shiga cikin mafi zurfin ɓangaren huhu. <ref>Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).''PM 2.5 Objectives and History.'' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</ref> Wani bincike na Burtaniya na shekarar 2011 ya kiyasta mutuwar mutane 90 a kowace shekara saboda motar fasinja PM. A cikin littafin 2006, Hukumar Kula da manyan tituna ta Amurka (FHWA) ta bayyana cewa a cikin shekarata 2002 kusan kashi 1 cikin 100 na duk PM ₁₀ da kashi 2 cikin ɗari na duk hayaƙin PM _2.5 sun fito ne daga hayakin motocin da ke kan hanya (mafi yawa daga dizal . injuna ). === Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) === Carbon dioxide iskar gas ce. Fitar da motocin CO ₂ wani ɓangare ne na gudummawar ɗan adam don haɓaka yawan CO ₂ a cikin yanayi wanda bisa ga yawancin al'ummomin kimiyya ke haifar da [[canjin yanayi]] . <ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Ana ƙididdige motocin motoci don samar da kusan kashi 20% na hayaƙin CO ₂ na Tarayyar Turai da mutum ya yi, tare da motocin fasinja suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 12%. Matsayin fitar da hayaki na Turai yana iyakance fitar da CO ₂ sabbin motocin fasinja da motocin haske. Matsakaicin adadin sabbin motocin CO ₂ na Tarayyar Turai ya ragu da kashi 5.4% a cikin shekara zuwa kwata na farko na shekarar 2010, zuwa 145.6 g/km . === Turin ruwa === Shaye-shayen abin hawa ya ƙunshi tururin ruwa da yawa . ==== Farfadowar ruwa ==== An gudanar da bincike kan hanyoyin da sojoji a cikin hamada za su iya kwato ruwan sha daga iskar hayakin motocinsu. == Rage gurbatar yanayi == Matsayin fitar da iska yana mai da hankali kan rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da hayaki daga ababen hawa da kuma tarin iskar gas na masana'antu da sauran wuraren shayewar iska a manyan wuraren masana'antu daban-daban kamar matatun mai, masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas, masana'antar mai da masana'antar samar da sinadarai . . <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html US EPA Publication] AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</ref> Duk da haka, ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa a matsayin iskar hayaƙi . Masu juyawa a cikin motoci suna da niyya don lalata gurɓataccen iskar gas ta amfani da mai kara kuzari. Masu gogewa a cikin jiragen ruwa sun yi niyya don cire sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ) na iskar hayakin ruwa. Dokokin game da hayakin sulfur dioxide na ruwa suna daɗa ƙarfi, duk da haka kaɗan ne kawai na wurare na musamman a duniya aka tsara don ƙarancin amfani da man dizal sulfur kawai, domin kawo saukin gurɓatar yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin da ake da'awa ga injunan fasahar tururi na ci gaba shine cewa suna samar da ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba (misali oxides na nitrogen) fiye da injinan man dizal masu ƙarfi iri ɗaya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2009}} mafi girman adadin carbon dioxide amma ƙasa da carbon monoxide saboda ingantaccen konewa. == Karatun lafiya == Masu bincike daga Jami'ar [[California]], Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta [[Los Angeles]] sun ce sakamakon farko na binciken kididdiga na yara da aka jera a cikin rajistar cutar daji ta California da aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1998 da 2007 sun gano cewa gurɓacewar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na iya haɗuwa da haɓakar 5% zuwa 15%. yiyuwar wasu ciwon daji. Wani bincike da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta]] gudanar ya gano cewa hayakin diesel na haifar da karuwar cutar kansar huhu. == Tasirin gida == Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California ta gano a cikin binciken cewa kimanin 50% ko fiye na gurɓataccen iska ( smog ) a Kudancin California yana faruwa ne saboda hayakin mota.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2010}} ke fitowa daga injunan konewa na iya yin girma musamman a kusa da tsaka-tsakin sigina saboda raguwa da hanzari. Samfuran kwamfuta sau da yawa suna rasa irin wannan dalla-dalla. == Duba sauran abunuwa == == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/health.htm Buga Kiwon Lafiya da Iska] na Hukumar Albarkatun Jiragen Sama na California * * * * Game da sharar dizal: ** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/ Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka Tsaron Sana'a & Gudanar da Lafiya: Tsaro da Batutuwan Lafiya: Diesel Exhaust] ** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/chemical.html Jerin Abubuwan Sinadarai Masu Haɗewa Tare da Sharar Diesel] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031101139/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s069dies.pdf Dizal Exhaust Ya Rarraba: A Haƙiƙa Ana Tsammanin Zama Cutar Carcinogen ɗan Adam] ** [http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/3/702 Nazarin Kimiyya na Mummunan Illolin Dizal: Mummunan Amsoshi Masu Kumburi a cikin Jiragen Sama da Jini Na Gaggawa Bayan Gaggawar Gaggawar Gaggawar Ƙarfin Diesel a cikin Masu Sa kai na Dan Adam Lafiya] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414094408/http://www.losh.ucla.edu/catalog/factsheets/diesel_english.pdf Diesel shaye: abin da kuke bukatar ku sani] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Gas]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gurɓatar yanayi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3571lrp8xvjaekpp2thfy0gg6srduoj 542841 542840 2024-11-19T22:07:45Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Black_smoke_emissions_from_a_vehicle%E2%80%99s_exhaust_are_a_key_contributing_factor_to_air_pollution_and_climate_change_in_Kamonyi_District_road,_Rwanda._Emmanuel_Kwizera.jpg |thumb|Gurbataccen Iska ]] [[File:013_Air_pollution_in_Cuba_-_fumes_from_old_faulty_motorcycle_in_Cienfuegos_town,_Cuba.jpg |thumb|Air pollution in Cuba - fumes from old faulty motorcycle in Cienfuegos town, Cuba ]] [[File:Diesel-smoke.jpg|thumb| Wannan motar da ke amfani da dizal tana fitar da iskar gas mai wadata da baƙar fata a lokacin da ta fara injin ta.]] '''Gas''' mai fitar da hayaki ko hayaki yana fitowa ne sakamakon konewar mai kamar iskar gas, man fetur (man fetur), man dizal, man fetur, gaurayawan biodiesel, ko kwal. Dangane da nau'in injin, ana fitar da shi zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar bututun shaye-shaye, bututun hayaƙi, ko bututun ƙarfe . Sau da yawa yana watsar da iska a cikin tsarin da ake kira ''sharar ruwa''. Babban sashi ne na hayakin abin hawa (kuma daga injunan konewa na ciki a tsaye), wanda kuma yana iya haɗawa da busa-baki da ƙafewar mai da ba a yi amfani da Shi ba. Fitar da ababen hawa na taimakawa wajen gurbacewar iska kuma wani babban sinadari ne wajen samar da hayaki a wasu manyan biranen kasar. Wani bincike na shekarar 2013 da MIT ya yi ya nuna cewa kimanin 53,000 na mutuwa da wuri a kowace shekara a Amurka kadai saboda hayakin abin hawa. A cewar wani bincike da aka yi daga wannan jami’a, hayakin motoci kadai ke haddasa mutuwar mutane 5,000 a duk shekara a kasar Birtaniya. == Abun ciki == Mafi girman sashi na mafi yawan iskar gas shi ne nitrogen (N ₂ ), tururin ruwa (H ₂ O) (sai dai tare da man fetur mai tsabta), da carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) (sai dai man fetur ba tare da carbon); waɗannan ba masu guba ba ne ko masu lahani (ko da yake tururin ruwa da carbon dioxide iskar gas ne da ke haifar da [[canjin yanayi]] ). Wani ɗan ƙaramin yanki na iskar gas ɗin da ba a so, mara kyau, ko abubuwa masu guba, kamar carbon monoxide (CO) daga konewar da ba ta cika ba, hydrocarbons (wanda aka nuna daidai kamar C _x H _y, amma yawanci ana nuna shi azaman “HC” akan iskar gwaji-gwajin. ) daga man fetur da ba a ƙone ba, nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) daga yanayin zafi mai yawa, da kuma kwayoyin halitta (mafi yawa soot ). == Fitar da zafin gas == Zazzagewar iskar gas (EGT) yana da mahimmanci ga aiki na mai jujjuyawar injin konewa na ciki. Ana iya auna shi da ma'aunin zafin jiki na iskar gas. EGT kuma ma'auni ne na lafiyar injin a cikin injin turbin gas (duba ƙasa). == Injin sanyi == [[File:Exhaust.jpg|right|thumb| Turi daga bututun mota mai sanyi]] A cikin mintuna biyu (2) na farko bayan fara injin motar da ba a sarrafa ta tsawon sa'o'i da yawa ba, yawan hayakin na iya yin yawa sosai. Wannan yana faruwa saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu: * '''Abubuwan da ake buƙata na rabon iskar da man fetur a cikin injunan sanyi''' : Lokacin da injin sanyi ya fara, man ba ya yin vapor gabaɗaya, yana haifar da hayaki mafi girma na hydrocarbons da carbon monoxide, wanda ke raguwa kawai yayin da injin ya kai zafin aiki. An rage tsawon lokacin wannan lokacin farawa ta hanyar ci gaba a cikin kayan aiki da fasaha, gami da allurar mai sarrafa kwamfuta, gajeriyar tsawon lokacin sha, da zafin mai da / ko iskar da aka shigar. * '''Mai jujjuyawar catalytic mara inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyi''' : Masu juyawa na catalytic ba su da inganci sosai har sai sun dumama zuwa zafin aikins u. Wannan lokacin ya ragu sosai ta hanyar matsar da mai canzawa kusa da ma'aunin shaye-shaye har ma da sanya ƙaramin mai jujjuya mai saurin zafi kai tsaye a mashin ɗin. Ƙaramin mai jujjuyawar yana ɗaukar hayakin farawa, wanda ke ba da damar isasshen lokaci don babban mai jujjuyawar don yin zafi. Ana iya samun ƙarin haɓakawa ta hanyoyi da yawa, <ref>Pulkrabek W.W. (2004) Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine. Pearson Prentice Hall, new Jersey</ref> gami da dumama wutar lantarki, baturi mai zafi, preheating na sinadarai, dumama harshen wuta da superinulation. == Takaitaccen bayanin fitar da fasinja == {| class="wikitable" |+Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta ƙiyasta matsakaiciyar hayaƙin motar fasinja a cikin Amurka na Afrilu shekarata 2000 ! Bangaren ! Yawan fitarwa ! Gurbacewar yanayi na shekara-shekara |- | Hydrocarbons | 2.80&nbsp;grams/mil (1.75 g/km) | {{Convert|77.1|lb}} |- | Carbon monoxide | 20.9&nbsp;grams/mil (13.06 g/km) | {{Convert|575|lb}} |- | BA _''x'' | 1.39&nbsp;grams/mil (0.87 g/km) | {{Convert|38.2|lb}} |- | Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas | 415 grams/mil (258 g/km) | {{Convert|11,450|lb}} |- |} Kwatanta da ƙa'idodin fitarwa na Turai EURO III kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a watan Oktoba shekarata 2000 A cikin shekarata 2000, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta fara aiwatar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi masu tsauri don abubuwan hawa masu haske. An fara aiwatar da buƙatun tun da farko da motocin 2004 kuma ana buƙatar duk sabbin motoci da manyan motoci don cika ƙa'idodin da aka sabunta a ƙarshen shekarar 2007. {| class="wikitable" |+Motar Lantarki ta Amurka, Motar Kula da Haske, da Motar Fasinja Mai Matsakaici-Tsarin Ƙirar Fitar da Wuta na 2 (na Bin 5) ! Bangaren ! Yawan fitarwa ! Gurbacewar yanayi na shekara-shekara |- | NMOG ( Magungunan kwayoyin halitta marasa ƙarfi) | 0.075&nbsp;grams/mil (0.046 g/km) | {{Convert|2.1|lb}} |- | Carbon Monoxide | 3.4&nbsp;grams/mil (2.1 g/km) | {{Convert|94|lb}} |- | BA _''X'' | 0.05&nbsp;grams/mil (0.0305 g/km) | {{Convert|1.4|lb}} |- | Formaldehyde | 0.015&nbsp;grams/mil (0.0092 g/km) | {{Convert|0.41|lb}} |- |} == Nau'ukan == === Injin konewa na ciki === [[File:Automobile_exhaust_gas.jpg|thumb| Shaye-shayen mota]] ==== Wutar lantarki da injunan Diesel ==== A cikin injunan kunna walƙiya ana kiran iskar gas da ke fitowa daga konewar mai da iskan iska. Haɗin ya bambanta daga man fetur zuwa injin dizal, amma yana kusa da waɗannan matakan: {| class="wikitable" |'''Gas mai ƙonewa-injin''' <br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> ^{''Duk alkaluma sun yi kusanta''} ! colspan="2" | % na duka |- ! Haɗin gwiwa ! Man fetur ! Diesel |- | nitrogen | 71 | 67 |- | carbon dioxide | 14 | 12 |- | tururin ruwa | 13 | 11 |- | oxygen | | 10 |- ! Abubuwan da aka gano{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2013}} | <0.6 | ~ 0.3 |- | nitrogen oxides | <0.25 | <0.15 |- | carbon monoxide | 1-2 | <0.045 |- | particulate al'amarin | | <0.045 |- | hydrocarbons | <0.25 | <0.03 |- | sulfur dioxide | yiwu burbushi | <0.03 |} Oxygen 10% na "dizal" mai yiyuwa ne idan injin yana aiki, misali a cikin injin gwaji. Ya ragu sosai idan injin yana aiki a ƙarƙashin kaya, kodayake injunan diesel koyaushe suna aiki tare da wuce gona da iri akan mai.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2016}}Abubuwan da ke injunan mai ya bambanta daga ~ 15 ppm don ingin ingantaccen injin tare da allurar mai da mai canzawa zuwa kimanin 100,000 ppm (10%) don ingin carburetor mai ɗorewa, kamar yawanci ana samuwa akan ƙananan janareta da lambun. kayan aiki. ===== Nitromethane ƙari ===== Gas da ke fitowa daga injin konewa na ciki wanda man ya ƙunshi [nitromethane] zai ƙunshi tururi [nitric acid] mai lalata, kuma idan an shaka yana haifar da motsin tsoka yana sa ba za a iya numfashi ba. Mutanen da za su iya kamuwa da shi ya kamata su sanya abin rufe fuska na gas. ==== Injin dizal ==== ==== Injin turbin gas ==== * A cikin injunan injin turbine na jirgin sama, "zazzaɓin iskar gas" (EGT) shine ma'auni na farko na lafiyar injin. Yawanci ana kwatanta EGT tare da alamar wutar lantarki ta farko da ake kira "injin matsin lamba" (EPR). Misali: a cikakken iko EPR za a sami matsakaicin izini EGT iyaka. Da zarar injin ya kai wani mataki a rayuwarsa inda ya kai wannan iyaka na EGT, injin din zai bukaci kulawa ta musamman domin gyara matsalar. Adadin EGT da ke ƙasa da iyakar EGT ana kiransa gefen EGT. Gefen EGT na injin zai kasance mafi girma lokacin da injin ya zama sabo, ko kuma an yi masa overhauled. Ga yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama, ana kuma lura da wannan bayanin daga nesa ta sashen kula da jiragen sama ta hanyar ACARS . ==== Injin jet da injunan roka ==== [[File:Jet_exhaust_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb| Abin da ya yi kama da shaye-shaye daga injunan jet a haƙiƙanin ɓarna ne.]] A cikin injinan jet da injinan roka, shaye-shaye daga nozzles wanda a wasu aikace-aikacen ke nuna lu'u lu'u masu girgiza.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2009}} === Sauran nau'ikan === ==== Daga kona kwal ==== * Gas mai guba * Turar iskar gas daga konewar mai ==== Injin tururi ==== A cikin kalmomin injin tururi shaye-shaye shi ne tururi wanda yanzu ya ragu sosai wanda ba zai iya yin aiki mai amfani ba. == Babban hayakin abin hawa == === BA _''x'' === [[File:SmogNY.jpg|right|thumb| Smog a cikin [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] kamar yadda aka duba daga Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya a 1988]] Mono- nitrogen oxides NO da NO ₂ ( NOx ) (ko an samar da wannan hanya ko ta hanyar walƙiya ) suna amsawa tare da ammonia, danshi, da sauran mahadi don samar da tururi na nitric acid da abubuwan da suka danganci. Ƙananan barbashi na iya shiga zurfi cikin ƙwayar huhu mai mahimmanci kuma su lalata shi, haifar da mutuwa da wuri a cikin matsanancin yanayi. Shakar NO nau'in yana ƙara haɗarin [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|kansar huhu]] da kansar launin fata. da shakar irin wannan barbashi na iya haifar ko dagula cututtuka na numfashi kamar su emphysema da mashako da cututtukan zuciya. A cikin shekarata 2005 US EPA binciken mafi girman hayaƙin sun zo ne daga motocin da ke kan hanya, wanda na biyu mafi girma ya ba da gudummawar shi ne kayan aikin da ba na titi ba ne wadanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Sakamakon nitric acid ana iya wanke shi cikin ƙasa, inda ya zama nitrate, wanda ke da amfani ga [[shuka]] shuka. === Mahalli maras tabbas === [[File:Sources_of_Volatile_Organic_Compounds.PNG|right|thumb| Kayayyakin da ba na titi galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. ]] Lokacin da oxides na nitrogen (NOx) da mahaɗaɗɗen kwayoyin halitta (VOCs) suka amsa a gaban hasken rana, an samar da matakin ozone na ƙasa, wani abu na farko a cikin smog . Rahoton EPA na Amurkan shekarata 2005 ya ba da motocin tituna a matsayin tushe na biyu mafi girma na VOCs a Amurka a kashi 26% da 19% daga kayan aikin da ba na hanya ba ne waɗanda galibi gidajen mai da dizal ne. Kashi 27% na fitar da VOC daga abubuwan kaushi ne waɗanda ake amfani da su a masana'antar fenti da fenti da sauran abubuwan amfani. === Ozone === Ozone yana da amfani a sararin sama, amma a matakin ƙasa ozone yana fusata tsarin numfashi, yana haifar da tari, shaƙa, da rage ƙarfin huhu. Har ila yau, yana da mummunan tasiri a ko'ina cikin yanayin halittu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |access-date=2022-03-09 |archive-date=2014-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024115445/http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Carbon monoxide (CO) === [[File:MOPITT_www.acd.ucar.edu.Web-201003-mixing_ratio_at_surface.png|thumb| MOPITT tauraron dan adam Hoton kwamfuta na carbon monoxide Maris 2010]] Guba monoxide shi ne mafi yawan nau'in gubar iska mai saurin kisa a ƙasashe da yawa. Carbon monoxide ba shi da launi, mara wari kuma marar ɗanɗano, amma mai guba sosai. Ya haɗu da haemoglobin don samar da carboxyhemoglobin, wanda ke toshe jigilar iskar oxygen. A mafi yawan abubuwan da ke sama da 1000ppm ana ɗaukarsa nan da nan yana da haɗari kuma shine mafi haɗarin lafiya nan take daga injuna aiki a cikin sarari mara kyau. A cikin shekarata 2011, 52% na iskar carbon monoxide an ƙirƙira su ta hanyar motocin hannu a cikin Amurka === Gurbatacciyar iska (masu guba) === Tsawon lokaci (dogon lokaci) bayyanar benzene ( C <nowiki><sub id="mwAWQ">6</sub></nowiki> H <nowiki><sub id="mwAWU">6</sub></nowiki> ) yana lalata bargon kashi . Hakanan zai iya haifar da zubar da jini mai yawa da kuma rage karfin garkuwar jiki, yana kara yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta . Benzene yana haifar da cutar sankarar bargo kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji na jini da pre-ciwon daji na jini. === Matsalolin musamman (PM ₁₀ da PM _2.5 ) === An yi nazari sosai kan illolin shakar iska a cikin mutane da dabbobi kuma sun haɗa da [[Fuka|asma]], [[Ciwon Huhun Daji|ciwon huhu]], al'amuran zuciya da jijiyoyin jini, mutuwa da wuri. Saboda girman ɓangarorin, za su iya shiga cikin mafi zurfin ɓangaren huhu. <ref>Region 4: Laboratory and Field Operations — PM 2.5 (2008).''PM 2.5 Objectives and History.'' U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</ref> Wani bincike na Burtaniya na shekarar 2011 ya kiyasta mutuwar mutane 90 a kowace shekara saboda motar fasinja PM. A cikin littafin 2006, Hukumar Kula da manyan tituna ta Amurka (FHWA) ta bayyana cewa a cikin shekarata 2002 kusan kashi 1 cikin 100 na duk PM ₁₀ da kashi 2 cikin ɗari na duk hayaƙin PM _2.5 sun fito ne daga hayakin motocin da ke kan hanya (mafi yawa daga dizal . injuna ). === Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) === Carbon dioxide iskar gas ce. Fitar da motocin CO ₂ wani ɓangare ne na gudummawar ɗan adam don haɓaka yawan CO ₂ a cikin yanayi wanda bisa ga yawancin al'ummomin kimiyya ke haifar da [[canjin yanayi]] . <ref>[http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_SPM_FINAL.pdf IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.</ref> Ana ƙididdige motocin motoci don samar da kusan kashi 20% na hayaƙin CO ₂ na Tarayyar Turai da mutum ya yi, tare da motocin fasinja suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 12%. Matsayin fitar da hayaki na Turai yana iyakance fitar da CO ₂ sabbin motocin fasinja da motocin haske. Matsakaicin adadin sabbin motocin CO ₂ na Tarayyar Turai ya ragu da kashi 5.4% a cikin shekara zuwa kwata na farko na shekarar 2010, zuwa 145.6 g/km . === Turin ruwa === Shaye-shayen abin hawa ya ƙunshi tururin ruwa da yawa . ==== Farfadowar ruwa ==== An gudanar da bincike kan hanyoyin da sojoji a cikin hamada za su iya kwato ruwan sha daga iskar hayakin motocinsu. == Rage gurbatar yanayi == Matsayin fitar da iska yana mai da hankali kan rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da hayaki daga ababen hawa da kuma tarin iskar gas na masana'antu da sauran wuraren shayewar iska a manyan wuraren masana'antu daban-daban kamar matatun mai, masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas, masana'antar mai da masana'antar samar da sinadarai . . <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html US EPA Publication] AP 42, Fifth Edition, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</ref> Duk da haka, ana kiran waɗannan sau da yawa a matsayin iskar hayaƙi . Masu juyawa a cikin motoci suna da niyya don lalata gurɓataccen iskar gas ta amfani da mai kara kuzari. Masu gogewa a cikin jiragen ruwa sun yi niyya don cire sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ) na iskar hayakin ruwa. Dokokin game da hayakin sulfur dioxide na ruwa suna daɗa ƙarfi, duk da haka kaɗan ne kawai na wurare na musamman a duniya aka tsara don ƙarancin amfani da man dizal sulfur kawai, domin kawo saukin gurɓatar yanayi. Ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin da ake da'awa ga injunan fasahar tururi na ci gaba shine cewa suna samar da ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba (misali oxides na nitrogen) fiye da injinan man dizal masu ƙarfi iri ɗaya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2009}} mafi girman adadin carbon dioxide amma ƙasa da carbon monoxide saboda ingantaccen konewa. == Karatun lafiya == Masu bincike daga Jami'ar [[California]], Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta [[Los Angeles]] sun ce sakamakon farko na binciken kididdiga na yara da aka jera a cikin rajistar cutar daji ta California da aka haifa tsakanin shekarun 1998 da 2007 sun gano cewa gurɓacewar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa na iya haɗuwa da haɓakar 5% zuwa 15%. yiyuwar wasu ciwon daji. Wani bincike da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta]] gudanar ya gano cewa hayakin diesel na haifar da karuwar cutar kansar huhu. == Tasirin gida == Hukumar Kula da Albarkatun Jiragen Sama ta California ta gano a cikin binciken cewa kimanin 50% ko fiye na gurɓataccen iska ( smog ) a Kudancin California yana faruwa ne saboda hayakin mota.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2010}} ke fitowa daga injunan konewa na iya yin girma musamman a kusa da tsaka-tsakin sigina saboda raguwa da hanzari. Samfuran kwamfuta sau da yawa suna rasa irin wannan dalla-dalla. == Duba sauran abunuwa == == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/health.htm Buga Kiwon Lafiya da Iska] na Hukumar Albarkatun Jiragen Sama na California * * * * Game da sharar dizal: ** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/ Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka Tsaron Sana'a & Gudanar da Lafiya: Tsaro da Batutuwan Lafiya: Diesel Exhaust] ** [https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/chemical.html Jerin Abubuwan Sinadarai Masu Haɗewa Tare da Sharar Diesel] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20051031101139/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s069dies.pdf Dizal Exhaust Ya Rarraba: A Haƙiƙa Ana Tsammanin Zama Cutar Carcinogen ɗan Adam] ** [http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/3/702 Nazarin Kimiyya na Mummunan Illolin Dizal: Mummunan Amsoshi Masu Kumburi a cikin Jiragen Sama da Jini Na Gaggawa Bayan Gaggawar Gaggawar Gaggawar Ƙarfin Diesel a cikin Masu Sa kai na Dan Adam Lafiya] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080414094408/http://www.losh.ucla.edu/catalog/factsheets/diesel_english.pdf Diesel shaye: abin da kuke bukatar ku sani] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Gas]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Gurɓatar yanayi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hhegl6w90s2ablo8e102uly762lgn7f 0 30164 542838 520573 2024-11-19T22:00:35Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} : ''Don cikakken ra'ayi na nau'in barin waje, duba ƙaura .'' ''Don mutane masu motsi bayanai suna duba ƙaura'' . [[Fayil:Omnibus - Project Gutenberg eText 16943.jpg|thumb|masu Hijira]] '''Hijirar ɗan adam'''<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijrah</ref> ita ce ƙaura daga wannan wuri zuwa wani don zama a can. Yakan faru da yawa. Hijira na iya kasancewa cikin ƙasashe ko tsakanin ƙasashe. An san ’yan Adam sun yi ƙaura da yawa a cikin tarihi da kafin tarihi . Wani lokaci, motsi na son rai ne, amma wani lokacin, ana tilasta wa mutane motsi. Suna iya fuskantar yaƙe-yaƙe, zalunci na addini da na siyasa, yunwa, da sauran bala’o’i. Lokacin da aka tilasta wa mutane ƙaura, [['Yan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]] ne. Yawancin 'yan gudun hijirar bakin haure ne ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma fiye da rabin yara ne da mata. Suna iya rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci, rashin abinci, matsuguni, sutura, ilimi da kula da lafiya. == Hijira daga karkara zuwa birane == Ƙaura daga karkara zuwa birane , shine ƙaura daga yankunan wajen gari zuwa cikin garuruwa da birane. Akwai dalilai da yawa na mutanen da ke barin karkara. Sau da yawa, suna da yawan jama'a, yawan haihuwa, da yunwa. Injiniyanci ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan da ake samu a karkara. Noma aiki ne mai wahala, tare da ɗaukan dogon sa'o'i da ƙarancin albashi. Da yawa manoma ne. A ƙasashe masu tasowa, rashin kuɗi yana nufin rashin injuna. Masifu, kamar fari, guguwa, ambaliya da aman wuta, suna lalata kauyuka da amfanin gona. Akwai karancin ayyuka kamar makarantu da asibitoci a karkara. Mutane suna motsawa saboda suna neman ayyukan yi mafi kyau da kuma ingantaccen rayuwa. Suna da kyakkywar damar samun ababan rayuwa kamar makarantu, jiyya da nishaɗi. Hakanan ana sha'awar mutane sau da yawa saboda fa'idodin salon rayuwa kamar shaguna, gidajen abinci, gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, da rayuwar dare. Da yawa suna zuwa da kuɗi kaɗan don haka ba za su iya saya ko hayar gida ba, ko da akwai ɗaya. Dole ne su yi matsuguni na ɗan lokaci tare da arha ko kayan amfani. Wasu sun hakura su koma gida. Yawancin 'ya'yan ma'aikacin ƙaura suna kokawa don neman ilimi. A cikin sabuwar ƙasa, galibi ba a haɗa su kuma ana ɗaukar su kamar marasa daraja. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar su ko da mutanen yankin ba sa son baƙi saboda suna yin aiki iri ɗaya. Ƙarin mutane yana nufin ƙarin zirga-zirga da ƙarin laifuka. Baƙi suna taimakawa wajen haɓaka birane, samar da arha aiki, saka kuɗi, siyan kayayyaki da ayyuka, biyan haraji, da taimakawa kamfanoni su yi takara. == zamanin da == Proto-Indo-Turai sun yi hijira sau da yawa tsakanin 4000 zuwa 1000 BC, bisa ga hasashen Kurgan . [[File:IE_expansion.png|thumb|350x350px| Yankin shunayya yayi daidai da ''ɗaukacin Urheimat'' ( al'adun Samara, al'adun Sredny Stog ). Yankin ja yayi dai-dai da yankin da kila mutanen Indo-Turai sun zauna da su har zuwa kusan 2500 BC, yankin lemu har zuwa kusan 1000 BC.]] == Zamanin yanzu == Yunkurin yawan jama'a a '''wannan zamani''' ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin nau'in ƙaura na son rai a cikin yankin mutum, ƙasarsa, ko bayansa, da ƙaura ba da son rai ba, wanda ya haɗa da cinikin bayi, fataucin mutane, da tsabtace ƙabilanci . Mutanen da suka yi ƙaura ana kiransu '''ƴan hijira''' ko baƙi, ya danganta da yanayin tarihi, yanayi, da hangen nesa. Mutane da yawa sun mutu yayin da suke ƙaura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/ap/2019/07/26/libyas-coast-guard-recovers-dozens-of-bodies-of-migrants/|title=Libya's Coast Guard Recovers Dozens of Bodies of Migrants|website=Snopes.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-28|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119104536/https://www.snopes.com/ap/2019/07/26/libyas-coast-guard-recovers-dozens-of-bodies-of-migrants/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/lapi/hd_lapi.htm Gidan kayan tarihi na Metropolitan akan al'adun Lapita] * [http://www.rootsforreal.com/migrations_en.php Ra'ayin mtDNA game da mutanen duniya ta Homo sapiens] * National Geographic: [https://www5.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Atlas na Tafiya na Dan Adam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060326213734/https://www5.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html |date=2006-03-26 }} Archived (Taswirorin ƙaura na ɗan adam na tushen Haplogroup ) * [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ Tafiya ta Dan Adam : Mutanen Duniya] * [http://www.pstalker.com/migration/index.htm Jagorar Stalker zuwa Ƙaura na Ƙasashen Duniya] Archived * [http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Migration Diflomasiya Monitor - Hijira da] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310224857/http://diplomacymonitor.com/stu/dm.nsf/issued?openform&cat=Migration |date=2007-03-10 }} aka Archived * [http://global-culture.org/blog/category/migration/ Al'adar Duniya: An adana kasidu kan ƙaura da haɗin gwiwar duniya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501084054/http://global-culture.org/blog/category/migration/ |date=2007-05-01 }} Archived [[Category:Hijira]] [[Category:Baƙi]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fm1qkjcw0tgkci88vt2s18xm6xc4w4u 0 30754 542827 498517 2024-11-19T21:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{delete}} [[Fayil:Athalia Molokomme, Attorney General for Botswana speaking at The London Conference on Cyberspace, 2 November 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hutun Athaliah Molokomme]] [[Fayil:Athalia Molokomme, Attorney General for Botswana speaking at The London Conference on Cyberspace, 2 November 2011.jpg|thumb|Athaliah Molokomme na jawabi]] '''Athaliah Molokomme''' ita ce babban lauyan kasar [[Botswana]] kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta taba rike wannan mukami. Molokomme ta himmatu wajen bayar da shawarwari ga yancin mata a tarurruka, tarurrukan bita, da kuma tarukan karawa juna sani a duniya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Athaliah Maoka Lesiba Molokomme a ranar 4 ga Disamba 1959 a Francistown, [[Botswana]]. Ita ce ta biyu a cikin yara tara da malamai Imelda Mishodzi Molokomme da Rufus Oka Kabiwa suka haifa. Molokomme tana da digiri a Jami'ar Botswana da Jami'ar Swaziland. A cikin 1983, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a daga Makarantar Yale Law a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. Ta kuma sami digiri na uku a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Leiden.Rubutun ta, ''Children of the Fence: The maintenance of extra-marital children under law and practice in Botswana,'' an buga shi ba da daɗewa ba. == Ilimi == Tana da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar [[Botswana]] da [[ESwatini|Swaziland]]; Masters a Law daga Yale Law School, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da kuma digiri na uku a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Leiden, [[Holand|Netherlands]]. Ta sami Diploma a International Commercial Arbitration daga Chartered Institute of Arbitrators, [[Landan|London]]. Ta kasance babbar jami'a a Jami'ar Botswana daga 1981 zuwa 1996. == Aiki == Molokomme ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan siyasa kuma farfesa. Ta koyar da shari'a a Jami'ar Botswana kuma ta yi bincike tare da buga littattafai masu yawa a fannonin dokokin iyali, mata da shari'a, dokar al'ada da kuma dokar aiki. Tun daga shekarun 1990s Molokomme ta kasance mai magana akai-akai a taron kasa, yanki da na kasa da kasa, tarurrukan karawa juna sani da karawa juna sani a bangarorin gwaninta. Ta kasance memba ce ta kafa kungiyoyi da yawa, kamar ''Emang Basadi'', ''Mata da Doka a Kudancin Afirka'' (WLSA), da ''Mata, Shari'a da Raya Kasa'' (WLDI). Daga Yuli 1998, ta kasance shugabar sashin jinsi a Sakatariya ta Ƙungiyar Cigaban Afirka ta Kudu, inda ta kasance mai ba da shawara kan al'amuran jinsi da ɓullo da manufofi da tsare-tsare kan karfafawa mata da daidaita jinsi, har zuwa watan Mayun 2003 lokacin da ta kasance an nada shi alkalin babbar kotun kasar [[Botswana]]. Ita ce mace ta farko mai gabatar da kara a [[Botswana]] a shekara ta 2005. A watan Afrilun 2014 ake sa ran Molokomme za ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na babban lauya don tsayawa takarar shugabancin Majalisar [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Manyan Laifuka ta Kasa da Kasa na Jam’iyyun Jihohi]], amma ba ta yi murabus ba. Molokomme memba ce mai himma a cikin [http://justiceleaders.org/leaders/athaliah-molokomme/ Initiative Leadership Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331121101/https://justiceleaders.org/leaders/athaliah-molokomme/ |date=2022-03-31 }}.Ambasada kuma zaunannen wakilin [[Botswana]] a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da sauran kungiyoyin kasa da kasa a Geneva.<blockquote>''"A cikin Setswana, mukan ce 'go ruta mosadi ke go ruta sechaba' ma'ana "ilimin mace shine ilmantar da al'umma."''– Athaliah Molokomme, Jawabin a Ofishin Jakadancin [[Faransa]], Hague, 10 Maris 2014 a Ranar Mata ta Duniya.</blockquote> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Daga cikin kyaututtukan da ta samu akwai lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam ta mata daga mata, Law and Development International a 1993, da kuma shugabar Order of Meritorious Service for Exceptional Service zuwa [[Botswana]] a 1999. == Manazarta<p></p> == {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[category:Haifaffun 1959]] 92oq66fmwht1bdj2bxeudcgbxmdcdx3 0 31369 542843 510117 2024-11-19T22:16:34Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Impact_of_marine_plastic_in_the_microbial_loop.jpg |thumb|Impact of marine plastic in the microbial loop]] [[File:The_breakdown_of_a_plastic_bottle_into_smaller_fragments,_eventually_ending_up_as_micro-_and_nano-plastics.png |thumb| The breakdown of a plastic bottle into smaller fragments, eventually ending up as micro and nano-plastic]] [[File:Pathway-of-plastic-to-ocean.png|thumb|400x400px| Hanyar da robobi ke shiga cikin tekunan duniya]] [[File:Dead Rubber - geograph.org.uk - 2588901.jpg|thumb|Tyr]] [[Fayil:Machias River at Bad Little Falls, Machias, Maine image 10.jpg|thumb]] '''Ruwan gurbatattun robobi''' wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen ruwa ta hanyar robobi, wanda ya bambanta da girman daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe, da jaka, har zuwa [[microplastics]] da aka samo daga rarrabuwar kayan plastic. Tarkacen ruwa an fi zubar da dattin [[Ɗan Adam|ɗan adam]] wanda ke yawo a kai, ko kuma aka dakatar da shi a cikin teku. Kashi tamanin na tarkacen ruwa robobi ne.<ref name="Weisman">{{cite book|author=Weisman, Alan|title=The World Without Us|publisher=St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books|year=2007|isbn=978-0-312-34729-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-25|title=Marine plastic pollution|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastic-pollution|access-date=2022-02-01|website=IUCN|language=en}}</ref> matsalolin Microplastics da nanoplastics suna haifar da lalacewa ko lalatawar sharar filastik a cikin ruwan saman, [[Kogunan Abanda|koguna]] ko tekuna. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano nanoplastics a cikin dusar [[Ƙanƙara (tsananin sanyi)|ƙanƙara]] mai yawa, musamman game da tan 3000, da ke rufe [[Switzerland]] kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=H|first=Eskarina|last2=ley|date=2022-01-26|title=Nanoplastics in snow: The extensive impact of plastic pollution|url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/nanoplastics-snow/128298/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Open Access Government|language=en-GB}}</ref> An yi kiyasin cewa akwai tarin tarkacen ruwan robobi na tan miliyan 86, a cikin [[Teku|tekun]] duniya ya zuwa karshen shekarar 2013, inda aka yi zaton kashi 1.4% na robobin da ake samarwa a duniya daga 1950, zuwa 2013, sun shiga, cikin tekun kuma sun taru a can. <ref>Jang, Y. C., Lee, J., Hong, S., Choi, H. W., Shim, W. J., & Hong, S. Y. 2015. Estimating the global inflow and stock of plastic marine debris using material flow analysis: a preliminary approach. Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy, 18(4), 263–273.</ref> An ƙiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23, na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a cikin shekara.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Environment |first=U. N. |date=2021-10-21 |title=Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics |url=http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=UNEP - UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin [[Duniya]] na Tekun 2017, ya kiyasta cewa tekuna na iya ƙunsar nauyi a cikin robobi fiye da kifi nan da shekara ta 2050.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wright|first=Pam|date=6 June 2017|title=UN Ocean Conference: Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050, Secretary-General Says|publisher=The Weather Channel|url=https://weather.com/science/environment/news/united-nations-ocean-conference-antonio-guterres-plastics|access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref> Tekuna suna gurɓatar da ɓarbashi na robobi masu girma daga manyan kayan asali kamar kwalabe da jakunkuna, har zuwa microplastics da aka samu daga rarrabuwar kayan filastik. Wannan abu yana raguwa a hankali ko kuma an cire shi daga cikin teku don haka barbashi na robobi a yanzu sun yaɗu a ko'ina cikin tekun kuma an san suna da illa ga rayuwar halittun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ostle|first1=Clare|last2=Thompson|first2=Richard C.|last3=Broughton|first3=Derek|last4=Gregory|first4=Lance|last5=Wootton|first5=Marianne|last6=Johns|first6=David G.|date=2019|title=The rise in ocean plastics evidenced from a 60-year time series|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1622|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1622O|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09506-1|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6467903|pmid=30992426}}</ref> Jakunkuna na robobi da aka jefar, zoben fakiti guda shida, buhunan sigari da sauran nau'ikan sharar robobi da suka ƙare a cikin teku suna ba da haɗari ga namun daji da kamun kifi.<ref>[http://www.algalita.org/research.html "Research |AMRF/ORV Alguita Research Projects"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313151547/http://www.algalita.org/research.html|date=13 March 2017}} Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Macdonald Design. Retrieved 19 May 2009</ref> Ana iya yin barazana ga rayuwar ruwa ta hanyar ruɗewa, shaƙewa, da sha.<ref>[[UNEP]] (2005) [http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf Marine Litter: An Analytical Overview] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070717141400/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf|date=2007-07-17}}</ref>ref>[http://www.helpwildlife.com/sixpackring.html Six pack rings hazard to wildlife] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013133343/http://www.helpwildlife.com/sixpackring.html|date=13 October 2016}}. helpwildlife.com<nowiki></ref></nowiki><ref>[http://www.seagrantfish.lsu.edu/resources/factsheets/litter_mess.htm Louisiana Fisheries – Fact Sheets]. seagrantfish.lsu.edu</ref> Tarun kamun kifi, wanda yawanci aka yi da filastik, masunta za su iya barin ko ɓace a cikin teku. An san shi da ragamar fatalwa, waɗannan kifaye masu haɗaka, dolphins, kunkuru na teku,<ref>{{cite news|date=28 June 2007|title='Ghost fishing' killing seabirds|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6248366.stm}}</ref> sharks, dugongs, crocodiles, tsuntsayen teku, kaguwa, da sauran halittu, suna hana motsi, haifar da yunwa, laceration, kamuwa da cuta, kuma, a cikin waɗanda suke buƙatar komawa saman zuwa ga numfashi, shaƙewa.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal|last1=Efferth|first1=Thomas|last2=Paul|first2=Norbert W|date=November 2017|title=Threats to human health by great ocean garbage patches|journal=The Lancet Planetary Health|volume=1|issue=8|pages=e301–e303|doi=10.1016/s2542-5196(17)30140-7|issn=2542-5196|pmid=29628159|doi-access=free}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan robobin teku daban-daban da ke haifar da matsala ga ruwa. An gano kwalabe a cikin kunkuru da tsuntsayen teku, waɗanda suka mutu saboda toshewar hanyoyin numfashi da na narkewar abinci. Rukunin fatalwa kuma nau'in robobin teku ne mai matsala saboda suna iya ci gaba da kama rayuwar ruwa a cikin tsarin da aka sani da "fatalwa kifi".<ref name=":42">{{cite journal|last1=Gibbs|first1=Susan E.|last2=Salgado Kent|first2=Chandra P.|last3=Slat|first3=Boyan|last4=Morales|first4=Damien|last5=Fouda|first5=Leila|last6=Reisser|first6=Julia|date=9 April 2019|title=Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch|journal=Marine Biodiversity|volume=49|issue=4|pages=2021–27|doi=10.1007/s12526-019-00952-0|doi-access=free}}</ref> Mafi girma 10, da ke fitar da gurɓacewar filastik teku a duniya, daga mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Nigeria, da Bangladesh,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jambeck|first1=Jenna R.|last2=Geyer|first2=Roland|last3=Wilcox|first3=Chris|date=12 February 2015|title=Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean|url=https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015-Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf|journal=Science|volume=347|issue=6223|page=769|bibcode=2015Sci...347..768J|doi=10.1126/science.1260352|pmid=25678662|access-date=28 August 2018|s2cid=206562155|archive-date=22 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122073818/https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Calendar_2011_03_AMERICANA/Science-2015-Jambeck-768-71__2_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> sun fi girma ta cikin kogin Yangtze, Indus., Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the Mekong, da kuma lissafin kashi 90 cikin 100, na dukkan robobin da ke isa tekunan duniya. Asiya ita ce kan gaba wajen samar da sharar robobi da ba a sarrafa ba, inda China kaɗai ke da nauyin metric ton miliyan 2.4.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Christian Schmidt|last2=Tobias Krauth|last3=Stephan Wagner|date=11 October 2017|title=Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea|url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=51|issue=21|pages=12246–12253|bibcode=2017EnST...5112246S|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02368|pmid=29019247|quote=The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Harald Franzen|date=30 November 2017|title=Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|url=https://p.dw.com/p/2oTF6|access-date=18 December 2018|quote=It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that order).}}</ref> Filastik suna taruwa ne saboda ba sa lalacewa kamar yadda sauran abubuwa ke yi. Za su yi photodegrade a kan fallasa rana, amma suna yin haka da kyau kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayin bushe, kuma ruwa yana hana wannan tsari.<ref>{{cite news|author=Robert Lee Hotz|date=13 February 2015|title=Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB20530567965804683707904580457713291864670|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223140548/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB20530567965804683707904580457713291864670|archive-date=23 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A cikin mahalli na ruwa, robobin da aka lalatar da su yana tarwatsewa zuwa ƙananan ƙananan guda yayin da sauran polymers, har zuwa matakin ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref>{{cite web|author=Weisman, Alan|date=Summer 2007|title=Polymers Are Forever|url=http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/270/|access-date=1 July 2008|work=Orion magazine|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102152257/http://www.orionmagazine.org/index.php/articles/article/270/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lokacin da ɓarbashi na filastik masu iyo suna yin hoto zuwa girman zooplankton, jellyfish yayi ƙoƙarin cinye su, kuma ta wannan hanyar filastik ta shiga cikin sarkar abinci na teku.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thompson|first1=R. C.|year=2004|title=Lost at Sea: Where is All the Plastic?|journal=Science|volume=304|issue=5672|pages=838|doi=10.1126/science.1094559|pmid=15131299|s2cid=3269482}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Moore|first1=C. J.|last2=Moore|first2=S. L.|last3=Leecaster|first3=M. K.|last4=Weisberg|first4=S. B.|year=2001|title=A Comparison of Plastic and Plankton in the North Pacific Central Gyre|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=42|issue=12|pages=1297–300|doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00114-X|pmid=11827116}}</ref> Magani ga gurɓataccen filastik na ruwa, tare da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin gaba ɗaya za a haɗa su tare da canje-canje a cikin masana'antu da ayyukan marufi, da raguwar amfani, musamman, samfuran filastik guda ɗaya ko gajere. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa don tsaftace robobi a cikin tekuna ciki har da tarko ɓarɓashi na robobi a bakin kogi kafin shiga cikin teku, da kuma tsaftace magudanar ruwa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=|date=2021|title=Marine Plastic Pollution|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastic-pollution|journal=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> == Iyakar matsalar. == [[File:Plastic_Bag_Jelly_Fish.jpg|alt=|thumb| Wani nuni a dakin gwaje- gwaje na Mote Marine wanda ke nuna jakunkuna na filastik a cikin teku masu kama da jellyfish.]] Ana gane gurɓacewar ruwa da abubuwan filastik ke haifarwa a matsayin batu mafi girman girma, daga yanayin ƙazanta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plastic Pollution - Facts and Figures • Surfers Against Sewage|url=https://www.sas.org.uk/our-work/plastic-pollution/plastic-pollution-facts-figures/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Surfers Against Sewage|language=en-GB}}</ref> Yawancin robobin da ake amfani da su a rayuwar yau da kullun na mutane ba a sake yin amfani da su, har zuwa kashi 90% kuma sama da tan miliyan 8 na sharar filastik ana jefa su cikin teku duk shekara. Idan aka ci gaba da haka, to nan da shekara ta 2050, za a samu robobi fiye da kifaye a duniya da nauyi. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na ƙarni, an ƙirƙiri ƙarin robobi fiye da duk filastik a tarihi har zuwa shekara ta 2000, kuma yawancin robobin ba a sake sarrafa su ba. Akwai kimanin nau'in filastik tiriliyan 15, zuwa 51, a cikin dukkan tekunan duniya da suka tashi daga saman teku zuwa benen teku. Tekuna su ne mafi zurfi a duniya kuma mafi fa'ida ta ruwa tare da matsakaicin zurfin filayen abyssal yana da kusan kilomita 4 ƙarƙashin matakin [[teku]]. Ƙarƙashin nauyi zai motsa a dabi'a da canja wurin kayan daga ƙasa zuwa teku, tare da tekun ya zama wurin ajiyar ƙarshe. {{Rp|362}}Ɗaya daga cikin kiyasin samar da filastik na tarihi ya ba da adadi na metric tonnes (Mt) miliyan 8300, don samar da robobi na duniya har zuwa 2015, wanda kashi 79, cikin 100, an tara a cikin wuraren zubar da ruwa ko kuma yanayin yanayi. Kimanin tan miliyan 8, na sharar filastik na shiga cikin tekunan kowace shekara. A cewar ICUN, wannan adadin ya ƙaru zuwa tan miliyan 14, na filastik. <ref name=":10" /> Rashin gurɓataccen filastik na teku yana da ban mamaki don girman kasancewarsa, daga ramukan teku, a cikin zurfin ruwa mai zurfi, a kan tekun teku da ƙwanƙolin teku zuwa saman teku da gaɓar teku. Ko da tsibirin atolls masu nisa na iya samun rairayin bakin teku masu cike da robobi daga tushe mai nisa. A saman teku, tarkacen filastik yana mai da hankali a cikin sifofin madauwari na babban yanki, wanda ake kira da gyres ocean.<ref>{{cite web |title=We know plastic pollution is bad – but how exactly is it linked to climate change? |url=https://europeansting.com/2022/01/19/we-know-plastic-pollution-is-bad-but-how-exactly-is-it-linked-to-climate-change/#:~:text=We%20know%20plastic%20pollution%20is%20bad%20%E2%80%93%20but,economy%20is%20crucial%20to%20better%20management%20of%20plastics. |website=We know plastic pollution is bad – but how exactly is it linked to climate change? |publisher=The European String |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> Gine-ginen teku suna samuwa a cikin dukkan tekuna, saboda mu'amalar igiyoyin tekun na duniya. Magudanar ruwa na teku suna tattara sharar filastik a cikin gyres.<ref>{{cite web |title=OCEAN PLASTICS POLLUTION |url=https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/campaigns/ocean_plastics/ |website=OCEAN PLASTICS POLLUTION |publisher=Center for Biological Diversity |access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref> Ana ƙara ƙera robobi saboda sassauƙansu, gyare-gyare da halaye masu ɗorewa, wanda ke ba da filastik tare da ɗimbin aikace-aikace masu amfani. Filastik suna da matuƙar juriya ga tsarin yanayin yanayi wanda ke rushe wasu abubuwa da yawa a saman duniya. Tsarin teku, gami da guguwa, aikin igiyar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, hydration, da fallasa saman ga tsarin yanayin yanayi (misali iskar shaka) da hasken ultraviolet, ayan karya ɓarɓashi filastik cikin girma masu raguwa (sakamakon microplastics), maimakon organically narkewa. ko sinadarai canza kayan filastik. Ƙididdiga na jimlar adadin da nauyin robobi a cikin yankuna biyar na tekun gyre filastik sun kasance na tsari na ɓarɓashi tiriliyan 5.25, masu nauyin kusan tan 300,000. Rage girman ƙwayoyin filastik zuwa millimita da ƙananan ma'auni suna ba da damar filastik don daidaitawa a cikin ruwan teku mai zurfi, tare da watakila sau hudu fiye da filastik da ke ƙarewa a cikin sediments idan aka kwatanta da ruwan teku.<ref name=":13">{{Citation|last=Petterson|first=Michael G.|title=Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources|date=2021|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14|work=Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals|pages=339–367|editor-last=Gill|editor-first=Joel C.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14|isbn=978-3-030-38814-0|access-date=2021-09-06|last2=Kim|first2=Hyeon-Ju|last3=Gill|first3=Joel C.|editor2-last=Smith|editor2-first=Martin}}</ref> Filastik yanzu wani bangare ne na hadaddun kemikal na kwayoyin halitta tare da rayayyun halittu, irin su cetaceans, tsuntsun teku, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, masu shigar da robobi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Geyer|first1=Roland|last2=Jambeck|first2=Jenna R.|last3=Law|first3=Kara Lavender|date=2017|title=Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=3|issue=7|pages=e1700782|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1700782|issn=2375-2548|pmc=5517107|pmid=28776036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Eriksen|first1=Marcus|last2=Lebreton|first2=Laurent C. M.|last3=Carson|first3=Henry S.|last4=Thiel|first4=Martin|last5=Moore|first5=Charles J.|last6=Borerro|first6=Jose C.|last7=Galgani|first7=Francois|last8=Ryan|first8=Peter G.|last9=Reisser|first9=Julia|date=2014|editor-last=Dam|editor-first=Hans G.|title=Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=9|issue=12|pages=e111913|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4262196|pmid=25494041|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fiye da tan miliyan 300, na robobi ake samar da su kowace shekara, rabinsu ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran amfani guda ɗaya kamar kofuna, jakunkuna, da marufi. An kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 19-23, na robobi na zubewa cikin halittun ruwa a shekara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Woodall|first1=Lucy C.|last2=Sanchez-Vidal|first2=Anna|last3=Canals|first3=Miquel|last4=Paterson|first4=Gordon L.J.|last5=Coppock|first5=Rachel|last6=Sleight|first6=Victoria|last7=Calafat|first7=Antonio|last8=Rogers|first8=Alex D.|last9=Narayanaswamy|first9=Bhavani E.|last10=Thompson|first10=Richard C.|date=2014|title=The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris|journal=Royal Society Open Science|language=en|volume=1|issue=4|pages=140317|doi=10.1098/rsos.140317|issn=2054-5703|pmc=4448771|pmid=26064573}}</ref> Ba shi yiwuwa a san tabbas, amma an kiyasta cewa akwai kimanin tan miliyan 150, na robobi a cikin tekunan mu. Gurbacewar robobi na samar da kashi 80% na duk tarkacen ruwa daga saman ruwa zuwa magudanan ruwa mai zurfi. Saboda robobi suna da haske, yawancin wannan gurɓacewar ana ganin su a ciki da wajen tekun, amma a halin yanzu ana samun sharar filastik da barbashi a mafi yawan wuraren zama na ruwa da na ƙasa, gami da teku mai zurfi, Manyan Tafkuna, murjani reefs, rairayin bakin teku, koguna, da rairayin bakin teku.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilcox|first1=Chris|last2=Van Sebille|first2=Erik|last3=Hardesty|first3=Britta Denise|date=2015|title=Threat of plastic pollution to seabirds is global, pervasive, and increasing|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=112|issue=38|pages=11899–11904|doi=10.1073/pnas.1502108112|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4586823|pmid=26324886|doi-access=free}}</ref> Shaidar da ta fi daukar hankulan jama’a kan matsalar robobin teku ita ce tarkacen datti da ke taruwa a yankunan gyale. Gire shine madauwari mai da'ira ta hanyar iskar duniya da kuma ƙarfin jujjuyawar duniya.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124006 |title=A global inventory of small floating plastic debris |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=124006 |year=2015 |last1=Van Sebille |first1=Erik |last2=Wilcox |first2=Chris |last3=Lebreton |first3=Laurent |last4=Maximenko |first4=Nikolai |last5=Hardesty |first5=Britta Denise |last6=Van Franeker |first6=Jan A. |last7=Eriksen |first7=Marcus |last8=Siegel |first8=David |last9=Galgani |first9=Francois |last10=Law |first10=Kara Lavender }}</ref> Akwai manyan ginshiƙan teku guda biyar: Arewa da Kudancin Pacific Subtropical Gyres, Arewa da Kudancin Tekun Atlantika Gyre, da Gyre Subtropical Tekun Indiya. Akwai mahimman facin datti a kowanne ɗayan waɗannan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=US EPA|first=OW|date=2020-11-06|title=Plastic Pollution|url=https://www.epa.gov/trash-free-waters/plastic-pollution|access-date=2021-04-30|website=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Manyan sharar robobi za a iya cinye su ta hanyar nau'in ruwa, suna cika cikinsu kuma ya kai su ga yarda cewa sun cika yayin da a zahiri ba su da wani abu na abinci mai gina jiki. Wannan na iya kawo tsuntsayen teku, Whales, kifi, da kunkuru su mutu saboda yunwa tare da cike da robobi. Hakanan ana iya shaƙa nau'in magudanar ruwa ko kuma a haɗa su cikin dattin filastik.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discover the plastic islands that pollute our oceans|url=https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/5-garbage-patches-in-the-ocean|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Iberdrola|language=en}}</ref> Babbar barazanar gurɓacewar filastik teku ta fito ne daga microplastics. Waɗannan ƙananan tarkace ne na tarkacen filastik, wasu daga cikinsu an samar da su don zama wannan ƙananan kamar microbeads. Sauran microplastics sun fito ne daga yanayin babban sharar filastik. Da zarar manyan sharar filastik sun shiga cikin teku, ko kowace hanyar ruwa, [[hasken rana,]] yanayin zafi, zafi, raƙuman ruwa, da iska suna fara karya robobin zuwa guntu mai tsayi fiye da millimita biyar. Hakanan za'a iya rushe robobi ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su ci tarkacen robobi, su wargaje su ƙanƙanta, ko dai su fitar da waɗannan microplastics ko kuma su tofa su. A cikin gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje, an gano cewa amphipods na nau'in ''Orchestia gammarellus'' na iya cinye guntuwar buhunan robobi cikin sauri, tare da tarwatsa buhu ɗaya zuwa gaɓoɓin ɓangarorin microscopic miliyan 1.75.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-25|title=Marine plastics|url=https://www.iucn.org/resources/issues-briefs/marine-plastics|access-date=2021-04-30|website=IUCN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marine Microplastics |website=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|url=https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/pollution/marine-microplastics/|access-date=2021-04-30|language=en-US}}</ref> Duk da cewa robobin ya karye, amma har yanzu wani abu ne da mutum ya yi wanda ba ya lalacewa. An ƙiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na robobi a cikin mahallin marine pelagic sune microplastics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-05-16|title=We Depend on Plastic. Now We're Drowning in It.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/plastic-planet-waste-pollution-trash-crisis|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Wadannan microplastics ana yawan cinye su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin ruwa a gindin sarkar abinci, kamar plankton da tsutsa na kifi, wanda ke haifar da tarin filastik da aka ci sama da sarkar abinci. Ana samar da robobi ne da sinadarai masu guba, don haka wadannan abubuwa masu guba suna shiga cikin sarkar abinci na ruwa, ciki har da kifin da wasu mutane ke ci.<ref>Urbanek, A.K., Rymowicz, W. and Mirończuk, A.M. (2018) "Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats". ''Applied microbiology and biotechnology'', '''102'''(18): 7669–7678. {{doi|10.1007/s00253-018-9195-y}}.</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="150" style="float:left;"> File:Microplastics in sediment from the Rhine.jpg|Microplastics tsakanin yashi da gilasai a cikin laka daga [[Rhine]] . Farar mashaya tana wakiltar 1&nbsp;mm. File:Interactions between marine microorganisms and microplastics.webp|Ma'amala tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta [[Marine microorganism|na ruwa]] da microplastics </gallery> == Nau'in tushe da adadin kuɗi == [[File:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb| Matsakaicin ƙiyasin lokutan rushewar abubuwan tarkacen ruwa na yau da kullun. Ana nuna abubuwan filastik da shuɗi.]] Sharar da robobin da ke shiga cikin teku yana karuwa kowace shekara tare da yawancin robobin da ke shiga cikin tekun suna cikin barbashi kasa da milimita 5.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Development solutions: Building a better ocean|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution|access-date=2020-08-19|website=European Investment Bank|language=en}}</ref> {{As of|2016}}, an kiyasta cewa akwai kusan tan miliyan 150, na gurbacewar filastik a cikin tekunan duniya, wanda aka ƙiyasta ya kai tan miliyan 250, a shekarar 2025.<ref name="Rethinking_plastic_2016">{{cite web|author1=Ellen MacArthur Foundation|author2=McKinsey & Company|author3=World Economic Forum|date=2016|title=The New Plastics Economy — Rethinking the future of plastics|url=https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/assets/downloads/EllenMacArthurFoundation_TheNewPlasticsEconomy_Pages.pdf|access-date=11 January 2020|publisher=Ellen MacArthur Foundation|page=29}}</ref> Wani bincike ya kiyasta cewa a cikin 2012, ya kai kusan tan miliyan 165. <ref name="Knight3">Knight 2012, p. 12.</ref> A shekara ta 2020, wani bincike ya gano cewa Tekun Atlantika ya ƙunshi robobi kusan sau goma fiye da yadda ake zato.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rosane|first1=Olivia|date=20 August 2020|title=Atlantic Ocean Holds 10x More Plastic Pollution Than Previously Believed, New Study Finds|publisher=The National Oceanography Centre (NOC)|agency=Ecowatch|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/plastic-pollution-atlantic-ocean-2647039932.html|access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> Mafi girman nau'in gurɓataccen filastik guda ɗaya (~10 %) kuma yawancin manyan robobi a cikin teku ana watsar da su kuma ana asarar gidajensu daga masana'antar kamun kifi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-06|title=Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/06/dumped-fishing-gear-is-biggest-plastic-polluter-in-ocean-finds-report|access-date=2021-04-09|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite news|last1=Hannah Leung|date=21 April 2018|title=Five Asian Countries Dump More Plastic into Oceans Than Anyone Else Combined: How You Can Help|language=en|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahleung/2018/04/21/five-asian-countries-dump-more-plastic-than-anyone-else-combined-how-you-can-help/#1d663de71234|access-date=23 June 2019|quote=China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are dumping more plastic into oceans than the rest of the world combined, according to a 2017 report by Ocean Conservancy}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi kiyasin cewa akwai fiye da tiriliyan 5, na robobi (wanda aka siffanta su zuwa nau'o'i huɗu na ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, manyan microplastics, meso- da macroplastics) suna shawagi a teku. A cikin 2020, sabbin ma'auni sun sami fiye da ninki 10, na filastik a cikin Tekun Atlantika fiye da yadda aka yi ƙiyasin a can.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pabortsava|first1=Katsiaryna|last2=Lampitt|first2=Richard S.|date=2020-08-18|title=High concentrations of plastic hidden beneath the surface of the Atlantic Ocean|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|page=4073|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4073P|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17932-9|issn=2041-1723|pmc=7434887|pmid=32811835|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Harvey|first=Fiona|date=2020-08-18|title=Atlantic ocean plastic more than 10 times previous estimates|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/18/atlantic-ocean-plastic-more-than-10-times-previous-estimates|access-date=2020-08-19|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, lokacin da bincike ya nuna yawancin gurbatar robobin teku suna fitowa ne daga jiragen dakon kaya na kasar Sin, mai magana da yawun tsaftar teku ya ce: “Kowa yana magana ne game da ceton tekunan ta hanyar dakatar da amfani da jakunkuna, bambaro da marufi guda daya. Wannan yana da mahimmanci, amma idan muka tashi a kan teku, ba lallai ba ne abin da muke samu ba."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ryan|first1=Peter G.|last2=Dilley|first2=Ben J.|last3=Ronconi|first3=Robert A.|last4=Connan|first4=Maëlle|year=2019|title=Rapid increase in Asian bottles in the South Atlantic Ocean indicates major debris inputs from ships|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=116|issue=42|pages=20892–97|bibcode=2019PNAS..11620892R|doi=10.1073/pnas.1909816116|pmc=6800376|pmid=31570571}}</ref> Kusan kashi 20% na tarkacen filastik da ke gurbata ruwan teku, wanda ke fassara zuwa tan miliyan 5.6, ya fito ne daga tushen teku. MARPOL, yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa, "ta sanya cikakken hana zubar da robobi a teku".<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 February 2012|title=Multimedia|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/ocean-plastic-waste-probably-comes-ships-report-says-doc-1kv8e91}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Muhammad Taufan|date=26 January 2017|title=Oceans of Plastic: Fixing Indonesia's Marine Debris Pollution Laws|work=The Diplomat|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/oceans-of-plastic-fixing-indonesias-marine-debris-pollution-laws/|access-date=20 December 2018|quote=MARPOL Annex V contains regulations on vessel-borne garbage and its disposal. It sets limit on what may be disposed at sea and imposes a complete ban on the at-sea disposal of plastics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stephanie B. Borrelle|last2=Chelsea M. Rochman|last3=Max Liboiron|last4=Alexander L. Bond|last5=Amy Lusher|last6=Hillary Bradshaw|last7=and Jennifer F. Provencher|date=19 September 2017|title=Opinion: Why we need an international agreement on marine plastic pollution|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=114|issue=38|pages=9994–97|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.9994B|doi=10.1073/pnas.1714450114|pmc=5617320|pmid=28928233|quote=the 1973 Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL), is an international agreement that addresses plastic pollution. MARPOL, which bans ships from dumping plastic at sea}}</ref> Jiragen ƴan kasuwa suna korar kaya, najasa, kayan aikin likita da aka yi amfani da su, da sauran nau'ikan sharar da ke dauke da robobi a cikin teku. A Amurka, Dokar Bincike da Kula da Gurɓatar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta 1987, ta hana fitar da robobi a cikin teku, gami da jiragen ruwa na ruwa.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Derraik|first=José G.B.|date=September 2002|title=The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review|journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin|volume=44|issue=99|pages=842–52|doi=10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5|pmid=12405208|quote=In the USA, for instance, the Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987 not only adopted Annex V, but also extended its application to US Navy vessels}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Craig S. Alig|last2=Larry Koss|last3=Tom Scarano|last4=Fred Chitty|date=1990|title=CONTROL OF PLASTIC WASTES ABOARD NAVAL SHIPS AT SEA|url=https://swfsc.noaa.gov/publications/TM/SWFSC/NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154_P879.PDF|access-date=20 December 2018|website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|publisher=ProceedingsoftheSecondInternational Conference on Marine Debris, 2–7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii|quote=The U.S. Navy is taking a proactive approach to comply with the prohibition on the at-sea discharge of plastics mandated by the Marine Plastic Pollution Research and Control Act of 1987}}</ref> Jiragen ruwa da na bincike suna fitar da sharar gida da kayan aikin soja waɗanda ake ganin ba lallai ba ne. Sana'ar jin daɗi tana sakin kayan kamun kifi da sauran nau'ikan sharar gida, ko dai da gangan ko ta hanyar sakaci. Mafi girma tushen tushen gurbataccen robobi a cikin teku ana jefar da kayan kamun kifi (ciki har da tarkuna da taruna), an ƙiyasta ya kai kashi 90% na tarkacen filastik a wasu wurare.<ref name="plastics in marine environment">{{Cite journal|last1=Hammer|first1=J|last2=Kraak|first2=MH|last3=Parsons|first3=JR|date=2012|title=Plastics in the marine environment: the dark side of a modern gift|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/43553427495a7cc4d727f75bebc6b67b4e710393|journal=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=220|pages=1–44|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3414-6_1|isbn=978-1461434139|pmid=22610295|s2cid=5842747}}</ref> Litattafan roba na nahiyoyi na shiga cikin tekun ta hanyar guguwar ruwa, da ke kwarara cikin magudanan ruwa ko kuma a watsar da su kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwan bakin teku. An nuna robobi a cikin teku yana bin magudanar ruwa wanda a ƙarshe ya zama abin da ake kira Great Garbage Patches. Sanin hanyoyin da robobi ke bi a cikin magudanan ruwa na zuwa ne daga fadowar kwantena na bazata daga masu jigilar kayayyaki. Alal misali, a watan Mayun 1990, Jirgin Hansa, wanda ya tashi daga Koriya zuwa Amurka, ya rabu saboda guguwa, wanda ya haifar da dubban takalma da aka zubar; Waɗannan daga ƙarshe sun fara nunawa a gabar tekun yammacin Amurka, da Hawaii. [[File:Per_capita_plastic_waste_generation_Jambeck_et_al_2015.svg|thumb| Ƙirƙirar sharar robobi ya zarce adadin gurɓacewar filastik da ake fitarwa daga cikin teku.]] Tasirin microplastic da macroplastic a cikin teku ba a fuskantar kutse kai tsaye ta hanyar zubar da robobi a cikin halittun ruwa, amma ta gurbatattun [[Kogunan Abanda|koguna]] waɗanda ke kaiwa ko ƙirƙirar hanyoyin shiga tekuna a duk faɗin duniya. Koguna na iya yin aiki azaman tushen tushe ko nutsewa dangane da mahallin. Koguna suna karɓa kuma suna tattara yawancin filastik amma kuma suna iya hana kaso mai kyau shiga cikin teku. Koguna sune tushen gurɓacewar filastik a cikin yanayin ruwa suna ba da gudummawa kusan 80% a cikin binciken kwanan nan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Christian|last2=Krauth|first2=Tobias|last3=Wagner|first3=Stephan|date=2017-11-07|title=Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea|url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=51|issue=21|pages=12246–12253|bibcode=2017EnST...5112246S|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02368|issn=0013-936X|pmid=29019247}}</ref> Adadin robobin da aka rubuta yana cikin teku ya yi ƙasa da adadin robobin da ke shiga cikin teku a kowane lokaci. A cewar wani binciken da aka yi a Burtaniya, akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan macroplastic "manyan goma" waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mabukaci kawai (wanda ke cikin teburin da ke ƙasa).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schmidt|first1=Christian|last2=Krauth|first2=Tobias|last3=Wagner|first3=Stephan|date=2017-11-07|title=Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea|url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/43169/4/es7b02368_si_001.pdf|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=51|issue=21|pages=12246–12253|bibcode=2017EnST...5112246S|doi=10.1021/acs.est.7b02368|issn=0013-936X|pmid=29019247}}</ref> A cikin wannan binciken, an ƙidaya abubuwa 192,213. da aka ƙidaya tare da matsakaita na 71% kasancewa filastik kuma 59% sune abubuwan macroplastic masu alaƙa da mabukaci.<ref name="winton_2019" /> Ko da yake gurbatar ruwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwan robobi a cikin ruwa, babu wani bincike da aka yi da kuma tattara bayanai na yawan gurbacewar da ke fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ruwa. Yawancin takardu sun kammala cewa akwai ƙarancin tattara bayanai na tarkacen filastik a cikin ruwa mai tsabta da kuma yanayin ƙasa, kodayake waɗannan sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa. Bukatar canjin manufofi a cikin samarwa, amfani, zubarwa, da sarrafa sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don rage adadin da yuwuwar filastik don shiga wuraren ruwa mai tsabta.<ref name="winton_2019">{{Cite journal|last1=Winton|first1=Debbie J.|last2=Anderson|first2=Lucy G|last3=Rocliffe|first3=Stephen|last4=Loiselle|first4=Steven|date=November 2019|title=Macroplastic pollution in freshwater environments: focusing public and policy action|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=704|pages=135242|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135242|issn=0048-9697|pmid=31812404|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Segar|first=D.|title=Oceans 82|date=1982|publisher=IEEE|pages=1277–1281|chapter=Ocean waste disposal monitoring--Can it meet management needs?|doi=10.1109/oceans.1982.1151934}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 1994, a kan gadon teku ta hanyar amfani da tarunan kwalwa a arewa-maso-yammacin Bahar Rum a kusa da gaɓar tekun Spain, Faransa, da Italiya, ya ba da rahoton ma'anar tarin tarkace na abubuwa 1,935, a kowace murabba'in kilomita. tarkacen filastik ya kai kashi 77%, wanda kashi 93% na buhunan filastik ne.<ref name="UNEP">{{cite web|year=2005|title=Marine Litter: An analytical overview|url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070717141400/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/anl_oview.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2007|access-date=1 August 2008|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme|df=dmy-all}}</ref> == Tushen tushen gurɓacewar filastik teku. == [[File:Plastic_straw_photo-degraded_and_brittle.webm|thumb|346x346px|Photodegraded plastic straw – a light touch breaks a straw into microplastics]] Ƙididdiga don gudummawar robobi na tushen ƙasa sun bambanta sosai. Yayin da wani bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa sama da kashi 80, cikin 100, na tarkacen robobi a cikin ruwan teku sun fito ne daga tushen ƙasa, wanda ke da alhakin {{Convert|800,000|t|ST}} kowace shekara. A cikin 2015, an ƙididdige cewa {{Convert|275|e6t|e6ST}} na sharar filastik an samar da shi a cikin ƙasashe 192, na bakin teku a cikin 2010, tare da {{Convert|4.8|to|12.7|e6t|e6ST}} shiga cikin teku - kashi na kawai har zuwa 5%. A cikin wani binciken da ''Kimiyya'' ta buga, Jambeck ''et al'' (2015) ya kiyasta cewa 10, mafi girma masu fitar da gurɓata ce filastik na teku a duniya, daga mafi girma zuwa mafi ƙanƙanta, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Masar, Malaysia, Najeriya, da Bangladesh. Wata majiya da ta haifar da damuwa ita ce zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Yawancin sharar gida a cikin nau'in filastik a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa abubuwa ne masu amfani guda ɗaya kamar marufi. Yin watsi da robobi ta wannan hanya yana haifar da tarawa. Ko da yake zubar da sharar robobi a cikin wuraren shara yana da ƙasa da haɗarin hayaƙin iskar gas fiye da zubarwa ta hanyar ƙonawa, tsohon yana da iyakokin sarari. Wani abin damuwa shi ne cewa masu layin da ke aiki a matsayin matakan kariya tsakanin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa da muhalli na iya karyewa, ta haka za su zubar da guba da kuma gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa da ke kusa. Wuraren da ke kusa da teku sukan ba da gudummawa ga tarkacen teku saboda abubuwan cikin sauƙi ana share su kuma ana jigilar su zuwa teku ta hanyar iska ko ƙananan magudanan ruwa kamar koguna da koguna. Har ila yau, tarkacen ruwa na iya haifar da ruwan najasa wanda ba a kula da shi yadda ya kamata ba, wanda a ƙarshe ake kai shi cikin teku ta koguna. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar abubuwan robobin da aka jefar ba daidai ba zuwa cikin tekuna ta cikin ruwa da mai haɗari. === Nurdles === == Ƙananan Robobis. == [[File:Microplastics_in_the_surface_ocean,_OWID.svg|thumb| Ƙananan Robobi a cikin saman teku 1950-2000 da tsinkaya bayan, a cikin miliyoyin metric tonne.]] [[File:Polystyrene_beach.jpg|thumb| Polystyrene kumfa beads a bakin tekun Irish]] [[File:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg|thumb| Babban facin datti na Fasifik - Ruwan tekun Pacific ya haifar da "tsibirin" guda uku na tarkace. ]] [[File:Microplastic.jpg|right|thumb| Misalin microplastic da Jami'ar Jihar Oregon ta tattara]] Babban damuwa game da gurɓataccen filastik a cikin yanayin yanayin ruwa shine amfani da microplastics. Microplastics gefe ne na filastik ƙasa da faɗin milimita 5, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin sabulun hannu, masu wanke fuska, da sauran abubuwan cirewa. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da waɗannan samfuran, ƙwayoyin microplastics suna bi ta hanyar tsarin tace ruwa zuwa cikin teku, amma saboda ƙananan girmansu da alama za su iya tserewa kamawa ta hanyar allon jiyya na farko akan tsire-tsire na ruwa. Waɗannan gefen suna da illa ga halittun da ke cikin teku, musamman masu tace abinci, domin suna iya shiga cikin sauki cikin robobi kuma su yi rashin lafiya. Microplastics suna da matuƙar damuwa saboda yana da wuya a tsaftace su saboda girmansu, don haka mutane na iya ƙoƙarin guje wa amfani da waɗannan robobi masu cutarwa ta hanyar siyan samfuran da ke amfani da abubuwan da ba su dace da muhalli ba. Saboda ana amfani da filastik sosai a duk faɗin duniya, microplastics sun zama tartsatsi a cikin yanayin ruwa. Misali, ana iya samun microplastics akan rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da ruwan saman da kuma a cikin ginshiƙin ruwa da zurfin ruwan teku. Ana kuma samun nau'ikan halittun ruwa kamar matattun kayan halitta (nama da harsashi) da wasu barbashi na ƙasa (waɗanda iska ke hura su kuma a kai su cikin teku ta koguna). Bayan isa ga mahalli na ruwa, makomar microplastics tana ƙarƙashin direbobin da ke faruwa a zahiri, kamar iskoki da igiyoyin ruwa na saman teku. Samfuran ƙididdiga suna iya gano ƙananan tarkacen filastik (micro- da meso-robobi) da ke yawo a cikin teku, don haka yin hasashen makomarsu. Microplastics suna shiga hanyoyin ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa da suka haɗa da lalacewar fenti na titi, lalacewar taya da kurar birni da ke shiga magudanan ruwa, pellet ɗin robobi da suka zubo daga kwantena na jigilar kayayyaki, tarun fatalwa da sauran yadudduka na roba da aka zubar a cikin teku, kayan kwalliya da kayan wanki da ke shiga cikin ruwan najasa da kayan rigunan ruwa. a kan jirãge wulãkanci. Wasu microplastics suna barin teku suna shiga iska, kamar yadda masu bincike daga Jami'ar Strathclyde suka gano a cikin 2020. Wasu sun kasance a saman teku; Microplastics suna da kashi 92% na tarkacen filastik a saman teku, a cewar wani bincike na 2018. Wasu kuma suna nutsewa zuwa saman teku. Hukumar kimiya ta kasa ta Ostiraliya CSIRO ta kiyasta cewa tan miliyan 14 na microplastics sun riga sun kasance a saman teku a cikin 2020. Wannan yana wakiltar ƙaruwa daga ƙiyasin 2015, cewa tekunan duniya sun ƙunshi metric ton dubu 93-236, na microplastics da kuma kiyasin 2018, na tan dubu 270. Hukumar Conservancy ta Ocean Conservancy ta bayar da rahoton cewa, Sin, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, da Vietnam suna zubar da robobi a cikin teku fiye da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Nazarin rarraba tarkacen filastik saman gabashin tekun Pacific (ba musamman microplastic ba, ko da yake, kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, yawancin yuwuwar microplastic) yana taimakawa wajen kwatanta karuwar yawan robobi a cikin teku. Ta hanyar yin amfani da bayanai akan ƙwayar filastik ta saman (yankuna na filastik a kowace km ² ) daga 1972, zuwa 1985, (n=60) da 2002-2012, (n = 457) a cikin yanki ɗaya na tara filastik, binciken ya gano ma'anar ƙimar ƙwayar filastik tsakanin saitin bayanai guda biyu, gami da haɓakar ninki 10, na 18,160, zuwa 189,800, na filastik a kowace kilomita ² . Microplastics na Arctic Ocean sun fito ne daga tushen Atlantic, musamman Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa, an gano wasu na'urorin da ake kira da microplastics daga tekuna a cikin iskar teku. An tabbatar da shigar da robobi ta halittun ruwa a cikin zurfin teku. An samo microplastic a cikin ciki na amphipods na magana da aka samo daga Japan, Izu-Bonin, Mariana, Kermadec, New Hebrides da kuma ramukan Peru-Chile. Amphipods na Mariana Trench an gwada su a 10,890, m kuma duk sun ƙunshi microfibres. Microplastics na iya maida hankali a cikin gills da hanji na rayuwar ruwa kuma suna iya tsoma baki tare da halayen ciyar da su, yawanci yana haifar da mutuwa. Ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin microplastics na iya yin babban tasiri akan hanyar samun abinci, don haka canza yanayin muhalli da ba da gudummawa ga asarar bambancin halittu . ==Manazarta.== {{reflist}} jidiqzg7y9ihnsrbcb30hon942hf1l4 0 32384 542862 512862 2024-11-19T23:09:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Batakari Festival 01.jpg|thumb|lokacin bikin batakari]] [[Fayil:Wiyaala Performing at Batakari Festival 01.jpg|thumb|mawaki wiyaala yana wasa a wurin bikin]] '''Bikin Batakari''' wani taron al'adu ne da Sarki Ayisoba ya shirya don baje kolin Batakari, wani smock na gargajiya na Ghana da aka yi da hannu daga yankin Gabas ta Gabas na Ghana.<ref name="intro">{{cite web|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Government-has-not-supported-my-Batakari-Festival-King-Ayisoba-798337|title=Government has not supported my Batakari Festival – King Ayisoba|publisher=www.ghanaweb.com|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="introduction">{{cite web|url=https://www.etvghana.com/government-has-not-supported-my-batakari-festival-king-ayisoba/|title=Government has not supported my Batakari Festival – King Ayisoba|publisher=www.etvghana.com|accessdate=6 May 2020|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208104649/https://www.etvghana.com/government-has-not-supported-my-batakari-festival-king-ayisoba/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An dai gudanar da bikin kaddamar da bikin ne a shekarar 2013, kuma tun daga lokacin bikin ya zama wani taron shekara-shekara a Ghana.<ref name="intro" /><ref name="introduction" /> == Fage da Shirin == Sarki Ayisoba ya kirkiro wannan ra'ayin ne saboda kaunar da yake yi wa kayan gargajiya na Ghana. Ya ce a da a baya mutane sun danganta rigar da ake sakawa a cikin gida, ''Batakari'' da juju da bokanci kuma wannan wasan kwaikwayo shi ne yunkurinsa na sauya alkiblar mutane da magance rashin fahimta game da sanya ''Fugu'' ko ''Batakari''.<ref name="perception">{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2017/01/30/alliance-francaise-launches-2017-batakari-festival/|title=Alliance Francaise launches 2017 Batakari Festival|publisher=www.ghanabusinessnews.com|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> Ya yi imanin cewa yada salon sawa ta hanyar shirye-shirye irin nasa zai samar da ayyukan yi ga mutane ta yadda zai rage yawan rashin aikin yi da kuma zama tushen samun kudin shiga ga matasa a Arewacin Ghana.<ref name="perception" /> Ana gudanar da bikin ne a kowace shekara a wasu garuruwa na kasar Ghana a wasu ranaku. A birnin Accra, wurare daban-daban sun gudanar da bikin, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da; National Theatre da Alliance Française. Ana kuma gayyatar masu yin zane-zanen baƙi don yin wasa tare da baje kolin kayan su na Batakari, duk da haka, manyan ƴan wasan su ne Sarki Ayisoba da tawagarsa ta ƴan wasan Kologo. Wasu hazikan baki da aka gayyata don nuna bajintar bikin sun hada da; Wiyaala, Wanlov the Kubolor, Kwaw Kese, Yaa Pono, Atongo Zimba da Zea daga Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/batakari-festival-at-alliance-francaise.html|title=Batakari festival at Alliance Française|publisher=www.graphic.com|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Afrika]] [[Category:Bukukuwa a Kasar Ghana]] i2tdxdwhqvfu40jgwdgnuoa8uzdicim 0 32525 542837 520813 2024-11-19T21:56:52Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:In_the_photo_there_is_one_Perseid,_Milky_Way_and_Andromega_galaxy_and_light_pollution_on_the_horizon_-_Luhasoo_bog_in_Estonia.jpg|alt=The night sky over a lake|thumb| Dare sararin sama a kan wani bogi a [[Istoniya|Estonia]], tare da gurɓataccen haske da ake iya gani a sararin sama]] [[Fayil:New York City at night HDR.jpg|thumb|new York da dare]] [[Fayil:Sandiego skyline at night.JPG|thumb|dare]] [[Fayil:Cour Napoléon at night - Louvre.jpg|thumb|da dare]] [[Fayil:San Francisco International Airport at night.jpg|thumb|Airport da dare]] [[Fayil:Snowfall at night over Brofjorden and Preemraff oil refinery.jpg|thumb|brofjorden]] '''Dare''' (wanda kuma aka siffanta shi da '''lokacin dare''', wanda ba a saba [[Rubutaccen adabi|rubuta]] shi da ''nite'' ) shine lokacin [[duhun]] [[wiktionary:ambient|yanayi]] daga faɗuwar rana zuwa fitowar [[rana]] a cikin kowace rana ta sa'o'i 24, lokacin da [[Rana]] ke ƙasa da sararin sama. Daidai [[Lokaci|lokacin]] da dare ke farawa da ƙarewa ya dogara da wurin kuma ya bambanta a cikin shekara, bisa dalilai kamar yanayi da latitude. Ana iya amfani da kalmar ta wata ma'ana ta dabam a matsayin lokaci tsakanin lokacin kwanciya barci da tashi barci safe. A cikin sadarwar gama gari, ana amfani da kalmar ''dare'' a matsayin bankwana (“barka da dare”) wani lokaci kuma ana rage shi zuwa “dare”, musamman idan mutum zai yi barci ko zai tafi.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/good%20night</ref> Misali: "Na ji daɗin ganin ku. Barka da dare!", saɓanin "barka da safiya", "barka da yamma", "barka da dare" (ko "barka da dare") ba a amfani dashi azaman [[gaisuwa]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2020}} ==Daren taurari== shi ne lokacin da ke tsakanin faɗuwar falaqi da faɗuwar alfijir a lokacin da Rana ke tsakanin digiri 18 zuwa 90 a ƙarƙashin sararin [[sama]] kuma ba ya haskaka sararin sama. Kamar yadda aka gani daga latitudes tsakanin kusan 48.56 ° da 65.73 ° arewa ko kudu na Equator, cikakken duhu ba ya faruwa a kusa da lokacin rani saboda, ko da yake [[Rana]] ta faɗi, ba ta wuce 18 ° a ƙarƙashin sararin sama a ƙananan ƙare ba, -90. ° kusurwar rana suna faruwa a Tropic of Cancer a kan Disamba solstice da Tropic of Capricorn a kan Yuni solstice, da kuma a equator akan equinoxes . Kishiyar dare shine [<nowiki/>[[Rana (lokaci)|rana]] don bambanta shi da "rana" yana nufin lokacin sa'o'i 24). Faɗuwar rana shine lokacin dare bayan faɗuwar rana ko kuma kafin fitowar rana lokacin da har yanzu Rana ta haskaka sararin sama lokacin da take ƙasa da sararin sama. A kowane lokaci, wani ɓangare na [[duniya]] yana wanka da hasken rana (rana) yayin da ɗayan ɓangaren kuma yana cikin duhu wanda duniya ta toshe hasken rana. Babban ɓangaren [[inuwa]] ana kiransa umbra, inda dare ya fi duhu. Har ila yau ana samar da hasken halitta da dare ta hanyar haɗin hasken wata, hasken duniya, hasken tauraro, hasken zodiacal, gegenschein, da iska . A wasu yanayi, aurorae, walƙiya, da bioluminescence na iya samar da wasu haske. Hasken da hasken wucin gadi ke bayarwa wani lokaci ana kiransa gurɓatuwar haske saboda yana iya tsoma baki tare da nazarin [[taurari]] da yanayin [[muhalli]] . == Duration da labarin ƙasa == A duniya, matsakaicin dare ya fi gajarta rana saboda abubuwa biyu. Da fari dai, faifan da ke bayyana [[Rana]] ba batu ba ne, amma yana da diamita na kusurwa kusan 32 arcminutes (32'). Na biyu kuma, yanayin yana kau da hasken rana ta yadda wasu daga ciki su kan isa ƙasa a lokacin da Rana ke ƙasa da sararin sama da kusan 34'. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nufin haske yana isa ƙasa lokacin da tsakiyar fayafan hasken rana ke ƙasa da sararin sama da kusan 50'. Idan ba tare da waɗannan tasirin ba, rana da dare za su kasance tsayi iri ɗaya akan duka equinoxes, lokacin da Rana ta bayyana tana tuntuɓar ma'aunin sararin samaniya . A kan ma'auni, lokacin rana yana ɗaukar kusan mintuna 14 fiye da yadda dare yake yi a Equator, har ma ya fi tsayi zuwa sanduna . [[File:Nile_River_Delta_at_Night.JPG|left|thumb| Magudanar ruwa na [[Nil|kogin Nilu]] da delta da dare]] Lokacin bazara da lokacin hunturu suna nuna mafi guntu kuma mafi tsayi dare, bi da bi. Mafi kusancin wurin shine ko dai Pole ta Arewa ko Kudancin Kudu, mafi girman kewayon bambancin dare. Ko da yake dare da rana sun kusan daidaita tsayin daka a kan ma'auni, rabon dare zuwa rana yana canzawa da sauri a manyan latitudes fiye da [[Wurare masu zafi (Tropics)|ƙananan latitudes]] kafin da bayan equinox. A Arewacin Hemisphere, [[Denmark]] na ɗan gajeren dare a watan Yuni fiye da [[Indiya]]. A cikin Kudancin Hemisphere, [[Antatika|Antarctica]] yana ganin tsawon dare a watan Yuni fiye da [[Chile]]. Dukansu sassan biyu suna samun yanayin tsayin dare iri ɗaya a latitudes iri ɗaya, amma zagayowar suna tsakanin watanni 6 ne ta yadda ɗayan ɓangarorin ke fama da tsawon dare ( lokacin hunturu ) yayin da ɗayan yana fuskantar gajerun dare ( rani ). A cikin yankin da ke tsakanin ko dai da'irar polar, bambancin sa'o'in hasken rana yana da matsananciyar gaske cewa wani ɓangare na lokacin rani yana ganin wani lokaci ba tare da dare ya shiga tsakani a tsakanin kwanakin jere ba, yayin da wani ɓangare na lokacin hunturu yana ganin lokaci ba tare da tsaka-tsakin rana tsakanin dare a jere ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/sky/features/sun_moon/daylight.htm |access-date=2022-06-03 |archive-date=2021-05-27 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20210527214520/http://www.arctic.uoguelph.ca/cpe/environments/sky/features/sun_moon/daylight.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Akan sauran jikunan sama == [[File:Waning_Moon.jpg|thumb| Watan yana raguwa]] Lamarin da ke faruwa a dare da rana yana faruwa ne saboda jujjuyawar da jikin sama ya yi game da kusurwoyinsa, yana haifar da tunanin fitowar rana da faɗuwarta. Jikuna daban-daban suna jujjuyawa a farashi daban-daban, duk da haka. Wasu na iya yin juyi da sauri fiye da [[Duniya]], yayin da wasu ke yin juzu'i a hankali, wanda ke haifar da tsawon kwanaki da dare. Duniyar Venus tana jujjuyawa sau ɗaya a cikin kwanaki 224.7 - zuwa yanzu mafi girman lokacin jujjuyawa na kowane ɗayan manyan taurari. Sabanin haka, ranar jupiter kato mai iskar gas shine awa 9 kawai da mintuna 56.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20181226062355/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm%0A%20</ref>Duk da haka, ba kawai lokacin juyawa na gefe ba ne ke ƙayyade tsawon lokacin zagayowar rana-dare na duniya amma tsawon lokacin da take kewayawa - Venus tana da lokacin jujjuyawa na kwanaki 224.7, amma zagayowar rana da dare kawai kwanaki 116.75. saboda jujjuyawar da yake yi da jujjuyawar ta a kewayen Rana. Mercury yana da mafi tsayin zagayowar rana da dare sakamakon sautinsa na 3:2 tsakanin lokacin da yake kewaye da shi da lokacin jujjuyawa - wannan ra'ayin yana ba shi zagayowar dare mai tsawon kwanaki 176. Duniya na iya fuskantar babban yanayin zafi tsakanin dare da rana, kamar Mercury, duniyar da ke kusa da rana. Wannan la'akari ɗaya ne dangane da zama na duniya ko yuwuwar rayuwa ta waje. == Tasiri akan rayuwa == === Halittu === Ɓacewar hasken rana, tushen [[makamashi]] na farko don rayuwa a duniya, yana da tasiri mai ban mamaki akan ilimin halittar jiki, ilimin halittar jiki da halayyar kusan kowane ƙwayoyin halitta. Wasu dabbobin suna [[Bacci|barci]] da daddare, yayin da sauran dabbobin dare da suka hada da asu da crickets ke aiki a wannan lokacin. Ba a ganin illar dare da rana a cikin [[Dabba|dabbobi]] kawai; [[Shuka|Tsirrai]] kuma sun sami sauye-sauye don jure rashin hasken rana a wannan lokacin. Misali, crassulacean acid metabolism wani nau'in na musamman ne na gyaran carbon wanda ke ba da damar shuke-shuken photosynthesis don adana carbon dioxide a cikin ƙyallen su azaman ƙwayoyin acid a cikin dare, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi da rana don haɗa carbohydrates . Wannan yana ba su damar kiyaye stomata a rufe da rana, yana hana haɓakar [[ruwa]] mai daraja. === Zamantakewa === [[File:Mayfair,_London,_UK_-_panoramio_(8).jpg|right|thumb| Regent Street, London, karfe 10:00{{Spaces}}pm]] An ƙirƙiri hasken lantarki a lokacin 1835.<ref><nowiki>https://www.energy.gov/articles/history-light-bulb</nowiki></ref> Kamar yadda hasken wucin gadi ya inganta, musamman bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, ayyukan dare ya karu kuma ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arziƙi]] a mafi yawan wurare. Cibiyoyin da yawa, irin su wuraren shaƙatawa na dare, mashaya, shagunan sauƙaƙawa, gidajen abinci masu sauri, gidajen mai, wuraren rarrabawa, da ofisoshin ƴan sanda yanzu suna aiki awanni 24 a rana ko kuma a buɗe har ƙarshen 1 ko 2 na safe. Ko da ba tare da hasken wucin gadi ba, hasken wata wani lokaci yana ba da damar yin tafiya ko aiki a waje da dare. Rayuwar dare kalma ce ta gama gari don nishaɗi wacce ke akwai kuma gaba ɗaya ta fi shahara tun daga ƙarshen maraice zuwa farkon safiya.<ref><nowiki>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nightlife</nowiki></ref> Ya haɗa da mashaya, wuraren shaƙatawa na dare , liyafa, kiɗan raye [[Kiɗa|-raye]], kiɗe-kiɗe, cabarets, gidan wasan kwaikwayo, sinima, da nunin nuni. Waɗannan wuraren sau da yawa suna buƙatar cajin murfin don shiga. Nishaɗin rayuwar dare galibi ya fi dacewa da manya fiye da nishaɗin rana. === Abubuwan al'adu da na tunani === [[File:Peter_Nicolai_Arbo_-_Natten_-_Nasjonalmuseet_-_NG.M.03666.jpg|right|thumb| Nótt, wanda aka kwatanta da dare a tarihin Norse, ta hau dokinta a cikin wannan zane na karni na 19 na Peter Nicolai Arbo .]] [[File:Józef_Chełmoński._Noc_na_Ukrainie.1877.jpg|thumb| "Noc na Ukrainie" ( [[Ukraniya|Ukrainian]] da Dare) - hoton da ke nuna takamaiman yanayi na hunturu nigt a cikin karni na 19 na [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] ta Józef Chełmoński, 1877 mai a kan zane, 69 x 129 cm ( Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa a Warsaw )]] [[File:Van_Gogh_-_Starry_Night_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|left|thumb| Zanen [[Vincent van Gogh]] na Starry Night (1889) <ref>[https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-night-1889/ moma learning] [[MoMA]] Retrieved May 23, 2021</ref>]] Yawancin lokaci dare yana haɗuwa da haɗari da mugunta, saboda haɗin kai na tunani na dare mai yalwaci duhu ga tsoron abin da ba a sani ba da duhu na toshewar babban tsarin azanci (hangen gani ). Dare a ɗabi'ance yana da alaƙa da rauni da haɗari ga rayuwar jikin ɗan adam. Masu laifi, dabbobi, da sauran haɗari masu haɗari na iya ɓoye ta duhu. Tsakar dare yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a cikin tunanin ɗan adam da al'ada. An samo zane-zane na Upper Paleolithic don nuna (ta Leroi-Gourhan ) wani tsari na zatbi inda hoton dabbobin da suka fuskanci haɗari suna samuwa a nesa daga ƙofar wani kogo da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban na kogo. <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Peter}} the source doesn't state the location "painted in the depths" had natural light or no natural light</ref> Imani da sihiri yakan haɗa da ra'ayin cewa sihiri da masu sihiri sun fi ƙarfin dare. Seances na ruhaniya yawanci ana gudanar da shi kusa da tsakar dare. Hakazalika, an siffanta halittun tatsuniyoyi da na al'ada irin su vampires da wolves da cewa sun fi aiki da dare. An yi imanin cewa fatalwowi suna yawo kusan lokacin dare. A kusan dukkan al'adu, akwai labarai da tatsuniyoyi masu gargaɗi game da haɗarin lokacin dare. A gaskiya ma, Saxon sun kira duhun dare da 'hazo mutuwa'.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2007}} Muhimmancin dare a Musulunci ya sha bamban da al'adun Turawa. An saukar da Al'ƙur'ani a cikin [[Lailatul ƙadari|daren lailatul ƙadari]], dare mafi muhimmanci a Musulunci. Annabi [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] (ﷺ), ya yi shahararriyar tafiyarsa daga Makka zuwa ƙudus sannan zuwa sama cikin dare.. annabi, [[Ibrahim]] ya zo ga fahimtar mafificin halitta mai kula da sararin samaniya da dare. A yammacin al'adun yammacin dare yana da alaƙa da al'adun Gothic . Mutanen da suka fi son yin aiki a lokacin dare ana kiran su mujiyoyin dare . == Duba kuma == * Inuwar duniya * Dokokin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a Amurka * Dare sama * dare * Olbers' paradox == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == === Al'adu === *{{cite web | url = https://nightologists.hypotheses.org/ | title = International Night Studies Network | work =the CISAN-UNAM (México), the Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Montreal, McGill (Canada), the Institut de Géoarchitecture and the IDA-Brest (France) |archive-url=https://archive.today/4ef6J |archive-date=May 23, 2021 | accessdate = May 23, 2021 }} *{{cite book |last1= Shaw |first1=Robert|title=The Nocturnal City |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Nocturnal_City/l3JUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 |url-status= |url-access= |format=Ebook |type= |series= |date=2 February 2018|language= |volume= |edition= |location= |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |publication-date=2 February 2018 |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn=9781317197225 |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=23 May 2021 |via=[[Google Books]] |quote="...This book looks at the relationship between night and society in contemporary cities.." |mode= }} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * {{Wikiquote-inline}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|night}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2o111obq7y41sfn68yiuimtd8ydjbed 0 33523 542592 466203 2024-11-19T13:20:34Z Makenzis 8913 /* Manyan masu zura kwallaye */ 542592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Zimbabwe''' Ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kwararru ta hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]]<ref>"[[Zimbabwe]] (And Rhodesia) Champions</ref> An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1980, a matsayin magaji ga 1962 da aka kafa ''Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta [[Rhodesia]].'' A halin yanzu Delta Beverages ne ke daukar nauyinta a ƙarƙashin alamar Castle Lager kuma saboda haka ana kiranta da '''[[Castle Lager Premier Soccer]] League'''.<ref name=":0">"$3,6m for Castle Lager PSL" . News Day . 27 March 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</ref> Yarjejeniyar tallafawa na yanzu tana gudana daga 2011 kuma tana da darajar dala miliyan 3.6. Gasar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 18 da aka jera a ƙasa, waɗanda ke buga jimlar matches 34. Lokacin tana gudana daga Afrilu zuwa [[Nuwamba]]. Yawancin wasanni ana buga su a karshen mako a ranakun [[Asabar]] da [[Lahadi]]. Ana buga wasannin da aka jinkirta a tsakiyar mako. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana kungiyoyi hudu ne za su koma mataki na kasa sannan kuma ana kara yawan adadin.<ref>[[Fifa.com]] – [[Zimbabwe]]:- League table" . Fifa. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007.</ref><ref>FootballZone.co.zw – 2012 PSL League table" . FootballZone.</ref> A karshen kakar wasan da ta lashe gasar [[CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers|CAF]] Champions League, yayin da gasar cin kofin Zimbabwe samun shiga CAF Confederation Cup. Zakarun na yanzu sune CAPS United waɗanda suka lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara ta 2016 ta [[Zimbabwe]]. Domin kakar wasa ta yanzu, duba 2016 [[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League]]. == Dubawa == === Kungiyoyin kakar 2021-22 === * Black Rhinos (Harare). * Sarakunan Bulawayo (Bulawayo). * Birnin Bulawayo (Bulawayo). * CAPS United (Harare). * Kaji Inn (Bulawayo). * Harsashin Cranborne (Harare). * Dynamos (Harare). * Platinum (Zvishavane). * Birnin Harare (Harare). * Herentals FC (Harare). * Highlanders (Bulawayo). * Manica Diamonds (Mutare). * Ngezi Platinum Stars (Mhondoro). * Tenax CS (Mutare). * Triangle United (Chiredzi) * Wha Wha (Gweru). * Yadah (Harare). * ZPC Kariba (Kariba). === Manyan masu zura kwallaye === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! width="100" |Shekara ! width="200" | Mafi kyawun zura kwallaye ! width="220" | Tawaga ! width="100" | Manufa |- | '''1996''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Alois Bunjira]] | [[CAPS United]] | 23 |- | '''1999-00''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zambia}} [[Chewe Mulenga]] | Taurarin dogo | 24 |- | '''2000''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Thomas Makwasha]] | Shabanie | 16 |- | '''2001''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Tapfuma Gahadzikwa]] | CAPS United | 19 |- | '''2002''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zenzo Moyo]] | Highlanders | 21 |- | '''2003''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Sageby Sandaka]] | Amazulu | 17 |- | '''2004''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Leonard Tsipa]] | CAPS United | 18 |- | '''2005''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Edmore Mufema]] | Ayyukan Motoci | 17 |- | '''2006''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Ralph Matema]] | Highlanders | 19 |- | '''2007''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Cuthbert Malajila]] | Chapungu United | 15 |- | '''2008''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Evans Chikwaikwai]] | Njube Sundowns | 23 |- | '''2009''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Nyasha Mushekwi]] | CAPS United | 21 |- | '''2010''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Norman Maroto]] | Gunners | 22 |- | '''2011''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Rodreck Mutuma]] | Dynamos | 14 |- | '''2012''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Nelson Mazivisa]] | Shabanie Min | 18 |- | '''2013''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Tendai Ndoro]] | Kaji Inn | 18 |- | '''2015''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Knox Mutizwa]] | Highlanders | 14 |- | '''2016''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}}</img> [[Leonard Tsipa]] | CAPS United | 11 |} == Tallafawa == Daga 2011, Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier tana da haƙƙoƙin tallafin take wanda aka sayar wa Delta Beverages, waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin gasar a ƙarƙashin alamarsu ta Castle Lager. Yarjejeniyar tana ci gaba har zuwa 2018. Asalin ƙananan matakin samun kudin shiga, a cikin 2014 Delta Beverages sun haɓaka tallafin su zuwa dala miliyan 3.6.<ref name=":0"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center" !Lokaci ! Mai tallafawa ! Suna |- | 2011- | Abubuwan sha na Delta, Castle Lager | Castle Lager Premier League |} == Watsa labarai == Kafin haka dai, gasar firimiya ta kulla yarjejeniya ta gidan talabijin da SuperSport da ke watsa wasanni akai-akai a fadin Afirka.<ref>[[Zimbabwe]]-[[Premier Soccer League]]". LiveSoccerTV. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, gasar ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da ZTN (Zimpapers Television Network) don watsa wasannin Castle Lager PSL da Chibuku Super Cup.<ref>PSL, ZTN in game changing deal". The Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</ref> ZTN Prime,<ref>Herald, The. "Joy as ZTN Prime goes live on DStv". The Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</ref> sabuwar hanyar sadarwar su ta talabijin kyauta za ta watsa wasannin da dandalin sada zumunta su ma. A Youtube da Facebook, wasan 15 ga watan Mayu, 2022 na Highlanders FC da Dynamos Harare FC ya sami masu kallo 50,000 a matsayin wasan PSL mafi girma a dandalin sada zumunta.<ref>Castle Lager Premier Soccer League-CASTLE LAGER PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE|MATCHDAY 15|: HIGHLANDERS FC Vs DYNAMOS FC: 15 MAY 2022 | Facebook|By Castle Lager Premier Soccer League, retrieved 30 May 2022</ref><ref>CASTLE LAGER PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE|MATCHDAY 15|: HIGHLANDERS FC Vs DYNAMOS FC: 15 MAY 2022, retrieved 30 May 2022</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tauraron Kwallon Kafa Na Shekara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100141/http://fifa.com/associations/association=zim/nationalleague/standings.html FIFA.com] ; Bayanin ƙungiyar * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesz/zimbchamp.html Tarihin gasar RSSSF] [[Category: Zimbabwe]] b205ge71xewtbiaw881pvxn8kr857iw 542593 542592 2024-11-19T13:20:59Z Makenzis 8913 /* Manyan masu zura kwallaye */ 542593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Zimbabwe''' Ita ce babbar ƙungiyar kwararru ta hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe.]]<ref>"[[Zimbabwe]] (And Rhodesia) Champions</ref> An kafa ta a cikin shekarar 1980, a matsayin magaji ga 1962 da aka kafa ''Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta [[Rhodesia]].'' A halin yanzu Delta Beverages ne ke daukar nauyinta a ƙarƙashin alamar Castle Lager kuma saboda haka ana kiranta da '''[[Castle Lager Premier Soccer]] League'''.<ref name=":0">"$3,6m for Castle Lager PSL" . News Day . 27 March 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</ref> Yarjejeniyar tallafawa na yanzu tana gudana daga 2011 kuma tana da darajar dala miliyan 3.6. Gasar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi 18 da aka jera a ƙasa, waɗanda ke buga jimlar matches 34. Lokacin tana gudana daga Afrilu zuwa [[Nuwamba]]. Yawancin wasanni ana buga su a karshen mako a ranakun [[Asabar]] da [[Lahadi]]. Ana buga wasannin da aka jinkirta a tsakiyar mako. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana kungiyoyi hudu ne za su koma mataki na kasa sannan kuma ana kara yawan adadin.<ref>[[Fifa.com]] – [[Zimbabwe]]:- League table" . Fifa. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007.</ref><ref>FootballZone.co.zw – 2012 PSL League table" . FootballZone.</ref> A karshen kakar wasan da ta lashe gasar [[CAF Women's Champions League UNAF Qualifiers|CAF]] Champions League, yayin da gasar cin kofin Zimbabwe samun shiga CAF Confederation Cup. Zakarun na yanzu sune CAPS United waɗanda suka lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta shekara ta 2016 ta [[Zimbabwe]]. Domin kakar wasa ta yanzu, duba 2016 [[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League]]. == Dubawa == === Kungiyoyin kakar 2021-22 === * Black Rhinos (Harare). * Sarakunan Bulawayo (Bulawayo). * Birnin Bulawayo (Bulawayo). * CAPS United (Harare). * Kaji Inn (Bulawayo). * Harsashin Cranborne (Harare). * Dynamos (Harare). * Platinum (Zvishavane). * Birnin Harare (Harare). * Herentals FC (Harare). * Highlanders (Bulawayo). * Manica Diamonds (Mutare). * Ngezi Platinum Stars (Mhondoro). * Tenax CS (Mutare). * Triangle United (Chiredzi) * Wha Wha (Gweru). * Yadah (Harare). * ZPC Kariba (Kariba). === Manyan masu zura kwallaye === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! width="100" |Shekara ! width="200" | Mafi kyawun zura kwallaye ! width="220" | Tawaga ! width="100" | Manufa |- | '''1996''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Alois Bunjira]] | [[CAPS United]] | 23 |- | '''1999-00''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zambia}} [[Chewe Mulenga]] | Taurarin dogo | 24 |- | '''2000''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Thomas Makwasha]] | Shabanie | 16 |- | '''2001''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Tapfuma Gahadzikwa]] | CAPS United | 19 |- | '''2002''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zenzo Moyo]] | Highlanders | 21 |- | '''2003''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Sageby Sandaka]] | Amazulu | 17 |- | '''2004''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Leonard Tsipa]] | CAPS United | 18 |- | '''2005''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Edmore Mufema]] | Ayyukan Motoci | 17 |- | '''2006''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Ralph Matema]] | Highlanders | 19 |- | '''2007''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Cuthbert Malajila]] | Chapungu United | 15 |- | '''2008''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Evans Chikwaikwai]] | Njube Sundowns | 23 |- | '''2009''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Nyasha Mushekwi]] | CAPS United | 21 |- | '''2010''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Norman Maroto]] | Gunners | 22 |- | '''2011''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Rodreck Mutuma]] | Dynamos | 14 |- | '''2012''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Nelson Mazivisa]] | Shabanie Min | 18 |- | '''2013''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Tendai Ndoro]] | Kaji Inn | 18 |- | '''2015''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Knox Mutizwa]] | Highlanders | 14 |- | '''2016''' | style="text-align:left" |{{Flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Leonard Tsipa]] | CAPS United | 11 |} == Tallafawa == Daga 2011, Gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier tana da haƙƙoƙin tallafin take wanda aka sayar wa Delta Beverages, waɗanda ke ɗaukar nauyin gasar a ƙarƙashin alamarsu ta Castle Lager. Yarjejeniyar tana ci gaba har zuwa 2018. Asalin ƙananan matakin samun kudin shiga, a cikin 2014 Delta Beverages sun haɓaka tallafin su zuwa dala miliyan 3.6.<ref name=":0"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center" !Lokaci ! Mai tallafawa ! Suna |- | 2011- | Abubuwan sha na Delta, Castle Lager | Castle Lager Premier League |} == Watsa labarai == Kafin haka dai, gasar firimiya ta kulla yarjejeniya ta gidan talabijin da SuperSport da ke watsa wasanni akai-akai a fadin Afirka.<ref>[[Zimbabwe]]-[[Premier Soccer League]]". LiveSoccerTV. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.</ref> A cikin shekarar 2021, gasar ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya da ZTN (Zimpapers Television Network) don watsa wasannin Castle Lager PSL da Chibuku Super Cup.<ref>PSL, ZTN in game changing deal". The Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</ref> ZTN Prime,<ref>Herald, The. "Joy as ZTN Prime goes live on DStv". The Herald. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</ref> sabuwar hanyar sadarwar su ta talabijin kyauta za ta watsa wasannin da dandalin sada zumunta su ma. A Youtube da Facebook, wasan 15 ga watan Mayu, 2022 na Highlanders FC da Dynamos Harare FC ya sami masu kallo 50,000 a matsayin wasan PSL mafi girma a dandalin sada zumunta.<ref>Castle Lager Premier Soccer League-CASTLE LAGER PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE|MATCHDAY 15|: HIGHLANDERS FC Vs DYNAMOS FC: 15 MAY 2022 | Facebook|By Castle Lager Premier Soccer League, retrieved 30 May 2022</ref><ref>CASTLE LAGER PREMIER SOCCER LEAGUE|MATCHDAY 15|: HIGHLANDERS FC Vs DYNAMOS FC: 15 MAY 2022, retrieved 30 May 2022</ref> == Duba kuma == * Tauraron Kwallon Kafa Na Shekara == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070626100141/http://fifa.com/associations/association=zim/nationalleague/standings.html FIFA.com] ; Bayanin ƙungiyar * [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesz/zimbchamp.html Tarihin gasar RSSSF] [[Category: Zimbabwe]] moaits7jjz6hkpdsee5s059y6uunpub 0 35979 542982 516680 2024-11-20T08:19:41Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hindu Bride, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|shigar amarya a Hindi india]] [[Fayil:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn - Portret van een paar als oudtestamentische figuren, genaamd 'Het Joodse bruidje' - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|ango da amarya a da]] [[Fayil:Chicago Riverwalk Bride Portrait.jpg|thumb|amarya]] '''Amarya''' ita ce macen da za a yi aure ko wadda ta yi sabon aure. Lokacin daurin aure, ango na gaba, (idan namiji) yawanci ana kiranta da amarya ko kuma kawai ango. A al'adar yammacin duniya, amarya za ta iya samun halartar kuyanga, amarya da ango ko fiye. ==Duba kuma == *[[Angon]] *Amariya ==Manazarta== [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3n3rf5jao0nyhl4xedvrrdcz95gox1m 0 36114 542830 247769 2024-11-19T21:41:43Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''' Warwatsu''' kalmar na nufin yaɗuwar wani abu ko a baza abu a ƙasa don ya bushe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholas|first=Awde|title=Hippocrene Practical dictionary|publisher=Hippocrene books New York|year=1996|ISBN=0781804264}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} dm0t145l5xva0c5uetbw605mna2833e 0 36231 542829 219967 2024-11-19T21:39:50Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Likitan Haƙora''' wannan kalmar na nufin ƙwararren likita a fannin duba lafiyar hakori na mutum. Ana kiran shi da '''Dentist''' a turance.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nicholas|first=Awde|title=Hippocrene Practical dictionary|publisher=Hippocrene books New York|year=1996|ISBN=0781804264}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1vsjfgpfzaga7643t72brgn4u9ubcp3 0 40765 542595 494353 2024-11-19T14:04:21Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Nayi Gyara 542595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Immanuel Kant 001.jpg|thumb|Immanuel Kant]] [[File:Immanuel Kant als Quantenphysiker I.jpg|left|thumb|Immanuel Kant]] [[Fayil:Immanuel Kant - Gemaelde 1.jpg|thumb|Masani kimiyan makami]] '''Immanuel Kant''' (UK: /kænt/, US: /kɑː nt/, German: [ɪˈmaːnu̯eːl ˈkant] ; a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724&nbsp; zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙayatarwa]] sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani. A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin [[Transcendental Étude No. 4 (Liszt)|transcendental]], Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da [[lokaci]] ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, <ref name="Kitcher Intro">Since he had written his last habilitation thesis 14 years earlier, a new habilitation thesis was required (see S.J. McGrath, Joseph Carew (eds.), Rethinking German Idealism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 24).{{Cite book|last1=}}</ref> ya rubuta ''Critique of Pure Reason'' a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), <ref>There are two relatively recent translations: </ref> ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na ''farko'' zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami ''fifikon'' sanin waɗannan abubuwan. {{Efn|"Up to now it has been assumed that all our cognition must conform to the objects; but all attempts to find out something about them ''a priori'' through concepts that would extend our cognition have, on this presupposition, come to nothing. Hence let us once try whether we do not get farther with the problems of metaphysics by assuming that the objects must conform to our cognition, which would agree better with the requested possibility of an ''a priori'' cognition of them, which is to establish something about objects before they are given to us. This would be just like the first thoughts of [[Copernicus]], who, when he did not make good progress in the explanation of the celestial motions if he assumed that the entire celestial host revolves around the observer, tried to see if he might not have greater success if he made the observer revolve and left the stars at rest. Now in metaphysics we can try in a similar way regarding the intuition of objects. If intuition has to conform to the constitution of the objects, then I do not see how we can know anything of them ''a priori''; but if the object (as an object of the senses) conforms to the constitution of our faculty of intuition, then I can very well represent this possibility to myself."<ref name="CPureR Cambridge">{{cite book|last=Kant|first=Immanuel|title=Critique of Pure Reason|series=The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant|year=1999|others=Translated and edited by [[Paul Guyer]] and [[Allen W. Wood]]|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge U.P.|isbn=978-0-5216-5729-7}}</ref>{{rp|110 (B xvi–vii)}}}} [[File:Immanuel Kant als Quantenphysiker II.jpg|thumb|Immanuel Kant]] Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|kyawawan dabi'u]] sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙayatarwa na zamani]]. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, <ref>Rockmore, Tom (2004). On Foundationalism: A Strategy for Metaphysical Realism . Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 65 . ISBN 978-0-7425-3427-8{{Cite journal |url-status=53–74}}</ref> kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa. Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar [[Dimokaraɗiyya|dimokuradiyya]] ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na [[Tarihin ɗan-Adam|tarihin duniya]]. <ref>Kant, Immanuel (1784). "[[Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose]]".</ref> Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin [[Allah]] zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", <ref>Arthur Schopenhauer, ''On the Basis of Morals'', in ''The Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics'', trans. Chris Janaway (2009), sections 4–5.</ref> da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga [[Kiristanci|addinin Kirista]] na gargajiya. {{Efn|Nietzsche wrote that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul."<ref>Friedrich Nietzsche (trans. [[Walter Arnold Kaufmann]]), ''The Portable Nietzsche'', 1976, p. 96.</ref>}} Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". <ref name="Bernasconi">Hanna, Robert, Kant, Science, and Human Nature. Clarendon Press, 2006, p. 16.{{Cite journal|url-status=141–148}}</ref> Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin ''Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch'' (1795). <ref name="Kleingeld">Oberst, Michael (2015). "Kant on Universals". History of Philosophy Quarterly . 32 (4): 335–352.{{Cite journal|url-status=573–592}}</ref> [[File:Kant gemaelde 1.jpg|thumb|Immanuel Kant]] Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ''Tarihin Halitta na Duniya'' (1755), ''Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki'' (1788), ''Ƙididdigar Shari'a'' (1790), ''Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili'' (1793), da ''Metaphysics of Morals'' (1797). == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta (1724), a cikin dangin Prussian Jamus na bangaskiyar Lutheran [[Protestan bangaskiya|Protestant]] a Königsberg, Gabashin Prussia tun a shekara ta (1946), birnin [[Kaliningrad]], Kaliningrad Oblast, [[Rasha]]). Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Regina Reuter (1697 zuwa 1737), an haife shi a Königsberg ubansa a [[Nuremberg]] yake.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}} Sunanta wani lokacin kuskure ana ba shi azaman Porter. Mahaifin Kant, Johann Georg Kant (1682 zuwa 1746), ɗan Jamus ne mai kera kayan aiki daga Memel, a lokacin birni mafi arewa maso gabashin Prussia (yanzu Klaipėda, [[Lithuania]]). Kant ya yi imanin cewa kakan mahaifinsa Hans Kant dan asalin Scotland ne. <ref>Mortensen, Hans and Gertrud, ''Kants väterliche Ahnen und ihre Umwelt, Rede von 1952 in Jahrbuch der Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg'', Pr., Holzner-Verlag, Kitzingen, Main 1953, Vol. 3, p. 26.</ref> Yayin da masana rayuwar Kant suka daɗe suna yarda da wannan iƙirari, ƙwarewar zamani ta ƙalubalanci shi. Yana yiwuwa Kants sun sami suna daga ƙauyen Kantvainiai (Jamus: Kantwaggen-a yau wani ɓangare na Priekulė) kuma sun fito ne daga asalin Kursenieki. <ref>R.K. Murray, "The Origin of Immanuel Kant's Family Name", ''Kantian Review'' '''13'''(1), March 2008, pp. 190-93.</ref> <ref>Rosa Kohlheim, Volker Kohlheim, ''Duden – Familiennamen: Herkunft und Bedeutung von 20.000 Nachnamen'', Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG, Mannheim 2005, p. 365.</ref> Kant shi ne na hudu a cikin yara tara (shida daga cikinsu sun girma). [[File:Immanuel Kant signature.svg|thumb|Immanuel Kant signature]] Ya yi Baftisma Emanuel, daga baya ya canza harafin sunansa zuwa Immanuel <ref>Kuehn 2001, p. 26.</ref> bayan ya koyi [[Ibrananci]]. An rene shi a gidan ’ yan Bidi’a da suka nanata ibada, tawali’u, da fassarar [[Baibûl|Littafi Mai Tsarki]] na zahiri. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2017}} mai tsauri, hukunci da ladabtarwa, kuma ya mai da hankali kan koyarwar [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] da addini akan lissafi da kimiyya. <ref>Kuehn 2001, p. 47.</ref> A cikin ''Groundwork na Metaphysic of Morals'', ya bayyana imani ga rashin mutuwa a matsayin yanayin da ya dace na tsarin ɗan adam zuwa mafi girman halin kirki mai yiwuwa. <ref>Metaphysics, p. 131</ref> Duk da haka, kamar yadda Kant ya kasance mai shakka game da wasu hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a gabaninsa don kare ilimin tauhidi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa fahimtar mutum yana da iyaka kuma ba zai iya samun ilimi game da [[Allah]] ko rai ba, masu sharhi daban-daban sun lakafta shi a matsayin agnostic na falsafa, <ref>"While this sounds skeptical, Kant is only agnostic about our knowledge of metaphysical objects such as God. And, as noted above, Kant's agnosticism leads to the conclusion that we can neither affirm nor deny claims made by traditional metaphysics." Andrew Fiala, [[John Meiklejohn|J.M.D. Meiklejohn]], ''Critique of Pure Reason'' – Introduction, p. xi. </ref> ko da yake an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Kant yana nufin wasu mutane su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai tunani mai tsabta", wanda Kant da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya gane wahayi amma ya tabbatar. cewa saninsa da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin gaske ba wajibi ne ga addini ba. Ga alama Kant ya yi rayuwa mai tsauri da tarbiyya; an ce makwabci za su saita agogon su ta hanyar tafiya ta yau da kullun. Bai taɓa yin aure ba, <ref>Kuehn, M. (2001). Kant: A biography. New York: Cambridge University Press. p 169</ref> amma da alama yana da rayuwar zamantakewa mai lada— shi mashahurin malami ne, haka kuma marubuci mai cike da kunya tun ma kafin ya fara kan manyan ayyukansa na falsafa. Yana da da'irar abokai waɗanda yake yawan saduwa da su—daga cikinsu akwai Joseph Green, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ingila a Königsberg, wanda aka ruwaito ya fara magana da shi a cikin jayayya a cikin shekara ta 1763, ko kafin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, Kant yana yawo a cikin Dänhofscher Garten, sai ya ga daya daga cikin abokansa yana magana da wasu mutanen da bai sani ba. Ya shiga tattaunawar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a duniya. Batun rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka ya taso. Kant ya ɗauki gefen Amirkawa, kuma wannan ya tayar da Green. Ya kalubalanci Kant da fada. An ruwaito Kant ya bayyana cewa kishin kasa bai shiga cikin ra'ayinsa ba, kuma duk wani dan kasa na duniya zai iya daukar matsayinsa idan ya rike ka'idojin siyasar Kant, wanda Kant ya bayyana wa Green. Green ya yi mamakin yadda Kant ya iya bayyana ra'ayinsa, har Green ya ba da damar yin abota da Kant, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa gidansa da yamma. Tsakanin shekarar (1750 da kuma 1754) Kant ya yi aiki a matsayin malami (''Hauslehrer'') a ƙauyen Lithuania na Jučiai (Jamus: Judtschen; kusan 20&nbsp;km gabas da Königsberg, kuma a cikin Groß-Arnsdorf (yanzu Jarnołtowo kusa da Morąg (Jamus: Mohrungen), [[Poland]]), kusan 145&nbsp;km gabas da Königsberg. [[File:Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) engraving.jpg|thumb|Immanuel Kant]] Tatsuniyoyi da yawa sun taso game da halin Kant na sirri; an jera waɗannan, an bayyana, kuma an karyata su a cikin gabatarwar Goldthwait zuwa fassararsa na ''Abubuwan Lura akan Jin Kyawun Kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka''. == Manazarta == [[Category:'Yan falsafan Jamus]] [[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 815udeydv9j24urdis7y4b1vicay5u9 0 42963 542640 405089 2024-11-19T17:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Abdallah Oumbadougou}} [[File:Desertrebel.jpg|thumb| Abdallah Oumbadougou tare da Desert Rebel, 2008]] '''Abdallah Oumbadougou''' ( {{Circa|1962}} – 2020) mawaƙi ne daga Nijar. Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa nau'in ishumar na blues na hamada, salon kiɗa na siyasa, da kiɗan kiɗa na mutanen [[Buzaye|''Kel Tamasheq'']] na [[Sahel|yankin Sahel]] na Arewacin Afirka. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Abdallah Oumbadougou {{Circa|1962}}, a ƙauyen [[Tchimoumounème]] kusa da [[In-Gall]], a [[yankin Agadez]] na Nijar. Ya sayi guitar yana ɗan shekara 16 kuma ya koya wa kansa yadda ake wasa, kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da tarihin mutanensa ya rinjayi. Bayan fama da yunwa a shekarar 1984 kuma a yayin da ake ci gaba da danne [[Buzaye|''Kel Tamasheq'']] daga gwamnati, ya tafi gudun hijira a Aljeriya da Libya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.niameysoir.com/musique-abdallah-oumbadougou-nest-plu-un-ami-proche-serieusement-malade-essaie-de-lui-rendre-un-dernier-hommage/ |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306092914/https://www.niameysoir.com/musique-abdallah-oumbadougou-nest-plu-un-ami-proche-serieusement-malade-essaie-de-lui-rendre-un-dernier-hommage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka ya shiga cikin harkar da ta haifar da ishuma, waƙoƙin tawaye da haramtacciyar kaɗe-kaɗe da makiyaya da ‘yan gudun hijira suka yi, waɗanda waƙoƙinsu da aka yi siyasa da su sosai suka nemi a samu haɗin kai domin bunƙasa ci gaba da ci gaba, waɗanda suka ƙarfafa “ ɗaukaka al’ada. ganewa".<ref name=":1">https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=QxtLkZLTrQQC&pg=PA58&redir_esc=y{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kafa ƙungiya, Tagueyt Takrist Nakal (kuma "Takrist'n' Akal",<ref name=":2">https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=FGHXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false</ref> ma'ana "gina ƙasa"), kuma tsakanin 1991 zuwa 1995 ya rubuta wakoki da dama waɗanda suka yaɗu a ko'ina cikin yankin ba bisa ƙa'ida ba akan kaset. Bayan tawayen Abzinawa (1990 – 1995) an ba shi damar komawa Nijar, kuma sama da mutane 2000 ne suka halarci wani taron kaɗe-kaɗe na dawowa gida a [[Niamey|Yamai]]<ref name=":0" /> inda Takrist'n Akal ya taka rawa a gaban jami'an gwamnati don murnar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da ta kawo ƙarshe. tashin.<ref name=":2" /> Ana ɗaukar Oumbadougou a matsayin "uban mawaƙan Abzinawa na yau a Nijar"; da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi wasa da shi kafin su je yawon buɗe ido a Amurka da Turai.<ref name=":1" /> Ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan da suka yi wasa tare da shi shi ne mawallafin guitar kuma marubuci [[Koudede]], wanda ya mutu a haɗarin mota a 2012.<ref>https://worldmusiccentral.org/2012/11/04/influential-tuareg-songwriter-koudede-dies-in-car-crash/</ref> An ambaci shi a matsayin muhimmiyar tasiri ta hanyar mawaƙa ciki har da Mdou Moctar, wanda ya gina nasa guitar bayan sauraron Oumbadougou da sauransu.<ref>https://www.tallahassee.com/story/entertainment/2019/09/05/mdou-moctar-heats-up-shred-fest-wilbury/2209749001/</ref><ref>https://www.stereogum.com/2034164/mdou-moctar-interview/interviews/band-to-watch/</ref> Ya kuma shiga cikin bayanan wasu, gami da kundi na 2012 ''Folila'' ta Malinese duo Amadou &amp;amp; Mariam.<ref>https://thequietus.com/articles/08587-amadou-and-mariam-interview</ref> Kundin sa mai ''suna Anou Malane'', wanda aka yi shi a Benin kuma aka fitar da shi a kaset a 1994/1995, Sahel Sounds ya sake fitar da shi a shekarar 2019.<ref>https://www.insidehook.com/article/music/10-record-reissue-labels-you-need-to-know</ref> Ya mutu a asibiti a [[Agadez]], a ranar 4 ga Janairu 2020.<ref name=":0" /> == Hotuna == * 1995: ''Anou Malane'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shop.sahelsounds.com/products/abdallah-ag-oumbadougou-anou-malane |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-06 |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306092914/https://shop.sahelsounds.com/products/abdallah-ag-oumbadougou-anou-malane |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2002: ''Imawalen'' <ref name=":3">http://imuhar.eu/site/en/imuhartuareg/tuareg_music_bands.php</ref> * 2004: ''Afrikya<ref name=":3" /> * 2005: ''Desert Rebel'' <ref>https://www.womex.com/virtual/original_dub_master/desert_rebel</ref> * 2012: ''Zozodinga<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Category:Mutuwan 2020]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Category:Mutanan Nijar]] [[Category:Maza]] av2yk6nc866qmig1k5110fnv965wev8 0 44116 542891 529312 2024-11-20T02:43:32Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Christina_Aguilera_at_the_D23_Expo,_2019.png|Christina_Aguilera_at_the_D23_Expo,_2019.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Infrogmation|Infrogmation]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Christina Aguilera a 542891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} [[File:Christina Aguilera Sanremo.jpg|thumb|mawakiya christina Aguilera]] [[Fayil:Christina aguilera (627353522).jpg|thumb|Christina Aguilera acikin filin wasa]]   '''Christina María Aguilera''' an haife ta ne rana ta shatakwas a watar Disamba (1980) Mawakin Ba'amurke ne, mawaka, dan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma halayen talabijin. An santa da kewayon muryarta na octave hudu da kuma ikon kiyaye manyan bayanai, ana kiranta da " Muryar Karni ". Ayyukanta, wadanda suka hada da mata, jima'i, da tashin hankali na gida, sun haifar da yabo mai mahimmanci da jayayya, wanda sau da yawa ana ambaton ta a matsayin tasirin wasu masu fasaha. [[Category:Biography with signature]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Fayil:Christina Aguilera 2012 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|Christina Aguilera]] [[Fayil:Christina Aguilera at AMAs 2019.png|thumb|Christina Aguilera]] Bayan da ta bayyana a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa a lokacin da take karamar yarinya, Aguilera ta tashi a cikin shekara ta alif dubu daya da tasa'in da tara tare da sakin kundi na farko, ''Christina Aguilera'', ta hanyar kundin RCA Records . Kundin ya haifar da wakoki guda uku na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100 -daya - " Genie a cikin Bottle ", " Abin da Yarinya Ke So " da " Ku zo Sama da Baby (Abin da nake so ku ne) " - kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy don Mafi kyawun Sabuwar Mawaki. Jagoran kidan na kundin yana da alaka da tasiri ga farfadowar matashin pop a karshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, yayin da yaren Mutanen Espanya ya biyo baya, ''Mi Reflejo'' (2000), an lura da ba da gudummawa ga habakar pop na Latin na 2000 . Ba tare da jin dadin yanayin aikin ta na farko ba, Aguilera ta ɗauki ikon sarrafa zane-zane na kundi na studio na hudu, ''Stripped'' (2002). Bidiyon kiɗan na jagorar kundin wakar " Dirrty " ya haifar da cece-kuce game da binciken jima'i da ta yi, wanda ya kai ga ficewar dan saurayinta na tsafi. Duk da haka, Karin mawaka " Kyakkyawa ", " Fighter " da " Ba za a iya rike mu ba " sun zama manyan 'yan wasa goma a kasashe da yawa, kuma an nada ta a matsayin mace mafi nasara a cikin shakara ta dubu biyu da ukku (2003). [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1980]] hwgkoo7f6af3im1g5i2o9bhb98r48gp 0 45194 542641 454103 2024-11-19T17:14:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye''' (an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 1991) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan [[Muritaniya|ƙasar Mauritaniya]] da ke wasa tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FK Liepāja. <ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdoulaye-gueye/135633/ Abdoulaye Gaye] at Soccerway</ref> == Sana'a == Yana wasa tare da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ASAC Concorde kafin ya koma kulob ɗin FK Renova a cikin Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko ta Macedonia a cikin kakar 2010–11. <ref>[http://en.eufo.de/index/squad/renova-dzepciste/2010-11 FK Renova squad 2010/11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324164659/http://en.eufo.de/index/squad/renova-dzepciste/2010-11 |date=2023-03-24 }} at EUFO.de</ref> <ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2011/clubs/club=89708/squad/index.html FK Renova squad] at [[UEFA]].com (wrongly named as Abdoulaye Gueye)</ref> Bayan ya yi spell a Macedonia, ya koma ƙasarsa kuma ya ci gaba da wasa da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta ASAC Concorde. Ya kasance memba na yau da kullun na [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Mauritania|kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mauritania]] tun daga 2012. <ref name="nft">{{NFT player|pid=47347|name=Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye}}</ref> === Kwallayen kasa da kasa === : ''Maki da sakamako ne suka fara zura kwallayen Mauritania.'' <ref name="nft">{{NFT player|pid=47347|name=Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !A'a. ! Kwanan wata ! Wuri ! Abokin hamayya ! Ci ! Sakamako ! Gasa |- | 1. | Fabrairu 27, 2013 | Independence Stadium, Bakau, [[Gambiya|Gambia]] |</img> Gambia | align="center" | '''1-0''' | align="center" | 2–0 | Sada zumunci |- | 2. | 12 ga Agusta, 2017 | Stade Olympique, [[Nouakchott]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]] |</img> Mali | align="center" | '''1-1''' | align="center" | 2–2 | 2018 cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika |} == Girmamawa == ; ASAC Concorde * Ligue 1 Mauritania : 2008 <ref name="nft">{{NFT player|pid=47347|name=Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye}}</ref> * Kofin Mauritania : 2009 <ref name="nft" /> ; ACS Ksar * Kofin Mauritania : 2014, 2015 <ref name="nft">{{NFT player|pid=47347|name=Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye}}</ref> ; Tevragh-Zeina * Ligue 1 Mauritania : 2016 <ref name="nft">{{NFT player|pid=47347|name=Abdoulaye Sileye Gaye}}</ref> * Kofin Mauritania : 2016 <ref name="nft" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cgiiw742fj46stojjly26rs0sf6uyoe 0 45581 542890 499283 2024-11-20T02:24:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Daddy Dan (IA daddydan00wagg).pdf|thumb|littafi akan daddy k]] '''Akpojivi Joel Onoriode''', wanda akafi sani da '''Daddy K''' ɗan Najeriya ne [[Painting|mai zanen]] [[Dubai (birni)|Dubai]].<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/akpojivi-joel-onoriode-artist-businessman-and-philanthropist/</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Onoriode a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1989 a [[Delta (jiha)|jihar Delta]]. Ya yi karatun firamare a Samrute Nursery and Primary School a [[Ovwian]], [[Warri]] sannan ya yi karatunsa na sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Ovwian. An ba shi BA a Fine and Applied Arts daga [[Jami'ar Jihar Delta]] a cikin shekara ta 2003. Onoriode shi ne mamallakin Finishing Glance Limited kuma manajan darakta na Porsh and Glance General Trading, wani kamfani da ke Dubai. Hakanan an san shi da ayyukan taimakon sa kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ayyukan Jin ƙai a cikin shekara ta 2019 ta Gidauniyar MC Orange.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/12/joel-onoriode-set-to-exhibit-at-7th-world-art-dubai-2021/</ref> == Aiki == Ayyukan Onoriode an mayar da hankali ne akan "zane-zanen kafofin watsa labaru masu haɗe da fensir tare da haɗin launi, rubutu, da alamar alama." Aikinsa na farko shi ne a cikin shekarar 2008 kuma an yi masa jagora kan rashin ababen more rayuwa da fasaha a wasu sassan Afirka.<ref>https://dailytimes.ng/daddy-k-shines-with-new-art-designs/</ref> == nune-nunen == Tare da haɗin gwiwar Art Smiley Gallery, Dubai, An nuna Onoriode a cikin nune-nunen rukuni a Dubai wanda ya haɗa da baje kolinsa a bugu na 6 na World Art Subai. Wasu daga cikin taken zane-zanen nasa da aka baje kolin su ne "Dubai Frame," "Cutar Duniya," "Brothers Keeper," "Music Live Forever," "Fasaha ita ce sabon ilmantarwa," da "Dukan jinsi suna Daidai."<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/01/joel-onoriode-holds-virtual-art-exhibition-for-fans-and-followers/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ngdailynews.ng/entertainment-news/joel-onoriode-set-to-exhibit-at-7th-world-art-dubai-2021/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-28 |archive-date=2023-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328211351/https://ngdailynews.ng/entertainment-news/joel-onoriode-set-to-exhibit-at-7th-world-art-dubai-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Matsalolin shari'a == An tuhumi Onoriode da zamba a cikin shekarar 2019, [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arziƙin Ƙasa Ta’annati]] (EFCC) ta kama shi, kuma an gurfanar da shi a gaban kotu amma daga baya aka sake shi kuma aka kawo ƙarshen shari’ar.<ref>https://www.newtelegraphng.com/daddy-k-artist-businessman-and-philanthropist/</ref><ref><nowiki>https://www.efcc.gov.ng/news/4486-court-jails-yahoo-yahoo-kingpin-one-other-in-calabar?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=47fefa0a30d6190630da20f2a22ae94b5c8aa4ae-1615549305-0-AbjGfieDYLWz1wVHY7nttrdiBPp7XKej6gfmXPGludyXZfcqcNmdkspYWu86-qLf_xaAtmfuMaVRJsCX39Wu_0_4Z_ZpcQQkUIeksRfOlfZJK8PMH449E69N8egElJdG_BxB5OGnU_TXuaQMbwW6G-pjzK_Li2iIf68l-g6m38an_th_wMIRNllAM75JCJNxDvjOB9003w0JepF1to9YUslt3QTTwfUvm5-5qzBlBoKwvq4aiJXGB4S7SfBBjTJhp67AjG15nzJzhr1cbySXiZL1oj7nsIpexZ-_Dek86HthkwO9xnctOoDlS2Se6OCuF4ZOP1unzdtwKrJFKxIE-JqQrkqWBkD-6avDSFPiT5c19I0uI0aXq2QdAY-xqQX3ksrL1FqetqLN2spSQCxycJc</nowiki></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1989]] 9e4u68gg2kvfcnjif4p6nrhnfftvaem 0 48004 542941 497725 2024-11-20T06:38:37Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Lamine_Bey.jpg|Lamine_Bey.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 11 November 2024. 542941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wannan shine jerin '''sarakunan ƙarshe a Afirka.'''<ref>Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom , from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.</ref><ref>Elizabeth II was proclaimed Queen of Rhodesia following Rhodesia’s Unilateral Declaration of Independence , but this was not recognised by the queen herself.</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="99%" !Nation / territory ! colspan="2" |Monarch !Title !Birth !Ruled from !Rule Ceased !Reason !Death !Arms |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Burundi}} | align="center" |[[File:Ntare_V.png|82x82px]] | align="center" |Ntare V |King of Burundi | align="center" |<small>2 December 1947</small> | align="center" |<small>8 July 1966</small> | align="center" |<small>28 November 1966</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>29 April 1972</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg|80x80px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagicon|Central African Empire}} [[Central African Empire|Central Africa]] | align="center" |[[File:Bokassa_with_Ceausescu_(cropped).jpg|133x133px]] | align="center" |[[Jean-Bédel Bokassa|Bokassa I]] |Emperor of Central Africa | align="center" |<small>22 February 1921</small> | align="center" |<small>4 December 1976</small> | align="center" |<small>20 September 1979</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>3 November 1996</small> | align="center" |[[File:Imperial_Coat_of_arms_of_Central_Africa_(1976–1979).svg|87x87px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}} | align="center" |[[File:Fuad_II_of_Egypt_1952.jpg|87x87px]] | align="center" |Fuad II |King of Egypt and the Sudan | align="center" |<small>16 January 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>26 July 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>18 June 1953</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>''Living''</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt_(1922–1953).svg|97x97px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire}} <br /><br /> |[[File:Haile_Selassie_in_full_dress_(cropped).jpg|106x106px]] |Haile Selassie I |Emperor of Ethiopia |<small>23 July 1892</small> |<small>2 November 1930</small> |<small>12 September 1974</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>27 August 1975</small> |[[File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ethiopia_(Haile_Selassie).svg|78x78px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|The Gambia (1965–1970)}} | rowspan="3" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |[[Elizabeth II]] |Queen of the Gambia | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>18 February 1965</small><br /><br />{{Efn|Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as ''[[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|Queen of the United Kingdom]]'', from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.}} | align="center" |<small>24 April 1970</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_The_Gambia.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Dominion of Ghana}} |Queen of Ghana | align="center" |<small>6 March 1957</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>1 July 1960</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kenya (1963–1964)}} |Queen of Kenya | align="center" |<small>12 December 1963</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>12 December 1964</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" | |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Libya}} | align="center" |[[File:King_Idris_I_of_Libya.png|80x80px]] | align="center" |Idris I |King of Libya | align="center" |<small>12 March 1889</small> | align="center" |<small>24 December 1951</small> | align="center" |<small>1 September 1969</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed </small> | align="center" |<small>25 May 1983</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Libya.svg|86x86px]] |- | align="center" |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Merina Kingdom.svg}} [[Merina Kingdom|Madagascar]] | align="center" |[[File:Ranavalona.jpg|100x100px]] | align="center" |Ranavalona III |Queen of Madagascar | align="center" |<small>22 November 1861</small> | align="center" |<small>30 July 1883</small> | align="center" |<small>28 February 1897</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>23 May 1917</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Merina_Kingdom.svg|95x95px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Malawi (1964–1966)}} |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | align="center" |Elizabeth II |Queen of Malawi | align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>6 July 1964</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>6 July 1966</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Malawi.svg|72x72px]] |- | align="center" |Maoré | align="center" |[[File:Andriantsoly.jpg|106x106px]] | align="center" |[[Andriantsoly]] |Sultan of Maoré | align="center" | | align="center" |<small>1836</small> | align="center" |<small>25 March 1841</small> | align="center" |<small>French annexion</small> | align="center" |<small>1847</small> | align="center" | |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Mauritius (1968–1992)}} |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | align="center" |Elizabeth II |Queen of Mauritius | align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>12 March 1968</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>12 March 1992</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mauritius.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Mwali Sultanate.svg}} [[Mwali]] | align="center" |[[File:La_Reine_Salima.gif|106x106px]] | align="center" |Salima Machamba |Sultan of Mwali | align="center" |<small> 1 November 1874</small> | align="center" |<small>1888</small> | align="center" |<small>1909</small> | align="center" |<small>French annexion</small> | align="center" |<small>7 August 1964</small> | align="center" | |- | align="center" |[[Grande Comore|Ngazidja]] | align="center" |[[File:Franz_Sikora_038.jpg|106x106px]] | align="center" |Said Ali bin Said Omar of Grande Comore |Sultan of Ngazidja | align="center" |<small>1855</small> | align="center" |<small>1875</small> | align="center" |<small>1912</small> | align="center" |<small>French annexion</small> | align="center" |<small>10 February 1916</small> | align="center" | |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Federation of Nigeria}} | rowspan="2" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | rowspan="2" align="center" |Elizabeth II |Queen of Nigeria | rowspan="2" align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>1 January 1960</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>1 October 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | rowspan="2" align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nigeria_(1960–1979).svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flag|Rhodesia}} |Queen of Rhodesia{{Efn|Elizabeth II was proclaimed Queen of Rhodesia following Rhodesia’s [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence]], but this was not recognised by the queen herself.}} | align="center" |<small>11 November 1965</small> | align="center" |<small>2 March 1970</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Rhodesia.svg|72x72px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Rwanda}} | align="center" |[[File:Kigeli_V_of_Rwanda_at_the_NLC.jpg|106x106px]] | align="center" |Kigeli V Ndahindurwa |Mwami of Rwanda | align="center" |<small>29 June 1936</small> | align="center" |<small>25 July 1959</small> | align="center" |<small>28 January 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |<small>16 October 2016</small> | align="center" |[[File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Rwanda.png|102x102px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Sierra Leone (1961–1971)}} | rowspan="3" |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | rowspan="3" align="center" |Elizabeth II |Queen of Sierra Leone | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>27 April 1961</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>19 April 1971</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | rowspan="3" align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sierra_Leone.svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Union of South Africa}} |Queen of South Africa | align="center" |<small>6 February 1952</small> | align="center" |<small>31 May 1961</small> | align="center" |<small>Republican constitution adopted</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_South_Africa_(1932-2000).svg|79x79px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Tanganyika (1961–1964)}} |Queen of Tanganyika | align="center" |<small>9 December 1961</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>9 December 1962</small> | align="center" |<small>Constitutional amendment</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat of arms of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg|81x81px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Tunisia}} | align="center" | | align="center" |Muhammad VIII al-Amin |King of Tunisia | align="center" |<small>4 September 1881</small> | align="center" |<small>15 May 1943</small> | align="center" |<small>25 July 1957</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>30 September 1962</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_beys_of_Tunis_(Husseinic_dynasty).svg|70x70px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Uganda (1962–1963)}} |[[File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_official_portrait_for_1959_tour_(retouched)_(cropped)_(3-to-4_aspect_ratio).jpg|102x102px]] | align="center" |Elizabeth II |Queen of Uganda | align="center" |<small>21 April 1926</small> | align="center" |<small>9 October 1962</small><br /><br />{{Efn}} | align="center" |<small>9 October 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>Constitutional amendment</small> | align="center" |<small>8 September 2022</small> | align="center" |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Uganda.svg|75x75px]] |- | align="center" |{{Flagcountry|Sultanate of Zanzibar}} | align="center" |[[File:Jamshid_bin_Abdullah_of_Zanzibar.jpg|109x109px]] | align="center" |Jamshid bin Abdullah |Sultan of Zanzibar | align="center" |<small>16 September 1929</small> | align="center" |<small>1 July 1963</small> | align="center" |<small>12 January 1964</small> | align="center" |<small>Deposed</small> | align="center" |<small>''Living''</small> | align="center" |[[File:Emblem_of_the_Sultanate_of_Zanzibar.svg|70x70px]] |} == Manazarta == jwc6nvin27uof47jso8zfjdhv2wl9ya 0 48238 542981 458900 2024-11-20T08:16:47Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Bruise - ring resolution.jpg|thumb|kadan daga yanayin kalan rauni kenam Amma yakanzo kalakal]] '''Rauni wani''' nau'in taruwar jini ne na tsoka, mafi yawan sanadin kasancewar lalacewar ''capillaries'' ta hanyar rauni, wanda take haifar da zubar da jini wanda ya wuce zuwa cikin tsakankanin nama na kewaye. Yawancin raunuka suna faruwa a kusa da fata, saboda haka, zubar da jini ya haifar da chanjin launi na bayyane. Daga nan sai raunin ya kasance a bayyane har sai jinin ya shanye ko kuma ya share ta hanyar aikin garkuwowin jiki . raunin da bata ƙarƙashin matsin lamba na iya shafar kananun jijiyoyin jini a matakin fata, nama na ''subcutaneous'', tsoka, ko kashi. kada a rikita rauni da sauran raunuka masu kama da juna. Irin waɗannan raunuka sun haɗa da (1) petechia (kasa da 3 mm (0.12 a), wanda ze iya zuwa sakamako masu yawa da bambance-bambance irin su mummunan halayen daga magunguna irin su warfarin, damuwa, asphyxiation, cututtuka na platelet da cututtuka irin su ''cytomegalovirus'' ); <ref>Jain, B. (2004). ''Guide to Forensic Medicine & Toxicology''. B. Jain Publishers. p. 64. ISBN <bdi>978-81-8056-526-7</bdi>.</ref> da (2) purpura ( 3–10 mm (0.12-0.39 in) ), wanda aka rarraba shi azaman ɓacin rai ko purpura mara kyau kuma yana nuna yanayin cututtuka daban-daban kamar thrombocytopenia . <ref>Kapoor, Rajat; Barnes, Katy I. (2013). ''Crash Course Paediatrics – E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7234-3793-2</ref> Bugu da ƙari, (3) kodayake ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga da yawa suna magance '''ecchymosis''' (jam'i, ecchymoses) (girman, fiye da 1 . ) kamar yadda yake daidai da rauni, a cikin wasu tsare-tsare, za'a iya banbanta cutar ta ecchymosis ta hanyar nisan sa daga tushe da kuma yanayin zubar jini, tare da kuma yadda jinin yake shiga rarraba jini ta jiragen nama da kuma zama a wani yanki mai nisa daga wurin rauni ko rauni. har ma da cututtukan cututtukan da ba su da rauni, kamar a cikin ecchymosis na periorbital (" idon raccoon "), wanda ya taso daga karayar kwanyar kai ta basilar ko kuma daga neuroblastoma .<ref>contusion" at ''Dorland's Medical Dictionary''</ref>A matsayin wani nau'in hematoma, rauni yana haifar da nau'in zubar da jini na ciki wanda ba ya keta ta, yawanci yakan fara ta hanyar [[Tashin hankali|raunin na abu mai tsini]], wanda ke haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar [[Matsi (na jiki)|takurar jiki]] da kuma susucewa.yanayin da ya isa ya haifar da rauni zai iya faruwa daga yanayi iri-iri daban daban wanda suka haɗa da haɗari, faɗuwa, da tiyata. yanayin cututtuka irin su rashin isasshen ko rashin aiki [[Platelet|na platelet]], sauran cututtukan [[coagulation]], ko cututtuka na jijiyoyi, irin su toshewar jijiyoyi da ke hade da [[Allergy|rashin lafiya]] mai tsanani <ref name="allergynursing">''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'' (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. 2008.</ref> na iya haifar da samuwar purpura wanda ba za a rikitashi da rauni ba.<ref>"Easy Bruising Symptoms".</ref> duk raunin da isa ya tsaga fata kuma ya ba da damar jini ya fita daga cikin naman jiki , raunin ba rauni ba ne, sedai akirashi da zubar jini, nau'in zubar da jini daban-daban. Irin wannan zubar jinin da ya faru na iya kasancewa rauni ya biyo baya .<ref name="Robbins">Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).</ref> == Alamomi == Rauni sau da yawa yakan haifar da ciwo nan da nan bayan dalilin da ya haifar da samuwar shi, amma ƙananan raunuka ba su da haɗari. Wani lokaci raunuka na iya zama mai tsanani, wanda zai haifar da wasu nau'o'in hematoma masu barazana ga rayuwa, kamar lokacin da aka hade da raunuka masu tsanani lokacin [[Karaya (kashi)|karaya]] da [[Zubar ciki na ciki|zubar da jini]] mai tsanani. Yiwuwa da tsananin rauni ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa, gami da nau'i da lafiyar tsokar jikn da abin ya shafa. Ana iya gane ƙananan raunuka cikin sauƙi a cikin mutanen da ke da launin fata ta siffa mai launin shuɗi ko shuɗi (wanda aka kwatanta da "baƙar fata da shuɗi") a cikin kwanakin da suka biyo baya. Hematomas za a iya rarraba ta girman. Ta hanyar ma'anar, ecchymoses suna da girman santimita 1 ko girma, don haka sun fi [[Pethia|petechiae]] girma (kasa da milimita 3 a diamita) <ref name=":0">Lotti, Torello (January 1994). "The Purpuras". ''International Journal of Dermatology''. '''33''' (1): 1–10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4362.1994.tb01483.x. <nowiki>PMID 8112930</nowiki>. S2CID 43261698</ref> ko [[purpura]] (3 zuwa 10 millimeters a diamita). <ref>Gumus, Koray (30 May 2007). "A child with racoon eyes masquerading as trauma". ''Int Ophthalmol''. '''27''' (6): 379–381. doi:10.1007/s10792-007-9089-y. <nowiki>PMID 17534581</nowiki>. S2CID 5921</ref> Ecchymoses kuma suna da iyaka mai yaduwa fiye da sauran purpura. <ref name="urlCase Based Pediatrics Chapter">Turley, Lois (2004-03-10). "Shiners-dark circles & swollen eyes". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2009-10-08.</ref> Faɗin ma'anar ecchymosis shine tserewar jini zuwa cikin kyallen takarda daga fashewar tasoshin jini. <ref>Merriam-Webster Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ecchymosis; accessed 1/2/2012</ref> <ref>Gould, George M. ''The Practitioner's Medical Dictionary'', P. Blakiston's Son & Co., 1916 et seq.; p. 311</ref> Kalmar kuma ta shafi launin fata na subcutaneous wanda ya haifar da zubar jini a cikin nama da ya ji rauni.[[File:Blåmärken.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Blåmärken]] ==Manazarta== o35kwwn7becuzfpoogpy38zmpyxxews 0 48263 542774 457286 2024-11-19T19:40:15Z Túrelio 7419 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria.jpg]] → [[File:SDGs pin badge.jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:SDGs pin badge.jpg]] 542774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Coat of arms of Nigeria.svg|thumb]] '''Manufofin Ci gaba da Najeriya''' game da yadda [[Najeriya]] ke aiwatar da Manufofin Ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin jihohi talatin da shida da [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|Babban Birnin Tarayya]] (FCT). Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs) sun gunshi manufofi goma sha bakwai na duniya wadanda aka tsara a matsayin "blueprint don cimma kyakkyawar makomar da ta fi dorewa ga kowa". Kowane kayan burin 17 ana sa ran za a cimma shi nan da shekarar 2030 a kowace kasa a duniya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Implementation of the SDGs A National Voluntary Review |date=June 2017 |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16029Nigeria.pdf}}</ref> Najeriya tana ɗaya daga cikin kasashen da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2020 kan aiwatar da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa na Ci gaba mai dorewa (HLPF).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FG presents SDGs voluntary national review report to UN today |url=https://guardian.ng/news/fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national-review-report-to-un-today/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220135423/https://guardian.ng/news/fg-presents-sdgs-voluntary-national-review-report-to-un-today/ |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=Guardian Nigeria }}</ref> A cikin 2020, Najeriya ta kasance 160 a cikin SDG Index na duniya na 2020. Gwamnati ta tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gaban Najeriya a yanzu da manufofi suna mai da hankali kan cimma SDGs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Development Report 2020 |url=https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nga |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=dashboards.sdgindex.org |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414155653/https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/profiles/nga |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=The Government of Nigeria Presents 2nd Voluntary National Review on Sustainable Development |url=https://sdgs.gov.ng/the-government-of-nigeria-presents-2nd-voluntary-national-review-on-sustainable-development/ |access-date=2020-09-23 |website=Sustainable Development Goals |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421072927/https://sdgs.gov.ng/the-government-of-nigeria-presents-2nd-voluntary-national-review-on-sustainable-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Matasan SDGs ta Legas wani muhimmin shiri ne na SDGs a Najeriya wanda ke da niyyar inganta sa hannun matasa wajen cimma 2030 Agenda da tallafawa dabarun ci gaba mai ɗorewa na jihar Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-06 |title=Lagos launches youth alliance platform |url=https://punchng.com/lagos-launches-youth-alliance-platform/ |access-date=2021-08-14 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:SDGs pin badge.jpg|thumb|SDGS a Najeriya]] [[Najeriya]] ta zama memba na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (UN) a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1960.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Most Populated Countries In Africa.|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-countries-in-africa.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 September 2020|website=World Atlas}}</ref> Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka kuma tana da na bakwai mafi yawan jamaʼa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=General Assembly of the UN General Debate-H.E. Mr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, President (Nigeria)|url=https://unamid.unmissions.org/22-apr-2012-nigeria-government-upgrade-logistic-support-unamid|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=24 September 2020|website=GATEBATE UN}}</ref> Najeriya ta sami 'yancin kai a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960. A cikin 2012, Najeriya ta ba da gudummawa ta biyar mafi yawan masu kiyaye zaman lafiya ga ayyukan kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. SDGs ko Project 2030 kira ne na duniya don kawo karshen talauci, tabbatar da duniya da kuma tabbatar da cewa kowa yana jin dadin zaman lafiya da wadata nan dshekarar a 2030. Kasashe 193 ne suka karbe shi tare da Najeriya a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobinta na kasar. SDGs saiti ne na manufofi goma sha bakwai da suka hada kai wadanda ke da manufofi tare da akalla daya ko biyu a kan kowane manufa. An fara aiwatar da "Manufar Duniya" ga kowa a watan Janairun 2015. Manufofinta sune tabbatar da hada-hadar zamantakewa, kare muhalli da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki. Gwamnatoci, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, bincike, ilimi da kungiyoyin farar hula (CSOs) suna karbar tallafi daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yayin da SDGs ke karfafa hadin gwiwa. Yana kuma tabbatar da zabin da ya dace ana karba yanzu don inganta rayuwa ga tsararraki masu zuwa ta hanyar da ta dace. SDGs sune tsare-tsare don duniya ta fuskanci zaman lafiya da wadata a cikakke nan da shekara ta 2030. Dangane da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatin Najeriya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana da niyyar daidaita abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a ci gabanta tare da hadin gwiwa tare da CSOs da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don cimma SDGs tare. An tsara Agenda shekarar 2030 don gina duniya mai dorewa a kusa da P guda biyar, wato; Mutane, Duniyar, Ci gaba, Zaman Lafiya, da Hadin gwiwa, wadanda suka mamaye SDGs 17. A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na [[Majalisar dinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] don gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai (VNR) kan aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a Babban Taron Siyasa kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da cibiyoyin ilimi suna aiki don cimma wadannan manufofi a Najeriya. == Ci gaba a kan zababbun SDGs == === Manufar 3 - Lafiya da Lafiya mai kyau === A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, akalla mutane miliyan 400 a Najeriya ba su da damar samun kiwon lafiya na asali kuma kashi 40% ba su da kariya ta zamantakewa. Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Ci gaba suna da niyyar rage cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su, cutar kanjamau, hepatitis, cututtukun da ke dauke da ruwa da sauran cututtukani masu yaduwa. An ƙaddamar da Shirin Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Najeriya don daidaita SDGs tare da burin 2030. Daga cikin burin shine rage yawan mace-mace zuwa 70/100,000 haihuwa masu rai. === Manufar 4 - Ilimi === A cikin shekarar 2016, Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa da Kasa ta Najeriya (UBEC) ta ba da rahoton cewa tana da mafi yawan yara marasa makaranta a duniya, kimanin miliyan 10.5. Saboda haka, aiwatar da tanadin Hukumar Ilimi ta Kasa ta Duniya don Ilimi na Kasa kyauta ga kowane yaro na Najeriya na shekarun zuwa makaranta. === Manufar 5 - Daidaita Jima'i === A shekara ta 2000, Najeriya ta sanya dokar manufofin kasa kan mata wanda ke jagorantar kayan aiki na duniya na Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna bambanci ga mata (CEDAW). A cikin shekara ta 2015, wani rahoto na Ofishin Kididdiga na Kasa ya nuna ci gaba a samun damar 'yan mata zuwa ilimi, tare da yin rajista ga mata a makarantun firamare da sakandare ya karu daga 46.7% da 47.1% a cikin 2010 zuwa 48.3% da 47.9% bi da bi a cikin 2015. === Manufar 6 - Ruwa Mai Tsabtacewa da Tsabtace Yanayi === A cewar [[UNICEF]], karancin samar da ruwa da tsabtace muhalli sun kashe tattalin arzikin Najeriya kusan kashi 1.3% na GDP a kowace shekara. === Manufar 7 - Rashin Rashin Ruwa da Tsabtace Makamashi === Najeriya tana daya daga cikin mafi girman karancin makamashi a duniya, tare da kimanin 'yan Najeriya miliyan 90 (50% na yawan jama'a) ba su da damar samun wutar lantarki. Najeriya ta yi ikirarin samun gudummawar 13% na hydroelectricity ga hadin samar da wutar lantarki ta 2020; gudummawar 1% na makamashi na iska ga hadin samarwar wutar lantarki na kasar ta 2020; da kuma gudummawar 3% da 6% na hasken rana ga hadin samarwa na wutar lantarki na kasa ta 2020 da 2030 bi da bi. === Manufar 9 - Masana'antu, Innovation da Infrastructure === Ci gaban fasaha a Najeriya ya dogara da samun dama ga bayanai, dandamali na dijital da Intanet. Wani rahoto na 2013 na Hukumar Raya Kasuwanci da Matsakaicin Kasuwanci ta Najeriya (SMEDAN) ya nuna cewa akwai sama da miliyan 70 na Micro Small da Matsakaitan Kasuwanci (MSMEs) da ke ba da gudummawa 50% na GDP na kasar, amma an lura cewa kasa da 5% na wadannan kasuwancin suna da isasshen damar samun bashi na kudi. Yankunan da suka fi dacewa da taimakon wadannan MSMEs sune samun damar samun kudi, samar da ababen more rayuwa, da samar da wutar lantarki na yau da kullun.<ref name=":2" /> == Tsarin bayar da rahoto == A cikin 2017, Najeriya ta ba da kanta don kasancewa cikin kasashe don sake duba ci gaban 2030 Agenda. Gabatarwar Binciken Kasa na Voluntary (VNR) sune sake dubawa na shekara-shekara da aka gabatar ga Babban Taron Siyasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ci Gaban Ci gaba (HLPF). Najeriya ta kasance daga cikin kasashe 44 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da suka gabatar da Binciken Kasa na son rai game da aiwatar da Agenda na 2030 da SDGs a HLPF. A cikin shekarar 2020, Najeriya ta kuma ba da gudummawa tare da wasu kasashe 46 don VNR. Binciken ya kuma mayar da hankali kan; * Talauci (SDG 1) * Lafiya da jin dadi (SDG 3), * Ilimi (SDG 4), * Daidaitawar jinsi (SDG 5) * Tattalin arzikin hada-hadar (SDG 8), * Samar da yanayi na zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG 16) * Hadin gwiwa (SDG 17) Yankunan da aka mayar da hankali sun dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci da manufofi na ci gaba na yanzu. "An ba da rahoton duk da annobar COVID-19 wacce aka yi imanin ta rage ci gaban 2030 Agenda. " == Ayyuka == === Binciken Kasa na son rai na 2020 === A watan Yulin shekarar 2020, Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya gabatar da Binciken Kasa na Voluntary a zaman kwamitin na biyu na HLPF, a kan layi a karo na farko saboda annobar COVID-19. Ya ba da ci gaban bakwai daga cikin SDGs wadanda ake kira a matsayin ainihin kasar gaba daya. === Tallafin kudi === A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2020, Najeriya ta fara aiki a hukumance na tsarawa da aiwatar da Tsarin Tsarin Kudade na Kasa (INFF) don ba da gudummawar abubuwan ci gaban kasa da kuma cimma burin SDGs. Tsarin hada-hadar kudade na kasa (INFF) wani shiri ne na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don tallafawa kasashe wajen aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin Ajenda Aiki na Addis Ababa (AAAA) don ba da tallafin SDGs. UNDP ta kasance tana tallafawa gwamnati da jama'arta ta hanyar magance kalubalen ci gaba, karfafawa da gina cibiyoyi masu inganta ci gaba mai dorewa da mulkin dimokradiyya. Misali, yayin rikicin [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], UNDP ta ha]a hannu da Japan don tallafa wa harkokin kiwon lafiya da zamantakewar tattalin arzikin Nijeriya. == Kalubale == Shekarar 2020, wacce ake kira "Shekaru goma na Aiki" an ce tana da jinkirin ci gaba game da ci gaban SDGs kamar yadda Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya ruwaito a lokacin Binciken Kasa na Kasa na Najeriya na 2020 (VNR). Rahoton ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan talauci (SDG-1) da tattalin arziki mai hadawa (SDG-8), kiwon lafiya da jin dadi (SDG-3), ilimi (SDG-4), daidaiton jinsi (SDG-5), yanayin da ke ba da damar zaman lafiya da tsaro (SDG-16), da haɗin gwiwa (SDG-15). == Al'umma da al'adu == === Ilimi mafi girma === Akwai kuma cibiyoyi daban-daban a duk fadin kasar da suka himmatu ga kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a ta SDGs, daya daga cikin wadannan shine Cibiyar Ci Gaban ta Jami'ar Ibadan (CESDEV). Jami'ar Ibadan ce ta kafa Cibiyar a matsayin nuna jajircewar jami'ar ga ci gaba mai dorewa. === Abubuwan da suka faru === ==== Makon SDGs na Legas ==== Makon SDS na Legas wani taron mako-mako ne na shekara-shekara wanda ake tunawa da shi ta hanyar hada masu ruwa da tsaki na bangarori don hada kai da Altruism, Advocacy & Action tare da hangen nesa don gano mafita, sake nazarin ci gaba, fadada wayar da kan jama'a, hadin gwiwa da sake tabbatar da jajircewa don hanzarta kokarin cimma SDGs na 2030. Makon SDGs yana da shirye-shirye masu zuwa: Gidan Gwamna na Virtual Meet-And-Greet tare da masu ba da damar SDGs na Legas, Open Goal Adoption da Mashahuran Lagosians, Neighborhood Outreach Campaign, Future of Lagos Hackathon, Legas Local Government / LCDAs Discourse on SDGs. Wadannan shirye-shiryen suna da alaqa sosai a cikin manufar su don saurin yin kokari don ci gaba don isar da SDGs a Jihar Legas. == Gungiyoyi == Wannan jerin kungiyoyi ne da ke hanzarta burin ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya: * UNDP a Najeriya * Cibiyar SDGs ta Matasan Najeriya * Shirin Ci gaban Canjin Yanayi na Duniya * Babban Kwamitin Australiya Najeriya * Lagos SDGs Youth Alliance * Koyar da SDGs * Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Najeriya (NCIC) == Dubi kuma == * [[Canjin yanayi a Najeriya]] * [[Gandun Daji a Najeriya|Kashe daji a Najeriya]] == Bayani == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5pytpp14hjthj4mxrvunaoayimvsv74 0 48735 542957 256550 2024-11-20T07:45:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Dokokin '''Slovakia ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a''' [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]] kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Turai ke kula da su . == Tushen doka == Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Slovakia ya zayyana hakkoki da yancin da doka ta tanadar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin rayuwa, keɓantawa, tsari, mutunci, dukiya, addini, yancin motsi, yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ‘yancin yin jarida, koke, ƙungiya, da jefa ƙuri’a, da ’yanci daga azabtarwa, azaba mai zafi, da bauta. Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a iya kare haƙƙin ta hanyar nuna wariya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Slovakia's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 2017 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Slovakia_2017.pdf?lang=en |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Constitute Project}}</ref> == Ƴancin siyasa == Ofishin mai kare hakkin jama'a da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Slovak ne ke da alhakin kare hakki a Slovakia. Hukumar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai ta gano cewa zabe a Slovakia yana da 'yanci da adalci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Slovakia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> Dokar ta tanadi bayyana matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, sannan ana bayyana kwangilolin gwamnati ga jama'a. Cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati ke yi wani laifi ne a karkashin dokar Slovak, kuma an gano wasu kebabbun al'amura na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Slovakia: Freedom in the World 2022 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/slovakia/freedom-world/2022 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Slovakia ta aiwatar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. ‘Yan sanda sun gudanar da samame na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma an tuhumi jami’an jihar da dama da laifukan almundahana da laifuka tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021. Mata da kungiyoyin LGBT ba su da wakilci a siyasa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge |url=https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Economist Intelligence Unit |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108091515/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Indexididdigar Demokraɗiyya ta ƙididdige Slovakia a matsayin "Demokraɗiyya mara kyau" a 2021 da maki 7.03 cikin 10, wanda ya sanya ta 45 a cikin ƙasashe 167. Freedom House ya kima Slovakia a matsayin "Yanci" a 2022 tare da maki 90 cikin 100. == Fataucin mutane == Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kebe rigakafin fataucin bil adama na Slovakia a matsayin "Tier 2", ma'ana "ba ta cika cikakkiyar ma'auni na kawar da fataucin ba amma tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan". Sashi na 179 na kundin laifuffuka ya aikata laifin fataucin mutane, tare da hukuncin dauri daga shekaru hudu zuwa goma. A cikin 2021, Slovakia ta ƙaddamar da bincike 15 game da fataucin jima'i, huɗu don aikin tilastawa, uku don barace-barace. Gwamnatin Slovakia kuma tana ba da tallafi ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tallafawa wadanda fataucin bil adama ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Slovakia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin jama'a == === Tsarin tsari === tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hana rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba a yin su a Slovakia. Ana mutunta dokokin da suka shafi hukumci na rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, kodayake ana samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan sanda na lokaci-lokaci. An ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma damar yin shari’a ta gaskiya, da shari’a mai zaman kanta, da zaton ba su da laifi, da kuma lauyan lauya. Amincewa da hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta yi rauni a Slovakia saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aiki. A cewar [[Tarayyar Turai]], kawai 28% na 'yan ƙasar Slovak sun amince da sashin shari'a kamar na 2021. === Magana === ‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida suna da tabbacin a karkashin dokar Slovakia. Ana ɗaukar dokokin cin mutunci a matsayin laifuffuka masu laifi kuma an yi amfani da su don taƙaita rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma murkushe sukar 'yan siyasa da sauran fitattun mutane. Kalaman ƙiyayya da musun Holocaust laifuffuka ne. Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ján Kuciak a shekara ta 2018 a matsayin mayar da martani ga bincikensa kan cin hanci da rashawa ya nuna babban hari kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a Slovakia. == Wariya == === LGBT === Wariya kan yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi haramun ne, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan doka akai-akai. Wakilan siyasa na mutanen LGBT a Slovakia yana da iyaka. 'Yan siyasa ba kasafai ake gane su a matsayin LGBT ba kuma maganganun jama'a na tozarta al'ummar LGBT abu ne gama gari. Gwamnati na buƙatar mutanen da ke neman amincewar jinsi ta doka da a lalata su . === Kabilanci da kabilanci === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan kabila, kasa, kabila, da kowane matsayi. An fi hukunta laifukan ƙiyayya a Slovakia. Ana aiwatar da dokokin hana wariya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, musamman [[Mutanen Romani|mutanen Romawa]] suna fuskantar wariya, tsangwama, da zaluncin 'yan sanda . Mutanen Romani galibi ana keɓance su daga wasu ƙungiyoyi a Slovakia, kuma ba a cika bincikar laifuffukan da ake yi wa Romani ba. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta amince da rawar da ta taka a tilastawa dubunnan matan Romani haifuwa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/WEBPOL1048702022ENGLISH.pdf |title=Amnesty International Report 2021/22 |date=2022 |publisher=Amnesty International |pages=326–328 |access-date=2022-05-21}}</ref> === Addini === Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa babu wani addini a kasar Slovakia kuma an tabbatar da daidaito a kan addini. Amincewa da gwamnati na kungiyoyin addini yana ba da gata na musamman kamar hidima a gidajen yari, yin bukukuwan aure, da karɓar tallafi. Don a ba da izini, ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su gabatar da sa hannun mabiya 50,000. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su halarci koyarwar addini a makaranta, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Abubuwan da ke ba da shawarar nuna wariya ko ƙiyayya ga ƙungiyar addini haramun ne kuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Duk da haka, kyamar kyamar baki da kyamar Islama sun zama ruwan dare a Slovakia, kuma duka biyun sun zama ruwan dare a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-21 |title=2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Slovak Republic |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/slovakia/ |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> === Mata === Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan jima'i. An bai wa mata cikakken ‘yancin siyasa a Slovakia, kuma a shekarar 2019 kasar ta zabi mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kasa. Mata ba su da yawa a majalisa, wanda ke da kusan kashi 21% na majalisar a shekarar 2020. Rikicin cikin gida a Slovakia ya zama ruwan dare, kuma isar da sako ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa ya yi kadan. Slovakia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Istanbul kan cin zarafin mata amma ba ta amince da shi ba har zuwa 2021.  == Nassoshi == [[Category:Hakki]] [[Category:Slofakiya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8za1a2xeaqkpquiktsf6jp59ydswcn0 0 50232 542880 322891 2024-11-20T00:51:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542880 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chantal Joffe''' RA (an Haife ta 5 Oktoba 1969) 'yar ƙasar Amurka 'yar wasan fasaha ne na Ingilishi wanda ke zaune a Landan.<ref name="RA">Royal Academy of Arts: [https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/artist/124 Chantal Joffe RA Elect | Artist | Royal Academy of Arts]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, accessdate: 29/08/2014</ref> Yawancin manyan zane-zanenta na nuna mata da yara.A cikin 2006,ta sami lambar yabo ta Charles Wollaston daga Royal Academy. == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haifi Chantal Joffe a St. Albans, Vermont, Amurka. Kanenta shine mai zane na zamani kuma marubuci Jasper Joffe. Mahaifiyarsu, Daryll Joffe, ita ma ƙwararriyan mai zane ce, tana yin zanen ruwa. Joffe ta kammala karatun Gidauniyarta a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Camberwell (1987–88).Ta halarci Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow a cikin 1988 – 91,ta kammala karatun digiri tare da karramawa kuma ta sami BA a Fine Art. Ta sami MA a zane-zane daga Royal College of Art, wanda ta halarta daga 1992–94. An karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Delfina Studio Trust a cikin 1994 – 96 da kuma Abbey Scholarship (Makarantar Burtaniya a Rome) a cikin 1998 – 99. Joffe tana zaune a London. == Aiki == Joffe da farko tana zana hotunan mata da yara,sau da yawa a cikin sikeli mai girma,wani lokacin {{Convert|10|ft}} tsayi.Ta yi wa mahaifiyarta fenti akai-akai, sama da shekaru 30. A cikin 2009 hira da Stella McCartney, Joffe ta ce, "Ina matukar son zanen mata.Jikinsu, tufarsu – duk abin ya bani sha’awa.” Hotunan tushen zanen mai cike da mutuntaka sun haɗa da hotunan iyali, talla,mujallu na zamani,da hotunan batsa.Yin aiki kusan daga kayan aikinta na hoto,Joffe ta gabatar da karkatattun abubuwan da ta nuna. A cikin hirar McCartney, Joffe ta ambaci daukar hoto na Diane Arbus a matsayin abin kwazo ga fasaharta: "Na sami daukar hoto yana da tasiri sosai. Musamman, Diane Arbus, wacce na damu da rayuwata gaba ɗaya. Ayyukanta yana da komai game da hoton ɗan adam wanda za ku iya so." Wata mai suka ga ''The Independent'' ta ce game da "manyan zane-zane marasa kyau" cewa "ta yi fenti da wani nau'in sarrafawa mai sauƙi - ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba." Ya ci gaba da nuna cewa zane-zane nata na iya ba da ra'ayi na farko na sauƙi, fara'a,Ko kuma son yara,amma "suna da yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali wanda ke ba nunin wani yanayi mara kyau, maimakon jin tsoro." Wasu daga cikin zane-zanen nata suna da girma har ta bukaci a yi musu zane.Yin zane a cikin manya-manyan buroshin goge baki,ba ta damu da ɗigon fenti ba, wani lokacin kuma ta bar tsofaffin zayyana a bayyane.Wani mai bita ya lura cewa "zanen kawukan kusa kuma yana haifar da manyan idanu masu ban mamaki da ma'auni, kamar Picasso ya sake ƙirƙira a cikin manga." A cikin 2006, Colette Meacher, editan mujallar Burtaniya ''ta Bugawa Art'', ya bayyana manyan zane-zanen Joffe a matsayin "kawai kyawawan wakilcin mata".Joffe sau da yawa takan jawo wahayi daga samfurin salon, "Hotunan abokai,aikin sauran masu fasaha" da kuma hotunan mata da yara a cikin matsayi na gaskiya. Ayyukan Joffe tana tunawa da Alice Neel, wanda ta kasance tare da ita don wasan kwaikwayo na zane-zane da kuma Joni Mitchell, mawaƙin Kanada, mawallafin mawaƙa da mai zane-zane. An san wannan rukuni na masu fasaha don saƙonnin mata a cikin aikin su. == nune-nunen da tarin yawa == Ayyukan Chantal Joffe sun nuna a duniya a cikin nune-nune da yawa.Ta yi nunin nunin solo a London,[[Milano|Milan]], [[Venezia|Venice]],[[Faris|Paris]], [[New York (birni)|New York]], [[Helsinki]] da Bologna. Hakanan an nuna aikinta a cikin nune-nunen rukuni da yawa. A cikin 2002, ta halarci wani nuni mai suna ''The Bold and The Beautiful'',a The Pavilions, Mile End Park a London. Wannan nunin shine karo na farko da aka nuna Chantal, mahaifiyarta Daryll Joffe, da ɗan'uwanta Jasper Joffe a cikin nuni tare. Ta lashe kyautar £ 25,000 Charles Wollaston a cikin nunin bazara na Royal Academy na 2006,don "fitaccen aiki a cikin nunin". Zanen mai nasara shine ''Blond Girl - Black Dress'' . Alkalan sun yaba da zanen a matsayin "zane mai matukar karfi da ban mamaki . . . Babu wata muhawara game da wanda ya yi nasara,an cimma matsaya gaba daya.” An nuna Joffe a cikin nune-nunen a gidan kayan tarihi na Yahudawa a birnin New York,ciki har da ''Amfani da bango, benaye,da rufi: Chantal Joffe'' a cikin 2015 da ''Scenes daga Tarihi'' a 209. An haɗa aikin Joffe a cikin nunin 2022 ''masu zanen mata'' a gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na Fort Worth. Wasu nune-nunen rukunin da aka zaɓa sun haɗa da: * ''Nunin Kyautar Hoton Hoto na Ƙasa'' a Gidan Hoto na Ƙasa a London (1992 da 1993) * ''Sabbin Masu Zamani'' a Tate Liverpool (1996) * ''Babbar Yarinya, Karamar Yarinya'' a Tarin Gallery a Edinburgh (1996) * ''Hoton Burtaniya 1'' a Studio d'Arte Raffaelli a Trento, Italiya (1999) * ''Turai: Hanyoyi daban-daban akan zane-zane'' a Museo Michetti a Francavilla al Mare, Italiya (2000) * ''Yadda Na Gani'' A Galerie Jennifer Flay a [[Faris|Paris]] (2001) * ''Hotunan Nuna 2002: Fasaha na Zamani a London'' a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Sarauta a London (2002) * ''John Moores 22'' a Walker Art Gallery a [[Liverpool]] (2002) * ''Kiran London'' a Galleri KB a [[Oslo]] (2005) * ''DRAW'' a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani ta Middlesbrough (2007) * ''Batutuwan Biritaniya: Identity and Self Fashioning 1967-2009'' a Neuberger Museum of Art a New York (2009) Ayyukan Joffe yana cikin tarihin The New Art Gallery, Walsall, Saatchi Gallery ( [[Landan|London, Ingila]] ), Berardo Collection Museum ( [[Lisbon|Lisbon, Portugal]] ), Museo Arte Contemporanea Isernia ( Isernia, Italiya), Museo d'Arte Classica ( Zola Predosa, Italiya), Gidan Tarihi na Yahudawa (New York, Amurka), da Tarihin Yamma ( Oaks, Pennsylvania ). Victoria Miro Gallery ta wakilci ta a London da Galleria Monica De Cardenas a [[Milano|Milan]] da Zuoz . Tarin jama'a na Burtaniya waɗanda ke nuna aikinta sun haɗa da Sabon Art Gallery,Tarin Majalisar Arts na Walsall, Tarin Ayyukan Gwamnati, Tarin Jerwood, Royal Academy of Arts da Royal College of Art. == Kyaututuka == Joffe ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa,gami da: * Nat West 90's Prize for Art; John Kinross Memorial Scholarship (1991) * Kyautar Elizabeth Greenshields; Paris Studio Award, Royal College of Art (1993) * lambar yabo ta Delfina Studio Trust (1994-1996) * Abbey Scholarship, Makarantar Burtaniya a Rome (1998-1999) * Kyautar Wollaston na Nunin bazara na Royal Academy of Arts (2006) == Nassoshi == <references group="" responsive="1"> </references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * 13 artworks by or after Chantal Joffe at the Art UK site * [http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/chantal_joffe.htm Saatchi Gallery: Chantal Joffe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515182851/http://www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk/artists/chantal_joffe.htm |date=2013-05-15 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719094938/http://www.victoria-miro.com/artists/_19/ Victoria Miro: Chantel Joffe] * [http://www.racollection.org.uk/ixbin/indexplus?_IXACTION_=file&_IXFILE_=templates/full/person.html&_IXTRAIL_=Academicians&person=25959 Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1969]] nhyjwnq4wfddwwfjgw7h0h5noqght4e 0 51954 542991 366015 2024-11-20T08:50:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herman Kizito Kasekende''' ɗan kasuwar ƙasar [[Uganda]] ne, masanin tattalin arziki, kuma [[Banki|shugaban banki]]. Shi ne manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Stanchart Zambia, mai tasiri Fabrairu 2017.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 June 2017| url=https://af.reuters.com/article/ugandaNews/idAFL5N1GD1QA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228093805/http://af.reuters.com/article/ugandaNews/idAFL5N1GD1QA | url-status=dead | archive-date=28 February 2017 |title=Standard Chartered Bank's Zambia unit appoints new CEO |date=28 February 2017| first=Chris Mfula |last=James Macharia |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 June 2017|newspaper=[[Daily Monitor]] | url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/Business/Kasekende-head-Standard-Chartered-Bank-Zambia/688322-3820550-btlkn6/index.html |author=Mark Keith Muhumuza | title=Kasekende to head Standard Chartered Bank in Zambia |location=Kampala| date=20 February 2017}}</ref> Kafin haka, daga ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 2012 har zuwa ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu 2017, ya kasance manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa na Stanchart Uganda, bankin kasuwanci na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar ta hanyar kadarori, wanda ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 965 a cikin watan Disamba 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sc.com/ug/press-releases/en/_pdf/AR-2013.pdf | title=Standard Chartered Uganda December 2012 Annual Report | date=23 April 2013 | last=SCBU | access-date=26 January 2015 | publisher=[[Standard Chartered Uganda|Standard Chartered Bank Uganda]] (SCBU)}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haifi Kasekende a [[Masarautar Buganda|yankin Buganda]] na Uganda a kusan shekara ta 1965. Ya yi karatu a St.<ref name="Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.globalteacherprize.org/academy-member/herman-kasekende | title=Profile of Herman Kasekende | date=2013 | access-date=26 January 2015 | publisher=GlobalTaeacherPrize.Org (GTP) | last=GTP | archive-date=25 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225181652/http://www.globalteacherprize.org/academy-member/herman-kasekende | url-status=dead }}</ref> Henry's College Kitovu a O-Level da kuma St. Mary's College Kisubi don karatunsa na A-Level. Digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki ya samu ne a jami'ar Makerere. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin tattalin arziki da kudi daga Jami'ar Brandeis.<ref name="Profile"/> == Sana'a == A cikin shekarun 1990s, Kasekende ya yi aiki a bankin Nile Bank, ƙaramin mai ba da sabis na kuɗi na asali wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1988 wanda Bankin Barclays ya samu a shekarar 2007. A shekara ta 1998, ya bar bankin Nile ya koma Standard Chartered Uganda (SCBU). A SCBU, ya yi aiki a ayyuka daban-daban, ciki har da: (a) Senior relationship manager (wholesale banking) (b) General manager (shared distribution) (c) General Manager (SME banking) and (d) Head of consumer banking.<ref name="Profile"/> Ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a bankin Standard Chartered Bank Singapore. Daga ranar 22 ga Yuli, 2012, an nada shi manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa (Shugaba), Standard Chartered Bank Uganda, matsayin da yake rike da shi har zuwa watan Janairun 2015. Shi ne dan Uganda na farko da ya zama Shugaba a SCBU a cikin tarihin shekaru 100+ na cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Uganda.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20762:kasekende-we-dont-ignore-low-end-market | title=Kasekende: We don't Ignore Low-End Market | date=4 September 2012 | first=Jeff | last=Mbanga | access-date=26 January 2015 | newspaper=[[The Observer (Uganda)]] | archive-date=3 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231416/http://www.observer.ug/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20762:kasekende-we-dont-ignore-low-end-market | url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin Janairu 2013, Kasekende ya yi aiki tare da James Mulwana, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban SCBU daga 1998 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekarar 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=James Mulwana Is Dead |date=15 January 2013 |url=http://www.independent.co.ug/ugandatalks/2013/01/james-mulwana-is-dead |access-date=26 January 2015 |first=Aloysious |last=Kasoma |newspaper=[[The Independent (Uganda)]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303053251/http://www.independent.co.ug/ugandatalks/2013/01/james-mulwana-is-dead/ |archive-date=3 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa nasihar Mulwana da horarwa sun taka rawar gani wajen hawan Kasekende ofishin gudanarwa da babban darakta a bankin.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638934-mzee-mulwana-leaves-a-legacy-of-exemplary-leadership.html | title=Mzee Mulwana Leaves A Legacy of Exemplary Leadership | date=16 January 2013 | first=Robert |last=Kabushenga | newspaper=[[New Vision]] | place=Kampala)}}</ref> == Sauran la'akari == Kasekende yana da aure da ‘ya’ya uku.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/638934-mzee-mulwana-leaves-a-legacy-of-exemplary-leadership.html | title=Mzee Mulwana Leaves A Legacy of Exemplary Leadership | date=16 January 2013 | first=Robert |last=Kabushenga | newspaper=[[New Vision]] | place=Kampala)}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin bankuna a Uganda * Bankin Standard Chartered * Banki a Uganda == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] bubmnrzhnr368lpn7yh3ni2xlitke7z 0 52245 542812 534587 2024-11-19T21:22:20Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Market_Pharmacy_Tana_MS5179.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Maganin gargajiya a kasuwa a [[Antananarivo]], [[Madagaskar|Madagascar]]]] [[File:Botanica.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Botánicas irin wannan a Jamaica Plain, [[Boston]], yana ba da al'ummar Latino kuma suna sayar da magungunan jama'a tare da mutum-mutumi na tsarkaka, kyandir da aka yi wa ado da addu'o'i, bamboo mai sa'a, da sauran abubuwa.]] [[File:World Health Organisation headquarters, Geneva, north and west sides 2007.jpg|thumb]] '''Magungunan Gargajiya''' (wanda kuma akafi sani da '''likitan ƴan ƙasa''' ko '''likitancin jama'a''' ). Ya kasance wannan ya ƙunshi<ref>https://aminiya.ng/dalilin-da-mutane-ke-komawa-amfani-da-magungunan-gargajiya/</ref>fannonin likitanci na ilimin gargajiya, waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon tsararraki a cikin aƙidar al'ummomi daban-daban, gami da ƴan asalin ƙasar, kafin lokacin maganin zamani. [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ayyana. Maganin gargajiya a matsayin “jimlar ilimi, fasaha, da ayyuka bisa ka’idoji, imani, da gogewa na asali ga al’adu daban-daban, ko an bayyana ko a’a, da ake amfani da su wajen kula da lafiya haka nan. kamar yadda yake a cikin rigakafi, tantancewa, ingantawa ko magance cututtukan jiki da na tabin hankali”. <ref name="WHO">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/|title=Traditional Medicine: Definitions|date=2008-12-01|access-date=2014-04-20|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Magungunan gargajiya sau da yawa sun bambanta da likitancin ilimin kimiyya. A wasu kasashen [[Asiya]] da [[Afirka]], kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na al'ummar kasar sun dogara ne da magungunan gargajiya domin bukatunsu na farko na kiwon lafiya. Lokacin da aka ɗauke shi a waje da al'adun gargajiya, ana ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a matsayin wani nau'i na madadin magani. <ref name="WHO" />Ayyukan da aka fi sani da magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da magungunan gargajiya na Turai, magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, magungunan gargajiya na Koriya, magungunan gargajiya na Afirka, Ayurveda, magungunan Siddha, Unani, magungunan gargajiya na Iran, magungunan Musulunci na tsakiya, Muti, da Ifá. Sana'o'in kimiyya da ke nazarin likitancin gargajiya sun hada da herbalism, ethnomedicine, ethnobotany, da kuma ilimin halin ɗan adam. [[Fayil:Mercado Modelo de Chupaca Peru- herbal medicine seller.jpg|thumb|maganin gargajiya]] WHO ta lura cewa, duk da haka, "yin amfani da magungunan gargajiya ko ayyuka marasa dacewa na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ko haɗari" kuma " ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike domin tabbatar da inganci da aminci" irin waɗannan ayyuka da tsira-tsiren masu magani da tsarin magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da su. <ref name="WHO" />A sakamakon haka,hukumar lafiya ta dubiya wato (WHO) ta aiwatar da dabarun shekaru tara domin taimakawa kasashen mambobin kungiyar domin samar da manufofi masu tasiri da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren ayyuka da za su karfafa rawar da magungunan gargajiya ke takawa wajen kiyaye lafiyar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113165644/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 13, 2014|title=WHO traditional medicine strategy: 2014-2023|date=December 2013|website=The World Health Organization|access-date=June 27, 2023|archivedate=January 13, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113165644/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/}}</ref> == Amfani da tarihi == === Tarihi na gargajiya === A cikin rubuce-rubucen da aka rubuta, binciken da aka yi na ganye ya samo asali ne shekaru 5,000 zuwa tsohuwar [[Sumer|Sumerians]], waɗanda suka bayyana ingantaccen amfani da magani ga shuke-shuke. A cikin magungunan Masar na d ¯ a, papyrus Ebers daga c. 1552 BC ya rubuta jerin magungunan jama'a da ayyukan likita na sihiri. [[Tsohon Alkawari]] kuma ya ambaci amfani da ganye da kuma noma game da Kashrut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ebers' Papyrus|url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/443.html|access-date=28 December 2014}}</ref> Yawancin ganyaye da ma'adanai da aka yi amfani da su a Ayurveda an kwatanta su da tsoffin masana ganye na Indiya irin su Charaka da Sushruta a lokacin karni na 1 BC.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Girish Dwivedi|first=Shridhar Dwivedi|year=2007|title=History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|url=http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|access-date=2008-10-08|archive-date=2008-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010045900/http://medind.nic.in/iae/t07/i4/iaet07i4p243.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Littafin ganye na farko na kasar Sin shi ne ''Shennong Bencao Jing'', wanda aka harhada a zamanin daular Han amma tun daga baya aka kara shi a matsayin ''Yaoxing Lun'' ( ''Maganin yanayin Ganyewar Magunguna'' ) a lokacin daular Tang . Mawallafin Hellenanci na farko da aka sani na ilimin ganye na zamani da na yanzu sun haɗa da [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagoras da mabiyansa]], Hippocrates, [[Aristotle]], Theophrastus, Dioscorides da Galen . Tushen Romawa sun haɗa da ''Tarihin Halitta'' [[Pliny Babba|na Pliny]] da Celsus 's ''De Medicina'' . Pedanius Dioscorides ya zana kuma ya gyara mawallafin farko don ''De Materia Medica'',<ref name="Kay1996">{{cite book|last=Kay|first=MA|year=1996|title=Healing with plants in the American and Mexican West|isbn=978-0-8165-1646-9|publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780186516465/page/19 19–20]|location=Tucson|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780186516465/page/19}}</ref> yana ƙara sababbin abubuwa; An fassara aikin zuwa harsuna da dama, kuma an ƙara sunayen [[Turkanci|Turkawa]], [[Larabci]] da [[Ibrananci]] a cikinsa tsawon ƙarni. Rubutun Latin na ''De Materia Medica'' an haɗa su tare da ganyen Latin ta Apuleius Platonicus ( ''Herbarium Apuleii Platonici'' ) kuma an haɗa su cikin codex Anglo-Saxon ''Cotton Vitellius C.III''.<ref name="Blunt1994">{{cite book |author1=Raphael, Sandra |author2=Blunt, Wilfrid |title=The Illustrated herbal|publisher=Frances Lincoln|location=London|year=1994|isbn=978-0-7112-0914-5}}</ref>Waɗannan rukunonin Girka na farko da na Romawa sun zama ƙashin bayan ka'idar likitancin Turai kuma Persian [[Ibn Sina|Avicenna]] (Ibn Sīnā, 980-1037), Persian [[Muhammad dan Zakariya al-Razi|Rhazes]] (Rāzi, 865-925) da Maimonides na Yahudawa suka fassara su. <ref name="Kay1996" /> An yi amfani da wasu burbushin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=323–332}}</ref> === Medieval kuma daga baya === Magungunan 'yan asalin Larabci sun samo asali daga rikici tsakanin magungunan tushen sihiri na Badawiyya da fassarar Larabci na al'adun likitancin Hellenic da Ayurvedic . Larabawa sun yi tasiri a kan likitancin Spain daga 711 zuwa 1492. Likitoci na Musulunci da masanan kimiyyar ilmin halitta musulmi irin su al-Dinawari <ref name="Fahd-815">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Régis}}</ref> da Ibn al-Baitar <ref name="Diane">Diane Boulanger (2002), "The Islamic Contribution to Science, Mathematics and Technology", ''OISE Papers'', in ''STSE Education'', Vol. 3.</ref> sun fadada sosai akan ilimin likitancin mata. Shahararriyar rubutun likitancin Farisa shine Avicenna's ''Canon of Medicine'', wanda shine farkon pharmacopoeia kuma ya gabatar da gwaji na asibiti . <ref name="Eldredge">{{Cite journal|url-status=34–44 [36]}}</ref> <ref name="Bloom">{{Cite journal|url-status=13–21 [19]}}</ref> An fassara ''Canon'' zuwa Latin a karni na 12 kuma ya kasance ikon likita a Turai har zuwa karni na 17. Hakanan tsarin Unani na magungunan gargajiya yana dogara ne akan ''Canon'' . Hieronymus Bock ya yi fassarar farkon rubutun Roman-Greek zuwa Jamusanci wanda aka buga a cikin 1546, ana kiransa ''Kreuter Buch'' . An fassara littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Holland azaman ''Pemptades'' ta Rembert Dodoens (1517-1585), kuma daga Yaren mutanen Holland zuwa [[Turanci]] ta Carolus Clusius, (1526–1609), Henry Lyte ya buga a 1578 a matsayin ''A Nievve Herball'' . Wannan ya zama John Gerard 's (1545-1612) ''Herball ko Janar Tarihin Tsirrai'' . Kowane sabon aiki ya kasance tarin rubutun da ake da su tare da sababbin ƙari. Ilimin jama'a na mata ya wanzu a layi daya da waɗannan matani. Har ila yau ana jera magunguna arba'in da huɗu, abubuwan maye, abubuwan ɗanɗano da abubuwan motsa rai da Dioscorides ya ambata a cikin pharmacopoeias na Turai. Puritans sun ɗauki aikin Gerard zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] inda ya rinjayi magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka. <ref name="Kay1996" /> Francisco Hernández, likitan Philip na biyu na Spain ya shafe shekaru 1571-1577 yana tattara bayanai a [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]] sannan ya rubuta ''Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus'', yawancin nau'ikan da aka buga ciki har da wanda Francisco Ximénez ya buga. Dukansu Hernandez da Ximenez sun dace da bayanan kabilanci na Aztec a cikin ra'ayoyin Turai game da cututtuka kamar "dumi", "sanyi", da "danshi", amma ba a bayyana cewa Aztecs sun yi amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan ba. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=215–20}}</ref> Juan de Esteyneffer 's ''Florilegio medicinal de todas las enfermedas'' ya tattara matani na Turai kuma ya ƙara shuke-shuken Mexico guda 35. Martín de la Cruz ya rubuta wani ganye a Nahuatl wanda Juan Badiano ya fassara zuwa [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] kamar ''Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis'' ko ''Codex Barberini, Latin 241'' kuma aka ba Sarki Carlos V na Spain a 1552. Da alama an rubuta shi cikin gaggawa kuma mamayewar Turawa na shekaru 30 da suka gabata ya rinjaye shi. Fray Bernardino de Sahagún ya yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙabilanci don tattara ka'idodinsa waɗanda suka zama ''Tarihi Janar de las Cosas de Nueva España'', wanda aka buga a 1793. <ref name="Heinrich2005" /> Castore Durante ya buga ''Herbario Nuovo'' a cikin 1585 yana kwatanta tsire-tsire masu magani daga Turai da Gabas da Yammacin Indiya . An fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci a cikin 1609 kuma an buga bugu na Italiyanci na ƙarni na gaba. === Mallakar Amurka === A cikin karni na 17 da 18 a Amurka, masu maganin gargajiya, mata akai-akai, sun yi amfani da magungunan ganye, cin abinci da leshi . <ref>Rosalyn Fraad Baxandall, Linda Gordon, Susan Reverb, America's Working Women: A Documentary History, 1600 to the Present, W. W. Norton & Company, 1995, p. 50</ref> Magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa na gargajiya sun gabatar da maganin zazzabin cizon sauro, ciwon zazzaɓi, scurvy, syphilis maras nauyi, da matsalolin goiter. <ref>Madsen, Deborah L. The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature, Routledge, 2015</ref> Yawancin waɗannan magungunan ganye da na jama'a sun ci gaba har zuwa karni na 19 zuwa karni na 20, <ref>Swerdlow JL. Medicine Changes: late 19th to early 20th century. Nature's Medicine: Plants that Heal. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society; 2000. pp. 158–91.</ref> tare da wasu magungunan tsire-tsire waɗanda suka zama tushen ilimin harhada magunguna na zamani. <ref>Eugenia M. Fulcher, Robert M. Fulcher, Cathy Dubeansky, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qs_sAwAAQBAJ Pharmacology: Principles and Applications']', Soto Elsevier Health Sciences, 2014, p. 5 ''</ref> === Amfanin zamani === Yaɗuwar magungunan jama'a a wasu yankuna na duniya ya bambanta bisa ga ka'idodin al'adu. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=20–38}}</ref> Wasu magungunan zamani sun dogara ne akan sinadarai na shuka waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin magungunan jama'a. Masu bincike sun bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin madadin jiyya ba su da "ƙididdigar ƙididdiga daga magungunan placebo ". <ref>''[[The Economist]]'', "[https://www.economist.com/node/18710090 Alternative Medicine: Think yourself better]", 21 May 2011, pp. 83–84.</ref> == watsa ilimi da halitta == Maganin ƴan asalin gabaɗaya ana yaɗa su ta baki ta hanyar al'umma, dangi da daidaikun mutane har sai an “tara”. A cikin wata al'ada da aka ba da, abubuwan ilimin likitancin na asali na iya zama sananne ga mutane da yawa, ko kuma waɗanda ke cikin takamaiman aikin warkarwa kamar shaman ko ungozoma . Abubuwa uku sun halatta matsayin mai warkarwa - akidarsu, nasarar ayyukansu da imanin al'umma. Lokacin da al'adar ta ƙi iƙirarin magungunan ƴan asalin, gabaɗaya iri uku na mabiya suna amfani da shi - waɗanda aka haife su kuma suka yi tarayya da su a cikinta waɗanda suka zama masu bi na dindindin, masu bi na ɗan lokaci waɗanda suka juya zuwa gare shi a lokutan wahala, da waɗanda suka yi imani kawai a takamaiman fannoni., ba a cikin duka ba.   == Ma'ana da kalmomi == Ana iya ɗaukar magungunan gargajiya a wani lokaci a matsayin dabam da magungunan jama'a, kuma ana la'akari da sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka tsara na maganin jama'a. A karkashin wannan ma'anar magungunan jama'a akwai magungunan da aka dade suna yadawa da kuma amfani da su. Magungunan jama'a sun ƙunshi ayyukan warkaswa da ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki da kiyaye [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] da wasu suka sani a cikin al'ada, ana watsawa ta hanyar yau da kullun azaman ilimin gabaɗaya, kuma kowa a cikin al'adar da ke da gogewa ta farko ya yi aiki ko amfani da shi. === Maganin jama'a === [[File:Curandera_performing_a_limpieza.jpg|thumb| Curandera yana yin ''limpieza'' a Cuenca, Ecuador]] Kasashe da yawa suna da ayyukan da aka siffanta a matsayin magungunan jama'a waɗanda za su iya kasancewa tare tare da tsarin aikin likita na yau da kullun, tushen kimiyya, da kuma tsarin aikin likita wanda ke wakilta. Misalan al'adun magungunan jama'a sune magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, likitancin Iran, likitancin Koriya, likitancin Larabci, maganin gargajiya na Uygur, magungunan Kampho na Japan, magungunan daji na Aboriginal na gargajiya, 'yan asalin Hawaiian La'au lapa'au, da kuma maganin gargajiya na Jojiya, da sauransu. ==== Magungunan daji na Australiya ==== Gabaɗaya, maganin daji da mutanen Aboriginal da Torres Strait Islander ke amfani da su a [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ana yin su ne daga kayan shuka, kamar haushi, ganye da iri, kodayake ana iya amfani da kayan dabbobi kuma. Babban bangaren magungunan gargajiya shine maganin gargajiya, wanda shine amfani da kayan shuka na halitta don magance ko hana cututtuka. ==== Magungunan 'yan asalin Amurka ==== Magungunan ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Alaska nau'ikan warkarwa ne na gargajiya waɗanda suka wanzu tsawon dubban shekaru. Akwai shuke-shuke ethnobotany da yawa da ke cikin maganin gargajiya ga ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka kuma wasu har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. Idan ya zo ga magungunan gargajiya na Amirkawa, ra'ayoyin da ke tattare da lafiya da rashin lafiya a cikin al'adun ba su da bambanci da ra'ayoyin addini da ruhaniya. <ref name=":12" /> Masu warkarwa a cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin suna da sunaye da yawa kama daga namiji ko mace zuwa likitan ganye ko ma shaman kuma ana ɗaukar su shugabannin ruhaniya ko na addini a cikin kabilun su. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|url-status=195–213}}</ref> Idan ana maganar waraka, masu warkarwa na ƙabilanci za su kalli halayen shuka don tantance ingancinta don maganin rashin lafiya. Takamaiman halayen shuka kamar siffar shuka, wari, launi, da ɗanɗano na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yadda za'a iya amfani da shuka azaman magani. <ref name=":02" /> Kabilar Meskwaki sun gano cewa za su iya amfani da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga ''Arum maculatum'' don saran maciji. <ref name=":02" /> An yi la’akari da hakan ne daga bayyanar madarar ruwan da aka ce daga shukar wadda aka ce tana kama da dafin maciji, kuma siffar shukar ta yi kama da kan maciji. <ref name=":02" /> 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi amfani da ganyen foxglove a matsayin magani ga wata cuta da ake kira ɗigon ruwa ko edema, wanda ruwa ne ke taruwa yawanci a cikin ƙananan ƙafafu, kuma dalilinsa na yau da kullum shine ciwon zuciya. <ref name=":02" /> A cikin maganin zamani, ana amfani da tsantsa foxglove a ƙarƙashin sunan digitalis, kuma manufarsa ita ce matsakaicin bugun zuciya. <ref name=":02" /> ’Yan asalin ƙasar Amirka sun yi nasara tare da wasu ayyukan likita, kamar su magance zazzaɓi, yanayin gastrointestinal, raƙuman fata, kafa ƙashi, da kuma haihuwar jarirai, da taimaka wa iyaye mata wajen samun waraka. <ref name=":02" /> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a cikin wani asibitin IHS wanda ke ba masu warkarwa na Navajo damar ziyartar marasa lafiya ya gano cewa asibitin ya samu kashi 80 cikin 100 na nasara wajen dawo da marasa lafiya cikin hayyacinsu, wanda ya zarce adadin asibitocin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a yau. <ref name=":12" /> An zaɓi dangin ''Asteraceae'' da yawa don taimakon orthopedic da taimakon huhu, musamman nau'in ''Achillea'' da ''Artemisia'' . <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|url-status=207–217}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin kabilu 14 daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka ya gano cewa ''Asteraceae'' ita ce dangin tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da shi don kayan magani. <ref name=":22" /> ==== Natuvaidyam ==== Nattuvaidyam saiti ne na ayyukan likitanci na asali waɗanda suka wanzu a Indiya kafin zuwan maganin allopathic ko na yamma. Waɗannan ayyuka suna da nau'o'i daban-daban na ka'idoji da ra'ayoyin jiki, lafiya da cututtuka. An yi karo da juna da aron ra'ayoyi, magungunan da aka yi amfani da su da dabaru a cikin waɗannan ayyukan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan sun rubuta rubuce-rubuce a cikin yarukan yare kamar Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, da sauransu. yayin da wasu kuma ana ba da su ta baki ta hanyar na'urori daban-daban. Ayurveda wani nau'i ne na nattuvaidyam da ake yi a kudancin Indiya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=43–62}}</ref> Sauran sun hada da kalarichikitsa (wanda ya shafi saitin kashi da tsoka), marmachikitsa (mahimmanci tabo tausa), ottamoolivaidyam (maganin kashi ɗaya ko magani na lokaci ɗaya), chintamanivaidyam da sauransu. Lokacin da aka sake fasalin tsarin likitanci a cikin karni na ashirin Indiya, yawancin ayyuka da dabaru na musamman ga wasu nattuvaidyam iri-iri sun haɗa cikin Ayurveda. === Maganin gida === '''Maganin gida''' (wani lokaci kuma ana kiransa '''maganin kaka''' ) magani ne don warkar da cuta ko cuta wanda ke amfani da wasu kayan yaji, ganye, kayan lambu, ko wasu abubuwan gama gari. Magungunan gida na iya ko ba su da kaddarorin magani waɗanda ke magance ko warkar da cutar ko cutar da ake tambaya, kamar yadda ƴan ƙasa yawanci ke wucewa tare da su (wanda [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] ta sauƙaƙe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan). Yawancin ana amfani da su ne kawai sakamakon al'ada ko al'ada ko kuma saboda suna da tasiri wajen haifar da tasirin placebo . Ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran misalan maganin gida shine amfani da miya na kaji domin magance cututtuka na numfashi kamar [[Influenza|mura]]. Sauran misalan magunguna na gida sun haɗa da tef ɗin duct domin taimakawa tare da kafa ƙasusuwan da suka karye; tef ko superglue don magance warts na shuka ; da Kogel mogel don magance ciwon makogwaro. A zamanin da, an damƙa wa iyaye mata duk wasu magunguna amma masu tsanani. Littattafan girke-girke na tarihi akai-akai suna cike da magunguna don dyspepsia, zazzabi, da gunaguni na mata. <ref>[[Catherine Beecher|Catherine Esther Beecher]] [[iarchive:missbeechershou00beecgoog/page/n341| Mrs. Beecher's Housekeeper and Healthkeeper]] 1874. Retrieved on 2007-11-05.</ref> Ana amfani da kayan aikin [[Alobera (aloe vera)|aloe]] don magance cututtukan fata. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=461–477}}</ref> Yawancin barasa ko narkar da abinci na Turai an sayar da su azaman magungunan magani. A cikin magungunan jama'ar kasar Sin, congees na magani (miyan shinkafa da aka daɗe tare da ganye), abinci, da miya suna cikin ayyukan jiyya. <ref>''Prince Wen Hui's Cook'' Bob Flaws and Honora Wolf 1985</ref> == Suka == === Damuwar tsaro === Ko da yake kasashe 130 suna da ka'idoji game da magungunan jama'a, akwai haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da su (watau [[zoonosis]], musamman kamar yadda wasu magungunan gargajiya ke amfani da sinadarai na dabba <ref>[https://www.ifpri.org/blog/africas-growing-risk-diseases-spread-animals-people Africa’s growing risk of diseases that spread from animals to people]</ref> <ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12801499/ Use of animal products in traditional Chinese medicine: environmental impact and health hazards]</ref> ). Sau da yawa ana ɗauka cewa saboda magungunan da ake zato na halitta ne cewa ba su da lafiya, amma ana haɗa matakan kiyayewa da yawa tare da amfani da magungunan ganye. === Amfani da nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari === [[File:Slow_loris_-_dried_01.JPG|right|thumb| Wani lokaci magungunan gargajiya sun haɗa da sassan nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, kamar jinkirin loris a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.]] Dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari, irin su jinkirin loris, wasu lokuta ana kashe su don yin magungunan gargajiya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=135–142}}</ref> Har ila yau, an yi amfani da filaye na shark a cikin magungunan gargajiya, kuma duk da cewa ba a tabbatar da ingancin su ba, yana cutar da yawan kifin shark da kuma yanayin su. Sana'ar hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba za a iya gano wani bangare na masu siyan magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin . Bukatar hauren giwa shine babban abin da ke haifar da farautar nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar karkanda da giwaye. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=23–30}}</ref> Pangolins na fuskantar barazana ta hanyar farautar namansu da sikelinsu, wadanda ake amfani da su wajen maganin gargajiya. Su ne dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka fi fataucinsu a duniya. == Duba kuma == * Ayurveda * Bioprospecting * Maganin jama'a * Maganin ganye * Jarrah (likita) * Tsire-tsire masu magani * Asalin kabilanci na Amurka * Labarin Tsofaffin Mata * Pharmacognosy * Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka * Maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin * Laburaren Ilimi na Gargajiya * Jerin nau'ikan madadin magani == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Maganin Gargajiya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mo27g8m0v9ub5e83k1yz2j3o874oczo 0 52685 542873 516952 2024-11-19T23:42:16Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Michael_Jackson_Dangerous_World_Tour_1993_cropped.png|Michael_Jackson_Dangerous_World_Tour_1993_cropped.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Kritzolina|Kritzolina]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:Michae 542873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] [[Fayil:Michael Jackson, 1988 (46845017052).jpg|thumb|Michael Jackson]] '''[[Michael Jackson]]''' (1958 – 2009) Mawakin Ba’amurke, ne, marubuci kuma dan rawa wanda aka fi sani da “Sarkin Pop”. '''Michael Jackson''', '''Mike Jackson''', ko '''Mick Jackson''' na iya komawa zuwa:   == Mutane == === Masana'antar nishadi === Michael Jackson (mai sharhin rediyo) (1934–2022), mai gabatar da jawabi na rediyon Amurka, KABC da KGIL, Los Angeles. ==== Mawaka ==== * Mike Jackson (mawaki) (1888-1945), ɗan wasan piano na jazz na Amurka kuma mawaki. * Mike Jackson ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), dan wasan kwaikwayo na Australiya, marubucin waka kuma dan wasan yara. * Mick Jackson (mawaki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), Mawakin Ingilishi-mawaƙi * Michael Gregory ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), dan wasan jazz na Amurka, an haifi Michael Gregory Jackson. * Mike da Michelle Jackson, Ostiraliya Multi-instrumental Duo * Michael Jackson (Mawakin Ingilishi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), Mawakin Biritaniya tare da kungiyar Karfe mai nauyi Shaiɗan/Pariah. * Oh No (mawaki), sunan haihuwa Michael Woodrow Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), mawakin Amurka * Michael Lee Jackson, guitarist * Mick Jackson, bassist tare da Kungiyar Kaunar kauna ta Birtaniya (1950-) === Sojoji da mayakan === * Michael Jackson (soja na Amurka) (1734-1801), soja daga Massachusetts, rauni a Bunker Hill. * Mike Jackson (Jami'in Sojan Burtaniya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), tsohon shugaban sojojin Burtaniya * Salman Raduyev ko Michael Jackson (1967-2002), shugaban yakin Chechen === 'Yan siyasa da jami'ai === * Mike Jackson (dan siyasar Texas) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), ɗan Republican na Majalisar Dattawan Texas * Michael P. Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaron Cikin Gida na Amurka, 2005–2007 * Michael W. Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), Lauyan gundumar Alabama * Michael A. Jackson (dan siyasa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), daga gundumar Prince George, Maryland * Mike Jackson (dan siyasar Oklahoma) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), memba na majalisar wakilai ta Oklahoma === Mutanen wasanni === ==== Kwallon kafa na Amurka ==== * Michael Jackson (mai ba da layi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957), ɗan wasan NFL na Amurka (1979 – 1986) * Michael Jackson (mai karba mai fadi) (1969 – 2017), dan siyasan Amurka kuma mai karɓar NFL mai fadi. * Mike Jackson Sr. (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997), kwallon kafa ta Amurka ==== Kwallon, kafa (kwallon kafa) ==== * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1939) shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa ta kasar Scotland kuma manaja * Michael Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) (Mariléia dos Santos), dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Kungiyar mata ta Brazil. * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwallon kafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1973) Dan wasan ƙwallon kafa ta kasar Ingila haifaffen Liverpool ne * Michael Jackson (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila haifaffen Cheltenham ne ==== Sauran wasanni ==== * Mike Jackson (an wasan kwando na hagu) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1946), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Mike Jackson (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka ABA (1972 – 1976) * Michael Jackson (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), dan wasan kwallon kwando na NBA na Amurka, Sacramento Kings (1987 – 1990) * Mike Jackson (dan wasan kwando na dama) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964), Dan wasan kwallon kwando na Amurka * Michael Jackson (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1969), Dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Rugby na Burtaniya, Wakefield Trinity, Halifax * Mike Jackson (dan kokawa) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), kwararren dan kokawa na Amurka * Mike Jackson (dan gwagwarmaya) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), dan wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka === Sauran mutane === * Michael A. Jackson (masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta) (an haife shi a shekara ta alif dari tara talatin da shida miladiyya 1936), mai habaka hanyoyin habaka software * Michael Jackson ( an haife shi 1940), New Zealand, farfesa a fannin ilimin dan adam da marubuci * Mike Jackson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949), tsohon Shugaba na Mercedes-Benz USA kuma Shugaba na AutoNation. * Mike Jackson (masanin kimiyyar tsarin) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), masanin ka'idar kungiyar Burtaniya kuma mai ba da shawara * Michael Jackson (wanda ya yi kisan kai) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan Amurka wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin kisa * Mike Jackson (an haife shi 1954), tsohon shugaban kasa kuma COO na Supervalu * Michael Jackson (bishop) (an haife shi 1956), Cocin Ireland Archbishop na Dublin, Ireland, tun 2011 * Michael Jackson (dan jarida), dan jarida Niuean kuma tsohon dan siyasa * Michael Jackson, Ba'amurke mai laifi tare da Tiffany Cole === Halaye === * Mike Jackson (hali), hali a cikin littattafan ''Psmith'' na PG Wodehouse == Wakoki, == * "Michael Jackson", wakar Cash Cash daga ''The Beat Goes On'' * "Michael Jackson", wakar Das Racist daga ''Relax'' * "Michael Jackson", wakar Fatboy Slim, B-gefen " Fita Daga Kaina " * "Michael Jackson", wakar The Mitchell Brothers * "Michael Jackson", waƙayr Negativland daga ''Tsere daga Noise'' == Duba kuma == * All pages with titles containing Michael Jackson * All pages with titles containing Mike Jackson * All pages with titles containing Mick Jackson * Michael L. Jackson (disambiguation) * Jackson (disambiguation) * Jackson (name) * Michael (disambiguation) * Mitchell Jackson (disambiguation) ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4bp5wrtop6484co049q4mo7rqlm24xy 0 53473 542698 439799 2024-11-19T18:12:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542698 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} '''Adamu Hassan Nagudu''' Jarumin matashi ne mawaki Wanda yayi fice a kasar Hausa. jarumin ya fito a fina finai da dama, sannan ya kwashe tsaawon shekara uku beyi Waka ba bisa Wani dalili nasa. Jarumin tela ne a yanzun ya fadada harkan dinkin sa ta yadda zedinga samu sosai, sannan Yana da shago Yana seda takalma atamfofi ,Yana hada lefe Kuma, jarumin Yana da mata da Yara guda biyu <ref>https://aminiya.ng/dalilin-da-ya-sa-aka-daina-jin-duriyata-adamu-nagudu/</ref> == Takaitaccen Tarihin Sa == Adamu Hassan Nagudu matashin mawaki ne a masana antar fim ta Hausa wato kanniwud, an haife shi a garin Kano ya girma. A garin Kano yayi karatun firamare da sakandiri a garin Kano, ya fara Waka a shekarar 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wynk.in/music/artist/adamu-hassan-nagudu/wa_4yXRrrpUgg |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722144934/https://wynk.in/music/artist/adamu-hassan-nagudu/wa_4yXRrrpUgg |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Jerin Wakokin sa == * Rike gwanin ka * Sakar so * so Mai sonka * naji kalaman so<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/3646b95bdfcfeb6e0c30c58b62dbc199 |access-date=2023-07-22 |archive-date=2023-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722144935/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/amp/3646b95bdfcfeb6e0c30c58b62dbc199 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Hausawa]] [[Category:Yan wasan kwaikwayo]] [[Category:Maza yan wasan kwaikwayo]] mfsiecywlj3cwfq0euhdqclp1s9fvfe 0 53535 542643 482169 2024-11-19T17:21:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542643 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sultan Abdul Rahman II Muazzam Shah.jpg|thumbnail]]{{databox}} [[File:Penampang Sabah Dignitaries-at- Kaamatan-Celebrations-2014-01.jpg|thumbnail]] Datuk Seri Panglima [[Alhaji|Haji]] '''Abdul Rahman bin Dahlan''' (Jawi: عبدالرحمن بن دحلان; born 24 November 1965) is a Malaysian politician. He is the [[Farmer Tantoh|former]] [[Ma'aikatar Tsaron Najeriya|Minister]] in the Prime Minister's Department and the Minister of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government. He is also the former Member of Parliament (MP) of Malaysia for the Kota Belud constituency in Sabah, representing the United Malay National Organisation (UMNO) party, a component of Barisan Nasional (BN).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlimen.gov.my/index.php?modload=ahlidewan&uweb=dr&action=details&id=149|title=Abdul Rahman bin Haji Dahlan, Y.B. Dato' Haji|publisher=[[Parliament of Malaysia]]|access-date=17 March 2010}}</ref> An zabi Abdul Rahman a majalisar dokoki a babban zaɓen shekarar 2008 don kujerar da UMNO ke rike da ita ta Kota Belud, bayan UMNO ta bar dan majalisa mai ci Salleh Said Keruak. Kafin zabensa ya kasance jami'in jam'iyya na UMNO . A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2013, bayan babban zaben 2013 an nada shi a matsayin Ministan Kiwon Lafiya, Gidaje da Karamar Hukumar karkashin majalisar Firayim Minista Najib Razak . A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2016, an nada shi ya zama Minista a Sashen Firayim Minista wanda ke kula da Sashin Shirye-shiryen Tattalin Arziki. Shi ne Sabahan na farko da ya rike matsayin EPU. A cikin 2018, an yarda da shi sosai a matsayin mutumin da Firayim Minista ya ba shi don tabbatar da saka hannun jari na Saudi Aramco na dala biliyan 7 a Malaysia. A cikin babban zaben 2018, Abdul Rahman ya sauya don yin takarar kujerar majalisa ta Sepanggar amma ya sha kashi a hannun Azis Jamman na Jam'iyyar Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/367860/rahman-loses-sepanggar-congratulates-azis-jamman-twitter|title=Rahman loses Sepanggar, congratulates Azis Jamman via Twitter|author= Kristy Inus|date=10 May 2018|publisher =[[New Straits Times]]|access-date=2 Aug 2018}}</ref> Yawancin mutane sun danganta asarar da ya yi a Sepanggar ga dabarun da ba daidai ba daga manyan shugabannin jam'iyyar, da sanin cewa Abdul Rahman har yanzu yana da mashahuri a mazabar Kota Belud wanda ya wakilce shi shekaru 10. Duk da rashin amincewar Abdul Rahman, jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da yanke shawarar sanya shi a matsayin dan takara a Sepanggar. A ƙarshe, umarnin da ya ba shi ya sauya zuwa Sepanggar, sabon mazabarsa, kusan watanni 3 kafin babban zaben majalisar dokoki a 2018 an tabbatar da shi da kuskure da bala'i ga jam'iyyar. UMNO ta rasa duka kujerun majalisa na Sepanggar da Kota Belud, na ƙarshe saboda fushin masu jefa kuri'a ga UMNO don bayar da umarni ga Abdul Rahman don yin takara a Sepanggar. [[Fayil:Penampang Sabah Dignitaries-at- Kaamatan-Celebrations-2014-01.jpg|thumb|Abdul Rahman Dahlan]] A watan Janairun 2021, an nada Abdul Rahman a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci, Universiti Malaysia Sabah na tsawon shekaru uku. Ya yi alkawarin warware jinkirin gini da ke fama da asibitin koyarwa na jami'a da ayyukan gidaje na dalibai.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hasan|first=Che Hasruddin Che|title=UMS Hospital to start ops next year|url=https://ums.edu.my/v5/banner-link/10500-ums-hospital-to-start-ops-next-year|access-date=2021-05-18|website=ums.edu.my|language=en-gb|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604213854/https://ums.edu.my/v5/banner-link/10500-ums-hospital-to-start-ops-next-year|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sakamakon zaben == {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%" |+'''Majalisar dokokin Malaysia'''<ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web |title=Malaysia General Election |url=http://undi.info/# |access-date=4 February 2018 |work=undiinfo Malaysian Election Data |publisher=[[Malaysiakini]]}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref> !Shekara !Mazabar ! colspan="2" |Gwamnati !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct ! colspan="2" |Hamayya !Zaɓuɓɓuka !Pct |- |2008 | rowspan="2" |P169 Kota Belud, Sabah | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Abdul Rahman Dahlan ([[Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Malays ta United|UMNO]]) | align="right" |17,842 |52% | {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | |Saidil @ Saidi bin Simoi (PKR) | align="right" |14,822 |44% |- |2013 | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Abdul Rahman Dahlan ([[Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Malays ta United|UMNO]]) | align="right" |21,768 |Kashi 55% | {{Party shading/Keadilan}} | |[[Isnaraissah Munirah Majlis|Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis]] (PKR) | align="right" |16,673 |Kashi 47 cikin dari |- |2018 |P171 Sepanggar, Sabah | {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | |Abdul Rahman Dahlan (UMNO) | align="right" |15,436 |32.3%2 | {{Party shading/Sabah Heritage Party}} | |Azis Jamman ([[Jam'iyyar Tarihin Sabah|WARISAN]]) | align="right" |28,420 |59.47%2 |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |P169 Kota Belud, Sabah | rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} | | rowspan="2" |Abdul Rahman Dahlan (UMNO) | rowspan="2" align="right" |20,566 | rowspan="2" |38.1% | {{Party shading/Sabah Heritage Party}} | |Isnaraissah Munirah Majilis ([[Jam'iyyar Tarihin Sabah|WARISAN]]) | align="right" |25,148 |46.5% |- | {{Party shading/PH}} | |Madeli @ Modily bin Bangali ([[Jam'iyyar Adalci ta Jama'a (Malaysia)|PKR]]) | align="right" |8,323 |15.4% |- | colspan="10" |{{Small|Notes:<br>Table excludes votes for candidates who finished in third place or lower.<br />² Different % used for 2018 election.}} |} == Aure da yara == Rahman ya auri tsohon mai ba da labarai na NTV7 Nor Azlina Tan Sri Awang Had a shekarar 1999. Tare suna da 'ya'ya uku (yara biyu, 'yar daya), bayan 'yan shekaru ya sake yin aure da tsohuwar matarsa mai suna Eizlan Yusof mai suna Vie Shantie Khan tare da 'yar haifuwa == Daraja == * {{Flag|Federal Territory (Malaysia)}} : ** [[File:MY-FED_Darjah_Mahkota_Wilayah_-_Grand_Commander_-_SMW.svg|50x50px]] Grand Commander of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SMW) - '''Datuk Seri''' (2017) * {{Flag|Pahang}} : ** [[File:MY-PAH_Order_of_the_Crown_of_Pahang_-_Knight_Companion_-_DIMP.svg|50x50px]] Knight Companion of the Order of the Crown of Pahang (DIMP) - '''Dato’''' (2005) * {{Flag|Sabah}} : ** [[File:MY-SAB_Order_of_Kinabalu_-_PGDK.svg|50x50px]] Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (PGDK) - '''Datuk''' (2013) ** Babban Kwamandan Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) - '''Datuk Seri Panglima''' (2017)[[File:MY-SAB_Order_of_Kinabalu_-_SPDK.svg|50x50px]] == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * Abdul Rahman Dahlan on Facebook [[Category:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] mxjcwr7l1c0ar5arp3qvgrctjwyrp64 0 54883 543000 485798 2024-11-20T10:08:56Z AAkalabata 32325 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 543000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kevin Mitnick at Google.jpg|thumb|Kevin Mitnick]] '''Kevin David Mitnick''' (Agusta shidda ga watan yuli 6, shekara ta alif dubu daya 1963 - Yuli 16, 2023) wani Ba'amurke mai ba da shawara kan tsaro na kwamfuta ne, marubuci, kuma wanda aka yanke masa hukunci. An fi saninsa da kama shi a shekara ta 1995 da kuma daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari saboda laifuka daban-daban na kwamfuta da sadarwa. Biyewar Mitnick, kamawa, shari'a, da hukunci tare da haɗin gwiwar aikin jarida, littattafai, da fina-finai duk sun kasance masu jayayya. Bayan da aka fito da shi daga gidan yari, ya mallaki wani kamfani na sa na tsaro, Mitnick Security Consulting, LLC, kuma yana da hannu da sauran harkokin kasuwancin tsaro na kwamfuta. ==Rayuwar farko da ilimi== An haifi Mitnick a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 1963, a Van Nuys, [[California]]. Mahaifinsa Alan Mitnick, mahaifiyarsa Shelly Jaffe, kuma kakarsa ita ce Reba Vartanian. Ya girma a [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 12, Mitnick ya shawo kan direban bas ya gaya masa inda zai iya siyan tikitin tikitin nasa don "aikin makaranta", sannan ya sami damar hawan kowace bas a cikin babban yankin Los Angeles ta amfani da bayanan canja wuri da ba a yi amfani da shi ba da ya samu a cikin juji. kusa da garejin kamfanin bas. [[Fayil:Kevin Mitnick ex hacker y ahora famoso consultor en redes en Campus Party México 2010.jpg|thumb|Kevin Mitnick]] Mitnick ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta James Monroe a Arewacin Hills, a lokacin ya zama ma'aikacin rediyo mai son kuma ya zaɓi sunan barkwanci "Condor" bayan kallon fim ɗin Kwanaki Uku na Condor.Daga baya aka yi masa rajista a Kwalejin Los Angeles Pierce da USC. '''Sana'a''' Na wani lokaci, Mitnick ya yi aiki a matsayin mai karbar bakuncin Stephen S. Wise Temple. Hacking na kwamfuta Mitnick ya sami damar shiga hanyar sadarwar kwamfuta ba tare da izini ba a cikin 1979, yana ɗan shekara 16, lokacin da abokinsa ya ba shi lambar tarho na Ark, tsarin kwamfuta da Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) ke amfani da shi don haɓaka software na RSTS/E. Ya kutsa kai cikin tsarin kwamfuta na DEC ya kwafi manhajojin kamfanin, laifin da aka tuhume shi kuma aka yanke masa hukunci a shekarar 1988. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni 12 a gidan yari sannan aka sake shi na tsawon shekaru uku. Kusa da ƙarshen sakin sa da ake kulawa, Mitnick ya yi kutse cikin kwamfutocin saƙon murya na Pacific Bell. Bayan da aka ba da sammacin kama shi, Mitnick ya gudu, ya zama mai gudun hijira na tsawon shekaru biyu da rabi. [[Fayil:Momento MoviStar- Kevin Mitnick.jpg|thumb|Kevin Mitnick]] A cewar Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka, Mitnick ya sami damar shiga yanar gizo da dama ba tare da izini ba yayin da yake gudun hijira. Ya yi amfani da wayoyin salula na zamani don boye inda yake, da kuma wasu abubuwa, ya kwafi babbar manhajar kwamfuta daga wasu manyan kamfanonin wayar salula da na kwamfuta a kasar. Mitnick ya kuma saci kalmomin shiga na kwamfuta, ya canza hanyoyin sadarwar kwamfuta, kuma ya shiga ya karanta imel na sirri. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2023]] ngogkbot561xa1w96oq8mlcaq13d7ku 0 55277 542989 474574 2024-11-20T08:31:44Z Adamu ab 23827 Edit 542989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bonn, Sterntor -- 2020 -- 6505.jpg|thumb|Bonn, Sterntor]] [[Fayil:Altes Rathaus Bonn.jpg|thumb|Altes a BONN]] [[Fayil:General view over bonn (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bonn]] '''Birnin Bonn''' na tarayya birni ne, da ke bakin kogin Rhine da ke cikin jihar North Rhine-Westphalia a ƙasar [[Jamus]], mai yawan jama'a sama da 300,000. Kimanin kilomita dubu ashirin da hudu (24) (mita 15) kudu-maso-kudu-maso-gabas na Cologne, Bonn yana cikin kudu maso gabashin yankin Rhine-Ruhr, yanki mafi girma na Jamus, tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 11. Birni ne na jami'a, shine wurin haifuwar Ludwig van Beethoven kuma shine babban birnin Jamus ta Yamma daga shekara ta 1949 zuwa 1990. Bonn ita ce kujerar gwamnatin sake haɗewar Jamus daga shekara ta alif 1990 zuwa 1999<ref>{{cite book|title=The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945–1990|author=Anthony James Nicholls|publisher=[[Longman]]|year=1997|isbn=9780582492318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSvYAAAAIAAJ|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>. An kafa shi a karni na 1 BC a matsayin mazaunin Romawa a lardin Germania Inferior, Bonn yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin biranen Jamus. Babban birni ne na Zaɓe na Cologne daga 1597 zuwa 1794, mazaunin Archbishop da Prince-electors na Cologne. Daga 1949 zuwa 1990, Bonn ita ce babban birnin Jamus ta Yamma, kuma an ayyana kundin tsarin mulkin Jamus na yanzu, wato Basic Law, a cikin birnin a shekara ta alif 1949. Zamanin da Bonn ya zama babban birnin Jamus ta Yamma masana tarihi suna kiransa da Jamhuriyar Bonn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/bonn-berlin-gesetz-101.html|title=Bonn-Berlin-Gesetz: Dieselbe Prozedur wie jedes Jahr|last=tagesschau.de|website=tagesschau.de|language=de|access-date=26 April 2019}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== eriv8uzhtsxhvl2ylp0v1ga5r3eonu9 0 55479 542578 436318 2024-11-19T12:23:02Z Alhajin Mama 32322 542578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} Halayyar (Ingilishi na Amurka), ciko ɗabi'a (Ingilishi na Biritaniya), shine kewayon ayyuka da ɗabi'un ɗaiɗaikun mutane, kwayoyin halitta, tsarin aiki ko abubuwan wucin gadi a wasu mahalli. Waɗannan tsarin na iya haɗawa da wasu tsare-tsare ko halittu da kuma mahalli na zahiri mara rai. Amsar da aka lissafta ce ta tsarin ko kwayoyin halitta zuwa abubuwa daban-daban ko abubuwan da suka faru, na ciki ko na waje, na sani ko a hankali, a bayyane ko a boye, da son rai ko na son rai. Ɗaukar hangen nesa na bayanan ɗabi'a, ɗabi'a ta ƙunshi ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, aiki, hulɗa, da kaddarorin su. Ana iya wakilta wannan azaman vector ɗabi'a. cneh557kj7law9u1qq3syebv9bn4cab 0 57542 542947 524636 2024-11-20T06:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Gloria_Feldt-3_jeh.jpg |thumb|Gloria Feldt ]] '''Gloria Feldt'''(an Haife shi Afrilu 13,1942) marubuciya ce ta ''[[New York Times]]'' mafi kyawun siyarwa,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/bestseller/0302besthardnonfiction.html Best Sellers: Hard Cover Nonfiction (#11)], ''The New York Times'', March 2, 2008.</ref>mai magana,mai sharhi,kuma mai fafutukar [[Feminism|mata]] wanda ya sami karɓuwa na ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da shawara na zamantakewa da siyasa [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|na yancin mata]].A cikin 2013,ita da Amy Litzenberger sun kafa Take the Lead,wani shiri na sa-kai tare da manufar ciyar da mata zuwa daidaiton shugabanci nan da 2025.Tsohuwar Shugaba ce kuma shugabar kungiyar Planned Parenthood Federation of America,tana jagorantar kungiyar daga 1996 zuwa 2005. == Rayuwar farko da aiki == An haifi Gloria Feldt a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1942,a Temple,[[Texas]].Ta sami digiri na farko na Arts a 1974 daga Jami'ar Texas Permian Basin. Feldt ya shiga Planned Parenthood a 1974 a ofishin Permian Basin Planned Parenthood(yanzu Planned Parenthood na West Texas).Tun daga 1978,ta jagoranci ofishin kungiyar ta Tsakiyar Arewacin [[Arizona]]."Tausayinta mai girma da kuma tabbacinta,"in ji Women in the World Foundation,"hade tare da basirarta da kwarjini,sun dauke ta daga shekarun haihuwa a West Texas zuwa aiki na shekaru talatin tare da mai ba da kiwon lafiya na haihuwa da kuma kungiyar bayar da shawarwari Planned Parenthood Federation.na Amurka."Feldt ya gudanar da Ofishin Iyayen Tsare-tsare na Tsakiyar Arewacin Arizona a lokacin da tsarin iyali ke ƙara samun rigima da zargin siyasa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi tafiya tare da mai gadi kuma ta guji yin aiki a cikin manyan ofisoshi masu haske,bude ofisoshin da manyan tagogi waɗanda masu zanga-zangar za su iya kaiwa hari.<ref>[http://www.msmagazine.com/mar03/feldt.asp "The Making of a Political Activist,"] ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms. magazine]]'', Spring 2003.</ref> [[File:Roevwade.jpg|right|thumb| Feldt tare da Albert Wynn a kan matakan [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli na Amurka]] a wani gangamin kare hakkin zubar da ciki a ranar tunawa da ''Roe v.'' ''Wade'']] Daga 1996 zuwa 2005,Feldt ya kasance Shugaba kuma shugaban kungiyar Planned Parenthood Federation of America.Ita ce ta tsara tsarin hana haihuwa ta hanyar inshora.<ref>[http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-07-20/news/0007200303_1_behalf-of-jennifer-erickson-contraceptive-coverage-combat-impotence "Lawsuit Alleges Bias Over Refusal To Pay For Contraceptives,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119090958/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-07-20/news/0007200303_1_behalf-of-jennifer-erickson-contraceptive-coverage-combat-impotence |date=2016-01-19 }} ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', July 20, 2000.</ref> <ref>[http://www.politico.com/arena/perm/Gloria_Feldt_4181C320-A4AF-4A86-A7ED-9945E5FECDBD.html "Driving the Conversation,"] ''[[Politico]]'', February 9, 2012.</ref> Ta kasance a farkon aikinta a cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a.Feldt yakan yi tsokaci kan batutuwan mata, gami da a cikin labarin mujallar ''Salon'' kan layi na Yuni 2012.<ref>[http://www.salon.com/2012/06/04/no_ideology_to_see_here/ "No ideology to see here!,"] ''Salon'', June 4, 2012.</ref>MSNBC ta yi hira da ita don wani yanki game da Yaƙin Mata da aka watsa Maris 19,2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120322015832/http://video.msnbc.msn.com/jansing-and-co/46783643#46783643 "Former Planned Parenthood Pres to FCC: Fire Rush!"] MSNBC, March 19, 2012.</ref>''The New York Times '''Adriana Gardella ta yi Q&A tare da Feldt a cikin 2010,wanda ke nuna ta a sashin kasuwanci na jaridar.<ref>[http://boss.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/04/where-is-the-female-steve-jobs/ "Where Is the Female Steve Jobs?"] ''New York Times'', October 4, 2010.</ref> As president of Take The Lead,Feldt oversees learning programs,mentoring, networking, and role modelling programs for women.She is a professor at Arizona State University,where she teaches the course Women,Power,and Leadership.<ref>[http://sst.clas.asu.edu/node/101 "Feldt interviewed on KJZZ-FM"]{{Dead link|date=February 2016}} ASU News.</ref> She also serves on the boards of the Women's Media Center and the Jewish Women's Archive and on the advisory board of Our Bodies,Ourselves. ==Bayyanuwa== [[File:21_Leader_2007_Gloria_Feldt.jpg |thumb| Gloria Feldt]] Feldt mai yawan magana ne na jama'a, yana ba da lacca a jami'o'i,ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙwararru,da kuma taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin mata,siyasa,jagoranci, kafofin watsa labarai,da lafiya.A cikin Oktoba 2011,ta zauna a kan wani kwamiti, wanda mai shiga tsakani Victoria Pynchon ya jagoranta,tare da shugabannin mata Gloria Steinem,Shelby Knox da Jamia Wilson a South Carolina Women Lawyers Association taron shekara-shekara<ref>[http://www.scbar.org/Events/vw/3/ItemID/245/d/20111021.aspx Event Calendar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141128120352/http://www.scbar.org/Events/vw/3/ItemID/245/d/20111021.aspx |date=2014-11-28 }}, South Carolina Bar, January 21, 2011.</ref>Ta kuma bayyana a cikin tarurruka da yawa akan C-Littafin TV na SPAN. Baya ga yin magana,tana zagayawa tare da ƙungiyar mata tsakanin tsararraki mai suna Mata GirlsLadies.<ref>[https://asunews.asu.edu/20091006_wowlecture "Feminists bring multigenerational perspective to reopen dialogue,"] ASU News, October 6, 2009.</ref> == Rubutu == Sharhin Feldt ya bayyana a cikin ''New York Times'',''Amurka A Yau'',''Wall Street Journal'', da ''Washington Post'',a tsakanin sauran wallafe-wallafe.Har ila yau,ta ba da gudummawa ga ''Truthout'',''Daily Beast'', ''Salon.com'',ForbesWoman,''Democracy Journal'',''Mata eNews'',''The Huffington Post'', ''Muryar WIMN'',Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Mata,Ƙungiyar Jagoranci ta Duniya, BlogHer,da kuma a kan ta sirri gidan yanar gizo. Feldt ya rubuta littattafai da yawa.Sabbin ta,''Babu Uzuri:Hanyoyi 9 Mata Za Su Canza Yadda Muke Tunanin Mulki'',Seal Press ne ya buga a watan Oktoba 2010. === Ayyuka === * ''Bayan Kowane Zaɓi Labari ne''( Jami'ar Arewacin Texas Press, 2003)  * ''Yaƙi akan Zaɓi:Hare-Haren Dama-Wing akan Haƙƙin Mata da Yadda ake Yaƙi Baya''(Bantam Dell,2004)  * ''Aika da kanku Roses:Tunani akan Rayuwata,Ƙauna,da Matsayin Jagoranci''(Springboard,2008),wanda aka rubuta tare da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Kathleen Turner da mafi kyawun siyarwar ''New York Times'' .[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-446-58112-7|978-0-446-58112-7]] * ''Babu Uzuri:Hanyoyi 9 Mata Za Su Canza Yadda Muke Tunanin Mulki'' (Seal Press,2010)  == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == * lambar yabo ta New York NewsWomen Front Page, 2007 <ref>[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/newswomens-club-of-new-york-announces-2007-front-page-awards-winners-58771437.html "Newswomen's Club of New York Announces 2007 Front Page Awards Winners,"] PR Newswire, October 22, 2008.</ref> * eNews na mata, Shugabanni 21 na ƙarni na 21, 2007 <ref>[http://womensenews.org/story/21-leaders-the-21st-century/070619/womens-enews-celebrates-our-21-leaders-2007 "Women's eNews Celebrates with Our 21 Leaders 2007,"] ''Women's eNews'', June 19, 2007.</ref> * Lauyoyin Mata Los Angeles, Kyautar Jajircewa, 2005 * Arizona Civil Liberties Union, Civil Libertarian na Shekara, 2005 * Shirye-shiryen Iyaye na Golden Gate Sarah Weddington Award, 2005 * Ƙungiyar Iyaye na Amurka, Margaret Sanger Award, 2005 * ''Mujallar Glamour'', Mace Mafi Girma, 2003 * Mujallar ''Vanity Fair'', Manyan Shugabannin Mata 200 na Amurka, Legends da Trailblazers, 1998 <ref>[http://old.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20000911break1.asp "Patricia Sheridan's Breakfast with … Gloria Feldt,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324012551/https://old.post-gazette.com/seen/breakfast/20000911break1.asp|date=2021-03-24}} ''[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]'', September 11, 2000.</ref> * Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Duniya, Kyauta ta Musamman, 1998 * ''Texas Monthly'' Texas Ashirin 1996 * Hukumar Hulda da Dan Adam ta Birnin Phoenix, Martin Luther King Jr. Kyautar Mafarki, 1996 * Ƙungiyar Mata ta Ƙasa, Sun City Chapter, Golden Apple Award, 1995 * Soroptimist International, Kyautar Taimakawa Mata, 1994 da 1998 * Shirye-shiryen Iyaye na Babban Daraktocin Majalisar Ruth Green Award, 1990 * Matar Nasara, 1987, Junior League, Mujer, da AAUW * ''New Times'', Mafi kyawun Phoenix, 1987 == Rayuwa ta sirri == Lokacin da take shekara 15,Feldt ta auri saurayinta wanda ya kai shekarun jami'a kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya uku a lokacin tana shekara 20.<ref>[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1997/03/gloria-feldt Gloria Feldt], ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]],'' March/April 1997.</ref>A halin yanzu tana zaune tare da mijinta Alex Barbanell kuma ta raba lokacinta tsakanin [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da Scottsdale,Arizona. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1942]] mpgriqrdvq3kf4vezk7uai967s6k6un 0 58239 542750 500044 2024-11-19T18:53:46Z Fateekachan 23120 Nayi gyara akan zunguru da qara manazarta 542750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}} [[Fayil:Zunguru abun kita.jpg|thumb|Hotun Zunguru]] Zunguru wani abu ne,dangin kwarya Mai Dan tsayi da akeyi masa kofa daga sama a rarake cikinsa,mata kan cusa hannunsu aciki zuwa gwaiwar hannu bayan an zuba kwababben lalle domin yin kunshi. zunguru Ana amfani dashi wajen da mata ke yin kunshi da lalle.shantu kuma ana amfani dashi wajen kidan shantu inda yan mata ke yi ko amare.<ref>mu'azu sa'adu Muhammad </ref> Manazarta : littafin mu'azu sa'adu Muhammad frs16x7qf9f2eos14x1rqkd8zojyt3d 0 58277 543019 496929 2024-11-20T11:20:38Z CommonsDelinker 75 Replacing Coat_of_arms_of_Kingdom_of_Haiti.svg with [[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti_(1814–1820).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: standard name). 543019 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Telecommunication policy in the Caribbean a comparison of telecommunications in the Dominican Republic and Haiti (IA telecommunicatio109455541).pdf|thumb|sunan wasu]] Wannan labarin ya lissafa '''shugabannin Haiti'''tun farkon juyin juya halin Haiti a 1791.An ayyana cikakken 'yancin kai na [[Haiti]] a cikin 1804. Tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1820 Haiti ya rabu tsakanin ''jihar'' arewa,da aka sake masa ''suna'' a cikin 1811,da kuma ''Jamhuriyar'' kudanci.Tsakanin 1822 zuwa 1844 ''Jamhuriyar Haiti'' da ta sake haɗewa ta yi mulki a kan dukan tsibirin Hispaniola,a lokacin da Haiti ta mamaye Santo Domingo . == Saint-Domingue (1791-1804) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Hoton hoto ! rowspan="2" width="150" | Suna<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin ofishi ! rowspan="2" | Biki ! rowspan="2" | Take(s) |- ! Ya hau ofis ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokaci a ofis |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | |[[File:Général_Toussaint_Louverture.jpg|133x133px]]</img> | [[Toussaint Louverture]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1743–1803)}} | 1 ga Janairu, 1791 | 6 ga Mayu 1802 |  | Mai zaman kansa | {{Small|Leader of the [[Haitian Revolution]] (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802)<br>Lieutenant Governor of [[Saint-Domingue]] (1797 – 7 July 1801)<br />[[President for Life|Governor-General for Life]] of the entire island of [[Hispaniola]] (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802)}}<nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|Leader of the [[Haitian Revolution]] (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802)<br>Lieutenant Governor of [[Saint-Domingue]] (1797 – 7 July 1801)<br />[[President for Life|Governor-General for Life]] of the entire island of [[Hispaniola]] (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802)}}<nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|Leader of the [[Haitian Revolution]] (1 January 1791 – 6 May 1802)<br>Lieutenant Governor of [[Saint-Domingue]] (1797 – 7 July 1801)<br />[[President for Life|Governor-General for Life]] of the entire island of [[Hispaniola]] (7 July 1801 – 6 May 1802)}} |- | colspan="9" align="center" | ''Bacci (6 Mayu 1802-1 Janairu 1804)'' |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | |[[File:Jean_Jacques_Dessalines.jpg|97x97px]]</img> | [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1758–1806)}} | 1 Janairu 1804 | ''22 ga Satumba 1804'' |  | Mai zaman kansa | Gwamna-Janar na Haiti |} == Daular farko ta Haiti (1804-1806) == === Masarautar Jacques I === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Hoton hoto ! rowspan="2" | Suna<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" | Mulki ! rowspan="2" | Gidan sarauta ! rowspan="2" | Tufafin makamai |- ! Fara mulki ! Mulki ya ƙare ! Tsawon lokaci |- |[[File:Jean_Jacques_Dessalines.jpg|109x109px]]</img> | style="width:20%;" |[[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Jack I]]<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1758–1806)}} | ''22 Satumba 1804'' {{Efn|Crowned on 8 October 1804}} | 17 Oktoba 1806 |  | Dessalines |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_First_Empire_of_Haiti.svg|88x88px]]</img> |} === Jihar Haiti (1806-1811) === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Hoton hoto ! rowspan="2" width="150" | Suna<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" | Wa'adin ofishi ! rowspan="2" | Biki ! rowspan="2" | Take(s) |- ! Ya hau ofis ! Ofishin hagu ! Lokaci a ofis |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" | |[[File:Henri_Christophe.jpg|108x108px]]</img> | Henri Christophe<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1767–1820)}} | 17 Oktoba 1806 | ''28 Maris 1811'' |  | Mai zaman kansa | {{Small|Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807)<br>President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811)}}<nowiki></br></nowiki> {{Small|Provisional Chief of the Haitian Government (17 October 1806 – 17 February 1807)<br>President (17 February 1807 – 28 March 1811)}} {{Efn|Rule limited to the northern part of Haiti}} |} === Mulkin Haiti (1811-1820) === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Hoton hoto ! rowspan="2" | Suna<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" | Mulki ! rowspan="2" | Gidan sarauta ! rowspan="2" | Tufafin makamai |- ! Fara mulki ! Mulki ya ƙare ! Tsawon lokaci |- |[[File:Henry_I,_King_of_Haiti.jpg|105x105px]]</img> | style="width:20%;" |Henry I<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1767–1820)}} [lower-alpha 2] | ''28 Maris 1811'' {{Efn|Crowned on 2 June 1811}} | 8 Oktoba 1820 |  | Christophe |[[File:Coat of arms of Haiti (1814–1820).svg|80x80px]]</img> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" width="150" |Name<br /><br />{{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Party ! rowspan="2" |Title(s) |- !Took office !Left office !Time in office |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |1 |[[File:Petion_(President_d'Haiti_1807-1818).jpg|104x104px]] |Alexandre Pétion<br /><br />{{Small|(1770–1818)}} |17 October 1806 |29 March 1818 | 11 years, 163 days |Independent |{{Small|President (17 October 1806 – 9 October 1816)<br />President for Life (9 October 1816 – 29 March 1818)}}{{Efn|Rule limited to the southern part of Haiti}} |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |2 |[[File:Président_Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg|114x114px]] |Jean-Pierre Boyer<br /><br />{{Small|(1776–1850)}} |30 March 1818 |''18 October 1820'' | 2 years, 202 days |Independent |President for Life{{Efn|United the northern Kingdom and the southern Republic in 1820}} |} == Jamhuriyar Haiti (1820-1849) == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" width="150" |Name<br /><br />{{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Party ! rowspan="2" |Title(s) |- !Took office !Left office !Time in office |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |{{small|(2)}} |[[File:Président_Jean-Pierre_Boyer.jpg|114x114px]] |Jean-Pierre Boyer<br /><br />{{Small|(1776–1850)}} |''18 October 1820'' |13 February 1843 | 22 years, 118 days |Independent |President for Life |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |3 |[[File:Charles_Rivière-Hérard.jpg|80x80px]] |Charles Rivière-Hérard<br /><br />{{Small|(1789–1850)}} |4 April 1843 |3 May 1844 | 1 year, 29 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |4 |[[File:Philippe_Guerrier.jpg|114x114px]] |Philippe Guerrier<br /><br />{{Small|(1757–1845)}} |3 May 1844 |15 April 1845 | 347 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |5 |[[File:Jean-Louis_Pierrot.jpg|98x98px]] |Jean-Louis Pierrot<br /><br />{{Small|(1761–1857)}} |16 April 1845 |24 March 1846 | 342 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |6 |[[File:Jean-Baptiste_Riché.jpg|101x101px]] |Jean-Baptiste Riché<br /><br />{{Small|(1780–1847)}} |24 March 1846 |28 February 1847 | 341 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |7 |[[File:Faustin_Soulouque.jpg|88x88px]] |Faustin Soulouque<br /><br />{{Small|(1782–1867)}} |2 March 1847 |''26 August 1849'' | 2 years, 177 days |Independent |President |} == Daular Haiti ta biyu (1849-1859) == === Masarautar Faustin I === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Hoton hoto ! rowspan="2" | Suna<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="3" | Mulki ! rowspan="2" | Gidan sarauta ! rowspan="2" | Tufafin makamai |- ! Fara mulki ! Mulki ya ƙare ! Tsawon lokaci |- |[[File:Emperor_Faustin_I_Haïti.png|147x147px]]</img> | style="width:20%;" | Faustin I<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{Small|(1782–1867)}} | ''26 ga Agusta 1849'' {{Efn|Crowned on 18 April 1852}} | 22 ga Janairu, 1859 |  | Soulouque |[[File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_Haiti_(1849-1859).svg|93x93px]]</img> |} == Jamhuriyar Haiti (1859-1957) == *   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|No.|Number}} ! rowspan="2" |Portrait ! rowspan="2" width="150" |Name<br /><br />{{Small|(Birth–Death)}} ! rowspan="2" |Elected ! colspan="3" |Term of office ! rowspan="2" |Party ! rowspan="2" |Title(s) |- !Took office !Left office !Time in office |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |8 |[[File:Fabre_Geffrard_(President_d'Haiti_1859-1867).jpg|92x92px]] |Fabre Geffrard<br /><br />{{Small|(1806–1878)}} |— |22 January 1859 |13 March 1867 | 8 years, 50 days |Independent |President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Nissage_Saget.jpg|137x137px]] |Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget<br /><br />{{Small|(1810–1880)}} |— |20 March 1867 |2 May 1867 | 43 days |Independent |Provisional President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |9 |[[File:Sylvain_Salnave_.jpg|84x84px]] |Sylvain Salnave<br /><br />{{Small|(1827–1870)}} |— |4 May 1867 |27 December 1869 | 2 years, 237 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |10 |[[File:Nissage_Saget.jpg|137x137px]] |Jean-Nicolas Nissage Saget<br /><br />{{Small|(1810–1880)}} |— |27 December 1869 |14 May 1874 | 4 years, 138 days |Liberal Party |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg|80x80px]] |Council of Secretaries of State |— |14 May 1874 |14 June 1874 | 31 days |Independent |Council of Secretaries of State |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |11 |[[File:Michel_Domingue.jpg|135x135px]] |Michel Domingue<br /><br />{{Small|(1813–1877)}} |— |14 June 1874 |15 April 1876 | 1 year, 306 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |12 |[[File:Pierre_Théoma_Boisrond-Canal.jpg|157x157px]] |Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal<br /><br />{{Small|(1832–1905)}} |— |23 April 1876 |17 July 1879 | 3 years, 85 days |Liberal Party |{{Small|Provisional President (23 April 1876 – 17 July 1876)<br />President (17 July 1876 – 17 July 1879)}} |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg|80x80px]] |Joseph Lamothe<br /><br />{{Small|(?–1891)}} |— |26 July 1879 |2 October 1879 | 68 days |Independent |Provisional President |- ! style="background:darkblue; color:white;" |13 |[[File:Salomon_200.jpg|129x129px]] |Lysius Salomon<br /><br />{{Small|(1815–1888)}} |— |2 October 1879 |10 August 1888 | 8 years, 313 days |National Party |President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |— |[[File:Pierre_Théoma_Boisrond-Canal.jpg|157x157px]] |Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal<br /><br />{{Small|(1832–1905)}} |— |10 August 1888 |16 October 1888 | 67 days |Liberal Party |Provisional President |- ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |14 |[[File:François_Denys_Légitime.jpg|105x105px]] |François Denys Légitime<br /><br />{{Small|(1841–1935)}} |— |16 October 1888 |23 August 1889 | 311 days |Liberal Party |President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg|80x80px]] |Monpoint Jeune<br /><br />{{Small|(1830–1905)}} |— |23 August 1889 |17 October 1889 | 55 days |Independent |Provisional President |- ! style="background:darkblue; color:white;" |15 |[[File:Florvil_Hyppolite_official_photo.jpg|103x103px]] |Florvil Hyppolite<br /><br />{{Small|(1828–1896)}} |— |17 October 1889 |24 March 1896 | 6 years, 159 days |National Party |President |- ! style="background:darkblue; color:white;" |16 |[[File:Tirésias_Simon_Sam_portrait.jpg|104x104px]] |Tirésias Simon Sam<br /><br />{{Small|(1835–1916)}} |— |31 March 1896 |12 May 1902 | 6 years, 42 days |National Party |President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |— |[[File:Pierre_Théoma_Boisrond-Canal.jpg|157x157px]] |Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal<br /><br />{{Small|(1832–1905)}} |— |26 May 1902 |17 December 1902 | 205 days |Liberal Party |Provisional President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |17 |[[File:Picture_of_Pierre_Nord_Alexis.jpg|121x121px]] |Pierre Nord Alexis<br /><br />{{Small|(1820–1910)}} |— |21 December 1902 |2 December 1908 | 5 years, 347 days |Military |President |- ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |18 |[[File:Presidentsimon.jpg|104x104px]] |François C. Antoine Simon<br /><br />{{Small|(1843–1923)}} |— |6 December 1908 |3 August 1911 | 2 years, 240 days |Liberal Party |President |- ! style="background:darkblue; color:white;" |19 |[[File:Cincinnatus_Leconte.jpg|138x138px]] |Cincinnatus Leconte<br /><br />{{Small|(1854–1912)}} |— |15 August 1911 |8 August 1912 | 359 days |National Party |President{{Efn|Great-Grandson of Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Emperor of Haiti 1804–1806)}} |- ! style="background:darkblue; color:white;" |20 |[[File:Tancrede_Auguste.jpg|136x136px]] |Tancrède Auguste<br /><br />{{Small|(1856–1913)}} |— |8 August 1912 |2 May 1913 | 267 days |National Party |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |21 |[[File:Michel_Oreste_portrait.jpg|133x133px]] |Michel Oreste<br /><br />{{Small|(1859–1918)}} |— |12 May 1913 |27 January 1914 | 260 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |22 |[[File:Oreste_Zamor_portrait.jpg|97x97px]] |Oreste Zamor<br /><br />{{Small|(1861–1915)}} |— |8 February 1914 |29 October 1914 | 263 days |Military |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |23 |[[File:Joseph_Davilmar_Theodore_portrait.jpg|80x80px]] |Joseph Davilmar Théodore<br /><br />{{Small|(1847–1917)}} |— |7 November 1914 |22 February 1915 | 107 days |Military |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |24 |[[File:Vilbrun_Guillaume_Sam_portrait.jpg|132x132px]] |Vilbrun Guillaume Sam<br /><br />{{Small|(1859–1915)}} |— |25 February 1915 |28 July 1915 | 153 days |Military |President{{Efn|Son of Tirésias Simon Sam (President of Haiti 1896–1902). Also the inspiration for [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''[[The Emperor Jones]]''}} |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |25 |[[File:Dartiguenave.jpg|112x112px]] |Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave<br /><br />{{Small|(1863–1926)}} |— |12 August 1915 |15 May 1922 | 6 years, 276 days |Independent |President{{Efn|Served under the [[United States]] [[United States occupation of Haiti|occupation]]}} |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |26 |[[File:Louis_Borno.jpg|135x135px]] |Louis Borno<br /><br />{{Small|(1865–1942)}} |— |15 May 1922 |15 May 1930 |8 years |Independent |President[lower-alpha 9] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |27 |[[File:Louis_Eugene_Roy_portrait.jpg|108x108px]] |Louis Eugène Roy<br /><br />{{Small|(1861–1939)}} |— |15 May 1930 |18 November 1930 | 187 days |Independent |President[lower-alpha 9] |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |28 |[[File:Stenio_Vincent_portrait.jpg|95x95px]] |Sténio Vincent<br /><br />{{Small|(1874–1959)}} |— |18 November 1930 |15 May 1941 | 10 years, 178 days |Independent |President{{Efn|Served under the [[United States]] [[United States occupation of Haiti|occupation]] until 1934}} |- ! style="background:gold; color:black;" |29 |[[File:Elie_Lescot_portrait.jpg|123x123px]] |Élie Lescot<br /><br />{{Small|(1883–1974)}} |— |15 May 1941 |11 January 1946 | 4 years, 241 days |Liberal Party |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |30 |[[File:Franck_Lavaud_portrait.jpg|102x102px]] |Franck Lavaud<br /><br />{{Small|(1903–1986)}} |— |11 January 1946 |16 August 1946 | 217 days |Military |Chairman of the Military Executive Committee |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |31 |[[File:Dumarsais_estime_portrait.jpg|148x148px]] |Dumarsais Estimé<br /><br />{{Small|(1900–1953)}} |— |16 August 1946 |10 May 1950 | 3 years, 267 days |Independent |President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |{{small|(30)}} |[[File:Franck_Lavaud_portrait.jpg|102x102px]] |Franck Lavaud<br /><br />{{Small|(1903–1986)}} |— |10 May 1950 |6 December 1950 | 210 days |Military |Chairman of the Government Junta |- ! style="background:salmon; color:white;" |32 |[[File:Paul_Magloire_portrait.jpg|128x128px]] |Paul Magloire<br /><br />{{Small|(1907–2001)}} |1950 |6 December 1950 |12 December 1956 | 6 years, 6 days |Peasant Worker Movement |President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Joseph_Nemours_Pierre-Louis_portrait.jpg|112x112px]] |Joseph Nemours Pierre-Louis<br /><br />{{Small|(1900–1966)}} |— |12 December 1956 |3 February 1957 | 53 days |Independent |Provisional President |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Franck_Sylvain_portrait.jpg|80x80px]] |Franck Sylvain<br /><br />{{Small|(1909–1987)}} |— |7 February 1957 |2 April 1957 | 54 days |Independent |Provisional President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;" |— |[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti.svg|80x80px]] |Executive Government Council |— |2 April 1957 |25 May 1957 | 53 days |Independent |Executive Government Council |- style="background:#E6E6AA" ! style="background:salmon; color:white;" |— |[[File:Daniel_fignole_portrait.jpg|96x96px]] |Daniel Fignolé<br /><br />{{Small|(1913–1986)}} |— |25 May 1957 |14 June 1957 | 20 days |Peasant Worker Movement |Provisional President |- ! style="background:{{party color|Military rule}}; color:black;" |33 |[[File:Antonio_Thrasybule_Kebreau_portrait.jpg|140x140px]] |Antonio Thrasybule Kébreau<br /><br />{{Small|(1909–1963)}} |— |14 June 1957 |22 October 1957 | 130 days |Military |Chairman of the Military Council |} aurks7j3omkb63jjus5nye6hnx9w506 0 60635 542793 466954 2024-11-19T19:55:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ameer Shahul m''' [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Ya kne uma yi kamfen ,k ayyukan fasa jirgin ruwa a gabar tekun Indiya don zubar da shara masu haɗari, da kuma yaƙi da amfani da ruwa na ƙasa da zubar da sharar da [[Coca-cola|Coca-Cola]] ke yi a [[Kerala]] da aka fi sani da gwagwarmayar Plachimada Coca-Cola. Ya kuma kawo lura da mafi munin lamarin da ya faru na wani kamfani mallakar jihar da ke cigaba da kera DDT da aka haramtawa duniya. == b == Acikin 2023, Pan Macmilla ya buga littafinsa mai suna, Heavy Metal: Yadda Kamfanin Global Corporation ya Guba Kodaikanal. Deccan Herald ya bayyana littafin a matsayin labari mai kakkausar murya na wani bala'i', yayin da Malayala Manorama ta kira shi a matsayin babban abin da ya faru na bala'in masana'antu, da kuma juriya mai kore. Layin Kasuwanci ya bayyana littafin a matsayin 'mai kyau mai nuni don kasancewa a kan tsaro da kuma adana yanayin.' The Financial Express (Indiya) ta kira shi binciken shari'a kan gazawar kamfanoni da ƙa'idoji, yayin da New Indian Express ya bayyana shi a matsayin littafi na musamman wanda ke ba da cikakken bayani kuma mai gamsarwa ba kawai bala'i ba, har ma da sakamakonsa. The Indian Express ta bayyana littafin a matsayin 'kyakkyawan lissafin silima na kwadayin kamfanoni da gwagwarmayar tabbatar da adalci a Indiya.' Da yake kwatanta littafin a matsayin 'karanta mai mahimmanci', Open (mujallar Indiya) ta ce "ta dauki Unilever fiye da shekaru 15 don biyan ma'aikatan da abin ya shafa wata tunatarwa ce kan tsadar irin wadannan kurakurai". Acikin hirarsa da The Hindu ''Sunday Magazine'' An ambato Ameer Shahul yana cewa "kamfanonin masana'antu, irin su Unilever, za'a iya daukar nauyinsu da gaske kawai tare da taimakon kimiyya da bayanai." A wata hira da yayi da The Wire (Indiya) yace 'dukkan alheri da mugunta suna tattare da mutane. Mutane sunfi son junansu bisa al'adarsu, tarbiyyarsu, da yanayinsu'. Acikin hirarsa da jaridar Down to Earth (mujalla) Shahul ya ce, “Kamfanonin da ke hulda da albarkatun kasa masu haɗari ko kuma samar da kayayyakin amfanin gona masu haɗari na bukatar sa ido sosai daga mahukunta, waɗanda kungiyoyin sa kai na gida ke taimaka musu. Yakamata a tabbatar da bin diddigi na lokaci-lokaci akan albarkatun kasa da sharar fage kuma a yi shi tare da sa hannun al'ummar yankin don tabbatar da cewa jami'an da sukayi kuskure ba a kai su ga masu gudanar da masana'anta ba. Kasashen da ke sayar da albarkatun kasa ga wasu kasashe suna da alhakin mayar da sharar da ake samu daga albarkatun kasa." A wata hira da yayi da makala ta 14 ya ce, “A kokarinmu na samun ci gaban tattalin arziki’, muna yin sulhu da abubuwa da dama, kuma mafi sauki daga cikinsu su ne muhalli da albarkatun kasa. Wannan shine abin da muke ci gaba da gani. Kasarmu tana cike da irin wadannan misalan, ko gurbacewar masana’antu ko gurbatar yanayi da magungunan kashe qwari da sinadarai ke haifarwa, da dai sauransu. Matukar mutane za su bi abin da muke kira 'ci gaban tattalin arziki', dukkanmu mun zama masu son zuciya, da son kai." Acikin wata hira da BooksFirst, an ambato shi yana cewa "Ba duk mafita ba ne za a daidaita. Abin da ya yi wa ɗayan adalci ba zaiyi wa ɗayan adalci ba. Acikin lokuta irin wannan (Kodaikanal mercury guba) inda aka aikata wani zalunci, ko da gangan ko kuma ba da gangan ba, ƙuduri na iya kasancewa tare da wadanda abin ya shafa. Don haka, ƙudurin shine don tallafawa da ramawa har zuwa wanda aka azabtar na ƙarshe. Dangane da babban laifin da ya shafi yanayin halittu, ya kamata a yi gyaran ƙasa, ƙasa da iska tare da yin aiki don sake farfado da flora da fauna na ƙarshe acikin yanayin yanayin da ke fuskantar barazanar wanzuwar sa saboda baƙin ƙarfe mai guba." == Duba kuma == ** Kodaikanal mercury poisoning ** Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle ** Heavy Metal: How a Global Corporation Poisoned Kodaikanal == Manazarta == <references responsive="1"></references> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * https://www.ameershahul.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021034037/https://www.ameershahul.com/ |date=2023-10-21 }} * https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Unilever-Mercury-Action-in-India-27MZIFXMJD5.html [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] trh27pc4n81gvvrpy79dc7szndr1n7x 0 62883 542820 344923 2024-11-19T21:26:31Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542820 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ==KALLABI(dwankwali)== Kallabi wani abune da ake amfani dashi tun zamanin da. kallabi dai kowane kabila na amfani dashi sai dai ko wane yare da yanayin nau'in nasu. Kallabi ya zama ado a yanzu musamman a cikin al'adar malan bahaushe, inda ake daura kallabin(dwankwali) ta hanya daban daban domin yin ado dashi. Kallabi(dwankwali) yanada sunaye daban daban daga cikinsu akwai; 1.Ture kaga tsiya. 2.zahra buhari. 3.daurin amarya(bridal turban) 4.choge uwar miji.dadea sauransu. Fatan za'a cigaba da ado da kallabi me kyau da fa 'ida. ==MANAZARTA== <ref>"Scarf - Wikipedia" https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarf</ref> b35q662snm7ftk8b3foeuyyfrnw4vrs 0 63825 542971 501451 2024-11-20T08:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Nigerian Air Force OR-8 - Air Warrant Officer.png|thumb|tambarin sojojin sama na najeriya]] '''Hare-haren jirgin yaki na Sojan Najeriya a Tudun Biri,''' An samu faruwar, hare-haren bom da wani jirgin yaki na Sojan Najeriya maras matuki a kauyen Tudun biri. Harin ya faru ne da yammacin ranar, 3 ga watan Disamba, 2023, yayin [[Maulidi|bikin Mauludi]] a kauyen dake [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya]], a wani bangare na ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci. Rundunar sojin Najeriya ta aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, harin da jirgin maras matuki yayi, ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar fararen hula sama da mutane 85, galibinsu mata ne da kananan yara a kauyen Tudun Biri, lamarin da ya haddasa samuwar raunuka da kuma tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muhammad |first=Garba |date=2023-12-04 |title=Civilians killed in Nigerian drone attack in north - officials, witnesses |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/civilians-killed-nigerian-drone-attack-north-officials-witnesses-2023-12-04/ |access-date=2023-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harin Bama-Bamai Kan Masu Maulidi A Kaduna Ya Fusata 'Yan Najeriya |url=https://www.arewaradio.com/news/labarai-news/harin-bama-bamai-kan-masu-maulidi-a-kaduna-ya-fusata-yan-najeriya/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Arewa Radio |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulaiman |date=2023-12-04 |title=Sojojin Nijeriya Sun Dauki Alhakin Kai Harin Bam Cikin Kuskure A Wurin Taron Mauludi A Kaduna |url=https://hausa.leadership.ng/sojojin-nijeriya-sun-dauki-alhakin-kai-harin-bam-cikin-kuskure-a-wurin-taron-mauludi-a-kaduna/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Fage == [[Fayil:230202-N-DK722-1018 - U.S. Africa Command, NAVEUR-NAVAF leadership visit Lagos, Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Najeriya]] Tare da hadin gwiwa da kawayen kasashen duniya, ciki harda [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] da [[Birtaniya]], [[Rundunonin Sojin Najeriya|sojojin Najeriya]] na da tarihin yin amfani da fasahar maras matuki wajen yaki da ta'addanci. Lamarin da ya faru a Tudun Biri ya nuna irin sarkakiya da kasadar da ke tattare da irin wadannan ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title='Dole a hukunta wadanda suka hari ta sama a jihar Kaduna' |url=https://www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c4n84mjdvyzo |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=BBC News Hausa |language=ha}}</ref> == Hari == [[Gwamnan jihar Kaduna|Gwamnan Kaduna]], [[Uba Sani]], ya tabbatar da mutuwar fararen hular da ba'a yi niyya ba, inda rahotanni ke nuna adadin wadanda suka mutu ya haura mutane 85. A yayin wani taron tsaro, shugaban addini Sheikh Rabi'u Abdullahi ya bada rahoton mutuwar mutane sama da 50, inda ya jaddada tasirin wadanda suka halarci bikin Mauludi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Nigeria army drone strike accident kills 85 civilians |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/nigeria-army-drone-strike-accident-kills-85-civilians-4454562 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=The East African |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205122843/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/nigeria-army-drone-strike-accident-kills-85-civilians-4454562 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayan haka == Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nuna juyayi tare da bayar da umarnin gudanar da cikakken bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Tinubu ya ce a gudanar da bincike kan harin da ya kashe masu Mauludi a Kaduna |url=https://www.rfi.fr/ha/najeriya/20231205-tinubu-ya-ce-a-gudanar-da-bincike-kan-harin-da-ya-kashe-masu-mauludi-a-kaduna |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=RFI |language=ha}}</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar a hukumance, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "abin takaici, damuwa, kuma mai radadi," yana mai jaddada bukatar yin nazari sosai kan al'amuran da suka dabaibaye harin da jirgin mara matuki. Binciken da ake yi na fuskantar kalubale saboda matsalar tsaro a yankin. Manjo VU Okoro, babban kwamandan runduna ta daya ta sojojin Najeriya, ya bayyana cewa, harin da jirgin mara matuki ya kai ga al’umma a lokacin da suke aikin yaki da ta’addanci ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=ACF seeks investigation of military drone attack on Tudun Biri community - SolaceBase |url=https://solacebase.com/acf-seeks-investigation-of-military-drone-attack-on-tudun-biri-community/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Lamarin ya haifar da tunani a kan daidaito tsakanin manufofin tsaron kasa da kuma wajabcin kare rayukan fararen hula. A yayin da ake ci gaba da gudanar da bincike, Tudun Biri ya zama abin tunatarwa ne kan irin kalubalen da sojojin Najeriya ke fuskanta wajen kare al'ummomi yayin da ake yaki da ta'addanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=Military Drone Attack Kills 85 People in Nigerian Village |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/military-drone-attack-kills-85-people-in-nigerian-village/7384710.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian military drone attack kills 85 civilians in error |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/nigerian-military-drone-attack-kills-85-civilians-in-error |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tudun biri, Hare-haren}} [[Category:Hare-hare]] dibbznj94avpuey13wqzvf3sz9wizoj 0 65104 542768 479025 2024-11-19T19:22:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542768 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nelson Chamisa Image.jpg|thumb|Alex Magaisa]] '''Alex Tawanda Magaisa''' (10 ga Agusta 1975 - 6 ga Yuni 2022) malami ne ɗan ƙasar Zimbabwe kuma malamin shari'a a Makarantar Shari'a ta Kent na Jami'ar Kent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/law/people/academic/Magaisa,_Alex.html|title=Alex Magaisa - Kent Law School - University of Kent|website=www.kent.ac.uk|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara (shugaban ma'aikata) na Firayim Ministan Zimbabwe na lokacin Morgan Tsvangirai daga shekarun 2012-2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=9793:alex-magaisa-tsvangirais-finest-appointment&Itemid=18|title=Alex Magaisa: Tsvangirai's finest appointment|website=www.zimdiaspora.com|language=en-gb|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=17 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917193720/http://www.zimdiaspora.com/index.php?option=com_content&id=9793:alex-magaisa-tsvangirais-finest-appointment&Itemid=18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kafin zama mai ba da shawara ga Firayim Minista, Magaisa ya kasance yana aiki a matsayin memba na tawagar kwararru da aka ɗora wa alhakin ba da shawara kan rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2013/02/15/why-you-should-vote-yes-for-copac-draft/|title=Why you should vote yes for Copac draft - The Zimbabwe Independent|date=15 February 2013|work=The Zimbabwe Independent|access-date=17 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya shahara da aikin sharhin shari'a, siyasa da zamantakewa kan al'amuran da suka shafi Zimbabwe da sauran ƙasashe masu tasowa ta shafinsa na The Big Saturday Read. Ayyukansa wani lokaci ana nuna su ta hanyar gidajen labarai na Zimbabwe ciki har da The Standard, Daily News, Newzimbabwe.com, da The Herald. <ref>http://www.dfzim.com/?page_id=158 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801042255/http://www.dfzim.com/?page_id=158 |date=2021-08-01 }} Development Foundation for Zimbabwe website, Alex Magaisa profile. Accessed July, 05 2017</ref> == Iyali da ƙuruciya == An haifi Magaisa a gundumar Chikomba, [[Zimbabwe]] (wanda a lokacin ake kira Charter District, Rhodesia). Ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare inda ya halarci makarantar kwana a St. Francis na Assisi High School a lardin Mashonaland East. Daga nan sai ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1997 tare da digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. A lokacinsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe ya hadu da kuma tasiri a nan gaba wanda ya kafa kungiyar Movement for Democratic Change; irin su Learnmore Jongwe, Ayuba Sikhala, da kuma Nelson Chamisa na ƙarshe wanda a lokacin yana karatu a Harare Polytechnic. Ya auri Shamiso Magaisa, wata akawunta, wacc ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lawdebenture.com/our-people-and-locations/shamiso-magaisa | title=Shamiso Magaisa }}</ref> == Farkon aiki == Bayan kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Zimbabwe, Magaisa ya shiga ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin shari'a a Zimbabwe, [[Gill Godlonton & Gerrans Legal Practitioners]] a matsayin Aboki. Daga baya a shekarar 1999, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Warwick ta kasar Ingila inda ya kammala karatun digiri na uku a fannin shari'a a shekarar 2003. Daga nan Magaisa ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan tilasta bin doka na Hukumar Sabis na Kuɗi na Jersey, mai kula da ayyukan kuɗi a [[Jersey]] har zuwa shekara ta 2007. A cikin watan Satumba 2007, ya shiga Jami'ar Kent Law School a matsayin malami kuma mai bincike. Babban bangarorin koyarwa da bincike sun hada da dokar kamfani, dokar mallakar fasaha da ka'idojin kuɗi na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Mashawarcin Fasaha ga COPAC & Mai Ba da Shawara ga Firayim Minista na Zimbabwe == A watan Nuwambar 2011, Magaisa ya ɗauki hutu daga Jami'ar Kent don ya zama babban memba na tawagar kwararrun fasaha da ke ba da shawara ga [[Constitution Parliamentary Committee (COPAC)|kwamitin tsarin mulki (COPAC)]] wanda majalisar dokokin Zimbabwe ta kafa tare da wajabcin rubuta sabon kundin tsarin mulki don sokewa da maye gurɓin tsohon kundin tsarin mulkin Lancaster House. Daga baya kusan kashi 95% na waɗanda suka kaɗa kuri'a a zaɓen raba gardama na ƙasar baki datya da aka gudanar a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/zimbabwe-draft-new-constitution-approved-in-referendum/|title=Zimbabwe: Draft New Constitution Approved in Referendum {{!}} Global Legal Monitor|date=26 March 2013|website=www.loc.gov|language=en|author=Zeldin, Wendy|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> sun amince da gagarumin rinjaye A watan Oktoban 2012, Magaisa ya bar aikin nasa na ba da shawara tare da COPAC lokacin da Firayim Minista Tsvangirai ya nada shi a matsayin babban mai ba shi shawara yayin da ake fara shirye-shiryen zaben 2013 mai zuwa Jam'iyyar MDC ta sha kaye a hannun ZANU PF da tazara mai yawa a zaɓukan da ake takaddama a kai wanda ya sa Magaisa da kungiyar lauyoyin MDC suka shigar da kara a gaban kotun tsarin mulkin ƙasar inda suka buƙaci a soke sakamakon zaɓen, suna masu cewa zaɓen bai yi gaskiya da adalci ba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aclj.org/united-nations/reflection-zimbabwe-2013-elections|title=A Reflection on Zimbabwe's 2013 Elections {{!}} American Center for Law and Justice|date=20 August 2013|work=American Center for Law and Justice|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Sai dai daga baya an janye karar kuma ana cikin haka ne alkalan suka nuna takaicin da suka ki amincewa da janyewar tare da ɗage sauraron karar ko da wanda ya shigar da karar ya janye.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/mdc-mwonzora-withdraws-election-challenges/1731175.html|title=MDC Withdraws Court Petition to Nullify Elections|last=Chifera|first=Irwin|work=VOA|access-date=17 September 2017|language=en}}</ref> == Suka == === Plot Cafe === A watan Yulin 2017 Magaisa ya shiga cikin rikici bayan da wata kafar yaɗa labarai mallakar jihar ta wallafa hotonsa tare da ministocin gwamnatin Zanu PF Jonathan Moyo, Savior Kasukuwere da Patrick Zhuwao a wani gidan cin abinci na gida mai suna "Plot Cafe". <ref>http://www.herald.co.zw/birds-of-a-feather/ The Herald website: Birds of a feather... Accessed July, 05 2017</ref> Cikin rashin son ransa ya bayar da amsa yana mai bayyana yanayin yadda aka ɗauki hoton yana kawar da makircin da aka fara samun gindin zama.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2017/07/05/alex-magaisa-explains-picture-jonathan-moyo-kasukuwere-zhuwao-harare/|title=Alex Magaisa explains picture with Jonathan Moyo, Kasukuwere and Zhuwao in Harare |website=Nehanda Radio|date=5 July 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Magaisa ya fito a cikin shirin ''dimokuraɗiyya'' wanda Camilla Nielsson ta jagoranta wanda ya ɗauki tsarin samar da kundin tsarin mulki mai cike da ruɗani cikin shekaru uku. == Mutuwa == A ranar 5 ga watan Yunin 2022, wasu abokan aikinsa sun tabbatar da cewa Magaisa ya rasu ne a asibitin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth da ke Margate, ƙasar Burtaniya bayan bugun zuciya.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nehandaradio.com/2022/06/05/breaking-uk-based-zimbabwean-academic-dr-alex-magaisa-has-died/ | title=BREAKING: UK based Zimbabwean academic Dr Alex Magaisa has died | date=5 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mbaretimes.com/2022/06/dr-alex-magaisa/ | title=UK-based Zimbabwean public intellectual, Dr Alex Magaisa has died | date=5 June 2022 | access-date=17 December 2023 | archive-date=26 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626202749/https://mbaretimes.com/2022/06/dr-alex-magaisa/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> An binne shi a ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 2022, a ƙauyensu na Mangisi a Njanja.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newzimbabwe.com/magaisa-laid-to-rest/ | title=Alex Magaisa laid to rest at rural Njanja home; Rest in peace champion - says Chamisa | date=28 June 2022 }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] ke2b0aroctri6njy3r9uuk611y274z9 0 65204 542758 503276 2024-11-19T19:13:37Z A Salisu 14655 542758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer in action for Wales v Croatia.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] '''Thomas Alun Lockyer''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba ta shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya don ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] Luton Town da Wales na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723190128/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer 30-04-2016 1.jpg|thumb|Tom lockyer]] == Aikin Kasa == A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, Lockyer ya fara buga wa Wales wasan kasa da shekara 21 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da [[Denmark]].<ref>http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26222</ref> An kira Lockyer zuwa babban tawagar Wales a watan Yunin 2017, wanda ya rage wanda ba'a yi amfani da shi ba yayin wasan 1-1 da Serbia. Ya samu kiransa na biyu don babban tawagar a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, don wasan share fage da ke tafe da [[Ostiraliya]]<ref>https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/sport/football/tom-lockyer-talks-four-championship-2877328</ref> da Moldova. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga babbar kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2017 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin lokaci yayin wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Panama. A watan Mayu 2021 an zabe shi don tawagar Wales don jinkirin gasar Euro 2020 UEFA.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=63162</ref> A ranar 9 ga [[Nuwamba]] 2022, fiye da shekara guda tun lokacin da ya buga wa ƙasarsa ta ƙarshe, an kira Lockyer zuwa tawagar Wales don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lockyer ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da [[Turkiyya]], wasansa na farko ga ƙasarsa cikin sama da shekaru uku.<ref>https://www.efl.com/news/2016/june/efl-club-retained-and-released-lists-published/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] bqdqlefz2o2x2x7tc3so8okaz3krzi8 542759 542758 2024-11-19T19:13:45Z A Salisu 14655 542759 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer in action for Wales v Croatia.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] '''Thomas Alun Lockyer''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba ta shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya don ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] Luton Town da Wales na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723190128/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer 30-04-2016 1.jpg|thumb|Tom lockyer]] == Aikin Ƙasa == A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, Lockyer ya fara buga wa Wales wasan kasa da shekara 21 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da [[Denmark]].<ref>http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26222</ref> An kira Lockyer zuwa babban tawagar Wales a watan Yunin 2017, wanda ya rage wanda ba'a yi amfani da shi ba yayin wasan 1-1 da Serbia. Ya samu kiransa na biyu don babban tawagar a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, don wasan share fage da ke tafe da [[Ostiraliya]]<ref>https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/sport/football/tom-lockyer-talks-four-championship-2877328</ref> da Moldova. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga babbar kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2017 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin lokaci yayin wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Panama. A watan Mayu 2021 an zabe shi don tawagar Wales don jinkirin gasar Euro 2020 UEFA.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=63162</ref> A ranar 9 ga [[Nuwamba]] 2022, fiye da shekara guda tun lokacin da ya buga wa ƙasarsa ta ƙarshe, an kira Lockyer zuwa tawagar Wales don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lockyer ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da [[Turkiyya]], wasansa na farko ga ƙasarsa cikin sama da shekaru uku.<ref>https://www.efl.com/news/2016/june/efl-club-retained-and-released-lists-published/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] ec17q0w6gawpjgl4vvrw0rjc5ztlosi 542760 542759 2024-11-19T19:13:59Z A Salisu 14655 542760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer in action for Wales v Croatia.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] '''Thomas Alun Lockyer''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba ta shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya don ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] Luton Town da Wales na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723190128/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer 30-04-2016 1.jpg|thumb|Tom lockyer]] == Aikin Ƙasa == A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, Lockyer ya fara buga wa Wales wasan ƙasa da shekara 21 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da [[Denmark]].<ref>http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26222</ref> An kira Lockyer zuwa babban tawagar Wales a watan Yunin 2017, wanda ya rage wanda ba'a yi amfani da shi ba yayin wasan 1-1 da Serbia. Ya samu kiransa na biyu don babban tawagar a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, don wasan share fage da ke tafe da [[Ostiraliya]]<ref>https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/sport/football/tom-lockyer-talks-four-championship-2877328</ref> da Moldova. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga babbar kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2017 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin lokaci yayin wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Panama. A watan Mayu 2021 an zabe shi don tawagar Wales don jinkirin gasar Euro 2020 UEFA.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=63162</ref> A ranar 9 ga [[Nuwamba]] 2022, fiye da shekara guda tun lokacin da ya buga wa ƙasarsa ta ƙarshe, an kira Lockyer zuwa tawagar Wales don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lockyer ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da [[Turkiyya]], wasansa na farko ga ƙasarsa cikin sama da shekaru uku.<ref>https://www.efl.com/news/2016/june/efl-club-retained-and-released-lists-published/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] 1z624v4h6z77lds0nf1jpq8k3qhs44h 542761 542760 2024-11-19T19:14:09Z A Salisu 14655 542761 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer in action for Wales v Croatia.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] '''Thomas Alun Lockyer''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba ta shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan tsakiya don ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] Luton Town da Wales na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |access-date=2024-01-08 |archive-date=2022-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723190128/https://www.bristolrovers.co.uk/news/2016/january/tom-lockyer-named-football-league-young-player-of-the-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer.jpg|thumb|tom lockyer]] [[Fayil:Tom Lockyer 30-04-2016 1.jpg|thumb|Tom lockyer]] == Aikin Ƙasa == A watan Oktoban shekarar 2015, Lockyer ya fara buga wa Wales wasan ƙasa da shekara 21 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da [[Denmark]].<ref>http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/26222</ref> An kira Lockyer zuwa babban tawagar Wales a watan Yunin shekarar 2017, wanda ya rage wanda ba'a yi amfani da shi ba yayin wasan 1-1 da Serbia. Ya samu kiransa na biyu don babban tawagar a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2017, don wasan share fage da ke tafe da [[Ostiraliya]]<ref>https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/sport/football/tom-lockyer-talks-four-championship-2877328</ref> da Moldova. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga babbar kungiyar a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 2017 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin lokaci yayin wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Panama. A watan Mayu 2021 an zabe shi don tawagar Wales don jinkirin gasar Euro 2020 UEFA.<ref>https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=63162</ref> A ranar 9 ga [[Nuwamba]] 2022, fiye da shekara guda tun lokacin da ya buga wa ƙasarsa ta ƙarshe, an kira Lockyer zuwa tawagar Wales don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2022. A ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 2023, Lockyer ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da [[Turkiyya]], wasansa na farko ga ƙasarsa cikin sama da shekaru uku.<ref>https://www.efl.com/news/2016/june/efl-club-retained-and-released-lists-published/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1994]] 5nz8728syrnu0t05waxwgyuvy8j1wkw 0 65548 542993 455543 2024-11-20T09:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ibiyinka A. Fuwape''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 1962) Malama ce 'yar ƙasar [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]], farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi kuma babbar mataimakiyar shugaban jami'ar Michael da Cecilia Ibru na biyu,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2021-03-24 |title=Ibru varsity gets NUC’s approval for 13 new courses, holds joint matriculation |url=https://guardian.ng/news/ibru-varsity-gets-nucs-approval-for-13-new-courses-holds-joint-matriculation/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624201924/https://guardian.ng/news/ibru-varsity-gets-nucs-approval-for-13-new-courses-holds-joint-matriculation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a [[Najeriya]]. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Ibiyinka Fuwape a [[Lagos (jiha)|jihar Legas]] a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba, 1962 'ya ce ga dangin David Ademokun.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Office of the Vice Chancellor|url=https://vc.futa.edu.ng/|access-date=2021-01-15|website=vc.futa.edu.ng}}</ref> Ta fara karatun ta ne a Reagan Memorial Baptist Girls Primary School, [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]], [[Legas]].<ref name="mciu.edu.ng">{{cite web |url=http://www.mciu.edu.ng/prof-mrs-ibiyinka-fuwape |title=The Vice-Chancellor – MCIU |website=www.mciu.edu.ng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043053/http://www.mciu.edu.ng/prof-mrs-ibiyinka-fuwape/ |archive-date=2018-04-13}}</ref> Ta wuce makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta Methodist inda ta samu takardar shedar karatun ta na yau da kullun, daga baya ta samu takardar shedar sakandare daga shekarun 1979 zuwa 1981 a Queen’s College [[Yaba, Lagos|Yaba]]. Ta kammala karatun digiri a jami'ar [[Ibadan]] da digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar lissafi (B.Sc.).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mciu.edu.ng/the-vice-chancellor/|title=The Vice-Chancellor – MCIU|date=28 May 2018|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-17|archive-date=2019-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417135855/https://www.mciu.edu.ng/the-vice-chancellor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta sami Master of Science (M.Sc.) a cikin shekarar 1986, da Dakta ta Falsafa (PhD) a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi.<ref name="mciu.edu.ng"/> == Sana'a == Ibiyinka ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar malami a shekarar 1989 a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Akure,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-16 |title=DID YOU KNOW? Joseph Fuwape, wife are VCs of separate varsities |url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/did-you-know-joseph-fuwape-wife-are-vcs-of-separate-varsities/ |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an kara mata girma zuwa Farfesa a cikin watan Oktoba 2003. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Shugabar Sashen riƙo kuma Shugabar Sashen Physics na tsawon shekaru tara. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Dean, a sashen Makarantar Kimiyya daga shekarun 2011 zuwa 2015. Ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dattawa ta Jami'ar daga shekarun 2003 zuwa 2017, kuma ta kasance shugabar Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin zaman karatun 2014/2015. Ta lashe kyautar Dean of the Year a shekara ta 2012. Ibiyinka Fuwape Malama ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]] [[Athens]], [[Ohio (jiha)|Ohio]], [[Amurka]] ([[Amurka]]) daga shekarun 2007-2009. Ta wallafa takardu da yawa a cikin manyan mujallu na gida da waje. [https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2021/03/03/futa-professor-ibiyinka-fuwape-wins-african-union-scientific-excellence-award/] Ta kasance mataimakiyar memba na Cibiyar Abdus Salam da ilimin kimiyyar ka'idar a Trieste, [[Italiya]], daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 2002.<ref>Women in Physics in Nigeria and Other sub-Saharan African Countries: Progress and Challenges https://absuploads.aps.org/presentation.cfm?pid=14321</ref> Binciken ta a Cibiyar yana mayar da hankali ne kan tsarin da ba na layi ba.<ref>Women in Physics in Nigeria and Other sub-Saharan African Countries: Progress and Challenges https://absuploads.aps.org/presentation.cfm?pid=14321</ref> Ta zama Jagorar Ƙungiyar International Union of Pure and Applied Physics working group for women a cikin shekarar 2002 kuma har yanzu tana da hannu a ayyukan wannan rukuni. A cikin shekarar 2006 ta zama Schlumberger Fellow, a cikin shirin da [https://www.slb.com/who-we-are/schlumberger-foundation Gidauniyar Schlumberger] ta kafa don tallafawa ilimin kimiyya da fasaha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=APS Meeting Presentation|url=https://absuploads.aps.org/presentation.cfm?pid=14321|access-date=2020-07-01|website=absuploads.aps.org}}</ref> Binciken da ta yi a halin yanzu game da hargitsin yanayi na ƙananan yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ogunjo|first1=S. T.|last2=Dada|first2=J. B.|last3=Fuwape|first3=I. A.|title=Spatio-Temporal Variation of Nonlinearity in Tropospheric Zenith Wet Delay over West Africa|date=2020|url=http://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/0632a9d54950b268,6dfc7a175c0f70bb,6b4bd76f097b9cad.html|journal=Telecommunications and Radio Engineering|language=en|volume=79|issue=11|pages=1009–1016|doi=10.1615/TelecomRadEng.v79.i11.100|s2cid=226617170|issn=0040-2508}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == A cikin shekarar 2018, Fuwape ta kasance mai karɓar lacca na Marshak Society na Physical Society. Jawabin nata a taron kungiyar ya shafi batun 'Mata a fannin Physics a [[Najeriya]] da sauran ƙasashen [[Afirka]] kudu da hamadar Sahara: Ci gaba da kalubale'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/international/programs/marshak.cfm|title=Robert e. Marshak Lectureship|access-date=2023-12-23|archive-date=2023-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103175213/https://www.aps.org/programs/international/programs/marshak.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce ta samu lambar yabo ta African Union Kwame Nkrumah Regional Award for Scientific Excellence, a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/03/03/futas-fuwape-wins-au-scientific-award/|title=FUTA's Fuwape wins AU scientific award|date=3 March 2021|work=PM News|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref> An naɗa ta a matsayin Fellow of the American Physical Society a cikin shekarar 2022 "tsawon shekarun da suka gabata na jagoranci a ci gaban mata a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a [[Najeriya]] da [[Afirka]], tare da manyan gudummawar bincike don magance matsalolin sauyin yanayi, noma, da kuɗi a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi al'umma, ta yadda za su amfana da ci gaban tattalin arziki a [[Afirka]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=&year=2022|title=Fellows nominated in 2022|work=APS Fellows archive|publisher=American Physical Society|access-date=2022-10-19}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Joseph Fuwape, mataimakin shugaban jami'ar fasaha ta tarayya [[Akure]] a halin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-23|title=FUTA Governing Council Appoints Fuwape as New Vice Chancellor|url=https://allschool.com.ng/futa-governing-council-appoints-fuwape-new-vice-chancellor/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Allschool|language=en-ZA}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] 189ipokiws2h17ad9uf42damz1lmyxj 0 65795 542876 539411 2024-11-20T00:38:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Catherine Nakalembe''' wata masaniya ce a fannin kimiyya ta nesa (remote sensing) daga ƙasar [[Uganda]] kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin bincike a Jami'ar [[Maryland]] (UMD) a Sashen Kimiyyar Ƙasa da kuma Daraktar shirin Harvest na NASA na [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catherine Nakalembe {{!}} Harvest|url=https://nasaharvest.org/index.php/partner/catherine-nakalembe|access-date=2021-08-10|website=nasaharvest.org|archive-date=2023-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324150951/https://nasaharvest.org/index.php/partner/catherine-nakalembe|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nakalembe, Catherine {{!}} GEOG {{!}} Geographical Sciences Department {{!}} University of Maryland|url=https://geog.umd.edu/facultyprofile/nakalembe/catherine|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429065215/https://geog.umd.edu/facultyprofile/Nakalembe/Catherine |archive-date=2018-04-29 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=geog.umd.edu|publisher=[[University of Maryland]]|language=en}}</ref> Binciken ta ya haɗa da fari, noma da [[Tsaron abinci|wadatar abinci]]. A cikin shekarar 2020, an ba wa Nakalembe lambar yabo ta Abinci ta [[Afirka]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Nakalembe ta girma a [[Kampala|Kampala, Uganda]]. Mahaifinta makanikin mota ne mai koyar da kansa, kuma mahaifiyarta tana da kuma tana gudanar da gidan abinci a Makindye.<ref name="NASA" /> Nakalembe ta shiga fannin kimiyyar muhalli ne kwatsam, saboda ta rasa kwas ɗin kimiyyar wasannin motsa jiki na farko lokacin da take shiga karatun digirinta na farko a jami'ar Makerere a farkon shekara ta 2002.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 15, 2020|title=Dr. Catherine Nakalembe donates USD 100,000 joint food prize for library|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dr-catherine-nakalembe-donates-usd-100000-joint-food-prize-for-library/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125180322/https://www.independent.co.ug/dr-catherine-nakalembe-donates-usd-100000-joint-food-prize-for-library/ |archive-date=2021-01-25 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=www.independent.co.ug|publisher=[[The Independent (Uganda)|The Independent]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2007, ta sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Muhalli daga Jami'ar Makerere.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Bayan karatun digiri na farko, ta sami guraben karatu don digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin ƙasa da injiniyanci na muhalli a Jami'ar Johns Hopkins. Ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar 2009.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr. Catherine Nakalembe Receives Inaugural GEO Individual Excellence Award {{!}} GEOG {{!}} Geographical Sciences Department {{!}} University of Maryland|url=https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-catherine-nakalembe-receives-inaugural-geo-individual-excellence-award|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613074540/https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-catherine-nakalembe-receives-inaugural-geo-individual-excellence-award |archive-date=2020-06-13 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=geog.umd.edu|publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Catherine Nakalembe, Data Sharing in a Digital World - 2020 Convention session.png|thumb|Catherine Nakalembe]] Nakalembe ta samu Ph.D a fannin Kimiyyar Ƙasa a Jami'ar Maryland a ƙarƙashin kulawar [[Chris Justice]]. Binciken da ta yi na digirin digirgir na da nufin bayyana illar fari ga amfani da ƙasa da kuma rayuwar ‘yan Ugandan Arewa maso Gabashin ƙasar. Wannan shi ne mataki na farko na samar da tushen abin da ya dace na [[Disaster risk financing project|aikin ba da tallafin bala'i]] wanda ya tallafa wa gidaje sama da 75,000 a yankin tun daga farkon shekarar 2017 da kuma ceto albarkatun gwamnatin [[Uganda]] da za su kai ga taimakon gaggawa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr. Catherine Nakalembe Named as 2020 Africa Food Prize Laureate {{!}} GEOG {{!}} Geographical Sciences Department {{!}} University of Maryland|url=https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-catherine-nakalembe-named-2020-africa-food-prize-laureate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916034529/https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-catherine-nakalembe-named-2020-africa-food-prize-laureate |archive-date=2020-09-16 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=geog.umd.edu|publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> == Aiki == Ita ce shugabar shirin Afirka a cikin [[NASA Harvest Program|shirin girbi na NASA]] kuma an santa da aikinta ta hanyar amfani da ilimin nesa (remote sensing) da fasahar koyon injin da ke tallafawa ci gaban aikin gona da samar da abinci a duk faɗin [[Afirka]]. Ta fara fahimtar nesa ta hanyar jiragen sama marasa matuka wajen binciken matsugunan 'yan gudun hijira da taswirar zaftarewar ƙasa a [[Uganda]]. Ta gudanar da bincike a cikin zurfin fahimtar fari, noma, da kuma jagorantar haɗin gwiwar lura da ƙasa a cikin sa ido kan aikin gona na ƙananan masu riƙe da noma a ƙasashe da yawa.<ref name="NASA">{{cite web|last1=Garner|first1=Rob|date=14 February 2020|title=An Innovator in International Food Security|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/an-innovator-in-international-food-security|access-date=15 September 2020|website=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Nakalembe tana shiryawa tare da jagorantar horo kan kayan aiki da bayanai na nesa, tana aiki tare da ma'aikatun ƙasa kan hanyoyin yanke shawara kan aikin gona, da kuma jagorantar tsare-tsare don hana illolin da ke haifar da gazawar amfanin gona.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Professor Nakalembe Named as 2020 Africa Food Prize Laureate {{!}} BSOS {{!}} Behavioral & Social Sciences College {{!}} University of Maryland|url=https://bsos.umd.edu/featured-content/professor-nakalembe-named-2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927181646/https://bsos.umd.edu/featured-content/professor-nakalembe-named-2020 |archive-date=2020-09-27 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=bsos.umd.edu|publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Mutum na Farko a Ƙungiya a Duniya a shekara ta 2019.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations to Dr. Catherine Nakalembe on Receiving the Inaugural GEO Individual Excellence Award |url=https://nasaharvest.org/news/congratulations-dr-catherine-nakalembe-receiving-inaugural-geo-individual-excellence-award |website=nasaharvest.org |language=en |date=15 November 2019 |access-date=27 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208003254/https://nasaharvest.org/news/congratulations-dr-catherine-nakalembe-receiving-inaugural-geo-individual-excellence-award |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, ta raba kyautar Abinci ta Afirka (AFP) tare da Dr. [[André Bationo]] daga [[Burkina Faso]]. [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], shugaban kwamitin AFP ya bayyana cewa, "Muna bukatar 'yan [[Afirka]] masu kirkire-kirkire irin su Dr. Bationo da Dokta Nakalembe don nuna yuwuwar sabbin ilimi da fasaha tare da fasahohi masu amfani da ke taimakawa inganta darajar manoma. 'Yan Afirka."<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. André Bationo and Dr. Catherine Nakalembe Awarded the 2020 Africa Food Prize (AFP) {{!}} Africa Food Prize |url=https://africafoodprize.org/dr-andre-bationo-and-dr-catherine-nakalembe-awarded-the-2020-africa-food-prize-afp/ |website=[[Africa Food Prize]] |access-date=10 August 2021 |date=11 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-09-11|title=Africa needs productive, policy push to transform agric — Obasanjo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/africa-needs-productive-policy-push-to-transform-agric-obasanjo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912212730/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/africa-needs-productive-policy-push-to-transform-agric-obasanjo/ |archive-date=2020-09-12 |access-date=2020-09-17|website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-09-11|title=Remote sensing specialist and soil scientist win Africa Food Prize|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/remote-sensing-specialist-and-soil-scientist-win-africa-food-prize-98067|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-17|website=[[Devex]]|publisher=}}</ref> Ta kasance a shekarar 2020 UMD Research Excellence Honoree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Drs. Feng, Loboda & Nakalembe Honored at 2020 Maryland Research Excellence Celebration {{!}} GEOG {{!}} Geographical Sciences Department {{!}} University of Maryland|url=https://geog.umd.edu/feature/drs.-feng-loboda-nakalembe-honored-2020-maryland-research-excellence-celebration|access-date=2020-12-29|website=geog.umd.edu}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, ta sami lambar yabo ta Golden Jubilee ta [[Uganda]] (farar hula). Shugaba [[Yoweri Museveni]] ne ya gabatar da ita ga iyayenta.<ref>{{cite news |title=IN THE WEEK PAST: NRM liberation day celebrated at Kololo |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/125701 |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=[[New Vision (newspaper)|New Vision]] |date=30 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Nakalembe Honored with the Highest Civilian Award (Golden Jubilee Medal-Civilians) of Uganda. |url=https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-nakalembe-honored-highest-civilian-award-%28golden-jubilee-medal-civilians%29-uganda. |website=Department of Geographical Sciences |publisher=[[UMBC]] |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202025258/https://geog.umd.edu/feature/dr.-nakalembe-honored-highest-civilian-award-(golden-jubilee-medal-civilians)-uganda. |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tun shekara ta daga 2020, Nakalembe ta auri Sebastian Deffner,<ref name="Uganda DM">{{cite web |title=My work helps improve people's livelihoods |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/full-woman/my-work-helps-improve-people-s-livelihoods-2483160 |publisher=Daily Monitor |access-date=22 January 2021 |date=16 October 2020}}</ref> (associate) farfesa na ilimin kimiyyar ka'idar a Jami'ar Maryland, gundumar Baltimore (UMBC).<ref name="UMBC">{{cite web |title=Sebastian Deffner |url=https://physics.umbc.edu/people/faculty/deffner/ |website=UMBC / Dept Physics / Faculty |publisher=University of Maryland, Baltimore County |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> Suna da yara biyu.<ref name="NASA" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dy2fk4ab31ohrcc2hjmwdw24qxp8osa 0 65955 542753 541248 2024-11-19T19:09:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Alafin_Oyo_&_Sir_Walter_Egerton_-_Colorized.png|thumb| Alaafin Oyo & Sir Walter Egerton circa 1910 - Colorized]] [[File:The_outermost_entrance_to_the_palace_of_the_Alaafin_of_Oyo_with_the_ancient_art_design_01.jpg|thumb| Kofar kofar fadar Alaafin Oyo mai suna "Oju Abata"]] '''Alaafin''', ko kuma ''mai kula da fada'' a [[Yarbanci|yaren Yarbawa]], shi ne sarautar [[Sarki|sarkin]] [[Masarautar Oyo|daular Oyo]] ta tsakiya<ref name="hegemony">{{cite book |language=en |title=Hegemony and Culture: Politics and Change Among the Yoruba |author=David D. Laitin |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1986 |page=113|isbn=9780226467900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&pg=PA113 }}</ref> da kuma [[Oyo (birni)|garin Oyo]] na [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] a yau. Take ko Suna ne, na musamman na [[Oba]] (sarkin) na Oyo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jr |first=Everett Jenkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4EwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA220 |title=Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865-1915 |date=2015-07-11 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0886-0 |pages=220 |language=en}}</ref> Wani lokaci ana fassara kalmar a matsayin “sarki”. Sarkin Oyo ya mulki tsohuwar daular Oyo, wadda ta taso daga jamhuriyar [[Benin]] ta yau zuwa [[Najeriya]], wadda ta samo asali daga jihohin Kudu maso Gabas da Yamma zuwa [[Masarautar Oyo|Arewa]]. Mutanen da ke ƙarƙashinsa ana kiransu [[Yarbawa|Yarabawa]] kuma suna magana da harshen Yarbanci. ==Tarihi== Alaafin na Oyo a gargajiyance da [[Tarihin Yarabawa]] ance ɗaya ne daga cikin jikoki bakwai na [[Oduduwa]] waɗanda daga baya suka zama Sarakuna, wanda ya zama ginshikin tubalin [[Yarbawa|wayewar Yarbawa]].<ref name="hegemony"/> Alafin da [[Oyo Mesi]] ne suka kafa gwamnatin tsakiya ta Masarautar. Karamar hukumar ta kasance a hannun [[oba]] (idan aka yi masa rawani) ko [[Oba|bale]] (idan bai cancanci sanya rawani ba).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhQOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22The+Alafin+(Oyo+Empire)+and+the+Oyo+Mesi+formed+the+central+government+of+the+Empire.+Local+provincial+government+was+in+the+hands+of+oba+(if+crowned+head)+or+bale+(if+not+entitled+to+wear+a+crown).%22 |title=Nigerian Forum |date=2005 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of International Affairs |pages=344 |language=en}}</ref> Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Alafin da Obas ta fada ce, wato don mulkinsa da kare shi, Obas, Bales da sarakunan jahohin vassal suna bin sa sau da kafa a dokance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ezenwaji |first=Ifeyinwa U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zn4uAQAAIAAJ&q=%22The+relationship+between+the+Alafin+and+the+Obas+was+a+feudal+one,+that+is+for+his+rule+and+protection,+the+Obas,+the+Bales+and+chiefs+of+vassal+states+owed+him+certain+obligations%22 |title=Traditional Administrative System in Nigeria: A Study of Selected Nigerian Societies |date=2002 |publisher=Institute for Development Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus |isbn=978-978-2409-41-6 |pages=154 |language=en}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 1800, duk da haka, rikice-rikice tsakanin Sarkin Oyo (alafin) da sarakunan gado (obas) na manyan jihohin birni, waɗanda suka ƙunshi majalisar zartarwa mai zaman kanta (oyo mesi), sun raunana ikon tsakiya- kamar Masarautar Oyo ta fara rasa iko a kan masarautu da ke lungu da saƙo da ma birane.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khapoya |first=Vincent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPYoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |title=The African Experience |date=2015-07-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34358-5 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> An ci gaba da riƙe wannan lakabin bayan rushewar daular Oyo a matsayin taken [[Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya|sarautar]] ’yan asalin [[Oyo (birni)|Oyo, Najeriya]] a hukumance. Alaafin shine shugaban siyasa na [[Yarbawa|kabilar Yarbawa]] kuma shine sarki ɗaya tilo da ke da ikon da ake bukata kafin ya naɗa sarki mai wakiltar [[Kasar Yarbawa|kasar Yarabawa]] baki ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=No comparison between Alaafin, Aare Ona Kakanfo chiefs|work=Vanguard Newspaper|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/between-alaafins-chiefs-and-that-of-aare-onakakanfo-%E2%80%95gani-adams/}}</ref> Misalan irin wannan naɗin sun haɗa da [[Masarautar Oyo|Aare Ona Kakanfo]] na kasar Yarbawa da Iyalode na kasar Yarbawa. Kamar na shekarar 2021 Alaafin (Sarkin) na Oyo shine Oba [[Lamidi Olayiwola Adeyemi III|Lamidi Adeyemi III]] wanda shine Alaafin na 45,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Musliudeen |date=2022-04-24 |title=45th Alaafin of Oyo, Lamidi Adeyemi has joined his ancestors at Bara - Palace source |url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/04/24/45th-alaafin-of-oyo-lamidi-adeyemi-has-joined-his-ancestors-at-bara-palace-source/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> yayi bikin cika shekaru 50 akan karagar mulki.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/16/lamidi-olayiwola-adeyemi-50-years-on/ | title=Lamidi Olayiwola Adeyemi: 50 Years on – Thisdaylive }}</ref> Oba Lamidi Olayiwola Adeyemi III, Iku Baba Yeye, Alaafin (sarkin) Oyo ya kasance Shugaba na din-din-din na Majalisar Obas da Sarakunan Jihar Oyo har zuwa rasuwarsa ranar Juma'a, 22 ga Afrilu 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/525342-alaafin-of-oyo-oba-lamidi-adeyemi-is-dead.html/ | title=Alaafin of Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi, is dead - Premium Times Nigeria | date=23 April 2022 }}</ref> Salon da aka yi amfani da shi ga Alaafins shi ne; Mai Martaba Sarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALAAFIN OF OYO – This is the website for the Alaafin of Oyo |url=https://alaafinoyo.com/ |access-date=2023-03-04 |language=en-US |quote=Welcome to the website of His Imperial Majesty, The Alaafin of Oyo, The Head and Paramount Ruler of the Yorubas. |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304125038/https://alaafinoyo.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Sarakunan Jihar Yarbawa ta Oyo ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== * [https://www.alaafinoyo.com Shafin na Musamman na Sarkin Oyo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221221804/http://alaafinoyo.com/ |date=2024-02-21 }} ghesixz2e69l4swk18dicnxp28vl8nz 0 66006 542882 524947 2024-11-20T00:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charity Angya''' ta kasance shugabar [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|jami'ar jihar Benue]] ce 'yar Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSU {{!}} Staff Profile |url=https://bsum.edu.ng/w3/staffProfile.php?sid=p143 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=bsum.edu.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Charity Angya ta kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Jos]] a shekarar 1983. <ref name="lead">[http://sunnewsonline.com/new/leading-women/ Leading Women]{{Dead link|date=November 2016|fix-attempted=yes}}, 2014, SunNewsOnLine.com, Retrieved 8 February 2016</ref> Ta samu lambar yabo da digirin digirgir a jami'ar [[Ibadan]]. A shekara ta 2000 an wallafa wasannin kwaikwayo na Charity Angya a karkashin taken "''Zagayowar Wata, da sauran wasannin kwaikwayo''"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Angya |first=Charity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_KopwAACAAJ |title=The Cycle of the Moon, and Other Plays |date=2000 |publisher=Aboki Publishers |isbn=978-978-32411-4-5 |language=en}}</ref> kuma a cikin shekarar 2005 an wallafa littafinta mai suna "''Ra'ayin Cin zarafin da Mata a Najeriya''" (Perspectives on Violence Against Women in Nigeria). An naɗa Angya a matsayin shugabar [[Jami'ar jihar Benuwai|jami’ar jihar Benue]] a watan Nuwambar 2010 inda take aiki.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brief History - Benue State University|url=https://bsum.edu.ng/w3/brief_history.php|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref> Farfesa Msugh N. Kembe ta karɓi mulki daga Angya a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban jami'a a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba 2015.<ref name=pls>[http://www.tatafonaija.com/2015/10/prof-msugh-m-kembe-emerge-new-vc-of-benue-state-university/ Prof Msugh M Kembe Emerge New VC of Benue State University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215205451/http://www.tatafonaija.com/2015/10/prof-msugh-m-kembe-emerge-new-vc-of-benue-state-university/ |date=2016-02-15 }} {{web archive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215205451/http://www.tatafonaija.com/2015/10/prof-msugh-m-kembe-emerge-new-vc-of-benue-state-university/ |date=February 15, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2015 |title=A VC’s worthy legacy |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/a-vcs-worthy-legacy/ |website=The Nation}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, Angya ta taimaka wajen binciken badakalar jima'i a jami'ar [[jihar Benue]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Odunsi |first=Wale |date=2019-06-27 |title=Sex-for-marks lecturers in trouble - VC warns |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/27/sex-marks-lecturers-trouble-vc-warns/ |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni 2021 Angya ta kasance a wurin taron mata da ke damuwa da yawan kashe-kashen da "makiyayi" ke yi. Matan sun haɗu a wani otel sanye da kayan makoki, inda suka yi kira ga shugaban ƙasar da ya ɗauki mataki. Masu magana da yawun matan sun haɗa da Mrs [[Rebecca Apezan]] wacce tsohuwar ‘yar majalisa ce da kuma Angya a matsayin tsohuwar mataimakiyar shugabar jami'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day Concerned Benue Mothers Gathered to Plead With President Buhari over Killings in Benue – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/21/day-concerned-benue-mothers-gathered-to-plead-with-president-buhari-over-killings-in-benue/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Paul Angya wanda masanin fasaha ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=vanguard |date=2016-02-24 |title=High expectation in SON, as Ag. DG warns importers |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/high-expectation-in-son-as-ag-dg-warns-importers/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[category:Maluman Najeriya]] inmpu42v2cwmdzkz6wamvvljwonasuc 0 68046 542748 494402 2024-11-19T18:43:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 542748 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, 1962) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa Falasdinu daga Nazi Jamus a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == mlaxnahq68see3t25x259mokyvfbnqg 542749 542748 2024-11-19T18:43:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 542749 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa Falasdinu daga Nazi Jamus a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == fa7643lsg3i0l6oopls8tjfxuggksbc 542775 542749 2024-11-19T19:41:02Z Mahuta 11340 542775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan Isra'ila ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa Falasdinu daga Nazi Jamus a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == 0fucrmskipsg1k03wv4jhjzmvo05s3e 542776 542775 2024-11-19T19:41:27Z Mahuta 11340 542776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa Falasdinu daga Nazi Jamus a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == cfl7sbhu1rruyec3hza3hint7r5ybdb 542777 542776 2024-11-19T19:41:57Z Mahuta 11340 542777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa [[Falasdinu]] daga Nazi Jamus a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == dx3t95x92uqz5laqtj5ed0ogr7mhl56 542778 542777 2024-11-19T19:42:20Z Mahuta 11340 542778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin Arziki a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa [[Falasdinu]] daga Nazi [[Jamus]] a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == ifidield9zuc437tpfukgmxrnn5e2eo 542779 542778 2024-11-19T19:43:29Z Mahuta 11340 542779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin [[Arziki]] a Gwamnatin Isra'ila ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa [[Falasdinu]] daga Nazi [[Jamus]] a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == jlbv9qlu43hg33jxqm3zlrg6egtuaom 542780 542779 2024-11-19T19:43:47Z Mahuta 11340 542780 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin [[Arziki]] a Gwamnatin [[Isra'ila]] ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na Isra'ila . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa [[Falasdinu]] daga Nazi [[Jamus]] a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == 3vuxrec98xstf93o5keh7zh2pp3crng 542781 542780 2024-11-19T19:44:06Z Mahuta 11340 542781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2020.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar Isra'ila ]] [[Fayil:Yair Golan 2008.jpg|thumb|Yair Golan dan siyasar [[Isra'ila]] koma sojan]] '''Yair Golan''' (Ibraniyawa: יָאִיר גּוֹלָן; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1962) ɗan siyasan [[Isra'ila]] ne kuma babban jami'in soja. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Tattalin [[Arziki]] a Gwamnatin [[Isra'ila]] ta talatin da shida,  kuma ya yi aiki a matsayinsa na memba na Knesset wanda ke wakiltar Meretz daga 2019-2022.  Shi babban janar ne (Aluf) a cikin Sojojin Tsaro na [[Isra'ila]] . A lokacin hidimar soja ya yi aiki, a tsakanin sauran matsayi, a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ma'aikatan IDF, Kwamandan Kwamandan Gida Gida da Kwamandan Kwamitin Arewa.<ref>http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/266471</ref><ref>https://www.maariv.co.il/news/politics/Article-889585</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === haifi Golan kuma ta girma a Rishon LeZion . Mahaifinsa, Gershon Goldner, ya gudu tare da iyayensa zuwa [[Falasdinu]] daga Nazi [[Jamus]] a shekarar 1935. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a cikin IDF kuma aikinsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban mataimakin fasaha ga babban jami'in sadarwa da lantarki a matsayin Lieutenant Colonel (Sgan Aluf). Mahaifiyarsa, Rachel, an haife ta ne a Tel Aviv ga Aryeh Rapoport, wanda ya yi hijira daga Ukraine a 1921, da Hana, an haifi ta a moshav Nachalat Yehuda, yanzu wani ɓangare na Rishon LeZion. Babban ɗan'uwansa farfesa ne na ilimin ƙasa da tarihi a Jami'ar Haifa kuma ƙanwarsa malama ce ta musamman a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Shamir .<ref>https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/article-721398</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4t4ZYMLmtg</ref><ref>https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/2008-12-31/ty-article/0000017f-db09-dee4-a9ff-ff7b2a950000</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == qugsof1e4ol430z852aghevj3dzpky7 0 68089 542746 518613 2024-11-19T18:37:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 542746 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ovechkin hat-trick (February 7, 2010).jpg|thumb|Iori Nomizu]] [[Fayil:Hat-trick by Jason Krog (38632834200).jpg|thumb|Iori Nomizu]] '''Iori Nomizu''' (野水 伊織, ''Nomizu Iori'', an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, 1985) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan, 'yar wasan murya kuma mawaƙiya wacce ke ba da muryoyi ga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na anime da wasannin bidiyo. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na anime, ta furta Yoshino Himekawa a cikin Date A Live, Nymph a cikin Heaven's Lost Property, Omamori Himari characters">Rinko Kuzaki a cikin Omamori Himari, Haruna a cikin Is This a Zombie?<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-13/date-a-live-promo-video-introduces-spirit-girl-yoshino</ref><ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-23/muhyo-and-roji-bureau-of-supernatural-investigation-season-2-teaser-reveals-new-cast-member-summer-debut/.155697</ref> == Farkon aikin wasan kwaikwayo == Nomizu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar nuna Moe Kagami a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Fuji TV ''Densha Otoko'' wanda aka watsa a watan Yulin 2005. A watan Yunin 2006, ta taka rawa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na TBS ''Akihabara@Deep'' .<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-05-20/muhyo-and-rogi-anime-reveals-more-cast-members/.131785</ref><ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-03-26/kancolle-anime-season-2-teaser-reveals-staff-8-episode-run-in-november/.184030</ref> == Ayyukan yin murya == A shekara ta 2009, ta shiga Production Ace a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukanta na farko bayan ta kasance a cikin haɗin kai shine bayyanar yau da kullun a kan "Anison ★ Cafe Yumegaoka" wanda aka watsa wasan kwaikwayon a tashar Talabijin na Kanagawa .<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-23/muhyo-and-roji-bureau-of-supernatural-investigation-season-2-teaser-reveals-new-cast-member-summer-debut/.155697</ref> == Manazarta == 026nqnk2l32el69gk7gp2uuvf4xat0v 542747 542746 2024-11-19T18:38:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 542747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ovechkin hat-trick (February 7, 2010).jpg|thumb|Iori Nomizu]] [[Fayil:Hat-trick by Jason Krog (38632834200).jpg|thumb|Iori Nomizu]] '''Iori Nomizu''' (野水 伊織, ''Nomizu Iori'', an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1985) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Japan, 'yar wasan murya kuma mawaƙiya wacce ke ba da muryoyi ga jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na anime da wasannin bidiyo. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na anime, ta furta Yoshino Himekawa a cikin Date A Live, Nymph a cikin Heaven's Lost Property, Omamori Himari characters">Rinko Kuzaki a cikin Omamori Himari, Haruna a cikin Is This a Zombie?<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-13/date-a-live-promo-video-introduces-spirit-girl-yoshino</ref><ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-23/muhyo-and-roji-bureau-of-supernatural-investigation-season-2-teaser-reveals-new-cast-member-summer-debut/.155697</ref> == Farkon aikin wasan kwaikwayo == Nomizu ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar nuna Moe Kagami a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Fuji TV ''Densha Otoko'' wanda aka watsa a watan Yulin 2005. A watan Yunin 2006, ta taka rawa a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na TBS ''Akihabara@Deep'' .<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2018-05-20/muhyo-and-rogi-anime-reveals-more-cast-members/.131785</ref><ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-03-26/kancolle-anime-season-2-teaser-reveals-staff-8-episode-run-in-november/.184030</ref> == Ayyukan yin murya == A shekara ta 2009, ta shiga Production Ace a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ayyukanta na farko bayan ta kasance a cikin haɗin kai shine bayyanar yau da kullun a kan "Anison ★ Cafe Yumegaoka" wanda aka watsa wasan kwaikwayon a tashar Talabijin na Kanagawa .<ref>https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-01-23/muhyo-and-roji-bureau-of-supernatural-investigation-season-2-teaser-reveals-new-cast-member-summer-debut/.155697</ref> == Manazarta == 6fckvv8b8ii87d7dmztw8iw9oloq6n0 0 68094 542744 518611 2024-11-19T18:37:10Z Pharouqenr 25549 542744 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:La fouine-10.jpg|thumb|Mawaƙi La Fouine]] [[Fayil:La Fouine (rappeur) - Besançon.jpg|thumb|La Fouine a shagon kasina]] '''Laouni Muhid''' (; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1981),  wanda aka fi sani da suna '''La Fouine''' (Faransa: [[la 'fwin] ]; lit. 'The beech marten'), tare da ƙarin sunayen da ake kira Fouiny Babe ko kawai Fouiny (/fwiːni/), mawaƙi ne na kasar Faransa kuma mawaƙi na zuriyar Maroko. Shi ne mai mallakar Banlieue Sale da layin tufafi "Street Swagg".  == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Trappes a cikin iyali na yara bakwai ga iyaye yan asalin Maroko daga Casablanca, Laouni ya girma a wajen Paris a cikin Yvelines . Shi ne na karshe daga cikin 'yan uwansa maza da mata shida, Hakim (wanda aka fi sani da rapper Canardo), Kamel, Illham, Samira, Naima da Adil. La Fouine ya yi magana game da wannan a cikin "Je regarde là-haut". [[Fayil:La Fouine 10 Sep 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru goma sha biyar don ya ba da kansa ga rap kuma ya ɗauki darussan kiɗa na farko. La Fouine, wanda ake kira "Forcené" memba ne mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar "GSP". Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɗan gajeren ƙungiyar "FORS" tare da ''DJ RV'' (Hervé), Le ''Griffin'' (Tarek Medimegh) da ''LaylaD'' (Layla Melloni Forcé), wanda aka kirkira galibi don shiga cikin 2 R puissance ART a La Verrière, inda ya lashe kyautar ta biyu. A shekara ta 1998, an daure La Fouine. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Laouni ta yi aure, sannan ta sake aure bayan ta zama mahaifin wata yarinya, an haife ta a shekara ta 2002, mai suna Fatima, mai suna bayan mahaifiyar La Fouine. Mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 2005 ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙarsa "Je regarde là-haut" Ya kuma sami lokacin duhu a gidajen kula da gidaje da kurkuku. "Ina da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai lokacin da aka kore ni daga makaranta kuma aka sanya ni a gidajen kulawa. Na zama mai fama da rashin barci a mafi yawan lokuta. Amma bai dauki ni in kwana da ni ba, idan 'yan sanda suna neman ni kai tsaye. Na yi barci tare da mutane a cikin motoci, gidaje, da sauransu". Ya ce wa mujallar Planète Rap. Fouine mai sha'awar kulob din mai suna ESA Linas-Montlhéry ne. == Ayyuka == === 2005: An yi amfani da shi a cikin sauti''An bugu da shi'' === [[Fayil:Bad News Brown Live.jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Bayan ya saki takardar shaidarsa ta farko ta titin Planète Trappes wanda ya sa ya sami izini na farko a cikin rap, ya saki kundi na farko a shekara ta 2005 mai suna Bourré au Son wanda ke da alamar salon California. Waƙoƙin "L'unité" da "Quelque chose de spécial" sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an watsa su a yawancin tashoshin rediyo na Faransa.<ref>http://hitparade.ch/artist/La_Fouine</ref> == Manazarta == 5jztriq8i5qwqg2j37dowr7vfj6d0az 542745 542744 2024-11-19T18:37:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 542745 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:La fouine-10.jpg|thumb|Mawaƙi La Fouine]] [[Fayil:La Fouine (rappeur) - Besançon.jpg|thumb|La Fouine a shagon kasina]] '''Laouni Muhid''' (Larabci; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1981),  wanda aka fi sani da suna '''La Fouine''' (Faransa: [[la 'fwin] ]; lit. 'The beech marten'), tare da ƙarin sunayen da ake kira Fouiny Babe ko kawai Fouiny (/fwiːni/), mawaƙi ne na kasar Faransa kuma mawaƙi na zuriyar Maroko. Shi ne mai mallakar Banlieue Sale da layin tufafi "Street Swagg".  == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a Trappes a cikin iyali na yara bakwai ga iyaye yan asalin Maroko daga Casablanca, Laouni ya girma a wajen Paris a cikin Yvelines . Shi ne na karshe daga cikin 'yan uwansa maza da mata shida, Hakim (wanda aka fi sani da rapper Canardo), Kamel, Illham, Samira, Naima da Adil. La Fouine ya yi magana game da wannan a cikin "Je regarde là-haut". [[Fayil:La Fouine 10 Sep 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Ya bar makaranta yana da shekaru goma sha biyar don ya ba da kansa ga rap kuma ya ɗauki darussan kiɗa na farko. La Fouine, wanda ake kira "Forcené" memba ne mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar "GSP". Ya kasance wani ɓangare na ɗan gajeren ƙungiyar "FORS" tare da ''DJ RV'' (Hervé), Le ''Griffin'' (Tarek Medimegh) da ''LaylaD'' (Layla Melloni Forcé), wanda aka kirkira galibi don shiga cikin 2 R puissance ART a La Verrière, inda ya lashe kyautar ta biyu. A shekara ta 1998, an daure La Fouine. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Laouni ta yi aure, sannan ta sake aure bayan ta zama mahaifin wata yarinya, an haife ta a shekara ta 2002, mai suna Fatima, mai suna bayan mahaifiyar La Fouine. Mutuwar mahaifiyarsa a shekara ta 2005 ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙarsa "Je regarde là-haut" Ya kuma sami lokacin duhu a gidajen kula da gidaje da kurkuku. "Ina da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai lokacin da aka kore ni daga makaranta kuma aka sanya ni a gidajen kulawa. Na zama mai fama da rashin barci a mafi yawan lokuta. Amma bai dauki ni in kwana da ni ba, idan 'yan sanda suna neman ni kai tsaye. Na yi barci tare da mutane a cikin motoci, gidaje, da sauransu". Ya ce wa mujallar Planète Rap. Fouine mai sha'awar kulob din mai suna ESA Linas-Montlhéry ne. == Ayyuka == === 2005: An yi amfani da shi a cikin sauti''An bugu da shi'' === [[Fayil:Bad News Brown Live.jpg|thumb|La Fouine]] Bayan ya saki takardar shaidarsa ta farko ta titin Planète Trappes wanda ya sa ya sami izini na farko a cikin rap, ya saki kundi na farko a shekara ta 2005 mai suna Bourré au Son wanda ke da alamar salon California. Waƙoƙin "L'unité" da "Quelque chose de spécial" sun sami yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an watsa su a yawancin tashoshin rediyo na Faransa.<ref>http://hitparade.ch/artist/La_Fouine</ref> == Manazarta == 6wd5xq9p5g2qazo9h1ukwqhbe9steyh 0 68095 542742 518606 2024-11-19T18:36:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 542742 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Laquon Treadwell by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|mawaƙi Laquon Treadwell]] '''Laquon Malik Treadwell''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Baltimore Ravens na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels daga 2013 zuwa 2015, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta kasar Amurka a shekarar 2015. Ya bar a matsayin shugaban makarantar a duk lokacin liyafa tare da 202 a cikin lokutan yanayi uku 3. Minnesota Vikings ne suka zabi Treadwell a zagaye na farko na 2016 NFL Draft . Ya kuma kasance memba na Atlanta Falcons, Jacksonville Jaguars, New England Patriots, Arizona Cardinals da Seattle Seahawks .<ref>https://www.jaguars.com/news/roster-moves-jaguars-re-sign-a-wide-receiver-and-sign-a-kicker</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbKBeI1uVtU</ref><ref>https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201709170pit.htm</ref> == Shekaru na farko ==  halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Crete-Monee a yankin Chicago, inda ya gama aikin kwallon kafa na shekaru uku a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin na biyu a tarihin shirye-shiryen Illinois tare da yadudduka 3,563. Ya jakar leda da farko a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin a lokacin aikinsa, amma kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa a matsayin sabon shiga kuma ya taka leda a kan tsaro a cikin shekaru masu girma. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, ya kama 58 passes don 811 yadudduka da kuma touchdown bakwai. Yayinda yake ƙarami, an ba shi suna NWI Times Offensive Player of the Year, Southland Conference Offensive player of the Year da kuma na farko-team all-state pick lokacin da ya rubuta 75 kama don 1,391 yadudduka da 18 touchdowns a kan laifi da 45 tackles (10 don asarar) da kuma takwas sacks a kan tsaro. An kira Treadwell dan wasan Chicago Tribune na shekara, dan wasan NWI Times na shekara, da kuma tawagar farko ta jihar a matsayin babban jami'in bayan ya jagoranci Crete-Monee zuwa rikodin 14-0 da kuma lambar yabo ta jihar Class 6A; ya yi amfani da 81 don yadudduka 1,424 da 16 kuma ya yi sauri don yadudduki 257 da karin maki bakwai a ƙasa, yayin da yake sakewa ya tara 56 tackles da kuma tsayarwa shida. Don kokarinsa na babban lokacin, an kira Treadwell a matsayin zabin Amurka ta Under Armour, USA Today, MaxPreps da ''SuperPrep''. A matsayinsa na mai tsaron Kwando da kuma gaba, Treadwell ya sami maki 13.0 da 8.6 a kowane wasa ga Warriors.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbKBeI1uVtU</ref><ref>http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=128304&draftyear=2016&genpos=WR</ref> == Manazarta == hsrp4c9jbky900uu73gspc3qb8r8lsn 542743 542742 2024-11-19T18:36:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 542743 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Laquon Treadwell by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|mawaƙi Laquon Treadwell]] '''Laquon Malik Treadwell''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 1995) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Baltimore Ravens na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Ole Miss Rebels daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta biyu ta kasar Amurka a shekarar 2015. Ya bar a matsayin shugaban makarantar a duk lokacin liyafa tare da 202 a cikin lokutan yanayi uku 3. Minnesota Vikings ne suka zabi Treadwell a zagaye na farko na 2016 NFL Draft . Ya kuma kasance memba na Atlanta Falcons, Jacksonville Jaguars, New England Patriots, Arizona Cardinals da Seattle Seahawks .<ref>https://www.jaguars.com/news/roster-moves-jaguars-re-sign-a-wide-receiver-and-sign-a-kicker</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbKBeI1uVtU</ref><ref>https://www.pro-football-reference.com/boxscores/201709170pit.htm</ref> == Shekaru na farko ==  halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Crete-Monee a yankin Chicago, inda ya gama aikin kwallon kafa na shekaru uku a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin na biyu a tarihin shirye-shiryen Illinois tare da yadudduka 3,563. Ya jakar leda da farko a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin a lokacin aikinsa, amma kuma ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa a matsayin sabon shiga kuma ya taka leda a kan tsaro a cikin shekaru masu girma. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, ya kama 58 passes don 811 yadudduka da kuma touchdown bakwai. Yayinda yake ƙarami, an ba shi suna NWI Times Offensive Player of the Year, Southland Conference Offensive player of the Year da kuma na farko-team all-state pick lokacin da ya rubuta 75 kama don 1,391 yadudduka da 18 touchdowns a kan laifi da 45 tackles (10 don asarar) da kuma takwas sacks a kan tsaro. An kira Treadwell dan wasan Chicago Tribune na shekara, dan wasan NWI Times na shekara, da kuma tawagar farko ta jihar a matsayin babban jami'in bayan ya jagoranci Crete-Monee zuwa rikodin 14-0 da kuma lambar yabo ta jihar Class 6A; ya yi amfani da 81 don yadudduka 1,424 da 16 kuma ya yi sauri don yadudduki 257 da karin maki bakwai a ƙasa, yayin da yake sakewa ya tara 56 tackles da kuma tsayarwa shida. Don kokarinsa na babban lokacin, an kira Treadwell a matsayin zabin Amurka ta Under Armour, USA Today, MaxPreps da ''SuperPrep''. A matsayinsa na mai tsaron Kwando da kuma gaba, Treadwell ya sami maki 13.0 da 8.6 a kowane wasa ga Warriors.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbKBeI1uVtU</ref><ref>http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=128304&draftyear=2016&genpos=WR</ref> == Manazarta == ajfggptdaj88odkzj0fbadq75bs3t68 0 68098 542740 518603 2024-11-19T18:35:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 542740 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gigante Jorge Gonzalez con Leon Najundel.jpg|thumb|Dan danbe Jorge González (wrestler)]] '''Jorge González''' (an haifeshi 31 Janairu 1966 - 22 Satumba 2010) [1] ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na kasar Argentina, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, wanda aka fi sani da bayyanarsa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a ƙarƙashin sunan zoben El Gigante tsakanin 1989 da 1992 kuma a cikin Ƙungiyar Wrestling ta Duniya a ƙarƙashin taken zobe '''Giant Gonzalez''' a 1993. González ya kasance dan kasar Argentina mafi tsayi da ya taɓa rayuwa kuma mutum na uku mafi tsayi daga Kudancin Amurka. Shi ne kuma mai kokawa mafi tsayi a tarihin gwagwarmayar kwararru don yin gasa ga duka WWE da WCW.<ref>https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/112</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Gigante del norte ciclismo 1930.jpg|thumb|Jorge González (wrestler)]] An haifi Jorge González a El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1966.  González ya sha wahala daga giantism, kuma ya tsaya a 6 feet 9 inci (2.06 m) yana da shekaru 14.<ref>http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Murio-Jorge-Gigante-Gonzalez-basquetbol_0_341366126.html</ref> == Ayyukan kwallon kwando == yi wa González rajista a matsayin 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m), wanda ya sa ya zama mai kokawa na WWE mafi tsayi kuma dan wasan kwando na Argentina a tarihi; tsayinsa na gaskiya ya kasance 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in), wanda har yanzu ya sanya shi mafi tsayi a cikin kokawa da kuma taye don wuri na farko a kwando. Ya fara aikinsa tare da matasa na Hindu Club de Resistencia yana da shekaru 16, yana tsaye 2.19 m (7 ft 2 in) tsayi. Daga baya, León Najnudel, a lokacin kocin tawagar kasar Argentina, ya ba da shawarar kwamitin Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata don sanya hannu kan dan wasan don jerin sunayen rukuni na biyu na Argentina. A cikin shekara ta 1986, González ya taimaka wa Gimnasia ta sami ci gaba zuwa rukuni na farko na Argentina. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Sport Club Cañadense, amma bai ga wani abu ba saboda rauni wanda ya bar shi daga kotu har tsawon watanni tara. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa === [[Fayil:Gigante Jorge Gonzalez con Leon Najundel (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jorge González (wrestler)]] León Najnudel ya hada da González a cikin tawagar kasar Argentina wacce ta shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 1985 (lambar tagulla) da kuma gasar zakarar Amurka ta 1988 (5th wuri), inda ya ja hankalin 'yan kallo na Atlanta Hawks. === Ayyukan NBA ===  shiga cikin shirin NBA na 1988, wanda Atlanta Hawks ta zaba a zagaye na uku (# 54 selection). Tare da Hernán Montenegro (wanda aka tsara # 57), sun zama 'yan wasan Argentina na farko da aka tsara a cikin NBA. Hawks sun sayi haƙƙin ɗan wasan daga ƙungiyarsa ta Argentina don kuɗin Australes 30,000 na Argentina. Koyaya, bai iya daidaitawa da bukatun jiki na wasan kwando na NBA ba, wani bangare saboda mummunan rauni a gwiwa.<ref>http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Murio-Jorge-Gigante-Gonzalez-basquetbol_0_341366126.html</ref> == Manazarta == er08t9xu585axmf21jpb48ndk4dc7ex 542741 542740 2024-11-19T18:36:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 542741 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gigante Jorge Gonzalez con Leon Najundel.jpg|thumb|Dan danbe Jorge González (wrestler)]] '''Jorge González''' (an haifeshi 31 Janairu 1966 - 22 Satumba 2010) [1] ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na kasar Argentina, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo sannan kuma ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando, wanda aka fi sani da bayyanarsa a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a ƙarƙashin sunan zoben El Gigante tsakanin 1989 da 1992 kuma a cikin Ƙungiyar Wrestling ta Duniya a ƙarƙashin taken zobe '''Giant Gonzalez''' a 1993. González ya kasance dan kasar Argentina mafi tsayi da ya taɓa rayuwa kuma mutum na uku mafi tsayi daga Kudancin Amurka. Shi ne kuma mai kokawa mafi tsayi a tarihin gwagwarmayar kwararru don yin gasa ga duka WWE da WCW.<ref>https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/112</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Gigante del norte ciclismo 1930.jpg|thumb|Jorge González (wrestler)]] An haifi Jorge González a El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 1966.  González ya sha wahala daga giantism, kuma ya tsaya a 6 feet 9 inci (2.06 m) yana da shekaru 14.<ref>http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Murio-Jorge-Gigante-Gonzalez-basquetbol_0_341366126.html</ref> == Ayyukan kwallon kwando == yi wa González rajista a matsayin 8 ft 0 in (2.44 m), wanda ya sa ya zama mai kokawa na WWE mafi tsayi kuma dan wasan kwando na Argentina a tarihi; tsayinsa na gaskiya ya kasance 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in), wanda har yanzu ya sanya shi mafi tsayi a cikin kokawa da kuma taye don wuri na farko a kwando. Ya fara aikinsa tare da matasa na Hindu Club de Resistencia yana da shekaru 16, yana tsaye 2.19 m (7 ft 2 in) tsayi. Daga baya, León Najnudel, a lokacin kocin tawagar kasar Argentina, ya ba da shawarar kwamitin Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata don sanya hannu kan dan wasan don jerin sunayen rukuni na biyu na Argentina. A cikin shekara ta 1986, González ya taimaka wa Gimnasia ta sami ci gaba zuwa rukuni na farko na Argentina. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu a kungiyar Sport Club Cañadense, amma bai ga wani abu ba saboda rauni wanda ya bar shi daga kotu har tsawon watanni tara. === Ƙungiyar ƙasa === [[Fayil:Gigante Jorge Gonzalez con Leon Najundel (cropped).jpg|thumb|Jorge González (wrestler)]] León Najnudel ya hada da González a cikin tawagar kasar Argentina wacce ta shiga gasar zakarun kwallon kwando ta Kudancin Amurka ta 1985 (lambar tagulla) da kuma gasar zakarar Amurka ta 1988 (5th wuri), inda ya ja hankalin 'yan kallo na Atlanta Hawks. === Ayyukan NBA ===  shiga cikin shirin NBA na 1988, wanda Atlanta Hawks ta zaba a zagaye na uku (# 54 selection). Tare da Hernán Montenegro (wanda aka tsara # 57), sun zama 'yan wasan Argentina na farko da aka tsara a cikin NBA. Hawks sun sayi haƙƙin ɗan wasan daga ƙungiyarsa ta Argentina don kuɗin Australes 30,000 na Argentina. Koyaya, bai iya daidaitawa da bukatun jiki na wasan kwando na NBA ba, wani bangare saboda mummunan rauni a gwiwa.<ref>http://www.clarin.com/deportes/Murio-Jorge-Gigante-Gonzalez-basquetbol_0_341366126.html</ref> == Manazarta == qgfu24vqmuoxjnbft1zrbhuc7ieo171 0 68099 542738 518556 2024-11-19T18:35:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542738 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ben Ottewell (212699289).jpeg|thumb|mawaki Ben Ottewell]] [[Fayil:Ben Ottewell at the TLA (Theater of Living Arts) in Philadelphia.jpg|thumb|mawaƙi Ben Ottewell a filin wasa ]] '''Benjamin Joseph Ottewell''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1976) ya kasance mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na kasar Ingila. Yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa uku na ƙungiyar indie rock ta Ingila Gomez . Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Mercury Music Award a shekarar 1998, kuma an san shi sosai da "mai zurfi, murya mai zurfi" da kuma "baritone mai zurfi". A cikin 2011, Ottewell ya fara aikin solo, tare da kundi na farko Shapes & Shadows .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat</ref><ref>http://flavorwire.com/158277/ben-ottewell-interactive-interview</ref><ref>https://rlist.io/data/ujz4jko1/jorge-gonz--lez{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Ben-Ottewell.jpg|thumb|Ben Ottewell]]  sadu da Ian Ball (murya, guitar) yayin da su biyun ke karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Sheffield. Ball ya burge da babbar muryar Ben, kuma tare da Tom Gray (murya, guitar, keyboard), Paul Blackburn (bass), da Olly Peacock (drums, synths, kwamfutoci), sun kafa ƙungiyar Gomez. Muryar Ottewell mai zurfi, mai zurfi ta sami masa yabo kuma ya jawo wasu kwatance-kwatance da Eddie Vedder na Pearl Jam da mai zane Tom Waits, da salon waƙarsa, da shirye-shiryen sauti, musamman a cikin aikinsa na solo, sun jawo kwatance ga mawaƙin gargajiya Nick Drake. == ''Siffofi da Inuwa'' == Kundin solo  farko na Ben Ottewell, Shapes & Shadows, ba babban tashi ba ne daga kayan sa tare da Gomez, amma yana da bambance-bambance. Ya fi ƙanƙanta, baƙin ciki, da kuma motsa sauti fiye da Gomez. Wani mai sukar kiɗa ya ce "a cikin waƙoƙi da jigogi, Shapes and Shadows (kundin) rikodin mai tunani ne kuma mai girma, kamar dai Ottewell yana ɗaukar batutuwan soyayya da dangantaka da aka tattauna a cikin kundin baya na Gomez zuwa wani, matakin da ya fi girma".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat</ref><ref>http://www.pwinsider.com/article/43214/the-yeti-ron-reis-reveals-wcws-original-plans-for-the-yeti-character-the-famous-star-he-replaced-in-the-booking-plans-yeti-returning-to-wwe-or-tna-and-more.html?p=1</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100928021446/http://rajah.com/base/node/20284</ref> == Manazarta == j59qjtbnlir4okzb9f9em5r391mlg2b 542739 542738 2024-11-19T18:35:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 542739 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ben Ottewell (212699289).jpeg|thumb|mawaki Ben Ottewell]] [[Fayil:Ben Ottewell at the TLA (Theater of Living Arts) in Philadelphia.jpg|thumb|mawaƙi Ben Ottewell a filin wasa ]] '''Benjamin Joseph Ottewell''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1976) ya kasance mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na kasar Ingila. Yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa uku na ƙungiyar indie rock ta Ingila Gomez . Ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Mercury Music Award a shekarar 1998, kuma an san shi sosai da "mai zurfi, murya mai zurfi" da kuma "baritone mai zurfi". A cikin shekara ta 2011, Ottewell ya fara aikin solo, tare da kundi na farko Shapes & Shadows .<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat</ref><ref>http://flavorwire.com/158277/ben-ottewell-interactive-interview</ref><ref>https://rlist.io/data/ujz4jko1/jorge-gonz--lez{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Ben-Ottewell.jpg|thumb|Ben Ottewell]]  sadu da Ian Ball (murya, guitar) yayin da su biyun ke karatun shari'a a Jami'ar Sheffield. Ball ya burge da babbar muryar Ben, kuma tare da Tom Gray (murya, guitar, keyboard), Paul Blackburn (bass), da Olly Peacock (drums, synths, kwamfutoci), sun kafa ƙungiyar Gomez. Muryar Ottewell mai zurfi, mai zurfi ta sami masa yabo kuma ya jawo wasu kwatance-kwatance da Eddie Vedder na Pearl Jam da mai zane Tom Waits, da salon waƙarsa, da shirye-shiryen sauti, musamman a cikin aikinsa na solo, sun jawo kwatance ga mawaƙin gargajiya Nick Drake. == ''Siffofi da Inuwa'' == Kundin solo  farko na Ben Ottewell, Shapes & Shadows, ba babban tashi ba ne daga kayan sa tare da Gomez, amma yana da bambance-bambance. Ya fi ƙanƙanta, baƙin ciki, da kuma motsa sauti fiye da Gomez. Wani mai sukar kiɗa ya ce "a cikin waƙoƙi da jigogi, Shapes and Shadows (kundin) rikodin mai tunani ne kuma mai girma, kamar dai Ottewell yana ɗaukar batutuwan soyayya da dangantaka da aka tattauna a cikin kundin baya na Gomez zuwa wani, matakin da ya fi girma".<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080220133205/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumRight.asp?rq=search_plat</ref><ref>http://www.pwinsider.com/article/43214/the-yeti-ron-reis-reveals-wcws-original-plans-for-the-yeti-character-the-famous-star-he-replaced-in-the-booking-plans-yeti-returning-to-wwe-or-tna-and-more.html?p=1</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100928021446/http://rajah.com/base/node/20284</ref> == Manazarta == 3v35h4qyc8u3pta93lf30a5f0dog7he 0 68102 542736 518554 2024-11-19T18:34:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 542736 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ryan Sweeting, Nice 2011.JPG|thumb|Ryan Sweeting]] [[Fayil:RyanSweeting.JPG|thumb|Ryan Sweeting acikin filin wasa]] '''Ryan Sweeting''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1987) ya kasance tsohon dan wasan Tennis ne wanda ke kasar Amurka.<ref>http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/big-bang-theory-star-kaley-cuoco-gets-married-1.6709575</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == haifi Sweeting a Nassau, Bahamas . Ya kasance yana zaune a Fort Lauderdale, Florida kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin Ba'amurke ga ATP. watan Satumbar 2013, Sweeting ta yi alkawari da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Kaley Cuoco bayan watanni uku na soyayya. Sun yi aure a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, a Santa Susana, California . Cuoco ta sanar a watan Satumbar 2015 cewa tana neman saki. An kammala saki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016.<ref>http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/big-bang-theory-star-kaley-cuoco-gets-married-1.6709575</ref><ref>http://www.people.com/article/kaley-cuoco-ryan-sweeting-divorce</ref><ref>http://www.etonline.com/news/188370_kaley_cuoco_divorce_from_ryan_sweeting_is_finalized/</ref> == Ayyukan wasan tennis == === Juniors === Sweeting ya wakilci Bahamas a cikin ƙaramin shekarunsa. Ya halarci Kwalejin Tennis ta Guizar kuma sanannen kocin wasan tennis na Mexico, Nicolas Guizar ne ya horar da shi. A shekara ta 2005, ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Open Boys 'Singles, inda ya doke Jérémy Chardy a wasan karshe. Yayinda yake ƙarami, Sweeting ya tara rikodin cin nasara-hasara na mutane 94-51 (89-46 a cikin ninki biyu), ya kai matsayi na 2 a cikin ƙananan duniya a watan Satumbar 2005. === 2006 === shekara ta 2006, ya halarci Jami'ar Florida a Gainesville, Florida, inda ya buga wa tawagar wasan Tennis na maza na Florida Gators a gasar NCAA. Ya fara aikinsa na farko a US Open a shekara ta 2006, inda ya doke dan Argentina Guillermo Coria a zagaye na farko (Coria ya yi ritaya yayin da ya sauka 3-2) kafin ya sha kashi a hannun Belgian Olivier Rochus a cikin saiti biyar. Sweeting ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin aiki ga tawagar Davis Cup ta Amurka a wasan kusa da na karshe na rukuni na duniya na 2006 da Rasha a Moscow.<ref>http://www.people.com/article/kaley-cuoco-ryan-sweeting-divorce</ref><ref>http://www.tennisnews.com/exclusive.php?pID=21631</ref> == Manazarta == fr75qoofmdr7axikyq7f5d2t3wds5uj 542737 542736 2024-11-19T18:34:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 542737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ryan Sweeting, Nice 2011.JPG|thumb|Ryan Sweeting]] [[Fayil:RyanSweeting.JPG|thumb|Ryan Sweeting acikin filin wasa]] '''Ryan Sweeting''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1987) ya kasance tsohon dan wasan Tennis ne wanda ke kasar Amurka.<ref>http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/big-bang-theory-star-kaley-cuoco-gets-married-1.6709575</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == haifi Sweeting a Nassau, Bahamas . Ya kasance yana zaune a Fort Lauderdale, Florida kuma ya yi rajista a matsayin Ba'amurke ga ATP. watan Satumba shekarar 2013, Sweeting ta yi alkawari da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Kaley Cuoco bayan watanni uku na soyayya. Sun yi aure a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2013, a Santa Susana, California . Cuoco ta sanar a watan Satumbar 2015 cewa tana neman saki. An kammala saki a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2016.<ref>http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/celebrities/big-bang-theory-star-kaley-cuoco-gets-married-1.6709575</ref><ref>http://www.people.com/article/kaley-cuoco-ryan-sweeting-divorce</ref><ref>http://www.etonline.com/news/188370_kaley_cuoco_divorce_from_ryan_sweeting_is_finalized/</ref> == Ayyukan wasan tennis == === Juniors === Sweeting ya wakilci Bahamas a cikin ƙaramin shekarunsa. Ya halarci Kwalejin Tennis ta Guizar kuma sanannen kocin wasan tennis na Mexico, Nicolas Guizar ne ya horar da shi. A shekara ta 2005, ya lashe lambar yabo ta US Open Boys 'Singles, inda ya doke Jérémy Chardy a wasan karshe. Yayinda yake ƙarami, Sweeting ya tara rikodin cin nasara-hasara na mutane 94-51 (89-46 a cikin ninki biyu), ya kai matsayi na 2 a cikin ƙananan duniya a watan Satumbar 2005. === 2006 === shekara ta 2006, ya halarci Jami'ar Florida a Gainesville, Florida, inda ya buga wa tawagar wasan Tennis na maza na Florida Gators a gasar NCAA. Ya fara aikinsa na farko a US Open a shekara ta 2006, inda ya doke dan Argentina Guillermo Coria a zagaye na farko (Coria ya yi ritaya yayin da ya sauka 3-2) kafin ya sha kashi a hannun Belgian Olivier Rochus a cikin saiti biyar. Sweeting ya yi aiki a matsayin abokin aiki ga tawagar Davis Cup ta Amurka a wasan kusa da na karshe na rukuni na duniya na 2006 da Rasha a Moscow.<ref>http://www.people.com/article/kaley-cuoco-ryan-sweeting-divorce</ref><ref>http://www.tennisnews.com/exclusive.php?pID=21631</ref> == Manazarta == mrl9sermek6gqce3a3tx2fc83xybcim 0 68104 542735 518538 2024-11-19T18:33:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 542735 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Rauw Alejandro Vice Versa Tour.jpg|thumb|Rauw Alejandro acikin filin ]] [[Fayil:Raw alejandro.jpg|thumb|Rauw Alejandro]] '''Raúl Alejandro Ocasio Ruiz''' (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta alif 1993), ya kasance wanda aka fi sani da '''Rauw Alejandro''', mawaƙi ne na Puerto Rican, marubucin waƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana kiran shi "Sarkin Reggaeton na zamani", ya kasance daga cikin "sabuwar tsara" na mawaƙa na birane na Puerto Rican. An san shi da nau'ikan kiɗa masu yawa, da kuma kasancewa kawai babban ɗan wasan Latin na maza don haɗa wasan kwaikwayo a cikin hangen nesa. Tare da shahararren faifan da ya kunshi kundin studio 4, Alejandro a halin yanzu yana jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a fagen kiɗa na Latin; an ayyana shi a matsayin mai zane-zane na 10 mafi yawan shekara a kan Spotify a cikin shekara ta 2022. A cikin shekaru 3 kawai tun lokacin da ya fara kundi na Afrodisíaco, ya sami lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy sau biyu, lambar yabo ta Billboard Latin Music Awards guda biyu, lambar girmamawa ta iHeart Radio Music Award, da kuma karin nasara daga cikin 214 da ya samu.<ref>https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/uplifting-moments-latin-music-february-12-1235030322/</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Rauw Alejandro.jpg|thumb|Rauw Alejandro]] R&B haifi Raúl Alejandro Ocasio Ruiz a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1993, a San Juan, Puerto Rico kuma an haife shi a Canóvanas da Carolina .Mahaifinsa, guitarist Raúl Ocasio, da mahaifiyarsa, mai goyon bayan murya María Nelly Ruiz, sun gabatar da shi ga wasu tasirin kiɗa kamar Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, da Chris Brown. Shekaru da yawa, Alejandro da mahaifinsa sun zauna a cikin kasar Amurka, galibi Miami da New York City, inda ya sami wahayi daga nau'ikan R & B da Dancehall.<ref>https://people.com/music/rauw-alejandro-and-rosalia-make-relationship-instagram-official/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idolator.com/7916145/interview-rauw-alejandro-talks-debut-album-afrodisiaco |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222114347/https://www.idolator.com/7916145/interview-rauw-alejandro-talks-debut-album-afrodisiaco |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/uplifting-moments-latin-music-february-12-1235030322/</ref> == Manazarta == 6x5u7iw8yx0kcywke9m61ox6wpuy81c 0 68105 542733 518534 2024-11-19T18:32:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 542733 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Etharin Cousin.jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] [[Fayil:2023 US-Canada Summit (52807243134).jpg|thumb|Lauya Ertharin Cousin koma wakiliyar Amurka]] '''Ertharin Cousin''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) lauya ne na kasar Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na goma sha biyu na Shirin Abinci na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar alif 2012 zuwa 2017. Bayan kammala wa'adin ta, Cousin ya zama Farfesa mai daraja a Jami'ar Stanford ta Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, fitaccen ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Abinci da Muhalli da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a,  ya karɓi nadin a matsayin fitaccen ɗan majalisa tare da Majalisar Chicago kan Harkokin Duniya, kuma ya zama aminta a Hukumar Daraktocin UK. [[Fayil:Ambassador Ertharin Cousin on Earth Day in Rome.jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] Cousin yayi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2012 a karkashin Shugaba Barack Obama a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana aiki a kasashe irinsu Roma, Italiya, kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Roma. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin jami'in Jam'iyyar Democrat, daga baya ta ƙware a masana'antar abinci da kungiyoyin agaji masu alaƙa daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Cousin ta kasance lamba ta 45 a cikin Jerin ''Forbes'' na Mata 100 Mafi Iko a Duniya kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin Time 100 mafi tasiri a cikin jerin duniya.<ref>https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/about/advisory-board/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/humanitarian-agenda/csis-task-force-humanitarian-access |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2019-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927032005/https://www.csis.org/programs/humanitarian-agenda/csis-task-force-humanitarian-access |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ir.mondelezinternational.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mondelez-international-appoints-ertharin-cousin-board-directors/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203113940/https://ir.mondelezinternational.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mondelez-international-appoints-ertharin-cousin-board-directors |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/ID/Ertharin-Cousin-to-become-member-of-Bayer-AG-Supervisory-Board |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314111236/https://media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Ertharin-Cousin-to-become-member-of-Bayer-AG-Supervisory-Board |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Reunión con Directora del Programa Mundial de Alimentos de las Naciones Unidas. (26110757321).jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] Cousin  girma a unguwar Lawndale ta Chicago, Illinois, tare da 'yan uwanta mata uku. Mahaifiyarta, Anna Cousin, ta yi aiki a fagen ayyukan zamantakewa kuma mahaifinta sau da yawa yana aiki a aikin sa kai na ci gaban al'umma. A shekara ta 1971, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata 300 da kuma 86 sophomores don shiga Lane Technical High School, babbar makarantar sakandare ta Chicago ta dalibai 5,000 da suka kasance maza har zuwa wannan fall. Ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1975.<ref>https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3456</ref> == Manazarta == c0vujetluqogwp3mth5drvqil7dgcjb 542734 542733 2024-11-19T18:33:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 542734 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Etharin Cousin.jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] [[Fayil:2023 US-Canada Summit (52807243134).jpg|thumb|Lauya Ertharin Cousin koma wakiliyar Amurka]] '''Ertharin Cousin''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1957) lauya ne na kasar Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na goma sha biyu na Shirin Abinci na Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar alif 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2017. Bayan kammala wa'adin ta, Cousin ya zama Farfesa mai daraja a Jami'ar Stanford ta Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, fitaccen ɗan'uwa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Abinci da Muhalli da Cibiyar Dimokuradiyya, Ci gaba da Dokar Shari'a,  ya karɓi nadin a matsayin fitaccen ɗan majalisa tare da Majalisar Chicago kan Harkokin Duniya, kuma ya zama aminta a Hukumar Daraktocin UK. [[Fayil:Ambassador Ertharin Cousin on Earth Day in Rome.jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] Cousin yayi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2012 a karkashin Shugaba Barack Obama a matsayin Jakadan Amurka a Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yana aiki a kasashe irinsu Roma, Italiya, kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Ofisoshin Majalisar Dinkinobho a Roma. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, da farko a matsayin jami'in Jam'iyyar Democrat, daga baya ta ƙware a masana'antar abinci da kungiyoyin agaji masu alaƙa daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. A cikin shekara ta 2014, Cousin ta kasance lamba ta 45 a cikin Jerin ''Forbes'' na Mata 100 Mafi Iko a Duniya kuma an sanya mata suna a cikin Time 100 mafi tasiri a cikin jerin duniya.<ref>https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/about/advisory-board/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.csis.org/programs/humanitarian-agenda/csis-task-force-humanitarian-access |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2019-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927032005/https://www.csis.org/programs/humanitarian-agenda/csis-task-force-humanitarian-access |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ir.mondelezinternational.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mondelez-international-appoints-ertharin-cousin-board-directors/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2023-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203113940/https://ir.mondelezinternational.com/news-releases/news-release-details/mondelez-international-appoints-ertharin-cousin-board-directors |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/ID/Ertharin-Cousin-to-become-member-of-Bayer-AG-Supervisory-Board |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314111236/https://media.bayer.com/baynews/baynews.nsf/id/Ertharin-Cousin-to-become-member-of-Bayer-AG-Supervisory-Board |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Reunión con Directora del Programa Mundial de Alimentos de las Naciones Unidas. (26110757321).jpg|thumb|Ertharin Cousin]] Cousin  girma a unguwar Lawndale ta Chicago, Illinois, tare da 'yan uwanta mata uku. Mahaifiyarta, Anna Cousin, ta yi aiki a fagen ayyukan zamantakewa kuma mahaifinta sau da yawa yana aiki a aikin sa kai na ci gaban al'umma. A shekara ta 1971, ta kasance daya daga cikin mata 300 da kuma 86 sophomores don shiga Lane Technical High School, babbar makarantar sakandare ta Chicago ta dalibai 5,000 da suka kasance maza har zuwa wannan fall. Ta kammala karatu a shekara ta 1975.<ref>https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3456</ref> == Manazarta == q33lugavpng1juy5xvtov37dnuq30wa 0 68126 542732 518532 2024-11-19T18:32:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 542732 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Vuelve, Ricky Martin, Viña del Mar International Song Festival (2014).ogv|thumb|ricky martin]] [[Fayil:Loaded - Ricky Martin, Viña del Mar International Song Festival (2014).ogv|thumb|ricky martin]] '''Ricky" Martín Morales''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 1971) mawaƙi ne kuma marubucin waƙa na Puerto Rican. An san shi da ƙwarewar kiɗa, tare da faifan sa da ke kunshe da abubuwa da yawa, kamar su Latin pop, rawa, reggaeton, salsa, da sauran nau'ikan ayyuka. An haife shi a San Juan, Martin ya fara bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na talabijin yana da shekaru tara kuma ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa yana da goma sha biyu, a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar yarinya ta Puerto Rican Menudo . Ya fara aikinsa na solo a shekarar 1991 yayin da yake cikin Sony Music Mexico, ya sami karbuwa a Latin Amurka tare da sakin kundi biyu na farko, ''Ricky Martin'' (1991) da ''Ni Amaras'' (1993), dukansu biyu sun mai da hankali kan ballads. Kundin Martin na uku, A Medio Vivir (1995), ya taimaka masa ya zama sananne a kasashen yankin Turai. Ɗaya daga cikin ginshiƙan "María", ya haɗa da cakuda nau'ikan kiɗa na Latin kuma ya zama na farko na duniya. Nasarar da ya samu a duniya ta kara karfafawa tare da kundi na huɗu, Vuelve (1998). Kundin, wanda ya ba Martin lambar yabo ta Grammy ta farko, ya haifar da waƙoƙin "Vuelve" da "La Copa de la Vida". Martin ya yi wannan na ƙarshe a 41st Annual Grammy Awards . Kundin sa na farko na Turanci, ''Ricky Martin'' (1999) ya zama lambar farko ta Amurka ''Billboard'' 200 . Jagoran "Livin' la Vida Loca" ya hau kan duka ''Billboard'' Hot 100 da UK Singles Chart. Nasarar Martin a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 ana ganinta gabaɗaya a matsayin farkon " fashewar Latin". An yaba masa don haɓaka nau'in kiɗa na Latin zuwa sanarwa ta al'ada, yana shirya hanya ga yawancin masu fasahar Latin don cimma nasarar duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mtv.com/news/3112345/camila-cabello-grammys-opening-havana/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-date=2022-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116114521/https://www.mtv.com/news/3112345/camila-cabello-grammys-opening-havana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/ricky-martin-william-hung-sing-she-bangs-video-8459128/</ref> Martin tun daga lokacin ya fitar da kundi da yawa masu nasara, ciki har da Almas del Silencio (2003) da ''MTV Unplugged'' (2006), da kuma wanda Ta fashe kyautar Grammy A Quien Quiera Escuchar (2015). Shahararrun mutane a wannan lokacin sun hada da "She Bangs", "Babu Wanda Yake Son Lonely", "Tal Vez", "Tu Recuerdo", "La Mordidita", "Vente Pa' Ca", da kuma "Canción Bonita". A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, Martin ya taka rawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na General Hospital (1994-1996), yayin da ya nuna Antonio D'Amico a cikin Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (2018) ya ba shi gabatarwa ta Emmy. Ya kuma fito a matsayin Ché a cikin farfadowar Broadway na Evita a cikin 2012. Martin yana daya daga cikin masu sayar da kiɗa na Latin mafi kyau a kowane lokaci, bayan ya sayar da rikodin sama da miliyan 70 a duk duniya. Ya zira kwallaye 11 na ''Billboard'' Hot Latin Songs lambar yabo daya, kuma ya lashe Grammy Awards guda biyu, biyar Latin Grammy Awards, biyar MTV Video Music Awards, biyu American Music Awards, uku Latin American Music Awards، uku Billboard Music Awards, tara Billboard Latin Music Awards, takwas World Music Awards, goma sha huɗu Lo Nuestro Awards, ''Guinness World Record'', da kuma tauraron a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame. Ayyukansa na taimakon jama'a da gwagwarmayarsa suna mai da hankali kan Hakkin LGBT da yaki da fataucin mutane; a cikin shekara ta 2004, ya kafa Gidauniyar Ricky Martin, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta wanda ke mai da hankali ga fallasa fataucin ɗan adam da ilimantarwa game da wanzuwar aikata laifuka.<ref>https://deadline.com/video/ricky-martin-gianni-versace-emmys-interview-the-actors-side-video/</ref> == Manazarta == t56fyst04608yzi2sp6of5f24hmwoen 0 68127 542730 518529 2024-11-19T18:31:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 542730 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Anna Maxwell Martin 2019.png|thumb|yar wasan kwaikwayo Anna Maxwell Martin]] '''Anna Maxwell Martin''' (an haifi Anna '''Charlotte Martin'''; Ranar goma 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1977),  wani lokacin ana kiranta da '''Anna Maxwell-Martin''', ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan talabijin na Kwalejin Burtaniya sau biyu, saboda hotunan Esther Summerson a cikin B GHBC na Bleak House (2005) da N a cikin Channel 4 na ''Poppy Shakespeare'' (2008). An kuma san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin DCS Patricia Carmichael a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na BBC One Line of Duty (2019-2021) da Kelly Major a cikin Code 404 (2020-yanzu). Tun daga shekara tadubu biyu da sha shidda 2016, Martin ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Motherland, wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar BAFTA don Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na mata.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2006/oct/11/theatre1</ref><ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/roger-michell-death-notting-hill-b1925772.html</ref> [[Fayil:The Billboard 1904-02-27- Vol 16 Iss 9 (IA sim billboard 1904-02-27 16 9).pdf|thumb|Anna Maxwell Martin]] Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da rawar da Lyra Belacqua ta taka a cikin samar da Dark Materials (2003-2004) a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/may/01/anna-maxwell-martin-from-sinister-line-of-duty-cop-to-harried-mum-who-makes-us-laugh</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Anna Maxwell Martin 2019.png|thumb|Anna Maxwell Martin]] haifi Anna Charlotte Martin a Beverley a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 1977 ga Rosalind (née Youngson) da Ivan Martin. Mahaifinta ya kasance manajan darektan kamfanin magunguna kuma mahaifiyarta masanin kimiyya ce. Mahaifiyarta ta bar aikinta don tayar da Anna da babban ɗan'uwanta, Adam. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Beverley, inda ta bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta. Bayan ta bar makaranta, Martin ta yi karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Liverpool.<ref>https://metro.co.uk/2021/04/18/line-of-duty-who-is-anna-maxwell-martins-dci-patricia-carmichael-14429458/</ref> == Manazarta == ebpmg9ye58zmlq43am41vhgbu751074 542731 542730 2024-11-19T18:31:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 542731 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Anna Maxwell Martin 2019.png|thumb|yar wasan kwaikwayo Anna Maxwell Martin]] '''Anna Maxwell Martin''' (an haifi Anna '''Charlotte Martin'''; Ranar goma 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 1977),  wani lokacin ana kiranta da '''Anna Maxwell-Martin''', ta kasance 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta ƙasar Burtaniya. Ta lashe lambar yabo ta gidan talabijin na Kwalejin Burtaniya sau biyu, saboda hotunan Esther Summerson a cikin B GHBC na Bleak House (2005) da N a cikin Channel 4 na ''Poppy Shakespeare'' (2008). An kuma san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin DCS Patricia Carmichael a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na BBC One Line of Duty (2019-2021) da Kelly Major a cikin Code 404 (2020-yanzu). Tun daga shekara tadubu biyu da sha shidda 2016, Martin ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC Motherland, wanda aka zaba ta don kyautar BAFTA don Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na mata.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2006/oct/11/theatre1</ref><ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/roger-michell-death-notting-hill-b1925772.html</ref> [[Fayil:The Billboard 1904-02-27- Vol 16 Iss 9 (IA sim billboard 1904-02-27 16 9).pdf|thumb|Anna Maxwell Martin]] Ayyukanta na wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da rawar da Lyra Belacqua ta taka a cikin samar da Dark Materials (2003-2004) a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/may/01/anna-maxwell-martin-from-sinister-line-of-duty-cop-to-harried-mum-who-makes-us-laugh</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Anna Maxwell Martin 2019.png|thumb|Anna Maxwell Martin]] haifi Anna Charlotte Martin a Beverley a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu 1977 ga Rosalind (née Youngson) da Ivan Martin. Mahaifinta ya kasance manajan darektan kamfanin magunguna kuma mahaifiyarta masanin kimiyya ce. Mahaifiyarta ta bar aikinta don tayar da Anna da babban ɗan'uwanta, Adam. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Beverley, inda ta bayyana a wasan kwaikwayo na makaranta. Bayan ta bar makaranta, Martin ta yi karatun tarihi a Jami'ar Liverpool.<ref>https://metro.co.uk/2021/04/18/line-of-duty-who-is-anna-maxwell-martins-dci-patricia-carmichael-14429458/</ref> == Manazarta == pme40ge0o5dwdd59ymf4cfjnb184tfa 0 68128 542728 518527 2024-11-19T18:30:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 542728 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dean Martin - publicity.JPG|thumb|Dean Martin Dan wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Susan Hayward and Dean Martin in Ada trailer.jpg|thumb|Dean Martin tare da martini ]] '''Dean Martin''' (an haifi '''Dino Paul Crocetti'''; a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 1917 - 25 ga Disamba, 1995) ya kasance mawaƙi ne na Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayon kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin. Daya daga cikin shahararrun masu nishadantarwa na tsakiyar karni na 20, ana mashi lakabi "Sarkin Cool".   Martin ya sami ci gaban aikinsa tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jerry Lewis, wanda aka kira Martin da Lewis, a cikin 1946. Sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din dare kuma daga baya sun fito da yawa a rediyo da talabijin da kuma fina-finai.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=LongDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49</ref> [[Fayil:Dean Martin 1958.jpg|thumb|Dean Martin]] Bayan mummunar ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa a 1956, Martin ya bi aikin solo a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mawaƙi, yana yin rikodin waƙoƙi da yawa na zamani da kuma ƙa'idodi daga Babban Littafin Waƙoƙin Amurka. Ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan a Las Vegas kuma an san shi da abokantaka da 'yan uwansa masu fasaha Frank Sinatra da Sammy Davis Jr., wadanda tare da wasu da yawa suka kafa Rat Pack.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/23/archives/the-screen-james-jones-some-came-running-sinatra-dean-martin-star.html</ref> == Manazarta == 41ecpvreake6syapctna9o6cz70z08v 542729 542728 2024-11-19T18:31:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 542729 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dean Martin - publicity.JPG|thumb|Dean Martin Dan wasan kwaikwayo ]] [[Fayil:Susan Hayward and Dean Martin in Ada trailer.jpg|thumb|Dean Martin tare da martini ]] '''Dean Martin''' (an haifi '''Dino Paul Crocetti'''; a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, 1917 - 25 ga Disamba, 1995) ya kasance mawaƙi ne na Amurka, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayon kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin. Daya daga cikin shahararrun masu nishadantarwa na tsakiyar karni na 20, ana mashi lakabi "Sarkin Cool".   Martin ya sami ci gaban aikinsa tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Jerry Lewis, wanda aka kira Martin da Lewis, a cikin 1946. Sun yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kulob din dare kuma daga baya sun fito da yawa a rediyo da talabijin da kuma fina-finai.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=LongDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49</ref> [[Fayil:Dean Martin 1958.jpg|thumb|Dean Martin]] Bayan mummunar ƙarshen haɗin gwiwa a 1956, Martin ya bi aikin solo a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mawaƙi, yana yin rikodin waƙoƙi da yawa na zamani da kuma ƙa'idodi daga Babban Littafin Waƙoƙin Amurka. Ya zama daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan a Las Vegas kuma an san shi da abokantaka da 'yan uwansa masu fasaha Frank Sinatra da Sammy Davis Jr., wadanda tare da wasu da yawa suka kafa Rat Pack.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/23/archives/the-screen-james-jones-some-came-running-sinatra-dean-martin-star.html</ref> == Manazarta == 0145a8v0zj8x3dp5el3goc3j648meep 0 68132 542726 518525 2024-11-19T18:30:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 542726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hattie McDaniel Beulah 1951.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel tana rubutu]] [[Fayil:Hattie Mc Daniel Beulah 1948.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel a gidan Radio]] [[Fayil:1941hattie.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel]] '''Hattie McDaniel''' (an haifeta a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 1893 - 26 ga Oktoba, 1952) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Amurka, mawaƙiya-mai rubuta waƙa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. Don rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mammy a fim din "Gone with the Wind" (1939), ta lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin, ta zama Ba'amurke ta farko da ta lashe Oscar. Tana da taurari biyu a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame, an shigar da ita cikin Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame a 1975, kuma a 2006 ta zama ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Black Oscar da aka girmama da hatimi na Amurka. A shekara ta 2010, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado . Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, McDaniel ta yi rikodin bangarori 16 tsakanin 1926 da 1929 kuma ta kasance mai wasan rediyo da kuma halin talabijin; ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta raira waƙa a rediyo a Amurka. Kodayake ta fito a cikin fina-finai sama da 300, ta sami kyaututtuka a kan allo na 83 kawai. Sauran manyan fina-finai da aka fi sani da ita sune ''Alice Adams'', In This Our Life, Since You Went Away, da Song of the South .<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mCMRAYqf5OYC&q=Etta+McDaniel+Goff&pg=PA16</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mCMRAYqf5OYC&q=washroom+dancing&pg=PA17</ref> [[Fayil:Hattie McDaniel and Mary Hatcher in The Big Wheel (1949).jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel a baya]] McDaniel ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da rarrabe launin fata a duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, kuma ba ta iya halartar gabatarwa na Gone with the Wind a Atlanta saboda an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fararen fata kawai. A bikin Oscars a Los Angeles, ta zauna a teburin da aka raba a gefen dakin. A shekara ta 1952, McDaniel ya mutu daga ciwon nono. An musanta burinta na ƙarshe da za a binne shi a Kabari na Hollywood saboda an ƙuntata makabartar ga fararen fata kawai a lokacin.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080514053332/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/26/ap/entertainment/mainD8FC6TRO1.shtml</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/Melmorg-HATTIEMcDANIELGetsAStamp845/</ref> == Manazarta == f89km0x1s63mdwarkytgulwlhx9fnbv 542727 542726 2024-11-19T18:30:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 542727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hattie McDaniel Beulah 1951.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel tana rubutu]] [[Fayil:Hattie Mc Daniel Beulah 1948.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel a gidan Radio]] [[Fayil:1941hattie.jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel]] '''Hattie McDaniel''' (an haifeta a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1893 - 26 ga Oktoba, 1952) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta kasar Amurka, mawaƙiya-mai rubuta waƙa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. Don rawar da ta taka a matsayin Mammy a fim din "Gone with the Wind" (1939), ta lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mataimakin Mataimakin, ta zama Ba'amurke ta farko da ta lashe Oscar. Tana da taurari biyu a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame, an shigar da ita cikin Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame a 1975, kuma a 2006 ta zama ta farko da ta lashe kyautar Black Oscar da aka girmama da hatimi na Amurka. A shekara ta 2010, an shigar da ita cikin Hall of Fame na Mata na Colorado . Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, McDaniel ta yi rikodin bangarori 16 tsakanin 1926 da 1929 kuma ta kasance mai wasan rediyo da kuma halin talabijin; ita ce mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta raira waƙa a rediyo a Amurka. Kodayake ta fito a cikin fina-finai sama da 300, ta sami kyaututtuka a kan allo na 83 kawai. Sauran manyan fina-finai da aka fi sani da ita sune ''Alice Adams'', In This Our Life, Since You Went Away, da Song of the South .<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mCMRAYqf5OYC&q=Etta+McDaniel+Goff&pg=PA16</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=mCMRAYqf5OYC&q=washroom+dancing&pg=PA17</ref> [[Fayil:Hattie McDaniel and Mary Hatcher in The Big Wheel (1949).jpg|thumb|Hattie McDaniel a baya]] McDaniel ta fuskanci wariyar launin fata da rarrabe launin fata a duk lokacin da ta yi aiki, kuma ba ta iya halartar gabatarwa na Gone with the Wind a Atlanta saboda an gudanar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fararen fata kawai. A bikin Oscars a Los Angeles, ta zauna a teburin da aka raba a gefen dakin. A shekara ta 1952, McDaniel ya mutu daga ciwon nono. An musanta burinta na ƙarshe da za a binne shi a Kabari na Hollywood saboda an ƙuntata makabartar ga fararen fata kawai a lokacin.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080514053332/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/26/ap/entertainment/mainD8FC6TRO1.shtml</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/Melmorg-HATTIEMcDANIELGetsAStamp845/</ref> == Manazarta == jidbd5bdv31fjk6lcqpw5ei8yhp7lko 0 68133 542724 518515 2024-11-19T18:29:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 542724 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A exposição como múltiplo - lições de uma mostra norte-americana em São Paulo, 1947, Anais do Museu Paulista.pdf|thumb|Alice Adams (fim na 1935)]] '''''Alice Adams''''' ya kasance fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na 1935 wanda George Stevens ya jagoranta kuma Katharine Hepburn ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. RKO ce ta yi shi kuma Pandro S. Berman ne ya samar da shi. Shirin ya kasance daga Dorothy Yost, Mortimer Offner, da Jane Murfin. An daidaita fim din daga littafin Alice Adams na Booth Tarkington . Max Steiner da Roy Webb ne suka buga waƙoƙin, kuma Robert De Grasse shine ne ya shirya fim din. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa na Kwalejin Kwalejin don Hoton Mafi Kyawu da jaruma Mafi Kyawu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall</ref> Fim din game  wata budurwa ce a cikin iyali mai fama da kudi da kuma yunkurin da ta yi na bayyana a matsayin aji mai girma da kuma auren wani mutum mai arziki yayin da ta ɓoye talaucinta. Shahararren Hepburn ya ragu bayan nasarar fim dinta biyu na 1933: wasan kwaikwayon da ta samu a Oscar a Morning Glory da kuma shahararren wasan kwaikwayonta a matsayin Jo March a Little Women . Ayyukanta a cikin ''Alice Adams'' ya sake sa ta zama ƙaunatacciyar jaruma a wajan jama'a.<ref>https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow/page/124</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Fim]] nbx7opuiceswv4qlem8p47pw51fidfr 542725 542724 2024-11-19T18:29:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 542725 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:A exposição como múltiplo - lições de uma mostra norte-americana em São Paulo, 1947, Anais do Museu Paulista.pdf|thumb|Alice Adams (fim na 1935)]] '''''Alice Adams''''' ya kasance fim ne na Wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na shekarar alif 1935 wanda George Stevens ya jagoranta kuma Katharine Hepburn ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayon. RKO ce ta yi shi kuma Pandro S. Berman ne ya samar da shi. Shirin ya kasance daga Dorothy Yost, Mortimer Offner, da Jane Murfin. An daidaita fim din daga littafin Alice Adams na Booth Tarkington . Max Steiner da Roy Webb ne suka buga waƙoƙin, kuma Robert De Grasse shine ne ya shirya fim din. Fim din ya sami gabatarwa na Kwalejin Kwalejin don Hoton Mafi Kyawu da jaruma Mafi Kyawu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall</ref> Fim din game  wata budurwa ce a cikin iyali mai fama da kudi da kuma yunkurin da ta yi na bayyana a matsayin aji mai girma da kuma auren wani mutum mai arziki yayin da ta ɓoye talaucinta. Shahararren Hepburn ya ragu bayan nasarar fim dinta biyu na 1933: wasan kwaikwayon da ta samu a Oscar a Morning Glory da kuma shahararren wasan kwaikwayonta a matsayin Jo March a Little Women . Ayyukanta a cikin ''Alice Adams'' ya sake sa ta zama ƙaunatacciyar jaruma a wajan jama'a.<ref>https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow/page/124</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Fim]] c20p9tm0aom9cn34e5ivc0vkinb04ii 0 68192 542722 518495 2024-11-19T18:28:31Z Pharouqenr 25549 542722 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson 2024 Worlds Free Dance 10.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear a gurin wasan Tare Da Gibson a gurin wasan ƙankara]] [[Fayil:Skate Canada 2023 - Fear & Gibson-FD 03.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear tare da abokin wansanta]] [[Fayil:Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson (GBR) 2019.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear da lewis]] [[Fayil:2018 Skate America - Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson - 03 (cropped) - Fear.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear]] '''Lilah Fear'''<ref>https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14454-guignard-fabbri-end-nine-year-gold-medal-drought-for-italian-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 11 Yuni 1999) ta kasance 'yar wasan kankara ce ta Ingila da Kanada. Wakilin Burtaniya tare da abokin aikinta na wasan motsa jiki, Lewis Gibson, ta kasance ta samu lambar azurfa ta Turai sau biyu (2023-24), mai lambar yabo ta Grand Prix sau shida (ciki har da zinariya a 2023 NHK Trophy), mai lambar zinare ta Challenger sau hudu, zakara na Bavarian Open na 2018, kuma zakara na Burtaniya sau shida (2017, 2019-2020, 2022-2024).<ref>https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14451-guignard-fabbri-ita-find-the-right-rhythm-for-the-prime-spot-in-the-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15</ref><ref>https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/nhk-trophy-dream-come-true-for-ice-dancers-lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibson-as-they-win-gold-in-japan-grand-prix-4423034</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Fear a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1999 a Greenwich, Connecticut, Amurka,  ga iyayen Kanada.  Ta girma ne a London, Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudancin Hampstead . Tsoro ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya ne da Kanada. Tana da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa, Sasha, wacce ta yi gasa a cikin rawa a kankara don Burtaniya tare da tsohon abokin aikinta George Waddell . Har ila yau, tana da 'yar'uwa mai girma, Georgia, wacce ta kasance mai tsere a kasa da kasa kuma mai tsere mai tsere da tsere a Kwalejin Dartmouth da Jami'ar Virginia kuma yanzu tana aiki a Goldman Sachs . cikin fall of 2018, ta fara karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam da sadarwa a Jami'ar McGill da ke Montreal.<ref>https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/01/sinitsina-and-katsalapov-defend-european-title/</ref><ref>https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-free-dance/</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Tsoro  fara koyon tsalle-tsalle a shekara ta 2004. A cikin kakar 2013-14, ita da Jacob Payne sun lashe lambar yabo ta rawa a kankara a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210327124003/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm</ref> cikin 2014–15-15, Fear / Payne sun sami ayyukan Junior Grand Prix guda biyu kuma sun kasance na goma sha biyar a duka biyun. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, an ba su lambar yabo ta tagulla a gasar zakarun Burtaniya. Phillip Poole ne ya horar da su a Slough, Ingila. Fueron entrenados por Phillip Poole en Slough, Inglaterra. == Manazarta == r02m65itf4zjd8lt1t1zfwt1qih7j4r 542723 542722 2024-11-19T18:28:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 542723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson 2024 Worlds Free Dance 10.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear a gurin wasan Tare Da Gibson a gurin wasan ƙankara]] [[Fayil:Skate Canada 2023 - Fear & Gibson-FD 03.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear tare da abokin wansanta]] [[Fayil:Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson (GBR) 2019.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear da lewis]] [[Fayil:2018 Skate America - Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson - 03 (cropped) - Fear.jpg|thumb|Lilah Fear]] '''Lilah Fear'''<ref>https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14454-guignard-fabbri-end-nine-year-gold-medal-drought-for-italian-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni 1999) ta kasance 'yar wasan kankara ce ta Ingila da Kanada. Wakilin Burtaniya tare da abokin aikinta na wasan motsa jiki, Lewis Gibson, ta kasance ta samu lambar azurfa ta Turai sau biyu (2023-24), mai lambar yabo ta Grand Prix sau shida (ciki har da zinariya a 2023 NHK Trophy), mai lambar zinare ta Challenger sau hudu, zakara na Bavarian Open na 2018, kuma zakara na Burtaniya sau shida (2017, 2019-2020, 2022-2024).<ref>https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14451-guignard-fabbri-ita-find-the-right-rhythm-for-the-prime-spot-in-the-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15</ref><ref>https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/nhk-trophy-dream-come-true-for-ice-dancers-lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibson-as-they-win-gold-in-japan-grand-prix-4423034</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Fear a ranar 11 ga Yuni 1999 a Greenwich, Connecticut, Amurka,  ga iyayen Kanada.  Ta girma ne a London, Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudancin Hampstead . Tsoro ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya ne da Kanada. Tana da ƙaramar 'yar'uwa, Sasha, wacce ta yi gasa a cikin rawa a kankara don Burtaniya tare da tsohon abokin aikinta George Waddell . Har ila yau, tana da 'yar'uwa mai girma, Georgia, wacce ta kasance mai tsere a kasa da kasa kuma mai tsere mai tsere da tsere a Kwalejin Dartmouth da Jami'ar Virginia kuma yanzu tana aiki a Goldman Sachs . cikin fall of 2018, ta fara karatun ilimin halayyar dan adam da sadarwa a Jami'ar McGill da ke Montreal.<ref>https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/01/sinitsina-and-katsalapov-defend-european-title/</ref><ref>https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-free-dance/</ref> == Ayyuka == === Farkon aiki === Tsoro  fara koyon tsalle-tsalle a shekara ta 2004. A cikin kakar 2013-14, ita da Jacob Payne sun lashe lambar yabo ta rawa a kankara a Gasar Cin Kofin Burtaniya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20210327124003/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm</ref> cikin 2014–15-15, Fear / Payne sun sami ayyukan Junior Grand Prix guda biyu kuma sun kasance na goma sha biyar a duka biyun. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2014, an ba su lambar yabo ta tagulla a gasar zakarun Burtaniya. Phillip Poole ne ya horar da su a Slough, Ingila. Fueron entrenados por Phillip Poole en Slough, Inglaterra. == Manazarta == ei1t3deet76pwr8xdav73mk4xpkhrt3 0 68194 542720 518488 2024-11-19T18:27:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 542720 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2014 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final Gabriella Papadakis Guillaume Cizeron Romain Haguenauer IMG 3788 (cropped) - Romain Haguenauer.JPG|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] [[Fayil:Marjorie Lajoie, Zachary Lagha, Romain Haguenauer - 2017 Junior Worlds - 1.jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer a gurin tautawa]] '''Roman Haguenauer''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1976) shi ne kocin Faransa a wasan kankara, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo, kuma tsohon mai fafatawa. An fi saninsa da aikinsa tare da 'yan wasan Faransa na duniya sau biyar da kuma gasar Olympics ta shekarar alif 2022 Gabriella Papadakis da Guillaume Cizeron; kuma tare da' yan wasan Kanada na duniya sau uku da kuma 'yan wasan Olympics sau biyu Tessa Virtue da Scott Moir . Ya kuma horar da manyan kungiyoyin dake kasar Amurka na Madison Hubbell da Zachary Donohue, da Madison Chock da Evan Bates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.mag2lyon.com/m-3161--patinage-8232-%E2%80%9Cils-n-auraient-certainement-pas-gagne-s-ils-etaient-restes-a-lyon%E2%80%9D.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2016-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408090436/http://www.mag2lyon.com/m-3161--patinage-8232-%E2%80%9Cils-n-auraient-certainement-pas-gagne-s-ils-etaient-restes-a-lyon%E2%80%9D.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == haifi Haguenauer a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1976 a Lyon, Faransa . Mahaifiyarsa, malamin makarantar firamare, kuma mahaifinsa, lauya, ya tashe shi a Ainay .  Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1998 daga Jami'ar Claude Bernard Lyon 1 tare da digiri a wasanni da ilimin jiki (Capes d'éducation physique et sportive), ya koyar da shekara guda a makarantar sakandare, kwalejin Jean-Monnet . [[Fayil:Romain (cropped).jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] cikin 2017, Haguenauer ya auri Jamal Othman, tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Switzerland. An haifi ɗansu, Noam Camille Othman Haguenauer, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00009024.htm</ref><ref>http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00054773.htm</ref> == Ayyukan gasa == [[Fayil:Grand Prix Final Nathalie PECHALAT Fabian BOURZAT 2007-2008.jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] Muriel Boucher-Zazoui ne ya horar da Haguenauer tun yana ɗan shekara biyar kuma ya yi gasa tare da 'yar'uwarsa, Marianne Haguenayer, na tsawon shekaru goma. Sun kasance na takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Junior ta 1995 a watan Nuwamba 1994 a Budapest kuma sun lashe zinare a 1995 Ondrej Nepela Memorial . Saboda matsalolin lafiyar 'yar'uwarsa, ya yi ritaya daga gasar yana da shekaru 20. Ba shi da nadama, saboda yana da sha'awar horarwa. === Sakamakon tare da Marianne Haguenauer === ''GP: Gasar Zakarun Turai (Grand Prix)'' {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Duniya [1] |- !Abin da ya faru !92–93 !93–94 !94–95 !95–96 !96–97 |- |GP Kyautar Faransa | | | |Na 8th | |- |Abin tunawa da Karl Schäfer | | | |Na huɗu | |- |Abin tunawa da Ondrej Nepela | | | |Na farko | |- |Kyautar PFSA | | | | |Na uku |- |Jirgin Isra'ila | | | |WD | |- ! colspan="6" |Duniya: Junior [1] |- |Gasar Junior ta Duniya. | | |Na 8th | | |- |Blue Swords | | |J na uku | | |- |Kyautar PFSA |J na uku | | | | |- |Abin Tunawa na Ukraine |J na uku | | | | |- ! colspan="6" |Kasar kasa |- |Gasar Cin Kofin Faransa | | | | |Na 6 |- | colspan="6" |<small>J = matakin Junior; WD = Ya janye</small> |} == Manazarta == tme40bpia4sj20skrgu7ysszexoayrp 542721 542720 2024-11-19T18:28:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 542721 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2014 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final Gabriella Papadakis Guillaume Cizeron Romain Haguenauer IMG 3788 (cropped) - Romain Haguenauer.JPG|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] [[Fayil:Marjorie Lajoie, Zachary Lagha, Romain Haguenauer - 2017 Junior Worlds - 1.jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer a gurin tautawa]] '''Roman Haguenauer''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1976) shi ne kocin Faransa a wasan kankara, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo, kuma tsohon mai fafatawa. An fi saninsa da aikinsa tare da 'yan wasan Faransa na duniya sau biyar da kuma gasar Olympics ta shekarar alif 2022 Gabriella Papadakis da Guillaume Cizeron; kuma tare da' yan wasan Kanada na duniya sau uku da kuma 'yan wasan Olympics sau biyu Tessa Virtue da Scott Moir . Ya kuma horar da manyan kungiyoyin dake kasar Amurka na Madison Hubbell da Zachary Donohue, da Madison Chock da Evan Bates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.mag2lyon.com/m-3161--patinage-8232-%E2%80%9Cils-n-auraient-certainement-pas-gagne-s-ils-etaient-restes-a-lyon%E2%80%9D.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2016-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408090436/http://www.mag2lyon.com/m-3161--patinage-8232-%E2%80%9Cils-n-auraient-certainement-pas-gagne-s-ils-etaient-restes-a-lyon%E2%80%9D.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == haifi Haguenauer a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli 1976 a Lyon, Faransa . Mahaifiyarsa, malamin makarantar firamare, kuma mahaifinsa, lauya, ya tashe shi a Ainay .  Bayan kammala karatunsa a 1998 daga Jami'ar Claude Bernard Lyon 1 tare da digiri a wasanni da ilimin jiki (Capes d'éducation physique et sportive), ya koyar da shekara guda a makarantar sakandare, kwalejin Jean-Monnet . [[Fayil:Romain (cropped).jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] cikin 2017, Haguenauer ya auri Jamal Othman, tsohon ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Switzerland. An haifi ɗansu, Noam Camille Othman Haguenauer, a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022.<ref>http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00009024.htm</ref><ref>http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00054773.htm</ref> == Ayyukan gasa == [[Fayil:Grand Prix Final Nathalie PECHALAT Fabian BOURZAT 2007-2008.jpg|thumb|Romain Haguenauer]] Muriel Boucher-Zazoui ne ya horar da Haguenauer tun yana ɗan shekara biyar kuma ya yi gasa tare da 'yar'uwarsa, Marianne Haguenayer, na tsawon shekaru goma. Sun kasance na takwas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Junior ta 1995 a watan Nuwamba 1994 a Budapest kuma sun lashe zinare a 1995 Ondrej Nepela Memorial . Saboda matsalolin lafiyar 'yar'uwarsa, ya yi ritaya daga gasar yana da shekaru 20. Ba shi da nadama, saboda yana da sha'awar horarwa. === Sakamakon tare da Marianne Haguenauer === ''GP: Gasar Zakarun Turai (Grand Prix)'' {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="6" |Duniya [1] |- !Abin da ya faru !92–93 !93–94 !94–95 !95–96 !96–97 |- |GP Kyautar Faransa | | | |Na 8th | |- |Abin tunawa da Karl Schäfer | | | |Na huɗu | |- |Abin tunawa da Ondrej Nepela | | | |Na farko | |- |Kyautar PFSA | | | | |Na uku |- |Jirgin Isra'ila | | | |WD | |- ! colspan="6" |Duniya: Junior [1] |- |Gasar Junior ta Duniya. | | |Na 8th | | |- |Blue Swords | | |J na uku | | |- |Kyautar PFSA |J na uku | | | | |- |Abin Tunawa na Ukraine |J na uku | | | | |- ! colspan="6" |Kasar kasa |- |Gasar Cin Kofin Faransa | | | | |Na 6 |- | colspan="6" |<small>J = matakin Junior; WD = Ya janye</small> |} == Manazarta == cmnjil2j37slb5vwvhscojnb5e9i72l 0 68195 542718 518484 2024-11-19T18:26:55Z Pharouqenr 25549 542718 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Aaron Hernandez.JPG|thumb|Aaron Hernandez]] [[Fayil:Elias Hernandez vs Aaron Baldonado 3761 (28224742759).jpg|thumb|Aaron Hernandez a gurin wasa]] '''Aaron Josef Hernandez''' (An haifeshi Nuwamba 6, 1989 - Afrilu 19, 2017) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Ya taka leda a Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na tsawon shekaru uku tare da New England Patriots har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi kuma aka yanke masa hukunci saboda kisan da yayi ma Odin Lloyd .<ref>https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/03/13/aaron-hernandez-murder-conviction-reinstated</ref> Hernandez  buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Florida Gators, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta BCS ta 2008. Saboda damuwa game da girmansa da abubuwan da suka faru a filin wasa, ba a zaba shi ba har sai zagaye na huɗu na Draft na NFL na 2010 ta Patriots. Tare da abokin aikinsa Rob Gronkowski, Hernandez ya kafa daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na league, ya zama na farko da ya zira kwallaye biyar kowannensu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya ga wannan ƙungiyar. Ya kuma bayyana a Super Bowl XLVI . lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, an kama Hernandez kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Lloyd, dan wasan da ke da ƙwarewa wanda ke soyayya da 'yar'uwar budurwar Hernandez. Bayan kama shi, nan da nan Patriots suka saki Hernandez. An same shi da laifin kisan kai a shekarar 2015 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku ba tare da yiwuwar sallamawa a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Souza-Baranowski ba. Yayinda yake fuskantar shari'a don kisan Lloyd, an kuma gurfanar da Hernandez saboda kisan kai na 2012 na Daniel de Abreu da Safiro Furtado; an wanke shi bayan shari'ar 2017. bayan an wanke shi daga kisan kai sau biyu, an sami Hernandez ya mutu a cikin tantaninsa, wanda aka yi la'akari da kashe kansa. An fara cire hukuncin da aka yanke masa game da kisan Lloyd ne a karkashin koyarwar abatement ab initio saboda Hernandez ya mutu yayin da ake roko, amma an sake dawo da shi a cikin 2019 biyo bayan roko daga masu gabatar da kara da dangin Lloyd. Hernandez an gano shi bayan mutuwarsa tare da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani (CTE), wanda ya haifar da hasashe game da yadda yanayin zai iya shafar halayensa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/subconcussive-impacts |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702123543/https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/subconcussive-impacts |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali da cin zarafi === haifi Hernandez a Bristol, Connecticut, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1989, kuma ta girma a Greystone Avenue . Iyayensa sune Dennis Hernandez, na zuriyar Puerto Rican, da Terri Valentine-Hernandez, ta zuriyar Italiya. Yayinda yake girma, Hernandez ya tuna mahaifiyarsa ta fitar da mahaifinsa daga gidan a lokuta da yawa, amma koyaushe tana barin shi ya dawo. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1986, sun sake aure a 1991, kuma sun sake yin aure a 1996. A shekara ta 1991, sun shigar da kara don fatarar kuɗi. Hernandez daga baya ya bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da fada a cikin gida. Za a kama iyaye biyu kuma su shiga cikin aikata laifuka a lokacin rayuwarsu.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39641338</ref><ref>https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-aaron-hernandez-rumors-documentary-20180318-story.html</ref> yana  ɗan'uwa, Dennis Jonathan Jr., wanda aka fi zagi da D.J. Mahaifin su ya tura su don yin fice, gami da wasanni, amma sau da yawa yana cin zarafin yara maza da mahaifiyarsu. Kashewar da mahaifin Hernandez ya ba shi da ɗan'uwansa wani lokacin ba tare da wani dalili ba ko kuma suna da alaƙa da barasa, amma sau da yawa sun zo ne lokacin da mahaifinsu ya yi imanin cewa ba sa ƙoƙarin yin kokari a makaranta ko wasanni. D.J. da Hernandez sun rayu cikin tsoron mahaifinsu koyaushe, amma kuma suna girmama shi. Hernandez ya taɓa zuwa makaranta tare da rauni a kusa da idonsa, kuma mai horar da shi ya yi imanin cewa raunin ya haifar da mahaifinsa ya kai masa hari. Mahaifinsa ya taɓa buga kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa na Hernandez bayan jayayya game da hanyoyin horarwa.<ref>https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/american-sports-story-fx-cast-josh-andres-rivera-aaron-hernandez-1235779672/</ref> fili, mahaifinsu ya nuna hoton wani wanda ya yi rikici da 'yan sanda amma ya juya rayuwarsa ya zama uba mai kyau kuma ɗan ƙasa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, lokacin da Hernandez ke da shekaru 16, Dennis ya mutu daga rikitarwa daga tiyata. A cewar mahaifiyarsa, mutuwar mahaifinsa ta shafi Hernandez sosai, kuma ya nuna baƙin cikinsa ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya ga masu iko. Wadanda suka san shi sun ce bai taba shawo kan mutuwar mahaifinsa ba.  rabu da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ya koma tare da Tanya Singleton, dan uwansa. Bayan mutuwar Dennis, dangin sun san cewa Terri Hernandez da mijin Singleton, Jeff Cummings, suna da wani al'amari na waje. Bayan al'amarin ya zama sananne, Singleton da Cummings sun sake aure, kuma Cummings ya koma tare da Terri. Wannan "ya yi fushi" Hernandez. A lokacin da yake zaune tare da Singleton ne Hernandez ya kara shiga cikin aikata laifuka. cikin tattaunawar gidan kurkuku, Hernandez ya zargi mahaifiyarsa, Terri, da rashin samun magani don ADHD, wanda ya ce ya sa ya yi gwagwarmaya a makaranta. A wani kira, ya gaya mata, "Akwai abubuwa da yawa da zan so in yi magana da ku [game da], don haka zaka iya sanin ni a matsayin mutum. Amma ban taɓa gaya muku ba. Kuma za ka mutu ba tare da sanin ɗanka ba". cewar ɗan'uwan Hernandez D.J., an kuma lalata Hernandez tun yana yaro. Wani matashi a gidan mai kula da shi ya tilasta Hernandez ya yi jima'i da baki a kansa tun lokacin da Hernandez ke da shekaru shida kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa. === Makarantar sakandare ===  halarci mjakar sakandare ta Bristol ta tsakiya, inda ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bristol Rams wasa. Ya kuma kasance dan wasan kwando na musamman kuma mai tsere. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai karɓar karɓa kafin ya zama mai tsananin tsakiya, kuma ya buga wasan tsaron gida. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Gatorade na shekara na Connecticut bayan ya yi liyafa 67 don yadudduka 1,807 da touchdowns 24 a kan laifi da 72 tackles, sacks goma sha biyu, fumbles uku da aka tilasta, sauye-sauye biyu, da kuma katangewa hudu a kan tsaro. Ya kuma kasance Sojojin Amurka. karɓar ,807 da touchdowns 24 sun kasance rikodin jihar. Hernandez ya zira kwallaye 31 da ya kai rikodin jihar. Ya kuma kafa rikodin jihar don karɓar yadudduka a wasa ɗaya tare da 376, na bakwai mafi kyau a tarihin makarantar sakandare ta ƙasa; ya kafa rikodin makarantar sakandare na ƙasa don karɓar yadi a kowane wasa tare da 180.7. Hernandez an dauke shi a matsayin babban mai daukar ma'aikata a cikin 2007 ta Scout.com. Ba a san shi da aiki tuƙuru ba tun yana yaro amma, a makarantar sakandare, lokacin da yake kusan 6'2" tsayi, ya yi aiki tuƙiri fiye da kowa a cikin tawagar. A lokacin wasa daya a shekara ta 2006, Hernandez ya yi wa kansa mummunan rauni har aka kori shi sanyi. Dole ne motar asibiti ta dauke shi daga filin wasa.  shahara a makaranta. Ya fara soyayya da budurwarsa ta gaba, Shayanna Jenkins, a lokacin makarantar sakandare. Su biyu sun san juna tun daga makarantar firamare. Ya kuma sha sigari mai yawa na wiwi, shan sigari a gaban makaranta, ayyuka, da wasanni. Rayuwarsa ta zamantakewa ta haɗa da "adadin shan giya" ban da wiwi. == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2017]] 5s8gnslea0nbveshfy9fq591so5oyfy 542719 542718 2024-11-19T18:27:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 542719 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Aaron Hernandez.JPG|thumb|Aaron Hernandez]] [[Fayil:Elias Hernandez vs Aaron Baldonado 3761 (28224742759).jpg|thumb|Aaron Hernandez a gurin wasa]] '''Aaron Josef Hernandez''' (An haifeshi Nuwamba a ranar 6, 1989 - Afrilu 19, 2017) ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwallon . Ya taka leda a Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kasa (NFL) na tsawon shekaru uku tare da New England Patriots har zuwa lokacin da aka kama shi kuma aka yanke masa hukunci saboda kisan da yayi ma Odin Lloyd .<ref>https://www.wbur.org/news/2019/03/13/aaron-hernandez-murder-conviction-reinstated</ref> Hernandez  buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Florida Gators, inda ya sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka kuma ya lashe gasar zakarun kasa ta BCS ta 2008. Saboda damuwa game da girmansa da abubuwan da suka faru a filin wasa, ba a zaba shi ba har sai zagaye na huɗu na Draft na NFL na 2010 ta Patriots. Tare da abokin aikinsa Rob Gronkowski, Hernandez ya kafa daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa na league, ya zama na farko da ya zira kwallaye biyar kowannensu a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya ga wannan ƙungiyar. Ya kuma bayyana a Super Bowl XLVI . lokacin kakar wasa ta 2013, an kama Hernandez kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Lloyd, dan wasan da ke da ƙwarewa wanda ke soyayya da 'yar'uwar budurwar Hernandez. Bayan kama shi, nan da nan Patriots suka saki Hernandez. An same shi da laifin kisan kai a shekarar 2015 kuma an yanke masa hukuncin rai da rai a kurkuku ba tare da yiwuwar sallamawa a Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Souza-Baranowski ba. Yayinda yake fuskantar shari'a don kisan Lloyd, an kuma gurfanar da Hernandez saboda kisan kai na 2012 na Daniel de Abreu da Safiro Furtado; an wanke shi bayan shari'ar 2017. bayan an wanke shi daga kisan kai sau biyu, an sami Hernandez ya mutu a cikin tantaninsa, wanda aka yi la'akari da kashe kansa. An fara cire hukuncin da aka yanke masa game da kisan Lloyd ne a karkashin koyarwar abatement ab initio saboda Hernandez ya mutu yayin da ake roko, amma an sake dawo da shi a cikin 2019 biyo bayan roko daga masu gabatar da kara da dangin Lloyd. Hernandez an gano shi bayan mutuwarsa tare da ciwon ƙwaƙwalwa mai tsanani (CTE), wanda ya haifar da hasashe game da yadda yanayin zai iya shafar halayensa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/subconcussive-impacts |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-01-31 |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702123543/https://concussionfoundation.org/cte-resources/subconcussive-impacts |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == === Iyali da cin zarafi === haifi Hernandez a Bristol, Connecticut, a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, 1989, kuma ta girma a Greystone Avenue . Iyayensa sune Dennis Hernandez, na zuriyar Puerto Rican, da Terri Valentine-Hernandez, ta zuriyar Italiya. Yayinda yake girma, Hernandez ya tuna mahaifiyarsa ta fitar da mahaifinsa daga gidan a lokuta da yawa, amma koyaushe tana barin shi ya dawo. Ma'auratan sun yi aure a 1986, sun sake aure a 1991, kuma sun sake yin aure a 1996. A shekara ta 1991, sun shigar da kara don fatarar kuɗi. Hernandez daga baya ya bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da fada a cikin gida. Za a kama iyaye biyu kuma su shiga cikin aikata laifuka a lokacin rayuwarsu.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39641338</ref><ref>https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-news-aaron-hernandez-rumors-documentary-20180318-story.html</ref> yana  ɗan'uwa, Dennis Jonathan Jr., wanda aka fi zagi da D.J. Mahaifin su ya tura su don yin fice, gami da wasanni, amma sau da yawa yana cin zarafin yara maza da mahaifiyarsu. Kashewar da mahaifin Hernandez ya ba shi da ɗan'uwansa wani lokacin ba tare da wani dalili ba ko kuma suna da alaƙa da barasa, amma sau da yawa sun zo ne lokacin da mahaifinsu ya yi imanin cewa ba sa ƙoƙarin yin kokari a makaranta ko wasanni. D.J. da Hernandez sun rayu cikin tsoron mahaifinsu koyaushe, amma kuma suna girmama shi. Hernandez ya taɓa zuwa makaranta tare da rauni a kusa da idonsa, kuma mai horar da shi ya yi imanin cewa raunin ya haifar da mahaifinsa ya kai masa hari. Mahaifinsa ya taɓa buga kocin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa na Hernandez bayan jayayya game da hanyoyin horarwa.<ref>https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/american-sports-story-fx-cast-josh-andres-rivera-aaron-hernandez-1235779672/</ref> fili, mahaifinsu ya nuna hoton wani wanda ya yi rikici da 'yan sanda amma ya juya rayuwarsa ya zama uba mai kyau kuma ɗan ƙasa. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2006, lokacin da Hernandez ke da shekaru 16, Dennis ya mutu daga rikitarwa daga tiyata. A cewar mahaifiyarsa, mutuwar mahaifinsa ta shafi Hernandez sosai, kuma ya nuna baƙin cikinsa ta hanyar tayar da kayar baya ga masu iko. Wadanda suka san shi sun ce bai taba shawo kan mutuwar mahaifinsa ba.  rabu da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ya koma tare da Tanya Singleton, dan uwansa. Bayan mutuwar Dennis, dangin sun san cewa Terri Hernandez da mijin Singleton, Jeff Cummings, suna da wani al'amari na waje. Bayan al'amarin ya zama sananne, Singleton da Cummings sun sake aure, kuma Cummings ya koma tare da Terri. Wannan "ya yi fushi" Hernandez. A lokacin da yake zaune tare da Singleton ne Hernandez ya kara shiga cikin aikata laifuka. cikin tattaunawar gidan kurkuku, Hernandez ya zargi mahaifiyarsa, Terri, da rashin samun magani don ADHD, wanda ya ce ya sa ya yi gwagwarmaya a makaranta. A wani kira, ya gaya mata, "Akwai abubuwa da yawa da zan so in yi magana da ku [game da], don haka zaka iya sanin ni a matsayin mutum. Amma ban taɓa gaya muku ba. Kuma za ka mutu ba tare da sanin ɗanka ba". cewar ɗan'uwan Hernandez D.J., an kuma lalata Hernandez tun yana yaro. Wani matashi a gidan mai kula da shi ya tilasta Hernandez ya yi jima'i da baki a kansa tun lokacin da Hernandez ke da shekaru shida kuma ya ci gaba da shekaru da yawa. === Makarantar sakandare ===  halarci mjakar sakandare ta Bristol ta tsakiya, inda ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bristol Rams wasa. Ya kuma kasance dan wasan kwando na musamman kuma mai tsere. Ya fara ne a matsayin mai karɓar karɓa kafin ya zama mai tsananin tsakiya, kuma ya buga wasan tsaron gida. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Gatorade na shekara na Connecticut bayan ya yi liyafa 67 don yadudduka 1,807 da touchdowns 24 a kan laifi da 72 tackles, sacks goma sha biyu, fumbles uku da aka tilasta, sauye-sauye biyu, da kuma katangewa hudu a kan tsaro. Ya kuma kasance Sojojin Amurka. karɓar ,807 da touchdowns 24 sun kasance rikodin jihar. Hernandez ya zira kwallaye 31 da ya kai rikodin jihar. Ya kuma kafa rikodin jihar don karɓar yadudduka a wasa ɗaya tare da 376, na bakwai mafi kyau a tarihin makarantar sakandare ta ƙasa; ya kafa rikodin makarantar sakandare na ƙasa don karɓar yadi a kowane wasa tare da 180.7. Hernandez an dauke shi a matsayin babban mai daukar ma'aikata a cikin 2007 ta Scout.com. Ba a san shi da aiki tuƙuru ba tun yana yaro amma, a makarantar sakandare, lokacin da yake kusan 6'2" tsayi, ya yi aiki tuƙiri fiye da kowa a cikin tawagar. A lokacin wasa daya a shekara ta 2006, Hernandez ya yi wa kansa mummunan rauni har aka kori shi sanyi. Dole ne motar asibiti ta dauke shi daga filin wasa.  shahara a makaranta. Ya fara soyayya da budurwarsa ta gaba, Shayanna Jenkins, a lokacin makarantar sakandare. Su biyu sun san juna tun daga makarantar firamare. Ya kuma sha sigari mai yawa na wiwi, shan sigari a gaban makaranta, ayyuka, da wasanni. Rayuwarsa ta zamantakewa ta haɗa da "adadin shan giya" ban da wiwi. == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2017]] gntrmisk9wki6260nt6d4vmbliz2hnb 0 68302 542711 518479 2024-11-19T18:20:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[List of universities in Nigeria]] to [[Jerin Jami'oin Najeriya]] 518479 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shine '''jerin jami'o'in Najeriya''' . [[Najeriya]] tana da tsarin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohi har guda36]] da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin tarayya]] . Sakamakon samuwar arzikin man fetur a shekarar 1970, an fadada matakin karatun manyan makarantu zuwa kowane yanki na kasar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=121–133}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=91–100}}</ref> A baya gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi su ne kawai hukumomin da aka ba wa lasisin gudanar da jami'o'i. Awani lokaci can baya, an fadada ba da lasisi ga daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin addini don kafa jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙasar. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) ita ce babbar hukumar da take tabbatar da daidaito da kuma tsara damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. smdiilh9y3q8hi5tu8lyzlvrg4dxhgv 542714 542711 2024-11-19T18:21:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542714 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shine '''jerin jami'o'in Najeriya''' . [[Najeriya]] tana da tsarin [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|jihohi har guda 36]] da kuma [[Babban Birnin Tarayya, Najeriya|babban birnin tarayya]] . Sakamakon samuwar arzikin man fetur a shekarar alif 1970, an fadada matakin karatun manyan makarantu zuwa kowane yanki na kasar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=121–133}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=91–100}}</ref> A baya gwamnatin tarayya da na jihohi su ne kawai hukumomin da aka ba wa lasisin gudanar da jami'o'i. Awani lokaci can baya, an fadada ba da lasisi ga daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin addini don kafa jami'o'i masu zaman kansu a cikin ƙasar. [[Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC)|Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Kasa]] (NUC) ita ce babbar hukumar da take tabbatar da daidaito da kuma tsara damar shiga kowace jami'a a Najeriya. hkq3367icnn6u494z61knc27izzr1m8 0 68464 542709 518475 2024-11-19T18:19:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 542709 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2015 aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara na shekara ta 2015, domin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara a ƙasar Najeriya. Dukkan kujeru guda 24 ne dai aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara.   == Manazarta == serfs7hakpmj615kzddimckhu2q1nh3 542710 542709 2024-11-19T18:19:32Z Pharouqenr 25549 542710 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta alif 2015 aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara na shekara ta 2015, domin zaben 'yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara a ƙasar Najeriya. Dukkan kujeru guda 24 ne dai aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Zamfara.   == Manazarta == evkcr3m63u9r3dz5pdxuretpbo66o2a 0 68467 542707 518469 2024-11-19T18:17:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 542707 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2003 ne aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan kasar Najeriya na shekarar 2003 a jihar Zamfara, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Zamfara. Lawali Shuaibu mai wakiltar Zamfara ta Arewa, Saidu Dansadan mai wakiltar Zamfara ta tsakiya da Yushau Anka mai wakiltar Zamfara ta Yamma duk sun yi nasara a jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party wato APC. == Manazarta == tgowahpf49s9s5dvimxpv0ok9kgb4ae 542708 542707 2024-11-19T18:18:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 542708 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2003 ne aka gudanar da zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan kasar Najeriya na shekarar alif 2003 a jihar Zamfara, domin zaben ‘yan majalisar dattawan Najeriya da za su wakilci jihar Zamfara. Lawali Shuaibu mai wakiltar Zamfara ta Arewa, Saidu Dansadan mai wakiltar Zamfara ta tsakiya da Yushau Anka mai wakiltar Zamfara ta Yamma duk sun yi nasara a jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party wato APC. == Manazarta == 8cd878vn9d4nvnm048hyhlwtdxhm2sh 0 68468 542705 524341 2024-11-19T18:16:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 542705 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019 ne aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan kasar Najeriya na shekarar alif ta 2019 a jihar Zamfara, domin zaben 'yan majalisar wakilai da zasu wakilci jihar Zamfara a Najeriya. Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta lashe dukkan kujeru amma kotun koli ta soke zaben dukkan ‘yan takarar jam’iyyar APC a zaben. Kotun ta ce jam’iyyar APC ba ta gudanar da sahihin zaben fidda gwani ba wajen tunkarar zaben. Hukuncin daya yanke da wasu alkalai biyar suka yanke cewa jam’iyyar ta APC din ba ta da dan takara mai inganci kuma ba za a iya cewa ita ce ta lashe babban zaben ba. == Manazarta == h58xl5zxaybmpltrqrjvf1w2djmay29 542706 542705 2024-11-19T18:17:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 542706 wikitext text/x-wiki A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019 ne aka gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisar wakilan kasar Najeriya na shekarar alif ta shekarar 2019 a jihar Zamfara, domin zaben 'yan majalisar wakilai da zasu wakilci jihar Zamfara a Najeriya. Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta lashe dukkan kujeru amma kotun koli ta soke zaben dukkan ‘yan takarar jam’iyyar APC a zaben. Kotun ta ce jam’iyyar APC ba ta gudanar da sahihin zaben fidda gwani ba wajen tunkarar zaben. Hukuncin daya yanke da wasu alkalai biyar suka yanke cewa jam’iyyar ta APC din ba ta da dan takara mai inganci kuma ba za a iya cewa ita ce ta lashe babban zaben ba. == Manazarta == 6fe2alei0xq2gdyty7tpxuqm57647eo 0 68469 542703 518464 2024-11-19T18:14:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 542703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Timothy Anjembe''' (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1987 a Gboko ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Sana’a == A cikin shekara ta 2005, Timothawus ya rattaba hannu tare da kungiyar Lobi Stars, inda ya zama babban dan wasa a gasar Premier ta Najeriya,  babban matakin Najeriya, yana da shekaru 18 kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar. Bayan shekara guda, ya koma kungiyar Enyimba kuma ya taka leda a gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF. Daga nan Timothawus ya tafi Vietnam don shiga Vissai Ninh Bình a 2009. An ba shi aro ga Đồng Tháp kuma ya ci hat-trick a wasansa na farko da Hoàng Anh Gia Lai. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kasashen waje a gasar.  A cikin 2010, Timothawus ya shiga Hòa Phát Hà Nội. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1987]] e4h4bws0nmjms77efwgn6u8bg69o9qr 542704 542703 2024-11-19T18:15:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 542704 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Timothy Anjembe''' (an haife shi ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1987 a Gboko ) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. == Sana’a == A cikin shekara ta 2005, Timothawus ya rattaba hannu tare da kungiyar Lobi Stars, inda ya zama babban dan wasa a gasar Premier ta Najeriya,  babban matakin kasar Najeriya, yana da shekaru 18 kuma an dauke shi daya daga cikin mafi kyawun dan wasa a gasar. Bayan shekara guda, ya koma kungiyar Enyimba kuma ya taka leda a gasar zakarun Turai ta CAF. Daga nan Timothawus ya tafi Vietnam don shiga Vissai Ninh Bình a 2009. An ba shi aro ga Đồng Tháp kuma ya ci hat-trick a wasansa na farko da Hoàng Anh Gia Lai. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an zabe shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun kasashen waje a gasar.  A cikin 2010, Timothawus ya shiga Hòa Phát Hà Nội. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1987]] 4l2wae74f1fo3v1gdp9ksvuyjvjrw4m 0 68598 542701 518460 2024-11-19T18:14:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 542701 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.png|thumb|yanda kwakwalwa ke kubura]] '''Amoebic''' ƙurji a cikin kwakwalwa wata nau'in cuta ce wadda take haifar da protist na anaerobic parasitic Entamoeba histolytica. Yana da wuyar gaske; An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko a cikin 1849.<ref name="Shah 1994">{{cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=AA|last2=Shaikh|first2=H|last3=Karim|first3=M|date=February 1994|title=Amoebic brain abscess: a rare but serious complication of ''Entamoeba histolytica'' infection.|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=2|pages=240–1|doi=10.1136/jnnp.57.2.240-a|pmc=1072466|pmid=8126521}}</ref>. Ƙwaƙwalwar da ke fitowa daga Entamoeba histolytica yana da wuyar ganewa kuma kaɗan kaɗan rahotanni sun ba da shawarar samun cikakkiyar farfadowa ko da bayan gudanar da tsarin kulawa da ya dace. == Alamomi == Farawar bayyanar cututtuka ba zato ba tsammani kuma cutar tana da sauri sosai.[1] Don haka gano tushen alamun alamun yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda rashin yin hakan zai iya haifar da mutuwa na kusa. Alamomi da alamomi sun haɗa da:[1] *Ciwon kai mai tsayi *Rashin Cigaba *Rage motsin hannu na sama *Matsalar hadiyewa *Wahalar numfashi *Ƙananan zazzabi *Alamun hanji Hotunan CT na ƙurji da Entamoeba histolytica ke haifarwa ba su da bambanci da ƙuruciyar da wasu kwayoyin halitta ke haifar da su. Duk da haka, ana yawan ganin ƙurji na kwakwalwa a cikin lobe na gaba ko yankunan ganglia na basal.[1] == Immunopathogenesis na Entamoeba histolytica == Da zarar trophozoites sun sha exystation a cikin m ileum yankin, sukan mallaki babban hanji, saura a saman lebe Layer da kuma ciyar da kwayoyin cuta da kuma abinci barbashi. Duk da haka, don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da ba a sani ba, trophozoites sau da yawa suna motsawa ta hanyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kuma da zarar sun hadu da kwayar halitta ta epithelial, sun sami damar fara tsarin pathological. E. histolytica yana da lectin wanda ke ɗaure da galactose da N-Acetylgalactosamine sugars a saman sel epithelial. Ana amfani da lectin akai-akai don ɗaure ƙwayoyin cuta don ci. Kwayoyin cuta suna da nau'ikan enzymes da yawa irin su pore forming proteins, lipases, da cysteine proteases, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don narkar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin vacuoles abinci. Koyaya, waɗannan enzymes na iya haifar da lysis na sel epithelial ta hanyar haifar da necrosis na salula da apoptosis lokacin da trophozoites suka haɗu da su kuma suna ɗaure ta hanyar lectin. Wannan yana ba da damar shiga cikin bangon hanji da tasoshin jini, wani lokaci yana haifar da hanta da sauran gabobin kamar kwakwalwa. A halin yanzu, trophozoites sun fara shigar da matattun kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai yawa a cikin kwayar halitta ta epithelial.<ref name="Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology">{{cite journal|last1=Kantor|first1=Micaella|last2=Abrantes|first2=Anarella|last3=Estevez|first3=Andrea|last4=Schiller|first4=Alan|last5=Torrent|first5=Jose|last6=Gascon|first6=Jose|last7=Hernandez|first7=Robert|last8=Ochner|first8=Christopher|date=2018-12-02|title=Entamoeba Histolytica: Updates in Clinical Manifestation, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Development|journal=Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|language=en|volume=2018|pages=1–6|doi=10.1155/2018/4601420|issn=2291-2789|pmc=6304615|pmid=30631758|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience">{{cite journal|last1=Abdullah|first1=Umme Hani|last2=Baig|first2=Mirza Zain|last3=Azeemuddin|first3=Muhammad|last4=Wasay|first4=Mohammad|last5=Yakoob|first5=Javed|last6=Beg|first6=Mohammad Asim|date=November 2017|title=Amoebic brain abscess associated with renal cell carcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ncn3.12162|journal=Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience|language=en|volume=5|issue=6|pages=195–197|doi=10.1111/ncn3.12162|s2cid=59205509|issn=2049-4173}}</ref>. Lalacewar ƙwayar sel na epithelial yana jawo hankalin sel na rigakafi, wanda bi da bi za a iya lysed ta trophozoite. Wannan yana haifar da sakin ƙwayoyin sel na rigakafi 'nasu lytic enzymes cikin nama da ke kewaye don haka a ƙarshe yana haifar da lalata nama mai yawa. Wannan halakar tana bayyana kanta a sigar 'ulcer', yawanci ana siffanta shi da siffa mai siffar flask saboda bayyanarsa a sashin juzu'i. Wannan raguwar nama na iya haɗawa da magudanar jini da ke haifar da gudawa na jini ko kuma ciwon dajin amebic.[3] Lokaci-lokaci, lokacin da trophozoites suka shiga cikin jini, ana jigilar su gaba ɗaya zuwa hanta ta hanyar tashar tashar. A cikin hanta akwai irin wannan nau'in pathological, wanda ke haifar da amebic. kumburin hanta. Hakanan trophozoites na iya ƙarewa a cikin wasu gabobin, sakamakon fashewar ƙurar hanta ko fistulas. A cikin lokuta masu wuyar gaske, lokacin da trophozoites suka yi tafiya zuwa kwakwalwa da suka wuce shingen jini-kwakwalwa, suna iya haifar da kurjin kwakwalwar amoebic.[3] == Bincike == [[File:Entamoeba histolytica.jpg|thumb|The parasite Entamoeba histolytica]] [[File:Thermal cycler for PCR.jpg|thumb|left|PCR can be used to diagnose the parasite Entamoeba histolytica]]'' Fahimtar Entamoeba histolytica a cikin ƙuruciyar ƙwaƙwalwa yana da wahala saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, al'adun aerobic da anaerobic gabaɗaya suna ba da sakamako mara kyau.<ref name="February 1980">{{cite journal|last1=Becker|first1=George L.|last2=Knep|first2=Stanley|last3=Lance|first3=Kendrick P.|last4=Kaufman|first4=Lee|date=February 1980|title=Amebic Abscess of the Brain|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198002000-00014|journal=Neurosurgery|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=192–194|doi=10.1227/00006123-198002000-00014|pmid=6245387|issn=0148-396X}}</ref> Bugu da kari, sakamakon CT sau da yawa ba su cika ba kuma har ma da gwajin stool na parasitologic da ultrasonography na ciki sukan haifar da sakamako na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, gwajin kai tsaye na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya nuna kayan necrotic, histiocytes kumfa, ƙananan eosinophils da erythrocytes masu ciki. Siffar sifofi na iya haifar da kasancewar Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites tare da tabo trichrome na Masson.<ref name="Trends in Parasitology">{{cite journal|last1=Ralston|first1=Katherine S.|last2=Petri|first2=William A.|date=June 2011|title=Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.006|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=254–263|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.006|pmid=21440507|pmc=3104091|issn=1471-4922}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da bincike na tushen PCR na CSF don tabbatar da gano ƙwayar cuta a cikin tsarin. == Magani == Metronidazole shine zaɓi na farko na magani don maganin abscesses wanda Entamoeba histolytica ya haifar. Bugu da ƙari, luminal amebicides kamar Paramomycin dole ne a gudanar da su bayan kammala maganin Metronidazole. Wannan yana tabbatar da cikakken kawar da protist na parasitic daga tsarin.[7] == Manazarta == m1l894ozfjezo9ykp1f95h0vejwdktx 542702 542701 2024-11-19T18:14:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 542702 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.png|thumb|yanda kwakwalwa ke kubura]] '''Amoebic''' ƙurji a cikin kwakwalwa wata nau'in cuta ce wadda take haifar da protist na anaerobic parasitic Entamoeba histolytica. Yana da wuyar gaske; An ba da rahoton shari'ar farko a cikin shekara ta 1849.<ref name="Shah 1994">{{cite journal|last1=Shah|first1=AA|last2=Shaikh|first2=H|last3=Karim|first3=M|date=February 1994|title=Amoebic brain abscess: a rare but serious complication of ''Entamoeba histolytica'' infection.|journal=Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry|volume=57|issue=2|pages=240–1|doi=10.1136/jnnp.57.2.240-a|pmc=1072466|pmid=8126521}}</ref>. Ƙwaƙwalwar da ke fitowa daga Entamoeba histolytica yana da wuyar ganewa kuma kaɗan kaɗan rahotanni sun ba da shawarar samun cikakkiyar farfadowa ko da bayan gudanar da tsarin kulawa da ya dace. == Alamomi == Farawar bayyanar cututtuka ba zato ba tsammani kuma cutar tana da sauri sosai.[1] Don haka gano tushen alamun alamun yana da matukar mahimmanci saboda rashin yin hakan zai iya haifar da mutuwa na kusa. Alamomi da alamomi sun haɗa da:[1] *Ciwon kai mai tsayi *Rashin Cigaba *Rage motsin hannu na sama *Matsalar hadiyewa *Wahalar numfashi *Ƙananan zazzabi *Alamun hanji Hotunan CT na ƙurji da Entamoeba histolytica ke haifarwa ba su da bambanci da ƙuruciyar da wasu kwayoyin halitta ke haifar da su. Duk da haka, ana yawan ganin ƙurji na kwakwalwa a cikin lobe na gaba ko yankunan ganglia na basal.[1] == Immunopathogenesis na Entamoeba histolytica == Da zarar trophozoites sun sha exystation a cikin m ileum yankin, sukan mallaki babban hanji, saura a saman lebe Layer da kuma ciyar da kwayoyin cuta da kuma abinci barbashi. Duk da haka, don mayar da martani ga abubuwan da ba a sani ba, trophozoites sau da yawa suna motsawa ta hanyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kuma da zarar sun hadu da kwayar halitta ta epithelial, sun sami damar fara tsarin pathological. E. histolytica yana da lectin wanda ke ɗaure da galactose da N-Acetylgalactosamine sugars a saman sel epithelial. Ana amfani da lectin akai-akai don ɗaure ƙwayoyin cuta don ci. Kwayoyin cuta suna da nau'ikan enzymes da yawa irin su pore forming proteins, lipases, da cysteine proteases, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don narkar da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin vacuoles abinci. Koyaya, waɗannan enzymes na iya haifar da lysis na sel epithelial ta hanyar haifar da necrosis na salula da apoptosis lokacin da trophozoites suka haɗu da su kuma suna ɗaure ta hanyar lectin. Wannan yana ba da damar shiga cikin bangon hanji da tasoshin jini, wani lokaci yana haifar da hanta da sauran gabobin kamar kwakwalwa. A halin yanzu, trophozoites sun fara shigar da matattun kwayoyin halitta wanda ke haifar da amsawar rigakafi mai yawa a cikin kwayar halitta ta epithelial.<ref name="Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology">{{cite journal|last1=Kantor|first1=Micaella|last2=Abrantes|first2=Anarella|last3=Estevez|first3=Andrea|last4=Schiller|first4=Alan|last5=Torrent|first5=Jose|last6=Gascon|first6=Jose|last7=Hernandez|first7=Robert|last8=Ochner|first8=Christopher|date=2018-12-02|title=Entamoeba Histolytica: Updates in Clinical Manifestation, Pathogenesis, and Vaccine Development|journal=Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|language=en|volume=2018|pages=1–6|doi=10.1155/2018/4601420|issn=2291-2789|pmc=6304615|pmid=30631758|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience">{{cite journal|last1=Abdullah|first1=Umme Hani|last2=Baig|first2=Mirza Zain|last3=Azeemuddin|first3=Muhammad|last4=Wasay|first4=Mohammad|last5=Yakoob|first5=Javed|last6=Beg|first6=Mohammad Asim|date=November 2017|title=Amoebic brain abscess associated with renal cell carcinoma|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ncn3.12162|journal=Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience|language=en|volume=5|issue=6|pages=195–197|doi=10.1111/ncn3.12162|s2cid=59205509|issn=2049-4173}}</ref>. Lalacewar ƙwayar sel na epithelial yana jawo hankalin sel na rigakafi, wanda bi da bi za a iya lysed ta trophozoite. Wannan yana haifar da sakin ƙwayoyin sel na rigakafi 'nasu lytic enzymes cikin nama da ke kewaye don haka a ƙarshe yana haifar da lalata nama mai yawa. Wannan halakar tana bayyana kanta a sigar 'ulcer', yawanci ana siffanta shi da siffa mai siffar flask saboda bayyanarsa a sashin juzu'i. Wannan raguwar nama na iya haɗawa da magudanar jini da ke haifar da gudawa na jini ko kuma ciwon dajin amebic.[3] Lokaci-lokaci, lokacin da trophozoites suka shiga cikin jini, ana jigilar su gaba ɗaya zuwa hanta ta hanyar tashar tashar. A cikin hanta akwai irin wannan nau'in pathological, wanda ke haifar da amebic. kumburin hanta. Hakanan trophozoites na iya ƙarewa a cikin wasu gabobin, sakamakon fashewar ƙurar hanta ko fistulas. A cikin lokuta masu wuyar gaske, lokacin da trophozoites suka yi tafiya zuwa kwakwalwa da suka wuce shingen jini-kwakwalwa, suna iya haifar da kurjin kwakwalwar amoebic.[3] == Bincike == [[File:Entamoeba histolytica.jpg|thumb|The parasite Entamoeba histolytica]] [[File:Thermal cycler for PCR.jpg|thumb|left|PCR can be used to diagnose the parasite Entamoeba histolytica]]'' Fahimtar Entamoeba histolytica a cikin ƙuruciyar ƙwaƙwalwa yana da wahala saboda dalilai da yawa. Na farko, al'adun aerobic da anaerobic gabaɗaya suna ba da sakamako mara kyau.<ref name="February 1980">{{cite journal|last1=Becker|first1=George L.|last2=Knep|first2=Stanley|last3=Lance|first3=Kendrick P.|last4=Kaufman|first4=Lee|date=February 1980|title=Amebic Abscess of the Brain|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198002000-00014|journal=Neurosurgery|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=192–194|doi=10.1227/00006123-198002000-00014|pmid=6245387|issn=0148-396X}}</ref> Bugu da kari, sakamakon CT sau da yawa ba su cika ba kuma har ma da gwajin stool na parasitologic da ultrasonography na ciki sukan haifar da sakamako na yau da kullun. Duk da haka, gwajin kai tsaye na ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya nuna kayan necrotic, histiocytes kumfa, ƙananan eosinophils da erythrocytes masu ciki. Siffar sifofi na iya haifar da kasancewar Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites tare da tabo trichrome na Masson.<ref name="Trends in Parasitology">{{cite journal|last1=Ralston|first1=Katherine S.|last2=Petri|first2=William A.|date=June 2011|title=Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.006|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=6|pages=254–263|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.02.006|pmid=21440507|pmc=3104091|issn=1471-4922}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da bincike na tushen PCR na CSF don tabbatar da gano ƙwayar cuta a cikin tsarin. == Magani == Metronidazole shine zaɓi na farko na magani don maganin abscesses wanda Entamoeba histolytica ya haifar. Bugu da ƙari, luminal amebicides kamar Paramomycin dole ne a gudanar da su bayan kammala maganin Metronidazole. Wannan yana tabbatar da cikakken kawar da protist na parasitic daga tsarin.[7] == Manazarta == k4eoaj3jca55c418s7hqp8e5nqv7a0k 0 68600 542699 503585 2024-11-19T18:12:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 542699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox}} [[Fayil:Adult cholera patient.jpg|thumb|yanda cutar kwalara kewa mutum in takamashi]] [[Fayil:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|Hutun Ciwon Kwalara]] '''Kwalara''' (/ ˈkɒlərə/) ta kasance cuta ce ta kananan hanji ta wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Vibrio cholerae.<ref name=Fink2016>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id={{NCBIBook2|NBK8407}} |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |title=Medical Microbiology |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |edition=4th }}</ref>Alamun na iya bambanta daga babu, zuwa mai laushi, zuwa mai tsanani.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html</ref>Alamar al'ada ita ce yawan gudawa ta ruwa mai yawan kwanaki[2]. Hakanan ana iya samun amai da ciwon tsoka[3]. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani har ya kai cikin sa'o'i zuwa ga rashin ruwa mai tsanani da rashin daidaituwar electrolyte[2]. Wannan na iya haifar da dusar kankara idanu, sanyin fata, rage elasticity na fata, da murkushe hannaye da kafafu.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html</ref> Rashin ruwa na iya sa fata ta zama bluish[8]. Alamun suna farawa sa'o'i biyu zuwa kwana biyar bayan bayyanar su.[3] Kwalara tana faruwa ne ta hanyar nau'ikan nau'ikan Vibrio cholerae, tare da wasu nau'ikan suna haifar da cututtuka mafi tsanani fiye da sauran. Ana yaduwa ta hanyar ruwa mara tsafta da abinci mara tsafta wanda aka gurbata da najasar dan Adam da ke dauke da kwayoyin cuta[2]. Kifin da ba a dafa shi ba shine tushen gama gari.[9] Mutane ne kadai aka san su ga kwayoyin cutar.[2] Abubuwan da ke tattare da cutar sun hada da rashin tsafta, rashin isasshen ruwan sha, da talauci[2]. Ana iya gano cutar kwalara ta hanyar gwajin stool, [2] ko kuma gwajin saurin dipstick, kodayake gwajin dipstick ba shi da inganci.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903</ref>Hanyoyin rigakafin cutar kwalara sun hada da inganta tsafta da samun ruwa mai tsafta[5]. Alurar rigakafin cutar kwalara da ake bayarwa ta baki suna ba da kariya mai ma'ana na kimanin watanni shida, kuma suna ba da karin fa'idar kariya daga wani nau'in gudawa da E. coli ke haifarwa[2]. A cikin 2017 Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da allurar rigakafin kwalara mai rai-ɗaya, mai rai, na baka mai suna Vaxchora ga manya masu shekaru 18-64 waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa wani yanki na kamuwa da cutar kwalara[11].Yana ba da iyakataccen kariya ga yara kanana. Mutanen da suka tsira daga cutar kwalara suna da rigakafi na dindindin na akalla shekaru 3 (lokacin da aka gwada.)[12]. Babban magani ga mutanen da abin ya shafa shine salts rehydration na baka (ORS), maye gurbin ruwa da electrolytes ta hanyar amfani da mafita mai zaki da gishiri.[2] An fi son mafita na tushen shinkafa.[2] A cikin yara, an kuma gano karin abubuwan da ke cikin Zinc don inganta sakamako.[6] A lokuta masu tsanani, ana iya bukatar ruwa mai ciki, irin su Ringer's lactate, kuma maganin rigakafi na iya zama da amfani[2]. Zabin maganin rigakafi yana taimakawa ta hanyar gwajin ji na kwayoyin cuta.[3] Kwalara na ci gaba da shafar kimanin mutane miliyan 3-5 a duk duniya kuma yana haifar da mutuwar 28,800-130,000 a shekara.[2][7] Ya zuwa yanzu dai an samu bullar cutar kwalara guda bakwai a cikin kasashe masu tasowa, wanda aka fara a baya-bayan nan a shekarar 1961, kuma ya ci gaba a yau.[13] Cutar ba kasafai ake samunta ba a kasashe masu samun kudin shiga, kuma tana shafar yara sosai.[2][14] Kwalara tana faruwa ne a matsayin barkewar duka biyu da kuma na dindindin a wasu wurare[2].Yankunan da ke da ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar sun hada da Afirka da kudu maso gabashin Asiya[2]. Haɗarin mutuwa tsakanin waɗanda abin ya shafa yawanci bai wuce kashi 5% ba, idan aka ba su ingantaccen magani, amma yana iya kaiwa kashi 50% ba tare da samun irin wannan damar ba[2]. Ana samun bayanin kwalara tun farkon karni na 5 BC a Sanskrit[5]. A Turai, cutar kwalara wata kalma ce da aka fara amfani da ita don bayyana kowace irin ciwon gastroenteritis, kuma ba a yi amfani da ita wajen wannan cutar ba sai a farkon karni na 19.[15]. Nazarin cutar kwalara a Ingila da John Snow ya yi tsakanin 1849 zuwa 1854 ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka saboda fahimtarsa game da watsa ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa, kuma taswirar irin wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka rubuta game da bin diddigin cutar.[5]. [16] == Alamomi == Alamomin farko na cutar kwalara sune yawan gudawa da amai na tsaftataccen ruwa.[17] Wadannan alamomin suna farawa kwatsam, rabin yini zuwa kwana biyar bayan an sha kwayoyin cutar.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7</ref> Ana bayyana zawo akai-akai da “ruwa shinkafa” a yanayi kuma yana iya samun warin kifi.[17] Mutumin da ba a yi masa magani ba yana iya samun gudawa daga lita 10 zuwa 20 ( gal 3 zuwa 5 US) a rana.[17] Mummunan kwalara, ba tare da magani ba, yana kashe kusan rabin mutanen da abin ya shafa.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html</ref> Idan ba a yi maganin gudawa mai tsanani ba, zai iya haifar da rashin ruwa mai hatsarin gaske da rashin daidaituwar electrolyte.[17] Kididdiga na rabon asymptomatic zuwa cututtukan cututtuka sun kai daga 3 zuwa 100.[19]. Ana yi wa cutar kwalara lakabi da “mutuwar shudi”[20] domin fatar jikin mutum na iya yin shuɗi-toka saboda tsananin rashin ruwa.[21] Zazzabi yana da wuya kuma ya kamata ya haifar da zato game da kamuwa da cuta na biyu. Marasa lafiya na iya yin kasala kuma suna iya samun dusar kankara idanu, bushewar baki, sanyin fata, ko murkushe hannaye da kafafu. Kussmaul numfashi, yanayin numfashi mai zurfi da aiki, na iya faruwa saboda acidosis daga asarar bicarbonate na stool da lactic acidosis da ke hade da rashin jin dadi. Hawan jini yana raguwa saboda rashin ruwa, bugun jini na gefe yana sauri da zare, kuma fitar fitsari yana raguwa da lokaci. Makarkashiyar tsoka da rauni, canjin hayyacin hankali, kamawa, ko ma suma saboda rashin daidaituwar electrolyte ya zama ruwan dare musamman a yara.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html</ref> == Dalilai == === Watsawa === An gano kwayoyin cutar kwalara a cikin kifi da kuma plankton.<ref>https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm</ref>Yawaita yawanci ta hanyar najasa-baki na gurɓataccen abinci ko ruwa da rashin tsafta ke haifarwa.[2] Galibin cutar kwalara a kasashen da suka ci gaba na faruwa ne sakamakon yaduwa ta hanyar abinci, yayin da a kasashe masu tasowa aka fi samun ruwa.[17] Ana iya watsa abinci a lokacin da mutane suke girbi abincin teku kamar kawa a cikin ruwan da suka kamu da najasa, kamar yadda Vibrio cholerae ke taruwa a cikin crustaceans planktonic kuma kawa suna cin zooplankton.[22] Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar kwalara sukan yi gudawa, kuma ana iya kamuwa da cututtuka idan wannan stool mai yawan gaske, wanda ake kira "ruwa shinkafa", yana gurbata ruwan da wasu ke amfani da shi.[23] Cutar gudawa guda daya na iya haifar da karuwar adadin V. kwalara a cikin mahalli da ninki miliyan daya.[24] Asalin kamuwa da cutar shine yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwalara lokacin da aka ba da izinin fitar da zawo da ba a kula da su ba ya shiga cikin ruwa, ruwan kasa ko ruwan sha. Shan duk wani gurbataccen ruwa da cin duk wani abincin da aka wanke a cikin ruwa, da kuma kifin da ke zaune a magudanar ruwa, na iya sa mutum ya kamu da cutar. Kwalara ba ta cika yaduwa kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ba.[25][bayanin kula 1] V. cholerae kuma yana wanzuwa a wajen jikin mutum a cikin mabubbugar ruwa na halitta, ko dai ta kanta ko ta hanyar hulɗa da phytoplankton, zooplankton, ko biotic da abiotic detritus.[26] Shan irin wannan ruwa kuma yana iya haifar da cutar, ko da ba tare da gurɓata ba a baya ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta. Matsalolin zaɓaɓɓu sun kasance duk da haka a cikin yanayin ruwa wanda zai iya rage cutar V. cholerae.[26] Musamman, kirar dabba suna nuna cewa bayanan da aka rubuta na kwayoyin cuta suna canzawa yayin da yake shirin shiga yanayin ruwa.[26] Wannan canjin rubutun yana haifar da asarar ikon V. cholerae don haɓakawa akan daidaitattun hanyoyin sadarwa, nau'in halitta da ake magana da shi a matsayin 'mai yiwuwa amma ba al'ada ba' (VBNC) ko fiye da 'aiki mai aiki amma ba al'ada' (ABNC). 26] Wani bincike ya nuna cewa al'adar V. cholerae tana raguwa da kashi 90 cikin 100 a cikin sa'o'i 24 da shiga cikin ruwa, haka nan kuma wannan hasarar da ake samu ta al'ada tana da alaka da hasarar kwayar cuta.[26][27] Dukansu nau'ikan masu guba da marasa guba suna wanzu. Nau'o'in da ba su da guba suna iya samun guba ta hanyar bacteriophage mai zafi.[28] === Rashin Lafiya === Dole ne a sha kusan kwayoyin cuta miliyan 100 don haifar da kwalara a cikin babban koshin lafiya.[17] Wannan kashi, duk da haka, yana da kasa a cikin wadanda ke da karancin acidity na ciki (misali wadanda ke amfani da inhibitors na proton pump).[17] Yara kuma sun fi kamuwa da cutar, inda yara masu shekaru biyu zuwa hudu suka fi kamuwa da cutar.[17] Hakanan nau'in jinin mutum yana shafar kamuwa da cutar kwalara, wanda masu dauke da jinin nau'in O ya fi kamuwa da cutar.[17] Mutanen da ke da karancin rigakafi, kamar masu cutar kanjamau ko kuma yara masu fama da tamowa, suna iya kamuwa da cutar mai tsanani idan sun kamu da cutar.[29] Kowane mutum, ko da babba mai lafiya a tsakiyar shekarun haihuwa, yana iya fuskantar matsala mai tsanani, kuma ya kamata a auna yanayin kowane mutum ta hanyar asarar ruwa, zai fi dacewa a tuntubar kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Maye gurbin kwayoyin halittar cystic fibrosis da aka sani da delta-F508 a cikin mutane an ce yana rike da zabin fa'idar heterozygous: masu daukar heterozygous na maye gurbi (wadanda cystic fibrosis ba ya shafa) sun fi jure kamuwa da cututtukan V. cholerae.[30] A cikin wannan samfurin, karancin kwayoyin cuta a cikin kwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin cuta masu sarrafa kwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin cuta suna tsoma baki tare da kwayoyin cuta da ke daure zuwa epithelium na hanji, don haka rage tasirin kamuwa da cuta. == Makanikai == Idan aka sha, yawancin kwayoyin cuta ba sa tsira daga yanayin acidic na cikin mutum[31]. Kadan daga cikin kwayoyin cuta masu rai suna adana kuzarinsu da adana abubuwan gina jiki yayin wucewa ta ciki ta hanyar rufe samar da furotin. Lokacin da kwayoyin cutar da suka tsira suka fita daga ciki kuma suka isa karamar hanji, dole ne su fantsama cikin kauri mai kauri da ke layin karamar hanji don isa bangon hanji inda za su hade su yi girma[31]. Da zarar kwayoyin cutar kwalara sun isa bangon hanji, ba sa bukatar tuta ta motsa. Kwayoyin suna daina samar da furotin flagellin don adana makamashi da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar canza haɗin sunadarai da suke bayyanawa don mayar da martani ga yanayin da aka canza. Lokacin isa bangon hanji, V. cholerae ya fara samar da sunadarai masu guba waɗanda ke ba masu kamuwa da cutar. mutum gudawa mai ruwa. Wannan yana daukar sabbin tsararrun kwayoyin cuta na V. cholerae zuwa cikin ruwan sha na mai gida na gaba idan ba a samar da matakan tsaftar muhalli ba.[32] Toxin kwalara (CTX ko CT) wani hadadden oligomeric ne da aka yi da sinadarai masu gina jiki guda shida: kwafi guda na rukunin A (bangaren A), da kwafi biyar na sashin B (bangaren B), wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin disulfide. Rukunin B guda biyar suna samar da zobe mai membobi biyar wanda ke daure ga gangliosides GM1 akan saman sel epithelium na hanji. Sashin A1 na rukunin A shine enzyme wanda ADP-ribosylates G sunadaran, yayin da sarkar A2 ta shiga tsakiyar rami na zoben subunit B. Bayan daure, ana daukar hadaddun cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar endocytosis mai matsakaicin mai karba. Da zarar cikin tantanin halitta, hadin disulfide yana raguwa, kuma sashin A1 yana da 'yanci don ɗaure tare da furotin abokin tarayya wanda ake kira ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).[33]. Daure yana fallasa rukunin yanar gizon sa, yana ba shi damar ribosylate subunit Gs alpha na furotin heterotrimeric G. Wannan yana haifar da samar da cAMP mai kima, wanda hakan ke haifar da boyewar ruwa, sodium, potassium, da bicarbonate cikin lumen na kananan hanji da saurin bushewa. An shigar da kwayar halittar kwayar cutar kwalara zuwa cikin V. cholerae ta hanyar canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance. Mummunan nau'in V. cholerae yana dauke da bambance-bambancen nau'in bacteriophage mai zafi da ake kira CTXφ. Masana ilimin halittu sun yi nazari kan hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin cutar V. cholerae ke kashe samar da wasu sunadaran da kuma kunna sauran sunadaran yayin da suke amsa jerin yanayin sinadarai da suke ci karo da su, suna wucewa ta ciki, ta hanyar mucosa Layer. Kananan hanji, kuma zuwa bangon hanji[34]. Wani abin sha’awa shi ne tsarin kwayoyin halittar kwalara da kwayoyin cutar kwalara ke kunna furotin da ke samar da gubar da ke mu’amala da na’urorin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar don jefa ion chloride zuwa cikin karamar hanji, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba na ionic wanda ke hana ion sodium shiga cikin tantanin halitta. Chloride da ions sodium suna haifar da yanayin ruwan gishiri a cikin kananan hanji, wanda ta hanyar osmosis zai iya jawo ruwa har zuwa lita shida a kowace rana ta cikin kwayoyin hanji, yana haifar da zawo mai yawa. Mai gida zai iya bushewa da sauri sai dai idan an kula da shi yadda ya kamata.[35] Ta hanyar shigar da sassan daban-daban na V. cholerae DNA a cikin DNA na wasu kwayoyin cuta, kamar E. coli wanda ba zai haifar da gubar furotin ba a zahiri, masu bincike sun bincika hanyoyin da V. cholerae ke amsawa ga canjin yanayin sinadarai na ciki, mucosa yadudduka, da bangon hanji. Masu bincike sun gano wani hadadden tsari na sunadaran sunadaran da ke sarrafa maganganun V. cholerae virulence determinants.[36] A cikin amsawa ga yanayin sinadarai a bangon hanji, kwayoyin cuta na V. cholerae suna samar da sunadaran TcpP / TcpH, wanda, tare da sunadaran ToxR / ToxS, suna kunna bayanin furotin na tsari na ToxT. ToxT sai kai tsaye ya kunna bayyanar da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da guba, yana haifar da gudawa a cikin wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma yana ba da damar kwayoyin cuta su mamaye hanji.[34] Binciken na yanzu[yaushe?] yana nufin gano "alamar da ke sa kwayoyin cutar kwalara su daina iyo su fara yin mulkin mallaka (wato, manne da kwayoyin halittar) kananan hanji."[34]. ===Tsarin kwayoyin halitta === Kwararren tsayin gutsuttsura polymorphism zanen yatsan yatsa na keɓancewar cutar ta V. cholerae ya bayyana bambancin tsarin kwayoyin halitta. An gano gungu biyu: Cluster I da Cluster II. Ga mafi yawancin, Cluster I ya kunshi nau'o'i daga 1960s da 1970s, yayin da Cluster II ya kunshi nau'i daga 1980s da 1990s, dangane da canji a tsarin clone. Wannan rukuni na iri shine mafi kyawun gani a cikin alamun daga Nahiyar Afirka. [37] ===Juriya na rigakafi === A wurare da dama na duniya, juriya na kwayoyin cuta na karuwa a cikin kwayoyin cutar kwalara. A Bangladesh, alal misali, yawancin lokuta suna jure wa tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, da erythromycin.[38] Ana samun hanyoyin tantancewa cikin gaggawa don gano cututtukan da ke jure magunguna da yawa.[39] An gano sabbin magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta masu amfani da kwayoyin cutar kwalara a cikin binciken vitro.[40] == Bincike == Ana samun gwajin dipstick mai sauri don sanin kasancewar V. cholerae.[38] A cikin wadannan samfuran da suka gwada inganci, yakamata a kara yin gwaji don sanin juriyar kwayoyin cuta.[38] A cikin yanayi na annoba, ana iya yin ganewar asibiti ta hanyar daukar tarihin majiyyaci da yin dan gajeren gwaji. Ana iya fara jiyya ta hanyar hydration da hydration na kan-da-counter ba tare da tabbatar da ko kafin bincike ta hanyar bincike ba, musamman inda cutar kwalara ta zama matsala ta gama gari.[41] Samfurin stool da swab da aka tattara a cikin mummunan mataki na cutar, kafin a yi amfani da maganin rigakafi, sune samfurori mafi amfani don ganewar asibiti. Idan ana zargin barkewar cutar kwalara, mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da cutar shine V. cholerae O1. Idan V. cholerae serogroup O1 ba a keɓe ba, dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kamata a gwada V. cholerae O139. Koyaya, idan dayan wadannan kwayoyin halitta ba su keɓanta ba, ya zama dole a aika samfuran stool zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ya kamata a ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar V. cholerae O139 kuma a kula da ita kamar yadda V. cholerae O1 ke haifarwa. Ya kamata a kira cutar gudawa da ke da alaƙa da kwalara kuma dole ne a ba da rahoto a cikin Amurka.[42] == Rigakafi == Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani don yakar yaduwar cutar kwalara[35]. Suna kuma jaddada mahimmancin tsarin sa ido mai inganci[35]. Gwamnatoci na iya taka rawa a duk wadannan fagage. === Ruwa, mai kyau da tsafta === Ko da yake kwalara na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa, rigakafin cutar yana da sauki idan aka bi hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, saboda kusan ci gaban da ake da su na kula da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kwalara ba kasafai ba ne. Misali, babba na karshe barkewar cutar kwalara a Amurka ya faru a 1910-1911.[43][44] Kwalara tana da haɗari a cikin kasashe masu tasowa a cikin wuraren da ba su da isasshen kayan aikin WASH (ruwa, tsafta da tsabta) har yanzu. Ingantattun ayyukan tsafta, idan aka kafa kuma aka bi su cikin lokaci, yawanci sun isa don dakatar da annoba. Akwai wurare da dama a kan hanyar yada cutar kwalara da za a iya dakatar da yaduwarta:[45] Haifuwa: Yin zubar da kyau da kuma kula da duk wani abu da watakila ya taɓa saduwa da najasar wasu mutane masu cutar kwalara (misali, tufafi, kwanciya, da sauransu) suna da mahimmanci. Ya kamata a tsabtace wadannan ta hanyar wankewa cikin ruwan zafi, ta amfani da bleach chlorine idan zai yiwu. Hannun da suka taɓa masu cutar kwalara ko tufafinsu, kayan kwanciya da sauransu, yakamata a tsaftace su sosai kuma a shafe su da ruwan chlorinated ko wasu ingantattun magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Kula da sludge na najasa da najasa: A wuraren da cutar kwalara ta shafa, najasa da najasa suna bukatar kulawa da kuma kula da su a hankali don dakatar da yaduwar wannan cuta ta hanyar ɗan adam. Samar da tsafta da tsafta muhimmin mataki ne na kariya.[35] Bude bayan gida, fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, ko zubar da sludge daga cikin ramummuka ko tankunan ruwa a cikin muhalli yana bukatar hanawa[46]. A yawancin yankunan da cutar kwalara ke fama da ita, ana samun karancin maganin najasa.[47][48] Don haka aiwatar da busassun bayan gida da ba ya taimaka wajen gurbatar ruwa, kasancewar ba sa zubar da ruwa, yana iya zama wani zabi mai ban sha'awa na ban sha'awa.[49] Madogarawa: Ya kamata a buga gargaɗi game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kwalara a kusa da gurɓatattun hanyoyin ruwa tare da kwatance kan yadda za a ƙazantar da ruwan (tafasa, chlorination da sauransu) don yiwuwar amfani. Tsarkakewar Ruwa: Duk ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen sha, ko wanki, ko dafa abinci ya kamata a haifuwa ta hanyar tafasa, chlorination, maganin ruwa na ozone, haifuwar hasken ultraviolet (misali, ta hanyar lalata ruwan hasken rana), ko tacewa na rigakafi a kowane yanki da kwalara na iya kasancewa. Chlorination da tafasa galibi sune mafi karancin tsada kuma mafi inganci hanyoyin dakatar da watsawa. Tace-tufafi ko tace sari, duk da cewa tana da tushe sosai, sun rage bullar cutar kwalara sosai idan aka yi amfani da su a kauyuka marasa galihu a Bangladesh wadanda suka dogara da ruwan saman da ba a kula da su ba. Ingantattun matatun rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar wadanda ke cikin ci-gaban na'urorin tafiya na gyaran ruwa na mutum daya, sun fi tasiri. Ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da kuma bin hanyoyin tsaftar mahalli na da muhimmanci a farko don taimakawa rigakafin cutar kwalara da sauran cututtuka. Wanke hannu da sabulu ko toka bayan bayan gida da kuma kafin sarrafa abinci ko cin abinci ana ba da shawarar rigakafin cutar kwalara ta WHO Afirka.[50] === Sa ido === Sa ido da bayar da rahoto cikin gaggawa suna ba da damar daukar cututtukan kwalara cikin sauri. Kwalara na wanzuwa a matsayin cuta na lokaci-lokaci a yawancin kasashe masu fama da cutar, yana faruwa kowace shekara galibi lokacin damina yanayi. Tsarin sa ido na iya ba da fadakarwa da wuri ga barkewar cutar, saboda haka yana haifar da hadakar amsawa da taimakawa cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen. Ingantattun tsarin sa ido na iya inganta kimanta hadarin cutar kwalara. Fahimtar yanayin yanayi da kuma wurin da ake samun bullar cutar yana ba da jagora don inganta ayyukan rigakafin kwalara ga masu rauni.[51] Don rigakafin ya yi tasiri, yana da mahimmanci a kai rahoto ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kasa[17]. === Alurar riga kafi === Likita dan kasar Sipaniya Jaume Ferran i Clua ya yi allurar rigakafin kwalara a shekara ta 1885, wanda shi ne na farko da ya yi wa mutane rigakafi daga cutar kwayan cuta.[52] Duk da haka, maganin alurar riga kafi da allurar sa ya kasance mai yawan cece-kuce kuma takwarorinsa da kwamitocin bincike da yawa sun ki su.[53][54][55] Masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin cutar dan kasar Rasha-Yahudawa Waldemar Haffkine ya yi nasarar samar da rigakafin cutar kwalara na farko a watan Yulin 1892.[53][54][55][56] Ya gudanar da gagarumin shirin rigakafin cutar a Indiya ta Burtaniya.[55][57] Mutanen da suka tsira daga cutar kwalara suna da rigakafi na dindindin na akalla shekaru 3 (lokacin da aka gwada). Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara guda uku (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, da Euvichol. Dukoral, maganin da aka yi ta baki, wanda ba a kunna allurar tantanin halitta gabadaya, yana da cikakken tasiri na kusan 52% a cikin shekarar farko bayan an ba shi da kashi 62% a cikin shekara ta biyu, tare da karancin sakamako.[58]. Ana samunsa a cikin kasashe sama da 60. Duk da haka, ba a halin yanzu[yaushe?] Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta ba da shawarar ga yawancin mutanen da ke balaguro daga Amurka zuwa kasashe masu fama da cutar.[59] Alurar rigakafin da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da shawarar, Vaxchora, allurar rigakafi ce ta baka, wacce ke da tasiri ga manya masu shekaru 18-64 a matsayin kashi daya.[60] An gano maganin allura guda daya yana aiki har tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Tasirin kariyar ya kasance kasa da kashi 28% a cikin yara wadanda ba su wuce shekara biyar ba.[61] Koyaya, ya zuwa 2010, yana da iyakacin samuwa.[2] Ana ci gaba da aiki don bincikar rawar da yawan allurar rigakafi ke takawa.[62] Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ga kungiyoyi masu hadari, kamar yara da masu cutar HIV, a cikin kasashen da wannan cuta ta yadu.[2] Idan aka yi wa mutane alluran rigakafi da yawa, rigakafin garken yana haifar da raguwar yawan gurbacewar muhalli.[38] WHO ta ba da shawarar a yi la’akari da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara a wuraren da cutar ke yaɗuwa (tare da kololuwar yanayi), a matsayin wani bangare na martani ga barkewar cutar, ko kuma a cikin rikicin jin kai wanda hadarin kwalara ya yi yawa.[63] An gane maganin cutar kwalara na baka (OCV) a matsayin kayan aiki na gaba don rigakafi da sarrafa kwalara. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta riga ta ba da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara guda uku - Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), wanda ke dauke da wani rukunin B-ba mai guba na toxin kwalara da kuma ba da kariya daga V. cholerae O1; da alluran rigakafi guda biyu da aka haɓaka ta hanyar amfani da fasahar fasaha iri daya-ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) da Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.), waɗanda ke da bivalent O1 da O139 na baka sun kashe maganin kwalara.[64] Ana iya tura allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara a cikin yanayi daban-daban daga yankunan kwalara da wuraren da ake fama da rikice-rikicen jin kai, amma babu wata yarjejeniya ta musamman.[65] ===Sari tacewa === An ƙirƙira don amfani a Bangladesh, "Sari filter" hanya ce mai saui kuma mai tsada mai dacewa don rage gurɓataccen ruwan sha. Tufafin Sara da aka yi amfani da shi ya fi dacewa amma sauran nau'ikan zanen da aka yi amfani da su ana iya amfani da su tare da wani tasiri, kodayake tasirin zai bambanta sosai. Tufafin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da tasiri fiye da sabon zane, saboda maimaita wankewar yana rage sarari tsakanin zaruruwa. Ruwan da aka tara ta wannan hanya yana da raguwar adadin kwayoyin cuta-ko da yake ba lallai ba ne ya kasance lafiyayye, yana da kyau ga matalauta masu iyakacin zabi.[66] A Bangladesh an gano wannan aikin na rage yawan kwalara da kusan rabi.[67] Ya kunshi ninke sari sau hudu zuwa takwas[66]. Tsakanin amfani da rigar ya kamata a wanke shi da ruwa mai tsabta kuma a bushe a rana don kashe duk wani kwayoyin cuta a cikinsa[68]. Tufafin nailan yana bayyana yana aiki kuma amma ba shi da araha.[67] == Magani == Ci gaba da cin abinci yana hanzarta dawo da aikin hanji na yau da kullun. WHO ta ba da shawarar hakan gabadaya ga masu fama da gudawa ko da menene sanadin hakan[69]. Littafin koyarwa na CDC musamman game da cutar kwalara ya ce: "Ci gaba da shayar da jaririn ku nono idan jariri yana da gudawa na ruwa, ko da lokacin tafiya don neman magani. Ya kamata manya da yara masu girma su ci gaba da cin abinci akai-akai." [70]. ===Ruwa === Kuskuren da ya fi dacewa wajen kula da masu fama da cutar kwalara shi ne rashin la’akari da saurin gudu da yawan ruwan da ake bukata.[71] A mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya samun nasarar maganin cutar kwalara ta hanyar yin amfani da rehydration na baka (ORT), wanda yake da inganci, mai aminci, kuma mai sauƙin gudanarwa.[38] Maganin tushen shinkafa an fi son na tushen glucose saboda mafi inganci.[38] A cikin lokuta masu tsanani tare da rashin ruwa mai mahimmanci, sakewar ruwa na cikin jini na iya zama dole. Ringer's lactate shine mafi kyawun bayani, sau da yawa tare da ƙara potassium.[17][69] Ana iya bukatar girma mai girma da ci gaba da maye gurbin har sai gudawa ya ragu.[17] Ana iya buƙatar kashi goma na nauyin jikin mutum a cikin ruwa a cikin sa'o'i biyu zuwa hudu na farko.[17] An fara gwada wannan hanya da yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh, kuma an samu nasara sosai.[72] Duk da yaɗuwar imani, ruwan 'ya'yan itace da abubuwan sha na kasuwanci kamar cola ba su dace da sake sanya ruwa ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani na hanji ba, kuma yawan sukarin da ke cikin su na iya cutar da shan ruwa.[73] Idan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na baka na kasuwanci sun yi tsada sosai ko kuma da wahala a samu, ana iya yin mafita. Daya daga cikin irin wannan girke-girke yana bukatar lita 1 na tafasasshen ruwa, teaspoon 1/2 na gishiri, cokali 6 na sukari, da kuma kara da ayaba da aka daskare don potassium da kuma inganta dandano.[74]. === Electrolytes === Kamar yadda yawancin acidosis ke farawa, matakin potassium na iya zama al'ada, ko da yake an sami babban hasara.[17] Yayin da aka gyara rashin ruwa, matakan potassium na iya raguwa da sauri, don haka ana buƙatar maye gurbinsu.[17] Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cin abinci mai yawan potassium, kamar ayaba ko ruwan kwakwa.[75] === Magungunan rigakafi === Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta na kwana daya zuwa uku yana rage tsawon lokacin cutar da rage tsananin alamun.[17] Amfani da maganin rigakafi kuma yana rage buƙatun ruwa[76]. Mutane za su warke ba tare da su ba, duk da haka, idan an kiyaye isasshen ruwa[38]. WHO kawai tana ba da shawarar maganin rigakafi ga masu fama da rashin ruwa mai tsanani.[75] Doxycycline yawanci ana amfani da layin farko, kodayake wasu nau'ikan V. cholerae sun nuna juriya.[17] Gwajin juriya a lokacin fashewa na iya taimakawa wajen tantance zaɓin da suka dace a nan gaba.[17] Sauran maganin rigakafi da aka tabbatar suna da tasiri sun haɗa da cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, da furazolidone.[77] Ana iya amfani da Fluoroquinolones, irin su ciprofloxacin, amma an ba da rahoton juriya.[78] Magungunan rigakafi suna inganta sakamako a cikin waɗanda suke da tsanani kuma ba su da ruwa sosai.[79] Azithromycin da tetracycline na iya yin aiki fiye da doxycycline ko ciprofloxacin.[79] ===Karin sinadarin Zinc === A Bangladesh kari na zinc ya rage tsawon lokaci da tsananin gudawa a cikin yara masu fama da kwalara lokacin da aka ba su da maganin rigakafi da kuma sake dawo da ruwa kamar yadda ake bukata. Ya rage tsawon cutar da sa'o'i takwas da kuma adadin stool da kashi 10%[80]. Kari ya bayyana yana da tasiri a duka biyun magani da kuma hana kamuwa da cutar gudawa saboda wasu dalilai na yara a kasashe masu tasowa.[80][81] == Hasashen == Idan aka yi wa masu fama da cutar kwalara da sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata, yawan mace-macen bai kai kashi 1% ba; duk da haka, tare da kwalara ba tare da magani ba, yawan mace-mace yana ƙaruwa zuwa 50-60%.[17][1] Ga wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kwalara, kamar wanda aka samu a lokacin annoba ta 2010 a Haiti da barkewar 2004 a Indiya, mutuwa na iya faruwa cikin sa'o'i biyu da rashin lafiya.[82] == Epidemiology == Kwalara na shafar kimanin mutane miliyan 2.8 a duk duniya, kuma yana haifar da mutuwar kusan 95,000 a shekara (rashin tabbas: 21,000-143,000) kamar na 2015.[83][84]. Wannan yana faruwa musamman a kasashe masu tasowa[85]. A farkon shekarun 1980, an yi imanin cewa adadin mace-macen ya haura miliyan uku a shekara.[17] Yana da wahala a kididdige ainihin adadin lamurra, saboda da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba saboda fargabar barkewar cutar na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yawon bude ido na kasa.[38] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, cutar kwalara ta kasance da annoba da ta zama annoba a wurare da dama na duniya.[17] Barkewar kwanan nan shine barkewar kwalara na Haiti na 2010s da kuma barkewar cutar kwalara na Yemen na 2016-2022. A watan Oktoban 2016 ne aka fara bullar cutar kwalara a Yaman da yaki ya daidaita.[86] WHO ta kira shi "bullar cutar kwalara mafi muni a duniya"[87]. A cikin 2019, kashi 93% na rahoton bullar cutar kwalara 923,037 sun fito ne daga Yemen (tare da mutuwar 1911).[88] Tsakanin Satumba na 2019 da Satumba 2020, an ba da rahoton adadin mutane sama da 450,000 a duniya kuma sama da 900 sun mutu; duk da haka, daidaiton waɗannan lambobin suna fama da wuce gona da iri daga ƙasashen da ke ba da rahoton abubuwan da ake zargi (kuma ba a tabbatar da shari'o'in a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba), da kuma ƙarancin rahoto daga kasashen da ba su ba da rahoton shari'o'in hukuma ba (kamar Bangladesh, Indiya da Philippines). [88] Ko da yake an san da yawa game da hanyoyin da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar kwalara, har yanzu masu binciken ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar abin da ke haifar da barkewar cutar kwalara a wasu wurare ba wasu ba. Rashin kula da najasar mutane da rashin kula da ruwan sha na saukaka yaduwarsa matuka. An gano gawarwakin ruwa a matsayin tafki na kamuwa da cuta, kuma abincin teku da ake jigilar su daga nesa na iya yada cutar. Kwalara ta bace daga nahiyar Amurka a mafi yawan karni na 20, amma ta sake bayyana a karshen wannan karni, inda ta fara da mummunar barkewar cutar a kasar Peru.[89] Hakan ya biyo bayan barkewar kwalara na Haiti na 2010s[90] da kuma wani bullar cutar kwalara a Haiti a cikin rikicin Haiti na 2018-2023.[91] Tun daga watan Agustan 2021 cutar tana yaduwa a Afirka da wasu yankuna na gabashi da yammacin Asiya (Bangladesh, Indiya da Yemen).[90] Kwalara ba ta da yawa a Turai; dukkan shari’o’in da aka ruwaito suna da tarihin tafiya zuwa wuraren da suka kamu da cutar.[90] === Tarihin bullar cutar === Kalmar kwalara daga Girkanci: χολέρα kholera daga χολή kholē "bile". Mai yiwuwa cutar kwalara ta samo asali ne a cikin yankin Indiya kamar yadda ake tabbatar da yaduwarta a yankin tsawon karni.[17] Alamun cutar kwalara sun bayyana a cikin adabin Turai tun a shekara ta 1642, daga bayanin likitan Holland Jakob de Bondt a cikin De Medicina Indorum.[92] (Lakabin "Indorum" yana nufin Indiyawan Gabas. Ya kuma ba da bayanin farko na Turai game da wasu cututtuka.) Amma a lokacin, kalmar "cholera" a tarihi likitocin Turai sun yi amfani da ita don yin nuni ga duk wani ciwon ciki da ke haifar da launin rawaya. gudawa. De Bondt don haka ya yi amfani da kalmar gama gari da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita akai-akai don bayyana sabuwar cutar. Wannan al'ada ce ta yau da kullun. Sai a shekarun 1830 ne sunan cutar zawo mai tsanani ya canza a turance daga "cholera" zuwa "cholera morbus" don bambanta shi da abin da ake kira "Asiatic cholera", ko kuma wanda ke da alaka da asali a Indiya da Gabas. An yi imanin cewa farkon barkewar cutar a cikin yankin Indiya ya samo asali ne sakamakon cunkoson jama'a, rashin kyawun yanayin rayuwa, da kuma kasancewar tafkunan ruwan da babu ruwansu, dukkansu sun samar da yanayi mai kyau na kwalara.[93] Cutar ta fara yaduwa ta hanyar matafiya ta hanyar kasuwanci (kasa da ruwa) zuwa Rasha a cikin 1817, daga baya zuwa sauran Turai, kuma daga Turai zuwa Arewacin Amurka da sauran duniya, [17] (saboda haka sunan "Asiatic cholera"). [1]). Cutar kwalara bakwai ta faru tun farkon karni na 19; na farko bai kai Amurka ba. Annobar ta bakwai ta samo asali ne a Indonesia a cikin 1961.[94] Cutar kwalara ta farko ta faru ne a yankin Bengal na Indiya, kusa da Calcutta tun daga 1817 zuwa 1824. Cutar ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Gabashin Afirka.[95] An yi imanin cewa zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da na sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya da na ruwa da ma'aikata sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar cutar, tun lokacin da jiragen suka yi jigilar mutanen da ke dauke da cutar zuwa gabar tekun Indiya, daga Afirka zuwa Indonesia, da arewa zuwa China da Japan. [96] Cutar ta biyu ta kasance daga 1826 zuwa 1837 kuma ta shafi Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin sufuri da cinikayyar duniya, da kuma karuwar hijirar mutane, ciki har da sojoji, ya sa mutane da yawa ke dauke da cutar sosai.[97] Annobar ta uku ta barke a shekara ta 1846, ta ci gaba har zuwa 1860, ta tsallaka zuwa Arewacin Afirka, kuma ta isa Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. An gabatar da shi zuwa Arewacin Amurka a Quebec, Kanada, ta hanyar baki Irish daga Babban Yunwar. A cikin wannan annoba, Brazil ta kamu da cutar a karon farko. Cutar ta huɗu ta kasance daga 1863 zuwa 1875, ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa Naples da Spain, kuma ta isa Amurka a New Orleans, Louisiana a 1873. Ta bazu ko'ina cikin tsarin kogin Mississippi na nahiyar. Annobar ta biyar ta kasance daga 1881 zuwa 1896. Ta fara a Indiya kuma ta yadu zuwa Turai, Asiya, da Kudancin Amurka. Annobar ta shida ta fara ne daga 1899 zuwa 1923. Wadannan cututtukan sun yi kasa da adadin mace-mace domin likitoci da masu bincike sun fi fahimtar kwayoyin cuta kwalara. Masar, yankin Larabawa, Farisa, Indiya, da Philippines sun fi fama da wannan annoba. Sauran yankuna, irin su Jamus a cikin 1892 (musamman birnin Hamburg, inda sama da mutane 8.600 suka mutu)[98] da Naples daga 1910 zuwa 1911, suma sun sami mummunar barkewar cutar. Annobar ta bakwai ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1961 a kasar Indonesiya kuma tana da alamar bullar wani sabon nau'i mai suna El Tor, wanda har yanzu yana ci gaba da wanzuwa (kamar 2018[99]) a kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan annoba ta fara raguwa kusan 1975 kuma ana tsammanin ta kare, amma, kamar yadda aka gani, ta ci gaba. An sami karuwa a lokuta a cikin 1990s kuma tun daga lokacin. Kwalara ta yadu a karni na 19.[101] Tun daga lokacin ta kashe dubunnan mutane[102]. A Rasha kadai, a tsakanin 1847 zuwa 1851, fiye da mutane miliyan daya ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar.[103] Ya kashe Amurkawa 150,000 a lokacin annoba ta biyu.[104] Tsakanin 1900 zuwa 1920, watakila mutane miliyan takwas ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara a Indiya.[105] Kwalara a hukumance ta zama cuta ta farko da za a iya ba da rahoto a cikin Amurka saboda gagarumin tasirin da take da shi ga lafiya.[17] John Snow, a Ingila, a shekara ta 1854 shine farkon wanda ya gano mahimmancin gurbataccen ruwa a matsayin tushen watsa shi.[17] A yanzu ba a dauki cutar kwalara a matsayin wata barazana ta kiwon lafiya a Turai da Arewacin Amurka saboda tacewa da kuma sanya sinadarin chlorination na ruwa, amma har yanzu yana matukar shafar al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa. A baya, jiragen ruwa suna tashi da tutar kebe masu launin rawaya idan wani ma'aikacin jirgin ko fasinjoji ya kamu da cutar kwalara. Ba wanda ke cikin jirgin da ke dauke da tutar rawaya da za a bari a bakin teku na tsawon lokaci, yawanci kwanaki 30 zuwa 40.[106] A tarihi da'awar magunguna daban-daban sun wanzu a cikin tatsuniyoyi. Yawancin magungunan tsofaffi sun dogara ne akan ka'idar miasma, cewa cutar ta kamu da mummunan iska. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa sanyin ciki yana sa mutum ya fi sauki, kuma an haɗa bel din flannel da kwalara a cikin kayan aikin soja.[107] A cikin barkewar 1854-1855 a Naples, an yi amfani da camphor homeopathic bisa ga Hahnemann.[108] TJ Ritter's Mother's Remedies Littafin ya lissafa ruwan tumatir a matsayin maganin gida daga Arewacin Amirka. An ba da shawarar Elecampane a Burtaniya, a cewar William Thomas Fernie.[109] An samar da maganin rigakafi na farko na dan adam a cikin 1885, kuma an samar da maganin rigakafi na farko a cikin 1948. Cutar kwalara ba ta da yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba inda gwamnatoci suka taimaka wajen kafa hanyoyin tsaftar ruwa da ingantattun magunguna.[110] A cikin karni na 19, alal misali, Amurka, tana fama da matsalar kwalara mai tsanani irin ta wasu kasashe masu tasowa. Tana da manyan bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a cikin 1800s, wanda za a iya danganta shi da yaduwar cutar kwalara ta Vibrio cholerae ta hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida irin su Erie Canal da babban tsarin kwari na kogin Mississippi, da kuma manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa tare da Gabashin Tekun Gabas da garuruwansu. 111] Tsibirin Manhattan da ke birnin New York ya taba Tekun Atlantika, inda cutar kwalara da ake tarawa daga ruwan kogin da fitar ruwa a gabar tekun. A wannan lokacin, birnin New York ba shi da tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai inganci kamar yadda aka samu a karni na 20, don haka cutar kwalara ta yadu ta hanyar samar da ruwan birnin.[112] Kwalara morbus kalma ce ta tarihi da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin nuni ga ciwon gastroenteritis maimakon na musamman ga abin da a yanzu ake ayyana cutar kwalara.[15] == Bayanan kula == A cewar CDC, "Cutar [kwalara] ba zai iya yaduwa kai tsaye daga mutum daya zuwa wani ba; saboda haka, saduwa da mai cutar ta yau da kullun ba abu ne mai hadari don yin rashin lafiya ba." == Manazarta == 9mhpoe25hvgcewqr21tmdf1i1c4aexv 542700 542699 2024-11-19T18:13:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 542700 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox}} [[Fayil:Adult cholera patient.jpg|thumb|yanda cutar kwalara kewa mutum in takamashi]] [[Fayil:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|Hutun Ciwon Kwalara]] '''Kwalara''' (/ ˈkɒlərə/) ta kasance wata nau'in cuta ce ta kananan hanji ta wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na Vibrio cholerae.<ref name=Fink2016>{{cite book |last1=Finkelstein |first1=Richard A. |chapter=Cholera, ''Vibrio cholerae'' O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios |pmid=21413330 |id={{NCBIBook2|NBK8407}} |editor1-last=Baron |editor1-first=Samuel |title=Medical Microbiology |date=1996 |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2 |edition=4th }}</ref>Alamun na iya bambanta daga babu, zuwa mai laushi, zuwa mai tsanani.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html</ref>Alamar al'ada ita ce yawan gudawa ta ruwa mai yawan kwanaki[2]. Hakanan ana iya samun amai da ciwon tsoka[3]. Zawo na iya zama mai tsanani har ya kai cikin sa'o'i zuwa ga rashin ruwa mai tsanani da rashin daidaituwar electrolyte[2]. Wannan na iya haifar da dusar kankara idanu, sanyin fata, rage elasticity na fata, da murkushe hannaye da kafafu.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html</ref> Rashin ruwa na iya sa fata ta zama bluish[8]. Alamun suna farawa sa'o'i biyu zuwa kwana biyar bayan bayyanar su.[3] Kwalara tana faruwa ne ta hanyar nau'ikan nau'ikan Vibrio cholerae, tare da wasu nau'ikan suna haifar da cututtuka mafi tsanani fiye da sauran. Ana yaduwa ta hanyar ruwa mara tsafta da abinci mara tsafta wanda aka gurbata da najasar dan Adam da ke dauke da kwayoyin cuta[2]. Kifin da ba a dafa shi ba shine tushen gama gari.[9] Mutane ne kadai aka san su ga kwayoyin cutar.[2] Abubuwan da ke tattare da cutar sun hada da rashin tsafta, rashin isasshen ruwan sha, da talauci[2]. Ana iya gano cutar kwalara ta hanyar gwajin stool, [2] ko kuma gwajin saurin dipstick, kodayake gwajin dipstick ba shi da inganci.<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903</ref>Hanyoyin rigakafin cutar kwalara sun hada da inganta tsafta da samun ruwa mai tsafta[5]. Alurar rigakafin cutar kwalara da ake bayarwa ta baki suna ba da kariya mai ma'ana na kimanin watanni shida, kuma suna ba da karin fa'idar kariya daga wani nau'in gudawa da E. coli ke haifarwa[2]. A cikin 2017 Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta amince da allurar rigakafin kwalara mai rai-ɗaya, mai rai, na baka mai suna Vaxchora ga manya masu shekaru 18-64 waɗanda ke tafiya zuwa wani yanki na kamuwa da cutar kwalara[11].Yana ba da iyakataccen kariya ga yara kanana. Mutanen da suka tsira daga cutar kwalara suna da rigakafi na dindindin na akalla shekaru 3 (lokacin da aka gwada.)[12]. Babban magani ga mutanen da abin ya shafa shine salts rehydration na baka (ORS), maye gurbin ruwa da electrolytes ta hanyar amfani da mafita mai zaki da gishiri.[2] An fi son mafita na tushen shinkafa.[2] A cikin yara, an kuma gano karin abubuwan da ke cikin Zinc don inganta sakamako.[6] A lokuta masu tsanani, ana iya bukatar ruwa mai ciki, irin su Ringer's lactate, kuma maganin rigakafi na iya zama da amfani[2]. Zabin maganin rigakafi yana taimakawa ta hanyar gwajin ji na kwayoyin cuta.[3] Kwalara na ci gaba da shafar kimanin mutane miliyan 3-5 a duk duniya kuma yana haifar da mutuwar 28,800-130,000 a shekara.[2][7] Ya zuwa yanzu dai an samu bullar cutar kwalara guda bakwai a cikin kasashe masu tasowa, wanda aka fara a baya-bayan nan a shekarar 1961, kuma ya ci gaba a yau.[13] Cutar ba kasafai ake samunta ba a kasashe masu samun kudin shiga, kuma tana shafar yara sosai.[2][14] Kwalara tana faruwa ne a matsayin barkewar duka biyu da kuma na dindindin a wasu wurare[2].Yankunan da ke da ci gaba da kamuwa da cutar sun hada da Afirka da kudu maso gabashin Asiya[2]. Haɗarin mutuwa tsakanin waɗanda abin ya shafa yawanci bai wuce kashi 5% ba, idan aka ba su ingantaccen magani, amma yana iya kaiwa kashi 50% ba tare da samun irin wannan damar ba[2]. Ana samun bayanin kwalara tun farkon karni na 5 BC a Sanskrit[5]. A Turai, cutar kwalara wata kalma ce da aka fara amfani da ita don bayyana kowace irin ciwon gastroenteritis, kuma ba a yi amfani da ita wajen wannan cutar ba sai a farkon karni na 19.[15]. Nazarin cutar kwalara a Ingila da John Snow ya yi tsakanin 1849 zuwa 1854 ya haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin ilimin cututtuka saboda fahimtarsa game da watsa ta hanyar gurbataccen ruwa, kuma taswirar irin wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka rubuta game da bin diddigin cutar.[5]. [16] == Alamomi == Alamomin farko na cutar kwalara sune yawan gudawa da amai na tsaftataccen ruwa.[17] Wadannan alamomin suna farawa kwatsam, rabin yini zuwa kwana biyar bayan an sha kwayoyin cutar.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7</ref> Ana bayyana zawo akai-akai da “ruwa shinkafa” a yanayi kuma yana iya samun warin kifi.[17] Mutumin da ba a yi masa magani ba yana iya samun gudawa daga lita 10 zuwa 20 ( gal 3 zuwa 5 US) a rana.[17] Mummunan kwalara, ba tare da magani ba, yana kashe kusan rabin mutanen da abin ya shafa.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html</ref> Idan ba a yi maganin gudawa mai tsanani ba, zai iya haifar da rashin ruwa mai hatsarin gaske da rashin daidaituwar electrolyte.[17] Kididdiga na rabon asymptomatic zuwa cututtukan cututtuka sun kai daga 3 zuwa 100.[19]. Ana yi wa cutar kwalara lakabi da “mutuwar shudi”[20] domin fatar jikin mutum na iya yin shuɗi-toka saboda tsananin rashin ruwa.[21] Zazzabi yana da wuya kuma ya kamata ya haifar da zato game da kamuwa da cuta na biyu. Marasa lafiya na iya yin kasala kuma suna iya samun dusar kankara idanu, bushewar baki, sanyin fata, ko murkushe hannaye da kafafu. Kussmaul numfashi, yanayin numfashi mai zurfi da aiki, na iya faruwa saboda acidosis daga asarar bicarbonate na stool da lactic acidosis da ke hade da rashin jin dadi. Hawan jini yana raguwa saboda rashin ruwa, bugun jini na gefe yana sauri da zare, kuma fitar fitsari yana raguwa da lokaci. Makarkashiyar tsoka da rauni, canjin hayyacin hankali, kamawa, ko ma suma saboda rashin daidaituwar electrolyte ya zama ruwan dare musamman a yara.<ref>https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html</ref> == Dalilai == === Watsawa === An gano kwayoyin cutar kwalara a cikin kifi da kuma plankton.<ref>https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm</ref>Yawaita yawanci ta hanyar najasa-baki na gurɓataccen abinci ko ruwa da rashin tsafta ke haifarwa.[2] Galibin cutar kwalara a kasashen da suka ci gaba na faruwa ne sakamakon yaduwa ta hanyar abinci, yayin da a kasashe masu tasowa aka fi samun ruwa.[17] Ana iya watsa abinci a lokacin da mutane suke girbi abincin teku kamar kawa a cikin ruwan da suka kamu da najasa, kamar yadda Vibrio cholerae ke taruwa a cikin crustaceans planktonic kuma kawa suna cin zooplankton.[22] Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar kwalara sukan yi gudawa, kuma ana iya kamuwa da cututtuka idan wannan stool mai yawan gaske, wanda ake kira "ruwa shinkafa", yana gurbata ruwan da wasu ke amfani da shi.[23] Cutar gudawa guda daya na iya haifar da karuwar adadin V. kwalara a cikin mahalli da ninki miliyan daya.[24] Asalin kamuwa da cutar shine yawancin mutanen da ke fama da cutar kwalara lokacin da aka ba da izinin fitar da zawo da ba a kula da su ba ya shiga cikin ruwa, ruwan kasa ko ruwan sha. Shan duk wani gurbataccen ruwa da cin duk wani abincin da aka wanke a cikin ruwa, da kuma kifin da ke zaune a magudanar ruwa, na iya sa mutum ya kamu da cutar. Kwalara ba ta cika yaduwa kai tsaye daga mutum zuwa mutum ba.[25][bayanin kula 1] V. cholerae kuma yana wanzuwa a wajen jikin mutum a cikin mabubbugar ruwa na halitta, ko dai ta kanta ko ta hanyar hulɗa da phytoplankton, zooplankton, ko biotic da abiotic detritus.[26] Shan irin wannan ruwa kuma yana iya haifar da cutar, ko da ba tare da gurɓata ba a baya ta hanyar ƙwayar cuta. Matsalolin zaɓaɓɓu sun kasance duk da haka a cikin yanayin ruwa wanda zai iya rage cutar V. cholerae.[26] Musamman, kirar dabba suna nuna cewa bayanan da aka rubuta na kwayoyin cuta suna canzawa yayin da yake shirin shiga yanayin ruwa.[26] Wannan canjin rubutun yana haifar da asarar ikon V. cholerae don haɓakawa akan daidaitattun hanyoyin sadarwa, nau'in halitta da ake magana da shi a matsayin 'mai yiwuwa amma ba al'ada ba' (VBNC) ko fiye da 'aiki mai aiki amma ba al'ada' (ABNC). 26] Wani bincike ya nuna cewa al'adar V. cholerae tana raguwa da kashi 90 cikin 100 a cikin sa'o'i 24 da shiga cikin ruwa, haka nan kuma wannan hasarar da ake samu ta al'ada tana da alaka da hasarar kwayar cuta.[26][27] Dukansu nau'ikan masu guba da marasa guba suna wanzu. Nau'o'in da ba su da guba suna iya samun guba ta hanyar bacteriophage mai zafi.[28] === Rashin Lafiya === Dole ne a sha kusan kwayoyin cuta miliyan 100 don haifar da kwalara a cikin babban koshin lafiya.[17] Wannan kashi, duk da haka, yana da kasa a cikin wadanda ke da karancin acidity na ciki (misali wadanda ke amfani da inhibitors na proton pump).[17] Yara kuma sun fi kamuwa da cutar, inda yara masu shekaru biyu zuwa hudu suka fi kamuwa da cutar.[17] Hakanan nau'in jinin mutum yana shafar kamuwa da cutar kwalara, wanda masu dauke da jinin nau'in O ya fi kamuwa da cutar.[17] Mutanen da ke da karancin rigakafi, kamar masu cutar kanjamau ko kuma yara masu fama da tamowa, suna iya kamuwa da cutar mai tsanani idan sun kamu da cutar.[29] Kowane mutum, ko da babba mai lafiya a tsakiyar shekarun haihuwa, yana iya fuskantar matsala mai tsanani, kuma ya kamata a auna yanayin kowane mutum ta hanyar asarar ruwa, zai fi dacewa a tuntubar kwararrun ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya. Maye gurbin kwayoyin halittar cystic fibrosis da aka sani da delta-F508 a cikin mutane an ce yana rike da zabin fa'idar heterozygous: masu daukar heterozygous na maye gurbi (wadanda cystic fibrosis ba ya shafa) sun fi jure kamuwa da cututtukan V. cholerae.[30] A cikin wannan samfurin, karancin kwayoyin cuta a cikin kwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin cuta masu sarrafa kwayoyin cuta na kwayoyin cuta suna tsoma baki tare da kwayoyin cuta da ke daure zuwa epithelium na hanji, don haka rage tasirin kamuwa da cuta. == Makanikai == Idan aka sha, yawancin kwayoyin cuta ba sa tsira daga yanayin acidic na cikin mutum[31]. Kadan daga cikin kwayoyin cuta masu rai suna adana kuzarinsu da adana abubuwan gina jiki yayin wucewa ta ciki ta hanyar rufe samar da furotin. Lokacin da kwayoyin cutar da suka tsira suka fita daga ciki kuma suka isa karamar hanji, dole ne su fantsama cikin kauri mai kauri da ke layin karamar hanji don isa bangon hanji inda za su hade su yi girma[31]. Da zarar kwayoyin cutar kwalara sun isa bangon hanji, ba sa bukatar tuta ta motsa. Kwayoyin suna daina samar da furotin flagellin don adana makamashi da abinci mai gina jiki ta hanyar canza haɗin sunadarai da suke bayyanawa don mayar da martani ga yanayin da aka canza. Lokacin isa bangon hanji, V. cholerae ya fara samar da sunadarai masu guba waɗanda ke ba masu kamuwa da cutar. mutum gudawa mai ruwa. Wannan yana daukar sabbin tsararrun kwayoyin cuta na V. cholerae zuwa cikin ruwan sha na mai gida na gaba idan ba a samar da matakan tsaftar muhalli ba.[32] Toxin kwalara (CTX ko CT) wani hadadden oligomeric ne da aka yi da sinadarai masu gina jiki guda shida: kwafi guda na rukunin A (bangaren A), da kwafi biyar na sashin B (bangaren B), wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗin disulfide. Rukunin B guda biyar suna samar da zobe mai membobi biyar wanda ke daure ga gangliosides GM1 akan saman sel epithelium na hanji. Sashin A1 na rukunin A shine enzyme wanda ADP-ribosylates G sunadaran, yayin da sarkar A2 ta shiga tsakiyar rami na zoben subunit B. Bayan daure, ana daukar hadaddun cikin tantanin halitta ta hanyar endocytosis mai matsakaicin mai karba. Da zarar cikin tantanin halitta, hadin disulfide yana raguwa, kuma sashin A1 yana da 'yanci don ɗaure tare da furotin abokin tarayya wanda ake kira ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6).[33]. Daure yana fallasa rukunin yanar gizon sa, yana ba shi damar ribosylate subunit Gs alpha na furotin heterotrimeric G. Wannan yana haifar da samar da cAMP mai kima, wanda hakan ke haifar da boyewar ruwa, sodium, potassium, da bicarbonate cikin lumen na kananan hanji da saurin bushewa. An shigar da kwayar halittar kwayar cutar kwalara zuwa cikin V. cholerae ta hanyar canja wurin kwayoyin halitta a kwance. Mummunan nau'in V. cholerae yana dauke da bambance-bambancen nau'in bacteriophage mai zafi da ake kira CTXφ. Masana ilimin halittu sun yi nazari kan hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin cutar V. cholerae ke kashe samar da wasu sunadaran da kuma kunna sauran sunadaran yayin da suke amsa jerin yanayin sinadarai da suke ci karo da su, suna wucewa ta ciki, ta hanyar mucosa Layer. Kananan hanji, kuma zuwa bangon hanji[34]. Wani abin sha’awa shi ne tsarin kwayoyin halittar kwalara da kwayoyin cutar kwalara ke kunna furotin da ke samar da gubar da ke mu’amala da na’urorin da ke dauke da kwayar cutar don jefa ion chloride zuwa cikin karamar hanji, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba na ionic wanda ke hana ion sodium shiga cikin tantanin halitta. Chloride da ions sodium suna haifar da yanayin ruwan gishiri a cikin kananan hanji, wanda ta hanyar osmosis zai iya jawo ruwa har zuwa lita shida a kowace rana ta cikin kwayoyin hanji, yana haifar da zawo mai yawa. Mai gida zai iya bushewa da sauri sai dai idan an kula da shi yadda ya kamata.[35] Ta hanyar shigar da sassan daban-daban na V. cholerae DNA a cikin DNA na wasu kwayoyin cuta, kamar E. coli wanda ba zai haifar da gubar furotin ba a zahiri, masu bincike sun bincika hanyoyin da V. cholerae ke amsawa ga canjin yanayin sinadarai na ciki, mucosa yadudduka, da bangon hanji. Masu bincike sun gano wani hadadden tsari na sunadaran sunadaran da ke sarrafa maganganun V. cholerae virulence determinants.[36] A cikin amsawa ga yanayin sinadarai a bangon hanji, kwayoyin cuta na V. cholerae suna samar da sunadaran TcpP / TcpH, wanda, tare da sunadaran ToxR / ToxS, suna kunna bayanin furotin na tsari na ToxT. ToxT sai kai tsaye ya kunna bayyanar da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da guba, yana haifar da gudawa a cikin wanda ya kamu da cutar kuma yana ba da damar kwayoyin cuta su mamaye hanji.[34] Binciken na yanzu[yaushe?] yana nufin gano "alamar da ke sa kwayoyin cutar kwalara su daina iyo su fara yin mulkin mallaka (wato, manne da kwayoyin halittar) kananan hanji."[34]. ===Tsarin kwayoyin halitta === Kwararren tsayin gutsuttsura polymorphism zanen yatsan yatsa na keɓancewar cutar ta V. cholerae ya bayyana bambancin tsarin kwayoyin halitta. An gano gungu biyu: Cluster I da Cluster II. Ga mafi yawancin, Cluster I ya kunshi nau'o'i daga 1960s da 1970s, yayin da Cluster II ya kunshi nau'i daga 1980s da 1990s, dangane da canji a tsarin clone. Wannan rukuni na iri shine mafi kyawun gani a cikin alamun daga Nahiyar Afirka. [37] ===Juriya na rigakafi === A wurare da dama na duniya, juriya na kwayoyin cuta na karuwa a cikin kwayoyin cutar kwalara. A Bangladesh, alal misali, yawancin lokuta suna jure wa tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, da erythromycin.[38] Ana samun hanyoyin tantancewa cikin gaggawa don gano cututtukan da ke jure magunguna da yawa.[39] An gano sabbin magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta masu amfani da kwayoyin cutar kwalara a cikin binciken vitro.[40] == Bincike == Ana samun gwajin dipstick mai sauri don sanin kasancewar V. cholerae.[38] A cikin wadannan samfuran da suka gwada inganci, yakamata a kara yin gwaji don sanin juriyar kwayoyin cuta.[38] A cikin yanayi na annoba, ana iya yin ganewar asibiti ta hanyar daukar tarihin majiyyaci da yin dan gajeren gwaji. Ana iya fara jiyya ta hanyar hydration da hydration na kan-da-counter ba tare da tabbatar da ko kafin bincike ta hanyar bincike ba, musamman inda cutar kwalara ta zama matsala ta gama gari.[41] Samfurin stool da swab da aka tattara a cikin mummunan mataki na cutar, kafin a yi amfani da maganin rigakafi, sune samfurori mafi amfani don ganewar asibiti. Idan ana zargin barkewar cutar kwalara, mafi yawan abin da ke haifar da cutar shine V. cholerae O1. Idan V. cholerae serogroup O1 ba a keɓe ba, dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kamata a gwada V. cholerae O139. Koyaya, idan dayan wadannan kwayoyin halitta ba su keɓanta ba, ya zama dole a aika samfuran stool zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. Ya kamata a ba da rahoton kamuwa da cutar V. cholerae O139 kuma a kula da ita kamar yadda V. cholerae O1 ke haifarwa. Ya kamata a kira cutar gudawa da ke da alaƙa da kwalara kuma dole ne a ba da rahoto a cikin Amurka.[42] == Rigakafi == Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar mayar da hankali kan rigakafi, shirye-shirye, da mayar da martani don yakar yaduwar cutar kwalara[35]. Suna kuma jaddada mahimmancin tsarin sa ido mai inganci[35]. Gwamnatoci na iya taka rawa a duk wadannan fagage. === Ruwa, mai kyau da tsafta === Ko da yake kwalara na iya zama barazana ga rayuwa, rigakafin cutar yana da sauki idan aka bi hanyoyin tsaftar muhalli. A cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba, saboda kusan ci gaban da ake da su na kula da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, kwalara ba kasafai ba ne. Misali, babba na karshe barkewar cutar kwalara a Amurka ya faru a 1910-1911.[43][44] Kwalara tana da haɗari a cikin kasashe masu tasowa a cikin wuraren da ba su da isasshen kayan aikin WASH (ruwa, tsafta da tsabta) har yanzu. Ingantattun ayyukan tsafta, idan aka kafa kuma aka bi su cikin lokaci, yawanci sun isa don dakatar da annoba. Akwai wurare da dama a kan hanyar yada cutar kwalara da za a iya dakatar da yaduwarta:[45] Haifuwa: Yin zubar da kyau da kuma kula da duk wani abu da watakila ya taɓa saduwa da najasar wasu mutane masu cutar kwalara (misali, tufafi, kwanciya, da sauransu) suna da mahimmanci. Ya kamata a tsabtace wadannan ta hanyar wankewa cikin ruwan zafi, ta amfani da bleach chlorine idan zai yiwu. Hannun da suka taɓa masu cutar kwalara ko tufafinsu, kayan kwanciya da sauransu, yakamata a tsaftace su sosai kuma a shafe su da ruwan chlorinated ko wasu ingantattun magungunan kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Kula da sludge na najasa da najasa: A wuraren da cutar kwalara ta shafa, najasa da najasa suna bukatar kulawa da kuma kula da su a hankali don dakatar da yaduwar wannan cuta ta hanyar ɗan adam. Samar da tsafta da tsafta muhimmin mataki ne na kariya.[35] Bude bayan gida, fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, ko zubar da sludge daga cikin ramummuka ko tankunan ruwa a cikin muhalli yana bukatar hanawa[46]. A yawancin yankunan da cutar kwalara ke fama da ita, ana samun karancin maganin najasa.[47][48] Don haka aiwatar da busassun bayan gida da ba ya taimaka wajen gurbatar ruwa, kasancewar ba sa zubar da ruwa, yana iya zama wani zabi mai ban sha'awa na ban sha'awa.[49] Madogarawa: Ya kamata a buga gargaɗi game da yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kwalara a kusa da gurɓatattun hanyoyin ruwa tare da kwatance kan yadda za a ƙazantar da ruwan (tafasa, chlorination da sauransu) don yiwuwar amfani. Tsarkakewar Ruwa: Duk ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen sha, ko wanki, ko dafa abinci ya kamata a haifuwa ta hanyar tafasa, chlorination, maganin ruwa na ozone, haifuwar hasken ultraviolet (misali, ta hanyar lalata ruwan hasken rana), ko tacewa na rigakafi a kowane yanki da kwalara na iya kasancewa. Chlorination da tafasa galibi sune mafi karancin tsada kuma mafi inganci hanyoyin dakatar da watsawa. Tace-tufafi ko tace sari, duk da cewa tana da tushe sosai, sun rage bullar cutar kwalara sosai idan aka yi amfani da su a kauyuka marasa galihu a Bangladesh wadanda suka dogara da ruwan saman da ba a kula da su ba. Ingantattun matatun rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, kamar wadanda ke cikin ci-gaban na'urorin tafiya na gyaran ruwa na mutum daya, sun fi tasiri. Ilimin kiwon lafiyar jama'a da kuma bin hanyoyin tsaftar mahalli na da muhimmanci a farko don taimakawa rigakafin cutar kwalara da sauran cututtuka. Wanke hannu da sabulu ko toka bayan bayan gida da kuma kafin sarrafa abinci ko cin abinci ana ba da shawarar rigakafin cutar kwalara ta WHO Afirka.[50] === Sa ido === Sa ido da bayar da rahoto cikin gaggawa suna ba da damar daukar cututtukan kwalara cikin sauri. Kwalara na wanzuwa a matsayin cuta na lokaci-lokaci a yawancin kasashe masu fama da cutar, yana faruwa kowace shekara galibi lokacin damina yanayi. Tsarin sa ido na iya ba da fadakarwa da wuri ga barkewar cutar, saboda haka yana haifar da hadakar amsawa da taimakawa cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen. Ingantattun tsarin sa ido na iya inganta kimanta hadarin cutar kwalara. Fahimtar yanayin yanayi da kuma wurin da ake samun bullar cutar yana ba da jagora don inganta ayyukan rigakafin kwalara ga masu rauni.[51] Don rigakafin ya yi tasiri, yana da mahimmanci a kai rahoto ga hukumomin kiwon lafiya na kasa[17]. === Alurar riga kafi === Likita dan kasar Sipaniya Jaume Ferran i Clua ya yi allurar rigakafin kwalara a shekara ta 1885, wanda shi ne na farko da ya yi wa mutane rigakafi daga cutar kwayan cuta.[52] Duk da haka, maganin alurar riga kafi da allurar sa ya kasance mai yawan cece-kuce kuma takwarorinsa da kwamitocin bincike da yawa sun ki su.[53][54][55] Masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin cutar dan kasar Rasha-Yahudawa Waldemar Haffkine ya yi nasarar samar da rigakafin cutar kwalara na farko a watan Yulin 1892.[53][54][55][56] Ya gudanar da gagarumin shirin rigakafin cutar a Indiya ta Burtaniya.[55][57] Mutanen da suka tsira daga cutar kwalara suna da rigakafi na dindindin na akalla shekaru 3 (lokacin da aka gwada). Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) tana da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara guda uku (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, da Euvichol. Dukoral, maganin da aka yi ta baki, wanda ba a kunna allurar tantanin halitta gabadaya, yana da cikakken tasiri na kusan 52% a cikin shekarar farko bayan an ba shi da kashi 62% a cikin shekara ta biyu, tare da karancin sakamako.[58]. Ana samunsa a cikin kasashe sama da 60. Duk da haka, ba a halin yanzu[yaushe?] Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka (CDC) ta ba da shawarar ga yawancin mutanen da ke balaguro daga Amurka zuwa kasashe masu fama da cutar.[59] Alurar rigakafin da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) ta ba da shawarar, Vaxchora, allurar rigakafi ce ta baka, wacce ke da tasiri ga manya masu shekaru 18-64 a matsayin kashi daya.[60] An gano maganin allura guda daya yana aiki har tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa uku. Tasirin kariyar ya kasance kasa da kashi 28% a cikin yara wadanda ba su wuce shekara biyar ba.[61] Koyaya, ya zuwa 2010, yana da iyakacin samuwa.[2] Ana ci gaba da aiki don bincikar rawar da yawan allurar rigakafi ke takawa.[62] Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar yin allurar rigakafi ga kungiyoyi masu hadari, kamar yara da masu cutar HIV, a cikin kasashen da wannan cuta ta yadu.[2] Idan aka yi wa mutane alluran rigakafi da yawa, rigakafin garken yana haifar da raguwar yawan gurbacewar muhalli.[38] WHO ta ba da shawarar a yi la’akari da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara a wuraren da cutar ke yaɗuwa (tare da kololuwar yanayi), a matsayin wani bangare na martani ga barkewar cutar, ko kuma a cikin rikicin jin kai wanda hadarin kwalara ya yi yawa.[63] An gane maganin cutar kwalara na baka (OCV) a matsayin kayan aiki na gaba don rigakafi da sarrafa kwalara. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta riga ta ba da allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara guda uku - Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), wanda ke dauke da wani rukunin B-ba mai guba na toxin kwalara da kuma ba da kariya daga V. cholerae O1; da alluran rigakafi guda biyu da aka haɓaka ta hanyar amfani da fasahar fasaha iri daya-ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) da Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.), waɗanda ke da bivalent O1 da O139 na baka sun kashe maganin kwalara.[64] Ana iya tura allurar rigakafin cutar kwalara a cikin yanayi daban-daban daga yankunan kwalara da wuraren da ake fama da rikice-rikicen jin kai, amma babu wata yarjejeniya ta musamman.[65] ===Sari tacewa === An ƙirƙira don amfani a Bangladesh, "Sari filter" hanya ce mai saui kuma mai tsada mai dacewa don rage gurɓataccen ruwan sha. Tufafin Sara da aka yi amfani da shi ya fi dacewa amma sauran nau'ikan zanen da aka yi amfani da su ana iya amfani da su tare da wani tasiri, kodayake tasirin zai bambanta sosai. Tufafin da aka yi amfani da shi yana da tasiri fiye da sabon zane, saboda maimaita wankewar yana rage sarari tsakanin zaruruwa. Ruwan da aka tara ta wannan hanya yana da raguwar adadin kwayoyin cuta-ko da yake ba lallai ba ne ya kasance lafiyayye, yana da kyau ga matalauta masu iyakacin zabi.[66] A Bangladesh an gano wannan aikin na rage yawan kwalara da kusan rabi.[67] Ya kunshi ninke sari sau hudu zuwa takwas[66]. Tsakanin amfani da rigar ya kamata a wanke shi da ruwa mai tsabta kuma a bushe a rana don kashe duk wani kwayoyin cuta a cikinsa[68]. Tufafin nailan yana bayyana yana aiki kuma amma ba shi da araha.[67] == Magani == Ci gaba da cin abinci yana hanzarta dawo da aikin hanji na yau da kullun. WHO ta ba da shawarar hakan gabadaya ga masu fama da gudawa ko da menene sanadin hakan[69]. Littafin koyarwa na CDC musamman game da cutar kwalara ya ce: "Ci gaba da shayar da jaririn ku nono idan jariri yana da gudawa na ruwa, ko da lokacin tafiya don neman magani. Ya kamata manya da yara masu girma su ci gaba da cin abinci akai-akai." [70]. ===Ruwa === Kuskuren da ya fi dacewa wajen kula da masu fama da cutar kwalara shi ne rashin la’akari da saurin gudu da yawan ruwan da ake bukata.[71] A mafi yawan lokuta, ana iya samun nasarar maganin cutar kwalara ta hanyar yin amfani da rehydration na baka (ORT), wanda yake da inganci, mai aminci, kuma mai sauƙin gudanarwa.[38] Maganin tushen shinkafa an fi son na tushen glucose saboda mafi inganci.[38] A cikin lokuta masu tsanani tare da rashin ruwa mai mahimmanci, sakewar ruwa na cikin jini na iya zama dole. Ringer's lactate shine mafi kyawun bayani, sau da yawa tare da ƙara potassium.[17][69] Ana iya bukatar girma mai girma da ci gaba da maye gurbin har sai gudawa ya ragu.[17] Ana iya buƙatar kashi goma na nauyin jikin mutum a cikin ruwa a cikin sa'o'i biyu zuwa hudu na farko.[17] An fara gwada wannan hanya da yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin 'yantar da Bangladesh, kuma an samu nasara sosai.[72] Duk da yaɗuwar imani, ruwan 'ya'yan itace da abubuwan sha na kasuwanci kamar cola ba su dace da sake sanya ruwa ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani na hanji ba, kuma yawan sukarin da ke cikin su na iya cutar da shan ruwa.[73] Idan hanyoyin samar da ruwa na baka na kasuwanci sun yi tsada sosai ko kuma da wahala a samu, ana iya yin mafita. Daya daga cikin irin wannan girke-girke yana bukatar lita 1 na tafasasshen ruwa, teaspoon 1/2 na gishiri, cokali 6 na sukari, da kuma kara da ayaba da aka daskare don potassium da kuma inganta dandano.[74]. === Electrolytes === Kamar yadda yawancin acidosis ke farawa, matakin potassium na iya zama al'ada, ko da yake an sami babban hasara.[17] Yayin da aka gyara rashin ruwa, matakan potassium na iya raguwa da sauri, don haka ana buƙatar maye gurbinsu.[17] Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar cin abinci mai yawan potassium, kamar ayaba ko ruwan kwakwa.[75] === Magungunan rigakafi === Maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta na kwana daya zuwa uku yana rage tsawon lokacin cutar da rage tsananin alamun.[17] Amfani da maganin rigakafi kuma yana rage buƙatun ruwa[76]. Mutane za su warke ba tare da su ba, duk da haka, idan an kiyaye isasshen ruwa[38]. WHO kawai tana ba da shawarar maganin rigakafi ga masu fama da rashin ruwa mai tsanani.[75] Doxycycline yawanci ana amfani da layin farko, kodayake wasu nau'ikan V. cholerae sun nuna juriya.[17] Gwajin juriya a lokacin fashewa na iya taimakawa wajen tantance zaɓin da suka dace a nan gaba.[17] Sauran maganin rigakafi da aka tabbatar suna da tasiri sun haɗa da cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, da furazolidone.[77] Ana iya amfani da Fluoroquinolones, irin su ciprofloxacin, amma an ba da rahoton juriya.[78] Magungunan rigakafi suna inganta sakamako a cikin waɗanda suke da tsanani kuma ba su da ruwa sosai.[79] Azithromycin da tetracycline na iya yin aiki fiye da doxycycline ko ciprofloxacin.[79] ===Karin sinadarin Zinc === A Bangladesh kari na zinc ya rage tsawon lokaci da tsananin gudawa a cikin yara masu fama da kwalara lokacin da aka ba su da maganin rigakafi da kuma sake dawo da ruwa kamar yadda ake bukata. Ya rage tsawon cutar da sa'o'i takwas da kuma adadin stool da kashi 10%[80]. Kari ya bayyana yana da tasiri a duka biyun magani da kuma hana kamuwa da cutar gudawa saboda wasu dalilai na yara a kasashe masu tasowa.[80][81] == Hasashen == Idan aka yi wa masu fama da cutar kwalara da sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata, yawan mace-macen bai kai kashi 1% ba; duk da haka, tare da kwalara ba tare da magani ba, yawan mace-mace yana ƙaruwa zuwa 50-60%.[17][1] Ga wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kwalara, kamar wanda aka samu a lokacin annoba ta 2010 a Haiti da barkewar 2004 a Indiya, mutuwa na iya faruwa cikin sa'o'i biyu da rashin lafiya.[82] == Epidemiology == Kwalara na shafar kimanin mutane miliyan 2.8 a duk duniya, kuma yana haifar da mutuwar kusan 95,000 a shekara (rashin tabbas: 21,000-143,000) kamar na 2015.[83][84]. Wannan yana faruwa musamman a kasashe masu tasowa[85]. A farkon shekarun 1980, an yi imanin cewa adadin mace-macen ya haura miliyan uku a shekara.[17] Yana da wahala a kididdige ainihin adadin lamurra, saboda da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba saboda fargabar barkewar cutar na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga yawon bude ido na kasa.[38] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2004, cutar kwalara ta kasance da annoba da ta zama annoba a wurare da dama na duniya.[17] Barkewar kwanan nan shine barkewar kwalara na Haiti na 2010s da kuma barkewar cutar kwalara na Yemen na 2016-2022. A watan Oktoban 2016 ne aka fara bullar cutar kwalara a Yaman da yaki ya daidaita.[86] WHO ta kira shi "bullar cutar kwalara mafi muni a duniya"[87]. A cikin 2019, kashi 93% na rahoton bullar cutar kwalara 923,037 sun fito ne daga Yemen (tare da mutuwar 1911).[88] Tsakanin Satumba na 2019 da Satumba 2020, an ba da rahoton adadin mutane sama da 450,000 a duniya kuma sama da 900 sun mutu; duk da haka, daidaiton waɗannan lambobin suna fama da wuce gona da iri daga ƙasashen da ke ba da rahoton abubuwan da ake zargi (kuma ba a tabbatar da shari'o'in a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba), da kuma ƙarancin rahoto daga kasashen da ba su ba da rahoton shari'o'in hukuma ba (kamar Bangladesh, Indiya da Philippines). [88] Ko da yake an san da yawa game da hanyoyin da ke haifar da yaduwar cutar kwalara, har yanzu masu binciken ba su da cikakkiyar fahimtar abin da ke haifar da barkewar cutar kwalara a wasu wurare ba wasu ba. Rashin kula da najasar mutane da rashin kula da ruwan sha na saukaka yaduwarsa matuka. An gano gawarwakin ruwa a matsayin tafki na kamuwa da cuta, kuma abincin teku da ake jigilar su daga nesa na iya yada cutar. Kwalara ta bace daga nahiyar Amurka a mafi yawan karni na 20, amma ta sake bayyana a karshen wannan karni, inda ta fara da mummunar barkewar cutar a kasar Peru.[89] Hakan ya biyo bayan barkewar kwalara na Haiti na 2010s[90] da kuma wani bullar cutar kwalara a Haiti a cikin rikicin Haiti na 2018-2023.[91] Tun daga watan Agustan 2021 cutar tana yaduwa a Afirka da wasu yankuna na gabashi da yammacin Asiya (Bangladesh, Indiya da Yemen).[90] Kwalara ba ta da yawa a Turai; dukkan shari’o’in da aka ruwaito suna da tarihin tafiya zuwa wuraren da suka kamu da cutar.[90] === Tarihin bullar cutar === Kalmar kwalara daga Girkanci: χολέρα kholera daga χολή kholē "bile". Mai yiwuwa cutar kwalara ta samo asali ne a cikin yankin Indiya kamar yadda ake tabbatar da yaduwarta a yankin tsawon karni.[17] Alamun cutar kwalara sun bayyana a cikin adabin Turai tun a shekara ta 1642, daga bayanin likitan Holland Jakob de Bondt a cikin De Medicina Indorum.[92] (Lakabin "Indorum" yana nufin Indiyawan Gabas. Ya kuma ba da bayanin farko na Turai game da wasu cututtuka.) Amma a lokacin, kalmar "cholera" a tarihi likitocin Turai sun yi amfani da ita don yin nuni ga duk wani ciwon ciki da ke haifar da launin rawaya. gudawa. De Bondt don haka ya yi amfani da kalmar gama gari da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita akai-akai don bayyana sabuwar cutar. Wannan al'ada ce ta yau da kullun. Sai a shekarun 1830 ne sunan cutar zawo mai tsanani ya canza a turance daga "cholera" zuwa "cholera morbus" don bambanta shi da abin da ake kira "Asiatic cholera", ko kuma wanda ke da alaka da asali a Indiya da Gabas. An yi imanin cewa farkon barkewar cutar a cikin yankin Indiya ya samo asali ne sakamakon cunkoson jama'a, rashin kyawun yanayin rayuwa, da kuma kasancewar tafkunan ruwan da babu ruwansu, dukkansu sun samar da yanayi mai kyau na kwalara.[93] Cutar ta fara yaduwa ta hanyar matafiya ta hanyar kasuwanci (kasa da ruwa) zuwa Rasha a cikin 1817, daga baya zuwa sauran Turai, kuma daga Turai zuwa Arewacin Amurka da sauran duniya, [17] (saboda haka sunan "Asiatic cholera"). [1]). Cutar kwalara bakwai ta faru tun farkon karni na 19; na farko bai kai Amurka ba. Annobar ta bakwai ta samo asali ne a Indonesia a cikin 1961.[94] Cutar kwalara ta farko ta faru ne a yankin Bengal na Indiya, kusa da Calcutta tun daga 1817 zuwa 1824. Cutar ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da Gabashin Afirka.[95] An yi imanin cewa zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da na sojojin ruwa na Burtaniya da na ruwa da ma'aikata sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar cutar, tun lokacin da jiragen suka yi jigilar mutanen da ke dauke da cutar zuwa gabar tekun Indiya, daga Afirka zuwa Indonesia, da arewa zuwa China da Japan. [96] Cutar ta biyu ta kasance daga 1826 zuwa 1837 kuma ta shafi Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Ci gaban da aka samu a fannin sufuri da cinikayyar duniya, da kuma karuwar hijirar mutane, ciki har da sojoji, ya sa mutane da yawa ke dauke da cutar sosai.[97] Annobar ta uku ta barke a shekara ta 1846, ta ci gaba har zuwa 1860, ta tsallaka zuwa Arewacin Afirka, kuma ta isa Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. An gabatar da shi zuwa Arewacin Amurka a Quebec, Kanada, ta hanyar baki Irish daga Babban Yunwar. A cikin wannan annoba, Brazil ta kamu da cutar a karon farko. Cutar ta huɗu ta kasance daga 1863 zuwa 1875, ta bazu daga Indiya zuwa Naples da Spain, kuma ta isa Amurka a New Orleans, Louisiana a 1873. Ta bazu ko'ina cikin tsarin kogin Mississippi na nahiyar. Annobar ta biyar ta kasance daga 1881 zuwa 1896. Ta fara a Indiya kuma ta yadu zuwa Turai, Asiya, da Kudancin Amurka. Annobar ta shida ta fara ne daga 1899 zuwa 1923. Wadannan cututtukan sun yi kasa da adadin mace-mace domin likitoci da masu bincike sun fi fahimtar kwayoyin cuta kwalara. Masar, yankin Larabawa, Farisa, Indiya, da Philippines sun fi fama da wannan annoba. Sauran yankuna, irin su Jamus a cikin 1892 (musamman birnin Hamburg, inda sama da mutane 8.600 suka mutu)[98] da Naples daga 1910 zuwa 1911, suma sun sami mummunar barkewar cutar. Annobar ta bakwai ta samo asali ne a shekarar 1961 a kasar Indonesiya kuma tana da alamar bullar wani sabon nau'i mai suna El Tor, wanda har yanzu yana ci gaba da wanzuwa (kamar 2018[99]) a kasashe masu tasowa. Wannan annoba ta fara raguwa kusan 1975 kuma ana tsammanin ta kare, amma, kamar yadda aka gani, ta ci gaba. An sami karuwa a lokuta a cikin 1990s kuma tun daga lokacin. Kwalara ta yadu a karni na 19.[101] Tun daga lokacin ta kashe dubunnan mutane[102]. A Rasha kadai, a tsakanin 1847 zuwa 1851, fiye da mutane miliyan daya ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar.[103] Ya kashe Amurkawa 150,000 a lokacin annoba ta biyu.[104] Tsakanin 1900 zuwa 1920, watakila mutane miliyan takwas ne suka mutu sakamakon cutar kwalara a Indiya.[105] Kwalara a hukumance ta zama cuta ta farko da za a iya ba da rahoto a cikin Amurka saboda gagarumin tasirin da take da shi ga lafiya.[17] John Snow, a Ingila, a shekara ta 1854 shine farkon wanda ya gano mahimmancin gurbataccen ruwa a matsayin tushen watsa shi.[17] A yanzu ba a dauki cutar kwalara a matsayin wata barazana ta kiwon lafiya a Turai da Arewacin Amurka saboda tacewa da kuma sanya sinadarin chlorination na ruwa, amma har yanzu yana matukar shafar al'umma a kasashe masu tasowa. A baya, jiragen ruwa suna tashi da tutar kebe masu launin rawaya idan wani ma'aikacin jirgin ko fasinjoji ya kamu da cutar kwalara. Ba wanda ke cikin jirgin da ke dauke da tutar rawaya da za a bari a bakin teku na tsawon lokaci, yawanci kwanaki 30 zuwa 40.[106] A tarihi da'awar magunguna daban-daban sun wanzu a cikin tatsuniyoyi. Yawancin magungunan tsofaffi sun dogara ne akan ka'idar miasma, cewa cutar ta kamu da mummunan iska. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa sanyin ciki yana sa mutum ya fi sauki, kuma an haɗa bel din flannel da kwalara a cikin kayan aikin soja.[107] A cikin barkewar 1854-1855 a Naples, an yi amfani da camphor homeopathic bisa ga Hahnemann.[108] TJ Ritter's Mother's Remedies Littafin ya lissafa ruwan tumatir a matsayin maganin gida daga Arewacin Amirka. An ba da shawarar Elecampane a Burtaniya, a cewar William Thomas Fernie.[109] An samar da maganin rigakafi na farko na dan adam a cikin 1885, kuma an samar da maganin rigakafi na farko a cikin 1948. Cutar kwalara ba ta da yawa a kasashen da suka ci gaba inda gwamnatoci suka taimaka wajen kafa hanyoyin tsaftar ruwa da ingantattun magunguna.[110] A cikin karni na 19, alal misali, Amurka, tana fama da matsalar kwalara mai tsanani irin ta wasu kasashe masu tasowa. Tana da manyan bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a cikin 1800s, wanda za a iya danganta shi da yaduwar cutar kwalara ta Vibrio cholerae ta hanyoyin ruwa na cikin gida irin su Erie Canal da babban tsarin kwari na kogin Mississippi, da kuma manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa tare da Gabashin Tekun Gabas da garuruwansu. 111] Tsibirin Manhattan da ke birnin New York ya taba Tekun Atlantika, inda cutar kwalara da ake tarawa daga ruwan kogin da fitar ruwa a gabar tekun. A wannan lokacin, birnin New York ba shi da tsarin tsaftar muhalli mai inganci kamar yadda aka samu a karni na 20, don haka cutar kwalara ta yadu ta hanyar samar da ruwan birnin.[112] Kwalara morbus kalma ce ta tarihi da aka yi amfani da ita wajen yin nuni ga ciwon gastroenteritis maimakon na musamman ga abin da a yanzu ake ayyana cutar kwalara.[15] == Bayanan kula == A cewar CDC, "Cutar [kwalara] ba zai iya yaduwa kai tsaye daga mutum daya zuwa wani ba; saboda haka, saduwa da mai cutar ta yau da kullun ba abu ne mai hadari don yin rashin lafiya ba." == Manazarta == 7ni642t6uvqiyyoisqbu3u093zqkp52 0 68602 542697 536343 2024-11-19T18:12:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Improving Diabetic Care And The Patient Experience With Shared Appointments (IA ImprovingDiabeticCareAndThePatientExperienceWithSharedAppointmentsN).pdf|thumb|Diabetic medicine]] [[Fayil:Age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates in 2021.jpg|thumb|tasawirar maganin]] '''Magungunan da ake amfani da su a cikin ciwon sukari''' suna magance ciwon sukari ta hanyar canza matakin ''glucose'' a cikin jini. Banda insulin, yawancin GLP agonists (liraglutide, exenatide, da sauransu), da pramlintide, duk ana gudanar da su ta baki kuma ana kiran su da magungunan hypoglycemic na baka ko wakilai na antihyperglycemic na baka. Akwai nau'o'in magunguna daban-daban na maganin ciwon sukari, kuma zaɓinsu ya dogara da yanayin ciwon sukari, shekaru, da yanayin mutum, da kuma wasu dalilai. Ciwon sukari nau'in 1 cuta ce ta rashin insulin. Dole ne a yi amfani da insulin a nau'in 1, wanda dole ne a yi masa allura. Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 cuta ce ta jurewar insulin ta sel. Nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 shine mafi yawan nau'in ciwon sukari. Magani sun haɗa da abubuwan da (1) ƙara adadin insulin da pancreas ke ɓoye, (2) ƙara fahimtar gabobin da ake nufi da insulin, (3) rage yawan adadin glucose daga sashin gastrointestinal, da (4) haɓaka. asarar glucose ta hanyar fitsari.<ref name="pmid35126141">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dahlén AD, Dashi G, Maslov I, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Trukhan V, Schiöth HB | title = Trends in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: FDA Approved Drugs, New Drugs in Clinical Trials and Global Sales| journal = Front Pharmacol | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 4119 | date = January 2022 | pmid = 35126141 | pmc = 8807560 | doi = 10.3389/fphar.2021.807548 | doi-access = free}}</ref> Rukunin magunguna da yawa, galibi ana bayarwa ta baki, suna da tasiri a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, galibi a hade. Haɗin warkewa a cikin nau'in 2 na iya haɗawa da isoforms na insulin da yawa ko magungunan antihyperglycemic na baka. Tun daga shekarar 2020, FDA ta amince da haɗin gwiwar magungunan antihyperglycemic guda 23 na musamman. Haɗin farko sau uku na masu ciwon sukari na baka an yarda da su a cikin 2019, wanda ya ƙunshi metformin, saxagliptin, da dapagliflozin. Wani amincewar haɗin kai sau uku don metformin, linagliptin, da empagliflozin ya biyo baya a cikin 2020. == Insulin == Yawancin lokaci ana ba da insulin ta hanyar subcutaneously, ko dai ta hanyar allura ko ta famfon insulin. A cikin saitunan kulawa na gaggawa, ana iya ba da insulin ta cikin jini. Insulin yawanci ana siffanta su da adadin da jiki ke daidaita su, yana haifar da lokuta daban-daban da tsawon lokacin aiki.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Powers AC | veditors = Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J |editor2-link=Anthony Fauci |title=[[Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine]] |date=2011 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0071748896 |edition=18th |chapter=Diabetes Mellitus}}</ref> Insulin da ke aiki da sauri suna yin girma da sauri kuma daga baya suna narkewa yayin da insulins masu tsayin aiki sukan sami tsawaita lokacin kololuwa kuma suna ci gaba da aiki a cikin jiki na wasu lokuta masu mahimmanci.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | vauthors = Donner T, Sarkar S | chapter = Insulin – Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens, and Principles of Intensive Insulin Therapy |date=2000 | chapter-url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278938/ | title =Endotext |veditors = Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G |publisher=MDText.com, Inc. |pmid=25905175 |access-date=2019-11-16 }}</ref> Misalan insulins masu saurin aiki (kololuwa a ~ 1 hour) sune: *[[Insulin lispro]] (Humalog) *[[Insulin aspart]] (Novolog) *[[Insulin glulisin]] (Apidra) Misalan insulins masu gajeriyar aiki (kololuwar sa'o'i 2-4) sune: Insulin na yau da kullun (Humulin R, Novolin R) Insulin mai sauri zinc (Semilente) Misalan insulins masu aiki na tsaka-tsaki (mafi girman awanni 4-10) sune: Insulin isophane, protamine tsaka tsaki Hagedorn (NPH) (Humulin N, Novolin N) Insulin zinc (Lente) Misalan insulins na dogon lokaci (tsawon awanni 24, yawanci ba tare da kololuwa ba) sune: *Extended insulin zinc insulin (Ultralente) *Insulin glargine (Lantus) *Insulin detemir (Levemir) *Insulin degludec (Tresiba) Insulin degludec wani lokaci ana rarraba shi daban a matsayin insulin "tsawon tsayi" mai aiki saboda tsawon lokacin aikinsa na kusan sa'o'i 42, idan aka kwatanta da sa'o'i 24 don yawancin shirye-shiryen insulin masu tsayi. A matsayin nazari na yau da kullun na nazarin da aka kwatanta insulin detemir, insulin glargine, insulin degludec da insulin NPH bai nuna wani fa'ida ba ko mummunan tasiri ga kowane nau'i na insulin don hypoglycemia na dare, hypoglycemia mai tsanani, glycated haemoglobin A1c, infarction na myocardial maras mutuwa. / shanyewar jiki, ingancin rayuwa mai nasaba da lafiya ko kuma mace-macen duka. Wannan bita ba ta sami bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin amfani da waɗannan analogues na insulin tsakanin manya da yara ba. Yawancin magungunan maganin ciwon sukari na baki an hana su a cikin ciki, wanda aka fi son insulin. Ba a sarrafa insulin ta wasu hanyoyi, kodayake an yi nazarin hakan. An ba da lasisin ɗan gajeren fom ɗin da aka shaƙa amma daga baya aka cire shi. == ''Sensitizers'' == Magungunan insulin suna magance ainihin matsalar a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 - juriya na insulin. === Biguanides === Biguanides suna rage yawan fitowar glucose na hanta da kuma ƙara ɗaukar glucose ta gefen gefe, gami da tsokar kwarangwal. Ko da yake dole ne a yi amfani da shi tare da taka tsantsan a cikin marasa lafiya da ke da rauni na hanta ko aikin koda, metformin, biguanide, ya zama wakilin da aka fi amfani dashi don nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 a cikin yara da matasa. Daga cikin magungunan ciwon sukari na yau da kullun, metformin shine kawai maganin baka da ake amfani dashi wanda baya haifar da kiba. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar haemoglobin glycated (A1C) don metformin shine 1.5-2.0% Metformin (Glucophage) na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi ga marasa lafiya waɗanda suma ke da gazawar zuciya, amma ya kamata a dakatar da shi na ɗan lokaci kafin kowane aikin rediyo wanda ya haɗa da bambancin iodinated na ciki, saboda marasa lafiya suna cikin haɗarin lactic acidosis. An yi amfani da Phenformin (DBI) daga 1960 zuwa 1980s, amma an cire shi saboda haɗarin lactic acidosis. Hakanan an cire Buformin saboda haɗarin lactic acidosis. Metformin yawanci shine maganin layin farko da ake amfani dashi don maganin ciwon sukari na 2. Gabaɗaya, an wajabta shi a farkon ganewar asali tare da motsa jiki da asarar nauyi, sabanin a baya, inda aka wajabta shi bayan cin abinci da motsa jiki sun kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.healthvalue.net/diabetesinsulinPPAR.html |title=diabetesinsulinPPAR |website=www.healthvalue.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204348/http://www.healthvalue.net/diabetesinsulinPPAR.html |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |access-date=May 6, 2018 |df=mdy-all |archivedate=March 3, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204348/http://www.healthvalue.net/diabetesinsulinPPAR.html }}</ref> Akwai sakin-nan da nan da kuma tsarin tsawaita-saki, yawanci ana keɓe don marasa lafiya da ke fama da lahani na ciki. Hakanan ana samunsa a hade tare da sauran magungunan ciwon sukari na baka. === Thiazolidinediones === Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), wanda kuma aka sani da "glitazones," yana ɗaure zuwa PPARγ, proliferator mai kunnawa mai karɓa γ, wani nau'in furotin mai sarrafa makamashin nukiliya wanda ke da hannu cikin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da ke daidaita glucose da mai metabolism. Waɗannan PPARs suna aiki ne akan abubuwan da ke amsa proliferator proliferator (PPRE).<ref name="pmid17761999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Eurich DT, McAlister FA, Blackburn DF, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Varney J, Johnson JA | title = Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: systematic review | journal = BMJ | volume = 335 | issue = 7618 | pages = 497 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17761999 | pmc = 1971204 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.39314.620174.80 }}</ref> PPREs suna yin tasiri akan kwayoyin halittar insulin, waɗanda ke haɓaka samar da MRNA na enzymes masu dogaro da insulin. Sakamakon ƙarshe shine mafi kyawun amfani da glucose ta sel. Waɗannan magungunan kuma suna haɓaka ayyukan PPAR-α kuma don haka suna haifar da haɓakar HDL da wasu manyan abubuwan LDL. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar haemoglobin glycated (A1C) shine 1.5-2.0%. Wasu misalan su ne: Rosiglitazone (Avandia): Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai ta ba da shawarar a cikin Satumba 2010 cewa a dakatar da shi daga kasuwar EU saboda haɓakar haɗarin zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. Pioglitazone (Actos): ya kasance a kasuwa amma kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin cututtukan zuciya. Troglitazone (Rezulin): An yi amfani da shi a cikin 1990s, an cire shi saboda hanta da hanta. Yawancin karatu na baya-bayan nan sun haifar da damuwa game da amincin rosiglitazone, kodayake an tabbatar da cewa rukunin, gaba ɗaya, yana da tasiri mai amfani akan ciwon sukari. Babban damuwa shine karuwa a cikin adadin abubuwan da ke faruwa na zuciya mai tsanani a cikin marasa lafiya da ke dauke da shi. Binciken ADOPT ya nuna cewa maganin farko tare da magungunan irin wannan na iya hana ci gaban cututtuka, kamar yadda gwajin DREAM ya yi. Ofungiyar Asibitin Asiber na Amurka (aace), wanda ke ba da jagororin aikin asibiti don Gudanar da ciwon sukari, na biyu, ko na uku mahimmin aiki Mellitus, a matsayin taƙaitawar zartarwa ta Mellitus, a kan Saflyylurere da α- masu hana glucosidase. Duk da haka, ba a fifita su fiye da GLP-1 agonists ko SGLT2 masu hanawa, musamman a cikin marasa lafiya da cututtukan zuciya (wanda liraglutide, empagliflozin, da canagliflozin duk FDA ta amince da su don magance). Damuwa game da amincin rosiglitazone ya taso ne lokacin da aka buga wani nazari na baya-bayan nan a cikin New England Journal of Medicine. An sami adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafe tun daga lokacin, kuma kwamitin Kula da Abinci da Magunguna ya zaɓi, tare da wasu gardama, 20:3 cewa binciken da aka samu ya “goyi bayan siginar cutarwa”, amma ya zaɓi 22:1 don ci gaba da maganin a kasuwa. Binciken meta-bincike bai sami goyan bayan wani bincike na wucin gadi na gwajin da aka tsara don kimanta batun ba, kuma wasu rahotanni da dama sun kasa kammala takaddamar.<ref name="pmid16567854">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fimognari FL, Pastorelli R, Incalzi RA | title = Phenformin-induced lactic acidosis in an older diabetic patient: a recurrent drama (phenformin and lactic acidosis) | journal = Diabetes Care | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | pages = 950–951 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16567854 | doi = 10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc06-0012 | url = http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16567854 | url-status = live | doi-access = free | df = mdy-all | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121209052027/http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16567854 | archive-date = December 9, 2012 }}</ref> Wannan shaida mai rauni don mummunan tasiri ya rage yawan amfani da rosiglitazone, duk da mahimmanci da tasiri mai dorewa akan sarrafa glycemic. Ana ci gaba da karatun aminci. Sabanin haka, aƙalla babban binciken da ake tsammani, PROactive 05, ya nuna cewa pioglitazone na iya rage yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na zuciya a cikin mutanen da ke da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 waɗanda suka riga sun sami bugun zuciya. === Lyn kinase activators === An ba da rahoton LYN kinase activator tolimidone don ƙarfafa siginar insulin ta hanyar da ta bambanta da glitazones. Filin ya nuna sakamako mai kyau a cikin binciken asibiti na Phase 2a wanda ya ƙunshi batutuwa masu ciwon sukari 130.<ref name="Müller2000a">{{cite journal | vauthors = Müller G, Wied S, Frick W | title = Cross talk of pp125(FAK) and pp59(Lyn) non-receptor tyrosine kinases to insulin-mimetic signaling in adipocytes | journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology | volume = 20 | issue = 13 | pages = 4708–4723 | date = July 2000 | pmid = 10848597 | pmc = 85892 | doi = 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4708-4723.2000 }}</ref> == Sakatariya == Secretagogues kwayoyi ne waɗanda ke haɓaka fitarwa daga gland, a cikin yanayin insulin daga pancreas. === Sulfonylureas === Sulfonylureas su ne na farko da aka yi amfani da su na farko na maganin hyperglycemic na baka. Su ne asirin insulin, suna haifar da sakin insulin ta hanyar hana tashar KATP na ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic. An sayar da nau'ikan waɗannan kwayoyin guda takwas a Arewacin Amurka, amma ba duka sun kasance ba. Magungunan "ƙarni na biyu" yanzu an fi amfani da su. Sun fi tasiri fiye da magungunan ƙarni na farko kuma suna da ƙarancin illa. Duk na iya haifar da kiba. Jagororin aikin aikin asibiti na yanzu daga ƙimar AACE sulfonylureas (da glinides) a ƙasa da duk sauran nau'ikan magungunan antidiabetic dangane da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar amfani da su azaman na farko, na biyu, ko na uku na wakilai - wannan ya haɗa da bromocriptine, bile acid sequestrant colesevelam, α-glucosidase masu hanawa, TZDs (glitazones), da masu hana DPP-4 (gliptins). Ƙananan farashin mafi yawan sulfonylureas, duk da haka, musamman idan aka yi la'akari da mahimmancin tasirin su a cikin raguwar glucose na jini, yana kula da kiyaye su a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi a yawancin marasa lafiya - ba masu hana SGLT2 ko GLP-1 agonists ba, azuzuwan da ka'idodin AACE suka fi so. Bayan metformin, a halin yanzu ana samun su azaman jinsin halitta. Sulfonylureas yana ɗaure da ƙarfi ga sunadaran plasma. Sulfonylureas suna da amfani kawai a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2, yayin da suke aiki ta hanyar haɓaka sakin insulin na endogenous. Suna aiki mafi kyau tare da marasa lafiya sama da shekaru 40 waɗanda ke da ciwon sukari mellitus na ƙasa da shekaru goma. Ba za a iya amfani da su tare da nau'in ciwon sukari na 1 ba, ko ciwon sukari na ciki. Ana iya amfani da su lafiya tare da metformin ko glitazones. Sakamakon farko shine hypoglycemia, wanda ya bayyana ya fi faruwa tare da sulfonylureas fiye da sauran jiyya. Binciken tsarin Cochrane daga 2011 ya nuna cewa jiyya tare da Sulphonylurea bai inganta sarrafa matakan glucose ba fiye da insulin a cikin watanni 3 ko 12 na jiyya. Wannan bita guda ɗaya ta sami shaidar cewa jiyya tare da Sulphonylurea na iya haifar da dogaro da insulin a baya, tare da kashi 30% na lokuta da ke buƙatar insulin a cikin shekaru 2. Lokacin da bincike ya auna azumin C-peptide, babu wani shiga tsakani da ya yi tasiri a cikin maida hankalinsa, amma insulin ya ci gaba da maida hankali sosai idan aka kwatanta da Sulphonylurea. Duk da haka, yana da mahimmanci a bayyana cewa binciken da ake da shi don haɗawa a cikin wannan bita ya ba da lahani mai yawa a cikin inganci da ƙira. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar haemoglobin glycated (A1C) don sulfonylureas ƙarni na biyu shine 1.0-2.0%. Wakilan ƙarni na farko *tolbutamide *acetohexamide *tolazamide *chlorpropamide *Wakilan ƙarni na biyu *glipizide *glibenclamide ko glibenclamide *glimepiride *gliclazide *glycopyramide *gliquidone == Sakatariyar da ba sulfonylurea == === Meglitinides === Meglitinides na taimaka wa pancreas don samar da insulin kuma galibi ana kiransa "gajerun sirrin sirri." Suna aiki akan tashoshi na potassium iri ɗaya kamar sulfonylureas, amma a wani wurin ɗauri na daban. Ta hanyar rufe tashoshin potassium na ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic, suna buɗe tashoshin calcium, ta yadda za su haɓaka fitar insulin. Ana ɗaukar su tare da ko jim kaɗan kafin abinci don haɓaka amsawar insulin ga kowane abinci. Idan an tsallake cin abinci, an kuma tsallake maganin. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar haemoglobin glycated (A1C) shine 0.5-1.0%. repaglinide nateglinide Abubuwan da ba su da kyau sun haɗa da karuwar nauyi da hypoglycemia. == Masu hana Alpha-glucosidase == Masu hana Alpha-glucosidase su ne "kwayoyin ciwon sukari" amma ba masu aikin hypoglycemic na fasaha ba saboda ba su da tasiri kai tsaye a kan ɓoyewar insulin ko hankali. Wadannan jami'ai suna jinkirta narkewar sitaci a cikin ƙananan hanji, ta yadda glucose daga sitaci na abinci ya shiga cikin jini a hankali, kuma ana iya daidaita shi da kyau ta hanyar rashin amsawar insulin ko hankali. Wadannan wakilai suna da tasiri da kansu kawai a farkon matakan rashin haƙuri na glucose, amma suna iya taimakawa tare da wasu wakilai a cikin nau'in ciwon sukari na 2. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar haemoglobin glycated (A1C) shine 0.5-1.0%. miglitol acarbose voglibose Ba kasafai ake amfani da waɗannan magungunan a Amurka ba saboda tsananin illar da ke tattare da su (ƙumburi da kumburin ciki). An fi rubuta su a Turai. Suna da yuwuwar haifar da asarar nauyi ta hanyar rage adadin sukari da aka daidaita. == Peptide analogs == === Mimetics incretin da za a iya allurar === Incretins sune asirin insulin. Manyan kwayoyin dan takara guda biyu wadanda suka cika ka'idojin zama incretin sune glucagon-kamar peptide-1 (GLP-1) da peptide inhibitory na ciki (glucose-dogara insulinotropic peptide, GIP). Dukansu GLP-1 da GIP suna aiki da sauri ta hanyar enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). === Ana iya allurar glucagon-kamar peptide analogs da agonists === Glucagon-kamar peptide (GLP) agonists suna ɗaure ga mai karɓar GLP membrane.[25] A sakamakon haka, sakin insulin daga ƙwayoyin beta na pancreatic yana ƙaruwa. Endogenous GLP yana da rabin rayuwa na 'yan mintuna kaɗan kawai, don haka analogue na GLP ba zai yi aiki ba. Tun daga shekarar 2019, AACE ya lissafa GLP-1 agonists, tare da masu hana SGLT2, a matsayin mafi fifikon maganin ciwon sukari bayan metformin. Liraglutide musamman ana iya la'akari da layin farko a cikin marasa lafiya masu ciwon sukari tare da cututtukan zuciya, kamar yadda ya sami izinin FDA don rage haɗarin manyan cututtukan zuciya mara kyau a cikin marasa lafiya da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2.[15] [26] A cikin bita na 2011 Cochrane, GLP-1 agonists sun nuna kusan raguwar 1% a cikin HbA1c idan aka kwatanta da placebo.[22] GLP-1 agonists suma suna nuna haɓaka aikin beta-cell, amma wannan tasirin baya ɗorewa bayan an daina magani.[22] Saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin nazarin, wannan bita bai ba da damar yin la'akari da sakamako mai kyau na dogon lokaci ko mummunan tasiri ba.[22] Exenatide (kuma Exendin-4, wanda aka sayar dashi azaman Byetta) shine farkon GLP-1 agonist wanda aka amince dashi don kula da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2. Exenatide ba analogue ne na GLP amma a maimakon GLP agonist. Exenatide yana da kawai 53% homology tare da GLP, wanda ke ƙara juriya ga lalacewa ta hanyar DPP-4 kuma ya tsawaita rabin rayuwarsa. Binciken Cochrane na 2011 ya nuna raguwar HbA1c na 0.20% fiye da Exenatide 2 mg idan aka kwatanta da glargine insulin, exenatide 10 μg sau daya a rana, sitagliptin da pioglitazone. Exenatide, tare da liraglutide, ya haifar da asarar nauyi fiye da glucagon-kamar peptide analogues.[22] Liraglutide, analog ɗin ɗan adam na yau da kullun (97% homology), Novo Nordisk ne ya haɓaka shi a ƙarƙashin alamar alama Victoza. Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Turai (EMEA) ta amince da samfurin a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 2009, da Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka (FDA) a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2010. Binciken Cochrane na 2011 ya nuna raguwar HbA1c na 0.24% fiye da liraglutide 1.8 MG idan aka kwatanta da glargine insulin, 0.33% fiye da exenatide 10 µg sau biyu kowace rana, sitagliptin da rosiglitazone.[22] Liraglutide, tare da exenatide, ya haifar da asarar nauyi fiye da glucagon-kamar peptide analogues. Taspoglutide a halin yanzu yana cikin gwajin asibiti na Phase III tare da Hoffman-La Roche. Lixisenatide (Lyxumia) Sanofi Aventis Semaglutide (Ozempic) (Sigar baka shine Rybelsus) Dulaglutide (Trulicity) - sau ɗaya a mako Albiglutide (Tanzeum) - sau ɗaya a mako Hakanan waɗannan magunguna na iya haifar da raguwar motsin ciki, da alhakin illar tashin hankali na gama gari, wanda yakan ragu da lokaci. === Analogs peptide inhibitory na ciki === Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors === Analogs na GLP-1 sun haifar da asarar nauyi kuma suna da ƙarin sakamako masu illa na gastrointestinal, yayin da gabaɗaya masu hanawa dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) sun kasance masu tsaka tsaki kuma suna haɓaka haɗarin kamuwa da cuta da ciwon kai, amma duka azuzuwan sun bayyana don gabatar da madadin ga sauran magungunan ciwon sukari. Duk da haka, an lura da karuwar nauyi da / ko hypoglycemia lokacin da aka yi amfani da masu hana dipeptidyl peptidase-4 tare da sulfonylureas; Har yanzu ba a san illolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci da yawan cututtuka ba. Masu hanawa DPP-4 suna haɓaka haɓakar jini na incretin GLP-1 ta hanyar hana lalata ta DPP-4. Misalai su ne: vildagliptin (Galvus) EU Amincewa da 2008 sitagliptin (Januvia) FDA ta amince da Oktoba 2006 Saxagliptin (Onglyza) FDA An Amince da Yuli 2009 linagliptin (Tradjenta) FDA An Amince da Mayu 2, 2011 *alogliptin *Septagliptin *teneligliptin *Gemigliptin (Zemiglo) Masu hana DPP-4 sun saukar da ƙimar haemoglobin A1C da 0.74%, kwatankwacin sauran magungunan antidiabetic.[37] Sakamakon RCT guda ɗaya wanda ya ƙunshi marasa lafiya 206 masu shekaru 65 ko fiye (ma'anar asali HgbA1c na 7.8%) suna karɓar ko dai 50 ko 100 mg/d na sitagliptin an nuna don rage HbA1c da 0.7% (haɗin sakamako na duka allurai).[38] Sakamakon haɗe-haɗe na 5 RCTs yana ba da jimillar marasa lafiya 279 masu shekaru 65 ko sama da haka (ma'anar asali na HbA1c na 8%) waɗanda ke karɓar 5 mg/d na saxagliptin an nuna don rage HbA1c da 0.73%.[39] Sakamakon haɗe-haɗe na 5 RCTs wanda ke yin rajistar jimlar marasa lafiya 238 masu shekaru 65 ko fiye (ma'anar asali na HbA1c na 8.6%) suna karɓar 100 mg / d na vildagliptin an nuna don rage HbA1c da 1.2% [40] Wani saitin 6 da aka haɗu da RCTs wanda ya haɗa da alogliptin (wanda FDA ta amince da shi a cikin 2013) an nuna shi don rage HbA1c da 0.73% a cikin marasa lafiya 455 masu shekaru 65 ko fiye waɗanda suka karbi 12.5 ko 25 mg / d na maganin.[41] === analogues amylin da za'a iya allura === Wannan sashe bai kawo wani tushe ba. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan sashe ta hanyar ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Janairu 2016) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon samfuri) Amylin agonist analogues yana jinkirin zubar da ciki kuma yana kashe glucagon. Suna da duk ayyukan incretins ban da haɓakar ƙwayar insulin. Tun daga 2007, pramlintide shine kawai analog na amylin a asibiti. Kamar insulin, ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar allurar subcutaneous. Mafi yawan lokuta da mummunan tasirin pramlintide shine tashin zuciya, wanda ke faruwa mafi yawa a farkon jiyya kuma a hankali yana raguwa. Matsakaicin raguwa a cikin ƙimar A1C shine 0.5-1.0%. == Glycosuric == Masu hana SGLT-2 suna toshe sake ɗaukar glucose a cikin tubules na koda, suna haɓaka asarar glucose a cikin fitsari. Wannan yana haifar da asarar nauyi mai sauƙi, da kuma raguwa mai sauƙi a cikin matakan sukari na jini tare da ƙarancin haɗarin hypoglycemia.[42] Ana iya samun shirye-shiryen baka kadai ko a hade tare da wasu wakilai[43]. Tare da GLP-1 agonists, ana ɗaukar su an fi so su zama wakilai na biyu ko na uku don nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 wanda aka fi dacewa da shi tare da metformin kaɗai, bisa ga ƙa'idodin aikin asibiti na kwanan nan.[15] Saboda ana ɗaukar su da baki, maimakon allura (kamar GLP-1 agonists), marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da kyamar allura na iya fifita waɗannan wakilai fiye da na farko. Ana iya la'akari da su a layi na farko a cikin masu ciwon sukari masu fama da cututtukan zuciya, musamman ma ciwon zuciya, kamar yadda aka nuna waɗannan magungunan suna rage haɗarin asibiti ga marasa lafiya masu irin wannan cututtuka. Saboda ba a samun su azaman magunguna na yau da kullun, duk da haka, farashi na iya iyakance yuwuwar su ga marasa lafiya da yawa. Bugu da ƙari kuma, an sami ƙarar shaidar cewa inganci da amincin wannan rukunin magunguna na iya dogara da bambancin kwayoyin halitta na marasa lafiya. Misalai sun haɗa da: *Dapagliflozin *Canagliflozin *Empagliflozin *Remogliflozin Sakamakon sakamako na masu hana SGLT-2 suna samuwa kai tsaye daga tsarin aikin su; waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙara haɗarin: ketoacidosis, cututtuka na urinary fili, candidal vulvovaginitis, da hypoglycemia. == Gabaɗaya == Yawancin magungunan rigakafin ciwon sukari suna samuwa a matsayin nau'i. Wadannan sun hada da:[49] Sulfonylureas - glimepiride, glipizide, gliburide Biguanides - metformin Thiazolidinediones (Tzd) - pioglitazone, Actos generic Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors - Acarbose Meglitinides - nateglinide Haɗuwa da sulfonylureas da metformin - wanda aka sani da jerin sunayen magungunan biyu Babu wani nau'i na nau'i na dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (Januvia, Onglyza), glifozins, incretins da haɗuwa daban-daban. == Madadin Magani == An yi bincike game da tasirin jiyya na Ayurvedic, duk da haka saboda kurakuran binciken da aka yi amfani da su, ba a iya yanke hukunci game da ingancin waɗannan jiyya ba kuma babu isassun shaidun da za su ba da shawarar su.[50] == Manazarta == nhv0o6123lhzi4dw3gomen4k4nr14iv 0 68606 542696 417603 2024-11-19T18:10:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 542696 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon Kuturta''' wani nau'i ne na wulakanci a cikin [[al'umma]], mummunan ji ga mai kuturta dangane da matsayinsa a cikin al'umma.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Stigma: Notes on Management of Spoiled Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman00goff_613|url-access=limited|last=Goffman|first=Erving|publisher=Simon & Schuster Inc.|year=1986|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/stigmanotesonman00goff_613/page/n4 1]–3|isbn=9780671622442}}</ref> Ana kuma kiranta da abin kunya da ke da alaƙa da kuturta, da kuturta, da ƙin kuturta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra/files/lr/Mar14/1835.pdf|title=Stigma of Leprosy|access-date=2024-02-10|archive-date=2017-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918220258/http://www.lepra.org.uk/platforms/lepra/files/lr/Mar14/1835.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tun a zamanin da, kuturta ta dasa al'adar tsoro da gujewa a cikin al'ummomi da yawa saboda raunin [[jiki]] da ke tattare da shi da rashin fahimtar abin da ke haifar da shi. Saboda raunin [[tarihi]] da kalmar “kuturu” ke kira, yanzu ana kiran cutar da cutar Hansen, mai suna Gerhard Armauer Hansen wanda ya gano Mycobacterium leprae, kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar Hansen.[3] Wadanda suka yi fama da cutar Hansen sun kwatanta tasirin rashin jin daɗi na zamantakewa da muni fiye da bayyanar jiki duk da cewa yana da sauƙi kawai kuma ana iya warkewa ta hanyar magunguna. Weis da Ramakrishna sun yi tsokaci kan wannan ra'ayi, inda suka lura cewa "tasirin ma'anar cutar na iya zama tushen wahala fiye da alamun cutar".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Learning to be a leper: a case study in the social construction of illness|last=Nancy|first=Waxler|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=http://www.stigmaconference.nih.gov/FinalWeissPaper.htm|title=Weis, M. and Ramakhrishna, J. "Stigma interventions and research for international health". 2001|access-date=2017-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318042809/http://www.stigmaconference.nih.gov/FinalWeissPaper.htm|archive-date=2013-03-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ma'anar cin mutunci == Kalmar ‘stigma’ ta samo asali ne daga Girkawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da ita don “na nufin alamun jiki waɗanda aka tsara don fallasa wani abu da ba a saba da shi ba kuma mara kyau game da halin ɗabi’a” na mutum. Ana iya la'akari da waɗannan alamun jiki a matsayin raunukan da ke haifar da nakasar jiki a cikin fatar mutum a cikin yanayin kuturta. Masanin zamantakewar al'ummar Amurka Erving Goffman ya bayyana "lalata" a matsayin sifa da ke da matuƙar ɓata suna; mutum mai kyama shi ne wanda ba a yarda da shi ba kuma ba a ba shi girmamawa da girmamawa ga takwarorinsa ba, wanda aka hana shi daga cikakkiyar karbuwar zamantakewa. Yana da alaƙa da 1) nakasar jiki, irin su plaques na fuska, palsy na fuska, nakasar hannu ko ɗigon ƙafa; 2) lahani na halaye, kamar suna da alaƙa da shaye-shaye, shaye-shayen ƙwayoyi, ko kuturta; ko 3) launin fata, al'umma, zamantakewa, jima'i da addini waɗanda wani rukuni ke ɗauka a matsayin aji na biyu.<ref>[[Erving Goffman]]: ''Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.'' Englewood Cliffs. Prentice-Hall Inc., 1963</ref><ref>[[William Jopling]]. "Leprosy stigma," in ''Leprosy Review'' (1991), Vol. 62, 1-12.</ref> An gina ta da kanta bisa "tsarin tarihi, bambance-bambancen al'adu, da rashin daidaituwa na tsari," wanda ke ƙayyade ƙa'idodin zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=Cassandra|date=2011|title=Leprosy and Stigma in the Context of International Migration|journal=Leprosy Review|volume=82|issue=2|pages=147–154|doi=10.47276/lr.82.2.147|pmid=21888139|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Leprosy bell.JPG|Medieval leper bell|thumb]] An danganta cutar kuturta da cutar a mafi yawan tarihinta kuma ta kasance a duniya. A Yammacin Turai, ta kai kololuwarta a tsakiyar zamanai, a daidai lokacin da ake kallon cutar a matsayin “mara tsarki”. An gina gidajen “lazar” da yawa. Dole ne marasa lafiya su ɗauki ƙararrawa don nuna alamar kasancewarsu amma kuma don jawo hankalin kyautai na sadaka. Binciken da Hansen ya gano a shekara ta 1873 cewa kuturta tana da kamuwa da cuta kuma kwayoyin cuta ne ke yada su ya kara dagula cutar kuturta. An daɗe yana haɗuwa da cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i kuma a cikin karni na sha tara har ma ana tunanin matakin syphilis ne.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/482885?seq=8#page_scan_tab_contents "Blessed Damien of Molokai"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117063807/http://www.jstor.org/stable/482885?seq=8 |date=2016-11-17 }}</ref> An sake sabunta kyama da cutar a tsakanin Turawa a zamanin mulkin mallaka lokacin da suka gano cewa "annobar cutar ta yadu a yankunan da ake mulkin mallaka." Ya zama yana da alaƙa da matalauta, ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda Turawa suka yi imanin mazaunansu ba su da ƙasa ta mafi yawan hanyoyi. Tun daga karshen karni na ashirin, tare da kokarin hukumar lafiya ta duniya na shawo kan cutar ta hanyar rarraba magunguna kyauta, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun dukufa wajen kawo karshen kyamar cutar kuturta. Suna aiki don ilimantar da mutane da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiyar cutar kuturta, musamman cewa tana yaɗuwa cikin sauƙi; wasu kashi 95% na mutane ba sa kamuwa da kwayoyin cutar da ke haifar da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tlmscotland.org.uk/just_cause/leprosy.php |title=What is Leprosy? :: The Leprosy Mission Scotland |access-date=2015-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710042313/http://www.tlmscotland.org.uk/just_cause/leprosy.php |archive-date=2015-07-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Misalan cutar kuturta == Ƙimar da ke tattare da cutar Hansen sau da yawa tana fifita al'umma kuma tana sadaukar da haƙƙin mutum ɗaya na waɗanda ke fama. Al'ummomi da yawa a tsakiyar zamanai da ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin sun buƙaci a raba masu kuturta da sauran jama'a. A wasu ƙasashe har yanzu ana nuna kyama ga mutanen da kuturta ta shafa..<ref name=Skinsnes>{{cite journal |last1=Skinsnes Law MPH |first1=Anwei |title=Challenging the Stigma: Hawaii's Role in Dispelling the Myths of Leprosy |journal=Hawaii Medical Journal |date=February 1988 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=75–7, 80 |pmid=3284842 }}</ref> === Japan === A Japan, gwamnati ta bukaci a ware mutanen da ke da kuturta, rabuwar da ta kara nuna kyama ga jama'a. A zamanin da, masu fama da kuturta suna zama dabam, suna zama a kusa da haikali ko wuraren ibada, inda suke roƙon agaji daga masu wucewa. Tun daga shekara ta 1909, gwamnati ta bukaci masu fama da kuturta da su kwantar da su a asibiti a asibitin kuturta, ta yi imanin cewa hakan zai hana kamuwa da cutar. A wasu lokuta, an tilasta wa marasa lafiya zuwa asibitin kula da marasa lafiya tare da lalata musu gidaje a gaban makwabta. Iyalan su ma sun fuskanci matsalar kuturta. Wasu marasa lafiya sun yi ƙoƙarin kashe kansu. Dokar ta kasance har zuwa 1996. A Kumamoto, Japan, an yi wa majiyyaci kuturu mai suna Matsuo Fujimoto shari’a bisa zargin fashewar wani abu a shekara ta 1951 da kuma kisan kai a shekara ta 1952. A lokacin tambayoyi da gwaji, an nuna masa wariya a matsayinsa na mai kuturta. An yanke masa hukunci kuma aka kashe shi a 1962. Gwamnan lardin Kumamoto Yoshiko Shiotani ya ba da rahoto a cikin 2003 cewa wani otal ya ki amincewa da wasu tsoffin majinyata na Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium da ke shirin ziyarar gida na yankin. Mutane da dama sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da otal din. Lokacin da majiyyatan suka ki amincewa da uzurin otal din, an yi zanga-zangar nuna kyama ga marasa lafiya. Otal ɗin ya rushe wannan ginin a watan Yuni 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/14/like-entering-a-prison-japans-leprosy-sufferers-sue-government-for-decades-of-pain|title=Japan's leprosy sufferers reflect on decades of pain|website=The Guardian|language=en|date= April 13, 2016| access-date=}}</ref> A cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na Jafananci Sweet Bean wanda Naomi Kawase (2015) ta jagoranci batun cutar kuturta da ke shafar halayen Tokue ya zama babban jigon labarin kuma ya kai ga taƙaitaccen bayanin wata al'umma da ta kasance ta tsofaffin marasa lafiya. === Scandinavia === A cikin ainihin rahoton Jopling, ya ambato Hansen yana cewa "Kasar Norway ta kasance tana kula da wadanda suka kamu da kuturta cikin mutuntaka". Marasa lafiya da ke kwance a asibiti suna da damar fita da rana don siyar da aikin hannu a kasuwa, kuma an ba su izinin samun baƙi. Akwai ƴan shaida na rashin kunya. Yawancin marasa lafiya sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, amma hakan ya faru ne saboda neman tsira daga talauci. === Indiya === Tunanin gado ya kafu sosai, kuma sa’ad da ake tunanin gadon kuturta, an guje wa masu ciwon (da ’ya’yansu). Kamar yadda nakasa ake daukar azabar Ubangiji, to ana alakanta ta da hakan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/indias-battle-against-leprosy.html|title=India's battle against leprosy - The Pioneer}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 2016, a wasu Jihohi, kuturta dalili ne na shari'a na ɓata haƙƙin mallaka; a kowane hali, kuturta dalilin rabuwar aure ne[16]. Dokokin wariya guda 106 suna shafar kutare har zuwa 2021. === China === Ana iya gano shaidar kuturta tun daga 500-300 BC. a cikin wallafe-wallafen Sinawa, lokacin da ake la'akari da azabtarwa ga ayyukan da'a.[11] Cutar kuturta ta yi yawa, kodayake ta ragu tun ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Ana fargabar lalacewar fuska da ke haifar da shi da kuma yanke gaɓoɓi. Tsawon lokacin kamuwa da cutar ya haifar da asiri tsawon ƙarni game da asalinta, abin ban tsoro, tsoro da kyama. A halin da ake ciki a kasar Sin, cutar kuturta tana da alaka da talauci sosai, kuma abin kyama ya kasance babban abin da ke hana samun magani mai inganci. == Amurka == === Hawai === A shekara ta 1865, an kafa matsugunin kuturta na Kalaupapa a tsibirin Molokai, wani yanki mai keɓantaccen yanki mai iyaka da manyan tsaunuka ("pali") a gefe ɗaya da ruwan teku da ruwan teku da murjani a daya, ya zama kurkuku ga waɗanda aka azabtar. ta cutar Hansen a tsibirin Hawaii.[4] A shekara ta 1865 ba za a iya yin watsi da karuwar adadin masu cutar Hansen ba, an zartar da "Dokar Hana Yaɗuwar Kuturta ta al'ummar Hawaii" wanda ya aikata laifukan kuturta kuma aka yanke wa wadanda abin ya shafa hukuncin gudun hijira na dindindin.[20] Keɓewar kutare ya dogara ne akan sabon zaton kuturta cuta ce mai saurin yaɗuwa. Cutar da kuturta ta fara ne a matsayin “cutar da ba a san ta ba [ta canza] zuwa wani abu mai barazana ga al’umma da ɗabi’a”.[4] An aika waɗanda ke da shari'o'i mai tsanani zuwa Kalawao, wani yanki mai keɓe a tsibirin Moloka'i. Daga baya kuma aka samar da zama na biyu kuma mafi girma a Kalaupapa. Wannan matsugunin yana da kololuwar yawan jama'a kusan 1100 jim kadan bayan juyin juya halin karni na ashirin; Kimanin mutane 8500 ne aka kebe a nan cikin shekaru da dama har zuwa 1965. Dukansu matsugunan suna cikin gundumar Kalawao. Gabaɗayan gundumar yanzu tana cikin abin da aka sani da filin tarihi na Kalaupapa, wanda ke kiyaye manyan gine-ginen ƙauyuka da mahallin da ke da alaƙa da yankin. Ga ’yan asalin ƙasar Hawai, waɗanda suka ƙunshi yawancin masu cutar Hansen, ƙaura ya kasance mai muni. A al'adance, sun yi imanin kasancewar kansu yana da alaƙa da ƙasarsu. Mayar da su zuwa Kalaupapa kamar yadda aka yi gudun hijira daidai yake da cire su. Har ila yau rashin kunya na cutar Hansen ya haifar da rashin sabis na likita tsakanin 1865-1873 akan Kalaupapa. Babu likitoci da aka tura wurin domin suna tsoron kamuwa da cutar. Kokua, ’yan uwa, da Uba Damien ne kaɗai ke kula da waɗanda cutar Hansen ta shafa a Molokai. Kalaupapa wata sabuwar hanya ce ta magance cutar kuturta daga Turawan Yamma, wanda ya zama abin koyi na shawo kan cututtuka a duk duniya: wannan shi ne karo na farko da aka keɓe da gujewa mutanen da aka keɓe daga iyalai aka kai su wani tsibirin kurkuku mai nisa[4]. Bayan keɓe keɓe a cikin 1960, mutanen da ke zaune a Kalaupapa waɗanda suka zaɓi yin hakan na iya kasancewa har tsawon rayuwarsu. Koyaya, ƙasƙantar da ƙa'idodin likita da ƙa'idodi game da hulɗar jiki tare da mazauna Kalaupapa ya ci gaba har zuwa 1980s duk da gano magungunan sulfone [11]. Da alama 'yan Yammacin Turai ne suka kawo Myobacterium leprae tsibirin, duk da zargin da ma'aikatan shukar Sinawa ke yi. A cikin 1886, Asibitin Kuturta na Molokai ya ba da rahoton cewa ’yan mishan sun gane kuturta tun a shekara ta 1823 kafin kowace hijira ta Sinawa. Wani likita kuma ya gane irin wannan alamun a cikin 1840, wanda har yanzu kafin ma'aikatan Sinawa su zo Hawaii. Sinawa sun iya gane cutar saboda sun gani a China, amma ba su ne suka kawo ta tsibirin ba. Mai yiyuwa ne dan Yamma, tun da mutanen Hawai ba su gane cutar ba, kuma babu wani bayani kan cutar Hansen a tsakanin mutanen Hawai kafin zuwan Turawan Yamma. Bugu da ƙari, tsakanin 1866-1885, daga cikin marasa lafiya 3076, 2997 'yan asalin Hawaii ne, 57 na Turai, da 22 Sinawa.[4] === Louisiana === A cikin 1884, majalisar dokokin Louisiana ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kuturta ta Jiha, saboda akwai lokuta da yawa a cikin jihar. Wasu sun ce irin wannan yanayi na da nasaba da tarihin cinikin bayi daga yammacin Afirka. A cikin 1917 Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da wani doka don ƙirƙirar kuturta ta ƙasa, wacce aka gina a Carville, Louisiana kuma Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ke gudanarwa, a yau da ake kira National Hansen's Disease Museum. A cikin 1941, majiyyaci Stanley Stein ya kafa wata jarida mai suna The Star, don yaƙar cutar kuturta. Masu bincike a cikin 1940s a Leprosarium na Amurka sun tabbatar da ingancin asibiti na sulfone, Promin, magani na farko da yadu don cutar. An yi amfani da shi duka don warkar da kuturta da rage barnar da ta yi. A ƙarshen karni na ashirin, masu bincike sun haɓaka maganin magunguna da yawa (MDT) don rage juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta da ke tasowa a cikin ƙwayar cuta. Leprosarium na Carville ya jagoranci sababbin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ga majinyata na kuturta, kuma ta fara canza tunanin waɗanda ke fama da cutar. Ba a ba majinyatan kuturu damar yin aure ba sai a shekara ta 1952. Wadanda suka yi aure kafin a shigar da su a Carville ba a yarda su zauna tare da ma’aurata ba sai dai idan ma’auratan sun kasance marasa lafiya da kansu. An hana marasa lafiya barin harabar asibitin, ba a ba su izinin kada kuri'a a zabukan kasa ba, kuma duk wani mukami mai barin gado an toshe shi ta hanyar toya. Bayan an sallame su, an ba marasa lafiya takardar shedar da ta bayyana cewa su “Masu Kuturta ne na Kiwon Lafiyar Jama’a”, tare da sharhin “Ba wata barazana ga lafiyar jama’a” da aka ƙara a ƙarƙashin dalilin sallamar.[21][22] === 'Yan uwan marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan kuturta === Saboda ra'ayoyi masu alaƙa game da gado da kamuwa da cuta, yara da iyalan masu kuturta suma sun sha wahala. Bincike ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 5% na ma'auratan da ke zaune tare da masu cutar sun kamu da ita, wanda hakan ya nuna a fili cewa kuturta ba ta da saurin yaduwa. == Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kuturta == === Nassoshi na Littafi Mai Tsarki === A cikin Littafin Firistoci, Littafin Firistoci 13 ya ce: “Amma idan tabo mai haske fari ne a fatar jikinsa, kuma ba a ga kamar ya fi fatar jikin ba, kuma gashin da ke kansa bai yi fari ba, firist zai yi fari. a ware wanda ya kamu da cutar har tsawon kwana bakwai”. === Rashin fahimta na jama'a === Jama'a har yanzu suna da rashin fahimta game da kuturta, tare da dagewar imani cewa tana da saurin yaduwa. A ƙarni na ashirin da ɗaya, hukumomi irin su The Leprosy Mission sun yi yaƙi don kawo ƙarshen waɗannan munanan tunani da kuma aiki don ilimantar da mutane game da kuturta, abubuwan da ke haifar da ita, da kuma yadda ake kamuwa da ita. Suna son a gano mutanen da ke da cutar don a yi musu magani da kuma iyakance lalacewar jiki, da kuma shawo kan kamuwa da cutar. A cikin karni na ashirin da daya, ana samun ingantaccen magani na dapsone, rifampicin, da clofazimine kyauta ta hannun WHO. Duk da haka, a sassa da yawa na duniya, ƴan ƙasa har yanzu suna ganin cutar ba ta warkewa. Maganin magunguna da yawa da aka bayar kyauta ga ƙasashen da cutar ke da yawa tana samar da ingantaccen magani ga kuturta. Har ila yau, kuskuren fahimtar ya samo asali ne daga katsewar da ke tsakanin kimiyya da manufofin gwamnati. Ko da yake ƙungiyar likitocin sun amince shekaru da yawa cewa cutar Hansen ba ta da sauƙi kawai, har yanzu tana cikin jerin "cututtuka masu mahimmanci na lafiyar jama'a" don dalilai masu alaka da lafiya na rashin yarda da shi a shafin yanar gizon 'yan kasa da shige da fice na Amurka, duk da cewa HIV an cire shi a cikin 2010. Tun daga 2018, cutar Hansen har yanzu ana lissafinta a matsayin "cutar da ke da mahimmancin jama'a," sabili da haka, an tantance shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na gwajin likita na shige da fice.[25] === Leprosaria === An gina asibitocin Lazar, kuturta, da kuma yankuna don keɓe masu cutar kuturta da alaƙa da abin kunya. Wasu daga cikin kuturta da kuma yankunan da aka mamaye suna cikin ƙasashe masu nisa ko tsibirai. === Latsa === A baya, jaridu sun ba da gudummawa ga cutar kuturta, suna nuna dabi'un zamantakewa a fannoni da yawa. A cikin shirin Lou Dobb na yau da dare na ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2007, Madeleline Cosman, ƙwararriya kuma lauya - ba likita ba, ta faɗi ƙarya "an sami ƙararraki 7000 a cikin shekaru 3 da suka gabata." An yi tambaya game da shari'o'in 7000 a cikin shekaru 3 amma ya ce, "Idan muka ruwaito shi, gaskiya ne." Akasin haka, Shirin Cutar Hansen na Ƙasa ya wakilci wannan adadin a cikin shekaru 30-ba shekaru 3 ba. Ko da yake Dobbs ya amince da kuskuren a wani labari na New York Times daga baya, sakamakon bayanin karya ya ci gaba.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dobson|first=Mary|title=Disease: The Extraordinary Stories Behind History's Deadliest Killers|publisher=Quercus|origyear=2007|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-4351-5166-6|location=UK|pages=26–27|language=English}}</ref> A cikin 2012, ƙungiyoyin tallafi na kuturta sun yi nasarar yin amfani da Aardman Animations don samun fage daga Pirates! A cikin wani Kasada tare da masana kimiyya, an cire shi saboda damuwa game da hoton da ya nuna. Lamarin ya hada da “jirgin kuturu”, da kuma wani kuturu wanda hannunsa ya fadi a wajen. Da yake akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa da ke kewaye da kuturta, masu fafutuka da ke aiki don kawo ƙarshen rashin kunya sun yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin ba shi da amfani. Aardman ya yarda ya cire shi. Wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa wasan barkwanci ba shi da lahani kuma ya kamata a riƙe shi.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Stein|first1=Stanley|title=Alone No Longer: The Story of a Man Who Refused to Be One of the Living Dead!|last2=Blochman|first2=Lawrence G.|publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company, Inc.|year=1963|location=New York|language=English}}</ref> == Yakin yaki da cutar kuturta == === Tauraruwar === Stanley Stein, majinyaci makaho a gidan kuturta na kasa a Carville, ya fara The Star, wata mujalla mai fafutukar yaki da cutar kuturta. Mujallar ta wayar da kan jama'a game da gaskiya game da cutar Hansen. Cikakken rubutun STAR Newsletter, 1941–2001 yana kan layi.[29] Ana ci gaba da buga Tauraron sau biyu a shekara. Ana buga sabbin kwafi akan gidan yanar gizon 40 & 8 La Societe des Quarante Hommes et Huit Chevaux.[30] Har ila yau murfin baya ya ƙunshi bayanai game da cutar Hansen.[31] == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === Tun daga 1995, WHO ta goyi bayan kawar da cutar Hansen ta hanyar gudanar da maganin magunguna da yawa kyauta a duk duniya da inganta ilimin cutar Hansen don kawar da kyama ga Hansen. Kodayake manufar kawar da cutar kuturta gaba daya a cikin 2020 da alama ba za ta iya yiwuwa ga "marasa lafiya ba" saboda tsawon lokacin barcin M. leprae, WHO ta koma dabarar "Tsarin karshe" da ke mai da hankali kan gano wuri da wuri don rage nakasa. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin marasa lafiya ba sa mutuwa daga kuturta amma daga wasu cututtuka da rikitarwa-ba cutar da kanta ba. Bugu da ƙari, mutane na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru masu yawa amma har yanzu suna da kuturta ko kuma su tsira da nakasa.[32] A cikin watan Yunin 2015, kwamitin kare hakkin bil adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartas da wani kuduri kan kawar da wariya ga mutanen da kuturta ta shafa da kuma danginsu[33]. Majalisar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kada kuri'ar kafa wa'adin mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan batun a watan Yunin 2017 na tsawon shekaru uku. Daga bisani a cikin Nuwamba 2017 Alice Cruz ta Portugal an nada Alice Cruz a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da kawar da nuna bambanci ga mutanen da cutar kuturta ta shafa da danginsu.[34] A ranar 16 ga Agusta 2018, Alice Cruz ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa, "Amfani da kuturta a matsayin ma'ana mai ma'ana ya samo asali ne daga ma'anonin stigmatizing na dogon lokaci da al'adun al'adu daban-daban, dokokin zamantakewa da tsarin shari'a suka samar, .. Yin amfani da shi a matsayin misali yana haifar da ba daidai ba ne wanda ke haifar da kyama ga jama'a, nuna wariya na yau da kullun, da kuma raunana jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam da yancin ɗan adam daga mutanen da abin ya shafa da iyalansu." António Costa, da ministan sufurin jiragen ruwa na Bangladesh, Shajahan Khan. == Gidajen tarihi == Gidan kayan tarihi na Hansen na kasa (Japan) a Tokyo, Japan gidan kayan gargajiya ne na wakilci wanda ke nuna tarihin kuturta a Japan, don kawar da cutar kuturta. Yana kusa da Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium. Ƙananan gidajen tarihi suna da alaƙa da sauran wuraren sanatorium a Japan, kamar a cikin Tohoku Shinseien Sanatorium, Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium, Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium da Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium. Gidan Tarihi na Hansen na Ƙasa a Carville, Louisiana yana tattarawa, adanawa da fassara kayan aikin likita da al'adu na gundumar Tarihi ta Carville. Yana haɓaka fahimta, ganowa da kuma kula da cutar Hansen (kuturu) ta hanyar ƙirƙira da kula da nunin kayan tarihi, nunin tafiye-tafiye, wallafe-wallafe da gidan yanar gizo don ilmantarwa da sanar da jama'a[36]. === Share L Kalmar/Kada Ka Kira Ni Kuturu === Ofishin Jakadancin Kuturta na duniya yana ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen amfani da kalmar "kuturu" don kwatanta mutumin da ke da kuturta. Kalmar tana da ma’ana marar kyau ga masu fama da cutar kuma, saboda yawancin nassoshi na tarihi, an daɗe ana amfani da shi don bayyana wani a matsayin “mara tsarki” a ma’anar al’ada, ko wanda bai kamata a taɓa shi ba ko kuma a haɗa shi da shi. TLM Ingila da Wales sun ƙaddamar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na "Kada Ka Kira Ni Kuturu" a cikin 2010, [37] yayin da TLM Scotland ta ƙaddamar da "Share L Word," a cikin 2012.[38]. Dukan kungiyoyin biyu sun lura cewa kalmar "kuturu" "mai wulakanci ne, kyama da kuma tsufa". Suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da kalmar "mutane / masu kuturta." Ga masu fama da jinya, “masu ciwon kuturta” su ma za a amince da su. TLM na tuntubar manema labarai akai-akai don hana amfani da kalmar “kuturu”, kuma sun yi nasarar jan kunnen BBC da ta kara da shi ga kalmomin da bai kamata a yi amfani da su ba[37]. == Manazarta == 9llc42n4ajgnjo8meo0y2mghbzofqhu 0 68609 542692 435085 2024-11-19T18:02:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 542692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Half Life Nairobi''''' ( Swahili) [[:en:Drama_film|fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo]] na shekarar alif 2012 na Kenya wanda David "Tosh" Gitonga ya ba da umarni. An zaɓi fim ɗin a matsayin shigarwar Kenya don [[:en:Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Oscar mafi kyawun Harshen Waje]] a [[:en:85th_Academy_Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin 85th]], amma bai yi jerin gwanaye na ƙarshe ba, kuma shine karo na farko da Kenya ta gabatar da fim a cikin wannan rukunin.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250776.html</ref><ref>https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118059881/</ref> A [[:en:Durban_International_Film_Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Durban]] karo na 33, Joseph Wairimu ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043247/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=682%3Aaward-winners-announced-at-durban-international-film-festival-2012&catid=30%3Anews-articles&Itemid=2</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta [[:en:Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|African Movie Academy Award]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi daga [[:en:9th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|bikin karramawar karo na 9]] . Ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka a [[:en:2014_Africa_Magic_Viewers_Choice_Awards|Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2014]].<ref>http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/156457-nairobi-half-life-contract-flower-girl-win-big-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150105183448/http://www.hapakenya.com/nairobi-half-life-wins-big-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2014-amvcas/</ref> == Makirci == Wani matashi, Mwas (Joseph Wairimu) yana zaune tare da iyayensa a gidansu na karkara a Kenya. Yana samun rayuwa ta hanyar siyar da fina-finan action na yammacin duniya, ya kan yi fice sosai tare da bayyana mafi yawan jarumai a cikin fina-finansa domin ya yaudari kwastomominsa. Shi jarumi ne mai kishin kasa, kuma a lokacin da ya ci karo da gungun ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo daga Nairobi suna yin wasa a garinsa, sai ya bukaci daya daga cikinsu ya taimaka masa ya fara wasan kwaikwayo. Amma, a mayar da shi, an nemi ya ba shi ksh1000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10) domin a jefa shi a ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ksh500 ne kawai zai iya ba kuma aka ce ya tafi da sauran 500 tare da shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Nairobi. Yaji dadi sosai, bayan ya karbi kudi daga hannun mahaifiyarsa, ya shiga tafiyarsa zuwa Nairobi tare da takaitawa a garinsu domin yiwa abokansa bankwana. Ya sadu da dan uwansa (shugaban gungun jama'a) wanda ya baiwa Mwas tsarin rediyo mai tsada da wasu kudade ya kai shi shagon lantarki na Khanji a cikin garin Nairobi. Bayan ya yi hanyarsa ta zuwa Nairobi, da sauri ya fahimci cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa zuwa Nairobi fiye da dama da ƙyalli kawai. A rana ta farko, Mwas ya rasa duk wani abu da ya kawo Nairobi bayan da wasu ‘yan daba suka kai masa hari da suka bar shi a makale, cikin rudani, da kadaici. Ana kama shi har ma ya yi kwana guda a gidan yari. A cikin jujjuyawar al'amura, ya gamu da wani dan damfara na Nairobi Oti (Olwenya Maina) wanda ya zama aminin kud da kud kuma ya shigar da shi cikin kungiyar sa ta masu laifi. Kungiyar da kanta ta kware wajen kwacewa da kuma kwace masu sata tare da sassan abin hawa shine babban abin da suke kaiwa hari. A wannan lokacin, Mwas ya duba wasan kuma ya sami nasarar sanya wani bangare a cikin wasan gida wanda Phoenix Players ya kafa. Ya tsinci kansa yana fafutuka da juguwar duniyoyi guda biyu. A karshe Mwas ya sake haduwa da dan uwansa wanda ya karasa tilasta masa ya saci mota domin ya cire bashi. Ya shawo kan ’yan kungiyar da su tashi daga satar kayan aiki zuwa satar motoci domin samun karin kudi. Satar motoci ya zama wani abu mai hatsarin gaske bayan yunkurin farko da aka yi ya sa an jikkata Mwas da wani dan gungun 'yan kungiyar ta Oti a wani fada a wurin taron. Daga baya an yi nasarar satar motoci, inda ake samun ribar da ’yan kungiyar ke rabawa juna. An samu rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin ‘yan kungiyar ta Oti da kuma wanda wani shugaban kungiyar ke tafiyar da shi wanda a karshe ya kai ga mutuwar marigayin, wanda ya mutu ta hanyar rataye shi da wani abu mai kaifi lokacin da Mwas ya fara arangama da shi. Hakan ya ja hankalin ‘yan sanda kuma an kama bangarorin biyu amma wasu jami’an tsaro guda biyu masu cin hanci da rashawa sun ware ma’aikatan jirgin Oti tare da kai su wani wuri na sirri wanda da alama an yi watsi da su. Wuri ne da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa don goge sawun laifuffukan da ba a warware ba a Nairobi. Rikici ya barke wanda ya kai ga korar ma'aikatan jirgin amma Mwas ya tsira. A lokacin, ya kamu da soyayyar Oti ta fuskar soyayyar Amina, yana zuwa ya ganta a masaukin da take karbar kwastomomi har ma ya dauke ta zuwa fina-finai. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Joseph Wairimu as Mwas * Olwenya Maina as Oti * Nancy Wanjiku Karanja as Amina * Mugambi Nthiga as Cedric * Paul Ogola a matsayin Musa * Antony Ndung'u as Waf * Johnson Gitau Chege as Kyalo * Kamau Ndungu as John Waya * Abubakar Mwenda as Dingo * Mburu Kimani as Daddy M * Mehul Savani a matsayin Khanji * Maina Joseph as Kimachia == liyafar == ''[[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]'' ''<nowiki/>'s'' Todd McCarthy ya yaba da fim din bayan kallonsa a 2012 AFI Fest: "Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka ya zo a matsayin gaskiya da gaskiya."<ref>https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/nairobi-life-afi-fest-review-391847</ref> [[KenyaBuzz]] ya ware wasan kwaikwayon satar kayan wasan kwaikwayo da Maina Olwenya ya yi a matsayin Oti yana cewa: "Wannan hali ya fi ghetto fiye da sauraron tsoffin kundin NWA. Yana magana da karfin zuciya kuma yana tafiya kamar yadda ya mallaki birnin duk da kasancewarsa mai laifi na kowa."<ref>http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nairobi-half-life-kenyabuzz-movie-review</ref> A 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards a cikin Maris 2014,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160701033605/http://www.filmkenya.co.ke/hot/and-the-amvca-winners-are-excellence-in-african-film-and-tv-recognized</ref> ''Nairobi Half Life'' ya sami kyaututtuka don: * Mafi kyawun Cinemagrapher (Kirista Almesberger) * Mafi kyawun Zane Mai Haske (Mohamed Zain) * Best Make-Up Artist (Elayne Okaya) da * Best Art Director ( [[Barbara Minishi]] ). == Duba kuma == * [[:en:List_of_submissions_to_the_85th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa zuwa lambar yabo ta 85th Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje]] * [[:en:List_of_Kenyan_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa na Kenya don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje]] == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|2234428|Nairobi Half Life}} [[Category:Fim]] atl1e66wlqliatxo3hc86z6b5c1azyc 542693 542692 2024-11-19T18:02:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 542693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Half Life Nairobi''''' ( Swahili) [[:en:Drama_film|fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo]] na shekarar alif 2012 na kasar Kenya wanda David "Tosh" Gitonga ya ba da umarni. An zaɓi fim ɗin a matsayin shigarwar Kenya don [[:en:Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Oscar mafi kyawun Harshen Waje]] a [[:en:85th_Academy_Awards|Kyautar Kwalejin 85th]], amma bai yi jerin gwanaye na ƙarshe ba, kuma shine karo na farko da Kenya ta gabatar da fim a cikin wannan rukunin.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201209250776.html</ref><ref>https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118059881/</ref> A [[:en:Durban_International_Film_Festival|bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Durban]] karo na 33, Joseph Wairimu ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043247/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=682%3Aaward-winners-announced-at-durban-international-film-festival-2012&catid=30%3Anews-articles&Itemid=2</ref> Ya kuma lashe lambar yabo ta [[:en:Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|African Movie Academy Award]] don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi daga [[:en:9th_Africa_Movie_Academy_Awards|bikin karramawar karo na 9]] . Ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka a [[:en:2014_Africa_Magic_Viewers_Choice_Awards|Afirka Magic Viewers Choice Awards 2014]].<ref>http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/156457-nairobi-half-life-contract-flower-girl-win-big-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150105183448/http://www.hapakenya.com/nairobi-half-life-wins-big-africa-magic-viewers-choice-awards-2014-amvcas/</ref> == Makirci == Wani matashi, Mwas (Joseph Wairimu) yana zaune tare da iyayensa a gidansu na karkara a Kenya. Yana samun rayuwa ta hanyar siyar da fina-finan action na yammacin duniya, ya kan yi fice sosai tare da bayyana mafi yawan jarumai a cikin fina-finansa domin ya yaudari kwastomominsa. Shi jarumi ne mai kishin kasa, kuma a lokacin da ya ci karo da gungun ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo daga Nairobi suna yin wasa a garinsa, sai ya bukaci daya daga cikinsu ya taimaka masa ya fara wasan kwaikwayo. Amma, a mayar da shi, an nemi ya ba shi ksh1000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 10) domin a jefa shi a ɗaya daga cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ksh500 ne kawai zai iya ba kuma aka ce ya tafi da sauran 500 tare da shi zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Nairobi. Yaji dadi sosai, bayan ya karbi kudi daga hannun mahaifiyarsa, ya shiga tafiyarsa zuwa Nairobi tare da takaitawa a garinsu domin yiwa abokansa bankwana. Ya sadu da dan uwansa (shugaban gungun jama'a) wanda ya baiwa Mwas tsarin rediyo mai tsada da wasu kudade ya kai shi shagon lantarki na Khanji a cikin garin Nairobi. Bayan ya yi hanyarsa ta zuwa Nairobi, da sauri ya fahimci cewa akwai abubuwa da yawa zuwa Nairobi fiye da dama da ƙyalli kawai. A rana ta farko, Mwas ya rasa duk wani abu da ya kawo Nairobi bayan da wasu ‘yan daba suka kai masa hari da suka bar shi a makale, cikin rudani, da kadaici. Ana kama shi har ma ya yi kwana guda a gidan yari. A cikin jujjuyawar al'amura, ya gamu da wani dan damfara na Nairobi Oti (Olwenya Maina) wanda ya zama aminin kud da kud kuma ya shigar da shi cikin kungiyar sa ta masu laifi. Kungiyar da kanta ta kware wajen kwacewa da kuma kwace masu sata tare da sassan abin hawa shine babban abin da suke kaiwa hari. A wannan lokacin, Mwas ya duba wasan kuma ya sami nasarar sanya wani bangare a cikin wasan gida wanda Phoenix Players ya kafa. Ya tsinci kansa yana fafutuka da juguwar duniyoyi guda biyu. A karshe Mwas ya sake haduwa da dan uwansa wanda ya karasa tilasta masa ya saci mota domin ya cire bashi. Ya shawo kan ’yan kungiyar da su tashi daga satar kayan aiki zuwa satar motoci domin samun karin kudi. Satar motoci ya zama wani abu mai hatsarin gaske bayan yunkurin farko da aka yi ya sa an jikkata Mwas da wani dan gungun 'yan kungiyar ta Oti a wani fada a wurin taron. Daga baya an yi nasarar satar motoci, inda ake samun ribar da ’yan kungiyar ke rabawa juna. An samu rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin ‘yan kungiyar ta Oti da kuma wanda wani shugaban kungiyar ke tafiyar da shi wanda a karshe ya kai ga mutuwar marigayin, wanda ya mutu ta hanyar rataye shi da wani abu mai kaifi lokacin da Mwas ya fara arangama da shi. Hakan ya ja hankalin ‘yan sanda kuma an kama bangarorin biyu amma wasu jami’an tsaro guda biyu masu cin hanci da rashawa sun ware ma’aikatan jirgin Oti tare da kai su wani wuri na sirri wanda da alama an yi watsi da su. Wuri ne da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa don goge sawun laifuffukan da ba a warware ba a Nairobi. Rikici ya barke wanda ya kai ga korar ma'aikatan jirgin amma Mwas ya tsira. A lokacin, ya kamu da soyayyar Oti ta fuskar soyayyar Amina, yana zuwa ya ganta a masaukin da take karbar kwastomomi har ma ya dauke ta zuwa fina-finai. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Joseph Wairimu as Mwas * Olwenya Maina as Oti * Nancy Wanjiku Karanja as Amina * Mugambi Nthiga as Cedric * Paul Ogola a matsayin Musa * Antony Ndung'u as Waf * Johnson Gitau Chege as Kyalo * Kamau Ndungu as John Waya * Abubakar Mwenda as Dingo * Mburu Kimani as Daddy M * Mehul Savani a matsayin Khanji * Maina Joseph as Kimachia == liyafar == ''[[:en:The_Hollywood_Reporter|The Hollywood Reporter]]'' ''<nowiki/>'s'' Todd McCarthy ya yaba da fim din bayan kallonsa a 2012 AFI Fest: "Wannan wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka ya zo a matsayin gaskiya da gaskiya."<ref>https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/nairobi-life-afi-fest-review-391847</ref> [[KenyaBuzz]] ya ware wasan kwaikwayon satar kayan wasan kwaikwayo da Maina Olwenya ya yi a matsayin Oti yana cewa: "Wannan hali ya fi ghetto fiye da sauraron tsoffin kundin NWA. Yana magana da karfin zuciya kuma yana tafiya kamar yadda ya mallaki birnin duk da kasancewarsa mai laifi na kowa."<ref>http://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/nairobi-half-life-kenyabuzz-movie-review</ref> A 2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards a cikin Maris 2014,<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160701033605/http://www.filmkenya.co.ke/hot/and-the-amvca-winners-are-excellence-in-african-film-and-tv-recognized</ref> ''Nairobi Half Life'' ya sami kyaututtuka don: * Mafi kyawun Cinemagrapher (Kirista Almesberger) * Mafi kyawun Zane Mai Haske (Mohamed Zain) * Best Make-Up Artist (Elayne Okaya) da * Best Art Director ( [[Barbara Minishi]] ). == Duba kuma == * [[:en:List_of_submissions_to_the_85th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa zuwa lambar yabo ta 85th Academy don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje]] * [[:en:List_of_Kenyan_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film|Jerin abubuwan gabatarwa na Kenya don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje]] == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|2234428|Nairobi Half Life}} [[Category:Fim]] 2xektcl1odct8r8srh217ulhxdeg05i 0 68611 542691 514575 2024-11-19T18:01:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 542691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=We Don't Live Here Anymore|image=We Don’t Live Here Anymore poster.jpg|organization=[[Tope Oshin]]|organisation=Olumide Makanjuola|image caption=We Don’t Live Here Anymore poster.jpg|caption=We Don’t Live Here Anymore poster.jpg}}   '''''Ba Mu Zaune A Nan Ba''''' [[Sinima a Najeriya|Fim Ne Na shekara ta 2018 Na Najeriya]] Wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya bayar da umarni kuma [[Olumide Makanjuola]], Bose Oshin da Tope Oshin suka shirya. Wasan ya samo asali ne daga labarin wasu daliban makarantar sakandaren [[:en:LGBT|LGBT]] Chidi Egwuonwu (Temidayo Akinboro) da Tolu Bajulaye (Francis Sule).<ref name=":0">https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/10/27/tope-oshins-we-dont-live-here-anymore-rattles-nollywood/</ref> Yaran suna ƙaunar juna kuma dole ne su magance wariya game da dangantakar su.<ref>https://nlist.ng//title/we-dont-live-here-anymore-1486/</ref><ref name=":1">https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/10/cisi-eze-the-dangers-of-making-home-uninhabitable-a-review-of-we-dont-live-here-anymore/</ref> A cikin shekarar 2018, ''Ba Mu Zaune A Nan Ba'' Ya Ci Kyautar Kyau Biyu (Fim ɗin Gwarzon Shekara da [[Tope Oshin]] na Gwarzon Darakta) yayin bugu na 10 na Kyautar Kyautar Nollywood (BON).<ref>https://fabwoman.ng/bon-awards-2018-full-list-of-winners-fabwoman/</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/300174-bon-awards-2018-tope-oshin-tana-adelana-win-big.html</ref> Fim din ya hada da [[Osas Ighodaro]] a matsayin Leslie, [[Omotunde Adebowale|Omotunde Adebowale David]] kamar yadda Ms. Wilson Francis Sule, Temidayo Akinboro, Funlola Aofiyebi, da Katherine Obiang. An kaddamar da fim din a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a Cinema IMAX, Lekki ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 2018.<ref>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/celebs-storm-premiere-of-we-dont-live-here-anymore/</ref> [[Ƙaddamarwa don Dai-daita Haƙƙin Mutane|The Initiative For Equal Rights]] (TIERS) ne ta dauki nauyin fim ɗin.<ref name=":0" /> == Makirci == An kama wasu dalibai biyu da suke soyayya da junansu a cikin wani shakuwar jima'i a harabar babbar makarantar firamare. Hukumomin makarantar sun tuntubi Nike Bajulaye da Nkem Egwuonwu, iyayensu mata. An sanar da su cewa za a iya korar 'ya'yansu daga makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/we-do-not-live-here-anymore-bring-an-in-depth-look-at-discrimination-violence-and-life-struggle/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-10 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217125920/https://theinitiativeforequalrights.org/we-do-not-live-here-anymore-bring-an-in-depth-look-at-discrimination-violence-and-life-struggle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sun mayar da martani daban-daban game da koyan yanayin jima'i na 'ya'yansu: Nike Bajulaye ta yi ƙoƙari ta kawar da kunya da ɗanta ya jawo wa danginta, kuma Nkem Egwuonwu tana goyon bayan ɗanta kuma ta yarda da shi kamar yadda yake.<ref name=":1" /> == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Francis Sule as Tolu Bajulaye * Temidayo Akinboro as Chidi Egwuonwu * Funlola Aofiyebi as Nike Bajulaye * Katherine Obiang as Nkem Egwuonwuo * [[Osas Ighodaro]] a matsayin Leslie * [[Chris Iheuwa]] as Femi Bajulaye * Abiodun Aleja as Principal * [[Omotunde Adebowale|Omotunde Adebowale David]] a matsayin Ms. Wilson * Kunle Dada a matsayin likitan kwakwalwa * Funmi Eko as Isioma == Yabo == A shekarar 2018, ''Ba Mu Zaune A Nan Ba Kuma'' Ya Samu Naɗi da Kyautatuwa A Buga Na 10 na Kyautar Kyautar Nollywood (BON) da aka gudanar a Kakanfo Conference Centre, [[Ibadan]], [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] .<ref name=":4">https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/</ref> === Kyaututtuka da zaɓe === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" !Kwanan wata ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Sakamako ! Ref. |- |- | rowspan="6" | 2018 | rowspan="6" | [[:en:2018_Best_of_Nollywood_Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollwood]] | Fim na Shekara| Fim na Shekara |Ya ci nasara |<ref name=":3" /> |- | Darakta na shekara| Darakta na shekara |Ya ci nasara |<ref name=":3" /> |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo| Fim tare da Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo | Wanda aka zaba |<ref name=":4" /> |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Ƙirƙirar Ƙira|Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Ƙirƙirar Ƙira |Wanda aka zaba |<ref name=":4" /> |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Gyarawa|Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Gyarawa |Wanda aka zaba |<ref name=":4" /> |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Cinematography|Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Wanda aka zaba |<ref name=":4" /> |- |} == Nassoshi == Vjb{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [[imdbtitle:7493274|We Don't Live Here Anymore at]] IMDb 9x23upn9l1eyh62ea6mn718cbtyr0ww 0 68633 542610 412071 2024-11-19T16:38:42Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Third Avenue (film)]] to [[Third Avenue (fim)]] 412071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Third Avenue''''' fim din barkwanci ne na Najeriya wanda ya ƙunshi abokan gida uku waɗanda ke da mabanbantan kalubale da matsaloli. Bami Gregs da Esse Akwawa ne suka shirya, fim ɗin kuma Tope Alake ne ya bada umarnin shirin. Third Avenue jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne mai dogon zango da aka fitar, yana da kashi-(episodes) 12 a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2022 |title=From writing to producing, Bamen Gregs navigates moviedom with 'Third Avenue' |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/from-writing-to-producing-bamen-gregs-navigates-moviedom-with-third-avenue/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720085723/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/from-writing-to-producing-bamen-gregs-navigates-moviedom-with-third-avenue/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƴan wasan shirin == *David Jones David a matsayin Tboy *[[Swanky JKA|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Leo *[[Lilian Afegbai]] as Kimberly<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2022 |title=Final Bus Stop At The Third Avenue |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/life/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/ |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720085722/https://editor.guardian.ng/life/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Bami Gregs]] a matsayin Mia *Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Pamela<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=7 April 2022 |title=Final bus stop at the Third Avenue |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/efwxkk5 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> == Sharhi == Tboy bai da tabbas game da dangantakar da yake da wasu budurwarsa guda biyu, Leo da kyar yake jurewa a matsayin gigolo, kuma mace ɗaya tilo a gida, Kimberly duk da kasancewarta mace mai kulawa yana da wuyar samun soyayya ta gaskiya. Duk da ƙalubalen da suke fuskanta, su ukun suna zaune lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=12 January 2022 |title=Third Avenue season 1, the sure destination for comedy fans |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/third-avenue-season-1-the-sure-destination-for-comedy-fans/2fs1csq |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} qvsbpbuhpfdull7vekkp2ee8fbn7a5z 0 68667 542946 496978 2024-11-20T06:53:24Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Ministére_Chenik.jpg|Ministére_Chenik.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 11 November 2024. 542946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gouvernement Chenik.jpg|thumb|el badra]] '''''El Badra''''' ( {{Lang-ar|البذرة}}, transl. Iri ) gidan talabijin ne dake a ƙasar Aljeriya, wanda Télévision Algérienne ya shirya kuma ya watsa shi, wanda Mohamed Hazourli ya jagoranta. An fara farawa daga 2008 zuwa 2010 akan Télévision Algérienne, A3 da Canal Algérie . <ref name="startimes">[http://www.startimes.com/?t=22976565 مسلسل البذرة] Retrieved July 26, 2017.</ref> Tauraruwarsa Mohammed Adjaimi, Fatiha Berber, Nidhal Doja da Asma Djermoune a cikin babban rawar. == Bayanin jerin abubuwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Ƙasa ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Take ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Harshe ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Tashoshi ! colspan="2" scope="col" | Asalin iska |- ! scope="col" | An fara watsawa ! scope="col" | Karshe aka watsa |- | rowspan="3" scope="row" | Aljeriya | rowspan="3" | {{Lang|ar|البذرة}} ''{{Small|({{lang|ar-Latn|El Badra}})}}'' | rowspan="3" | Larabci na Aljeriya | Television Algérienne | {{Start date|2008||}} | 2010 ( 2010 ) |- | scope="row" | A3 | {{Start date|2008||}} | 2010 ( 2010 ) |- | scope="row" | Canal Aljeriya | {{Start date|2008||}} | 2010 ( 2010 ) |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Fim]] imjzltdn6xfsu7whevgq2bfcpgxiuqk 0 68683 542689 455640 2024-11-19T18:00:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 542689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Introducing the Kujus''''' fim din wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na kasar Najeriya na 2020 wanda [[Biodun Stephen]] ya ba da umarni kuma Winifred Okpapi ya shirya shirin. <ref>BNTV (November 9, 2020) [https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/trailer-introducing-the-kujus/ The Trailer for "Introducing The Kujus" Will Leave You Wanting More] Retrieved December 10, 2020</ref> TaurarinFim din ya fito da [[Bisola Aiyeola]], wacce ta shirya fim din. <ref>Chinonso, Ihekire (September 5, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bisola-gets-producer-badge-in-introducing-the-kujus/ Bisola gets producer badge in Introducing The Kujus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075256/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bisola-gets-producer-badge-in-introducing-the-kujus/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> Hakazalika akwai sauran jaruman shirin da suka hada da [[Timini Egbuson]], Femi Jacobs, [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Sophie Alakija]] da Mimi Onalaja kuma an shirya shirin fim din a [[Badagry]]. <ref>Chinonso, Ihekire (November 7, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/art/introducing-the-kujus-beams-light-on-badagry/ Introducing The Kujus beams light on Badagry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075254/https://guardian.ng/art/introducing-the-kujus-beams-light-on-badagry/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan soyayyar wata budurwa ga danginta, da yadda wannan soyayyar ke hada danginta da kawo karshen fadace-fadace. An saki fim din ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, 2020. <ref>Precious, Nwogu (November 12, 2020) [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/introducing-the-kujus-set-for-november-27-release/gjmxgwm 'Introducing The Kujus' starring Bisola Aiyeola, Timini Egbuson set for November 27 release] Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> A makon da aka saki fim din ya samu zunzurutun kudi har miliyan 10. <ref>Precious, Nwogu (December 5, 2020) [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/introducing-the-kujus-grosses-over-n10-million-in-opening-week/5n59v8z 'Introducing the Kujus' grosses over N10 million in opening week] Retrieved December 10, 2020</ref> ''Introducing the Kujus'' ya dace ga ahali su kalla amma bisa jogarancin iyaye. <ref>Editor (December 5, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/strong-cinema-opening-weekend-for-introducing-the-kujus/ Strong cinema opening weekend for introducing The Kujus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075254/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/strong-cinema-opening-weekend-for-introducing-the-kujus/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 16, 2020</ref> == Sharhi == ''Introducing the Kujus'' ya ba da labarin wasu ‘yan’uwa ‘yan Najeriya guda biyar da ke tsaka-tsaki. Basu son komawa garinsu Badagry, domin tunawa da rasuwar mahaifiyarsu na tsawon shekaru biyar. Mausi Kuju (da [[Bisola Aiyeola]] ya fito a shirin) tare da taimakon Maugbe Kuju ( [[Timini Egbuson]] ya fito a matsayin jarumin) suna shirya wani shiri na haɗa sauran ƴan uwansu. Don shirin ya yi nasara, dole ne ta yaudari ’yan’uwanta, amma yanayin dangantakarsu yana nufin ba ta san ainihin yadda abin zai gudana ba. == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Mausi * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Maugbe * [[Femi Jacobs]] a matsayin Mautin * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Mauyan * [[Ronke Odusanya]] a matsayin Maupe * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Ebi * [[MC Lively]] a matsayin Barry Wonder * [[Sophie Alakija]] a matsayin Lily * Folaremi Agunbiade a matsayin Chuks * [[Mimi Onalaja]] a matsayin Pamela * [[Chris Iheuwa]] a matsayin Otunba * Temitope Ogunleye a matsayin Tombra * Ayomide Ogunleye a matsayin Bibiana == Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Mai karba !Sakamako !Madogara |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | rowspan="4" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] | rowspan="2" |Best Actor in A Drama |Femi Jacobs | {{pending}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021 |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref> |- |Timini Egbuson | {{pending}} |- |Best Art Director |Adeoye Adetunji |{{pending}} |- |Best Writer |Manie Oiseomaye, Donald Tombia and [[Biodun Stephen]] |{{pending}} |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] jke2mb5v8t0rjvm00btq3908cq6si72 542690 542689 2024-11-19T18:00:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 542690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Introducing the Kujus''''' fim din wasan kwaikwayo ne na wasan barkwanci na kasar Najeriya na 2020 wanda [[Biodun Stephen]] ya ba da umarni kuma Winifred Okpapi ya shirya shirin. <ref>BNTV (November 9, 2020) [https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/trailer-introducing-the-kujus/ The Trailer for "Introducing The Kujus" Will Leave You Wanting More] Retrieved December 10, 2020</ref> TaurarinFim din ya fito da [[Bisola Aiyeola]], wacce ta shirya fim din. <ref>Chinonso, Ihekire (September 5, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bisola-gets-producer-badge-in-introducing-the-kujus/ Bisola gets producer badge in Introducing The Kujus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075256/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/bisola-gets-producer-badge-in-introducing-the-kujus/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> Hakazalika akwai sauran jaruman shirin da suka hada da [[Timini Egbuson]], Femi Jacobs, [[Bimbo Ademoye]], [[Sophie Alakija]] da Mimi Onalaja kuma an shirya shirin fim din a [[Badagry]]. <ref>Chinonso, Ihekire (November 7, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/art/introducing-the-kujus-beams-light-on-badagry/ Introducing The Kujus beams light on Badagry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075254/https://guardian.ng/art/introducing-the-kujus-beams-light-on-badagry/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> Fim din ya mayar da hankali ne kan soyayyar wata budurwa ga danginta, da yadda wannan soyayyar ke hada danginta da kawo karshen fadace-fadace. An saki fim din ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2020. <ref>Precious, Nwogu (November 12, 2020) [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/introducing-the-kujus-set-for-november-27-release/gjmxgwm 'Introducing The Kujus' starring Bisola Aiyeola, Timini Egbuson set for November 27 release] Retrieved December 10, 2020.</ref> A makon da aka saki fim din ya samu zunzurutun kudi har miliyan 10. <ref>Precious, Nwogu (December 5, 2020) [https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/introducing-the-kujus-grosses-over-n10-million-in-opening-week/5n59v8z 'Introducing the Kujus' grosses over N10 million in opening week] Retrieved December 10, 2020</ref> ''Introducing the Kujus'' ya dace ga ahali su kalla amma bisa jogarancin iyaye. <ref>Editor (December 5, 2020) [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/strong-cinema-opening-weekend-for-introducing-the-kujus/ Strong cinema opening weekend for introducing The Kujus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213075254/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/strong-cinema-opening-weekend-for-introducing-the-kujus/ |date=2024-02-13 }} Retrieved December 16, 2020</ref> == Sharhi == ''Introducing the Kujus'' ya ba da labarin wasu ‘yan’uwa ‘yan Najeriya guda biyar da ke tsaka-tsaki. Basu son komawa garinsu Badagry, domin tunawa da rasuwar mahaifiyarsu na tsawon shekaru biyar. Mausi Kuju (da [[Bisola Aiyeola]] ya fito a shirin) tare da taimakon Maugbe Kuju ( [[Timini Egbuson]] ya fito a matsayin jarumin) suna shirya wani shiri na haɗa sauran ƴan uwansu. Don shirin ya yi nasara, dole ne ta yaudari ’yan’uwanta, amma yanayin dangantakarsu yana nufin ba ta san ainihin yadda abin zai gudana ba. == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Mausi * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Maugbe * [[Femi Jacobs]] a matsayin Mautin * [[Kunle Remi]] a matsayin Mauyan * [[Ronke Odusanya]] a matsayin Maupe * [[Bimbo Ademoye]] a matsayin Ebi * [[MC Lively]] a matsayin Barry Wonder * [[Sophie Alakija]] a matsayin Lily * Folaremi Agunbiade a matsayin Chuks * [[Mimi Onalaja]] a matsayin Pamela * [[Chris Iheuwa]] a matsayin Otunba * Temitope Ogunleye a matsayin Tombra * Ayomide Ogunleye a matsayin Bibiana == Kyaututtuka da Ayyanawa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyauta !Iri !Mai karba !Sakamako !Madogara |- | rowspan="4" |2022 | rowspan="4" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards]] | rowspan="2" |Best Actor in A Drama |Femi Jacobs | {{pending}} | rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=2022 Africa Magic Awards Nominees don land- See who dey list |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-60818021 |access-date=2022-03-26}}</ref> |- |Timini Egbuson | {{pending}} |- |Best Art Director |Adeoye Adetunji |{{pending}} |- |Best Writer |Manie Oiseomaye, Donald Tombia and [[Biodun Stephen]] |{{pending}} |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] n1v79jszb5fkc67j2p15lauifppk6ec 0 68687 542686 541093 2024-11-19T17:59:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 542686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Our Jesus Story (Labarin Yesu Mu)''''', fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na addini da aka gudanar [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]] na shekarar 2020 wanda Tchidi Chikere ya ba da umarni kuma Ojiofor Ezeanyaeche ya shirya ga kamfanin (Production OJ.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=Frederick Leonard is an afro-haired Jesus in 'Our Jesus Story' trailer |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/frederick-leonard-is-an-afro-haired-jesus-in-our-jesus-story-trailer/wjj6m4n |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Taurarin shirin sun hada da Frederick Leonard a matsayin Yesu Almasihu, yayin da [[Zack Orji]], [[Sam Dede]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] da Adjetey Anang suka taka rawar gani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story Movie - Flixanda |url=https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125321/https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story |url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Ozone Cinemas |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125322/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan shiri shine sabon fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na farko na Afirka don labarin Yesu Kiristi dukkan jaruman shirin da ma'aikatan shirin fun din baƙar fata ne, ma'ana yan [[Afrika]] ne.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12 |title=‘Our Jesus Story’ Now in Cinemas |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/12/our-jesus-story-now-in-cinemas/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-07 |title=Our Jesus story, new movie from OJ Productions |url=https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125317/https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din ya yi fice a ranar 27 ga watan Maris 2020 a gidan kallon fim na Imax Cinema a Lekki, Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title='Our Jesus Story' hits cinemas on Mar 27 - starring Frederick Leonard |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/our-jesus-story-hits-cinemas-on-march-27-staring-frederick-leonard/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-19 |title='Our Jesus Story' - A Summary of the Story of Jesus From Nollywood |url=https://nollymania.com/our-jesus-story-a-summary-of-the-story-of-jesus-from-nollywood/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=NollyMania |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan sharhi daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story Trailer! Frederick Leonard is Jesus in NollyWood Insider |url=https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070030/https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] a matsayin Jesus the Christ * [[Zack Orji]] * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Eucharia Anunobi]] * [[Adjetey Anang]] * [[Ofia Mbaka]] * [[Tchidi Chikere]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] 8ck8q3qd5v9rjpil6king7pvw2f3dic 542688 542686 2024-11-19T17:59:35Z Pharouqenr 25549 542688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Our Jesus Story (Labarin Yesu Mu)''''', fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na addini da aka gudanar [[Najeriya|a Najeriya]] na shekarar 2020 wanda Tchidi Chikere ya ba da umarni kuma Ojiofor Ezeanyaeche ya shirya ga kamfanin (Production OJ.)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title=Frederick Leonard is an afro-haired Jesus in 'Our Jesus Story' trailer |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/frederick-leonard-is-an-afro-haired-jesus-in-our-jesus-story-trailer/wjj6m4n |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Taurarin shirin sun hada da Frederick Leonard a matsayin Yesu Almasihu, yayin da [[Zack Orji]], [[Sam Dede]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] da Adjetey Anang suka taka rawar gani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story Movie - Flixanda |url=https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125321/https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story |url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Ozone Cinemas |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125322/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan shiri shine sabon fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na farko na Afirka don labarin Yesu Kiristi dukkan jaruman shirin da ma'aikatan shirin fun din baƙar fata ne, ma'ana yan [[Afrika]] ne.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12 |title=‘Our Jesus Story’ Now in Cinemas |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/12/our-jesus-story-now-in-cinemas/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-07 |title=Our Jesus story, new movie from OJ Productions |url=https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125317/https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din ya yi fice a ranar 27 ga watan Maris 2020 a gidan kallon fim na Imax Cinema a Lekki, Legas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-04 |title='Our Jesus Story' hits cinemas on Mar 27 - starring Frederick Leonard |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/our-jesus-story-hits-cinemas-on-march-27-staring-frederick-leonard/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-19 |title='Our Jesus Story' - A Summary of the Story of Jesus From Nollywood |url=https://nollymania.com/our-jesus-story-a-summary-of-the-story-of-jesus-from-nollywood/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=NollyMania |language=en-GB}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan sharhi daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Jesus Story Trailer! Frederick Leonard is Jesus in NollyWood Insider |url=https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070030/https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin == * Frederick Leonard a matsayin Jesus the Christ * [[Zack Orji]] * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Eucharia Anunobi]] * [[Adjetey Anang]] * Ofia Mbaka * Tchidi Chikere == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fim]] p6gai1x3ir0wclk9x7oztdf1g02hr8w 0 68689 542685 458589 2024-11-19T17:58:25Z Pharouqenr 25549 542685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Good Husband (Miji Nagari)''''', fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Najeriya|na Najeriya]] na shekarar alif 2020 wanda [[Dickson Iroegbu]] ya shirya Kuma ya bayar da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickson Iroegbu's long Anticipated Movie, ‘The Good Husband’ sets for Cinemas |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35703/dickson-iroegbus-long-anticipated-movie-the.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Taurarin shirin sun hada da [[Sam Dede]] da [[Monalisa Chinda]] a cikin manyan jarumai yayin da Francis Duru, Thelma Okoduwa-Ojiji, [[Paul Sambo]] da Bassey Ekpo Bassey suka taka rawar gani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Husband |url=https://irokotv.com/videos/9743/the-good-husband |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=irokotv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Husband Movie |url=https://thegoodhusbandmovie.com/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=thegoodhusbandmovie.com |archive-date=2022-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330102426/https://thegoodhusbandmovie.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim din na bayani ne kan matsalolin da ake samu a zaman aure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read 5 |first=News 1 min |date=2020-03-04 |title=THE GOOD HUSBAND MOVIE HITS CINEMAS FROM 17th APRIL |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/the-good-husband-movie-hits-cinemas-from-17th-april/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-24 |title=THE GOOD HUSBAND |url=https://genesiscinemas.com/the-good-husband/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=Genesis Cinemas |language=en-US}}</ref> An dauki fim din ne a babban birnin tarayya Najeriya wato Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Husband Full Movie Review |url=https://everyevery.ng/the-good-husband-full-movie-review/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=everyevery.ng |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya yi fice a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read |first=News 1 min |date=2020-03-17 |title=House Of Reps Endorse ‘The Good Husband’, A Movie From Award Winning Director, Dickson Iroegbu |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/house-of-reps-endorse-the-good-husband-a-movie-from-award-winning-director-dickson-iroegbu/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Fim ɗin ya sami mabanbantan ra'ayi daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-07 |title=Dickson Ireogbu’s The Good Husband goes to Cinema |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/dickson-ireogbus-the-good-husband-goes-to-cinema/ |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004162840/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/dickson-ireogbus-the-good-husband-goes-to-cinema/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Monalisa Chinda]] * [[Francis Duru]] * Thelma Okoduwa-Ojiji * [[Paul Sambo]] * [[Bassey Ekpo Bassey]] * Eeefy Ike * Shield Nwazuruahu ==Manazarta== {{Reflist|2}} [[Category: Fina-finai]] b7xw9tf8k9f43k6h0g3ocn3vg9zbxmz 0 68709 542683 491289 2024-11-19T17:56:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 542683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The Film Daily, May-Aug 1936.djvu|thumb|77 bullet film]] '''''77 Bullet''''' fim din kasar Najeriya ne na shekarar 2019 wanda [[Mercy Aigbe]] ta shirya kuma Adebayo Tijani ne ya bada umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2019-12-19 |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, ‘77 Bullets’ |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets/713n6ej |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=Mercy Aigbe announces new movie, 77 Bullets |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/mercy-aigbe-announces-new-movie-77-bullets/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ogala |first=George |date=2020-06-20 |title=Movie Review: Mercy Aigbe’s ‘77 Bullets’: All hype, no substance |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/398658-movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-20 |title=Movie Review: Mercy Aigbe’s ‘77 Bullets’: All hype, no substance |url=https://e-nigeriang.com/movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=ENigeria Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803213808/https://e-nigeriang.com/movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taurarin shirin sun hada daTemitope Solaja, Ibrahim Yekini da [[Eniola Ajao]] . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Takaitaccen bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata ‘yar fashi da makami mara tausayi da ta addabi al’umma. Daga karshe dubun ta ta cika, inda aka damke ta. Fim ɗin ya zama wani salon hanya lokacin da mai laifin ta fuskanci laifukanta a kotu. == Haska shirin == An fara nuna fim ɗin a dandalin YouTube a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2019. == Yan wasan shirin == *[[Mercy Aigbe]] *[[Temitope Solaja]] *Ibrahim Yekini *[[Eniola Ajao]] *Titi Osinowo *Bimbo Afolayan *Eniola Afeez *Taiwo Ibikunle *Adeniyi Johnson *[[Yinka Quadri]] ==Manazarta== apeftq8pl8xaj1w3yc0quhbjglwkm3y 542684 542683 2024-11-19T17:57:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 542684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:The Film Daily, May-Aug 1936.djvu|thumb|77 bullet film]] '''''77 Bullet''''' fim din kasar Najeriya ne wanda aka gudanar a shekarar 2019 wanda [[Mercy Aigbe]] ta shirya kuma Adebayo Tijani ne ya bada umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2019-12-19 |title=Mercy Aigbe completes work new film, ‘77 Bullets’ |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mercy-aigbe-completes-work-new-film-77-bullets/713n6ej |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-29 |title=Mercy Aigbe announces new movie, 77 Bullets |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/mercy-aigbe-announces-new-movie-77-bullets/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ogala |first=George |date=2020-06-20 |title=Movie Review: Mercy Aigbe’s ‘77 Bullets’: All hype, no substance |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/398658-movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance.html |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-20 |title=Movie Review: Mercy Aigbe’s ‘77 Bullets’: All hype, no substance |url=https://e-nigeriang.com/movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=ENigeria Newspaper |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803213808/https://e-nigeriang.com/movie-review-mercy-aigbes-77-bullets-all-hype-no-substance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taurarin shirin sun hada daTemitope Solaja, Ibrahim Yekini da [[Eniola Ajao]] . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Takaitaccen bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin wata ‘yar fashi da makami mara tausayi da ta addabi al’umma. Daga karshe dubun ta ta cika, inda aka damke ta. Fim ɗin ya zama wani salon hanya lokacin da mai laifin ta fuskanci laifukanta a kotu. == Haska shirin == An fara nuna fim ɗin a dandalin YouTube a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 2019. == Yan wasan shirin == *[[Mercy Aigbe]] *[[Temitope Solaja]] *Ibrahim Yekini *[[Eniola Ajao]] *Titi Osinowo *Bimbo Afolayan *Eniola Afeez *Taiwo Ibikunle *Adeniyi Johnson *[[Yinka Quadri]] ==Manazarta== pf5dpvm6ej16odhn148y9h7czhwsylw 0 68751 542681 370899 2024-11-19T17:53:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 542681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Mutumin da ba komai''''' shine [[:en:Supernatural_horror_film|fim ɗin ban tsoro na allahntaka]] na 2020 wanda [[:en:David_Prior_(director)|David Preor]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni a cikin fasalin fasalinsa na halarta na farko, wanda ya dogara da littafin tarihin Cullen Bunn da Vanesa R. Del Rey mai hoto mai suna Boom! Studios . Fim din ya hada da James Badge Dale, Marin Ireland, Stephen Root, Ron Canada, Robert Aramayo, Joel Courtney, da Sasha Frolova. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani tsohon dan sanda ne wanda bayan bincike kan wata yarinya da ta bata, ya gano wata kungiyar asiri. An fara yin fim ɗin a watan Agusta 2017 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa tsakanin Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu, da Faransa, fim ɗin ya sami maki mara kyau a [[Gwaji gwajin|gwajin gwaji]] kuma mai rarraba [[Fox karni na 20|20th Century Fox]] ya rasa bangaskiya ga kasuwancin sa. Samfurin ƙarshe, wanda aka fito da shi ta wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan gyara ta Kafin. An sake shi a tsakiyar [[Annobar cutar covid-19|cutar ta COVID-19]], fim ɗin ya tara dala miliyan 4 a duk duniya akan kasafin dala miliyan 16. Fim ɗin ya fara samun mafi yawan ra'ayoyi mara kyau daga masu suka da masu sauraro a lokacin fitowar sa. An inganta liyafar bayan fim ɗin ya fito akan kafofin watsa labarai na gida da [[sabis na yawo]],<ref>https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/the-empty-man-david-prior-interview</ref> kuma tun daga lokacin ya sami [[Al'adun gargajiya|mabiyan asiri.]]<ref>https://filmschoolrejects.com/the-empty-man/</ref> == Makirci == A cikin 1995 a cikin kwarin Ura, [[Bhutan]], abokai huɗu—Greg, Fiona, Ruthie, da Paul—suna tafiya kan dutse, suna haye gadar ƙafa a hanya. Bulus ya ji wani baƙon busawa kuma ya faɗi cikin wani rami. Greg ya same shi a cikin wani yanayi na kusan katatonic, yana zaune a gabansa yana kallon wani katafaren kwarangwal na rashin mutuntaka da ya makale a bangon kogon. Greg ya ɗauke shi kuma ƙungiyar ta fake a wani gida da babu kowa yayin da guguwar [[Guguwar dusar ƙanƙara|dusar ƙanƙara]] ta afkawa. Washegari, ruhun halittar kogon ya kori Ruthie. A wannan daren, Bulus, a hankali a hankali da mugun ruhu, ya rada wa Ruthie wani abu a kunne. Washegari da safe, ƙungiyar ta sami Bulus kusa da gadar da suka haye. Ruthie ta dimauce kafin ta daba wa Greg wuka ta yanka maƙogwaron Fiona tare da jefa jikinsu a kan dutse. Ta yi wani kallo da Paul kafin ta jefar da kanta. Bulus yana zaune. A [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] 2018, tsohon jami'in bincike James Lasombra yana baƙin cikin mutuwar matarsa Allison da ɗansu Henry waɗanda suka mutu a wani hatsarin mota shekara ɗaya da ta gabata. Yana abokanta da makwabcinsa Nora, wata mata mara aure da mijinta ya mutu. 'Yar Nora Amanda ta gudu sai suka tarar da sakon da aka rubuta cikin jini a cikin bandaki yana cewa "Mutumin banza ya sa na yi". Yayin binciken ɗakin kwana na Amanda, James ya gano littattafai daga ƙungiyar da ake kira Cibiyar Pontifex. Abokin Amanda Devara ya bayyana cewa ita da abokansu sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Amanda don kiran mutumin da ba shi da komai, almara na gida. Don kiran Mutumin da Ba komai, dole ne ka fara nemo kwalaben fanko a kan gada, ka busa cikinta, sannan ka yi tunanin Mutumin da ba komai. Kowane abokin da ke cikin rukunin ya yi haka. Kashegari a gidan kasuwa, Devara ya shaida Amanda tana rada a cikin kunnen abokin Brandon. James ya binciki gadar, kuma ya sami kwalaben fanko. Ya ci gaba da busa shi, kamar yadda matasan suka yi a baya. Yana shiga ƙarƙashin gadar ya gano gawarwakin Brandon da aka rataye da sauran abokan Amanda da irin saƙon da aka samu a bandakin Amanda. An kashe Devara na gaba da ruhu, wanda ya kai mata hari a cikin dakin tururi na wurin shakatawa da almakashi. 'Yan sanda sun yanke hukuncin kisa ta kashe kanta. James yayi bincike a Cibiyar Pontifex, inda ya gano cewa wata al'ada ce da ke da imani da suka samo asali daga wurare kamar Bhutan da kuma a cikin [[Tulpa|tulpas]], wanda ya ci gaba da bincike akan [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . Ya yi imani yana jin Mutumin da ba kowa a wannan dare kuma ya kewaye shi da mafarkai. Ya yi tafiya zuwa cibiyar kuma ya zauna a kan jawabin shugaban kungiyar Arthur Parsons. Da yake magana da Parsons, ya firgita da maganar da shugaban ya yi game da mutumin da ba kowa ba, yana mai da'awar cewa shi wata ƙungiya ce da ke ba mabiyansa abin da suke so muddin sun yi abin da ya umarta. James ya fara tunanin yana ganin mutumin da ba komai. Yana bin 'yan kungiyar asiri kuma ya binciki wani gida a cikin dazuzzuka inda ya sami fayiloli akan Amanda, abokanta, Paul, da kansa. Ya shaida yadda kungiyar asiri ke gudanar da ibadar gobara amma sai suka gan shi suka bi shi. Ya yi zargin cewa Amanda yanzu 'yar kungiyar asiri ce kuma ta sanar da Nora cewa ba ta da lafiya. Yana kai Nora otal domin ya buya. An bayyana cewa ma'auratan suna jima'i kuma yana tare da Nora lokacin da Allison da Henry suka mutu. Da yake fama da hasashe, James ya yi wa ɗan kungiyar asiri Garrett kwanton bauna ya tambaye shi abin da ke faruwa kafin ya yi masa duka. Garrett ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai wani mutum a asibiti wanda Mutumin da Ba komai yake watsawa ga ƙungiyar asiri. James ya gano cewa ainihin mutumin Bulus ne, wanda ke cikin halin rashin lafiya kuma ƴan ƙungiyar asiri ke ziyarta akai-akai don samun saƙonni daga mahaɗan. Ya iske Amanda a dakin asibitin Paul kuma ta bayyana cewa Paul yana mutuwa saboda halin zama Ba komai, kuma kungiyar asiri tana bukatar sabon jirgin ruwa. Ta gaya wa James cewa shi [[tulpa]] ne, sabon jirgin ruwa don kasancewarsa, kuma cewa tunaninsa da dangantakarsa sun ƙirƙira ta da ita da ƙungiyar asiri don tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar allahntaka ta hanyar ciwo da asararsa. A cewar Amanda, James ya wanzu na 'yan kwanaki kawai. A cikin rashin imani, James ya kira Nora, amma ba ta san ko wanene shi ba. James ya rushe ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani [[Jirgin sama (esotericism)|jirgin sama mai kama da limbo]], inda mahayin ya shiga jikinsa. Komawa cikin asibiti, James ya kashe Bulus, kuma ya sami kansa da wasu ma’aikatan asibitin sun kewaye shi. Suna sunkuyar da shi yana kallo, wanda ba shi da suna yana da iko. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * James Badge Dale as James Lasombra * Marin Ireland as Nora Quail * Stephen Root as Arthur Parsons * Ron Canada as Detective Villiers * Robert Aramayo as Garrett * Joel Courtney as Brandon Maibaum * Sasha Frolova as Amanda Quail * == Production == === Ci gaba === A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2016, an sanar da cewa [[Fox karni na 20|20th Century Fox]] ya sami labari mai hoto ''[[Mutumin Da Ba komai|The Empty Man]]'' daga [[Boom! Studios|Boom!]] [[Boom! Studios|Studios]] don fasalin fim, tare da [[David Preor (director)|David Preor]] wanda aka hayar don rubuta da jagorantar fim ɗin.<ref>https://deadline.com/2016/02/the-empty-man-movie-graphic-novel-david-prior-fox-1201698992/</ref><ref>http://www.sneakpeek.ca/2019/03/boom-studios-and-disney.html</ref> <ref>http://www.sneakpeek.ca/2020/02/boom-studios-empty-man.html</ref> [[Ross Richie]] da [[Stephen Christy]] za su shirya fim ɗin mai ban sha'awa na allahntaka. A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa [[James Badge Dale]] a matsayin jagora a matsayin tsohon ɗan sanda da ke fama da mummunar mutuwar matarsa da ɗansa, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin nemo yarinyar da ta ɓace.<ref name=":0">https://deadline.com/2016/02/the-empty-man-movie-graphic-novel-david-prior-fox-1201698992/</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016, an sanar da cewa an jefa [[Haruna Poole]] a cikin fim ɗin don yin wasa da Paul, ɗan wasan kasada a waje. ''Mutumin Ba komai'' shine fim na ƙarshe da ya nuna ainihin tambarin Fox na ƙarni na 20.<ref name=":0" /> == Zane == Mai zanen halitta Ken Barthelmey ya tsara tare da sassaka kwarangwal na kogon da sauran abubuwa na fim din. Kafin ya dauke shi aiki a kan zane a cikin 2016. Saboda jadawalin harbi ya kusa, Barthelmey yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don yin aiki a kan zane. Babban halayen da ake nema tun da farko sune "tsohuwar zamani, iko, haɗari, da dabara fiye da ɗan adam". Tun da farko ya aika masa da zane-zane daga mai zanen Poland [[Zdzisław Beksiński]] kuma ya ambaci Space Jockey a ''[[Aliens (fim)|Alien]]'' don tunani. Waɗancan abubuwan ƙarfafawa daga ƙarshe sun jagoranci Barthelmey zuwa ƙirar ƙarshe na fim ɗin. Barthelmey ya sassaƙa kwarangwal a cikin 3D. An buga samfurinsa na 3D kuma an gina shi akan saiti ta mai tsara samarwa Craig Lathrop da tawagarsa.<ref name=":1">https://theartofken.com/gallery/the-empty-man-44</ref><ref>https://www.scified.com/news/tomorrow-war-aliens-artist-ken-barthelmey-talks-his-cave-mummy-creation-from-the-empty-man-2020</ref> == Yin fim == Yawancin [[:en:Principal_photography|manyan hotuna]] sun faru a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a ƙarshen 2016. A cikin wannan makon na ƙarshe, an daina samar da kayayyaki saboda rashin kyawun yanayi. A wannan lokacin, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na Fox Mark Roybal ya bar ɗakin studio. A cewar darektan David Preor, Roybal yana da "mahimmanci" ga hasken kore na fim din. An ci gaba da samarwa da zarar an ɗauki sabon shugaban gudanarwa. An amince da kasafin dala miliyan 16, Kafin ya ce an yi amfani da kusan dala miliyan 11 wajen harbin. Makon ƙarshe na samarwa ya ci gaba a cikin Satumba 2017 a [[Edwardsville, Illinois|Edwardsville]], [[Illinois]], tare da yin wasu yin fim a [[Madison County, Illinois|gidan kotun Madison County]].<ref>https://www.riverbender.com/articles/details/the-empty-man-movie-scenes-to-be-shot-in-edwardsville-23059.cfm</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180812145327/http://www.kmov.com/story/36266426/a-hollywood-film-is-shooting-in-edwardsville</ref> An kuma gudanar da yin fim a [[:en:Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge|gadar sarkar Rocks]] kuma ta koma wani wurin da ba a bayyana ba bayan kwanaki uku.<ref>https://advantagenews.com/news/filming-to-start-tonight-for-crime-thriller-at-madison-count/</ref> == Bayan samarwa == Lokacin da [[:en:Test_screening|gwajin gwajin]] ya faru, An gaya wa Kafin a haɗa yanke kusan nan da nan bayan an gama samarwa. Biyo bayan karancin makin gwaji, dakin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara firgita saboda rasa [[:en:Tax_rebate|rangwamen haraji]] daga Afirka ta Kudu saboda wa'adin da ke tafe. Furodusan sun tattara nau'in fim ɗin nasu na mintuna 90 (fiye da mintuna 45 ya fi guntu fiye da na farkon na farko), wanda ya gwada ma fi muni. Wannan ya sa kafin ya gabatar da yanke fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe tare da ƙarin mintuna shida (wanda daga baya zai ɗauki shi a matsayin gyara a cikin hira) da farko ya yi niyyar yankewa.<ref name=":1" /> == Saki == An fitar da ''Mutumin Ba komai'' na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, ta Studios na ƙarni na 20 ( bisa kuskure, an fitar da fim ɗin a ƙarƙashin tutar Fox na ƙarni na 20 duk da canjin sunan ɗakin studio a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2020).<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/09/black-widow-jumps-to-summer-2021-spurring-marvel-pics-release-date-shift-west-side-story-delayed-a-year-soul-stays-theatrical-1234582771/</ref> An shirya fitar da fim din ne a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2020, amma an jinkirta shi zuwa 4 ga Disamba saboda [[Annobar cutar covid-19|cutar ta COVID-19]], kafin a matsar da shi zuwa ranar Oktoba bayan canjin ''[[Mutuwa akan Kogin Nilu (fim na 2022)|Mutuwa akan Kogin Nilu]].''<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/06/unhinged-redated-to-july-10-russell-crowe-1202958322/</ref> <ref name="V">{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=July 23, 2020|title='Star Wars' Films, 'Avatar' Sequels Pushed Back a Year in Disney Release Calendar Shakeup|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/star-wars-films-avatar-sequels-pushed-back-a-year-in-disney-release-calendar-shakeup-1234715104/|access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> A cikin United Kingdom, fim ɗin ya tsallake sakin wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya, maimakon a sake shi akan [[Disney+|Disney +]] ta [[Tauraro (Disney+)|Star Hub]] da sauran sabis [[Bidiyo akan buƙata|na VOD]] a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2021.<ref>https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-empty-man-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mjg5ote</ref> == liyafar == === Ofishin tikitoci === ''Mutumin da ba kowa a cikinsa'' ya samu dala miliyan 3 a Amurka da Kanada, da kuma dala miliyan 1.8 a wasu yankuna, a jimillar dala miliyan 4.8 a duk duniya. Fim din ya samu $1.3{{Spaces}}miliyan daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 2,027 a karshen mako na budewa, ya kare na hudu a ofishin akwatin. 53% na masu sauraro maza ne, tare da 53% kuma sun wuce shekaru 25. Masu sharhi sun zargi ƙarancin aikin ofishin fim ɗin a kan tunanin farko na masu sauraro na wani fim [[Creepypasta|mai ban tsoro]] na matasa masu ban tsoro a cikin jijiya na fina-finai kamar ''[[Slender Man (fim)|Slender Man]]'' da ''[[The Bye Bye Man]]'', da tura tallan sifili daga ɗakin studio, tare da kamfanin nazarin kafofin watsa labarun RelishMix. yana cewa: "The campaign on social for 20th's ''The Empty Man'' dropped just one week ago on [Oktoba] 16. Duk wani al'ada yaƙin neman zaɓe ga wani indie, daya-off high ra'ayi ko awards contender zai fili sauke a kalla watanni biyu fita-a latest ."<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/10/honest-thief-empty-man-after-we-collided-weekend-box-office-1234602930/</ref> Fim ɗin ya faɗi 57% a karshen mako na biyu zuwa $561,000, sannan ya sami $294,350 a cikin na uku.<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/10/come-play-halloween-weekend-box-office-pandemic-honest-thief-hocus-pocus-1234607084/</ref> == Amsa mai mahimmanci == Ba a tantance ''mutumin da ba komai'' a gaba don masu sukar sa lokacin da aka sake shi, kuma sake dubawa na farko sun kasance mara kyau.<ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-barely-promoted-horror-the-empty-man-cements-the-fact-that-its-dark/</ref> Bita aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ya bayar da rahoton cewa 76% na 29 masu sukar sun ba da fim mai kyau bita, tare da matsakaicin rating na 5.8/10.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_empty_man</ref> Barry Hertz na ''The Globe and Mail'' ya ba da fim ɗin 2/4, yana rubuta: "Masu shiryawa ba za su iya zaɓar mafi kyawun lakabi ba, ko da yake. Bayan da na bar wasan kwaikwayon na ranar Juma'a, wanda ya samu halartar wasu mutane biyu, na ji nisa daga gamsuwa. Babu komai, kuna iya cewa." Rubutu don ''Masu sukar Kawai'', Nate Adams ya ba shi "D-", yana taƙaita cewa "yana gudana tsawon sa'o'i biyu da mintuna ashirin, ''Mutumin da ba komai'' - mai yiwuwa ɗan uwan bastard sau biyu an cire shi daga ''The Bye Bye Man'' ko ''[[Slender Man (fim)|Slender Man]]'', ba kamfani mai kyau ba - jimla ce. "<ref>https://www.theonlycritic.com/post/review-hollow-the-empty-man-an-overlong-supernatural-thriller-that-goes-nowhere</ref> [[Michael Gingold ne adam wata|Michael Gingold]] na ''[[Rue Morgue (mujallar)|Rue Morgue]]'' ya ba wa fim ɗin kyakkyawan nazari, yana mai cewa "ba fim ɗin ba ne da tirelolinsa ke sayarwa ba, kuma a wannan yanayin, wannan abu ne mai kyau". Brian Tallerico na ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' ya ba fim ɗin 2.5/4 taurari kuma ya rubuta cewa "kowane lokaci a wani lokaci, ɗakin studio yana binne wani aiki saboda ba su samu ba. Ta yaya kuke sayar da fim a matsayin gaskiya kuma ba tare da damuwa ba kamar ''The Empty Man'' ? Ba ka ko gwadawa, idan ka yi sa'a, masu sauraro suna samun su da kansu."<ref>https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-empty-man-movie-review-2021</ref> == Martanin masu sauraro == Masu sauraro da [[:en:CinemaScore|CinemaScore]] suka yi masa tambayoyi sun ba fim ɗin matsakaicin matsayi na "D+" akan sikelin A+ zuwa F. [[:en:PostTrak|PostTrak]] ya ruwaito 42% na masu sauraro sun ba fim ɗin sakamako mai kyau, tare da "mummunan" 25% suna cewa tabbas za su ba da shawarar shi.<ref>https://www.indiewire.com/2020/10/the-empty-man-empty-theaters-weekend-box-offi-e-1234595061/</ref> A cewar wallafe-wallafe da yawa, fim ɗin yana da "sassarar [[:en:Cult_classic|al'ada na al'ada]] " kuma ya sami rayuwa ta biyu a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na gida.<ref>https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/the-empty-man-is-the-next-great-cult-horror-film.html</ref><ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wnJoNE2JChY</ref> ''Makarantar Fim ta ƙi'' ta rubuta: "Kamar yadda ya faru da yawancin fina-finai na asiri, masu sauraro na ''The Empty Man'' {{'}} masu sauraro sun fara kallon raunin da ake zargin fim din a matsayin ƙarfinsa."<ref name=":1" /> == Bayanan kula == == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} 69n02cebp8ft07gwxw8zhfkeggzyg2d 542682 542681 2024-11-19T17:55:39Z Pharouqenr 25549 542682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Mutumin da ba komai''''' shine [[:en:Supernatural_horror_film|fim ɗin ban tsoro na allahntaka]] na 2020 wanda [[:en:David_Prior_(director)|David Preor]] ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni a cikin fasalin fasalinsa na halarta na farko, wanda ya dogara da littafin tarihin Cullen Bunn da Vanesa R. Del Rey mai hoto mai suna Boom! Studios . Fim din ya hada da James Badge Dale, Marin Ireland, Stephen Root, Ron Canada, Robert Aramayo, Joel Courtney, da Sasha Frolova. Hakan ya biyo bayan wani tsohon dan sanda ne wanda bayan bincike kan wata yarinya da ta bata, ya gano wata kungiyar asiri. An fara yin fim ɗin a watan Agusta 2017 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa tsakanin Amurka, Afirka ta Kudu, da Faransa, fim ɗin ya sami maki mara kyau a gwajin gwaji kuma mai rarraba 20th Century Fox ya rasa bangaskiya ga kasuwancin sa. Samfurin ƙarshe, wanda aka fito da shi ta wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗan gyara ta Kafin. An sake shi a tsakiyar cutar ta COVID-19, fim ɗin ya tara dala miliyan 4 a duk duniya akan kasafin dala miliyan 16. Fim ɗin ya fara samun mafi yawan ra'ayoyi mara kyau daga masu suka da masu sauraro a lokacin fitowar sa. An inganta liyafar bayan fim ɗin ya fito akan kafofin watsa labarai na gida da sabis na yawo,<ref>https://www.thrillist.com/entertainment/nation/the-empty-man-david-prior-interview</ref> kuma tun daga lokacin ya sami mabiyan asiri.<ref>https://filmschoolrejects.com/the-empty-man/</ref> == Makirci == A cikin 1995 a cikin kwarin Ura, [[Bhutan]], abokai huɗu—Greg, Fiona, Ruthie, da Paul—suna tafiya kan dutse, suna haye gadar ƙafa a hanya. Bulus ya ji wani baƙon busawa kuma ya faɗi cikin wani rami. Greg ya same shi a cikin wani yanayi na kusan katatonic, yana zaune a gabansa yana kallon wani katafaren kwarangwal na rashin mutuntaka da ya makale a bangon kogon. Greg ya ɗauke shi kuma ƙungiyar ta fake a wani gida da babu kowa yayin da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara ta afkawa. Washegari, ruhun halittar kogon ya kori Ruthie. A wannan daren, Bulus, a hankali a hankali da mugun ruhu, ya rada wa Ruthie wani abu a kunne. Washegari da safe, ƙungiyar ta sami Bulus kusa da gadar da suka haye. Ruthie ta dimauce kafin ta daba wa Greg wuka ta yanka maƙogwaron Fiona tare da jefa jikinsu a kan dutse. Ta yi wani kallo da Paul kafin ta jefar da kanta. Bulus yana zaune. A [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] 2018, tsohon jami'in bincike James Lasombra yana baƙin cikin mutuwar matarsa Allison da ɗansu Henry waɗanda suka mutu a wani hatsarin mota shekara ɗaya da ta gabata. Yana abokanta da makwabcinsa Nora, wata mata mara aure da mijinta ya mutu. 'Yar Nora Amanda ta gudu sai suka tarar da sakon da aka rubuta cikin jini a cikin bandaki yana cewa "Mutumin banza ya sa na yi". Yayin binciken ɗakin kwana na Amanda, James ya gano littattafai daga ƙungiyar da ake kira Cibiyar Pontifex. Abokin Amanda Devara ya bayyana cewa ita da abokansu sun sami kwarin gwiwa daga Amanda don kiran mutumin da ba shi da komai, almara na gida. Don kiran Mutumin da Ba komai, dole ne ka fara nemo kwalaben fanko a kan gada, ka busa cikinta, sannan ka yi tunanin Mutumin da ba komai. Kowane abokin da ke cikin rukunin ya yi haka. Kashegari a gidan kasuwa, Devara ya shaida Amanda tana rada a cikin kunnen abokin Brandon. James ya binciki gadar, kuma ya sami kwalaben fanko. Ya ci gaba da busa shi, kamar yadda matasan suka yi a baya. Yana shiga ƙarƙashin gadar ya gano gawarwakin Brandon da aka rataye da sauran abokan Amanda da irin saƙon da aka samu a bandakin Amanda. An kashe Devara na gaba da ruhu, wanda ya kai mata hari a cikin dakin tururi na wurin shakatawa da almakashi. 'Yan sanda sun yanke hukuncin kisa ta kashe kanta. James yayi bincike a Cibiyar Pontifex, inda ya gano cewa wata al'ada ce da ke da imani da suka samo asali daga wurare kamar Bhutan da kuma a cikin [[Tulpa|tulpas]], wanda ya ci gaba da bincike akan [[Wikipidiya|Wikipedia]] . Ya yi imani yana jin Mutumin da ba kowa a wannan dare kuma ya kewaye shi da mafarkai. Ya yi tafiya zuwa cibiyar kuma ya zauna a kan jawabin shugaban kungiyar Arthur Parsons. Da yake magana da Parsons, ya firgita da maganar da shugaban ya yi game da mutumin da ba kowa ba, yana mai da'awar cewa shi wata ƙungiya ce da ke ba mabiyansa abin da suke so muddin sun yi abin da ya umarta. James ya fara tunanin yana ganin mutumin da ba komai. Yana bin 'yan kungiyar asiri kuma ya binciki wani gida a cikin dazuzzuka inda ya sami fayiloli akan Amanda, abokanta, Paul, da kansa. Ya shaida yadda kungiyar asiri ke gudanar da ibadar gobara amma sai suka gan shi suka bi shi. Ya yi zargin cewa Amanda yanzu 'yar kungiyar asiri ce kuma ta sanar da Nora cewa ba ta da lafiya. Yana kai Nora otal domin ya buya. An bayyana cewa ma'auratan suna jima'i kuma yana tare da Nora lokacin da Allison da Henry suka mutu. Da yake fama da hasashe, James ya yi wa ɗan kungiyar asiri Garrett kwanton bauna ya tambaye shi abin da ke faruwa kafin ya yi masa duka. Garrett ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai wani mutum a asibiti wanda Mutumin da Ba komai yake watsawa ga ƙungiyar asiri. James ya gano cewa ainihin mutumin Bulus ne, wanda ke cikin halin rashin lafiya kuma ƴan ƙungiyar asiri ke ziyarta akai-akai don samun saƙonni daga mahaɗan. Ya iske Amanda a dakin asibitin Paul kuma ta bayyana cewa Paul yana mutuwa saboda halin zama Ba komai, kuma kungiyar asiri tana bukatar sabon jirgin ruwa. Ta gaya wa James cewa shi [[tulpa]] ne, sabon jirgin ruwa don kasancewarsa, kuma cewa tunaninsa da dangantakarsa sun ƙirƙira ta da ita da ƙungiyar asiri don tabbatar da haɗin gwiwar allahntaka ta hanyar ciwo da asararsa. A cewar Amanda, James ya wanzu na 'yan kwanaki kawai. A cikin rashin imani, James ya kira Nora, amma ba ta san ko wanene shi ba. James ya rushe ya tsinci kansa a cikin wani [[Jirgin sama (esotericism)|jirgin sama mai kama da limbo]], inda mahayin ya shiga jikinsa. Komawa cikin asibiti, James ya kashe Bulus, kuma ya sami kansa da wasu ma’aikatan asibitin sun kewaye shi. Suna sunkuyar da shi yana kallo, wanda ba shi da suna yana da iko. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * James Badge Dale as James Lasombra * Marin Ireland as Nora Quail * Stephen Root as Arthur Parsons * Ron Canada as Detective Villiers * Robert Aramayo as Garrett * Joel Courtney as Brandon Maibaum * Sasha Frolova as Amanda Quail * == Production == === Ci gaba === A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2016, an sanar da cewa 20th Century Fox ya sami labari mai hoto ''The Empty Man'' daga Boom! Studios don fasalin fim, tare da David Preor wanda aka hayar don rubuta da jagorantar fim ɗin.<ref>https://deadline.com/2016/02/the-empty-man-movie-graphic-novel-david-prior-fox-1201698992/</ref><ref>http://www.sneakpeek.ca/2019/03/boom-studios-and-disney.html</ref> <ref>http://www.sneakpeek.ca/2020/02/boom-studios-empty-man.html</ref> Ross Richie da Stephen Christy za su shirya fim ɗin mai ban sha'awa na allahntaka. A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2016, an ba da sanarwar cewa an jefa James Badge Dale a matsayin jagora a matsayin tsohon ɗan sanda da ke fama da mummunar mutuwar matarsa da ɗansa, waɗanda ke ƙoƙarin nemo yarinyar da ta ɓace.<ref name=":0">https://deadline.com/2016/02/the-empty-man-movie-graphic-novel-david-prior-fox-1201698992/</ref> A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 2016, an sanar da cewa an jefa Haruna Poole a cikin fim ɗin don yin wasa da Paul, ɗan wasan kasada a waje. ''Mutumin Ba komai'' shine fim na ƙarshe da ya nuna ainihin tambarin Fox na ƙarni na 20.<ref name=":0" /> == Zane == Mai zanen halitta Ken Barthelmey ya tsara tare da sassaka kwarangwal na kogon da sauran abubuwa na fim din. Kafin ya dauke shi aiki a kan zane a cikin 2016. Saboda jadawalin harbi ya kusa, Barthelmey yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci don yin aiki a kan zane. Babban halayen da ake nema tun da farko sune "tsohuwar zamani, iko, haɗari, da dabara fiye da ɗan adam". Tun da farko ya aika masa da zane-zane daga mai zanen Poland [[Zdzisław Beksiński]] kuma ya ambaci Space Jockey a ''[[Aliens (fim)|Alien]]'' don tunani. Waɗancan abubuwan ƙarfafawa daga ƙarshe sun jagoranci Barthelmey zuwa ƙirar ƙarshe na fim ɗin. Barthelmey ya sassaƙa kwarangwal a cikin 3D. An buga samfurinsa na 3D kuma an gina shi akan saiti ta mai tsara samarwa Craig Lathrop da tawagarsa.<ref name=":1">https://theartofken.com/gallery/the-empty-man-44</ref><ref>https://www.scified.com/news/tomorrow-war-aliens-artist-ken-barthelmey-talks-his-cave-mummy-creation-from-the-empty-man-2020</ref> == Yin fim == Yawancin [[:en:Principal_photography|manyan hotuna]] sun faru a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a ƙarshen 2016. A cikin wannan makon na ƙarshe, an daina samar da kayayyaki saboda rashin kyawun yanayi. A wannan lokacin, mataimakin shugaban zartarwa na Fox Mark Roybal ya bar ɗakin studio. A cewar darektan David Preor, Roybal yana da "mahimmanci" ga hasken kore na fim din. An ci gaba da samarwa da zarar an ɗauki sabon shugaban gudanarwa. An amince da kasafin dala miliyan 16, Kafin ya ce an yi amfani da kusan dala miliyan 11 wajen harbin. Makon ƙarshe na samarwa ya ci gaba a cikin Satumba 2017 a [[Edwardsville, Illinois|Edwardsville]], [[Illinois]], tare da yin wasu yin fim a [[Madison County, Illinois|gidan kotun Madison County]].<ref>https://www.riverbender.com/articles/details/the-empty-man-movie-scenes-to-be-shot-in-edwardsville-23059.cfm</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180812145327/http://www.kmov.com/story/36266426/a-hollywood-film-is-shooting-in-edwardsville</ref> An kuma gudanar da yin fim a [[:en:Chain_of_Rocks_Bridge|gadar sarkar Rocks]] kuma ta koma wani wurin da ba a bayyana ba bayan kwanaki uku.<ref>https://advantagenews.com/news/filming-to-start-tonight-for-crime-thriller-at-madison-count/</ref> == Bayan samarwa == Lokacin da [[:en:Test_screening|gwajin gwajin]] ya faru, An gaya wa Kafin a haɗa yanke kusan nan da nan bayan an gama samarwa. Biyo bayan karancin makin gwaji, dakin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara firgita saboda rasa [[:en:Tax_rebate|rangwamen haraji]] daga Afirka ta Kudu saboda wa'adin da ke tafe. Furodusan sun tattara nau'in fim ɗin nasu na mintuna 90 (fiye da mintuna 45 ya fi guntu fiye da na farkon na farko), wanda ya gwada ma fi muni. Wannan ya sa kafin ya gabatar da yanke fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe tare da ƙarin mintuna shida (wanda daga baya zai ɗauki shi a matsayin gyara a cikin hira) da farko ya yi niyyar yankewa.<ref name=":1" /> == Saki == An fitar da ''Mutumin Ba komai'' na wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2020, ta Studios na ƙarni na 20 ( bisa kuskure, an fitar da fim ɗin a ƙarƙashin tutar Fox na ƙarni na 20 duk da canjin sunan ɗakin studio a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2020).<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/09/black-widow-jumps-to-summer-2021-spurring-marvel-pics-release-date-shift-west-side-story-delayed-a-year-soul-stays-theatrical-1234582771/</ref> An shirya fitar da fim din ne a ranar 7 ga Agusta, 2020, amma an jinkirta shi zuwa 4 ga Disamba saboda [[Annobar cutar covid-19|cutar ta COVID-19]], kafin a matsar da shi zuwa ranar Oktoba bayan canjin ''[[Mutuwa akan Kogin Nilu (fim na 2022)|Mutuwa akan Kogin Nilu]].''<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/06/unhinged-redated-to-july-10-russell-crowe-1202958322/</ref> <ref name="V">{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=July 23, 2020|title='Star Wars' Films, 'Avatar' Sequels Pushed Back a Year in Disney Release Calendar Shakeup|work=Variety|publisher=Penske Media Corporation|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/star-wars-films-avatar-sequels-pushed-back-a-year-in-disney-release-calendar-shakeup-1234715104/|access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> A cikin United Kingdom, fim ɗin ya tsallake sakin wasan kwaikwayo gaba ɗaya, maimakon a sake shi akan [[Disney+|Disney +]] ta [[Tauraro (Disney+)|Star Hub]] da sauran sabis [[Bidiyo akan buƙata|na VOD]] a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 2021.<ref>https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-empty-man-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc01mjg5ote</ref> == liyafar == === Ofishin tikitoci === ''Mutumin da ba kowa a cikinsa'' ya samu dala miliyan 3 a Amurka da Kanada, da kuma dala miliyan 1.8 a wasu yankuna, a jimillar dala miliyan 4.8 a duk duniya. Fim din ya samu $1.3{{Spaces}}miliyan daga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 2,027 a karshen mako na budewa, ya kare na hudu a ofishin akwatin. 53% na masu sauraro maza ne, tare da 53% kuma sun wuce shekaru 25. Masu sharhi sun zargi ƙarancin aikin ofishin fim ɗin a kan tunanin farko na masu sauraro na wani fim [[Creepypasta|mai ban tsoro]] na matasa masu ban tsoro a cikin jijiya na fina-finai kamar ''[[Slender Man (fim)|Slender Man]]'' da ''[[The Bye Bye Man]]'', da tura tallan sifili daga ɗakin studio, tare da kamfanin nazarin kafofin watsa labarun RelishMix. yana cewa: "The campaign on social for 20th's ''The Empty Man'' dropped just one week ago on [Oktoba] 16. Duk wani al'ada yaƙin neman zaɓe ga wani indie, daya-off high ra'ayi ko awards contender zai fili sauke a kalla watanni biyu fita-a latest ."<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/10/honest-thief-empty-man-after-we-collided-weekend-box-office-1234602930/</ref> Fim ɗin ya faɗi 57% a karshen mako na biyu zuwa $561,000, sannan ya sami $294,350 a cikin na uku.<ref>https://deadline.com/2020/10/come-play-halloween-weekend-box-office-pandemic-honest-thief-hocus-pocus-1234607084/</ref> == Amsa mai mahimmanci == Ba a tantance ''mutumin da ba komai'' a gaba don masu sukar sa lokacin da aka sake shi, kuma sake dubawa na farko sun kasance mara kyau.<ref>https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-barely-promoted-horror-the-empty-man-cements-the-fact-that-its-dark/</ref> Bita aggregator Rotten Tomatoes ya bayar da rahoton cewa 76% na 29 masu sukar sun ba da fim mai kyau bita, tare da matsakaicin rating na 5.8/10.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_empty_man</ref> Barry Hertz na ''The Globe and Mail'' ya ba da fim ɗin 2/4, yana rubuta: "Masu shiryawa ba za su iya zaɓar mafi kyawun lakabi ba, ko da yake. Bayan da na bar wasan kwaikwayon na ranar Juma'a, wanda ya samu halartar wasu mutane biyu, na ji nisa daga gamsuwa. Babu komai, kuna iya cewa." Rubutu don ''Masu sukar Kawai'', Nate Adams ya ba shi "D-", yana taƙaita cewa "yana gudana tsawon sa'o'i biyu da mintuna ashirin, ''Mutumin da ba komai'' - mai yiwuwa ɗan uwan bastard sau biyu an cire shi daga ''The Bye Bye Man'' ko ''[[Slender Man (fim)|Slender Man]]'', ba kamfani mai kyau ba - jimla ce. "<ref>https://www.theonlycritic.com/post/review-hollow-the-empty-man-an-overlong-supernatural-thriller-that-goes-nowhere</ref> [[Michael Gingold ne adam wata|Michael Gingold]] na ''[[Rue Morgue (mujallar)|Rue Morgue]]'' ya ba wa fim ɗin kyakkyawan nazari, yana mai cewa "ba fim ɗin ba ne da tirelolinsa ke sayarwa ba, kuma a wannan yanayin, wannan abu ne mai kyau". Brian Tallerico na ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' ya ba fim ɗin 2.5/4 taurari kuma ya rubuta cewa "kowane lokaci a wani lokaci, ɗakin studio yana binne wani aiki saboda ba su samu ba. Ta yaya kuke sayar da fim a matsayin gaskiya kuma ba tare da damuwa ba kamar ''The Empty Man'' ? Ba ka ko gwadawa, idan ka yi sa'a, masu sauraro suna samun su da kansu."<ref>https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-empty-man-movie-review-2021</ref> == Martanin masu sauraro == Masu sauraro da [[:en:CinemaScore|CinemaScore]] suka yi masa tambayoyi sun ba fim ɗin matsakaicin matsayi na "D+" akan sikelin A+ zuwa F. [[:en:PostTrak|PostTrak]] ya ruwaito 42% na masu sauraro sun ba fim ɗin sakamako mai kyau, tare da "mummunan" 25% suna cewa tabbas za su ba da shawarar shi.<ref>https://www.indiewire.com/2020/10/the-empty-man-empty-theaters-weekend-box-offi-e-1234595061/</ref> A cewar wallafe-wallafe da yawa, fim ɗin yana da "sassarar [[:en:Cult_classic|al'ada na al'ada]] " kuma ya sami rayuwa ta biyu a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na gida.<ref>https://www.vulture.com/2021/04/the-empty-man-is-the-next-great-cult-horror-film.html</ref><ref>https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=wnJoNE2JChY</ref> ''Makarantar Fim ta ƙi'' ta rubuta: "Kamar yadda ya faru da yawancin fina-finai na asiri, masu sauraro na ''The Empty Man'' {{'}} masu sauraro sun fara kallon raunin da ake zargin fim din a matsayin ƙarfinsa."<ref name=":1" /> == Bayanan kula == == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} 1kdm5690rvbok5ao4d2s0pbe7lwfrde 0 68889 542678 375386 2024-11-19T17:47:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 542678 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Sabon Kudi''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2018 [[Nollywood|na Najeriya]] wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya ba da umarni tare da shiryawa ta Inkblot Productions da FilmOne.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nollywood movie 'New Money' hits cinemas soon |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nollywood-movie-new-money-hits-cinemas-soon.html |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=Daily Trust |date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019083712/https://dailytrust.com/nollywood-movie-new-money-hits-cinemas-soon |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ba da labarin wata yarinya mai tallace-tallace da ta yi mafarkin zama mai zanen kaya kuma daga baya ta sami gadon da ba ta zata ba daga mahaifinta bayan ya mutu da ba ya nan. An sake shi a cikin watan March na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018, it stars [[Jemima Osunde]], [[Kate Henshaw]], Blossom Chukwujekwu, [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]], Wale Ojo [[Osas Ighodaro]] and Falz d Bahd Guy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniel |first1=Eniola |title=Veterans, newbies clash in New Money |url=https://m.guardian.ng/art/veterans-newbies-clash-in-new-money/ |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=Guardian |date=21 March 2018}}</ref> == Makirci == Toun mai shekaru ashirin da uku ( [[Jemima Osunde]] ), ta tsinci kanta a cikin duniyar masu kuɗi bayan da mahaifinta ya bar duniya ( Kalu Ikeagwu )mahaifin ta ya bar mata kamfaninsa na biliyoyin daloli a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ta sami labarin cewa mahaifiyarta, Fatima ( [[Kate Henshaw]] ) ta auri mahaifinta, Ifeanyi bisa doka, kodayake, saboda tsananin adawa da danginsa, an soke auren. Ya sake yin aure, a wannan karon ga Ebube ( [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] ), amma ba su taba haihuwa tare ba. Ta yi biris da mahaifiyarta, ta shiga cikin rayuwar jin daɗi wanda tazo tana fuskantar barazanar kawun ta, Chuka ( Wale Ojo ) da ɗansa, Patrick (Adeolu Adefarasin). Hukunce-hukuncen da ta yanke sun sanya kamfanin a cikin wani mummunan yanayi da kuma bayyana ta a matsayin mafi ƙarancin Shugaba. An jefa cikin cakuɗen waɗannan duka, Toun ta yi ƙoƙari don sake samun tsohuwar kanta yayin da take korar tsofaffin abokai kuma tana zargin sababbi na ƙarya. Ta wannan duka, Joseph ( Blossom Chukwujekwu ) ya tsaya mata. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Jemima Osunde]] ta fito a matsayin Toun * Blossom Chukwujekwu ya fito a matsayin Joseph * [[Kate Henshaw]] a matsayin Fatima * [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] a matsayin Ebube * Wale Ojo a matsayin Chuka * Wofai Fada a matsayin Binta * Adeoeolu Adefarasinamatsayin s Patrick * [[Osas Ighodaro]] a matsayin Angela * [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] s[[Daniel Etim Effiong|matsayyin]] Ganiyu Osamede * Falz as Kum * Kalu Ikeagwu as Ifeanyi * [[Femi Branch|Reshen Femi]] * [[Bikiya Graham-Douglas]] * Rita Edwards a matsayin Manaja * Yolanda Okereke == Sakin wasan kwaikwayo == An kaddamar da fim din a gidan sinima na Imax da ke Lekki, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ta Inkblot Productions da FilmOne Distributions a ranar 23 ga Maris 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogujiuba |first1=Azuka |title=New Money cast and celebs shut down Inkblot and FilmOne's latest premiere |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/03/24/new-money-cast-and-celebs-shut-down-inkblot-and-filmones-latest-premiere/%3famp |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=ThisDay Live |date=24 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Obokoh |first1=Anthonia |title='New Money', a clash of veterans and newbies |url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/life-arts/arts-bdlife-arts/article/new-money-clash-veterans-newbies/amp/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |agency=Business Day |date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003114742/https://www.businessdayonline.com/life-arts/arts-bdlife-arts/article/new-money-clash-veterans-newbies/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == liyafar == == Manazarta == [[Category:Fim]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] gq9f1ew5qlzukyf480pvpa9g9aj99g1 542679 542678 2024-11-19T17:48:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 542679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Sabon Kudi''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2018 [[Nollywood|na kasar Najeriya]] wanda [[Tope Oshin]] ya ba da umarni tare da shiryawa ta Inkblot Productions da FilmOne.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nollywood movie 'New Money' hits cinemas soon |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/nollywood-movie-new-money-hits-cinemas-soon.html |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=Daily Trust |date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019083712/https://dailytrust.com/nollywood-movie-new-money-hits-cinemas-soon |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ba da labarin wata yarinya mai tallace-tallace da ta yi mafarkin zama mai zanen kaya kuma daga baya ta sami gadon da ba ta zata ba daga mahaifinta bayan ya mutu da ba ya nan. An sake shi a cikin watan March na shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018, it stars [[Jemima Osunde]], [[Kate Henshaw]], Blossom Chukwujekwu, [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]], Wale Ojo [[Osas Ighodaro]] and Falz d Bahd Guy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Daniel |first1=Eniola |title=Veterans, newbies clash in New Money |url=https://m.guardian.ng/art/veterans-newbies-clash-in-new-money/ |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=Guardian |date=21 March 2018}}</ref> == Makirci == Toun mai shekaru ashirin da uku ( [[Jemima Osunde]] ), ta tsinci kanta a cikin duniyar masu kuɗi bayan da mahaifinta ya bar duniya ( Kalu Ikeagwu )mahaifin ta ya bar mata kamfaninsa na biliyoyin daloli a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ta sami labarin cewa mahaifiyarta, Fatima ( [[Kate Henshaw]] ) ta auri mahaifinta, Ifeanyi bisa doka, kodayake, saboda tsananin adawa da danginsa, an soke auren. Ya sake yin aure, a wannan karon ga Ebube ( [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] ), amma ba su taba haihuwa tare ba. Ta yi biris da mahaifiyarta, ta shiga cikin rayuwar jin daɗi wanda tazo tana fuskantar barazanar kawun ta, Chuka ( Wale Ojo ) da ɗansa, Patrick (Adeolu Adefarasin). Hukunce-hukuncen da ta yanke sun sanya kamfanin a cikin wani mummunan yanayi da kuma bayyana ta a matsayin mafi ƙarancin Shugaba. An jefa cikin cakuɗen waɗannan duka, Toun ta yi ƙoƙari don sake samun tsohuwar kanta yayin da take korar tsofaffin abokai kuma tana zargin sababbi na ƙarya. Ta wannan duka, Joseph ( Blossom Chukwujekwu ) ya tsaya mata. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Jemima Osunde]] ta fito a matsayin Toun * Blossom Chukwujekwu ya fito a matsayin Joseph * [[Kate Henshaw]] a matsayin Fatima * [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] a matsayin Ebube * Wale Ojo a matsayin Chuka * Wofai Fada a matsayin Binta * Adeoeolu Adefarasinamatsayin s Patrick * [[Osas Ighodaro]] a matsayin Angela * [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] s[[Daniel Etim Effiong|matsayyin]] Ganiyu Osamede * Falz as Kum * Kalu Ikeagwu as Ifeanyi * [[Femi Branch|Reshen Femi]] * [[Bikiya Graham-Douglas]] * Rita Edwards a matsayin Manaja * Yolanda Okereke == Sakin wasan kwaikwayo == An kaddamar da fim din a gidan sinima na Imax da ke Lekki, [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ta Inkblot Productions da FilmOne Distributions a ranar 23 ga Maris 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ogujiuba |first1=Azuka |title=New Money cast and celebs shut down Inkblot and FilmOne's latest premiere |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/03/24/new-money-cast-and-celebs-shut-down-inkblot-and-filmones-latest-premiere/%3famp |access-date=9 October 2018 |agency=ThisDay Live |date=24 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Obokoh |first1=Anthonia |title='New Money', a clash of veterans and newbies |url=https://www.businessdayonline.com/life-arts/arts-bdlife-arts/article/new-money-clash-veterans-newbies/amp/ |access-date=10 October 2018 |agency=Business Day |date=18 March 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003114742/https://www.businessdayonline.com/life-arts/arts-bdlife-arts/article/new-money-clash-veterans-newbies/amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == liyafar == == Manazarta == [[Category:Fim]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] kmt69uuofxfft4twgayb8ruz2dh8qv9 0 68932 542676 371698 2024-11-19T17:46:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 542676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Talking About Trees|image=Talking About Trees art cover.png|organization=Suhaib Gasmelbari}} '''''Magana Akan Bishiyoyi''''' ( {{Lang-ar|الحديث عن الأشجار}} ) [[Documentary film|fim din gaskiya]] ne na shekarar 2019 wanda daraktan fina-finan Sudan Suhaib Gasmelbari ya ba da umarni. Hakan ya biyo bayan kokarin da Kungiyar Fina-Finai ta kasar Sudan, da masu shirya fina-finai Ibrahim Shadad, da Manar Al Hilo, da Suleiman Mohamed Ibrahim da Altayeb Mahdi suka wakilta, suka wakilta, na sake bude wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na waje a birnin [[Omdurman]], a daidai lokacin da aka shafe shekaru da dama ana tauye hakkin Islama da kuma gazawar gwamnati.<ref>Jordan Mintzer, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/talking-trees-review-1183323 'Talking About Trees': Film Review | Berlin 2019], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 10 February 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">https://variety.com/2019/film/festivals/talking-about-trees-suhaib-gasmelbari-variety-mena-award-1203344323/</ref> A cewar mai sukar fim Jay Weissberg, taken fim ɗin "ya fito ne daga waƙar [[:en:Bertolt_Brecht|Bertolt Brecht]] na shekarar alif 1940 ''ga waɗanda aka Haifa daga baya'', inda ya koka da yadda ake murkushe tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya, da kuma yadda canza magana zuwa batutuwa na yau da kullun yana jawo hankali ga menene. ba za a iya magana da babbar murya ba."<ref>https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/talking-about-trees-review-1203141990/</ref> == Mahimman liyafar == Akan [[:en:Rotten_Tomatoes|Tumatir Rotten]], fim ɗin yana da ƙimar amincewar 100% dangane da sake dubawa daga masu sukar 14.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/talking_about_trees</ref> Wani bita da aka yi a jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta Burtaniya ya bayyana fim ɗin kamar haka: “Drakta na farko Suhaib Gasmelbari ya ɗauki hanyar bimbini, a hankali a nan. Ya zaɓi kada ya yi hira da masu shirya fina-finai guda huɗu kai tsaye; maimakon haka, abin da ya bayyana shine kyakkyawa kyakkyawa. hoton waka na abokantaka na maza, sha'awar cinephilic da kyawawan mutunci."<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jan/30/talking-about-trees-review-sudan-film-industry-documentary</ref> "Bayan da aka [[:en:Premiere|fara farawa]] a [[:en:69th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]], ''Magana game da Bishiyoyi'' sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa a bukukuwan fina-finai a duniya. A cikin 2019, an kuma ba da kyautar lambar yabo ta ''MENA Talent Award'' a [[:en:El_Gouna_Film_Festival|bikin Fim na El Gouna]] a Masar, inda mai sukar fim Jay Weissberg ya ce:<ref name=":0" /> "O jẹ fiimu gaan gaan ti o ba gbogbo wa sọrọ nipa kini sinima tumọ si wa; nipa ẹwa ti wiwo fiimu kan gẹgẹbi olugbo, ti iriri rẹ lapapọ, dipo wiwo rẹ lori iPads wa, dipo wiwo rẹ lori awọn foonu alagbeka wa; pe pataki ti nini iyẹn pẹlu wa ṣe pataki pupọ. ” - Jay Weissberg, alariwisi fiimu, Iwe irohin Orisirisi == Bayanin fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finan Sudan == A cikin wannan shirin, Ibrahim Shadad ya yi magana game da ɗan gajeren fim ɗinsa na kammala digiri ''<nowiki/>'Jagdpartie' (Hunting party)'', wanda ya yi a 1964 a [[:en:Konrad_Wolf_Film_University_of_Babelsberg|Deutsche Hochschule für Filmkunst Potsdam-Babelsberg]] a Jamus ta Gabas . An harbe wannan labari na alama game da wariyar launin fata a cikin daji a Brandenburg, kuma yana ɗaukar nau'ikan fina-finai na Yammacin Turai don farautar ɗan Afirka.<ref>Festival del cine africano de Tarifa. "Jagdpartie". ''cineafricano.fcat.es'' (in Spanish, English, and French).</ref> Har ila yau, Shadad ya yi magana game da fim dinsa na tsawon mintuna 14 ''Jamal (Rakumi)'' da ya yi a Sudan a shekarar 1981, wanda ke nuna aikin rakumi a cikin injin din dinkin sesame.<ref>Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa. "Jamal". ''cineafricano.fcat.es'' (in Spanish, English, and French). Retrieved 2021-05-07.</ref> == Kyauta == * Kyautar Takardun Takardun Asali da Kyautar Masu sauraro, [[:en:69th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na 69th Berlin]], Jamus, 2019 <ref>Stephen Appelbaum, [https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/talking-about-trees-how-four-men-fought-to-revive-sudan-s-love-for-cinema-1.929100 'Talking About Trees': How four men fought to revive Sudan’s love for cinema], ''The National'', 27 October 2019.</ref> * Grand Jury Prize, [[:en:Mumbai_Film_Festival|Mumbai Film Festival]], Indiya, 2019 <ref>Nyay Bhushan, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2019-mumbai-film-festival-winners-1249725 Mumbai: 'Honeyland', 'Eeb Allay Ooo!,' 'Bombay Rose' Among Festival Prize Winners], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 24 October 2019.</ref> * Kyautar MENA iri-iri da Tauraron Zinare, Mafi kyawun Takardun Takaddama, Bikin Fim na El Gouna, Masar, 2019 <ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/04/what-were-the-highlights-of-el-gouna-film-festival-s-third-edition What were the highlights of El Gouna Film Festival’s third edition?], ''Euronews'', 4 October 2019.</ref> * Kyautar Jury, Hamptons International Film Festival, Amurka, 2019 <ref>Jennifer Landes, [https://easthamptonstar.com/20191014/hamptons-film-fest-announces-key-award-winners Hamptons Film Fest Announces Key Award Winners], ''The East Hampton Star'', October 14, 2019.</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Duniya FIPRESCI da Kyautar Jury, Bikin Fim na Istanbul, Turkiyya, 2019. * Tanit d'Or don Mafi kyawun Documentary, JCC Carthage Film Festival, Tunis, 2019 * Grand Jury Prize, Mumbai International Film Festival, Indiya, 2019 * Mafi kyawun Takardun Fasalo, Bikin Fim na Palm Springs, Amurka, 2020 * Kyautar Masu Sauraro, Bikin Fim na Lama, Faransa, 2019 * Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko, Miradasdoc, Spain, 2019 * Documentaire sur Grand Ecran Award, Amiens Film Festival, Faransa, 2019 * Mafi kyawun shirin shirin, Kyautar Masu sukar, Cibiyar Cinema ta Larabawa, 2020 * Mafi kyawun Documentary, Malmo Arab Film Festival, Sweden, 2020 * Kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim, bikin Fim ɗin Malmo Arab, Sweden, 2020 * Kyautar ACERCA na haɗin gwiwar Mutanen Espanya, Tarifa-Tangiers African Film Festival, 2020. * Kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim, Tarifa-Tangiers African Film Festival, Spain, 2020 * Kyautar Kapok ta Golden (Kyauta mafi kyawun Fasalo na Farko), Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Guangzhou, China, 2020. * Jury Special ambaci: [[Athena Film Festival]], Free Zone Human Rights FF, Gabes Film Festival == Duba kuma == * ''[[imdbtitle:9658178|Talking About Trees]]'' at IMDb * ''[https://cineuropa.org/en/video/rdid/366247/ Trailer for Talking about Trees]'' * [https://vimeo.com/275097975 ''Sudan’s forgotten films'' - Documentary by Souhaib Gasmelbari and Katharina von Schroeder] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Sinima a Sudan|Cinema na Sudan]] == Nassoshi == tj1sumg0x8nzu3qy90v1c7mer2apjmt 542677 542676 2024-11-19T17:46:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 542677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Talking About Trees|image=Talking About Trees art cover.png|organization=Suhaib Gasmelbari}} '''''Magana Akan Bishiyoyi''''' ( {{Lang-ar|الحديث عن الأشجار}} ) [[Documentary film|fim din gaskiya]] ne na shekarar 2019 wanda daraktan fina-finan Sudan Suhaib Gasmelbari ya ba da umarni. Hakan ya biyo bayan kokarin da Kungiyar Fina-Finai ta kasar Sudan, da masu shirya fina-finai Ibrahim Shadad, da Manar Al Hilo, da Suleiman Mohamed Ibrahim da Altayeb Mahdi suka wakilta, suka wakilta, na sake bude wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo na waje a birnin [[Omdurman]], a daidai lokacin da aka shafe shekaru da dama ana tauye hakkin Islama da kuma gazawar gwamnati.<ref>Jordan Mintzer, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/talking-trees-review-1183323 'Talking About Trees': Film Review | Berlin 2019], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 10 February 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">https://variety.com/2019/film/festivals/talking-about-trees-suhaib-gasmelbari-variety-mena-award-1203344323/</ref> A cewar mai sukar fim Jay Weissberg, taken fim ɗin "ya fito ne daga waƙar [[:en:Bertolt_Brecht|Bertolt Brecht]] na shekarar alif 1940 ''ga waɗanda aka Haifa daga baya'', inda ya koka da yadda ake murkushe tattaunawa a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya, da kuma yadda canza magana zuwa batutuwa na yau da kullun yana jawo hankali ga menene. ba za a iya magana da babbar murya ba."<ref>https://variety.com/2019/film/reviews/talking-about-trees-review-1203141990/</ref> == Mahimman liyafar == Akan [[:en:Rotten_Tomatoes|Tumatir Rotten]], fim ɗin yana da ƙimar amincewar 100% dangane da sake dubawa daga masu sukar 14.<ref>https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/talking_about_trees</ref> Wani bita da aka yi a jaridar ''[[The Guardian]]'' ta Burtaniya ya bayyana fim ɗin kamar haka: “Drakta na farko Suhaib Gasmelbari ya ɗauki hanyar bimbini, a hankali a nan. Ya zaɓi kada ya yi hira da masu shirya fina-finai guda huɗu kai tsaye; maimakon haka, abin da ya bayyana shine kyakkyawa kyakkyawa. hoton waka na abokantaka na maza, sha'awar cinephilic da kyawawan mutunci."<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/jan/30/talking-about-trees-review-sudan-film-industry-documentary</ref> "Bayan da aka [[:en:Premiere|fara farawa]] a [[:en:69th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]], ''Magana game da Bishiyoyi'' sun sami lambobin yabo da yawa a bukukuwan fina-finai a duniya. A cikin shekara ta 2019, an kuma ba da kyautar lambar yabo ta ''MENA Talent Award'' a [[:en:El_Gouna_Film_Festival|bikin Fim na El Gouna]] a Masar, inda mai sukar fim Jay Weissberg ya ce:<ref name=":0" /> "O jẹ fiimu gaan gaan ti o ba gbogbo wa sọrọ nipa kini sinima tumọ si wa; nipa ẹwa ti wiwo fiimu kan gẹgẹbi olugbo, ti iriri rẹ lapapọ, dipo wiwo rẹ lori iPads wa, dipo wiwo rẹ lori awọn foonu alagbeka wa; pe pataki ti nini iyẹn pẹlu wa ṣe pataki pupọ. ” - Jay Weissberg, alariwisi fiimu, Iwe irohin Orisirisi == Bayanin fina-finai na masu shirya fina-finan Sudan == A cikin wannan shirin, Ibrahim Shadad ya yi magana game da ɗan gajeren fim ɗinsa na kammala digiri ''<nowiki/>'Jagdpartie' (Hunting party)'', wanda ya yi a 1964 a [[:en:Konrad_Wolf_Film_University_of_Babelsberg|Deutsche Hochschule für Filmkunst Potsdam-Babelsberg]] a Jamus ta Gabas . An harbe wannan labari na alama game da wariyar launin fata a cikin daji a Brandenburg, kuma yana ɗaukar nau'ikan fina-finai na Yammacin Turai don farautar ɗan Afirka.<ref>Festival del cine africano de Tarifa. "Jagdpartie". ''cineafricano.fcat.es'' (in Spanish, English, and French).</ref> Har ila yau, Shadad ya yi magana game da fim dinsa na tsawon mintuna 14 ''Jamal (Rakumi)'' da ya yi a Sudan a shekarar 1981, wanda ke nuna aikin rakumi a cikin injin din dinkin sesame.<ref>Festival de Cine Africano de Tarifa. "Jamal". ''cineafricano.fcat.es'' (in Spanish, English, and French). Retrieved 2021-05-07.</ref> == Kyauta == * Kyautar Takardun Takardun Asali da Kyautar Masu sauraro, [[:en:69th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival|Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na 69th Berlin]], Jamus, 2019 <ref>Stephen Appelbaum, [https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/talking-about-trees-how-four-men-fought-to-revive-sudan-s-love-for-cinema-1.929100 'Talking About Trees': How four men fought to revive Sudan’s love for cinema], ''The National'', 27 October 2019.</ref> * Grand Jury Prize, [[:en:Mumbai_Film_Festival|Mumbai Film Festival]], Indiya, 2019 <ref>Nyay Bhushan, [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2019-mumbai-film-festival-winners-1249725 Mumbai: 'Honeyland', 'Eeb Allay Ooo!,' 'Bombay Rose' Among Festival Prize Winners], ''The Hollywood Reporter'', 24 October 2019.</ref> * Kyautar MENA iri-iri da Tauraron Zinare, Mafi kyawun Takardun Takaddama, Bikin Fim na El Gouna, Masar, 2019 <ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2019/10/04/what-were-the-highlights-of-el-gouna-film-festival-s-third-edition What were the highlights of El Gouna Film Festival’s third edition?], ''Euronews'', 4 October 2019.</ref> * Kyautar Jury, Hamptons International Film Festival, Amurka, 2019 <ref>Jennifer Landes, [https://easthamptonstar.com/20191014/hamptons-film-fest-announces-key-award-winners Hamptons Film Fest Announces Key Award Winners], ''The East Hampton Star'', October 14, 2019.</ref> * Kyautar Fina-Finan Duniya FIPRESCI da Kyautar Jury, Bikin Fim na Istanbul, Turkiyya, 2019. * Tanit d'Or don Mafi kyawun Documentary, JCC Carthage Film Festival, Tunis, 2019 * Grand Jury Prize, Mumbai International Film Festival, Indiya, 2019 * Mafi kyawun Takardun Fasalo, Bikin Fim na Palm Springs, Amurka, 2020 * Kyautar Masu Sauraro, Bikin Fim na Lama, Faransa, 2019 * Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko, Miradasdoc, Spain, 2019 * Documentaire sur Grand Ecran Award, Amiens Film Festival, Faransa, 2019 * Mafi kyawun shirin shirin, Kyautar Masu sukar, Cibiyar Cinema ta Larabawa, 2020 * Mafi kyawun Documentary, Malmo Arab Film Festival, Sweden, 2020 * Kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim, bikin Fim ɗin Malmo Arab, Sweden, 2020 * Kyautar ACERCA na haɗin gwiwar Mutanen Espanya, Tarifa-Tangiers African Film Festival, 2020. * Kyautar masu sauraro don mafi kyawun fim, Tarifa-Tangiers African Film Festival, Spain, 2020 * Kyautar Kapok ta Golden (Kyauta mafi kyawun Fasalo na Farko), Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Guangzhou, China, 2020. * Jury Special ambaci: [[Athena Film Festival]], Free Zone Human Rights FF, Gabes Film Festival == Duba kuma == * ''[[imdbtitle:9658178|Talking About Trees]]'' at IMDb * ''[https://cineuropa.org/en/video/rdid/366247/ Trailer for Talking about Trees]'' * [https://vimeo.com/275097975 ''Sudan’s forgotten films'' - Documentary by Souhaib Gasmelbari and Katharina von Schroeder] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == [[Sinima a Sudan|Cinema na Sudan]] == Nassoshi == 1857trqwxz0hv6f12xgs9ha7kgmm9qe 0 68983 542674 410664 2024-11-19T17:44:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 542674 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=The Last Victims|image=|alt=|caption=|director=Maynard Kraak|producer=Maynard Kraak<br>Terwadkar Rajiv|writer=Sean Robert Daniels|story=Sean Robert Daniels<br>Terwadkar Rajiv|starring=[[Sean Cameron Michael]]<br>Kurt Egelhof<br>Wilson Dunster<br>Baby Cele<br>Gustav Gerdener<br>Ashish Gangapersad<br>Marno van der Merwe<br>Hayley Owen|music=Geo Höhn|cinematography=Meekaaeel Adam|editing=Terwadkar Rajiv<br>Cohen Lorenzo Davids|released={{Film date|df=yes|2019|02|08|Pan African Film Festival|2020|02|28}}|runtime=125 minutes|country=South Africa|language=English}}The '''Last Victims is a 2019 political drama film''' directed by Maynard Kraak. The film was filmed entirely on location in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa and world premiered at the Pan African Film Festival (PAFF) on 8 February 2019. The film then opened the Rapid Lion - South African International Film Festival at the historic Market Theater in Johannesburg, South Africa on 1 March 2019. It screened "in competition" with three nominations: Best Feature Film, Best Cinematography (Meekaaeel Adam) and Best Actor in a Leading Role (Sean Cameron Michael). The film was then selected at 40th Durban International Film Festival (DIFF), Durban South Africa. The film is now selected in competition at Knysna Film Festival, Knysna, South Africa & African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) in Nigeria. The film is nominated in 3 different section at AMAA viz. Best Screenplay (Sean Robert Daniels), Best Editing (Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids) & Best Sound (Janno Muller). == Makirci == Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan Dawid, tsohon memba na ƙungiyar C1 Counter Insurgency ta mutu a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda dole ne ya yi kaffarar rayuwarsa lokacin da ya taimaka wa Pravesh da ya tsira don neman gawarwakin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da ya ɓace. Ba tare da sanin cewa suna farautar amsa ba, su ma ana farautar su. Daraktan bikin Rapid Lion Eric Miyeni ya ce "Duk da cewa wannan fim din ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru a zahiri, amma tabbas labarin ne na musamman na Afirka ta Kudu domin yana magana ne game da karaya don neman sulhu a gaban wani mummunan hali da ya ki mutuwa," in ji darektan bikin Rapid Lion, Eric Miyeni. "Wannan babban misali ne ga Afirka ta Kudu ta yau". == Babban simintin gyare-gyare == * Sean Cameron Michael - Dawid * Kurt Egelhof - Pravesh * Marno van der Merwe - Matashi Dawid * Ashish Gangapersad - Young Pravesh * Grant Swanby - Warren * Wilson Dunster - Francois * Mark Mulder - Wouter * Deon Coetzee - Viaan * Kobus Van Heerden - Matashi Wouter * Tumie Ngumla - Matashi Lwazi * Baby Cele - Tsohon Lwazi * Kira Wilkinson - Alice * Shelley Meskin - Marta * Sasha Stroebel - Luzanne * Caitlin Clerk - Phoebe * Ferdinand Gernandt - De Beer * Sam Phillips - Shugaban Kwamitin TRC == Yabo == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Kyauta ! Ranar bikin ! Kashi ! Mai karɓa (s) ! Sakamako ! <abbr>Ref.</abbr> |- ! rowspan="3" | RapidLion - Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka ta Kudu | rowspan="3" | 1 ga Maris, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Jarumin | Sean Cameron Michael |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi kyawun Cinemagrapher | Mikael Adam |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Afirka ta Kudu | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | Knysna Film Festival | rowspan="2" | Oktoba 30, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Karshe | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa | Kurt Egelhof |{{Won}} |- ! rowspan="3" | Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka (AMAA) | rowspan="3" | Oktoba 27, 2019 | Mafi kyawun wasan allo | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" | |- | Mafi kyawun Gyarawa | Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Tsarin Sauti | Janno Muller |{{Nom}} |- ! Bikin Fim na Uganda | 1 Disamba, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fasahar Duniya | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="11" | Kudu Film and Arts Academy Festival (SFAAF) | rowspan="11" | | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jagora | Sean Cameron Michael |{{Won}} | rowspan="11" | |- | Mafi kyawun Darakta a Fim ɗin Fim | Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Fim ɗin Filaye | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a Fim ɗin Fim | Marno van der Merwe |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Tsarin Sauti a Fim ɗin Filaye | Janno Muller |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun gyaran fuska a cikin Fim ɗin Fasa | Cindi Jane Laird |{{Won}} |- | Cinematography Sunan Daraja a Fim ɗin Filayen | Maikael Adam |{{Won}} |- | Gyara Magana Mai Girma a Fim ɗin Fim | Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids |{{Won}} |- | Samar da Magana Mai Girma A cikin Fim ɗin Fim | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Fim ɗin Fim na Watan | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun fasalin Thriller | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- ! rowspan="4" | Bikin Fim na Nahiyoyi Biyar (FCIFF) | rowspan="4" | 3 ga Fabrairu, 2020 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Thriller | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- | Mafi kyawun Make Up | Cindi Jane Laird |{{Won}} |- | Zane Na Musamman Sauti | Janno Muller |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun wasan allo | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Nom}} |- ! Kyaututtukan allo na Duniya | | Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | |- |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|4727422}} * [https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/the_last_victims ''The Last Victims'' at PAFF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109175610/https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/the_last_victims |date=2021-11-09 }} * [http://ipo.org.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ The Last Victims premiere at Pan African Film Festival] * [http://artsvark.co.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ The Last Victims premieres at PAFF - Artsvark Presser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125149/https://artsvark.co.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ |date=2024-02-13 }} * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-tribune/20171008/282741997013578 Mystery Thrilled to be filmed in KZN at Press Reader] * [http://www.filmcontact.com/news/south-africa/step-aside-hollywood-enter-kzn%E2%80%99s-dollywood Step aside Hollywood, enter KZN’s Dollywood at Film Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421061016/http://www.filmcontact.com/news/south-africa/step-aside-hollywood-enter-kzn%E2%80%99s-dollywood |date=2019-04-21 }} * [https://www.bizcommunity.com/InBrief/196/97/14823.html SA film The Last Victims to premiere at US film festival at BizCommunity] * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20190129/281638191429511 SA Movie set for LA festival at Press Reader / Cape Times newspaper] * [https://www.asempanews.com/rapidlion-awards-ceremony-returns-to-the-festival/ RapidLion Awards Ceremony Returns To The Festival at Asempa News] * [http://www.capetalk.co.za/podcasts/127/afternoons-with-pippa-hudson/185548/entertainment-the-last-victims-film Entertainment: The Last Victims (film) - Cape Talk] * [http://www.702.co.za/podcasts/127/afternoons-with-pippa-hudson/185548/entertainment-the-last-victims-film Entertainment: The Last Victims (film) - Talk 702 Radio] * [https://bereamail.co.za/163505/acclaimed-sa-film-comes-to-the-screen-at-durban-international-film-festival/ Acclaimed SA film comes to the screen at Durban International Film Festival] * [https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/147649/the-last-victims-wins-best-international-film-at-the-uganda-film-festival ''The Last Victims'' wins ''Best International Film'' at the ''Uganda Film Festival''] * [https://risingsunoverport.co.za/75592/screening-last-victims-popular-film-festival/ Screening of ‘The Last Victims’ at popular film festival - Rising Sun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102231836/https://risingsunoverport.co.za/75592/screening-last-victims-popular-film-festival/ |date=2020-11-02 }} * [https://tishalacommunications.com/press-release-maynard-kraaks-latest-film-the-last-victims-to-open-rapidlion-2019/ Maynard Kraak’s latest film, The Last Victims, to open RapidLion 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102231857/https://tishalacommunications.com/press-release-maynard-kraaks-latest-film-the-last-victims-to-open-rapidlion-2019/ |date=2020-11-02 }} * [https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/sydney-south-african-film-festival-heads-online-for-2020-season-050520 Sydney South African Film Festival goes Online] * [https://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2019/1/17/the-last-victims We are Moving Stories "Tokyo Lift-Off Film Festival" 2020 – The Last Victims] ta5qxxdvv69qze7t4dx22cjr20jj2ac 542675 542674 2024-11-19T17:45:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 542675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fassara}} {{Infobox film|name=The Last Victims|image=|alt=|caption=|director=Maynard Kraak|producer=Maynard Kraak<br>Terwadkar Rajiv|writer=Sean Robert Daniels|story=Sean Robert Daniels<br>Terwadkar Rajiv|starring=[[Sean Cameron Michael]]<br>Kurt Egelhof<br>Wilson Dunster<br>Baby Cele<br>Gustav Gerdener<br>Ashish Gangapersad<br>Marno van der Merwe<br>Hayley Owen|music=Geo Höhn|cinematography=Meekaaeel Adam|editing=Terwadkar Rajiv<br>Cohen Lorenzo Davids|released={{Film date|df=yes|2019|02|08|Pan African Film Festival|2020|02|28}}|runtime=125 minutes|country=South Africa|language=English}}The '''Last Victims is a 2019 political drama film''' directed by Maynard Kraak. The film was filmed entirely on location in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa and world premiered at the Pan African Film Festival (PAFF) on 8 February 2019. The film then opened the Rapid Lion - South African International Film Festival at the historic Market Theater in Johannesburg, South Africa on 1 March 2019. It screened "in competition" with three nominations: Best Feature Film, Best Cinematography (Meekaaeel Adam) and Best Actor in a Leading Role (Sean Cameron Michael). The film was then selected at 40th Durban International Film Festival (DIFF), Durban South Africa. The film is now selected in competition at Knysna Film Festival, Knysna, South Africa & African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) in Nigeria. The film is nominated in 3 different section at AMAA viz. Best Screenplay (Sean Robert Daniels), Best Editing (Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids) & Best Sound (Janno Muller). == Makirci == Fim ɗin ya biyo bayan Dawid, tsohon memba na ƙungiyar C1 Counter Insurgency ta mutu a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda dole ne ya yi kaffarar rayuwarsa lokacin da ya taimaka wa Pravesh da ya tsira don neman gawarwakin ƙungiyar yaƙi da wariyar launin fata da ya ɓace. Ba tare da sanin cewa suna farautar amsa ba, su ma ana farautar su. Daraktan bikin Rapid Lion Eric Miyeni ya ce "Duk da cewa wannan fim din ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka faru a zahiri, amma tabbas labarin ne na musamman na Afirka ta Kudu domin yana magana ne game da karaya don neman sulhu a gaban wani mummunan hali da ya ki mutuwa," in ji darektan bikin Rapid Lion, Eric Miyeni. "Wannan babban misali ne ga Afirka ta Kudu ta yau". == Babban simintin gyare-gyare == * Sean Cameron Michael - Dawid * Kurt Egelhof - Pravesh * Marno van der Merwe - Matashi Dawid * Ashish Gangapersad - Young Pravesh * Grant Swanby - Warren * Wilson Dunster - Francois * Mark Mulder - Wouter * Deon Coetzee - Viaan * Kobus Van Heerden - Matashi Wouter * Tumie Ngumla - Matashi Lwazi * Baby Cele - Tsohon Lwazi * Kira Wilkinson - Alice * Shelley Meskin - Marta * Sasha Stroebel - Luzanne * Caitlin Clerk - Phoebe * Ferdinand Gernandt - De Beer * Sam Phillips - Shugaban Kwamitin TRC == Yabo == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Kyauta ! Ranar bikin ! Kashi ! Mai karɓa (s) ! Sakamako ! <abbr>Ref.</abbr> |- ! rowspan="3" | RapidLion - Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Afirka ta Kudu | rowspan="3" | 1 ga Maris, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Jarumin | Sean Cameron Michael |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi kyawun Cinemagrapher | Mikael Adam |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Afirka ta Kudu | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Nom}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | Knysna Film Festival | rowspan="2" | Oktoba 30, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Karshe | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa | Kurt Egelhof |{{Won}} |- ! rowspan="3" | Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka (AMAA) | rowspan="3" | Oktoba 27, 2019 | Mafi kyawun wasan allo | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" | |- | Mafi kyawun Gyarawa | Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Tsarin Sauti | Janno Muller |{{Nom}} |- ! Bikin Fim na Uganda | 1 Disamba, 2019 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fasahar Duniya | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | |- ! rowspan="11" | Kudu Film and Arts Academy Festival (SFAAF) | rowspan="11" | | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Jagora | Sean Cameron Michael |{{Won}} | rowspan="11" | |- | Mafi kyawun Darakta a Fim ɗin Fim | Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Fim ɗin Filaye | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Jarumin Taimakawa a Fim ɗin Fim | Marno van der Merwe |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun Tsarin Sauti a Fim ɗin Filaye | Janno Muller |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun gyaran fuska a cikin Fim ɗin Fasa | Cindi Jane Laird |{{Won}} |- | Cinematography Sunan Daraja a Fim ɗin Filayen | Maikael Adam |{{Won}} |- | Gyara Magana Mai Girma a Fim ɗin Fim | Terwadkar Rajiv & Cohen Lorenzo Davids |{{Won}} |- | Samar da Magana Mai Girma A cikin Fim ɗin Fim | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Fim ɗin Fim na Watan | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun fasalin Thriller | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} |- ! rowspan="4" | Bikin Fim na Nahiyoyi Biyar (FCIFF) | rowspan="4" | 3 ga Fabrairu, 2020 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Thriller | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | rowspan="4" | |- | Mafi kyawun Make Up | Cindi Jane Laird |{{Won}} |- | Zane Na Musamman Sauti | Janno Muller |{{Won}} |- | Mafi kyawun wasan allo | Sean Robert Daniels |{{Nom}} |- ! Kyaututtukan allo na Duniya | | Mafi kyawun Fim na Duniya | Terwadkar Rajiv & Maynard Kraak |{{Won}} | |- |} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|4727422}} * [https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/the_last_victims ''The Last Victims'' at PAFF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109175610/https://www.paff.org/films/#!/film/the_last_victims |date=2021-11-09 }} * [http://ipo.org.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ The Last Victims premiere at Pan African Film Festival] * [http://artsvark.co.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ The Last Victims premieres at PAFF - Artsvark Presser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213125149/https://artsvark.co.za/the-last-victims-premiere-at-pan-african-film-festival/ |date=2024-02-13 }} * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/sunday-tribune/20171008/282741997013578 Mystery Thrilled to be filmed in KZN at Press Reader] * [http://www.filmcontact.com/news/south-africa/step-aside-hollywood-enter-kzn%E2%80%99s-dollywood Step aside Hollywood, enter KZN’s Dollywood at Film Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421061016/http://www.filmcontact.com/news/south-africa/step-aside-hollywood-enter-kzn%E2%80%99s-dollywood |date=2019-04-21 }} * [https://www.bizcommunity.com/InBrief/196/97/14823.html SA film The Last Victims to premiere at US film festival at BizCommunity] * [https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-times/20190129/281638191429511 SA Movie set for LA festival at Press Reader / Cape Times newspaper] * [https://www.asempanews.com/rapidlion-awards-ceremony-returns-to-the-festival/ RapidLion Awards Ceremony Returns To The Festival at Asempa News] * [http://www.capetalk.co.za/podcasts/127/afternoons-with-pippa-hudson/185548/entertainment-the-last-victims-film Entertainment: The Last Victims (film) - Cape Talk] * [http://www.702.co.za/podcasts/127/afternoons-with-pippa-hudson/185548/entertainment-the-last-victims-film Entertainment: The Last Victims (film) - Talk 702 Radio] * [https://bereamail.co.za/163505/acclaimed-sa-film-comes-to-the-screen-at-durban-international-film-festival/ Acclaimed SA film comes to the screen at Durban International Film Festival] * [https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/147649/the-last-victims-wins-best-international-film-at-the-uganda-film-festival ''The Last Victims'' wins ''Best International Film'' at the ''Uganda Film Festival''] * [https://risingsunoverport.co.za/75592/screening-last-victims-popular-film-festival/ Screening of ‘The Last Victims’ at popular film festival - Rising Sun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102231836/https://risingsunoverport.co.za/75592/screening-last-victims-popular-film-festival/ |date=2020-11-02 }} * [https://tishalacommunications.com/press-release-maynard-kraaks-latest-film-the-last-victims-to-open-rapidlion-2019/ Maynard Kraak’s latest film, The Last Victims, to open RapidLion 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102231857/https://tishalacommunications.com/press-release-maynard-kraaks-latest-film-the-last-victims-to-open-rapidlion-2019/ |date=2020-11-02 }} * [https://www.timeout.com/sydney/news/sydney-south-african-film-festival-heads-online-for-2020-season-050520 Sydney South African Film Festival goes Online] * [https://www.wearemovingstories.com/we-are-moving-stories-films/2019/1/17/the-last-victims We are Moving Stories "Tokyo Lift-Off Film Festival" 2020 – The Last Victims] 6foku0q26yvn45az018zhbbafdiroxh 0 69025 542671 372171 2024-11-19T17:43:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 542671 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''I'll Take My Chances''''' ya kasance fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a Najeriya na 2011, wanda Emem Isong ya samar kuma [[Desmond Elliot]] ya ba da umarni. [[Ini Edo]] da [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin jagora, tare da Sam Loco Efe, [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Ini Ikpe]], Ashleigh Clark da Abiola Segun Williams a matsayin tallafi. Ba fim din ya ce: "Al'adar tana buƙatar wata budurwa mai wahala ta ɗauki matsayin firist na ƙasar ko kuma ta bar bala'i ya faru a ƙauyen. Ta ƙi karɓar makomarta kuma ta ci gaba da gamsuwa da cewa ba ta saurari kiran al'ada ta wani baƙo mai kyau". Zan Ɗauki Chances na sami gabatarwa biyar a 2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, gami da "Best Motion Picture" kuma ya lashe kyautar "Best Costume". Har ila yau, ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards kuma ya sami kyautar "Best Edited Movie". == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Ikechukwu ([[Bryan Okwara]]) da budurwarsa, Giselle (Ashleigh Clark) sun yi tafiya zuwa Legas daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don kafa ƙungiyar rawa, duk da haka sun sadu da takaici bayan sun halarci sauraro da yawa ba tare da an zaba su ba. An tura IK zuwa ƙauyen Ikot-Uyai don [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]], tare da fatan cewa zai sake aiki zuwa Legas cikin 'yan makonni, amma duk da haka an ƙi buƙatarsa. Idara ([[Ini Edo]]), yarinya ƙauye tana jin daɗin rawa sosai; mahaifinta, Cif Ekene (Sam Loco Efe) ya kai ta ga firist, ya damu game da halinta tare da zargin cewa ana iya mallake ta. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya bayyana cewa Idara dole ne ta zama firist ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na gaba, don haka bala'i zai faru da dukan ƙauyen. Ikechukwu (IK), yanzu yana aiki a ƙauye ya fara halartar zaman rawa na gargajiya; ya sadu da Idara, ya rufe fuska a ɗaya daga cikin zaman kuma yana sha'awar yadda take rawa. Yin amfani da mayafin da Idara ya sauka yayin rawa, IK ya sake saduwa da Idara, amma Idara yana da ƙiyayya da shi. Bayan juriya mai yawa, Idara ya ba da kansa, kuma ya zama abokin IK. IK da Idara sun ƙaunaci juna, yayin da dangantakar IK da Giselle ta zama mai wahala. Yayinda take rawa, Idara ta yi rashin sani kuma an kai ta wurin ibada; ta ba da kanta ga ƙaddara, ta yanke shawarar yin biyayya da al'adu kuma ta zama Firist, amma IK ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kanta in ba haka ba, ba tare da amfani ba. Tare da taimakon Giselle, IK a ƙarshe ya dawo da wasikar sake tura shi zuwa Legas, kuma ya shawo kan Idara ya bi, kuma ya saba wa al'adu. Mahaifinta ya yi tsayayya da shawarar, yayin da mahaifiyarta kawai ke son abin da ya fi dacewa ga 'yarta. Idara daga ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar bin IK zuwa Legas; firist ɗin ƙauyen, tare da ma'aikatanta suna ƙoƙari su kwantar da ita a wurin ajiye motoci, amma IK ta ɗauki Idara cikin abin hawa kuma sun zoom off. Giselle ta lura da bambanci a cikin halayyar IK kuma nan da nan ta fahimci kusanci mai ban mamaki na IK da Idara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. IK ta nemi Idara ta zama sabon jagora, amma Giselle ta ki amincewa. Giselle daga baya ta kama Idara da IK suna sumba. Wani annoba ya barke a Ikot-Uyai kuma mutane sun fara mutuwa. An yi imanin cewa alloli suna fushi, kuma Idara yanzu dole ne ya koma ya yi biyayya da al'adar ƙasar don a ceci mutane. Idara ya koma ƙauyen, amma har yanzu ba zai iya shiga cikin al'adun ba kuma ya koma [[Kalaba|Calabar]] don shiga cikin sauran ƙungiyar rawa a babban gasa. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya yi annabci cewa Idara za ta mutu kafin karfe 4 na rana saboda rashin biyayya. Annabcin duk da haka bai wuce ba kuma ma'aikatan Idara sun lashe gasar rawa. An bayyana a ƙarshen fim ɗin cewa mutuwar mazauna ƙauyen ta samo asali ne daga taki mai guba da dan takarar sanata ya ba mazauna ƙoryen, kuma ba saboda rashin biyayya na Idara ba. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Idara * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ikechukwu Okereke * Ashleigh Clark a matsayin Giselle * Sam Loco Efe a matsayin Cif Ekpene * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Minista * Ini Ikpe a matsayin mahaifiyar Idara * [[Abiola Segun|Abiola Segun-Williams]] * Moses Armstrong a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa * Ekene Nkanga a matsayin Babban Firist == Fitarwa == Zan Ɗauki Chance shine fim mafi girma da ya fito daga gidan samar da Royal Arts Academy dangane da kasafin kuɗi da shigarwar samarwa a lokacin da aka saki shi. Mai gabatarwa koyaushe yana <ref name="GI" /> ya yi fina-finai da suka shafi rawa, wanda shine ƙwarewarta a makaranta, amma bai sami rubutun da ya dace ba. <ref name="GI" /> ce: "Wannan aikin yana da daraja a zuciyata". fitar da mai rawa na Kanada Ashleigh Clark daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ne kawai don manufar wannan fim din. Yawancin fim din an harbe su ne a wurin da ke [[Akwa Ibom]] . cewar Isong, simintin da ma'aikatan sun sami ƙauna da tallafi daga al'umma yayin da suke harbi fim din. Sauran wuraren harbi sun ha<ref name="GI" /> da Legas da wasu yankuna na Cross River. Fim din ya<ref name="NU" /> ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai na karshe da Sam Loco Efe ya harbe, saboda ya mutu kafin a sake shi; an sadaukar da shi a sakamakon haka. == Saki == An gabatar da samfurori na I'll Take My Chances ga jama'a a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2011. fara fim din ne a [[Uyo]], [[Akwa Ibom]] a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2011. [1] Emem Isong ya bayyana cewa shawarar da aka yanke na fara fim din a Akwa Ibom saboda gaskiyar cewa an harbe fim din a can kuma yana gabatar da al'adun yankin a matsayin tushen labarin; don haka "nuni ne na hadin kai tare da mutanen Akwa Ibon". <ref name="NU" /> kuma shirya watan Satumba don farawa, saboda shine watan da aka kirkiro jihar Akwa Ibom. <ref name="NU" /> nuna wani ɗan gajeren shirin game da marigayi Sam Loco Efe wanda ya fito a cikin fim ɗin, amma ya mutu kafin a sake shi. Fim din fara fitowa a Legas a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, kafin ya fara fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. An bayar da rahoton cewa dakunan dakuna biyu da aka yi amfani da su don nuna fina-finai a farkon Legas sun cika, cewa wasu mutanen da ke son ganin fim din a kowane fanni dole ne su tsaya kuma wasu sun zauna a kan bene na cinema. Ushers taron sun yi ado da kayan asalin Akwa Ibom. kuma nuna fim din a fadin birane biyu a [[Italiya]], kasuwa da ba ta gargajiya ba. == Karɓi == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba shi kashi 37%, yana lura da umarnin a matsayin babban koma baya ga fim din. Ya yaba da aikin Ini Edo, yana mai cewa ita ce "mutumin da ya riƙe shi duka tare", amma ya zargi kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na Bryan Okwara kuma ya yi watsi da aikin Ashleigh Clark. yaba da shirye-shiryen rawa kuma ya kammala ta hanyar cewa: "yana da kyakkyawan labari. Yana da farawa, yana da ƙarshe, yana da rikici. Fim din yana da abubuwa biyu da ba za su daidaita da kyau tare da masu kallo ba. Amma, kallon fim din a matsayin STORY! Ba a yi mini nishaɗi ba. Idan na neman cire labarin daga rushewar fim ɗin, to, da na kasance 5 daga 5, amma idan na kalli fim ɗin a matsayin labarin, wanda shine abin da fim ɗin yake da niyya, to ba zai kasance ba. Victor Olatoye na Nollywood Critics ya yaba da kiɗa da rawa, amma ya bayyana rubutun a matsayin "ma'auni", yana mai sharhi: "Zan dauki damar da na haɗu da jerin abubuwan ban mamaki tare da abubuwan gani na gaskiya, gyare-gyare da ƙarancin birane. Har ila yau, ya magance batutuwa kamar zaɓin aiki, imani na gida, siyasa, fada cikin ƙauna da Iyaye, yayin da yake murna da hotunan rawa masu daraja na matasa a cikin cikakken fure". ba da taurari 3 daga cikin 5 kuma ya kammala: "Zan dauki My Chances ya ƙare ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na matsakaici amma tare da lambobi masu kyau". Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi imanin cewa kuskuren da ke cikin fim din ya kasance a cikin tunaninsa ta hanyar kisa, yana mai cewa: "Desmond Elliot yana kan jagorancin kuma yayin da jagorancinsa yake da santsi kuma yana da ban sha'awa a wasu wurare, rubutun da ba shi da kyau ya ci nasara. Yana motsawa da sauri, bai san abin da zai yi da kansa ba kuma ya makale a cikin limbo tsakanin nau'ikan biyu da yake ƙoƙarin cin nasara". Duk yake ya yaba da abubuwan gani na fim din wanda ya dace da kyawawan wurare na Akwa Ibom, ya yi magana game da wasan Ini Edo kuma ya kammala: "Kamar duk fina-finai daga Royal Arts Academy stable, an gabatar da wani shirin da ba dole ba kuma ba shi da kyau kuma yana haifar da ƙarshen da aka ɗaure tare. Kamar yadda yake yanzu, matasa masu yin fim masu basira suna haɓaka babban lokaci kuma har ma da tsofaffi suna haɓaka wasan su kuma suna sake ƙirƙirar kansu. Don ci gaba da dacewa da Royal Arts Academy, Mun yi fiye da wannan. === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu |[[Desmond Elliot]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actor |Bryan Okwara| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Fim |Emem Isong| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Won}} |- |Sauti Mafi Kyawu |semiu Adewuyi| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa (maza) |Bryan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Victor Ehi Amedu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun amfani da kayan ado |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == An saki I'll Take My Chances a kan DVD a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2012. raba sigar VCD zuwa kashi biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2011 == Man == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.iwilltakemychances.com/}} * {{YouTube|TpXByT58NbY|''I'll Take My Chances'' preview}} * Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da itaaNollywood An sake kirkirar p859w7s53sn0agvga7mcf29lkbrk4ib 542672 542671 2024-11-19T17:43:42Z Pharouqenr 25549 542672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''I'll Take My Chances''''' ya kasance fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasar Najeriya na 2011, wanda Emem Isong ya samar kuma [[Desmond Elliot]] ya ba da umarni. [[Ini Edo]] da [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin jagora, tare da Sam Loco Efe, [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Ini Ikpe]], Ashleigh Clark da Abiola Segun Williams a matsayin tallafi. Ba fim din ya ce: "Al'adar tana buƙatar wata budurwa mai wahala ta ɗauki matsayin firist na ƙasar ko kuma ta bar bala'i ya faru a ƙauyen. Ta ƙi karɓar makomarta kuma ta ci gaba da gamsuwa da cewa ba ta saurari kiran al'ada ta wani baƙo mai kyau". Zan Ɗauki Chances na sami gabatarwa biyar a 2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, gami da "Best Motion Picture" kuma ya lashe kyautar "Best Costume". Har ila yau, ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards kuma ya sami kyautar "Best Edited Movie". == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Ikechukwu ([[Bryan Okwara]]) da budurwarsa, Giselle (Ashleigh Clark) sun yi tafiya zuwa Legas daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don kafa ƙungiyar rawa, duk da haka sun sadu da takaici bayan sun halarci sauraro da yawa ba tare da an zaba su ba. An tura IK zuwa ƙauyen Ikot-Uyai don [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]], tare da fatan cewa zai sake aiki zuwa Legas cikin 'yan makonni, amma duk da haka an ƙi buƙatarsa. Idara ([[Ini Edo]]), yarinya ƙauye tana jin daɗin rawa sosai; mahaifinta, Cif Ekene (Sam Loco Efe) ya kai ta ga firist, ya damu game da halinta tare da zargin cewa ana iya mallake ta. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya bayyana cewa Idara dole ne ta zama firist ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na gaba, don haka bala'i zai faru da dukan ƙauyen. Ikechukwu (IK), yanzu yana aiki a ƙauye ya fara halartar zaman rawa na gargajiya; ya sadu da Idara, ya rufe fuska a ɗaya daga cikin zaman kuma yana sha'awar yadda take rawa. Yin amfani da mayafin da Idara ya sauka yayin rawa, IK ya sake saduwa da Idara, amma Idara yana da ƙiyayya da shi. Bayan juriya mai yawa, Idara ya ba da kansa, kuma ya zama abokin IK. IK da Idara sun ƙaunaci juna, yayin da dangantakar IK da Giselle ta zama mai wahala. Yayinda take rawa, Idara ta yi rashin sani kuma an kai ta wurin ibada; ta ba da kanta ga ƙaddara, ta yanke shawarar yin biyayya da al'adu kuma ta zama Firist, amma IK ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kanta in ba haka ba, ba tare da amfani ba. Tare da taimakon Giselle, IK a ƙarshe ya dawo da wasikar sake tura shi zuwa Legas, kuma ya shawo kan Idara ya bi, kuma ya saba wa al'adu. Mahaifinta ya yi tsayayya da shawarar, yayin da mahaifiyarta kawai ke son abin da ya fi dacewa ga 'yarta. Idara daga ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar bin IK zuwa Legas; firist ɗin ƙauyen, tare da ma'aikatanta suna ƙoƙari su kwantar da ita a wurin ajiye motoci, amma IK ta ɗauki Idara cikin abin hawa kuma sun zoom off. Giselle ta lura da bambanci a cikin halayyar IK kuma nan da nan ta fahimci kusanci mai ban mamaki na IK da Idara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. IK ta nemi Idara ta zama sabon jagora, amma Giselle ta ki amincewa. Giselle daga baya ta kama Idara da IK suna sumba. Wani annoba ya barke a Ikot-Uyai kuma mutane sun fara mutuwa. An yi imanin cewa alloli suna fushi, kuma Idara yanzu dole ne ya koma ya yi biyayya da al'adar ƙasar don a ceci mutane. Idara ya koma ƙauyen, amma har yanzu ba zai iya shiga cikin al'adun ba kuma ya koma [[Kalaba|Calabar]] don shiga cikin sauran ƙungiyar rawa a babban gasa. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya yi annabci cewa Idara za ta mutu kafin karfe 4 na rana saboda rashin biyayya. Annabcin duk da haka bai wuce ba kuma ma'aikatan Idara sun lashe gasar rawa. An bayyana a ƙarshen fim ɗin cewa mutuwar mazauna ƙauyen ta samo asali ne daga taki mai guba da dan takarar sanata ya ba mazauna ƙoryen, kuma ba saboda rashin biyayya na Idara ba. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Idara * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ikechukwu Okereke * Ashleigh Clark a matsayin Giselle * Sam Loco Efe a matsayin Cif Ekpene * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Minista * Ini Ikpe a matsayin mahaifiyar Idara * [[Abiola Segun|Abiola Segun-Williams]] * Moses Armstrong a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa * Ekene Nkanga a matsayin Babban Firist == Fitarwa == Zan Ɗauki Chance shine fim mafi girma da ya fito daga gidan samar da Royal Arts Academy dangane da kasafin kuɗi da shigarwar samarwa a lokacin da aka saki shi. Mai gabatarwa koyaushe yana <ref name="GI" /> ya yi fina-finai da suka shafi rawa, wanda shine ƙwarewarta a makaranta, amma bai sami rubutun da ya dace ba. <ref name="GI" /> ce: "Wannan aikin yana da daraja a zuciyata". fitar da mai rawa na Kanada Ashleigh Clark daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ne kawai don manufar wannan fim din. Yawancin fim din an harbe su ne a wurin da ke [[Akwa Ibom]] . cewar Isong, simintin da ma'aikatan sun sami ƙauna da tallafi daga al'umma yayin da suke harbi fim din. Sauran wuraren harbi sun ha<ref name="GI" /> da Legas da wasu yankuna na Cross River. Fim din ya<ref name="NU" /> ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai na karshe da Sam Loco Efe ya harbe, saboda ya mutu kafin a sake shi; an sadaukar da shi a sakamakon haka. == Saki == An gabatar da samfurori na I'll Take My Chances ga jama'a a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2011. fara fim din ne a [[Uyo]], [[Akwa Ibom]] a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2011. [1] Emem Isong ya bayyana cewa shawarar da aka yanke na fara fim din a Akwa Ibom saboda gaskiyar cewa an harbe fim din a can kuma yana gabatar da al'adun yankin a matsayin tushen labarin; don haka "nuni ne na hadin kai tare da mutanen Akwa Ibon". <ref name="NU" /> kuma shirya watan Satumba don farawa, saboda shine watan da aka kirkiro jihar Akwa Ibom. <ref name="NU" /> nuna wani ɗan gajeren shirin game da marigayi Sam Loco Efe wanda ya fito a cikin fim ɗin, amma ya mutu kafin a sake shi. Fim din fara fitowa a Legas a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, kafin ya fara fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. An bayar da rahoton cewa dakunan dakuna biyu da aka yi amfani da su don nuna fina-finai a farkon Legas sun cika, cewa wasu mutanen da ke son ganin fim din a kowane fanni dole ne su tsaya kuma wasu sun zauna a kan bene na cinema. Ushers taron sun yi ado da kayan asalin Akwa Ibom. kuma nuna fim din a fadin birane biyu a [[Italiya]], kasuwa da ba ta gargajiya ba. == Karɓi == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba shi kashi 37%, yana lura da umarnin a matsayin babban koma baya ga fim din. Ya yaba da aikin Ini Edo, yana mai cewa ita ce "mutumin da ya riƙe shi duka tare", amma ya zargi kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na Bryan Okwara kuma ya yi watsi da aikin Ashleigh Clark. yaba da shirye-shiryen rawa kuma ya kammala ta hanyar cewa: "yana da kyakkyawan labari. Yana da farawa, yana da ƙarshe, yana da rikici. Fim din yana da abubuwa biyu da ba za su daidaita da kyau tare da masu kallo ba. Amma, kallon fim din a matsayin STORY! Ba a yi mini nishaɗi ba. Idan na neman cire labarin daga rushewar fim ɗin, to, da na kasance 5 daga 5, amma idan na kalli fim ɗin a matsayin labarin, wanda shine abin da fim ɗin yake da niyya, to ba zai kasance ba. Victor Olatoye na Nollywood Critics ya yaba da kiɗa da rawa, amma ya bayyana rubutun a matsayin "ma'auni", yana mai sharhi: "Zan dauki damar da na haɗu da jerin abubuwan ban mamaki tare da abubuwan gani na gaskiya, gyare-gyare da ƙarancin birane. Har ila yau, ya magance batutuwa kamar zaɓin aiki, imani na gida, siyasa, fada cikin ƙauna da Iyaye, yayin da yake murna da hotunan rawa masu daraja na matasa a cikin cikakken fure". ba da taurari 3 daga cikin 5 kuma ya kammala: "Zan dauki My Chances ya ƙare ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na matsakaici amma tare da lambobi masu kyau". Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi imanin cewa kuskuren da ke cikin fim din ya kasance a cikin tunaninsa ta hanyar kisa, yana mai cewa: "Desmond Elliot yana kan jagorancin kuma yayin da jagorancinsa yake da santsi kuma yana da ban sha'awa a wasu wurare, rubutun da ba shi da kyau ya ci nasara. Yana motsawa da sauri, bai san abin da zai yi da kansa ba kuma ya makale a cikin limbo tsakanin nau'ikan biyu da yake ƙoƙarin cin nasara". Duk yake ya yaba da abubuwan gani na fim din wanda ya dace da kyawawan wurare na Akwa Ibom, ya yi magana game da wasan Ini Edo kuma ya kammala: "Kamar duk fina-finai daga Royal Arts Academy stable, an gabatar da wani shirin da ba dole ba kuma ba shi da kyau kuma yana haifar da ƙarshen da aka ɗaure tare. Kamar yadda yake yanzu, matasa masu yin fim masu basira suna haɓaka babban lokaci kuma har ma da tsofaffi suna haɓaka wasan su kuma suna sake ƙirƙirar kansu. Don ci gaba da dacewa da Royal Arts Academy, Mun yi fiye da wannan. === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu |[[Desmond Elliot]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actor |Bryan Okwara| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Fim |Emem Isong| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Won}} |- |Sauti Mafi Kyawu |semiu Adewuyi| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa (maza) |Bryan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Victor Ehi Amedu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun amfani da kayan ado |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == An saki I'll Take My Chances a kan DVD a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2012. raba sigar VCD zuwa kashi biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2011 == Man == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.iwilltakemychances.com/}} * {{YouTube|TpXByT58NbY|''I'll Take My Chances'' preview}} * Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da itaaNollywood An sake kirkirar hhygk21dcu9e6js5mqxvvo58hjj2zhi 542673 542672 2024-11-19T17:44:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 542673 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''I'll Take My Chances''''' ya kasance fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a ƙasar Najeriya na shekarar alif 2011, wanda Emem Isong ya samar kuma [[Desmond Elliot]] ya ba da umarni. [[Ini Edo]] da [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin jagora, tare da Sam Loco Efe, [[Jide Kosoko]], [[Ini Ikpe]], Ashleigh Clark da Abiola Segun Williams a matsayin tallafi. Ba fim din ya ce: "Al'adar tana buƙatar wata budurwa mai wahala ta ɗauki matsayin firist na ƙasar ko kuma ta bar bala'i ya faru a ƙauyen. Ta ƙi karɓar makomarta kuma ta ci gaba da gamsuwa da cewa ba ta saurari kiran al'ada ta wani baƙo mai kyau". Zan Ɗauki Chances na sami gabatarwa biyar a 2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards, gami da "Best Motion Picture" kuma ya lashe kyautar "Best Costume". Har ila yau, ya sami gabatarwa uku a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards kuma ya sami kyautar "Best Edited Movie". == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Ikechukwu ([[Bryan Okwara]]) da budurwarsa, Giselle (Ashleigh Clark) sun yi tafiya zuwa Legas daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] don kafa ƙungiyar rawa, duk da haka sun sadu da takaici bayan sun halarci sauraro da yawa ba tare da an zaba su ba. An tura IK zuwa ƙauyen Ikot-Uyai don [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|NYSC]], tare da fatan cewa zai sake aiki zuwa Legas cikin 'yan makonni, amma duk da haka an ƙi buƙatarsa. Idara ([[Ini Edo]]), yarinya ƙauye tana jin daɗin rawa sosai; mahaifinta, Cif Ekene (Sam Loco Efe) ya kai ta ga firist, ya damu game da halinta tare da zargin cewa ana iya mallake ta. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya bayyana cewa Idara dole ne ta zama firist ɗin ƙwallon ƙafa na gaba, don haka bala'i zai faru da dukan ƙauyen. Ikechukwu (IK), yanzu yana aiki a ƙauye ya fara halartar zaman rawa na gargajiya; ya sadu da Idara, ya rufe fuska a ɗaya daga cikin zaman kuma yana sha'awar yadda take rawa. Yin amfani da mayafin da Idara ya sauka yayin rawa, IK ya sake saduwa da Idara, amma Idara yana da ƙiyayya da shi. Bayan juriya mai yawa, Idara ya ba da kansa, kuma ya zama abokin IK. IK da Idara sun ƙaunaci juna, yayin da dangantakar IK da Giselle ta zama mai wahala. Yayinda take rawa, Idara ta yi rashin sani kuma an kai ta wurin ibada; ta ba da kanta ga ƙaddara, ta yanke shawarar yin biyayya da al'adu kuma ta zama Firist, amma IK ta yi ƙoƙari ta shawo kanta in ba haka ba, ba tare da amfani ba. Tare da taimakon Giselle, IK a ƙarshe ya dawo da wasikar sake tura shi zuwa Legas, kuma ya shawo kan Idara ya bi, kuma ya saba wa al'adu. Mahaifinta ya yi tsayayya da shawarar, yayin da mahaifiyarta kawai ke son abin da ya fi dacewa ga 'yarta. Idara daga ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar bin IK zuwa Legas; firist ɗin ƙauyen, tare da ma'aikatanta suna ƙoƙari su kwantar da ita a wurin ajiye motoci, amma IK ta ɗauki Idara cikin abin hawa kuma sun zoom off. Giselle ta lura da bambanci a cikin halayyar IK kuma nan da nan ta fahimci kusanci mai ban mamaki na IK da Idara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rawa. IK ta nemi Idara ta zama sabon jagora, amma Giselle ta ki amincewa. Giselle daga baya ta kama Idara da IK suna sumba. Wani annoba ya barke a Ikot-Uyai kuma mutane sun fara mutuwa. An yi imanin cewa alloli suna fushi, kuma Idara yanzu dole ne ya koma ya yi biyayya da al'adar ƙasar don a ceci mutane. Idara ya koma ƙauyen, amma har yanzu ba zai iya shiga cikin al'adun ba kuma ya koma [[Kalaba|Calabar]] don shiga cikin sauran ƙungiyar rawa a babban gasa. Firist ɗin ƙauyen ya yi annabci cewa Idara za ta mutu kafin karfe 4 na rana saboda rashin biyayya. Annabcin duk da haka bai wuce ba kuma ma'aikatan Idara sun lashe gasar rawa. An bayyana a ƙarshen fim ɗin cewa mutuwar mazauna ƙauyen ta samo asali ne daga taki mai guba da dan takarar sanata ya ba mazauna ƙoryen, kuma ba saboda rashin biyayya na Idara ba. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Ini Edo]] a matsayin Idara * [[Bryan Okwara]] a matsayin Ikechukwu Okereke * Ashleigh Clark a matsayin Giselle * Sam Loco Efe a matsayin Cif Ekpene * [[Jide Kosoko]] a matsayin Minista * Ini Ikpe a matsayin mahaifiyar Idara * [[Abiola Segun|Abiola Segun-Williams]] * Moses Armstrong a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa * Ekene Nkanga a matsayin Babban Firist == Fitarwa == Zan Ɗauki Chance shine fim mafi girma da ya fito daga gidan samar da Royal Arts Academy dangane da kasafin kuɗi da shigarwar samarwa a lokacin da aka saki shi. Mai gabatarwa koyaushe yana <ref name="GI" /> ya yi fina-finai da suka shafi rawa, wanda shine ƙwarewarta a makaranta, amma bai sami rubutun da ya dace ba. <ref name="GI" /> ce: "Wannan aikin yana da daraja a zuciyata". fitar da mai rawa na Kanada Ashleigh Clark daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] ne kawai don manufar wannan fim din. Yawancin fim din an harbe su ne a wurin da ke [[Akwa Ibom]] . cewar Isong, simintin da ma'aikatan sun sami ƙauna da tallafi daga al'umma yayin da suke harbi fim din. Sauran wuraren harbi sun ha<ref name="GI" /> da Legas da wasu yankuna na Cross River. Fim din ya<ref name="NU" /> ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai na karshe da Sam Loco Efe ya harbe, saboda ya mutu kafin a sake shi; an sadaukar da shi a sakamakon haka. == Saki == An gabatar da samfurori na I'll Take My Chances ga jama'a a ranar 8 ga Mayu 2011. fara fim din ne a [[Uyo]], [[Akwa Ibom]] a ranar 24 ga Satumba 2011. [1] Emem Isong ya bayyana cewa shawarar da aka yanke na fara fim din a Akwa Ibom saboda gaskiyar cewa an harbe fim din a can kuma yana gabatar da al'adun yankin a matsayin tushen labarin; don haka "nuni ne na hadin kai tare da mutanen Akwa Ibon". <ref name="NU" /> kuma shirya watan Satumba don farawa, saboda shine watan da aka kirkiro jihar Akwa Ibom. <ref name="NU" /> nuna wani ɗan gajeren shirin game da marigayi Sam Loco Efe wanda ya fito a cikin fim ɗin, amma ya mutu kafin a sake shi. Fim din fara fitowa a Legas a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, kafin ya fara fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. An bayar da rahoton cewa dakunan dakuna biyu da aka yi amfani da su don nuna fina-finai a farkon Legas sun cika, cewa wasu mutanen da ke son ganin fim din a kowane fanni dole ne su tsaya kuma wasu sun zauna a kan bene na cinema. Ushers taron sun yi ado da kayan asalin Akwa Ibom. kuma nuna fim din a fadin birane biyu a [[Italiya]], kasuwa da ba ta gargajiya ba. == Karɓi == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu mahimmanci. Nollywood Reinvented ya ba shi kashi 37%, yana lura da umarnin a matsayin babban koma baya ga fim din. Ya yaba da aikin Ini Edo, yana mai cewa ita ce "mutumin da ya riƙe shi duka tare", amma ya zargi kwarewar wasan kwaikwayo na Bryan Okwara kuma ya yi watsi da aikin Ashleigh Clark. yaba da shirye-shiryen rawa kuma ya kammala ta hanyar cewa: "yana da kyakkyawan labari. Yana da farawa, yana da ƙarshe, yana da rikici. Fim din yana da abubuwa biyu da ba za su daidaita da kyau tare da masu kallo ba. Amma, kallon fim din a matsayin STORY! Ba a yi mini nishaɗi ba. Idan na neman cire labarin daga rushewar fim ɗin, to, da na kasance 5 daga 5, amma idan na kalli fim ɗin a matsayin labarin, wanda shine abin da fim ɗin yake da niyya, to ba zai kasance ba. Victor Olatoye na Nollywood Critics ya yaba da kiɗa da rawa, amma ya bayyana rubutun a matsayin "ma'auni", yana mai sharhi: "Zan dauki damar da na haɗu da jerin abubuwan ban mamaki tare da abubuwan gani na gaskiya, gyare-gyare da ƙarancin birane. Har ila yau, ya magance batutuwa kamar zaɓin aiki, imani na gida, siyasa, fada cikin ƙauna da Iyaye, yayin da yake murna da hotunan rawa masu daraja na matasa a cikin cikakken fure". ba da taurari 3 daga cikin 5 kuma ya kammala: "Zan dauki My Chances ya ƙare ya zama wasan kwaikwayo na matsakaici amma tare da lambobi masu kyau". Wilfred Okiche na [[YNaija]] ya yi imanin cewa kuskuren da ke cikin fim din ya kasance a cikin tunaninsa ta hanyar kisa, yana mai cewa: "Desmond Elliot yana kan jagorancin kuma yayin da jagorancinsa yake da santsi kuma yana da ban sha'awa a wasu wurare, rubutun da ba shi da kyau ya ci nasara. Yana motsawa da sauri, bai san abin da zai yi da kansa ba kuma ya makale a cikin limbo tsakanin nau'ikan biyu da yake ƙoƙarin cin nasara". Duk yake ya yaba da abubuwan gani na fim din wanda ya dace da kyawawan wurare na Akwa Ibom, ya yi magana game da wasan Ini Edo kuma ya kammala: "Kamar duk fina-finai daga Royal Arts Academy stable, an gabatar da wani shirin da ba dole ba kuma ba shi da kyau kuma yana haifar da ƙarshen da aka ɗaure tare. Kamar yadda yake yanzu, matasa masu yin fim masu basira suna haɓaka babban lokaci kuma har ma da tsofaffi suna haɓaka wasan su kuma suna sake ƙirƙirar kansu. Don ci gaba da dacewa da Royal Arts Academy, Mun yi fiye da wannan. === Godiya gaisuwa === {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2012 Golden Icons Academy Movie Awards |Hoton Motion Mafi Kyawu |[[Desmond Elliot]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Sabon Actor |Bryan Okwara| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Mai Fim |Emem Isong| {{Nom}} |- |Kyakkyawan Kayan Kayan Kyakkyawar |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Won}} |- |Sauti Mafi Kyawu |semiu Adewuyi| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |[[Lambar yabo na Fina-finan Nollywood na Musamman na 2012|2012 Mafi Kyawun Kyautar Nollywood]] |Ayyukan da suka fi dacewa (maza) |Bryan| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin da aka gyara |Victor Ehi Amedu| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun amfani da kayan ado |Angel Nwakibie, Obijie Oru| {{Nom}} |} == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == An saki I'll Take My Chances a kan DVD a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2012. raba sigar VCD zuwa kashi biyu. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2011 == Man == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.iwilltakemychances.com/}} * {{YouTube|TpXByT58NbY|''I'll Take My Chances'' preview}} * Zan Yi Da Hanyar da nake Da itaaNollywood An sake kirkirar 7bs8dw66qfljkxtizet4zxif6npjbb6 0 69034 542669 372197 2024-11-19T17:42:37Z Pharouqenr 25549 542669 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Heaven' Hell''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya na 2019, wanda [[Katung Aduwak]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni; <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="120" href="./Ensemble_cast" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ensemble cast">Tare":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interview: Katung on himself &amp;amp; Heaven's Hell&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[DStv]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9 May 2013&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;accessdate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;30 December 2014&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;author&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Udoh, Esther&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;dead&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archiveurl&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://archive.today/20141230224154/http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archivedate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;30 December 2014&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwgA\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt15\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFUdoh,_Esther2013\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Udoh, Esther (9 May 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.today/20141230224154/http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564\" id=\"mwgQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Interview: Katung on himself &</nowiki>amp; Heaven's Hell\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"184\" href=\"./DStv\" id=\"mwgg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DStv\">DStv</a></nowiki>. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564\" id=\"mwgw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> on 30 December 2014<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwhA\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwhQ\">30 December</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Heaven's_Hell#cite_note-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>]</sup> taurari ne wanda ya hada da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], Fabian Adeoye Lojede, [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Chet Anekwe]], [[Damilola Adegbite]], [[OC Ukeje]], Kalu Ikeagwu, Femi Jacobs, [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] da Gideon Okeke. BGL Asset Management Ltd One O Eight Media ne ke ba da kuɗin, tare da tallafin samar da wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House da Jami'ar Aberystwyth. Fim din, wanda labarin gaskiya ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, an kafa shi ne a birnin Legas kuma yana ba da labarin matan gida biyu waɗanda dangantakar abokantaka ba za a iya karyawa ba, amma ya cika da yaudara da cin amana; a tsakiyar duhu da ke sama da dangantakarsu da matansu. farko an shirya fim din ne don a saki a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2015, [1] amma an jinkirta shi saboda tantancewa. An sake shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2019. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Fabian Adeoye Lojede a matsayin Edward Henshaw * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] a matsayin Alice Henshaw * [[Chet Anekwe]] a matsayin Jeff Aliu * [[Bimbo Akintola]] a matsayin Tsola Aliu * [[Damilola Adegbite]] a matsayin Janet Cole * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Ahmed * Kalu Ikeagwu a matsayin Efosa Elliots * Gideon Okeke a matsayin Akanimo * Femi Jacobs a matsayin Detective Popoola * [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a * Katherine Obiang a matsayin Tara * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin Sakatariyar * [[Waje|Waje Iruobe]] a matsayin Wakilin Gida == Fitarwa == Heaven' Hell an nuna shi a matsayin fim wanda ke da niyyar taimakawa wajen yaki da tashin hankali na gida ga mata da yara. Aduwak ya ce: "...kamar yadda yake, har yanzu ana gudanar da tashin hankali na gida tare da safofin yara a wannan ɓangaren duniya. A ƙarshe, ina son ''Jahannama ta Sama'' ta 'yantar da mutane. Ina son ta yi wa wani wahayi zuwa ga wani ya fita daga mummunar dangantaka [..] duk abin da zai iya cim ma duniya wuri mai lafiya. " <ref name="ynaija" /> <ref name="businessday" /> gaban fim din ya ɗauki shekara guda, [1] bayan haka Babban daukar hoto ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2013 a Legas tare da manyan simintin. <ref name="ynaija" /> [3] harbe wasu al'amuran a Kurkukun Kirikiri Maximum da Medium Security a Legas. [1] <ref name="allafrica" /> Legas ya dauki sama da makonni uku, [1] bayan haka aka tura harbi zuwa Wales, inda aka kuma yi fim da wasu al'amuran. harbe fim din ta amfani da kyamarorin Sony F55, [1] kuma Jeffrey Smith ne ya jagoranci samar da fim din. Asset Management Ltd & One O Eight Media ne suka ba da kuɗin aikin, tare da tallafin samar da wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House, da Jami'ar Aberystwyth. <ref name="360nobs" /> [2] === Sauti === Jesse Jagz da Femi Kuti ne suka yi sauti na hukuma daga fim din, mai taken "3rd World War", kuma an sake shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2013. == Gabatarwa da saki == An gudanar da taron manema labarai don fim din a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2013 a Clear Essence, [[Ikoyi]], Legas, inda aka sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a cikin kwata na uku na 2013 . Duk da haka an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, FilmOne Distribution ta sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015; duk da haka Hukumar Kula da fina-finai da Bidiyo ta Najeriya ta jinkirta shi saboda kasancewar wasu "bayani da abubuwan da ke motsawa". shawarci masu shirya fina-finai da su sake shirya fim din kafin a sake shi. Rarraba fim din wanda FilmOne ya fara jagoranta, yanzu Genesis Distribution ta karbe shi. An fitar da fim din a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2019. == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://heavenshellthemovie.com}} * {{YouTube|tY5Fpa7M27w|''Heaven's Hell'' trailer}} jaju0ygs0yk10x9c5xjl1d8b62726yv 542670 542669 2024-11-19T17:42:54Z Pharouqenr 25549 542670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Heaven' Hell''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya na shekarar alif 2019, wanda [[Katung Aduwak]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni; <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="120" href="./Ensemble_cast" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ensemble cast">Tare":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite web &amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Interview: Katung on himself &amp;amp; Heaven's Hell&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[DStv]]&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;9 May 2013&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;accessdate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;30 December 2014&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;author&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Udoh, Esther&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url-status&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;dead&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archiveurl&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://archive.today/20141230224154/http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;archivedate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;30 December 2014&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwgA\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt15\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFUdoh,_Esther2013\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Udoh, Esther (9 May 2013). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://archive.today/20141230224154/http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564\" id=\"mwgQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Interview: Katung on himself &</nowiki>amp; Heaven's Hell\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><a class=\"cx-link\" data-linkid=\"184\" href=\"./DStv\" id=\"mwgg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"DStv\">DStv</a></nowiki>. Archived from <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.dstv.com/News/Interview-Katung-on-himself-Heaven-s-Hell/51564\" id=\"mwgw\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">the original</a></nowiki> on 30 December 2014<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwhA\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwhQ\">30 December</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Heaven's_Hell#cite_note-1 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[1]</nowiki></span>]</sup> taurari ne wanda ya hada da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]], Fabian Adeoye Lojede, [[Bimbo Akintola]], [[Chet Anekwe]], [[Damilola Adegbite]], [[OC Ukeje]], Kalu Ikeagwu, Femi Jacobs, [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] da Gideon Okeke. BGL Asset Management Ltd One O Eight Media ne ke ba da kuɗin, tare da tallafin samar da wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House da Jami'ar Aberystwyth. Fim din, wanda labarin gaskiya ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, an kafa shi ne a birnin Legas kuma yana ba da labarin matan gida biyu waɗanda dangantakar abokantaka ba za a iya karyawa ba, amma ya cika da yaudara da cin amana; a tsakiyar duhu da ke sama da dangantakarsu da matansu. farko an shirya fim din ne don a saki a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2015, [1] amma an jinkirta shi saboda tantancewa. An sake shi a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2019. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Fabian Adeoye Lojede a matsayin Edward Henshaw * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim|Nse Ikpe Etim]] a matsayin Alice Henshaw * [[Chet Anekwe]] a matsayin Jeff Aliu * [[Bimbo Akintola]] a matsayin Tsola Aliu * [[Damilola Adegbite]] a matsayin Janet Cole * [[OC Ukeje]] a matsayin Ahmed * Kalu Ikeagwu a matsayin Efosa Elliots * Gideon Okeke a matsayin Akanimo * Femi Jacobs a matsayin Detective Popoola * [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a * Katherine Obiang a matsayin Tara * [[Linda Ejiofor]] a matsayin Sakatariyar * [[Waje|Waje Iruobe]] a matsayin Wakilin Gida == Fitarwa == Heaven' Hell an nuna shi a matsayin fim wanda ke da niyyar taimakawa wajen yaki da tashin hankali na gida ga mata da yara. Aduwak ya ce: "...kamar yadda yake, har yanzu ana gudanar da tashin hankali na gida tare da safofin yara a wannan ɓangaren duniya. A ƙarshe, ina son ''Jahannama ta Sama'' ta 'yantar da mutane. Ina son ta yi wa wani wahayi zuwa ga wani ya fita daga mummunar dangantaka [..] duk abin da zai iya cim ma duniya wuri mai lafiya. " <ref name="ynaija" /> <ref name="businessday" /> gaban fim din ya ɗauki shekara guda, [1] bayan haka Babban daukar hoto ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2013 a Legas tare da manyan simintin. <ref name="ynaija" /> [3] harbe wasu al'amuran a Kurkukun Kirikiri Maximum da Medium Security a Legas. [1] <ref name="allafrica" /> Legas ya dauki sama da makonni uku, [1] bayan haka aka tura harbi zuwa Wales, inda aka kuma yi fim da wasu al'amuran. harbe fim din ta amfani da kyamarorin Sony F55, [1] kuma Jeffrey Smith ne ya jagoranci samar da fim din. Asset Management Ltd & One O Eight Media ne suka ba da kuɗin aikin, tare da tallafin samar da wasu abokan tarayya kamar Hashtag Media House, da Jami'ar Aberystwyth. <ref name="360nobs" /> [2] === Sauti === Jesse Jagz da Femi Kuti ne suka yi sauti na hukuma daga fim din, mai taken "3rd World War", kuma an sake shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta 2013. == Gabatarwa da saki == An gudanar da taron manema labarai don fim din a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2013 a Clear Essence, [[Ikoyi]], Legas, inda aka sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a cikin kwata na uku na 2013 . Duk da haka an jinkirta shi saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba. watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, FilmOne Distribution ta sanar da cewa za a saki fim din a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015; duk da haka Hukumar Kula da fina-finai da Bidiyo ta Najeriya ta jinkirta shi saboda kasancewar wasu "bayani da abubuwan da ke motsawa". shawarci masu shirya fina-finai da su sake shirya fim din kafin a sake shi. Rarraba fim din wanda FilmOne ya fara jagoranta, yanzu Genesis Distribution ta karbe shi. An fitar da fim din a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2019. == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://heavenshellthemovie.com}} * {{YouTube|tY5Fpa7M27w|''Heaven's Hell'' trailer}} 4ce929jcrf1c1ijn19ki57vhv4z4i40 0 69036 542667 372203 2024-11-19T17:40:53Z Pharouqenr 25549 542667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Half of a Yellow Sun''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Anglo-Nigerian na shekarar alif 2013 wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara ne akan littafin mai suna [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] . Wannan fim din yana bincika jigogi masu zurfi na ainihi, soyayya, da juriya a fuskar yaki. Yana fuskantar rikitarwa na dangantakar mutum da aka kafa a bayan rikice-rikicen siyasa, yayin da yake magance tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Najeriya. Labarin ya nuna gwagwarmayar neman ainihi da neman soyayya a cikin abubuwan ban tsoro na yaki, yana ba da tunani mai ban sha'awa game da yanayin ɗan adam a lokacin ɗayan lokutan tarihi mafi ƙalubale na Afirka. Tauraruwar Chiwetel Ejiofor, Thandiwe Newton, [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Anika Noni Rose, Joseph Mawle, [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[OC Ukeje]] da John Boyega kuma an yi fim a wurin a [[Najeriya]]. Fim din fara ne a sashin Gabatarwa na Musamman a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto na 2013. Ya sami karɓar karɓa daga masu sukar. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Half of a Yellow Sun ya fara ne a lokacin [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] ta farko a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960 kuma ya ƙare a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] a shekarar 1970. Fim din yana cike da hotunan ajiya na watsa shirye-shiryen labarai na talabijin na abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa a Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatunsu na jami'a a Ingila da Amurka, 'yan uwan tagwaye Olanna (Thandiwe Newton) da Kainene (Anika Noni Rose) sun koma Najeriya. Mahaifin su shi ne Cif Ozobia ([[Zack Orji]]), wani attajiri ne wanda ke da dukiya a Port Harcourt . Da yake neman auren Ministan Kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, Olanna ta yanke shawarar komawa tare da ƙaunatacciyarta, "farfesa mai juyin juya hali" Odenigbo (Chiwetel Ejiofor), wanda ke koyarwa a jami'ar a birnin [[Nsukka]] na Najeriya. A halin yanzu, Kainene ta ɗauki nauyin iyali kuma ta bi aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, ta fada cikin soyayya da Richard Churchill (Joseph Mawle), marubucin Ingilishi. A Jami'ar Nsukka, Olanna ta sami aiki a matsayin malami na zamantakewar al'umma kuma ta yi abota da ɗan gidan Odenigbo, Ugwu (John Boyega). Koyaya, Olanna tana fuskantar ƙiyayya daga mahaifiyar Odenigbo "Mama" ([[Onyeka Onwenu]]), wacce ba ta amince da Olanna mai ilimi sosai kuma tana ɗaukar ta maƙaryaci. Da yake rashin amincewa da dangantakar ɗanta da Olanna, "Mama" ta yi wa Odenigbo barasa kuma ta shirya wa bawanta Amala (Susan Wokoma) don yin dare ɗaya tare da shi. Wata Olanna da ta lalace tana so ta karya dangantakar, amma kawunta Ifeka (Gloria Young) ta shawo kanta ta koma Nsukka. Duk da kasancewa da dare daya tare da Richard, Olanna da Odenigbo sun sulhunta kuma sun yarda su kiwon jaririn Amala a matsayin ɗansu. An kira yaron Chiamaka amma suna kiranta "Baby." Bayan sun fadi tare da Kainene, Richard ya koma [[Landan]]. Yayinda yake jira a filin jirgin sama, ya ga sojojin Arewacin Najeriya suna kashe fararen hula na Igbo a cikin yakin basasar Najeriya. A halin yanzu, Olanna ta shiga cikin rikici na tseren kuma ta tsere da rayuwarta. Yayin da tashin hankali na kabilanci ya karu, Olanna da iyalinta sun tsere daga Kano kuma suka koma Abba a [[Biyafara|Biafra]]. Bayan sulhunta da "Mama", Olanna ta yanke shawarar zama a Najeriya kuma ta auri Odenigbo. Yayinda Biafra ta ayyana 'yancin kai, Richard ya dawo daga London don yin aiki tare da ƙaunatacciyarsa Kainene, wanda ya zama mai cin gajiyar yaƙi, yana shigo da makamai zuwa Biafra. Yakin ya tilasta wa Olanna da iyalinta su kwashe zuwa [[Umuahia]]. A lokacin bikin auren, Olanna da iyalinta sun tsere wa wani hari na bam na Najeriya. Yayin da yakin basasa ke ci gaba, Olanna da iyalinta suka koma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira inda ta sake haduwa da' yar'uwarta Kainene, wacce ta sami canjin zuciya kuma ta taimaka wajen gudanar da sansanin' yan gudun hijira. Daga baya aka kwashe Ugwu a matsayin jariri soja na Biafra. Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa, Olanna da Odenigbo sun yi abota da Kainene da Richard. Tare da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira yana raguwa da kayan aiki saboda yakin basasa, Kainene ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa yankin Najeriya don kasuwanci tare da manoma na yankin duk da gargadi na Odenigbo. Kwanaki da yawa sun wuce kuma Kainene ya kasa dawowa. Duk da yake Olanna da Richard sun kasa samun Kainene, sun sami kwanciyar hankali don sanin cewa Ugwu ya tsira daga yakin kuma ya maraba da shi ga iyalin. Bayan shan kashi na Biafra, Richard ya ci gaba da neman Kainene yayin da Olanna, Odenigbo, Ugwu, da "Baby" suka sake gina rayuwarsu. Bayan rubutun ya ambaci cewa ba a taɓa samun Kainene ba yayin da Richard ya koma Nsukka. Olanna da Odenigbo sun kasance suna da aure kusan shekaru hamsin yayin da Ugwu ya zama marubuci. 'Yarsu Chiamaka (wanda aka fi sani da "Baby") ta zama likita. == Tarihi == Wannan fim din yana amfani da [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] a matsayin bango, kuma ya faru tsakanin 1967 da 1970. Rikicin ya fito ne daga bambance-bambance a cikin addini da al'adun siyasa tsakanin kabilun Igbo da Musulmi [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa-Fulanis]]. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == {{Reflist}} == Fitarwa == An haska Half of a Yellow Sun a cikin makonni biyar a [[Studio Tinapa|Tinapa Studio]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]] da Creek Town, Najeriya. Bandele lissafa [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da typhoid a matsayin manyan ƙalubalen harbi guda biyu, tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan da ma'aikatan suka yi rashin lafiya, gami da tauraron Thandiwe Newton.Ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da tallafin kudi daga kafofin Najeriya da Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ba. Wannan kudade yana da mahimmanci ga wucewa bayan matakin ci gaba da shiga cikin ainihin samarwa" wannan shine sakin layi A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa D'banj zai saki waƙar da ake kira "Bother You", waƙar da fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, don ya dace da fitowar fim din. D'banj ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don yin rikodin "Bother You" bayan kallon fim din. Bidiyo kiɗa don waƙar ya haɗa da hotuna daga fim ɗin. == Karɓuwa == === Amsa mai mahimmanci === Rabin Yellow Sun ya sami karɓar karɓa daga masu sukar. A halin yanzu yana da ƙididdigar 51% a kan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sake dubawa 53, tare da 5.53 daga cikin matsakaicin maki 10. Shafin gizon ya ce: "Yayin da ba ya yin adalci ga kayan tushe, Half of a Yellow Sun ya daidaita littafin Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie tare da wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi da kuma labarin". Leslie Felperin The Hollywood Reporter ya rubuta cewa "wani nau'in adabi ne na wallafe-wallafen da ke son kowane irin hanyoyi, ba dukansu sun dace ba" kuma cewa "rubutun yana cike da manyan magungunan tattaunawa". Nollywood Reinvented ya ce fim din ba shi da kyau kamar littafin, amma ya nuna cewa "Ko da yake fim din bai sake haifar da motsin zuciyar littafin ba ya haifar da motsan zuciyarsa". ila yau, ya ce "Fim din ya gina a kan abubuwan ban mamaki, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu goyon bayan' yan wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa", amma haruffa ba su da zurfi. Peter Bradshaw ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da Half of a Yellow Sun 2 daga cikin taurari 5, kuma yana mai cewa "akwai ingancin zuciya" amma "abin takaici, fim din sau da yawa yana da girman kai kuma yana da jinkiri tare da wasu lokutan soap na rana na bayyanar motsin rai. " A wasu lokuta, ya fi kama da fim din wasan kwaikwayo. " Robert Abele na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ya ba da fim din 50 daga 100 a cikin Metatric . ce fim din "hakika yana haifar da sabulu mai daraja na lokacin yaƙi", kuma "Ba ya motsawa sosai a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi". [1] === Karɓar Adichie === Adichie ta yi farin ciki game da samfurin karshe na fim din, saboda ta yi tunanin yana da kyau kuma an yi shi sosai. kuma ce wasan kwaikwayon yana da kyau sosai kuma tana son gaskiyar cewa an yi fim a Najeriya, wanda shine kawai abin da take bukata. === Godiya gaisuwa === Half of a Yellow Sun yana da gabatarwa 6 na lambar yabo. * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2215077/awards/?ref_=tt_awd Bikin Fim na Carthage (2014)] - Fim mai ba da labari (An zabi) * Fim din Oslo Daga Kudancin Festival (2014) - Mafi Kyawun Fim (An zabi) * Black Reel Awards (2015) - Kyakkyawan Fim na Ƙasashen Waje (An zabi) * Kyautar Hoton (NAACP) - Hoton Motsi Mai Zaman Kanta (An zabi) * Kyautar Fim ta Kasa, Burtaniya - Mafi kyawun Actress, Thandiwe Newton (An zabi) * Kyautar Fim ta Kasa, Burtaniya - Mafi kyawun Ayyuka a Fim, Chiwetel Ejiofor (An zabi) == Ofishin akwatin == Yellow Sun zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim din Najeriya mafi girma]], har sai The Wedding Party ta mamaye shi. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2013 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2215077|Half of a Yellow Sun}} * Rabin Rana Mai GirmaaTumatir da ya lalace * Rabin Rana Mai GirmaaAllMovie [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2z9ughoaf62feo8844mqmzno7t0lz0k 542668 542667 2024-11-19T17:41:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 542668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Half of a Yellow Sun''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Anglo-Nigerian na shekarar alif 2013 wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara ne akan littafin mai suna [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] . Wannan fim din yana bincika jigogi masu zurfi na ainihi, soyayya, da juriya a fuskar yaki. Yana fuskantar rikitarwa na dangantakar mutum da aka kafa a bayan rikice-rikicen siyasa, yayin da yake magance tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan al'ummar Najeriya. Labarin ya nuna gwagwarmayar neman ainihi da neman soyayya a cikin abubuwan ban tsoro na yaki, yana ba da tunani mai ban sha'awa game da yanayin ɗan adam a lokacin ɗayan lokutan tarihi mafi ƙalubale na Afirka. Tauraruwar Chiwetel Ejiofor, Thandiwe Newton, [[Onyeka Onwenu]], Anika Noni Rose, Joseph Mawle, [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[OC Ukeje]] da John Boyega kuma an yi fim a wurin a ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Fim din fara ne a sashin Gabatarwa na Musamman a bikin Fim na Duniya na Toronto na 2013. Ya sami karɓar karɓa daga masu sukar. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Half of a Yellow Sun ya fara ne a lokacin [[Ranar 'Yancin Kai (Najeriya)|Ranar Independence ta Najeriya]] ta farko a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960 kuma ya ƙare a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] a shekarar 1970. Fim din yana cike da hotunan ajiya na watsa shirye-shiryen labarai na talabijin na abubuwan da suka faru na siyasa a Najeriya. Bayan kammala karatunsu na jami'a a Ingila da Amurka, 'yan uwan tagwaye Olanna (Thandiwe Newton) da Kainene (Anika Noni Rose) sun koma Najeriya. Mahaifin su shi ne Cif Ozobia ([[Zack Orji]]), wani attajiri ne wanda ke da dukiya a Port Harcourt . Da yake neman auren Ministan Kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, Olanna ta yanke shawarar komawa tare da ƙaunatacciyarta, "farfesa mai juyin juya hali" Odenigbo (Chiwetel Ejiofor), wanda ke koyarwa a jami'ar a birnin [[Nsukka]] na Najeriya. A halin yanzu, Kainene ta ɗauki nauyin iyali kuma ta bi aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, ta fada cikin soyayya da Richard Churchill (Joseph Mawle), marubucin Ingilishi. A Jami'ar Nsukka, Olanna ta sami aiki a matsayin malami na zamantakewar al'umma kuma ta yi abota da ɗan gidan Odenigbo, Ugwu (John Boyega). Koyaya, Olanna tana fuskantar ƙiyayya daga mahaifiyar Odenigbo "Mama" ([[Onyeka Onwenu]]), wacce ba ta amince da Olanna mai ilimi sosai kuma tana ɗaukar ta maƙaryaci. Da yake rashin amincewa da dangantakar ɗanta da Olanna, "Mama" ta yi wa Odenigbo barasa kuma ta shirya wa bawanta Amala (Susan Wokoma) don yin dare ɗaya tare da shi. Wata Olanna da ta lalace tana so ta karya dangantakar, amma kawunta Ifeka (Gloria Young) ta shawo kanta ta koma Nsukka. Duk da kasancewa da dare daya tare da Richard, Olanna da Odenigbo sun sulhunta kuma sun yarda su kiwon jaririn Amala a matsayin ɗansu. An kira yaron Chiamaka amma suna kiranta "Baby." Bayan sun fadi tare da Kainene, Richard ya koma [[Landan]]. Yayinda yake jira a filin jirgin sama, ya ga sojojin Arewacin Najeriya suna kashe fararen hula na Igbo a cikin yakin basasar Najeriya. A halin yanzu, Olanna ta shiga cikin rikici na tseren kuma ta tsere da rayuwarta. Yayin da tashin hankali na kabilanci ya karu, Olanna da iyalinta sun tsere daga Kano kuma suka koma Abba a [[Biyafara|Biafra]]. Bayan sulhunta da "Mama", Olanna ta yanke shawarar zama a Najeriya kuma ta auri Odenigbo. Yayinda Biafra ta ayyana 'yancin kai, Richard ya dawo daga London don yin aiki tare da ƙaunatacciyarsa Kainene, wanda ya zama mai cin gajiyar yaƙi, yana shigo da makamai zuwa Biafra. Yakin ya tilasta wa Olanna da iyalinta su kwashe zuwa [[Umuahia]]. A lokacin bikin auren, Olanna da iyalinta sun tsere wa wani hari na bam na Najeriya. Yayin da yakin basasa ke ci gaba, Olanna da iyalinta suka koma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira inda ta sake haduwa da' yar'uwarta Kainene, wacce ta sami canjin zuciya kuma ta taimaka wajen gudanar da sansanin' yan gudun hijira. Daga baya aka kwashe Ugwu a matsayin jariri soja na Biafra. Yayin da lokaci ke wucewa, Olanna da Odenigbo sun yi abota da Kainene da Richard. Tare da sansanin 'yan gudun hijira yana raguwa da kayan aiki saboda yakin basasa, Kainene ya yanke shawarar tafiya zuwa yankin Najeriya don kasuwanci tare da manoma na yankin duk da gargadi na Odenigbo. Kwanaki da yawa sun wuce kuma Kainene ya kasa dawowa. Duk da yake Olanna da Richard sun kasa samun Kainene, sun sami kwanciyar hankali don sanin cewa Ugwu ya tsira daga yakin kuma ya maraba da shi ga iyalin. Bayan shan kashi na Biafra, Richard ya ci gaba da neman Kainene yayin da Olanna, Odenigbo, Ugwu, da "Baby" suka sake gina rayuwarsu. Bayan rubutun ya ambaci cewa ba a taɓa samun Kainene ba yayin da Richard ya koma Nsukka. Olanna da Odenigbo sun kasance suna da aure kusan shekaru hamsin yayin da Ugwu ya zama marubuci. 'Yarsu Chiamaka (wanda aka fi sani da "Baby") ta zama likita. == Tarihi == Wannan fim din yana amfani da [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] a matsayin bango, kuma ya faru tsakanin 1967 da 1970. Rikicin ya fito ne daga bambance-bambance a cikin addini da al'adun siyasa tsakanin kabilun Igbo da Musulmi [[Hausa–Fulani|Hausa-Fulanis]]. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == {{Reflist}} == Fitarwa == An haska Half of a Yellow Sun a cikin makonni biyar a [[Studio Tinapa|Tinapa Studio]], [[Kalaba|Calabar]] da Creek Town, Najeriya. Bandele lissafa [[Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro|zazzabin cizon sauro]] da typhoid a matsayin manyan ƙalubalen harbi guda biyu, tare da wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan da ma'aikatan suka yi rashin lafiya, gami da tauraron Thandiwe Newton.Ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da tallafin kudi daga kafofin Najeriya da Cibiyar Fim ta Burtaniya ba. Wannan kudade yana da mahimmanci ga wucewa bayan matakin ci gaba da shiga cikin ainihin samarwa" wannan shine sakin layi A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2014, an ba da sanarwar cewa D'banj zai saki waƙar da ake kira "Bother You", waƙar da fim din ya yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, don ya dace da fitowar fim din. D'banj ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don yin rikodin "Bother You" bayan kallon fim din. Bidiyo kiɗa don waƙar ya haɗa da hotuna daga fim ɗin. == Karɓuwa == === Amsa mai mahimmanci === Rabin Yellow Sun ya sami karɓar karɓa daga masu sukar. A halin yanzu yana da ƙididdigar 51% a kan Rotten Tomatoes bisa ga sake dubawa 53, tare da 5.53 daga cikin matsakaicin maki 10. Shafin gizon ya ce: "Yayin da ba ya yin adalci ga kayan tushe, Half of a Yellow Sun ya daidaita littafin Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie tare da wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi da kuma labarin". Leslie Felperin The Hollywood Reporter ya rubuta cewa "wani nau'in adabi ne na wallafe-wallafen da ke son kowane irin hanyoyi, ba dukansu sun dace ba" kuma cewa "rubutun yana cike da manyan magungunan tattaunawa". Nollywood Reinvented ya ce fim din ba shi da kyau kamar littafin, amma ya nuna cewa "Ko da yake fim din bai sake haifar da motsin zuciyar littafin ba ya haifar da motsan zuciyarsa". ila yau, ya ce "Fim din ya gina a kan abubuwan ban mamaki, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, masu goyon bayan' yan wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗa", amma haruffa ba su da zurfi. Peter Bradshaw ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ba da Half of a Yellow Sun 2 daga cikin taurari 5, kuma yana mai cewa "akwai ingancin zuciya" amma "abin takaici, fim din sau da yawa yana da girman kai kuma yana da jinkiri tare da wasu lokutan soap na rana na bayyanar motsin rai. " A wasu lokuta, ya fi kama da fim din wasan kwaikwayo. " Robert Abele na ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' ya ba da fim din 50 daga 100 a cikin Metatric . ce fim din "hakika yana haifar da sabulu mai daraja na lokacin yaƙi", kuma "Ba ya motsawa sosai a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi". [1] === Karɓar Adichie === Adichie ta yi farin ciki game da samfurin karshe na fim din, saboda ta yi tunanin yana da kyau kuma an yi shi sosai. kuma ce wasan kwaikwayon yana da kyau sosai kuma tana son gaskiyar cewa an yi fim a Najeriya, wanda shine kawai abin da take bukata. === Godiya gaisuwa === Half of a Yellow Sun yana da gabatarwa 6 na lambar yabo. * [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2215077/awards/?ref_=tt_awd Bikin Fim na Carthage (2014)] - Fim mai ba da labari (An zabi) * Fim din Oslo Daga Kudancin Festival (2014) - Mafi Kyawun Fim (An zabi) * Black Reel Awards (2015) - Kyakkyawan Fim na Ƙasashen Waje (An zabi) * Kyautar Hoton (NAACP) - Hoton Motsi Mai Zaman Kanta (An zabi) * Kyautar Fim ta Kasa, Burtaniya - Mafi kyawun Actress, Thandiwe Newton (An zabi) * Kyautar Fim ta Kasa, Burtaniya - Mafi kyawun Ayyuka a Fim, Chiwetel Ejiofor (An zabi) == Ofishin akwatin == Yellow Sun zama [[Jerin Finafinan Najeriya da suka fi kawo kudi|Fim din Najeriya mafi girma]], har sai The Wedding Party ta mamaye shi. == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2013 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|2215077|Half of a Yellow Sun}} * Rabin Rana Mai GirmaaTumatir da ya lalace * Rabin Rana Mai GirmaaAllMovie [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cd204f48prs5nfvho113gqn4u0l7tk0 0 69041 542665 372225 2024-11-19T17:39:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 542665 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''''Griot''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya na 2021 wanda Adeoluwa Owu ya jagoranta kuma Goodness Emmanuel ya samar da shi. fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Funsho Adeolu|Funso Adeolu]], Goodness Emmanuel, Imoh Eboh, Sharon Jatto . sake shi a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kuma an fara shi a [[Netflix]] a cikin 2022. fim din yana kewaye mai jin kunya amma ƙwararren mai ba da labari wanda ke da baiwa don ba da labari, amma abokinsa mafi kyau yana ƙoƙari ya ɗauki yabo ga labarun sa kuma ya sami zuciyar matar da suke ƙauna. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Abimbola Adebajo a matsayin Sarauniya * Lateef Adedimeji a matsayin Lakunle * Yewande Adekoya a matsayin Sunbo * Jare Adeniregun a matsayin Odejinmi * Funso Adeolu a matsayin Oba Adejare * Adekunle Adeosun a matsayin Patron * Fatimo Adio a matsayin Olori * Kunle Afod a matsayin Baba * Angela Babarinsa a matsayin Iyemojo * Imoh Eboh a matsayin Romoke * Kyakkyawan Emmanuel a matsayin Tiwa * Temilolu Fosudo a matsayin Sanmi == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt15892144}} * Griota kanNetflix doucu2uea6yuasiwzoa4xoydggire0b 542666 542665 2024-11-19T17:40:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''''Griot''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya na shekarar alif 2021 wanda Adeoluwa Owu ya jagoranta kuma Goodness Emmanuel ya samar da shi. fim din [[Lateef Adedimeji]], [[Funsho Adeolu|Funso Adeolu]], Goodness Emmanuel, Imoh Eboh, Sharon Jatto . sake shi a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kuma an fara shi a [[Netflix]] a cikin 2022. fim din yana kewaye mai jin kunya amma ƙwararren mai ba da labari wanda ke da baiwa don ba da labari, amma abokinsa mafi kyau yana ƙoƙari ya ɗauki yabo ga labarun sa kuma ya sami zuciyar matar da suke ƙauna. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Abimbola Adebajo a matsayin Sarauniya * Lateef Adedimeji a matsayin Lakunle * Yewande Adekoya a matsayin Sunbo * Jare Adeniregun a matsayin Odejinmi * Funso Adeolu a matsayin Oba Adejare * Adekunle Adeosun a matsayin Patron * Fatimo Adio a matsayin Olori * Kunle Afod a matsayin Baba * Angela Babarinsa a matsayin Iyemojo * Imoh Eboh a matsayin Romoke * Kyakkyawan Emmanuel a matsayin Tiwa * Temilolu Fosudo a matsayin Sanmi == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt15892144}} * Griota kanNetflix b15qduubpgj2jppeps8yurzph4vlbe4 0 69058 542663 518257 2024-11-19T17:39:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 542663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lord Owen and Dr. Eyimofe Atake.jpg|thumb|eyimofe]] [[Fayil:I have great desire My desire is great 01.jpg|thumb|eyimofe]] [[Fayil:Dr. Eyimofe Atake.jpg|thumb|Eyimofe]] '''''Eyimofe (Eyimofe: This Is My Desire)''''' Fim ne wanda aka fi sani da This Is My Disire fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2020 wanda 'yan uwan tagwaye Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni a farkon su na darektan. Fim din ƙunshi surori biyu da ake kira Spain da Italiya. Tauraron fim din Jude Akuwudike da Temi Ami-Williams a cikin manyan rawar da suka taka. buɗe fim ɗin ga sake dubawa mai kyau daga masu sukar kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya daban-daban a kasashe 17. == Bayani game da shi == [[Fayil:Eyimofe Doyle Atake.jpg|thumb|Eyimofe]] An raba shi cikin surori biyu daban-daban, fim din ya kewaye ma'aikacin ma'aikata Mofe (Jude Akuwudike) da mai gyaran gashi Rosa (Temi Ami-Williams) a kan neman abin da suke tsammani kuma sun yi imanin zai zama rayuwa mafi kyau a bakin tekun kasashen waje. Mofe yana so ya tafi Spain kuma Rosa tana fatan zuwa Italiya. Koyaya, Mofe ya rasa iyalinsa, yayin da Rosa ta kasa kula da ƙanwarta mai ciki kuma ta auri mai gidan saboda bukata. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Jude Akuwudike a matsayin Mofe * Temi Ami-Williams a matsayin Rosa * Cynthia Ebijie a matsayin Grace * [[Adetomiwa Edun|Tomiwa Edun]] a matsayin Seyi * Yakubu Alexander a matsayin Bitrus * [[Chigul|Chioma Omeruah]] a matsayin Mama Esther * [[Ejike Asiegbu]] a matsayin Goddey * [[Sadiq Daba]] a matsayin Jakpor * Imoh Eboh a matsayin ma'aikacin jinya * Chiemela Azurunwa a matsayin likita == Fitarwa == 'Yan uwan tagwaye Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri ne suka sanar da fim din yayin da suke aiki tare don aikin. Fim din nuna farkon darektan duka biyu yayin da suka jagoranci fim din. An ba da kuɗin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya a Najeriya kuma an harbe shi a cikin 16mm kuma an yi fim a wurare 48 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] inda aka shirya fim ɗin. kuma harbe wasu sassan fim din a New York. ba da fim din lambar yabo ta 2018 Purple List kuma an zaba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ayyukan goma a cikin 2019 IFP Narrative Lab a New York. == Saki == din nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], Amurka, [[Italiya]], [[Poland]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Brazil]], [[Portugal]], UAE, [[Kanada]], A[[Tarayyar Amurka|US]], [[Sin|China]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], Masar, [[Jamus]] da [[Indiya]]. An zaɓi fim ɗin a hukumance don a fara shi a ƙasashe 17 a cikin bukukuwan fina-finai kamar haka: * Bikin Fim na Duniya na 70 na Berlin, Jamus (24 ga Fabrairu 2020) * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Vancouver, Kanada (26 Satumba 2020) [1] * London Film Festival, Burtaniya (11 ga Oktoba 2020) [1] * Fim din Afirka na 2020 * 2020 Indie Lisboa International Film Festival, Portugal * 2020 Bikin Fim Duniya na São Paulo / Nunin Fim na São Paulo, Brazil [1] * Cinecitta International Film Festival, Netherlands [1] * Bikin Fim na AFI, Amurka (20 ga Oktoba 2020) * 2020 Bikin Fim na Duniya na Valladolid, Spain * Bikin Fim Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa [1] * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, Misira [1] * 2020 Bikin Fim na Duniya na Thessaloniki, Girka * Karlovy Vary International Film Festival [1] * Bikin Fim na Duniya na New Horizons na 2020, Poland * Bikin Fim na Torino, Italiya (24 Nuwamba 2020) [1] * 2020 Bikin Fim Duniya na Tsibirin Hainan, China [1] * Viennale, Austria * Sashe Panorama na Duniya na 51st International Film Festival of India (24 Janairu 2021) [1] * Bikin Fim na BlackStar na 2021 [1] == Karɓar baƙi == Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar. Kenny Glenn na RogerEbert.com ya ba shi taurari 3.5 daga cikin hudu, yana rubuta cewa "mai amincewa ne, sani, ƙoƙari na tausayi. Duk da yake jigogi a nan, ba shakka, suna da tsananin neorealism, masu shirya fina-finai ba sa yin kyawawan halayen fina-fallace ga fina-falan da suka gabata. Muryarsu ta kasance ta hannu lokacin da take buƙatar zama, amma har yanzu tana tsaye da yawa, barin kyakkyawan simintin su gina halayen su kamar yadda abubuwan da suka faru na fim ɗin ke gwada jimrewar su. Kuma jimrewa maimakon sha'awar su. rubuce-rubuce a cikin The New Yorker, marubucin littafin [[Teju Cole]] ya kira shi "fim mai basira da haske" da kuma "bincike don yadda za a rayu mafi kyau". Idan aka kwatanta shi da Wong Kar Wai's In The Mood for Love, Asghar Farhadi's A Separation, da Mati Diop's Atlantics, ya kammala cewa: "Wannan shaida ce ga rubutun Chuko Esiri mai mahimmanci da basira cewa fim din yana motsawa ta hanyar tunanin kansa, ba kamar kundin masifu ko motsa jiki na motsin rai ba ne a duniya ta uku ba". lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na Afirka na 2022. Fim din yana riƙe "Fresh" na 100% a kan Rotten Tomatoes, da kuma matsakaicin maki na 7.9, bayan sake dubawa 22 daga masu sukar. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == Fim din ya sami kyaututtuka da gabatarwa kaɗan a bukukuwan fina-finai. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Achille Valdata a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Torino na 2020. {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Kyautar ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Sashe ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2020 | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin |Mafi Kyawun Farko| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Indie Lisboa |Babban Kyautar Birnin Lisbon| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Torino |Kyautar Birnin Torino| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Valladolid |Fim mafi Kyau| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |2021 |Bikin Fim na BlackStar |Labari mafi Kyau|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="7" |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka |Fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora|{{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin gyare-gyare|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Won}} |- |Sauti Mafi Kyawu|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko na Darakta|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * IdofiaIMDb fa3sut1yefg0uw0c5tznah1yq4bwbs0 542664 542663 2024-11-19T17:39:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 542664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lord Owen and Dr. Eyimofe Atake.jpg|thumb|eyimofe]] [[Fayil:I have great desire My desire is great 01.jpg|thumb|eyimofe]] [[Fayil:Dr. Eyimofe Atake.jpg|thumb|Eyimofe]] '''''Eyimofe (Eyimofe: This Is My Desire)''''' Fim ne wanda aka fi sani da This Is My Disire fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na shekarar alif 2020 wanda 'yan uwan tagwaye Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri suka shirya kuma suka ba da umarni a farkon su na darektan. Fim din ƙunshi surori biyu da ake kira Spain da Italiya. Tauraron fim din Jude Akuwudike da Temi Ami-Williams a cikin manyan rawar da suka taka. buɗe fim ɗin ga sake dubawa mai kyau daga masu sukar kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya daban-daban a kasashe 17. == Bayani game da shi == [[Fayil:Eyimofe Doyle Atake.jpg|thumb|Eyimofe]] An raba shi cikin surori biyu daban-daban, fim din ya kewaye ma'aikacin ma'aikata Mofe (Jude Akuwudike) da mai gyaran gashi Rosa (Temi Ami-Williams) a kan neman abin da suke tsammani kuma sun yi imanin zai zama rayuwa mafi kyau a bakin tekun kasashen waje. Mofe yana so ya tafi Spain kuma Rosa tana fatan zuwa Italiya. Koyaya, Mofe ya rasa iyalinsa, yayin da Rosa ta kasa kula da ƙanwarta mai ciki kuma ta auri mai gidan saboda bukata. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Jude Akuwudike a matsayin Mofe * Temi Ami-Williams a matsayin Rosa * Cynthia Ebijie a matsayin Grace * [[Adetomiwa Edun|Tomiwa Edun]] a matsayin Seyi * Yakubu Alexander a matsayin Bitrus * [[Chigul|Chioma Omeruah]] a matsayin Mama Esther * [[Ejike Asiegbu]] a matsayin Goddey * [[Sadiq Daba]] a matsayin Jakpor * Imoh Eboh a matsayin ma'aikacin jinya * Chiemela Azurunwa a matsayin likita == Fitarwa == 'Yan uwan tagwaye Arie Esiri da Chuko Esiri ne suka sanar da fim din yayin da suke aiki tare don aikin. Fim din nuna farkon darektan duka biyu yayin da suka jagoranci fim din. An ba da kuɗin fim ɗin gaba ɗaya a Najeriya kuma an harbe shi a cikin 16mm kuma an yi fim a wurare 48 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] inda aka shirya fim ɗin. kuma harbe wasu sassan fim din a New York. ba da fim din lambar yabo ta 2018 Purple List kuma an zaba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin ayyukan goma a cikin 2019 IFP Narrative Lab a New York. == Saki == din nuna a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], Amurka, [[Italiya]], [[Poland]], [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], [[Brazil]], [[Portugal]], UAE, [[Kanada]], A[[Tarayyar Amurka|US]], [[Sin|China]], [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], Masar, [[Jamus]] da [[Indiya]]. An zaɓi fim ɗin a hukumance don a fara shi a ƙasashe 17 a cikin bukukuwan fina-finai kamar haka: * Bikin Fim na Duniya na 70 na Berlin, Jamus (24 ga Fabrairu 2020) * Bikin Fim na Duniya na Vancouver, Kanada (26 Satumba 2020) [1] * London Film Festival, Burtaniya (11 ga Oktoba 2020) [1] * Fim din Afirka na 2020 * 2020 Indie Lisboa International Film Festival, Portugal * 2020 Bikin Fim Duniya na São Paulo / Nunin Fim na São Paulo, Brazil [1] * Cinecitta International Film Festival, Netherlands [1] * Bikin Fim na AFI, Amurka (20 ga Oktoba 2020) * 2020 Bikin Fim na Duniya na Valladolid, Spain * Bikin Fim Sharjah, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa [1] * Bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Alkahira, Misira [1] * 2020 Bikin Fim na Duniya na Thessaloniki, Girka * Karlovy Vary International Film Festival [1] * Bikin Fim na Duniya na New Horizons na 2020, Poland * Bikin Fim na Torino, Italiya (24 Nuwamba 2020) [1] * 2020 Bikin Fim Duniya na Tsibirin Hainan, China [1] * Viennale, Austria * Sashe Panorama na Duniya na 51st International Film Festival of India (24 Janairu 2021) [1] * Bikin Fim na BlackStar na 2021 [1] == Karɓar baƙi == Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu sukar. Kenny Glenn na RogerEbert.com ya ba shi taurari 3.5 daga cikin hudu, yana rubuta cewa "mai amincewa ne, sani, ƙoƙari na tausayi. Duk da yake jigogi a nan, ba shakka, suna da tsananin neorealism, masu shirya fina-finai ba sa yin kyawawan halayen fina-fallace ga fina-falan da suka gabata. Muryarsu ta kasance ta hannu lokacin da take buƙatar zama, amma har yanzu tana tsaye da yawa, barin kyakkyawan simintin su gina halayen su kamar yadda abubuwan da suka faru na fim ɗin ke gwada jimrewar su. Kuma jimrewa maimakon sha'awar su. rubuce-rubuce a cikin The New Yorker, marubucin littafin [[Teju Cole]] ya kira shi "fim mai basira da haske" da kuma "bincike don yadda za a rayu mafi kyau". Idan aka kwatanta shi da Wong Kar Wai's In The Mood for Love, Asghar Farhadi's A Separation, da Mati Diop's Atlantics, ya kammala cewa: "Wannan shaida ce ga rubutun Chuko Esiri mai mahimmanci da basira cewa fim din yana motsawa ta hanyar tunanin kansa, ba kamar kundin masifu ko motsa jiki na motsin rai ba ne a duniya ta uku ba". lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin fina-finai mafi kyau na Afirka na 2022. Fim din yana riƙe "Fresh" na 100% a kan Rotten Tomatoes, da kuma matsakaicin maki na 7.9, bayan sake dubawa 22 daga masu sukar. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == Fim din ya sami kyaututtuka da gabatarwa kaɗan a bukukuwan fina-finai. Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Achille Valdata a bikin fina-finai na duniya na Torino na 2020. {| class="wikitable" width="60%" ! style="width:10pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Shekara ! style="width:100pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Kyautar ! style="width:40pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Sashe ! style="width:50pt; background:LightSteelBlue;" |Sakamakon |- | rowspan="5" |2020 | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Berlin |Mafi Kyawun Farko| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Indie Lisboa |Babban Kyautar Birnin Lisbon| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Torino |Kyautar Birnin Torino| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Valladolid |Fim mafi Kyau| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="1" |Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Berlin |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko| {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="8" |2021 |Bikin Fim na BlackStar |Labari mafi Kyau|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="7" |Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka |Fim mafi kyau|{{Nom}} |- |Darakta Mafi Kyawu|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora|{{Nom}} |- |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin gyare-gyare|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya|{{Won}} |- |Sauti Mafi Kyawu|{{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Farko na Darakta|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * IdofiaIMDb 8g1mafdyzovvmimb3to3sue2yvai891 0 69059 542660 520248 2024-11-19T17:38:07Z Pharouqenr 25549 542660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Fim ne na tarihin tarihin Najeriya na yaren [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba, bisa ga Mutuwar Wole Soyinka ta Sarki's Horseran, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda ya kasance ɗan'uwa a Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin da yake gudun hijira ta siyasa daga [[Najeriya]], kuma ya dogara ne akan wani abin da ya faru a Yorubaland a lokacin [[Daular Biritaniya|Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya]] Tauraron fim din [[Odunlade Adekola]] a matsayin mai suna, tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Brymo]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Langley Kirkwood, [[Joke Silva]] da sauransu a matsayin tallafi. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Fim din ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: [1] Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola. == Fitarwa == Shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/title/tt15374214/" id="mwAUE" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Elesin Oba (Mutumin Sarki) ", IMDb. 2xl6hocj0zhsskrxwa5j4nxohjfsjcw 542661 542660 2024-11-19T17:38:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 542661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Elesin Oba, The King's Horseman''''' Fim ne na tarihin Najeriya na yaren [[Kasar Yarbawa|Yoruba]] na 2022 wanda Biyi Bandele ya jagoranta kuma [[Netflix]] ta rarraba, bisa ga Mutuwar Wole Soyinka ta Sarki's Horseran, wasan kwaikwayo da ya rubuta yayin da yake Cambridge, inda ya kasance ɗan'uwa a Kwalejin Churchill a lokacin da yake gudun hijira ta siyasa daga [[Najeriya]], kuma ya dogara ne akan wani abin da ya faru a Yorubaland a lokacin [[Daular Biritaniya|Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya]] Tauraron fim din [[Odunlade Adekola]] a matsayin mai suna, tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]], [[Brymo]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]], [[Jide Kosoko]], Langley Kirkwood, [[Joke Silva]] da sauransu a matsayin tallafi. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Fim din ya samo asali ne daga labarin gaskiya kuma an kafa shi a cikin garin Oyo na 1940, kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Sarkin mutu ne kawai, kuma kamar yadda al'ada ta bukaci Elesin Oba dole ne ya yi al'ada don ya haɗu da marigayi sarkinsa a bayan rayuwa don sarki ya sami damar shiga ƙasar alloli, don haka ya hana bala'i daga mamaye al'umma. Sha'awar jima'i ta Elesin Oba ta sa ya guje, wanda ke haifar da rikici mai tsanani tare da Birtaniya kuma tare da mummunar sakamako. Lokacin mahayin ya kasa cika alhakinsa na ƙarshe, an yi imanin cewa fatalwar Sarki tana yawo a duniya, tana rubuta bala'i ga ƙasar da mutanenta. ila yau, saboda rashin iya cika aikinsa, ɗansa, Olunde, ya ɗauki matsayinsa a cikin al'ada. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Odunlade Adekola]]: Elesin * [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]]: Iyaloja * Ọlawale Olofọrọ (Brymo): Yabo Mai raira waƙa * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]]: Olunde * [[Omowumi Dada|Omowunmi Dada]]: [1] Bride * [[Jide Kosoko]]: Sajan Amusa * Kevin Ushi: Yusufu * Jenny Stead: Jane * Mark Elderkin: Simon * Langley Kirkwood: Mazaunin * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]]: Madam Taiwo * [[Joke Silva]]: Madam Bola. == Fitarwa == Shine aikin farko na Soyinka da za a yi fim din motsi tun fim din 1970 Kongi's Harvest na Ossie Davies da fim na farko na yaren Yoruba da aka fara bugawa a TIFF. , Biyi Bandele, ya mutu jim kadan kafin fara fim din, a watan Agusta 2022. == Karɓuwa == An sami ra'ayoyi da yawa game da fim din tun lokacin da aka saki shi. bayyana fim din a matsayin mai ban sha'awa da jin daɗi An kuma yaba da fim din don nuna muhimmancin al'ada. == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/title/tt15374214/" id="mwAUE" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">"Elesin Oba (Mutumin Sarki) ", IMDb. 8ot4079dt6fk77ikgi16612swpghiej 0 69065 542658 372333 2024-11-19T17:37:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 542658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Duplex fim''''' Ya kasance fim ne mai ban tsoro na Najeriya na 2015 wanda Emma Isikaku ta samar kuma [[Ikechukwu Onyeka]] ya ba da umarni. [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Uru Eke]] da Anthony Monjaro. Fim din kewaye da rayuwar Emeka (Mike Ezuruonye), wanda yake "a gefen rayuwa" yayin da yake yaƙi, ba kawai don ceton matarsa ba, Adaku (Omoni Oboli) da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, har ma da saka hannun jari na miliyan 12, ba tare da saninsa ba, a cikin makabartar, an ɗaukaka shi a matsayin duplex. " == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Adaku * [[Mike Ezuruonye]] a matsayin Emeka * [[Uru Eke]] a matsayin Dora * Anthony Monjaro a matsayin Jones * Ayo Umoh a matsayin Akpan * Maureen Okpoko a matsayin mai kallo == Saki == saki trailer na hukuma na The Duplex a kan layi a watan Yulin 2014. saki fim din a cikin zaɓaɓɓun gidajen silima a ranar 6 ga Maris 2015. [1] == Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci == Amarachukwu Iwuala ''360Nobs'' ya yi watsi da komai game da fim din, yana mai cewa: "Babu wani abu da aka fi dacewa a duniya da zai iya yi wa fim, wanda labarinsa da nunawa ba su da zurfi kamar yadda muke gani a cikin Duplex. Maimakon haka, aikin da aka yi da rabi zai ja su zuwa matakin sa. Wasu masu yin fim din ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari su yi nishaɗi maimakon azabtar da masu kallo da fina-finai marasa muhimmanci". == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|yC-Eet1M7D0|''The Duplex'' trailer}} 920h48m428bmn2qjinl6m7emnc3rgla 542659 542658 2024-11-19T17:37:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 542659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The Duplex fim''''' Ya kasance fim ne mai ban tsoro na kasar Najeriya na 2015 wanda Emma Isikaku ta samar kuma [[Ikechukwu Onyeka]] ya ba da umarni. [[Omoni Oboli]], [[Mike Ezuruonye]], [[Uru Eke]] da Anthony Monjaro. Fim din kewaye da rayuwar Emeka (Mike Ezuruonye), wanda yake "a gefen rayuwa" yayin da yake yaƙi, ba kawai don ceton matarsa ba, Adaku (Omoni Oboli) da jaririn da ba a haifa ba, har ma da saka hannun jari na miliyan 12, ba tare da saninsa ba, a cikin makabartar, an ɗaukaka shi a matsayin duplex. " == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Adaku * [[Mike Ezuruonye]] a matsayin Emeka * [[Uru Eke]] a matsayin Dora * Anthony Monjaro a matsayin Jones * Ayo Umoh a matsayin Akpan * Maureen Okpoko a matsayin mai kallo == Saki == saki trailer na hukuma na The Duplex a kan layi a watan Yulin 2014. saki fim din a cikin zaɓaɓɓun gidajen silima a ranar 6 ga Maris 2015. [1] == Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci == Amarachukwu Iwuala ''360Nobs'' ya yi watsi da komai game da fim din, yana mai cewa: "Babu wani abu da aka fi dacewa a duniya da zai iya yi wa fim, wanda labarinsa da nunawa ba su da zurfi kamar yadda muke gani a cikin Duplex. Maimakon haka, aikin da aka yi da rabi zai ja su zuwa matakin sa. Wasu masu yin fim din ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari su yi nishaɗi maimakon azabtar da masu kallo da fina-finai marasa muhimmanci". == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|yC-Eet1M7D0|''The Duplex'' trailer}} a932glbo7wmtujgy7e6t12aakijg3ih 0 69077 542654 501800 2024-11-19T17:34:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 542654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Dry Falls.jpg|thumb|dty falls]] '''''Dry''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na shekarar alif 2014 wanda Stephanie Linus ta jagoranta kuma [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Liz Benson]], William McNamara, Darwin Shaw da Paul Sambo ne suka fito. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, an saki wani fim din, don mayar da martani ga rikicin auren yara da ke gudana a Najeriya a lokacin. Taken fim din yana mai da hankali kan yanayin Vesicovaginal fistula da auren mata marasa shekaru tsakanin 'yan mata, yana ba da labarin wata yarinya mai shekaru goma sha uku, Halima (Zubaida Ibrahim Fagge), wanda iyayenta matalauta marasa ilimi suka aurar da ita ga Sani (Tijjani Faraga), wani mutum mai shekaru 60, wanda ke ci gaba da yi mata fyade. Halima ta yi juna biyu kuma ta sha wahala Vesicovaginal Fistula (VF) bayan haihuwar yaro; saboda haka mijinta ya watsar da ita kuma ya nuna mata wariya a cikin al'umma. Zara (Stephanie Okereke), likitan likita wanda shi ma ya sha wahala daga mummunan yaro ya sadu da Halima; ta yi ƙoƙari ta taimaka mata ta shawo kan yanayinta kuma ta ceci wasu matasan mata a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Zubaida Ibrahim Fagge a matsayin Halima * [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] a matsayin Dokta Zara * [[Liz Benson]] a matsayin Matron * William McNamara a matsayin Dokta Brown * Darwin Shaw a matsayin Dokta Alex * Paul Sambo * Olu Jacobs a matsayin Kakakin * Rahama Hassan a matsayin Fatima * Hauwa Maina a matsayin Hadiza * Rekiya Ibrahim Atta a matsayin Uwar Sani * Hakeem Hassan a matsayin Musa Mai Girma * Tijjani Faraga a matsayin Sani * Klint da Drunk a matsayin Dokta Mutanga * Wayar inabi == Fitarwa == Okereke ta damu da batun auren yara tun lokacin da take Kwalejin kuma tana tunanin yadda za a magance batun. Yin Dry samo asali ne daga labarin rayuwa na gaskiya na wata uwargidan Okereke da ta hadu a Arewacin Najeriya. ce: "Na je Arewa da sauran sassan kasar, kuma na ga yadda wannan batun kiwon lafiya ya kalubalanci rayuwa ta al'ada ga 'yan mata da mata na shekaru daban-daban. Na yanke shawarar raba labarun su ta hanyar ''DRY''" "Matsalar na iya zama mai rikitarwa, amma idan za ta sa yarinya daya 'yanci kuma ta buɗe zukatan mutane, kuma ta kuma ta umarci jiki da mutane daban-daban su dauki mataki, to fim din zai cika manufarsa". cewar Linus, fim din yana cikin samarwa na tsawon shekaru uku; <ref name="NET" /> an ruwaito shi a watan Satumbar 2012 cewa Stephanie Okereke kawai ya kai wurin fim din. [2] Fim din nuna dawowar Liz Benzon zuwa babban allo bayan dogon lokaci na rashin halarta daga fina-finai. Abubuwan buɗewa waɗanda da farko ana nufin a harbe su a [[Los Angeles]] daga baya aka tura su zuwa Aberystwyth, Wales ta hanyar masu samar da layi, Akanimo Odon da Murtza Ali Ghaznavi. An kuma harbe fim din a harabar Jami'ar Aberystwyth, inda jami'ar ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin haɗin gwiwar samarwa. Dalibai daga 'aikatar Wasanni, Fim da Nazarin Talabijin na Jami'ar sun kasance a kan saiti don samun ƙwarewa mai amfani da kuma taimakawa tare da harbi fim, kuma ma'aikatan Jami'ar da yawa suna da ƙananan matsayi, ban da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == saki fim din a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin "Rikici na auren yara a Najeriya", lokacin da majalisar dattijai ba ta iya cire wani sashi na kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999 wanda ya bayyana cewa "kowace mace da ta yi aure a Najeriya tana da cikakkiyar shekaru" saboda karancin kuri'u daga mambobin majalisar dattijo. Wannan duk haka jama'a sun yi kuskuren fahimta a matsayin lissafin auren yara, wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a lokacin. Okereke <ref name="pulse" /> kammala babban hoton fim din a lokacin, don haka ta fitar da fim din RAW don ba da muryarta game da "daidaitaccen lissafin". saki tirela ta hukuma a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2014. An fara bushewa a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2014 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Aberystwyth, Wales . Bayan Scenes shirin bidiyo fim din an ɗora shi a tashar [[YouTube]] ta "NextPage" a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2015, [1] kuma fim din ya fara ne a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a Legas a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015. Fim din kuma <ref name="Pulse premiere" /> fara fitowa a [[Abuja]] a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2015, kafin a sake shi a rana mai zuwa, a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan. == Karɓuwa == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya samu da karɓar karɓa mai kyau, galibi saboda saƙon fim din. Onyek Onwelue a kan Premium Times ya yaba da fim din da labarin, yana kammala da cewa "Babu la'akari da yadda za ku iya taƙaita shi, Dry aiki ne na farfaganda amma labari ne mai kyau game da bil'adama; yana jan ku ta hanyar façades na kyau, yana kai ku kan tafiya a saman mulkin mallaka. Ms. [Stephanie] Linus ta kirkiro haruffa da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, wanda, a lokaci guda, ya ba da mamaki kuma ya yanke ku. Dry ya yi muku. Chilee Agu na ''Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau'' ya lura cewa fim din yana taka leda a bayyane kamar shirin, amma ya kammala cewa: "Dry kyakkyawan fim ne wanda sabon tauraronsa ya kamata ya kasance don wasu manyan kyaututtuka a lokacin kakar kyaututtaka ta gaba. Batutuwan da aka gabatar a cikin fim din gaskiya ne kuma suna buƙatar kulawa". Amarachukwu Iwuala ''360Nobs'' ya lura da rashin daidaituwa da yawa a cikin fim din saboda mummunan bincike da rubutun, amma ya kammala cewa: "Marubucin allo, wanda shi ma ya zama darektan, zai iya zama cikakke a cikin bincikensa don rufe ramuka masu banƙyama, da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga ba da labari. Koyaya, nuni na wahalar Halima ya isa ya narke zuciyar dutse kuma koda kuwa saboda wannan dalili kadai, Dry ya cancanci ku yayin da yake". Wilfred Okiche [[YNaija]] ya lura cewa an ba da hankali kaɗan ga daki-daki, amma ya kammala: "Dry yana da ban dariya kuma a lokaci guda, bakin ciki. Amma labarin ne da za mu so duka saboda kyawawan labarun sa". === Rashin amincewa === An soki fim din saboda yawan jama'a, da kuma ambaton "Zuwa zuwa Afirka" kamar ƙasa wacce ke sauti kamar hollywood. cikin 2017, marubuciyar Najeriya, Daniella Madudu ta gabatar da karar kotu wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sace labarin a cikin fim din daga gare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Jigogi == Stephanie Okereke ta bayyana cewa: "Dry a matsayin fim zai kawo yawancin batutuwan uwaye da muke da su a wannan ƙasar da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin mata marasa galihu suna mutuwa yayin haihuwa. Har ila yau, yana magana ne game da auren da wuri da kuma mayar da hankali. Hakanan zai kawo don mayar da hankali ga bukatar 'yan mata da za a ba su damar rayuwa rayuwarsu". Isabella Akinseye yi sharhi: "Dry ba ta jinkirta sanya batutuwan fyade, auren yara, fistula na haihuwa da kuma lalacewar al'umma da ke zuwa tare da shi a fuskarmu" "Yana nuna mana ta hanyar halin yarinya wacce aka tilasta ta cikin aure na farko tare da sakamako mai lalacewa". Okereke kuma bayyana a cikin wata hira da Jones Magazine: "VVF babbar matsala ce ta gynecological a sassa da yawa na kasashe masu tasowa. Za a yi amfani da fim din a matsayin kayan aiki na ilimi don haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kawowa ga kwarewar da matasa marasa galihu suka wuce a Afirka yayin haihuwa". == Kyaututtuka == A 2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA), an zabi Dry a cikin rukuni tara, kuma ya lashe uku daga cikin kyaututtuka: Mafi kyawun Fim, Mafi kyawun mai tsara kayan ado (Uche Nancy), da Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti (Jose Guillermo). == Duba kuma == * 2014 a cikin fim * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2014 * Jerin fina-finai na Afirka na 2014 * Jerin fina-finai na Burtaniya na 2014 * Fistula ta Vesicovaginal == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.themoviedry.com/}} * {{IMDb title|3780508|Dry}} * Rashin ruwaaTumatir da ya lalace dkf1dfzuqguw3csn6n7lqo62ydyfq6g 542656 542654 2024-11-19T17:35:12Z Pharouqenr 25549 542656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Dry Falls.jpg|thumb|dty falls]] '''''Dry''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] na shekarar alif 2014 wanda Stephanie Linus ta jagoranta kuma [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]], [[Liz Benson]], William McNamara, Darwin Shaw da Paul Sambo ne suka fito. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013, an saki wani fim din, don mayar da martani ga rikicin auren yara da ke gudana a ƙasar Najeriya a lokacin. Taken fim din yana mai da hankali kan yanayin Vesicovaginal fistula da auren mata marasa shekaru tsakanin 'yan mata, yana ba da labarin wata yarinya mai shekaru goma sha uku, Halima (Zubaida Ibrahim Fagge), wanda iyayenta matalauta marasa ilimi suka aurar da ita ga Sani (Tijjani Faraga), wani mutum mai shekaru 60, wanda ke ci gaba da yi mata fyade. Halima ta yi juna biyu kuma ta sha wahala Vesicovaginal Fistula (VF) bayan haihuwar yaro; saboda haka mijinta ya watsar da ita kuma ya nuna mata wariya a cikin al'umma. Zara (Stephanie Okereke), likitan likita wanda shi ma ya sha wahala daga mummunan yaro ya sadu da Halima; ta yi ƙoƙari ta taimaka mata ta shawo kan yanayinta kuma ta ceci wasu matasan mata a ƙarƙashin irin wannan yanayi. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Zubaida Ibrahim Fagge a matsayin Halima * [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Okereke]] a matsayin Dokta Zara * [[Liz Benson]] a matsayin Matron * William McNamara a matsayin Dokta Brown * Darwin Shaw a matsayin Dokta Alex * Paul Sambo * Olu Jacobs a matsayin Kakakin * Rahama Hassan a matsayin Fatima * Hauwa Maina a matsayin Hadiza * Rekiya Ibrahim Atta a matsayin Uwar Sani * Hakeem Hassan a matsayin Musa Mai Girma * Tijjani Faraga a matsayin Sani * Klint da Drunk a matsayin Dokta Mutanga * Wayar inabi == Fitarwa == Okereke ta damu da batun auren yara tun lokacin da take Kwalejin kuma tana tunanin yadda za a magance batun. Yin Dry samo asali ne daga labarin rayuwa na gaskiya na wata uwargidan Okereke da ta hadu a Arewacin Najeriya. ce: "Na je Arewa da sauran sassan kasar, kuma na ga yadda wannan batun kiwon lafiya ya kalubalanci rayuwa ta al'ada ga 'yan mata da mata na shekaru daban-daban. Na yanke shawarar raba labarun su ta hanyar ''DRY''" "Matsalar na iya zama mai rikitarwa, amma idan za ta sa yarinya daya 'yanci kuma ta buɗe zukatan mutane, kuma ta kuma ta umarci jiki da mutane daban-daban su dauki mataki, to fim din zai cika manufarsa". cewar Linus, fim din yana cikin samarwa na tsawon shekaru uku; <ref name="NET" /> an ruwaito shi a watan Satumbar 2012 cewa Stephanie Okereke kawai ya kai wurin fim din. [2] Fim din nuna dawowar Liz Benzon zuwa babban allo bayan dogon lokaci na rashin halarta daga fina-finai. Abubuwan buɗewa waɗanda da farko ana nufin a harbe su a [[Los Angeles]] daga baya aka tura su zuwa Aberystwyth, Wales ta hanyar masu samar da layi, Akanimo Odon da Murtza Ali Ghaznavi. An kuma harbe fim din a harabar Jami'ar Aberystwyth, inda jami'ar ta yi aiki a matsayin abokin haɗin gwiwar samarwa. Dalibai daga 'aikatar Wasanni, Fim da Nazarin Talabijin na Jami'ar sun kasance a kan saiti don samun ƙwarewa mai amfani da kuma taimakawa tare da harbi fim, kuma ma'aikatan Jami'ar da yawa suna da ƙananan matsayi, ban da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2015}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Saki == saki fim din a ranar 20 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. Wannan ya kasance a lokacin "Rikici na auren yara a Najeriya", lokacin da majalisar dattijai ba ta iya cire wani sashi na kundin tsarin mulkin Tarayyar Najeriya na 1999 wanda ya bayyana cewa "kowace mace da ta yi aure a Najeriya tana da cikakkiyar shekaru" saboda karancin kuri'u daga mambobin majalisar dattijo. Wannan duk haka jama'a sun yi kuskuren fahimta a matsayin lissafin auren yara, wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a lokacin. Okereke <ref name="pulse" /> kammala babban hoton fim din a lokacin, don haka ta fitar da fim din RAW don ba da muryarta game da "daidaitaccen lissafin". saki tirela ta hukuma a ranar 3 ga Satumba 2014. An fara bushewa a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba 2014 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Aberystwyth, Wales . Bayan Scenes shirin bidiyo fim din an ɗora shi a tashar [[YouTube]] ta "NextPage" a ranar 30 ga Yuli 2015, [1] kuma fim din ya fara ne a [[Silverbird Galleria]] a Legas a ranar 3 ga Agusta 2015. Fim din kuma <ref name="Pulse premiere" /> fara fitowa a [[Abuja]] a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2015, kafin a sake shi a rana mai zuwa, a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan. == Karɓuwa == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya samu da karɓar karɓa mai kyau, galibi saboda saƙon fim din. Onyek Onwelue a kan Premium Times ya yaba da fim din da labarin, yana kammala da cewa "Babu la'akari da yadda za ku iya taƙaita shi, Dry aiki ne na farfaganda amma labari ne mai kyau game da bil'adama; yana jan ku ta hanyar façades na kyau, yana kai ku kan tafiya a saman mulkin mallaka. Ms. [Stephanie] Linus ta kirkiro haruffa da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba, wanda, a lokaci guda, ya ba da mamaki kuma ya yanke ku. Dry ya yi muku. Chilee Agu na ''Nishaɗi na Najeriya A yau'' ya lura cewa fim din yana taka leda a bayyane kamar shirin, amma ya kammala cewa: "Dry kyakkyawan fim ne wanda sabon tauraronsa ya kamata ya kasance don wasu manyan kyaututtuka a lokacin kakar kyaututtaka ta gaba. Batutuwan da aka gabatar a cikin fim din gaskiya ne kuma suna buƙatar kulawa". Amarachukwu Iwuala ''360Nobs'' ya lura da rashin daidaituwa da yawa a cikin fim din saboda mummunan bincike da rubutun, amma ya kammala cewa: "Marubucin allo, wanda shi ma ya zama darektan, zai iya zama cikakke a cikin bincikensa don rufe ramuka masu banƙyama, da yawa daga cikinsu sun fito ne daga ba da labari. Koyaya, nuni na wahalar Halima ya isa ya narke zuciyar dutse kuma koda kuwa saboda wannan dalili kadai, Dry ya cancanci ku yayin da yake". Wilfred Okiche [[YNaija]] ya lura cewa an ba da hankali kaɗan ga daki-daki, amma ya kammala: "Dry yana da ban dariya kuma a lokaci guda, bakin ciki. Amma labarin ne da za mu so duka saboda kyawawan labarun sa". === Rashin amincewa === An soki fim din saboda yawan jama'a, da kuma ambaton "Zuwa zuwa Afirka" kamar ƙasa wacce ke sauti kamar hollywood. cikin 2017, marubuciyar Najeriya, Daniella Madudu ta gabatar da karar kotu wacce ta yi iƙirarin cewa an sace labarin a cikin fim din daga gare ta ba bisa ka'ida ba. == Jigogi == Stephanie Okereke ta bayyana cewa: "Dry a matsayin fim zai kawo yawancin batutuwan uwaye da muke da su a wannan ƙasar da kuma gaskiyar cewa yawancin mata marasa galihu suna mutuwa yayin haihuwa. Har ila yau, yana magana ne game da auren da wuri da kuma mayar da hankali. Hakanan zai kawo don mayar da hankali ga bukatar 'yan mata da za a ba su damar rayuwa rayuwarsu". Isabella Akinseye yi sharhi: "Dry ba ta jinkirta sanya batutuwan fyade, auren yara, fistula na haihuwa da kuma lalacewar al'umma da ke zuwa tare da shi a fuskarmu" "Yana nuna mana ta hanyar halin yarinya wacce aka tilasta ta cikin aure na farko tare da sakamako mai lalacewa". Okereke kuma bayyana a cikin wata hira da Jones Magazine: "VVF babbar matsala ce ta gynecological a sassa da yawa na kasashe masu tasowa. Za a yi amfani da fim din a matsayin kayan aiki na ilimi don haifar da wayar da kan jama'a da kuma kawowa ga kwarewar da matasa marasa galihu suka wuce a Afirka yayin haihuwa". == Kyaututtuka == A 2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA), an zabi Dry a cikin rukuni tara, kuma ya lashe uku daga cikin kyaututtuka: Mafi kyawun Fim, Mafi kyawun mai tsara kayan ado (Uche Nancy), da Mafi kyawun Editan Sauti (Jose Guillermo). == Duba kuma == * 2014 a cikin fim * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2014 * Jerin fina-finai na Afirka na 2014 * Jerin fina-finai na Burtaniya na 2014 * Fistula ta Vesicovaginal == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.themoviedry.com/}} * {{IMDb title|3780508|Dry}} * Rashin ruwaaTumatir da ya lalace mmlilpahaae0hbnxn13lexn3x3ah6u8 0 69083 542652 476386 2024-11-19T17:33:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 542652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sound Clash 1.JPG|thumb|Fim ne na Nigeria ]] '''''Clash''''' fim ne na kasar Najeriya na 2021 wanda [[Pascal Atuma]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni a karkashin kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen fim na Amurka, [[Netflix]] . Fim din yana da shawara ga al'adu da yawa kuma Telefilm Canada Media Fund (CMF) ne ya kafa shi don tallafawa aikin su na al'adu. fim din aka jefa a fadin Najeriya da Kanada kamar Warren Beaty, Ola George, [[Omoni Oboli]], Brian Hooks, Merlisa Langellier, [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]], Vivian Williams, da Pascal Atuma [1] [2] == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya shafi wani saurayi wanda dole ne ya rayu da ƙarya cewa kawunsa shine mahaifinsa. Daga ya zama rikici lokacin da ya fahimci gaskiyar a ranar kammala karatunsa. == Farko == kamata a saki fim din a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2020 amma saboda COVID 19 ba a sake shi ba har sai 18 ga Mayu, 2021 ta Netflix. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Brian Hooks a matsayin Dokta Johnson * Michelle Akanbi a matsayin Ruth * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Nneka * [[Stephanie Okereke Linus]] a matsayin Lolo Chinyere * Naima Sundiata a matsayin Ada * Wendy German a matsayin Donna * [[Pascal Atuma]] a matsayin Cif Okereke == Manazarta == 9w4qa30cv1rjy1rulfo7t4m9vbo2ofs 542653 542652 2024-11-19T17:33:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 542653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sound Clash 1.JPG|thumb|Fim ne na Nigeria ]] '''''Clash''''' fim ne na kasar Najeriya na shekarar 2021 wanda [[Pascal Atuma]] ya samar kuma ya ba da umarni a karkashin kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen fim na Amurka, [[Netflix]] . Fim din yana da shawara ga al'adu da yawa kuma Telefilm Canada Media Fund (CMF) ne ya kafa shi don tallafawa aikin su na al'adu. fim din aka jefa a fadin Najeriya da Kanada kamar Warren Beaty, Ola George, [[Omoni Oboli]], Brian Hooks, Merlisa Langellier, [[Stephanie Okereke Linus|Stephanie Linus]], Vivian Williams, da Pascal Atuma [1] [2] == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya shafi wani saurayi wanda dole ne ya rayu da ƙarya cewa kawunsa shine mahaifinsa. Daga ya zama rikici lokacin da ya fahimci gaskiyar a ranar kammala karatunsa. == Farko == kamata a saki fim din a ranar 8 ga Mayu, 2020 amma saboda COVID 19 ba a sake shi ba har sai 18 ga Mayu, 2021 ta Netflix. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Brian Hooks a matsayin Dokta Johnson * Michelle Akanbi a matsayin Ruth * [[Omoni Oboli]] a matsayin Nneka * [[Stephanie Okereke Linus]] a matsayin Lolo Chinyere * Naima Sundiata a matsayin Ada * Wendy German a matsayin Donna * [[Pascal Atuma]] a matsayin Cif Okereke == Manazarta == cw8iovechsf4xnu0f3yvj4gciogwi84 0 69086 542650 372378 2024-11-19T17:27:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 542650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The CEO''''' fim ne na kasar Najeriya na 2016 wanda Kunle Afolayan ya jagoranta, tare da [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]], [[Hilda Dokubo]], Jimmy Jean-Louis, Angélique Kidjo da Wale Ojo. Fim din ya fara ne a Eko Hotels and Suites a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2016. An nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . gudanar da wasan farko na London a watan Oktoba na 2016 a Leicester Square Vue Cinema . [1] == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Lisa * [[Hilda Dokubo]] a matsayin Superintendent Ebenezer * Jimmy Jean-Louis a matsayin Jean-marc * Angélique Kidjo a matsayin Dokta Zara Zimmerman * Wale Ojo a matsayin Kola * Peter Nzioki a matsayin Jomo == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Biyar daga cikin manyan mambobin kamfani an tura su zuwa hutu kuma an gaya wa daya daga cikinsu zai zama sabon Shugaba. Yanayin jin daɗi da sauri ya juya zuwa gasa don ganin wanda zai iya wuce duk sauran. == Karɓuwa == Chioma Nwanna na ''BellaNaija'' ya yaba da samarwa, jefawa da kuma wurin fim din. Ta lura a cikin bita cewa daidaito na harshe a cikin tattaunawar da [[Tade Ogidan]] ya yi shine mafi girma. Ta ci gaba da cewa Wale Ojo da Nico Panagio suna wasa "Kola Alabi" da Riikard Van Outen bi da bi sun kasance babban abu a cikin halayen fim din, amma sun ji rawar [[Kemi Lala Akindoju|Kemi Lala]] ba ta gamsarwa ba. Ta kuma lura cewa amfani da Afolayan na harsuna da yawa a cikin fina-finai yana ba da ra'ayi na musamman. An gano hanyar kisan asiri don tsara mafi yawan fim din Afolayan cikin nasara amma a wannan yanayin Nwanna ta ji labarin da ke kewaye da mutuwar ba a tsara shi yadda ya kamata ba. kammala bincikensa ta hanyar cewa "Na dace, tunani mai farin ciki da kuma kyawawan halaye. Da gaske fim ne mai kyau. Da fatan kawai ya tsabtace shi da kyau. Amma hey, zan iya ba shi agogo na biyu kuma in ga yadda hakan ke aiki". Chidumga Izuzu na Pulse Nigeria ya ba da labarin bita daga bayanin cewa "... fim ne mai tsanani wanda ba ya ba da nishaɗin al'ada wanda yawancin masu kallo ke nema daga fina-finai na Nollywood". Ya ƙare da taƙaitaccen cewa "Shugaba" bazai zama aikin Afolayan mafi kyau ba, amma aiki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke jan hankalin ku ga mafi yawan bangarorin, kuma yana da ku yi tsammani, suna yin tambayoyi da yawa, tunani, da warware asirin. " [[YNaija]] ta bayyana rashin kyaututtuka ga fim din a 2017 AMVCA a matsayin ci gaba mai maraba da wani abu "mai daɗi". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt5036924|The CEO}} hcby5r9f5qshfanusel9kcbtlvw5lla 542651 542650 2024-11-19T17:27:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 542651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''The CEO''''' fim ne na kasar Najeriya na shekarar 2016 wanda Kunle Afolayan ya jagoranta, tare da [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]], [[Hilda Dokubo]], Jimmy Jean-Louis, Angélique Kidjo da Wale Ojo. Fim din ya fara ne a Eko Hotels and Suites a ranar 10 ga Yuli, 2016. An nuna fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto . gudanar da wasan farko na London a watan Oktoba na 2016 a Leicester Square Vue Cinema . [1] == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Lisa * [[Hilda Dokubo]] a matsayin Superintendent Ebenezer * Jimmy Jean-Louis a matsayin Jean-marc * Angélique Kidjo a matsayin Dokta Zara Zimmerman * Wale Ojo a matsayin Kola * Peter Nzioki a matsayin Jomo == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Biyar daga cikin manyan mambobin kamfani an tura su zuwa hutu kuma an gaya wa daya daga cikinsu zai zama sabon Shugaba. Yanayin jin daɗi da sauri ya juya zuwa gasa don ganin wanda zai iya wuce duk sauran. == Karɓuwa == Chioma Nwanna na ''BellaNaija'' ya yaba da samarwa, jefawa da kuma wurin fim din. Ta lura a cikin bita cewa daidaito na harshe a cikin tattaunawar da [[Tade Ogidan]] ya yi shine mafi girma. Ta ci gaba da cewa Wale Ojo da Nico Panagio suna wasa "Kola Alabi" da Riikard Van Outen bi da bi sun kasance babban abu a cikin halayen fim din, amma sun ji rawar [[Kemi Lala Akindoju|Kemi Lala]] ba ta gamsarwa ba. Ta kuma lura cewa amfani da Afolayan na harsuna da yawa a cikin fina-finai yana ba da ra'ayi na musamman. An gano hanyar kisan asiri don tsara mafi yawan fim din Afolayan cikin nasara amma a wannan yanayin Nwanna ta ji labarin da ke kewaye da mutuwar ba a tsara shi yadda ya kamata ba. kammala bincikensa ta hanyar cewa "Na dace, tunani mai farin ciki da kuma kyawawan halaye. Da gaske fim ne mai kyau. Da fatan kawai ya tsabtace shi da kyau. Amma hey, zan iya ba shi agogo na biyu kuma in ga yadda hakan ke aiki". Chidumga Izuzu na Pulse Nigeria ya ba da labarin bita daga bayanin cewa "... fim ne mai tsanani wanda ba ya ba da nishaɗin al'ada wanda yawancin masu kallo ke nema daga fina-finai na Nollywood". Ya ƙare da taƙaitaccen cewa "Shugaba" bazai zama aikin Afolayan mafi kyau ba, amma aiki ne mai ban sha'awa wanda ke jan hankalin ku ga mafi yawan bangarorin, kuma yana da ku yi tsammani, suna yin tambayoyi da yawa, tunani, da warware asirin. " [[YNaija]] ta bayyana rashin kyaututtuka ga fim din a 2017 AMVCA a matsayin ci gaba mai maraba da wani abu "mai daɗi". == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt5036924|The CEO}} d9n67pq0brx9awfrk6f2r0wis7prnm5 0 69087 542648 537806 2024-11-19T17:26:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 542648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bikin Al'adun Gargajiya na Rigata,''' bikine wanda yake gudana a duk shekara a [[Jihar Kebbi]], a ƙaramar hukumar [[Yauri]]. Wanda [[Masarautar Yauri]] ita take gudanar da bikin, kuma ita ke ɗaukar nauyinshi.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://tribuneonlineng.com/yauri-emirate-set-to-hold-rigata-cultural-festival/|date= 1 February 2024 |accessdate = 14 February 2024|website= tribuneonlineng.com|first= Ayodele|last= Ajoge|language= en|title = Yauri Emirate set to hold Rigata cultural festival}}</ref> == Tarihi Rigata. == Kalmar Rigata ta samo asali ne daga yaren Gungawa, wadda kalmar tana nufin "Yaƙin ruwa". A lokacin bikin ana wasannin motsa jikin koguna da wasan ruwa. An fara wannan bikin shekaru 200 da suka shuɗe, wanda bikin yana nuni da ƙarfin sojojin ruwa na sojojin Gungu, Inda mayaƙan Gungu suka kai hari a kan kogin Neja wanda a lokacin ake kallo yanada hatsarin gaske, mayaƙan suna hawan kwale-kwale masu girma daban-daban gami da makamai daban-daban domin kai farmaki kan wasu mayaƙan da ke cikin ruwan. Wannan al'adar itace a matsayin atisayen horar da mayaƙan Gungu masu zuwa. Sai dai bikin ya samu tangarɗa a lokacin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, don sun hana kama nau'in kadar dake cikin ruwan, don gudun kada nau'in ta ɓace a kogin. Al'adar wadda Sarkin Yauri na 42 ya ƙara jadadda ta. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} shoqk55sjjtjs0och8bi9pmyczfyw51 542649 542648 2024-11-19T17:26:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 542649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bikin Al'adun Gargajiya na Rigata,''' bikine wanda yake gudana a duk shekara a [[Jihar Kebbi]], a ƙaramar hukumar [[Yauri]]. Wanda [[Masarautar Yauri]] ita take gudanar da bikin, kuma ita ke ɗaukar nauyinshi.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://tribuneonlineng.com/yauri-emirate-set-to-hold-rigata-cultural-festival/|date= 1 February 2024 |accessdate = 14 February 2024|website= tribuneonlineng.com|first= Ayodele|last= Ajoge|language= en|title = Yauri Emirate set to hold Rigata cultural festival}}</ref> == Tarihi Rigata. == Kalmar Rigata ta samo asali ne daga yaren Gungawa, wadda kalmar tana nufin "Yaƙin ruwa". A lokacin bikin ana wasannin motsa jikin koguna da wasan ruwa. An fara wannan bikin kimanin shekaru 200 da suka shuɗe, wanda bikin yana nuni da ƙarfin sojojin ruwa na sojojin Gungu, Inda mayaƙan Gungu suka kai hari a kan kogin Neja wanda a lokacin ake kallo yanada hatsarin gaske, mayaƙan suna hawan kwale-kwale masu girma daban-daban gami da makamai daban-daban domin kai farmaki kan wasu mayaƙan da ke cikin ruwan. Wannan al'adar itace a matsayin atisayen horar da mayaƙan Gungu masu zuwa. Sai dai bikin ya samu tangarɗa a lokacin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, don sun hana kama nau'in kadar dake cikin ruwan, don gudun kada nau'in ta ɓace a kogin. Al'adar wadda Sarkin Yauri na 42 ya ƙara jadadda ta. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 6q044z7ogwj8jpb6h50s7dug4ze2773 0 69092 542647 372411 2024-11-19T17:25:18Z Pharouqenr 25549 542647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}{{databox}} '''''Blood Vessel''''' fim ne mai ban tsoro na wasan kwaikwayo [[Sinima a Najeriya|Na kasar]] == Bayani game da shi == An kafa shi a bayan rikicin man Neja Delta, matasa shida da ke tserewa daga garin da gurɓataccen man fetur da rikice-rikicen siyasa suka lalata, sun tashi a cikin jirgin da ke dauke da man fetur mai sata kuma sun fara tafiya mai haɗari a fadin Tekun Atlantika - ba tare da sanin haɗarin da ke jira ba.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Dibor Adaobi a matsayin Oyinbrakemi * David Ezekiel a matsayin Abbey * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Swanky JKA]] a matsayin Boma * Levi Chikere a matsayin Degbe * Obinna Okenwa a matsayin Olotu * Sylvester Ekanem a matsayin Tekena * John Dumelo a matsayin Kwamandan John * Alex Budin a matsayin Igor An saki Blood Vessel zuwa Netflix a ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2023, kuma ya zama fim din da aka fi kallo a cikin rukunin fina-finai na Non-English ta hanyar samun ra'ayoyi miliyan 4.4 tsakanin Disamba 11 da 17. Fim din yi alfaharin sa'o'i masu kallo miliyan 8.8, yana riƙe da matsayinsa a cikin jerin 10 na makonni biyu a jere. Fim din halin yanzu yana da kashi 70% na masu sauraro a kan Rotten Tomatoes. == Saki da Karɓar == == Manazarta == 0uvtcz2jpaw9j5knkmydu8rzy9liaby 0 69094 542645 520690 2024-11-19T17:24:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 542645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Stewart Kellerman, author, journalist, blogger.jpg|thumb|blogger]] [[Fayil:Stewart Kellerman, author, journalist, blogger.jpg|thumb|Nollywood me]] '''''Blogger's Wife''''' fim ne na masana'antar [[Nollywood]] na 2017 wanda Seun Oloketuyi ya samar kuma [[Toka McBaror]] ya ba da umarni. ɗin yana magana game da gudanar da wuraren sana'a da na iyali kuma taurari [[Segun Arinze]], Adejumoke Aderounmu, [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] da Adeniyi Johnson. == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya kewaye da wani ɗan rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo wanda ikonsa ke cikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta yanar gizo wanda dole ne ya sadu da tsammanin matar. tsammanin sun haifar da tashin hankali ta hanyar fim din. == Farko == [[Fayil:Sukru saracoglu wife.jpg|thumb|Blogger's Wife]] [[Fayil:Adam Hochschild, Co-Founder, Mother Jones.webm|thumb|Blogger's Wife]] An fara fim ɗin ne a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017 kuma sanannun mutane kamar su [[Tamara Eteimo]], Feyi Akinwale, Gbenga Adeyinka, Aishat Lawal, [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]], [[Adunni Ade]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Funmi Awelewa da sauransu sun nuna hotunan. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] * Ijeoma Grace Agu * Adeniyi Johnson * Seun Omojola * [[Segun Arinze]] * [[Adunni Ade]] * [[Aisha Lawal]] * Adejumoke Aderounmu * [[Fayil:Al Gore Delivers Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speach and call to action for efforts on climate change (1556147008).jpg|thumb|Blogger's Wife]]Bukunmi Oluwashina == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == *   qwc9zrnd5epudl1ysnozbk3js30udnu 542646 542645 2024-11-19T17:24:41Z Pharouqenr 25549 542646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Stewart Kellerman, author, journalist, blogger.jpg|thumb|blogger]] [[Fayil:Stewart Kellerman, author, journalist, blogger.jpg|thumb|Nollywood me]] '''''Blogger's Wife''''' fim ne na masana'antar [[Nollywood]] na shekarar alif 2017 wanda Seun Oloketuyi ya samar kuma [[Toka McBaror]] ya ba da umarni. ɗin yana magana game da gudanar da wuraren sana'a da na iyali kuma taurari [[Segun Arinze]], Adejumoke Aderounmu, [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], [[Ijeoma Grace Agu]] da Adeniyi Johnson. == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya kewaye da wani ɗan rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo wanda ikonsa ke cikin kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka ta yanar gizo wanda dole ne ya sadu da tsammanin matar. tsammanin sun haifar da tashin hankali ta hanyar fim din. == Farko == [[Fayil:Sukru saracoglu wife.jpg|thumb|Blogger's Wife]] [[Fayil:Adam Hochschild, Co-Founder, Mother Jones.webm|thumb|Blogger's Wife]] An fara fim ɗin ne a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2017 kuma sanannun mutane kamar su [[Tamara Eteimo]], Feyi Akinwale, Gbenga Adeyinka, Aishat Lawal, [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]], [[Adunni Ade]], [[Deyemi Okanlawon]], Funmi Awelewa da sauransu sun nuna hotunan. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] * Ijeoma Grace Agu * Adeniyi Johnson * Seun Omojola * [[Segun Arinze]] * [[Adunni Ade]] * [[Aisha Lawal]] * Adejumoke Aderounmu * [[Fayil:Al Gore Delivers Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speach and call to action for efforts on climate change (1556147008).jpg|thumb|Blogger's Wife]]Bukunmi Oluwashina == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == *   qz2ngipo8zvj5x83lw9w221mx7xzeba 0 69095 542638 372422 2024-11-19T17:04:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 542638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Blackout''''' ya kasance fim ne na Najeriya na 2021 wanda wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya mai suna Abbey Abimbola (Crackydon) ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. An fitar da fim din a watan Oktoba na 2021 kuma 'yan wasan da suka fito a fim din sun samar da shi ciki har da [[Segun Arinze]], Abbey Abimbola, Akin Olaiya, Toyin Alausa. din duk game rikicin da matsalar da talakawan Najeriya ke fuskanta game da samar da wutar lantarki. fara fim din ne a gidajen silima a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2021. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Fim din ya fara ne da wata 'yar kasuwa da mai fafutuka mai suna Adam Shan wacce ta jagoranci sabon yunkurin zanga-zangar da ta sami goyon baya daga mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar; abin baƙin ciki an kashe ta da mummunan rauni. Lokacin ɗanta ya sami labari mai ban tsoro, ɗanta Kyaftin Abdalla (Crackydon) ya yi murabus daga Sojojin Najeriya don neman adalci saboda mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. Fim din Blackout ya haifar da gardama da yawa game da yanayin rashin wutar lantarki a Afirka da Najeriya. Shekaru da yawa, yawancin 'yan Najeriya da suka dogara da NEPA "PHCN" don wutar lantarki ta yau da kullun sun sami rikice-rikice a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Segun Arinze]] * Abbey Abimbola * [[Toyin Alausa]] * Abbey Abimbola * Akin Olaiya * [[Eniola Ajao]] * Murphy Afolabi * Tayo Sobola == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021 == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt16283622}} jvrlklhiu0n3r6b5ypemfhve9jt2cd6 542639 542638 2024-11-19T17:05:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Blackout''''' ya kasance fim ne na Najeriya na shekarar alif 2021 wanda wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya mai suna Abbey Abimbola (Crackydon) ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. An fitar da fim din a watan Oktoba na 2021 kuma 'yan wasan da suka fito a fim din sun samar da shi ciki har da [[Segun Arinze]], Abbey Abimbola, Akin Olaiya, Toyin Alausa. din duk game rikicin da matsalar da talakawan Najeriya ke fuskanta game da samar da wutar lantarki. fara fim din ne a gidajen silima a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2021. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Fim din ya fara ne da wata 'yar kasuwa da mai fafutuka mai suna Adam Shan wacce ta jagoranci sabon yunkurin zanga-zangar da ta sami goyon baya daga mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar; abin baƙin ciki an kashe ta da mummunan rauni. Lokacin ɗanta ya sami labari mai ban tsoro, ɗanta Kyaftin Abdalla (Crackydon) ya yi murabus daga Sojojin Najeriya don neman adalci saboda mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. Fim din Blackout ya haifar da gardama da yawa game da yanayin rashin wutar lantarki a Afirka da Najeriya. Shekaru da yawa, yawancin 'yan Najeriya da suka dogara da NEPA "PHCN" don wutar lantarki ta yau da kullun sun sami rikice-rikice a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Segun Arinze]] * Abbey Abimbola * [[Toyin Alausa]] * Abbey Abimbola * Akin Olaiya * [[Eniola Ajao]] * Murphy Afolabi * Tayo Sobola == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021 == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt16283622}} 9dezxvp6i76rjmer5jayv8ewzjr0l75 542644 542639 2024-11-19T17:23:50Z Pharouqenr 25549 542644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Blackout''''' ya kasance fim ne na Najeriya na shekarar alif 2021 wanda wani ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na kasar Najeriya mai suna Abbey Abimbola (Crackydon) ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. An fitar da fim din a watan Oktoba na 2021 kuma 'yan wasan da suka fito a fim din sun samar da shi ciki har da [[Segun Arinze]], Abbey Abimbola, Akin Olaiya, Toyin Alausa. din duk game rikicin da matsalar da talakawan Najeriya ke fuskanta game da samar da wutar lantarki. fara fim din ne a gidajen silima a Najeriya a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 2021. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Fim din ya fara ne da wata 'yar kasuwa da mai fafutuka mai suna Adam Shan wacce ta jagoranci sabon yunkurin zanga-zangar da ta sami goyon baya daga mutane a duk faɗin ƙasar; abin baƙin ciki an kashe ta da mummunan rauni. Lokacin ɗanta ya sami labari mai ban tsoro, ɗanta Kyaftin Abdalla (Crackydon) ya yi murabus daga Sojojin Najeriya don neman adalci saboda mutuwar mahaifiyarsa. Fim din Blackout ya haifar da gardama da yawa game da yanayin rashin wutar lantarki a Afirka da Najeriya. Shekaru da yawa, yawancin 'yan Najeriya da suka dogara da NEPA "PHCN" don wutar lantarki ta yau da kullun sun sami rikice-rikice a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Segun Arinze]] * Abbey Abimbola * Toyin Alausa * Abbey Abimbola * Akin Olaiya * [[Eniola Ajao]] * Murphy Afolabi * Tayo Sobola == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2021 == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|tt16283622}} a1h04dmbr174kma9d0x2y6n0rkpy17f 0 69120 542636 372581 2024-11-19T17:03:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 542636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Looking Oum Kulthum''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2017 tare da haɗin gwiwar duniya game da diva [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] na Masar, wanda Shirin Neshat ya ba da umarni tare da haɗin gwiwar Shoja Azari. An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . <ref name="TIFF">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |work=Variety|date=15 August 2017|accessdate=16 August 2017}}</ref> == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Neda Rahmanian as Mitra * Yasmin Raeis as Ghada * Mehdi Moinzadeh as Amir * Kais Nashef as Ahmad/Latif == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|6281148|Looking for Oum Kulthum}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] imjp77l8o8bzg05t8xz1owgqzk6gzma 542637 542636 2024-11-19T17:04:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 542637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Looking Oum Kulthum''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2017 tare da haɗin gwiwar duniya game da diva [[Ummu Kulthum|Umm Kulthum]] na Masar, wanda Shirin Neshat ya ba da umarni tare da haɗin gwiwar Shoja Azari. An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a shekarar alif 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . <ref name="TIFF">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/festivals/toronto-adds-films-from-aaron-sorkin-louis-c-k-brie-larson-1202527991/ |title=Toronto Adds Films From Aaron Sorkin, Louis C.K., Brie Larson |work=Variety|date=15 August 2017|accessdate=16 August 2017}}</ref> == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Neda Rahmanian as Mitra * Yasmin Raeis as Ghada * Mehdi Moinzadeh as Amir * Kais Nashef as Ahmad/Latif == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|6281148|Looking for Oum Kulthum}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2nyv2slrrrgudl3mhpsgxipnyn2td7b 0 69124 542633 400715 2024-11-19T17:02:26Z Pharouqenr 25549 542633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kwanaki 10 a birnin sun''''' ya kasance wani fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda akai a shekarar 2017 na soyayya a Najeriya wanda aka fara a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 2017. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/224558-im-shooting-10-days-sun-city-ay-makun.html|title=Why I'm shooting 10 Days in Sun City - AY Makun - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2017-02-25|work=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/07/01/10-days-in-sun-city/|title='10 Days in Sun City' |date=2017-07-01|work=THISDAYLIVE|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/10-days-sun-city-premiered-released-lagos/|title=10 days in Sun City premiered, released in Lagos - The Nation Nigeria|date=2017-06-28|work=The Nation Nigeria|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> It is executively produced by [[AY Makun]], who is also a lead character in the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/02/ays-10-days-sun-city-set-hit-cinemas/|title=AY's '10 Days In Sun City' To Hit Cinemas • Channels Television|date=2017-06-02|work=Channels Television|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Ayo Makun|AY Makun]] ne ya shirya shi, wanda kuma shi ne jigo a fim ɗin. Adze Ugah ne ya ba da umarni, wanda Kehinde Ogunlola ya rubuta kuma Darlington Abuda ne ya shirya shi. <ref name=":1" /> Fim ɗin shine kashi na uku a cikin shirin ''Akpos Adventure'' kuma an haska shi a wurare da dama a cikin jahar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0" /> Fim din ya ba da labarin wata sarauniya mai son kyau da aka kawo ta tauraruwarta, kuma a cikin haka sai ta biya kuɗin da za ta rasa natsuwa da jin dadi ta hanyar yin tir da angonta wanda ya kasance manaja shi ma. Tana daf da zama bayi a wurin Uban Allahnta sai ya yi maganin wasu mutanen da ya hana su amfani a baya. Ya bayyana cewa soyayya ta gaskiya tana cinye duka, ba tare da la’akari da shinge ko ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta ba. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] as Otunba Williams * [[Adesua Etomi]] as Bianca * [[Ayo Makun|AY Makun]] as Akpos * [[Mercy Johnson]] a matsayin Monica * Folarin "Falz" Falana as Seyi * [[Gbenro Ajibade]] a matsayin Otunba Bodyguard * Uti Nwachukwu a matsayin mai masaukin baki * [[Yvonne Jegede]] * Miguel A. Núñez Jr. as Ongime * [[Amanda Du-Pont]] as Kimberley (Kim K.) * Sainjiwe Moseley * Celeste Ntuli a matsayin mai gidan Bar * [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] a matsayin kansa (cameo) * [[Alibaba Akpobome]] as Chief (cameo) * [[Clinton miles]] as ay makun fan == Kyauta == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood | Mafi kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Cinematography|{{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2017 == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mgaz2p8pru5lfh4aypn3j1gnfcd22zc 542635 542633 2024-11-19T17:02:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 542635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kwanaki 10 a birnin sun''''' ya kasance wani fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda akai a shekarar 2017 na soyayya a Najeriya wanda aka fara a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni na shekarar alif 2017. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/224558-im-shooting-10-days-sun-city-ay-makun.html|title=Why I'm shooting 10 Days in Sun City - AY Makun - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2017-02-25|work=Premium Times Nigeria|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/07/01/10-days-in-sun-city/|title='10 Days in Sun City' |date=2017-07-01|work=THISDAYLIVE|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/10-days-sun-city-premiered-released-lagos/|title=10 days in Sun City premiered, released in Lagos - The Nation Nigeria|date=2017-06-28|work=The Nation Nigeria|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-US}}</ref> It is executively produced by AY Makun, who is also a lead character in the film.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/06/02/ays-10-days-sun-city-set-hit-cinemas/|title=AY's '10 Days In Sun City' To Hit Cinemas • Channels Television|date=2017-06-02|work=Channels Television|access-date=2018-04-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Ayo Makun|AY Makun]] ne ya shirya shi, wanda kuma shi ne jigo a fim ɗin. Adze Ugah ne ya ba da umarni, wanda Kehinde Ogunlola ya rubuta kuma Darlington Abuda ne ya shirya shi. <ref name=":1" /> Fim ɗin shine kashi na uku a cikin shirin ''Akpos Adventure'' kuma an haska shi a wurare da dama a cikin jahar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Johannesburg]], Afirka ta Kudu. <ref name=":0" /> Fim din ya ba da labarin wata sarauniya mai son kyau da aka kawo ta tauraruwarta, kuma a cikin haka sai ta biya kuɗin da za ta rasa natsuwa da jin dadi ta hanyar yin tir da angonta wanda ya kasance manaja shi ma. Tana daf da zama bayi a wurin Uban Allahnta sai ya yi maganin wasu mutanen da ya hana su amfani a baya. Ya bayyana cewa soyayya ta gaskiya tana cinye duka, ba tare da la’akari da shinge ko ƙalubalen da aka fuskanta ba. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] as Otunba Williams * [[Adesua Etomi]] as Bianca * [[Ayo Makun|AY Makun]] as Akpos * [[Mercy Johnson]] a matsayin Monica * Folarin "Falz" Falana as Seyi * [[Gbenro Ajibade]] a matsayin Otunba Bodyguard * Uti Nwachukwu a matsayin mai masaukin baki * [[Yvonne Jegede]] * Miguel A. Núñez Jr. as Ongime * [[Amanda Du-Pont]] as Kimberley (Kim K.) * Sainjiwe Moseley * Celeste Ntuli a matsayin mai gidan Bar * [[2Baba|2face Idibia]] a matsayin kansa (cameo) * [[Alibaba Akpobome]] as Chief (cameo) * [[Clinton miles]] as ay makun fan == Kyauta == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Kashi ! Sakamako ! Ref |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Kyautar Nollywood | Mafi kyawun Comedy na Shekara|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- | Fim tare da Mafi kyawun Cinematography|{{Won}} |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finan Najeriya na 2017 == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bavixlxszvdzf0u1t38rxt8ne1mrw4r 0 69151 542631 457414 2024-11-19T17:01:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 542631 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Brother Jekwu''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya [[Barkwanci|na]] shekara ta alif 2016 [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na kasar Najeriya]] wanda Charles Uwagbai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=2018-07-07 |title=What it takes to make a Nigerian film -- Nollywood director, Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/275345-what-it-takes-to-make-a-nigerian-film-nollywood-director-charles-uwagbai.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ya ba da umarni, [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya shirya. An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinema a cikin 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-03 |title=Mike Ezuruonye's Brother Jekwu in cinema after impressive premiere |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mike-ezuruonyes-brother-jekwu-in-cinema-after-impressive-premiere/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722005439/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mike-ezuruonyes-brother-jekwu-in-cinema-after-impressive-premiere/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/brother_jekwu |language=en |access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref> == Makirci == Da yake neman cin nasara, wani barawon kauye ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya ci karo da harkokin kasuwanci a inuwar wani babban mai mulki. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfsp5baxu4bo2h36dqz1dh7a34j9a9a 542632 542631 2024-11-19T17:02:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 542632 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Brother Jekwu''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya [[Barkwanci|na]] shekara ta alif 2016 [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na kasar Najeriya]] wanda Charles Uwagbai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Augoye |first=Jayne |date=2018-07-07 |title=What it takes to make a Nigerian film -- Nollywood director, Charles Uwagbai |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/275345-what-it-takes-to-make-a-nigerian-film-nollywood-director-charles-uwagbai.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> ya ba da umarni, [[Mike Ezuruonye]] ya rubuta kuma ya shirya. An sake shi a duk faɗin Cinema a cikin shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-03 |title=Mike Ezuruonye's Brother Jekwu in cinema after impressive premiere |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mike-ezuruonyes-brother-jekwu-in-cinema-after-impressive-premiere/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722005439/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mike-ezuruonyes-brother-jekwu-in-cinema-after-impressive-premiere/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Brother Jekwu |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/brother_jekwu |language=en |access-date=2022-07-22}}</ref> == Makirci == Da yake neman cin nasara, wani barawon kauye ya bi dan uwansa daga Najeriya zuwa Kenya kuma ya ci karo da harkokin kasuwanci a inuwar wani babban mai mulki. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3s39mdwlejilpmkl5havaxq7h8fv38 0 69165 542627 373954 2024-11-19T17:00:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 542627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Dazzling Mirage''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda akai a ƙasar Najeriya a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu 2014, wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni; it stars Kemi "Lala" Akindoju, Kunle Afolayan, [[Bimbo Manuel]], Yomi Fash Lanso, [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]] da Seun Akindele. Har ila yau yana nuna fitattu daga Adewale Ayuba, Sean Tizzle, Tunde Babalola da Steve Sodiya.<ref name="360nobs">{{cite web | url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/02/photos-from-the-set-of-tunde-kelanis-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | title=Photos From The Set Of Tunde Kelani's New Movie, 'Dazzling Mirage' | publisher= | work=360 Nobs | date=21 February 2014 | accessdate=7 August 2014 | author=George, Mayowa | archive-date=16 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916203227/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/02/photos-from-the-set-of-tunde-kelanis-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guardian" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ebonylifetv.com/tunde-kelani-marks-world-sickle-cell-day-with-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | title=Tunde Kelani Marks World Sickle Cell Day with new movie, Dazzling 'Mirage'. | publisher=Ebonylife TV | date=20 June 2014 | accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref> Fim ɗin dai wani sabon labari ne mai suna Olayinka Abimbola Egbokhare wanda Ade Solanke ya daidaita don nunawa. Ya ba da labarin wata matashiya mai fama da ciwon sikila da kalubale iri-iri na zamantakewa da tunanin da take fuskanta. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Kemil 'Lala' Akindojusya fito a matsayin Funmiwo * Seun Akindele a matsayin Sanya * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dotun * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]] a matsayin Sanya's Mum * [[Bimbo Manuel]] a matsayin Funmiwo's Dad * Yomi Fash Lanso a matsayin Lanre * [[Carol King]] a matsayin Funmiwo's Mum * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tade * [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]] as Yejide * Bukola Awoyemi as * Ayo Badmus as * Adewale Ayuba as Adewale Ayuba (special appearance) * Sean Tizzle as Sean Tizzle (special appearance) * Collins Enebeli as * Tunde Babalola as * Hakeem Adenekan as * Steve Sodiya as == Production == An sanar da shi a cikin Maris 2012, bayan fitowar ''Maami'' na wasan kwaikwayo, cewa Kelani zai daidaita da Olayinka Abimbola's ''Dazzling Mirage'' zuwa babban allo. Tun daga watan Janairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa an fara daidaitawa. Kelani ya yi imanin cewa fim din ya kasance hanyarsa ta bayar da gudummawa ga wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amurran da suka shafi jinsi kamar Sickle-Cell Anemia, yana fatan ma'aurata za su kula da mahimmancinsa. Ya ce: "Dukkanmu muna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga masu fama da wannan cuta" "Na kuma yi dangantaka ta sirri da masu fama da wannan cuta kuma ina ɗaukar alhakina na gabatar da labarinsu." Kemi Akindoju ta yi gwajin allo a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2013 kuma an fara daukar manyan hotuna a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2013. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == bwmk74d4y6eumzug9d82qh631t7eiv3 542629 542627 2024-11-19T17:01:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 542629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Dazzling Mirage''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo wanda akai a ƙasar Najeriya a shekara ta 2014, wanda [[Tunde Kelani]] ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni; it stars Kemi "Lala" Akindoju, Kunle Afolayan, [[Bimbo Manuel]], Yomi Fash Lanso, [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]] da Seun Akindele. Har ila yau yana nuna fitattu daga Adewale Ayuba, Sean Tizzle, Tunde Babalola da Steve Sodiya.<ref name="360nobs">{{cite web | url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/02/photos-from-the-set-of-tunde-kelanis-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | title=Photos From The Set Of Tunde Kelani's New Movie, 'Dazzling Mirage' | publisher= | work=360 Nobs | date=21 February 2014 | accessdate=7 August 2014 | author=George, Mayowa | archive-date=16 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916203227/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/02/photos-from-the-set-of-tunde-kelanis-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guardian" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ebonylifetv.com/tunde-kelani-marks-world-sickle-cell-day-with-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/ | title=Tunde Kelani Marks World Sickle Cell Day with new movie, Dazzling 'Mirage'. | publisher=Ebonylife TV | date=20 June 2014 | accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref> Fim ɗin dai wani sabon labari ne mai suna Olayinka Abimbola Egbokhare wanda Ade Solanke ya daidaita don nunawa. Ya ba da labarin wata matashiya mai fama da ciwon sikila da kalubale iri-iri na zamantakewa da tunanin da take fuskanta. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * Kemil 'Lala' Akindojusya fito a matsayin Funmiwo * Seun Akindele a matsayin Sanya * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dotun * [[Taiwo Ajai-Lycett]] a matsayin Sanya's Mum * [[Bimbo Manuel]] a matsayin Funmiwo's Dad * Yomi Fash Lanso a matsayin Lanre * [[Carol King]] a matsayin Funmiwo's Mum * [[Khabirat Kafidipe]] a matsayin Tade * [[Aderounmu Adejumoke]] as Yejide * Bukola Awoyemi as * Ayo Badmus as * Adewale Ayuba as Adewale Ayuba (special appearance) * Sean Tizzle as Sean Tizzle (special appearance) * Collins Enebeli as * Tunde Babalola as * Hakeem Adenekan as * Steve Sodiya as == Production == An sanar da shi a cikin Maris 2012, bayan fitowar ''Maami'' na wasan kwaikwayo, cewa Kelani zai daidaita da Olayinka Abimbola's ''Dazzling Mirage'' zuwa babban allo. Tun daga watan Janairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa an fara daidaitawa. Kelani ya yi imanin cewa fim din ya kasance hanyarsa ta bayar da gudummawa ga wayar da kan jama'a game da al'amurran da suka shafi jinsi kamar Sickle-Cell Anemia, yana fatan ma'aurata za su kula da mahimmancinsa. Ya ce: "Dukkanmu muna da alaƙa kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ga masu fama da wannan cuta" "Na kuma yi dangantaka ta sirri da masu fama da wannan cuta kuma ina ɗaukar alhakina na gabatar da labarinsu." Kemi Akindoju ta yi gwajin allo a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2013 kuma an fara daukar manyan hotuna a ranar 18 ga Satumba 2013. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == dcq631pu93pr7lymff27tapkro49e0f 0 69173 542625 372798 2024-11-19T17:00:08Z Pharouqenr 25549 542625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Unbreakable''''' fim ne na soyayya na kasar Najeriya game da miji wanda dole ne ya magance matsalar tunanin sabon matarsa. Buky Campbell ne ya samar da shi, wanda Ben Chiadika ya ba da umarni kuma Sola Osofisan ne ya rubuta shi. An harbe shi a watan Oktoba 2018 a Legas . == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == [[OC Ukeje|O.C. Ukeje]] a matsayin Chidi [[Yinka Davies]] a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin John Dumelo a matsayin Mike Wendy Lawal a matsayin Kunle [[Uche Mac-Auley]] a matsayin Dokta Tebowei [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Damola [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] a matsayin Janar == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Bikin ya kasance na sama, aljanna ta Honeymoon. Chidi da Ikepo sun bayyana sun shirya don rayuwa mai tsawo....A rana ta farko a wurin aiki bayan hutun amarya, an nuna Chidi cikin ruhu mai kyau bidiyon sabon matarsa, Ikepo, matar da ya bar a gida, tana tafiya a kan tituna kamar ba ta da hankali. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 92ey95fxzan1ni8tsmxsxb3g9507p8s 542626 542625 2024-11-19T17:00:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 542626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Unbreakable''''' fim ne na soyayya na kasar Najeriya game da miji wanda dole ne ya magance matsalar tunanin sabon matarsa. Buky Campbell ne ya samar da shi, wanda Ben Chiadika ya ba da umarni kuma Sola Osofisan ne ya rubuta shi. An harbe shi a watan Oktoba 2018 a jihar Legas . == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == [[OC Ukeje|O.C. Ukeje]] a matsayin Chidi [[Yinka Davies]] a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin John Dumelo a matsayin Mike Wendy Lawal a matsayin Kunle [[Uche Mac-Auley]] a matsayin Dokta Tebowei [[Bimbo Manuel|Bimbo Manual]] a matsayin Damola [[Richard Mofe-Damijo]] a matsayin Janar == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Bikin ya kasance na sama, aljanna ta Honeymoon. Chidi da Ikepo sun bayyana sun shirya don rayuwa mai tsawo....A rana ta farko a wurin aiki bayan hutun amarya, an nuna Chidi cikin ruhu mai kyau bidiyon sabon matarsa, Ikepo, matar da ya bar a gida, tana tafiya a kan tituna kamar ba ta da hankali. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} a1hx7wvfhpjd3xbsqno7nr70yy82g0u 0 69191 542623 372859 2024-11-19T16:59:28Z Pharouqenr 25549 542623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A Simple Lie''''' fim ne na soyayya na kasar Najeriya na 2021. [[Biodun Stephen]] da David Wade ne suka samar da shi. Fim din <ref name=":0" /> zo ne watanni hudu bayan da ta yi alkawarin shiga kungiyar ta Anthill Studio mai ci gaba, kuma taurari ne [[Bisola Aiyeola]], [[Emmanuel Ikubese]], [[Bolaji Ogunmola]], Bukunmi Adeaga da Kachi Nnochiri . <ref name="Nwogu" />  &nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 25 ga Maris 2021, an fara nuna fim din a cikin gidan silima kafin a saki shi a watan Yuli. == Bayani game da shi == Abokai biyar suna da alaƙa da juna a asirce. Sun yi mamakin lokacin da aka gano shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Sun tunanin karamin ƙarya ne, amma yana nuna cewa karamin ƙarya yana da mahimmanci. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Bukunmi Adeaga-Ilori a matsayin Fade * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Boma * [[Emmanuel Ikubese]] a matsayin Azeem * Kachi Nnochiri a matsayin Xavier * [[Bolaji Ogunmola]] a matsayin Donna == Ofishin akwatin == A cewar CEAN, kimanin N346.6 miliyan an samu daga tikitin da aka sayar a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] a watan Maris na 2021 kuma Ƙarya mai sauƙi shine fim na biyu tsakanin 25 da 27 Maris tare da nasarar ofishin jakadancin N9,809,900. == Manazarta == 1d2yyvneiz4pbnywvj55klle02u8vk2 542624 542623 2024-11-19T16:59:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 542624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''A Simple Lie''''' fim ne na soyayya na kasar Najeriya na shekarar 2021. [[Biodun Stephen]] da David Wade ne suka samar da shi. Fim din <ref name=":0" /> zo ne watanni hudu bayan da ta yi alkawarin shiga kungiyar ta Anthill Studio mai ci gaba, kuma taurari ne [[Bisola Aiyeola]], [[Emmanuel Ikubese]], [[Bolaji Ogunmola]], Bukunmi Adeaga da Kachi Nnochiri . <ref name="Nwogu" />  &nbsp;&nbsp; A ranar 25 ga Maris 2021, an fara nuna fim din a cikin gidan silima kafin a saki shi a watan Yuli. == Bayani game da shi == Abokai biyar suna da alaƙa da juna a asirce. Sun yi mamakin lokacin da aka gano shi ta hanyar rashin lafiya na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Sun tunanin karamin ƙarya ne, amma yana nuna cewa karamin ƙarya yana da mahimmanci. == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Bukunmi Adeaga-Ilori a matsayin Fade * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Boma * [[Emmanuel Ikubese]] a matsayin Azeem * Kachi Nnochiri a matsayin Xavier * [[Bolaji Ogunmola]] a matsayin Donna == Ofishin akwatin == A cewar CEAN, kimanin N346.6 miliyan an samu daga tikitin da aka sayar a masana'antar [[Nollywood]] a watan Maris na 2021 kuma Ƙarya mai sauƙi shine fim na biyu tsakanin 25 da 27 Maris tare da nasarar ofishin jakadancin N9,809,900. == Manazarta == 0tg8lyifcifrvll7ce17185lvv6se21 0 69195 542621 458097 2024-11-19T16:58:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 542621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Dinner at My Place''''' Fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda akai a ƙasar Najeriya a shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 wanda Kevin Apaa ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. JarumanFim ɗin sun l hada da [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da kuma [[Sophie Alakija]] a cikin manyan jarumai. Fim ɗin ya fito a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 kuma an buɗe shi ga ingantattun bita daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=Dinner At My Place hits the screen |url=https://guardian.ng/art/dinner-at-my-place-hits-the-screen/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=2022-01-23 |title=Romcom "Dinner at my place" by award winning filmmaker Kevin Apaa hits cinemas Jan 28 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/romcom-dinner-at-my-place-by-award-winning-filmmaker-kevin-apaa-hits-cinemas-jan-28/hwxrchr |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Fim din ya ta'allaka ne akan wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Nonso (Timini Egbuson) wanda ke shirin ba budurwar sa (Sophie Alakija) cin abinci. Tuni ya shirya bai wa budurwar zoben zinare wanda kudinsa ya kai dala $22000 kuma asalin na mahaifiyarsa masoyi ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa da ta rasu ta bar masa wannan zoben don tunawa. Sai dai abin ya ba shi mamaki sai al’amura suka kara ta’azzara tun bayan aniyar sa a lokacin da tsohuwar budurwar sa (Bisola Aiyeola) ta bata nishadi ta hanyar shigar da hoton ba tare da an gayyace shi ba. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Timini Egbuson]] as Nonso * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin tsohuwar budurwar Nonso * [[Sophie Alakija]] a matsayin budurwar Nonso * Uche Montana * Oluyemi Solade * Chales Etubiebi * Debby Felix * Michael Sani == Production == Mai shirya fina-finai Kevin Apaa ya bayyana cewa da farko ya ba da labarin da ya dace da gajeriyar fim kuma ya yi gajeren fim ɗin tare da tsawon mintuna 11 tare da taken iri ɗaya. An sake shi a cikin 2019 kuma an buɗe shi zuwa ingantattun bita. Gajeren fim din ya samu yabo sosai inda ya lashe kyautuka takwas sannan kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai a Amurka da Birtaniya. Kyakkyawan liyafar ga ɗan gajeren fim ɗin ya ƙarfafa Apaa don fito da wani fim mai tsayi mai tsayi ta hanyar kiyaye take. Shi da ma'aikatansa sun haɓaka rubutun a matsayin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya. Mambobin ƴan wasan da aka yi wa igiya don yin fim ɗin ba su fito a baya ba a cikin gajeren fim ɗin. An dauki fim din gaba daya [[Lagos (birni)|a Legas]] . == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h53p7i06x1abw5juvicrr2uxgss78hf 542622 542621 2024-11-19T16:59:03Z Pharouqenr 25549 542622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Dinner at My Place''''' Fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya wanda akai a ƙasar Najeriya a shekara ta 2022 wanda Kevin Apaa ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. JarumanFim ɗin sun l hada da [[Timini Egbuson]], [[Bisola Aiyeola]] da kuma [[Sophie Alakija]] a cikin manyan jarumai. Fim ɗin ya fito a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu na shekara ta dubu biyu da ashirin da biyu 2022 kuma an buɗe shi ga ingantattun bita daga masu suka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title=Dinner At My Place hits the screen |url=https://guardian.ng/art/dinner-at-my-place-hits-the-screen/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mix |first=Pulse |date=2022-01-23 |title=Romcom "Dinner at my place" by award winning filmmaker Kevin Apaa hits cinemas Jan 28 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/romcom-dinner-at-my-place-by-award-winning-filmmaker-kevin-apaa-hits-cinemas-jan-28/hwxrchr |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Takaitaccen bayani == Fim din ya ta'allaka ne akan wani Ba'amurke Ba'amurke Nonso (Timini Egbuson) wanda ke shirin ba budurwar sa (Sophie Alakija) cin abinci. Tuni ya shirya bai wa budurwar zoben zinare wanda kudinsa ya kai dala $22000 kuma asalin na mahaifiyarsa masoyi ne yayin da mahaifiyarsa da ta rasu ta bar masa wannan zoben don tunawa. Sai dai abin ya ba shi mamaki sai al’amura suka kara ta’azzara tun bayan aniyar sa a lokacin da tsohuwar budurwar sa (Bisola Aiyeola) ta bata nishadi ta hanyar shigar da hoton ba tare da an gayyace shi ba. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == * [[Timini Egbuson]] as Nonso * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin tsohuwar budurwar Nonso * [[Sophie Alakija]] a matsayin budurwar Nonso * Uche Montana * Oluyemi Solade * Chales Etubiebi * Debby Felix * Michael Sani == Production == Mai shirya fina-finai Kevin Apaa ya bayyana cewa da farko ya ba da labarin da ya dace da gajeriyar fim kuma ya yi gajeren fim ɗin tare da tsawon mintuna 11 tare da taken iri ɗaya. An sake shi a cikin 2019 kuma an buɗe shi zuwa ingantattun bita. Gajeren fim din ya samu yabo sosai inda ya lashe kyautuka takwas sannan kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai a Amurka da Birtaniya. Kyakkyawan liyafar ga ɗan gajeren fim ɗin ya ƙarfafa Apaa don fito da wani fim mai tsayi mai tsayi ta hanyar kiyaye take. Shi da ma'aikatansa sun haɓaka rubutun a matsayin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya. Mambobin ƴan wasan da aka yi wa igiya don yin fim ɗin ba su fito a baya ba a cikin gajeren fim ɗin. An dauki fim din gaba daya [[Lagos (birni)|a Legas]] . == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qgoh6x5u1cuajfltwaqwlk1tzrmvlu8 0 69217 542992 374591 2024-11-20T08:56:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Holding Hope''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2010 wanda Uduak Isong Oguamanam ya rubuta, wanda Emem Isong da Uche Jombo suka samar, kuma [[Desmond Elliot]] ne ya ba da umarni. [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Uche Jombo]] da [[Nadia Buari]], suna gabatar da Abiola Segun Williams. <ref name="BellaNaija" /><ref name="BellaNaija">{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/07/15/a-heartwrenching-yet-heartwarming-family-tale-holding-hope-set-to-premiere-in-july/ | title=A Heartwrenching yet Heartwarming Family Tale – 'Holding Hope' set to premiere in July | publisher=bellanaija | work=Bella Naija | date=15 July 2010 | accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2010/04/scenes-from-movie-hope.html | title=scenes from the movie 'HOLDING HOPE' | publisher=Stella Dimoko Korkus | date=19 April 2010 | accessdate=5 August 2014 | author=Korkus, Stella}}</ref>An fara gabatar da shi a Legas a ranar 8 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, tare da Bursting Out kuma an sadu da shi da haɗuwa da sake dubawa mai mahimmanci. zabi [[Nadia Buari]] da [[Moyo Lawal]] don "Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar da ta taka a fim din Ingilishi" da kuma "Most Promising Act (mace) " bi da bi a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards don rawar da suka taka a fim ɗin. == Takaitaccen Bayani == Fim din ya ba da labarin Mrs. Badmus (Abiola Segun Williams) wanda ke da daular kasuwanci miliyoyin daloli (Da Costa Holdings), amma ɗanta Olumide (Desmond Elliot) yana da tawaye sosai kuma ba shi da sha'awar gudanar da kasuwancin. Misis Badmus daga ƙarshe ta bayyana wa ɗanta cewa tana mutuwa daga ciwon daji kuma tana da 'yan watanni da suka rage don rayuwa. Ta ba da yanayin cewa idan yana son ta yi farin ciki, yana buƙatar auren Hope (Uche Jombo), darektan kudi na kamfanin kuma ma'aikaci mai kwazo sosai. Misis Badmus kuma tana jin Hope cikakkiyar matar ce wacce za ta iya ci gaba da kashe kuɗin da ɗanta ke kashewa lokacin da ba ta da. Olumide ta shirya wani shiri tare da budurwarta, Sabina (Nadia Buari) kuma Olumide ya fara karya ƙaunarsa ga Hope, yana jiran ranar da mahaifiyarsa za ta mutu. Koyaya, Mrs. Badmus 'Will ta bayyana cewa Olumide dole ne ya auri Hope don samun kadarorinta; Idan wani abu ya faru, Hope ya kamata ya sami kadarorin. Olumide ba ta da wani zaɓi sai dai ta auri Hope, amma duk da haka ta yi mata takaici da komai bayan aure, yayin da take fita tare da Sabina. Hope, wacce ke ci gaba da taka rawar mace mai kyau da aminci duk da halin mijinta, ta gano cewa ita ma tana fama da cutar [[Sankaran Bargo (Leukemia)|Leukemia]]. Olumide daga ƙarshe ya ƙaunaci Hope sosai, amma ya makara saboda yanzu tana da 'yan watanni da suka rage don rayuwa. == Masu ba da labari == == Fitarwa == Rubutun Holding Hope samo asali ne daga asusun mutane uku da suka tsira daga cutar kansa; Desmond Elliot da Uche Jombo sun yi imani da yawa a cikin fim din, don haka dukansu biyu sun shiga Emem Isong don samar da fim din. Da yake magana game da fim din, Jombo ya ce: "muna so mu sa mutane su yi kuka, su yi dariya kuma watakila su tsaya suyi tunani a lokaci guda". Uche Jombo dole ta rasa nauyi mai yawa don taka rawar Hope a cikin fim din; [1] Dole ne ta je abinci kuma kusan "ya yi yunwa" kanta. A lokacin yin fim, an sa ta barci na kimanin sa'o'i 2 kawai a rana, don haka za ta iya samun bayyanar halitta, an kara wasu ƙananan kayan shafa a kanta. Ta kuma yi aiki sosai kuma ta sami damar ƙone har zuwa fam 50 na kitse. <ref name="Golden Icons" /> fito a kan wasu abubuwan da suka faru a kan jan kafet kafin a sanar da fim din a hukumance wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da ita da yanayin lafiyarta.ref name="gidilounge">{{cite web | url=http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/nollywood-and-gollywood-converge-for-bursting-out-and-holding-hope/ | title=Nollywood and Gollywood converge for Bursting Out and Holding Hope | publisher=Gidilounge | work=Gidi Lounge | date=3 August 2010 | accessdate=5 August 2014 | author=Deji, Sam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072054/http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/nollywood-and-gollywood-converge-for-bursting-out-and-holding-hope/ | archive-date=8 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> An haska fim din a Legas. Ɗaya daga cikin marasa lafiya <ref name="Golden Icons" /> ciwon daji wanda labarinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga yin fim ɗin kuma ana bayyana shi a cikin ɗayan haruffa ya mutu yayin yin fim. ==Saki== An fito da tirelar hukuma ta Holding Hope a ranar 14 ga Yuli 2010.  An fara shi a ranar 8 ga Agusta 2010 a gidan sinima na Silverbird a Legas, tare da Bursting Out, wani fim ɗin Royal Arts Academy.[2]  Wannan shine karo na biyu da Royal Arts Academy za ta fara gabatar da fina-finai guda biyu a rana guda, bayan farawar ta biyu na Guilty Pleasures da Nollywood Hustlers a shekarar da ta gabata. <ref name="jaguda">{{cite web | url=http://www.jaguda.com/2010/07/28/nollywood-double-feature-holding-hope-bursting-out/ | title=Nollywood Double Feature: Holding Hope + Bursting Out | publisher=Jaguda.com | work=Jaguda | date=28 July 2010 | accessdate=5 August 2014 | archive-date=9 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809191829/http://www.jaguda.com/2010/07/28/nollywood-double-feature-holding-hope-bursting-out/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.africanmoviesnews.com/2011/09/nigerian-premiere-of-the-movie-%E2%80%9Cholding-hope%E2%80%9D-video/ | title=Nigerian Premiere of the movie "Holding Hope" (Video) | publisher=African Movies News | date=16 September 2011 | accessdate=5 August 2014 | archive-date=8 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808064851/http://www.africanmoviesnews.com/2011/09/nigerian-premiere-of-the-movie-%E2%80%9Cholding-hope%E2%80%9D-video/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> An buɗe fim ɗin zuwa ɗakin cinema cike da cunkoso;  zauren farko ya cika ba tare da wani lokaci ba, sai da aka bude zaure na biyu don daukar jama’a[10].  Fim ɗin ya fara fitowa a Amurka a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2010 a Dallas, Texas .<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.goldenicons.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Premiere-Holding-Hope.jpg | title=Premiere HOLDING HOPE | publisher=Golden Icons | accessdate=5 August 2014 | archive-date=8 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055913/http://www.goldenicons.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Premiere-Holding-Hope.jpg | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Karɓuwa == === Karɓuwa mai mahimmanci === Fim din ya sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau. fi yaba da shi saboda fim dinsa, saƙon motsin rai, kiɗa da aikin Uche Jombo, yayin da aka soki shi saboda mummunan ingancin sauti, rashin gyare-gyare, lokaci-lokaci da ba daidai ba da kiɗa da kuma samar da talauci.<ref name="Unilag">{{cite web | url=http://www.unilagmasscomm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=621:review-of-the-movie-holding-hope | title=REVIEW OF THE MOVIE HOLDING HOPE | publisher=Unilag Mass Comm | work=[[University of Lagos]] | date=13 August 2012 | accessdate=5 August 2014 | author=Rubel, Agu Odira | archive-date=8 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045414/http://www.unilagmasscomm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=621:review-of-the-movie-holding-hope | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NR">{{cite web | url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/07/holding-hope.html | title=Holding Hope - Nollywood Reinvented | publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]] | work=Nollywood Reinvented | date=20 July 2012 | accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> Nollywood Reinvented <ref name="NR" /> ba da ƙimar 52%, ya yaba da aikin Uche Jombo, sauti na fim ɗin kuma ya yi sharhi: "Ga mafi yawancin, [Holding Hope] ya ƙunshi abubuwan da muka gani a baya. Akwai alamun bayyane na yiwuwar babban fim a cikin wannan fim ɗin, amma ba zan iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ba zato ba tsammani launi da launi za su canza ba lokacin da ba flashback, mafarki ko wani abu na irin wannan, muryoyin su ma sun kasance daga cikin haɗin kai sosai. Slam's "Bia" NollywoodForever.Com ba da ƙimar 84%, ya yaba da fim ɗin kuma ya kammala cewa: "An ɗauke ni a kan tafiya mai laushi daga jin fushi a hanyar da Olumide ke bi da matarsa, zuwa bakin ciki a gare ta sannan kuma farin ciki lokacin da dangantakar ta dawo kan hanya. Ina son Uche da Desmond suna aiki tare da juna, akwai kyawawan sunadarai masu sauƙi waɗanda ke fassara cikakke a allon". Aghwana Amelia ba da darajar 8 daga 10, tana mai cewa: "Holding Hope fim ne mai ɗabi'a da yawa. Darakta yana da ƙwarewa sosai ta amfani da nau'ikan kusurwa daban-daban, harbe-harbe, sakamako, motsi kuma ba ya iyakance kansa. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo sun iya nuna ƙwarewar wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau, wanda ya nuna haruffa kamar yadda ya kamata a gani. " === Godiya gaisuwa === An zabi Nadia Buari a matsayin "Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin rawar da ta taka a fim din Ingilishi" a 2012 Best of Nollywood Awards, yayin da aka zabi Moyo Lawal don "Mafi yawan Alkawari (mace) " a wannan kyautar. == Kafofin watsa labarai na gida == Fim din shine fim guda daya da aka saki a kan VCD a sassa biyu, tare da kowane bangare na kimanin awa daya. An kuma saki fim din a dandamali na VOD kamar Distrify da Iroko TV . == Duba kuma == * Jerin fina-finai na Najeriya na 2010 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{YouTube|Z1J0sXp9cEE|''Holding Hope'' trailer}} * Tsayawa da BegeaNollywood An sake kirkirar arc9xc09ns8z0ijich64so99gvtvncq 0 69223 542752 373021 2024-11-19T19:08:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Al Qadisiyya''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Iraqi a shekarar 1981 wanda Salah Abu Seif ya bada Umarni. An shigar da shi a cikin 12th Moscow International Film Festival .<ref name="Moscow1981">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |accessdate=25 January 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archivedate=21 April 2013 }}</ref> An shirya fim ɗin mai tarihi tare da [[Misra|Masar]] da Sashen Cinema da Theatre na Iraki.<ref name="ea-202">{{cite web |title=Al Qadisiya |url=https://elcinema.com/en/work/1000425 |website=El Cinema |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> == Sharhi == Fim ɗin yana nuna yakin al-Qadisiyyah, wanda rundunar [[musulunci]] ta [[Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas|Sa'ad bn Abi Waqqas]] (bayan rasuwar Al-Muthanna bn Haritha ) ta kawo karshen [[Daular Sasanian|daular Sassanid]] tare da fatattakar sojojin Farisa na [[Rostam Farrokhzad]].<ref name="ea-202" /> ==Ƴan wasan shirin== * [[Soad Hosny]] * [[Ezzat El Alaili]] (as Sohrab) * [[Shetha Salim]] * [[Laila Taher]] * [[Hassan Al-Jundi|Mohamed Hassan Al Joundi]] (as Rustam) * [[Mohamed Almansour]] * [[Omar Khalfah]] * [[Sa'dia Zeidi]] == Samarwa == An kiyasta kudin samar da kayayyakin da ya kai dinari miliyan 4 na Iraqi, a lokacin dai dai ya ke da dala miliyan 15. Shi ne fim din Larabawa mafi tsada a tarihi a lokacin.<ref>{{cite news |title=تحول اكبر انتاج سينمائي الى أكثر فيلم مغمور في تاريخ السينما العربية |url=https://eyeoncinema.net/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%85/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |work=Eye on Cinema |date=December 21, 2019 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004061744/https://eyeoncinema.net/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%85// |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Eric |title=Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq |date=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-9953-36-242-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rGgM99xZcREC&dq=%22%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%22&pg=PA353 |access-date=6 June 2021}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb title|0328295|Al Qadisiyya}} * {{AllMovie title | 157121 | Al Qadisiyya}} [[Category:Fim]] 1w97iyv94kiim967htz4y3ki6j1jsge 0 69709 542892 386135 2024-11-20T02:55:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Daryne Joshua''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), 'yar fim ce ta Afirka ta Kudu .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.f6s.com/darynejoshua| title=Daryne Joshua: Writer / Director at Gambit Films. Passionate about Science Fiction.| publisher=f6s | accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> fi saninsa da darektan fina-finai masu daraja Noem My Skollie da ''Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies'' . <ref name= africanfilmny>{{cite web | url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/daryne-joshua/| title=Daryne Joshua| publisher=African Filmny | accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref>Baya yin fim, shi ma mai ba da agaji ne, edita, mai tsara wasan kwaikwayo, mai tsara sauti, kafofin watsa labarai da darektan sadarwa.<ref name= screenafrica>{{cite web | url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2017/02/15/film/film-content/film-director-speak-daryne-joshua/| title=FILM DIRECTOR SPEAK: Daryne Joshua| publisher=screenafrica| accessdate=14 October 2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haife shi kuma ya girma a Cape Town . Ya yi karatu a makarantar sakandare ta Livingstone . Shi malami ne a kan Cinema da Film Studies a Cape Peninsula, Jami'ar Fasaha .<ref name= africanfilmny /><ref name= afda>{{cite web| url=https://www.afda.co.za/article/1064/AFDA-alumnus-Daryne-Joshua-s-second-feature-film-to-premier-Rotterdam-International-Film-Festival/| title=AFDA alumnus Daryne Joshua's second feature film to premier at Rotterdam International Film Festival| publisher=afda| accessdate=14 October 2020| archive-date=17 October 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017234034/https://www.afda.co.za/article/1064/AFDA-alumnus-Daryne-Joshua-s-second-feature-film-to-premier-Rotterdam-International-Film-Festival/| url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == A lokacin da yake da shekaru bakwai, ya fara ba da labari na gani. A wannan lokacin, ya yi kuma ya sayar da wasan kwaikwayo ga abokansa a Bridgetown . Daga ya halarci AFDA, Makarantar Tattalin Arziki kuma ya sami digiri tare da bambanci.<ref name= IFFR>{{cite web| url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/daryne-joshua| title=Daryne Joshua at IFFR| publisher=IFFR| accessdate=14 October 2020| archive-date=5 October 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005190931/https://iffr.com/en/persons/daryne-joshua| url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi ne co-kafa, marubuci kuma darektan Gambit Films wanda ya kafa jim kadan bayan kammala karatunsa. Gambit Films ta samar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Afrikaans na Cape Town, ''Suidooster'' don DSTV da Kyknet . A shekara ta 2016, ya jagoranci fim dinsa na farko Noem My Skollie . An zaɓi fim ɗin a matsayin shigarwar Afirka ta Kudu don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a 89th Academy Awards . Fim din ya lashe kyautar RapidLion Awards don Mafi kyawun Fim da Mafi kyawun Finai na Afirka ta Kudu a shekarar 2017. Tare da nasarar fim din, ya yi fim dinsa na biyu Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies . Ya dogara ne akan labarin gaskiya na Ellen Pakkies . din fara fitowa a duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Rotterdam (IFFR) a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun 2018 kuma ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci. sake shi a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2018. A cikin 2018, ya rubuta rubutun gajeren fim na lamba 37 wanda [[Nosipho Dumisa]] ya jagoranta. Rubutun daga baya ya lashe kyautar fina-finai da talabijin ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAFTA). == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2010 |''Yara da suka ɓace: Ƙaunar'' |Mataimakin ma'aikata |Bidiyo na gida | |- |2016 |Noem My Skollie (Ka kira ni ɓarawo) |Daraktan |Fim din | |- |2018 |''Ellen: Die storie van Ellen Pakkies'' |Daraktan |Fim din | |- |2018 |''Adadin 37'' |Marubuci, rubutun |Gajeren fina-finai | |- |2020 |''Jinin & Ruwa'' |Darakta, marubuci |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pywl0tlu3meyfpoln7gwk3ksy7xzze6 0 70708 542811 506208 2024-11-19T21:18:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''As I Open My Eyes,''''' (Faransa À peine j'ouvre les yeux)<ref>{{cite web|title= 'As I Open My Eyes' (2016) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=asiopenmyeyes.htm|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="NUM">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/A-peine-jouvre-les-yeux#tab=summary|title=As I Open My Eyes (À peine j'ouvre les yeux)|website=The Numbers|access-date=18 October 2016|archive-date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809101243/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/A-peine-jouvre-les-yeux#tab=summary|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[fim]] ne na [[Wasan Kwaikwayon Noma|wasan]] kwaikwayo na Faransa da Tunisia na 2015 wanda Leyla Bouzid ta jagoranta. An nuna shi a cikin sashin Cinema na Duniya na zamani na bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2015. [[Baya Medhaffar]] tauraruwa a matsayin mawaƙa na dutse. Fim din shine fasalin farko na Bouzid. zaba shi a matsayin shigarwar Tunisiya don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen Waje a 89th Academy Awards. , ba a haɗa fim ɗin a cikin jerin abubuwan da aka gabatar ta hanyar Kwalejin ba.<ref name="Submissions">{{cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/news/85-countries-competition-2016-foreign-language-film-oscarr |title=85 Countries In Competition For 2016 Foreign Language Film Oscar |work=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |date=11 October 2016 |accessdate=11 October 2016}}</ref> == Labarin fim == A [[Tunisiya]] a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2010, Farah Kallel mai shekaru 18 ta kammala jarrabawar makaranta kuma ta shirya don shiga jami'a. A halin yanzu, ta shiga ƙungiyar kuma tana soyayya da mai kunna lute, Borhène. Ba tare da sanin Farah ba, 'yan sanda sun riga sun kalli ƙungiyar ta, saboda waƙoƙinsu suna sukar gwamnatin yanzu. Mahaifiyar Farah, Hayet (Ghalia Benali) ta sami ziyara daga tsohuwar aboki, Moncef, wanda ya gargadi ta game da shigar 'yan sanda kuma ya gargada ta ta kula da 'yarta. Koyaya, a daren wasan kwaikwayon su na farko, Farah ta kulle mahaifiyarta a cikin ɗakinta kuma ta tsere don raira waƙa a wasan kwaikwayon. Ayyukan sun tafi da kyau, suna ba Farah amincewa don ci gaba da ayyukanta na kiɗa, duk da cewa Hayet na son Farah ta yi karatun likita a jami'a. Bayan wasu wasanni da yawa, Borhène ya isa wani maimaitawa bayan 'yan sanda sun yi masa tambayoyi kuma sun buge shi duk dare. Ya zargi Ali, manajan ƙungiyar wanda ke yin rikodin duk wasan kwaikwayon su, da kasancewa dan sanda kuma yana ba da labari game da ƙungiyar. Daga baya, Ali ya kusanci Farah kuma ya gaya mata cewa yana kare ta kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya gargadi ta amma ta yi watsi da shi. Ta je tashar bas, a kan hanyar ziyartar mahaifinta, Farah ta ɓace. Hayet ta yi ƙoƙari ta sami komai don gano ta amma a ƙarshe ta fahimci cewa 'yan sanda sun kama Farah. Ta tafi Borhène wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya shawo kanta cewa ya kamata su sami talla don tilasta wa 'yan sanda su saki Farah, amma ta yanke shawarar zuwa wata hanya daban, ta tuntubi Moncef wanda ya gaya mata inda Farah take. A kurkuku, an yi wa Farah duka kuma an yi masa fyade. Daga bisani aka sake ta ga iyayenta, amma ta shiga cikin matsananciyar damuwa, ta bar ƙungiyar ta. Hayet ta sami damar taimaka wa Farah ta sake samun muryarta kuma ta raira waƙa tare da ita a cikin ɗakinta. == Ƴan wasa == * [[Baya Medhaffar]] a matsayin Farah * Ghalia Benali a matsayin Hayet * Montassar Ayari a matsayin Borhėne == Karɓuwa == Fim din ya sami kyakkyawan bita a lokacin da aka saki shi. Yana ƙididdigar 100% daga Rotten Tomatoes da matsakaicin ƙididdiga 7.5. Mai sukar Variety kira shi "farko mai ban sha'awa" kuma ya kira Medhaffer's acting "a stand-out lead perf". mai sukar Indiewire ya ba fim din maki na A− kuma ya kira shi "Fim din Fictional mafi kyau Duk da haka Game da Arab Spring. " The Hollywood Reporter bai yi farin ciki game da fim din ba yana sukar "mafi yawan sanannun bayanai" amma yana yabon fim da wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{cite web|last1=van Hoeij|first1=Boyd|title='As I Open My Eyes' ('A peine j'ouvre les yeux'): Venice Review|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=3 September 2015 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/as-i-open-my-eyes-819765|accessdate=19 January 2016}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Kyautar / Bikin Fim ! scope="col" |Sashe ! scope="col" |Masu karɓa da waɗanda aka zaba ! scope="col" |Sakamakon |- |Bikin Fim na Birnin Quebec |Kyautar Masu Fim ||{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Kyaututtuka na Haske |Actress mafi kyawu |Baya Medhaffar| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Faransanci ! | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Kyautar Magritte |Actress mafi kyawu |Ghalia Benali| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Ƙasashen Waje a cikin Haɗin Kai ! | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Venice |Kyautar Zaɓin Jama'a ta BNL ! | {{Won}} |- |Kyautar Alamar Cinemas ta Europa (Wanianice Days) ! | {{Won}} |- |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Saint-Jean-de-Luz |Fim mafi kyau, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo mafi kyau, Kyautar Masu sauraro ! | {{Won}} |- |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin abubuwan da aka gabatar a cikin lambar yabo ta 89th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film * Jerin abubuwan da Tunisiya suka gabatar don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim na Harshen Ƙasashen waje == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|4400174|As I Open My Eyes}} [[Category:Fim]] 1d8cdsat05i45z9i27n3kgssgvmwee3 0 71473 542695 388178 2024-11-19T18:09:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adama Drabo''' (1948 - 15 ga Yuli, 2009) ɗan fim ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na [[Mali|Malian]]. == Tarihin rayuwa == Drabo ya kasance a babban birnin Mali na [[Bamako]], Mali, inda ya nuna sha'awar fim tun yana yaro. Shekaru goma, ya kasance malamin makaranta a wani kauyen Mali, kuma a lokacin hutu ya zana kuma ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Adama Drabo {{!}} IFFR|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/adama-drabo|access-date=2021-08-31|website=iffr.com|archive-date=2021-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831052145/https://iffr.com/en/persons/adama-drabo|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Drabo, Adama {{!}} African Film Festival, Inc.|url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/adama-drabo/|access-date=2021-08-31|language=en-US}}</ref> a fim ya fara ne a matsayin abin sha'awa. A shekara ta 1979, ya shiga Cibiyar samar da fina-finai ta kasa (CNPC). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Cissokho|first=Aboubacar Demba|date=16 July 2009|title=Sénégal: Décès du cinéaste et dramaturge malien Adama Drabo|url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200907170801.html|website=All Africa}}</ref>can, ya yi aiki tare da [[Darakta|darektan]] Cheick Oumar Sissoko a matsayin mataimakin darektan fim din 1986 ''Nyamanton'' da fim din 1989 ''[[Finzan]]'' . A shekara ta 1988, ya samar da wani ɗan gajeren fim, Nieba, la journée d'une paysanne . A shekara ta 1991, ya samar da fim dinsa na farko, Ta Dona (Au feu!), wanda aka zaba don kyautar Zaki na Zinariya a bikin fina-finai na Locarno, kuma an nuna shi a FESPACO . kuma nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na 1991. A shekara ta 1997, ya samar da ''Taafé Fanga'', wanda ke ba da labarin wata mace ta [[Mutanen Dogon|Dogon]] wacce ta sami abin rufe fuska na sihiri kuma ta yi amfani da ikonta don juyar da Matsayin jinsi a ƙauyenta. An nuna wannan fim din a bukukuwan fina-finai a duk duniya, gami da Cannes, [[Tokyo]], Namur, da [[Ouagadougou]] . mutu a Aljeriya daga ciwon zuciya a lokacin "Festival na al'adu na Afirka na Algiers". == Hotunan fina-finai == * Nieba, ranar wata manomi (Nieba, Ranar Mace manomi) (1988) * ''[[Fire! (fim 1991)|Ta Dona (A wuta!)]]'' (1991) * ''Taafé Fanga'' (1997) (Ikon Skirt) * ''Kokadjè: wankewa da kyau '' (2003) * ''Faantan Fanga'' (2009) (The Power of the Poor) (yawanci an rubuta shi ba daidai ba a matsayin "Fantan fanga", wanda zai nufin "The Power of The Orphan" a cikin [[Harshen Bambara|Bambara]]) == Bayanan littattafai == Adama Drabo ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, ciki har da: * ''Massa'', 1972 * Dukiyar Askia (The Treasure of Askia), 1977 * L'Eau de Dieu tombera (Ruwa ta Allah za ta faɗi), 1982 * ''Ikon Pagne'' (Skirt Power), 1983 == Manazarta == [[Category:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1948]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] slmmungqt2pv3i15htzm574c4v1j7hw 0 71738 542944 383585 2024-11-20T06:51:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gladys Ndonyi aka G-Class''' (an haife ta Gladys Ndoni Tantoh, a watan Yulin shekara ta 1975) 'ɗan kasuwa ce ta fina-finai ta [[Kamaru]] kuma mai zartarwa wacce ita ce co-kafa kuma shugabar yanzu ta The UK Cameroon Film and Film Academy kuma Shugaba na G-Classe Entertainment . <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=329271|title=UK based filmmaker Goretti scoops Star Award in London|website=www.cameroonweb.com|access-date=2024-02-25|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183545/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=329271|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collegezoom.org/harambecameroun.blogspot.com|title=Harambe Cameroon: engaging new social entrepreneurs - harambecameroun.blogspot.com - CollegeZOOM Reviews|website=www.collegezoom.org|access-date=2024-02-25|archive-date=2017-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913232343/https://www.collegezoom.org/harambecameroun.blogspot.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>A shekara ta 2016, ta sami gabatarwa sau biyu don mafi kyawun mai gabatar da fim din Afirka a Burtaniya a Afro Hollywood Award da 20th African Film Awards .<ref name="emn-news.com">{{cite web|url=http://emn-news.com/afro-hollywood-award-2016-nominees-new-film-workshop-born/|title=Afro Hollywood Award 2016-Nominees Out As New Film Workshop Is Born - African News - Nigeria News - African Politics|website=emn-news.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://africanvoiceonline.co.uk/uk-nominees-for-20th-african-film-awards-2016-tickets-now-on-sale/|title=UK Nominees for 20th African Film Awards 2016: Tickets Now On Sale - African Voice Newspaper|first=Milton|last=Tella|date=21 October 2016|publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == Babu wani bayani game da Gladys Ndonyi da aka buga ainihin ranar haihuwa, ya nuna cewa an haife ta ne a watan Yuli 1975.<ref name="GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON">{{cite web|url=http://www.checkcompany.co.uk/director/9208409/MS-GLADYS-NDONYI-NDIMUNTOH|title=GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON|website=www.checkcompany.co.uk}}</ref> An haife ta a Kamaru kuma ta ƙaura a [[Birtaniya|UK]],{{Lokaci|kwana = Satumba 2017}} da kuma Ta yi karatun sakandare a Jami'ar Greenwich da shirya fina-finai a London Film Academy, baya ga nishaɗi, ma'aikaciyar lafiya ce. Gladys Ndonyi mai kula da nishaɗi ce, babu wani abu da aka buga game da shekarar da ta fara aikinta. An san ta da aikinta na inganta fina-finai na Kamaru ta hanyar kirkirar Kamaru Film and Movie Academy Awards da kuma nishaɗin G-class a cikin 2015.<ref name="lefilmcamerounais.com">{{cite web|url=https://lefilmcamerounais.com/2016/04/08/event-cameroon-film-and-movie-academy-awards/|title=EVENT : "Cameroon Film and Movie Academy Awards"|date=8 April 2016|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="GLADYS NDONYI NDIMUNTOH - LONDON"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/09559811|title=G-CLASS ENTERTAINMENT LIMITED - Overview (free company information from Companies House)|website=beta.companieshouse.gov.uk}}</ref>A shekara ta 2016, ta sami gabatarwa sau biyu don mafi kyawun mai gabatar da fim din Afirka a Burtaniya a Afro Hollywood Award da 20th African Film Awards . [1] [2] == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'yan Kamaru * [[Sinima a Kamaru|Fim na Kamaru]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * http://www.gclassentertainment.co.uk/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302005143/https://gclassentertainment.co.uk/ |date=2024-03-02 }} [[Category:Haihuwan 1975]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dh3g4ihjiyrr8332f8il2vjk5i8e5e0 0 73535 542617 503468 2024-11-19T16:47:27Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Nayi Gyara 542617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mbissine Thérèse Diop''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1949) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Senegal wwacce aka fi sani dalilin rawar da ta taka a matsayin dDiouana a fim ɗin Ousmane Sembène na 1966 Black Girl (La noire de.), wanda galibi ana ambaton shi a mmatsayin ɗaya daga cikin fina-finai nna farko na fina-finan Afirka don ci gaba da samun yabo a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Interview: Mbissine Thérèse Diop - Film Comment|date=2015-10-05|newspaper=Film Comment|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == [[Fayil:Mbissine Thérèse Diop as Diouana.jpg|thumb|Mbissine Thérèse Diop]] An haifi Diop a [[Dakar|Dakar, Senegal]] ga mahaifin musulmi da mahaifiyar Katolika. Babbarta a cikin iyalinta, Diop ta zauna tare da kakanta har sai da ya mutu lokacin da take da shekaru biyu, a wannan lokacin ta koma Dakar. Diop ta zauna a [[Korsika|Corsica]] lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha uku, inda mai masaukin ta saba da ita da Josephine Baker. == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Le fils d'Ousmane Sembène et Mbissine Thérèse Diop.JPG|thumb|Mbissine Thérèse Diop]] Diop ba shi da sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayo, amma ya shirya ya bi aiki a cikin masana'antu, musamman a matsayin mai tsalle-tsalle. Shawarwarin aboki ya sa Diop yayi tunani sosai game da wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane, kuma ya sa Diup ya kai ga Josephine Baker. Bayan wasiku, Baker ta gayyaci Diop don ziyartar ta a Faransa, amma Diop ya ƙi saboda tsada. Diop ta saba zuwa Cine-Club a Dakar, inda aka fallasa ta ga fina-finai na Faransa da na Amurka, kuma daga baya ta shiga Ecole des Arts de Dakar lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha shida, inda ta dauki darussan dare kuma ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin ɗan wasan Faransa [[Robert Fontaine (actor)|Robert Fontaine]] (wanda daga baya ya fito a Black Girl). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *{{IMDb name|nm0228027}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diop, Mbissine Therese}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] tw5wao0yroedjo5cd3jh09yq1ajistk 0 73637 542796 535820 2024-11-19T20:05:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tug of War (Vuta N'Kuvute) Still 2.jpg|thumb|Amil Shivji]] '''Amil Shivji''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) ɗan fim ne na Tanzania . Fim ɗinsa gabaɗaya suna magance kuskuren Afirka da tarihinta, da kuma taken Neocolonialism. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji (T-Junction)|url=https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Atlanta Film Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212101/https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji {{!}} IFFR|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=iffr.com|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193843/https://iffr.com/en/persons/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji (T-Junction)|url=https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Atlanta Film Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212101/https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi da aiki == An haife shi a [[Dar es Salaam]], ana iya gano asalin Shivi zuwa [[Zanzibar]]. Sau da yawa yana ziyartar tun yana yaro, yana samun wahayi daga tsibirin akai-akai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji (T-Junction)|url=https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Atlanta Film Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212101/https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji {{!}} IFFR|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=iffr.com|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193843/https://iffr.com/en/persons/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amil Shivji (T-Junction)|url=https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Atlanta Film Festival|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121212101/https://www.atlantafilmfestival.com/amil-shivji|url-status=dead}}</ref> fara aikin fim ɗinsa, Shivji ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida da mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. Shi wanda ya kafa Kijiweni Productions, kamfanin samarwa, da Kijiweni Cinema . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Films from Africa: Personen-Details|url=http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2921/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.filme-aus-afrika.de|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193840/http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2921/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shivji ya ƙaddamar da aikinsa tare da gajeren fina-finai guda biyu, Shoeshine (2013) da Samaki Mchangani (2014). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Films from Africa: Personen-Details|url=http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2921/|access-date=2021-11-21|website=www.filme-aus-afrika.de|archive-date=2021-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121193840/http://www.filme-aus-afrika.de/EN/film-database/persons/personen-details/w/2921/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dukkanin fi-finai sun shiga cikin bukukuwan fina-falla na ƙasa da ƙasa da suka haɗa da bikin fina-fakka na Rotterdam da kuma bikin fina-fukki da talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou (FESPACO) a Burkina Faso. A shekara ta 2015, ya samar da fim ɗin ''Aisha,'' wanda aka nuna a duniya. Mai shirya fim ɗin da ya lashe kyautar ''T-Junction'' (2017) ya buɗe babban bikin fina-finai na Zanzibar. cikin shekarar 2021, ya fitar da ''Vuta N"Kuvute (Tug of War),'' wanda aka fara a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Toronto . == Hotunan fina-finai == === Gajeren fina-finai === * 2012: Wanene Ya Kisan Ni''Wanda ya kashe ni'' * 2013: Shoeshine''Takalma'' * 2014: ''Samaki Mchangani'' === Hotuna masu ban sha'awa === * 2015: ''Aisha'' (a matsayin mai gabatarwa) <small> (a matsayin mai samarwa) </small> * 2017: ''T-Junction'' * 2021: Vuta N"Kuvute (Tug of War) == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 37jf84y8fo0f41vv02sf5sonlkb0n36 0 74152 542895 457435 2024-11-20T03:21:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Praise Onyeagwalam''' wacce aka fi sani a matsayin '''Darakta Pink''' darektar bidiyo ce na kiɗan Najeriya, mai ɗaukar hoto kuma darektar fina-finai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Olumide |date=2023-04-08 |title=Director Pink, Kemi Adetiba and 2 other popular female music video directors |url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1528695-director-pink-kemi-adetiba-2-popular-nigerian-female-music-video-directors/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news. |language=en}}</ref> Ta jagoranci bidiyon waka mai suna "Running To You" da "Abracadabra"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-20 |title=Meet the 21-Year-Old Female Director Behind Chike’s ft Mayorkun Video |url=https://notjustok.com/article/interviews/meet-director-pink-the-21-year-old-female-director/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=Watch Praise Onyeagwalam's horror short film 'Lady Koi Koi' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-praise-onyeagwalams-horror-short-film-lady-koi-koi/mnebv6z |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce kuma ta kafa "Pinkline Films", kamfanin fina-finai na Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=And The Nominees Are: Pinkline Films' Director Pink and Goodgirl LA |url=https://documentwomen.com/and-the-nominees-are-pinkline-films-director-pink-and-goodgirl-la |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=documentwomen.com |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin darekta Pink ya fara ne a cikin shekarar 2020 lokacin da ta fito da bidiyon kiɗanta na farko "Philomena" na Marxii. Ta ba da umarnin faifan bidiyon kiɗan "Running To You" na Chike ft [[Simisola Kosoko|Simi]] wanda ya zama mafi kyawun bidiyo na kiɗa a farkon rabin 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-20 |title=Chike's 'Running (To You)' Becomes Most Viewed Music Video in 2021 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/chikes-running-to-you-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Running To You by Chike and Simi Becomes Most Viewed Music Video In 2021 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/chikes-running-to-you-ft-simi-becomes-most-viewed-music-video-in-2021/ |website=The Nation Newspaper}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba 2021, ta fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai ban tsoro mai suna "Lady Koikoi" wanda ya dogara da tarihin makarantar sakandare ta Najeriya "Madam Koikoi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-26 |title=Watch ‘Lady Koi Koi,’ A Horror Short Film By Praise Onyeagwalam - BlueprintAfric |url=https://blueprintafric.com/news/watch-lady-koi-koi-a-horror-short-film-by-praise-onyeagwalam/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2023-04-17 |title=The Film Blog: 5 Brilliant Short Films You Should See on YouTube » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/5-brilliant-short-films-you-should-see-on-youtube/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da masu fasaha a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da [[Wizkid]], [[Lil Kesh]], [[Mercy Chinwo]] da sauransu. == Bidiyo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Song Title !Artiste |- |2024 |Egwu |Chike ft Mohbad |- | rowspan="14" |2023 |Confidence<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalkHive |date=2023-03-26 |title=Mercy Chinwo's Confidence Music Video A Depiction of Her Musical Journey? |url=https://thetalkhive.com/mercy-chinwos-confidence-music-video-a-depiction-of-her-musical-journey/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Talk Hive |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Mercy Chinwo]] |- |Spell<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudasiru |first=Wisdom |date=2023-03-15 |title=Chike and Oxlade Join Forces to Deliver Emotionally Charged "Spell (Remix)" |url=https://culturecustodian.com/chike-and-oxlade-join-forces-to-deliver-emotionally-charged-spell-remix/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian}}</ref> |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] ft [[Oxlade (singer)|Oxlade]] |- |Bienvenue |[[DJ Neptune]] ft [[Ruger (musician)|Ruger]] |- |No More Condition |[[Rexxie]] ft [[Zinoleesky]] |- |Asiko |[[Rexxie]] ft [[Lojay]] |- |Abracadabra<ref>{{Cite web |last=Somto |first=Bisina |date=2023-04-02 |title=Abracadabra (Remix): See Rexxie, Wizkid In New Video |url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/abracadabra-remix-see-rexxie-wizkid-in-new-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Prime Business Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Wizkid|Wizkid]], Skiibii, [[Naira Marley]] & [[Rexxie]] |- |Ole |[[Qing Madi]] ft [[Bnxn|BNXN]] (Fka Buju) |- |Ego Oyibo<ref>{{Cite web |last=FAB.NG |date=2023-07-26 |title=New Video: Chiké – Ego Oyibo Directed by Director Pink - Fab Magazine |url=https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/,%20https://fab.ng/2023/07/chike-ego-oyibo-fab-ng-2/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |- |Ovami<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-23 |title=#MUSICVID: Rich Nigerian Culture Is Well Exhibited In Oxlade & Flavour's New Hit Song 'OVAMI' - Fashion GHANA |url=https://www.fashionghana.com/site/oxlade-flavour-ovami-nigerian-culture-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Oxlade (singer)|Oxlade]] ft [[Flavour (musician)|Flavour]] |- |Stranger<ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Simi drops visuals for "Stranger" - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/06/16/video-simi-drops-visuals-for-stranger/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Simi (singer)|Simi]] |-Do I remix [phyno ft Burna Boy] |Feeling Funny |[[Lil Kesh]] ft [[Young Jonn|Young John]] |- |All Eyes On Me |[[Niniola]] |- |Single Again |[[Harmonize (musician)|Harmonize]] ft [[Ruger (musician)|Ruger]] |- |Attention<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=Soundz releases video for his viral hit song, 'Attention' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/soundz-releases-video-for-his-viral-hit-song-attention/clz0nwd |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |[[Soundz (singer)|Soundz]] |- | rowspan="13" |2022 |Breakfast |[[Ugoccie]] ft [[Phyno]] |- |Hard To Find |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] ft [[Flavour (musician)|Flavour]] |- |Peace |Brown Joel |- |Nwoke Oma<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-17 |title=Chiké Delves Deeper Inwards and Preaches Reality in Visuals for "Nwoke Oma" - Afrocritik |url=https://www.afrocritik.com/chike-delves-deeper-inwards-and-preaches-reality-in-visuals-for-nwoke-oma/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en}}</ref> |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |- |Grinding |[[DJ Neptune]] ft [[S1mba]] |- |Already Won<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-07-01 |title=Dunnie Debuts Music Video For New Single ‘Already Won’ Featuring Chike |url=https://culturecustodian.com/dunnie-debuts-music-video-for-new-single-already-won-featuring-chike/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |Dunnie ft [[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |- |Nack |The Therapist |- |WYD<ref>{{Cite web |last=Music |first=Jukebox |date=2022-05-12 |title=Watch Killertunes In Visuals For "WYD" - Jukebox Music |url=https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/,%20https://jukeboxmusic.com.ng/watch-killertunes-in-visuals-for-wyd/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-GB }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |[[Killertunes]] |- |Hosanna |[[Masterkraft (producer)|Masterkraft]] ft [[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |- |Follow You<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2021-10-16 |title=Chike, Gyakie Join Fiokee In Love Riddim "Follow You" |url=https://guardian.ng/life/chike-gyakie-join-fiokee-in-love-riddim-follow-you/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230242/https://guardian.ng/life/chike-gyakie-join-fiokee-in-love-riddim-follow-you/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |[[Fiokee]] ft [[Gyakie]] & [[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |- |Chi Efo<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-05-17 |title=New Video: J’Dess feat. The Cavemen, Waje, Selebobo, Chigurl, Zoro & Loud Urban Choir – Chi Efo |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/05/music-video-jdess-chi-efo/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website= |language=en-US}}</ref> |J'dess ft Cavemen, [[Waje]], [[Chigul]], [[Selebobo]], Zoro & Loud Choir |- |Medusa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Layzee Ella unveils music video ‘Medusa’ featuring Khaid - P.M. News |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2022/10/19/layzee-ella-unveils-debut-music-video-medusa-featuring-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okim |first=Itty |date=2022-10-19 |title=Layzee Ella References Art in Stunning "Medusa" Video ft. Khaid Directed by Pink |url=https://digimillennials.com/press-releases/layzee-ella-references-art-in-stunning-new-medusa-video-ft-khaid/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |Layzee Ella ft [[Khaid]] |- |Bad Intentions |TAR1Q |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |Dangerous |[[Cheque (singer)|Cheque]] ft [[Ayra Starr]] |- |My Only Baby |[[Ric Hassani]] |- |For You |[[Chidinma|Chidinma Ekile]] |- |Balance |B2C Uganda |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |You No Love Me |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] ft [[Mayorkun]] |- |Running To You<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2021-02-12 |title=Chike unveils cinematic video for 'Running (To You)' feat. Simi {{!}} WATCH VIDEO! |url=https://notjustok.com/videos/chike-simi-running-to-you-video/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] ft [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] |- | |Philomena |Marxii |- | |Roju<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chike Celebrates Culture with ‘Roju’ Visuals - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/12/chike-celebrates-culture-with-roju-visuals |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}</ref> |[[Chike (singer)|Chike]] |} === Fina-finai === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2021 |Lady Koi Koi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nigeria |first=Guardian |date=2021-12-03 |title=Director Pink serves suspense, thrills and actions in Lady Koi Koi |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/director-pink-serves-suspense-thrills-and-actions-in-lady-koi-koi/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230333/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/director-pink-serves-suspense-thrills-and-actions-in-lady-koi-koi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-25 |title=Watch Praise Onyeagwalam's horror short film 'Lady Koi Koi' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/watch-praise-onyeagwalams-horror-short-film-lady-koi-koi/mnebv6z |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> |Producer |Short film |} == Kyaututtuka/naɗi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Award !Category !Work !Result !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2023 |[[The Headies]] |Best Music Video |Spell |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Burna Boy, Rema, Ruger, Asake lead 2023 Headies nomination list [Full Nomination List] |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/the-full-nomination-list-for-the-2023-headies-awards/5r1yw44 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=Headies Award 2023 nominees list: Asake, Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage plus odas wey make di list |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c06e8prrgm2o |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> |- |[[All Africa Music Awards|AFRIMMA]] |Best Video Director |__ |{{won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=AFRIMMA Awards 2023 Nominees : The Complete List Notjustok |url=https://notjustok.com/eastafrica/awards/afrimma-awards-2023-nominees/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Latest East African & Bongo Flava Music, Songs & Video - Notjustok |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |[[The Headies 2022|The Headies]] |Best Music Video |Roju |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aderoju |first=Darlene |date=2022-07-27 |title=Wizkid Leads 2022 Headies Awards Nominees: See Complete List |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/headies-awards-2022-nominations-1235118266/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-24 |title=#15thHeadies: Meji Alabi, TG Omori, Others Nominated For Best Music Video {{!}} SEE LIST |url=https://notjustok.com/news/15thheadies-best-music-video-nomination/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |[[All Africa Music Awards 2022|AFRIMMA]] |Best Music Video |Nwoke Oma |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Here Are All the Winners at the AFRIMA Awards - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/afrima-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=#AFRIMA8: Here Is The Full List Of Winners At The AFRIMA Awards 2023 |url=https://notjustok.com/news/the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-afrima-awards-2023/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Galaxy Music Awards |Video Director of the Year |__ |{{nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=#GMA22: Official Nomination List and Voting Link, Out Now! – The GMAs |url=https://galaxymusicawards.com/gma22-official-nomination-list-and-voting-link-out-now/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Duba kuma == * Jerin masu daukar hoton fina-finan Najeriya == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] cnd0a50i45whm4e0lts1i05rngbaob9 0 74981 542717 402435 2024-11-19T18:22:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542717 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Adéọlá Ọlágúnjú|other_names=Adeola Olagunju|birth_place=Nigeria|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|awards=[[Lagos Photo|Lagos Photo Festival]] Award<br>[[Seydou Keïta]] Prize ([[African Photography Encounters]] Bamako Biennial 2019)|website={{URL|http://adeolaolagunju.com}}|education=[[Ladoke Akintola University of Technology]]<br>[[Folkwang University of the Arts]]}}'''Adéọlá Ọlágúnjú''' [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ɗan Najeriya]] ɗan wasan gani ne wanda ke aiki tare da daukar hoto, bidiyo, sauti da shigarwa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Adéọlá Ọlágúnjú ta taso ne a [[Najeriya]] a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin kama-karya na soji]] {{En dash}} lokaci mai cike da tashin hankali wanda ya shafi aikinta na gaba ta hanyar koya mata, a cikin kalmominta, cewa "sake haifuwa yana zuwa da hargitsi, rudani, da halaka". Adéọlá Ọlágúnjú ta halarci [[Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola|Jami’ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola]] da ke [[Ogbomosho|Ogbomosho, Nijeriya]], inda ta kammala a shekarar 2009 da digirin farko a fannin Fine and Applied Arts. A cikin 2021, ta sami digiri na biyu a cikin Nazarin Hoto da Ayyuka a Jami'ar Folkwang na Fasaha a [[Essen|Essen, Jamus]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Quadri|first1=Sultan|title=Africa’s new futures were showcased at this year’s Art X Lagos|url=https://techcabal.com/2021/11/13/africas-new-futures-were-showcased-at-this-years-art-x-lagos/|publisher=TechCabal|access-date=October 7, 2022|date=November 13, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=About|url=http://adeolaolagunju.com/about/|website=adeolaolagunju.com|access-date=October 7, 2022|last=Ọlágúnjú|first=Adéọlá}}</ref> == nune-nunen == An baje kolin ayyukan Ọlágúnjú a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi ciki har da Palais des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles, Bonhams a London, Rencontres d'Arles,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=d'Arles|first=Les Rencontres|title=Tear My Bra|url=http://www.rencontres-arles.com//en/expositions/view/93/tear-my-bra|access-date=2022-10-08|website=www.rencontres-arles.com}}</ref> Lagos Biennial,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lagos Biennial|url=https://www.lagos-biennial.org/lb-2017|access-date=October 10, 2022|website=lagos-biennial.org}}</ref> Arti et Amicitiae, Amsterdam<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Zachtzinnig Radicaal {{!}} Arti et Amicitiae|url=https://www.arti.nl/tentoonstelling/zachtzinnig-radicaal/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=www.arti.nl|archive-date=2022-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008162404/https://www.arti.nl/tentoonstelling/zachtzinnig-radicaal/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Palais de Tokyo Paris<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=City Prince/sses - Palais de Tokyo|url=https://palaisdetokyo.com/en/exposition/prince%C2%B7sse%C2%B7s-des-villes/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=palaisdetokyo.com|language=en-US}}</ref>, Haɗuwa da Hotunan Afirka, Musée d'Art Moderne de Paris, da Galerie In Situ, Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dey your Lane ! {{!}} Bozar Brussels|url=https://www.bozar.be/en/node/33109|access-date=2022-10-08|website=Bozar|language=en-BE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bonhams : Exhibition of early and contemporary Nigerian photography at Bonhams celebrates a nation's centenary|url=https://www.bonhams.com/press_release/16957/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=www.bonhams.com}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Rencontres de Bamako Reveals Participating Artists for 2019|url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/rencontres-de-bamako-reveals-participating-artists-for-2019/|access-date=2022-10-08|website=Contemporary And|language=de}}</ref> == Bugawa tare da gudummawar Ọlágúnjú == * ''Africa Under the Prism: Contemporary African Photography from LagosPhoto Festival''. Hatje Cantz, 2015. With texts by [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|Chimamanda Adichie]]. * ''The Art of Nigerian Women''. Ben Bosah, 2017.  . * ''A Stranger's Pose''. Cassava Republic, 2018. By Emmanuel Iduma.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-911115-49-6|978-1-911115-49-6]]. * ''The Journey: New Positions in African Photography''. Kerber , 2020. Edited by Simon Njami and Sean O'Toole.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7356-0682-2|978-3-7356-0682-2]]. == Kyauta == * 2012: Lagos Photo Festival Award.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artxlagos.com/Adeola-Olagunju-Bio |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2022-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012005030/https://artxlagos.com/Adeola-Olagunju-Bio |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2019: Seydou Keïta Grand Prize Award "Best photographic creation" at the Bamako Encounters International Biennial for Photography<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://businessofphotography.net/2022/07/06/bop-photographer-of-the-week-adeola-olagunju/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2022-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012182509/https://businessofphotography.net/2022/07/06/bop-photographer-of-the-week-adeola-olagunju/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[:en:List_of_Nigerian_women_artists|Jerin sunayen mawakan mata na Najeriya]] == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] j3gvb1rydixn037n645ggq90utj3omv 0 75097 542954 436314 2024-11-20T07:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hajara Ibrahim Ɗan'azumi''' mahaddaciyar Alqur'ani mai girma wadda ta fito daga [[Gombe|jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. itace wacce ta lashe gasar Kur'ani ta 2024 da aka gudanar a Masarautar Jordan, A cikin 18th edition na Hashemite Jordan gasar ƙasa-da-ƙasa ta Alqur'ani Qur'anic ta mata, inda ta doke abokan fafatawarta 41 daga ƙasashe 39. Ta shiga cikin gasar Alqur'ani da da yawa a duk fadin kasar. A shekarar 2015, ta sami matsayi na 2 a gasar Kur'ani ta kasa da aka gudanar a [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]. Bugu da ƙari, ta sami matsayi na 3 a gasar Alkur'ani ta kasa da aka gudanar a [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]]. Wasu gasa, ta sami matsayi na 4 da 5 a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] da [[Kano]], bi da bi.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://dailytrust.com/nigerian-girl-wins-quran-recitation-competition-in-jordan/|date = 27 February 2024|accessdate= 10 March 2024|title=Nigerian Girl Wins Qur’an Recitation Competition In Jordan|publisher= dailytrust.con|last = Gimba Yaya|first= Haruna}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.com/hausa/live/68411202/page/2|date= 27 February 2024|accessdate= 10 March 2024|website= BBC Hausa|title= Gwamnan Gombe ya jinjina wa yarinyar da ta lashe gasar karatun Al-Ƙur'ani ta duniya|archive-date= 10 March 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240310164858/https://www.bbc.com/hausa/live/68411202/page/2|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://iqna.ir/en/news/3487314/jordan-int%E2%80%99l-quran-contest-for-women-awards-winners-%C2%A0|date = 24 February 2024 |accessdate= 14 March 2024|website=Iqna|title=Jordan Int’l Quran Contest for Women Awards Winners}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da Ilimi == An haifi Hajara a jihar [[Gombe]] cikin babban birnin Gombe a unguwar tudun Wada bayan gandu. Kuma ta halarci makarantar Darul Arqam Academy, inda ta yi karatun firamare da Haddar Alqur'ani da kuma ilimin addinin Muslunci duka. Bugu da ƙari, ta halarci Bin Malik Islamiyya, Makarantar Musulunci ta Abubakar Siddiq duk suna cikin jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]. A halin yanzu, ita daliba ce mai karatun digiri a matakin aji na 200 watau a [[Turanci|turance]] ake kira da 200 level a [[Jami'ar jihar Gombe|Jami'ar Jihar Gombe]]. == Kyaututtuka == Hajara, wadda ta lashe gasar alkur'ani ta [[duniya]] da aka gudanar a Jordan daga watan Fabrairu 17 zuwa 22, 2024, Hukumar Hajji ta [[Najeriya]] (NAHCON) ta ba ta kujerar Hajji kyauta. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jihar Gombe]] nm04cp3lo5dhpdy5xzuftl23m1kz4jo 0 75370 542845 500270 2024-11-19T22:44:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542845 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|title=Benin National Olympic and Sports Committee|logo=Benin National Olympic and Sports Committee logo.png|size=150px|country=Benin|code=BEN|created={{Start date|1962|05|05|df=yes}}|recognized=1962|association=ANOCA|headquarters=[[Cotonou]]|president=Marius Francisco|secretary general=Julien V. Minavoa|website=|notes=}} [[Fayil:Benin National Olympic and Sports Committee logo.png|thumb|Tambarin Benin Olympic]] '''Benin National Olympic and Sports Committee''' ( {{Lang-fr|Comité National Olympique et Sportif Béninois}} (IOC code: '''BEN''' ) shi ne kwamitin Olympics na kasa mai wakiltar [[Benin]] . An ƙirƙira shi a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1962 kuma Kwamitin Olympic na Duniya ya amince da shi a watan Yuni 1962. == Tarihi == A cikin Fabrairun 1962, an sanar da sakataren IOC game da shirin ƙirƙirar kwamitin Olympics na kasa a [[Jamhuriyar Dahomey|Dahomey]] . A ranar 5 ga Mayu 1962, wakilan kungiyoyin wasanni bakwai na kasa (wasan motsa jiki, kwallon kwando, dambe, keke, kwallon kafa, wasan kwallon raga da wasan tennis) sun kafa '''kwamitin wasannin Olympic na Dahoman''' . Shugabannin kungiyoyin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle, Mista Justin Durand da Mista Adolphe Santos, sun zama shugaban kasa da Sakatare Janar na sabuwar NOC. <ref>{{Cite journal |year=1985 |title=Benin and Olympism |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1985/ore216/ore216zf.pdf |journal=Olympic Review |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |issue=216 |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-date=8 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208075524/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1985/ore216/ore216zf.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan 'yan makonni a cikin watan Yuni a taro na 59 na kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a [[Moscow|birnin Moscow]], mambobin kwamitin sun ba kwamitin amincewa a hukumance. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1962 |title=Extract of the minutes 59th Session of the International Olympic Committee, Moscow - Hotel Sovetskaia, June 5th to June 8th, 1962 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1962/BDCE80/BDCE80o.pdf |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |access-date=11 January 2013 |archive-date=7 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207171954/http://www.la84foundation.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1962/BDCE80/BDCE80o.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shugabannin kwamitin == * 1962&#x2013;1981 &#x2013; Justin Durand * 1981&#x2013;1982 &#x2013; Dr. Soule Dankoro * 1982&#x2013;present &#x2013; Marius Francisco == Duba kuma == * [[:en:Benin_at_the_Olympics|Benin at the Olympics]] == Nassoshi == asqovjegintfmxlko99gpaqc4up0t82 0 76567 542898 479456 2024-11-20T04:18:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Efemia Chela''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1991) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Efemia Chela |url=https://www.pontas-agency.com/efemia-chela/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Pontas Agency}}</ref> marubuciya ce ta mai asali da ƙasashen Zambiya-Ghana, mai sukar adabi, kuma edita. "Chicken", labarin farko da aka buga, an sanya shi cikin jerin sunayen don Kyautar Caine ta 2014 don Rubuce-rubucen Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2017 |title=An Unexpected Prize – by Efemia Chela |url=http://caineprize.com/blog/2017/11/20/an-unexpected-prize-by-efemia-chela |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Caine Prize}}</ref> Chela tana da [[Gajeren labari|gajerun labaru]] da waƙoƙi da aka buga a cikin New Internationalist, Token da Pen Passages: Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2016 |title=World Fiction Special |url=https://newint.org/issues/2016/10/01/world-fiction-special |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=New Internationalist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=Winter 2016 |title=Issue 88 |url=https://www.wasafiri.org/product/wasafiri-issue-88/ |journal=Wasafiri |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045949/https://www.wasafiri.org/product/wasafiri-issue-88/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>"Among the Contributors", ''Wasafiri'', 31:4, 2016, 100–102, DOI: 10.1080/02690055.2016.1221124</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Token Magazine Issue 2 |url=https://tokenmagazine.bigcartel.com/product/token-magazine-issue-2 |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Token}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chela |first=Efemia |date=3 April 2015 |title=Petty Blood Sport |url=https://pen.org/petty-blood-sport/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Pen America |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045936/https://pen.org/petty-blood-sport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2016, ta haɗu da shirya tarin Short Story Day Africa, Migrations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books |url=http://shortstorydayafrica.org/books/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Short Story Day Africa}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance Andrew W. Mellon Writer-in-Residence a Jami'ar Rhodes a cikin 2018. A halin yanzu ita ce Edita mai ba da gudummawa da kuma bayar da gudummawar The Johannesburg Review of Books . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Efemia Chela |url=https://www.pontas-agency.com/efemia-chela/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |publisher=Pontas Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Malec |first=Jennifer |date=7 April 2017 |title=The JRB Masthead |url=https://johannesburgreviewofbooks.com/the-jrb-masthead/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=The Johannesburg Review of Books}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], Chela ya girma a Ingila, Ghana, Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na BA a Faransanci, Siyasa, da wayewar gargajiya daga Jami'ar Rhodes a Afirka ta Kudu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Efemia Chela |url=http://openbookfestival.co.za/authors/efemia-chela/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=Open Book Festival}}</ref> kuma a Institut D"Etudes Politiques a Aix-en-Provence, Faransa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chela |first=Efemia |date=3 April 2015 |title=Petty Blood Sport |url=https://pen.org/petty-blood-sport/ |access-date=6 December 2018 |website=PEN America |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045936/https://pen.org/petty-blood-sport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] ftdocvde63vcfvpdcbu2houokcqogeo 0 78615 542657 528112 2024-11-19T17:36:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abimbola Adebakin''' (an haife ta Abimbola Abass) ita ce shugabar kasuwanci kuma likitan magani a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2020 |title=My Life in Tech: Abimbola Adebakin on activating the potency of Nigeria's pharmaceutical industry through technology |url=https://techcabal.com/2020/06/24/my-life-in-tech-abimbola-adebakin/ |website=Tech Cabal}}</ref> Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Advantage Health Africa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Social entrepreneurs in Africa are building inclusive health solutions |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/how-supporting-social-entrepreneurs-can-help-combat-health-inequality/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> Abimbola a baya ya kasance Babban Jami'in Ayyuka na [[Gidauniyar Tony Elumelu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elumelu Challenges Entrepreneurs On Mentorship – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/04/30/elumelu-challenges-entrepreneurs-on-mentorship/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an sanar da ita a matsayin mai cin nasara na Bayer Foundation Women Empowerment Award <ref>{{Cite web |title=Delivering medicines at the doorstep of urban and rural Nigerians |url=https://www.bayer-foundation.com/news-stories/social-innovation/delivering-medicines-doorstep-urban-and-rural-nigerians |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Bayer Foundation |language=en}}</ref> da Google's Black Founders Fund . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Endurance |first=Okafor |date=2021-10-11 |title=myMedicines makes list of 26 Nigerian startups to win Google's $3m Black Founders Fund |url=https://businessday.ng/companies/article/mymedicines-makes-list-of-26-nigerian-startups-to-win-googles-3m-black-founders-fund/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance Mutumin Shekara na [[YNaija]] a shekarar 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/ynaija-com-person-of-the-year/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930050825/https://ynaija.com/ynaija-com-person-of-the-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance a cikin jerin sunayen 20 na [[Jack Ma]]'s Africa's Business Heroes na shekarar alif dubu biyu da a shirin da biyu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-09 |title=Adebakin's, Aderinoye's road to global entrepreneurial stage The Nation Newspaper |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/adebakins-aderinoyes-road-to-global-entrepreneurial-stage/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7epw74k1nzbzxa6gxcdb4m9rrq09qx4 0 78699 542997 505290 2024-11-20T09:57:09Z Hopilo12 17758 Removed logo 542997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Harkokin Ilimi na Afirka ƙungiya ce ta agaji da ke gudanar da sa kai wacce ke aika da ɗaliban jami'a na Burtaniya don yin aiki a makarantun sakandare na ƙauyuka a [[Gabashin Afirka]].<ref>[https://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/societies/directory/epafrica/ CUSU summary EPAfrica]</ref> Manufarta ita ce ta amfane dalibai a Gabashin Afirka ta hanyar inganta ilimi a makarantun abokan hulɗa, da kuma ba da damar ci gaban mutum ga ɗaliban jami'ar Burtaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfss.org.uk/1262/bfss-grant-for-education-partnerships-africa/ |title=BFSS Grant for Education Partnerships Africa |access-date=2024-05-29 |archive-date=2021-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119232605/https://bfss.org.uk/1262/bfss-grant-for-education-partnerships-africa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An kafa shi a Kisii a cikin 1990 a matsayin The Kenya Project . Tun daga wannan lokacin ya fadada zuwa wasu shafuka biyu: Kakamega a [[Kenya]] da Mbarara a [[Uganda]], kuma yanzu yana aiki tare da kusan makarantu 30 a kowane bazara. == Aikin bazara == Dalibai masu sa kai, waɗanda aka sani da Ma'aikatan Shirin, suna ciyar da makonni goma yayin hutun bazara, ko dai a cikin biyu ko uku, a cikin ƙauyuka a [[Kenya]] ko [[Uganda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oumssa.org/blog/summer-series-education-partnerships-africa |title=OUMSSA Summer Series: Education Partnerships Africa |access-date=2024-05-29 |archive-date=2021-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618030458/http://www.oumssa.org/blog/summer-series-education-partnerships-africa |url-status=dead }}</ref> Suna aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar gudanarwar makaranta da al'umma don gano mahimman bukatun makarantar, da kuma yadda za a iya magance su.<ref>Amy Smail [https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/2.5_bridging-the-gap.pdf "Bridging The Gap: Enabling Effective UK–Africa University Partnerships"] British Council report, 2015</ref> Wadannan na iya haɗawa da saka hannun jari a cikin albarkatun da suka dace, kamar littattafan ɗakin karatu, kayan aikin kimiyya da ƙananan ayyukan ababen more rayuwa, taimakawa tare da batutuwan gudanar da makaranta, da kuma kafa ayyukan haɗin gwiwa.<ref>Jo Austen "Education Partnerships Africa – a stark contrast to London", University College London History Department, 2015</ref> Makarantu yawanci suna karɓar akalla shekaru biyu na saka hannun jari daga sadaka, kafin a sake tantance su don tabbatar da ko za su amfana daga ƙarin saka hannun jari. Masu sa kai suna tara kuɗi a Burtaniya kafin ziyararsu don biyan kuɗin aikin, wanda ya haɗa da saka hannun jari na makaranta, da kuma jirage, masauki da farashin rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre For Education Innovations - Education Partnerships Africa Program Description |url=http://www.educationinnovations.org/program/education-partnerships-africa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115408/http://www.educationinnovations.org/program/education-partnerships-africa |archive-date=2015-12-23 |access-date=2015-11-30}}</ref> == Makarantu == A Kenya EPAfrica tana aiki da farko tare da Makarantun Gundumar da gwamnati ke tallafawa. Waɗannan makarantun ne waɗanda duk ɗalibai da ke da maki masu karɓa zasu iya halarta, kuma waɗanda ba sa cajin kuɗi don karatun.<ref>Isaac M. Mbiti, [http://paa2008.princeton.edu/papers/81774 "School Quality and Student Achievement in Kenya"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233719/http://paa2008.princeton.edu/papers/81774 |date=2016-03-04 }} Southern Methodist University, 2007</ref> A Uganda agaji kuma yana aiki tare da makarantun fasaha waɗanda ke ba da ƙarin karatun sana'a. Makarantu suna da matsakaici, a yankunan karkara, kuma ba su da albarkatu, amma tare da damar ingantawa. Kowace makaranta da ta cika ka'idojin asali na iya amfani da ita kuma mafi yawan za su sami ziyara a lokacin rani don tantance cancantar su. A cikin duka EPAfrica ta yi aiki tare da makarantu sama da 100 a Gabashin Afirka, ta saka hannun jari sama da £ 200,000. == Ayyukan Burtaniya == Harkokin Ilimi na Afirka ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Burtaniya. Masu sa kai ne ke gudanar da shi gaba ɗaya, mafi yawansu tsofaffi ne (watau tsoffin Ma'aikatan Aiki). Kowace jami'a tana da kwamitin jami'arta, wanda ke da alhakin daukar ma'aikatan aikin da kuma gudanar da horo a gare su a duk shekara. Babban aikin agaji ya kunshi ayyuka da yawa, kamar Sadarwa, IT da Kudi, kowannensu yana jagorantar Shugaban Ayyuka. Kwamitin Gudanarwa ne ke kula da waɗannan, wanda ya ƙunshi masu sa kai shida. Jagoran dabarun da shugabanci kungiyar suna karkashin kulawar Kwamitin Amintattun, dukansu masu sa kai ne. A cewar Hukumar Taimako, aikin agaji yana da jujjuyawar shekara-shekara sama da £ 100,000, mafi yawansu ma'aikatan aikin ne ke tara kudade. Saboda masu sa kai ne ke gudanar da shi gaba ɗaya yawancin wannan jujjuyawar shekara-shekara ana kashe su kai tsaye a ayyukan Gabashin Afirka. == Tarihi == Ayyukan agaji sun fara rayuwa a cikin 1990 a matsayin The Kisii Project . A farkon shekarun 1990 wani rukuni na daliban Jami'ar Cambridge sun fara koyarwa a wata makaranta a yankin Kisii na Yammacin Kenya.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wE2Zvl1ROw Education Partnerships Africa History video]</ref> A shekara ta 1995, an sanya Kisii Project a cikin Link Africa (yanzu Link Community Development) kuma an faɗaɗa shi zuwa wasu makarantu biyu a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Link Community Development - History |url=http://www.lcdinternational.org/our-history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120184004/http://lcdinternational.org/our-history |archive-date=2015-11-20 |access-date=2015-12-01}}</ref> Bayan 'yan shekaru, an canza mayar da hankali ga aikin zuwa saka hannun jari don tabbatar da dorewa. A shekara ta 2002 aikin ya fadada zuwa [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma ya fara aikawa da Ma'aikatan Shirin 20 a shekara don aiki a makarantu 10 a Kisii. Ayyukan jami'o'i guda biyu sun haɗu a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji mai rijista a ƙarƙashin sunan The Kenya Project, wanda daga baya aka canza shi zuwa Kenya Education Partnerships. Daga shekara ta 2009 kungiyar agaji ta fara wani lokaci na fadada ayyukanta na Burtaniya zuwa jami'o'in London da yawa, farawa ta hanyar daukar ma'aikatan aikin daga Kwalejin Jami'ar London; aikin ya ci gaba da karɓar aikace-aikace daga dukkan jami'o-nkanda a London. A shekara ta 2008, tashin hankali bayan zaben 2007 a Kenya ya sa ya zama mara lafiya ga masu sa kai su aika zuwa Kenya don haka kungiyar agaji ta tura ayyukanta zuwa Uganda na bazara daya. A cikin 2010 ya fadada zuwa aiki a Kakamega, kuma a Yammacin Kenya, kuma a cikin 2013 ya fadada ayyukansa har abada zuwa Mbarara a Uganda. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1h54ohf5nmu9bt508qqegslkuubsjpp 0 78930 542963 542115 2024-11-20T07:53:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Anthrome_map_v1_600.png|thumb|400x400px|Anthropogenic biomes (v1 daga [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/070062 Ellis & Ramankutty (2008)] ) ]] [[Fayil:Anthropogenic Biomes of the World, Version 2, 1700 Global (13603029325).jpg|thumb|Halitta ta mutum]] '''Halitta ta mutum''', ''kuma ansa shi da Yanayin mutum suna amfani da ƙasa wajan rayuwa da kuma banbañce banbacen yanani kasar da banbace banbacen, yawanci halintu mutane sun kewaye ko'ina na duniya.'' == Asalin da juyin halitta na ra'ayin == Erle Ellis da Navin Ramankutty ne suka fara kiran sunayen Anthromes kuma suka tsara su a cikin takarda ta 2008, "Sanya Mutane a cikin Taswira: Anthropogenic Biomes of the World".<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=E. C. |last2=Ramankutty |first2=N. |date=2008 |title=Putting people in the map: anthropogenic biomes of the world |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=439–447 |bibcode=2008FrEE....6..439E |doi=10.1890/070062 |s2cid=3598526 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Taswirar Anthrome yanzu sun bayyana a cikin litattafai da yawa. kuma a cikin National Geographic World Atlas. An buga [https://anthroecology.org/anthromes/maps/ taswirar anthrome] na baya-bayan nan a cikin 2021.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Erle C. |last2=Gauthier |first2=Nicolas |last3=Klein Goldewijk |first3=Kees |last4=Bliege Bird |first4=Rebecca |last5=Boivin |first5=Nicole |last6=Díaz |first6=Sandra |last7=Fuller |first7=Dorian Q. |last8=Gill |first8=Jacquelyn L. |last9=Kaplan |first9=Jed O. |last10=Kingston |first10=Naomi |last11=Locke |first11=Harvey |last12=McMichael |first12=Crystal N. H. |last13=Ranco |first13=Darren |last14=Rick |first14=Torben C. |last15=Shaw |first15=M. Rebecca |date=27 April 2021 |title=People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=17 |pages=e2023483118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11823483E |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023483118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8092386 |pmid=33875599 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin rarraba yanayin halittu na duniya na baya-bayan nan, an haɗa halittu na ɗan adam a cikin halittu masu aiki daban-daban a cikin yankunan ƙasa da na ruwa mai laushi, kuma an bayyana ƙarin raka'a don yankunan ruwa mai lawu, na ruwa, na karkashin kasa da na canji don ƙirƙirar cikakkiyar bayanin duk yanayin halittu da aka kirkira da kuma kiyaye su ta ayyukan ɗan adam. Tsarin Amfani da ƙasa mai zurfi ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu aiki na yanayin halittu guda biyar: makiyaya, amfanin gona, shuka-shuke, ƙungiyoyin aiki na yanayin birane da na halitta. Yankin ruwa na wucin gadi a cikin yankin ruwa mai laushi ya haɗa da manyan tafkuna da sauran wuraren ruwa da aka gina, shinkafa, aquafarms da cibiyoyin sadarwa na canals da rami. halittu na ruwa a cikin yankin ruwa ta haɗa da gine-ginen wucin gadi da wuraren kiwon ruwa. Halitta ta karkashin kasa ta mutum ta haɗa da binciken masana'antu ko tsarin kogo na wucin gadi. Akwai ƙarin halittu guda biyu a cikin sauye-sauye tsakanin yankuna: halittu na bakin teku na ɗan adam sun haɗa da bakin teku na wucin gadi; halittu na ruwa mai laushi na ɗan adam ya haɗa da bututun ruwa, hanyoyin ruwa na ƙasa da ma'adanai masu ambaliyar ruwa. == Canjin ɗan adam na Biosphere == Fiye da ƙarni guda, an bayyana [[Climate|yanayi]] halittu dangane da sassan yanayin halittu na duniya da ake kira biomes, waɗanda nau'ikan ciyayi ne kamar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da wuraren ciyawa waɗanda aka gano dangane da yanayin yanayi na duniya. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa sun canza tsarin duniya na tsarin halittu, tsari, da bambancin halittu, halittu masu rai suna samar da tsari don haɗa tsarin ɗan adam tare da biosphere a cikin Anthropocene. === Kafin 1700 === [[Mutane]] suna canza yanayin halittu tun lokacin da suka samo asali. Shaida ta nuna cewa kakanninmu suna ƙone ƙasa don share ta a cikin shekaru miliyan ɗaya da suka gabata. Shekaru 600,000 da suka gabata, mutane suna amfani da mashi don kashe dawakai da sauran manyan dabbobi a Burtaniya da China. A cikin dubban shekaru da suka gabata, mutane sun canza rayuwar shuka da dabba a duniya, daga irin rayuwar daji da shuka da ta mamaye zuwa irin yanayin halittu. Misalan sun haɗa da 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka; sun canza [[gandun daji]], ƙone ƙasar don share shi, sun zauna a cikin birane, suna rushe gandun daji da sauran yanayin halittu, da kuma gina abubuwan tunawa waɗanda ke buƙatar motsa ƙasa mai yawa, kamar abubuwan tunawa na Cahokia. [1] Ƙarin misalai sune wayewar duniya ta dā; sun haƙa adadi mai yawa na kayan aiki, sun yi hanyoyi, kuma musamman ga Rumawa, lokacin da hawan hakar ma'adanai, ya saki adadi mai girma na mercury da gubar cikin iska. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kusan kashi uku cikin hudu na ƙasar duniya an riga an zauna kuma an sake fasalin su da al'ummomin mutane har zuwa shekaru dubu goma shabiyu da suka gabata.<ref name=":8"/> === Aikin noma (1700-yanzu) === Mutane suna canza yanayin halittu tun kafin aikin gona ya fara, kuma yayin da yawan mutane ya karu kuma ya zama mafi ci gaba da fasaha a tsawon lokaci, amfani da ƙasa don dalilai na [[noma]] ya karu sosai. Halitta ta mutum a cikin 1700s, kafin [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]], ta ƙunshi mafi yawan daji, ƙasar da ba a taɓa ta ba, ba tare da wani mazaunin ɗan adam da ke damun yanayin halitta ba.<ref name=":0">Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'', ''369''(1938), 1010-1035.</ref> A wannan lokacin, yawancin ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya sun kunshi wuraren daji da wuraren halitta, kuma ba sai bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu a karni na shatara ba ne amfani da ƙasa don noma da mazaunan mutane suka fara ƙaruwa.<ref name=":1">Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'', ''19''(5), 589-606.</ref> Tare da ci gaban fasaha da hanyoyin masana'antu suna zama masu inganci, yawan mutane sun fara bunƙasa, kuma daga baya suna buƙatar amfani da ƙarin albarkatun ƙasa. A shekara ta Dubu Biyu, sama da rabin ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya an canza ta zuwa makiyaya, gonaki, ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa, waɗanda suka bar ƙasa da rabin ƙasar duniya ba a taɓa su ba.[2] Canje-canje na ɗan adam tsakanin 1700 da 1800 sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da waɗanda suka biyo baya, kuma saboda haka yawan canji ya karu a tsawon lokaci. A sakamakon haka, karni na 20 yana da saurin sauya yanayin halittu na shekaru 300 da suka gabata.[2]<ref name=":1" /> === Rarraba ƙasa === Yayinda yawan mutane ke ƙaruwa a hankali a cikin tarihi, amfani da albarkatun kasa da ƙasa sun fara ƙaruwa, kuma rarraba ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita don dalilai daban-daban na noma da sulhu ya fara canzawa. Amfani da ƙasa a duniya ya canza daga yanayin halitta zuwa ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita don noma, ƙauyuka da makiyaya don ci gaba da yawan jama'a da buƙatun su masu girma. Rarraba ƙasa tsakanin anthromes ya sami canji daga anthromos na halitta da wuraren daji zuwa anthroms da suka canza mutane da muka saba da su a yau. Yanzu, yawancin wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a (ƙauyuka da ƙauyuka masu yawa) suna da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan ƙasar da ba ta da kankara a duniya.<ref name=":1">Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'', ''19''(5), 589-606.</ref> Daga shekara ta 1700-2000, ƙasashen da aka yi amfani da su don noma da ƙauyuka na birane sun karu sosai, duk da haka yankin da ke cike da filayen ya karu da sauri, don haka ya zama babban filin wasa a karni na 20.[1] A sakamakon haka, babban canjin amfani da ƙasa a duniya sakamakon juyin juya halin masana'antu, shine fadada makiyaya.[1]<ref name=":1" /> === Yawan jama'a === Bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yawan mutane ya sami karuwa cikin sauri. yawan jama'a a wasu anthromes sun fara canzawa, suna motsawa daga yankunan karkara zuwa ƙauyuka na birane, inda yawan jama'a ya fi girma.<ref name=":0">Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'', ''369''(1938), 1010-1035.</ref> Wadannan canje-canje a cikin yawan jama'a tsakanin yankuna sun canza alamu na duniya na fitowar anthrome, kuma suna da tasiri mai yawa a kan tsarin halittu daban-daban.[1] Rabin yawan mutanen duniya yanzu suna zaune a cikin birane, kuma yawancin mutane suna zaune a birane, tare da wasu jama'a da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan birane da garuruwa.<ref name=":1">Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'', ''19''(5), 589-606.</ref> A halin yanzu, ana sa ran yawan mutane za su girma har zuwa aƙalla tsakiyar ƙarni, kuma ana sa ran sauyawar tarihin duniya za su bi wannan ci gaban.<ref name=":6">Alessa, L., & Chapin, F. S. (2008). Anthropogenic biomes: a key contribution to earth-system science. ''Trends in Ecology & Evolution'', ''23''(10), 529-531.</ref> === Yanayin yanzu na yanayin halittu na mutum === Yanayin yanzu na yanayin halittu na duniya galibi anthropogenic ne.<ref name=":0">Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'', ''369''(1938), 1010-1035.</ref> Fiye da rabin yanayin halittu na ƙasa ya kasance ba a amfani da shi kai tsaye don noma ko ƙauyuka na birane, kuma daga cikin waɗannan ƙasashen da ba a amfani dasu ba har yanzu sun rage, ƙasa da rabi sune wuraren daji. Yawancin ƙasashen da ba a yi amfani da su ba yanzu suna cikin aikin gona da wuraren da aka zauna na rabin halitta, makiyaya, gonaki da ƙauyuka.<ref name=":1">Ellis, E. C., Klein Goldewijk, K., Siebert, S., Lightman, D., & Ramankutty, N. (2010). Anthropogenic transformation of the biomes, 1700 to 2000. ''Global Ecology and Biogeography'', ''19''(5), 589-606.</ref> [[Fayil:Anthromes_map_and_timeline_(10,000_BCE_to_2017_CE).png|thumb|Taswirar Anthromes na 2017 tare da jerin lokuta na canje-canje na anthrome daga 10,000 KZ zuwa 2017 AZ. Daga Ellis et al. (2021) [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2023483118|Ellis da sauransu (2021)]]]] === Manyan tatsuniyoyi === Anthromes sun haɗa da ƙauyuka masu yawa (birane da ƙauyukan da aka haɗu), ƙauyuka, gonaki, filayen da ƙasashe na ɗan ƙasa kuma an tsara su a duniya ta amfani da tsarin rarrabuwa daban-daban guda biyu, waɗanda za a iya gani akan Google Maps da Google Earth . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Anthrome Maps |url=https://anthroecology.org/anthromes/maps/}}</ref> A halin yanzu akwai halittu 18 na ɗan adam, mafi shahara daga cikinsu an jera su a ƙasa.<ref name=":6">Alessa, L., & Chapin, F. S. (2008). Anthropogenic biomes: a key contribution to earth-system science. ''Trends in Ecology & Evolution'', ''23''(10), 529-531.</ref> ==== Gidaje masu yawa ==== Ƙauyuka masu yawa sune yankuna na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a duniya.<ref name=":4"/> An bayyana su a matsayin yankuna tare da yawan jama'a, kodayake yawan jama'ar na iya zama mai canzawa.[1] Yawan jama'a, duk da haka, ba ya taɓa faɗi ƙasa da mutane 100 / kilomita, har ma a cikin ɓangarorin da ba na birane ba na ƙauyuka masu yawa, kuma an ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan yankuna sun ƙunshi gefen manyan birane a cikin ƙasashe marasa tasowa, da ƙananan garuruwa masu tsawo a duk faɗin Yammacin Turai da [[Asiya]].[1] Sau da yawa muna tunanin ƙauyuka masu yawa a matsayin birane, amma ƙauyuka Masu yawa na iya zama yankunan karkara, garuruwa da ƙauyuka na ƙauyuka tare da yawan jama'a amma raguwa.<ref name=":2">Ellis, E. C. (2013). Sustaining biodiversity and people in the world's anthropogenic biomes. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'', ''5''(3), 368-372.</ref> ==== Ƙauyuka ==== Ƙauyuka suna da yawan jama'a a wuraren noma, da yawa daga cikinsu an zauna kuma an yi amfani da su sosai na ƙarni zuwa dubban shekaru. ==== Yankunan noma ==== Yankunan shuke-shuke wani babban filin wasa ne a duk faɗin duniya. Yankunan [[Noma|nomawa]] sun haɗa da mafi yawan ƙasashen da aka noma a duniya, da kuma kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na bishiyoyi na duniya.<ref name=":4"/> Yankunan amfanin gona waɗanda ake ban ruwa a cikin gida suna da mafi yawan yawan jama'a, [1] mai yiwuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa yana samar da amfanin gona tare da wadataccen ruwa. Wannan ya sa lokacin girbi da rayuwar amfanin gona ya fi tsinkaye. Yankunan da aka ci gaba da su galibi daga ruwan sama na gida sune mafi yawan wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a, [1] tare da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusa da 1000 mm a wasu yankuna na duniya. &nbsp;A cikin waɗannan yankuna, akwai isasshen ruwa da yanayin ke bayarwa don tallafawa dukkan fannoni na rayuwa ba tare da ban ruwa ba.[1] Koyaya, a yankunan bushewa, wannan hanyar noma ba za ta kasance mai amfani ba. ==== Yankunan daji ==== Rangelands ƙungiya ce mai faɗi wanda aka bayyana bisa ga matakai uku na yawan jama'a: mazaunin, mazaunin da kuma nesa. Gidan zama yana da mahimman fasalulluka guda biyu: yawan jama'arta ba ta da ƙasa da mutane 10 a kowace murabba'in kilomita, kuma ana amfani da wani ɓangare na yankin don makiyaya.<ref name=":4"/> Gidajen kiwo a cikin filayen sune mafi yawan wuraren da ke rufe ƙasa. Duniya mai tsabta tana da mahimmanci a cikin wannan filin wasa, yana rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ƙasar ga kowane murabba'in kilomita.[1] Rangeland anthromes ba su da canzawa fiye da gonaki, amma canjin su yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan jama'a.<ref name=":0">Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'', ''369''(1938), 1010-1035.</ref> Dabbobi masu kiwo na gida yawanci sun dace da ciyawa da savannah, don haka canjin waɗannan halittu ba su da tabbas.[2]<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ƙasashe masu al'adu ==== Al'adun al'adu sune shimfidar wurare waɗanda aka tsara ta ƙananan matakan amfani da ƙasa mai zurfi kuma suna da yawa ga ƙananan jama'a. An gabatar da rarrabawar al'adun gargajiya a cikin 2021 <ref name="Ellis e2023483118">{{Cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Erle C. |last2=Gauthier |first2=Nicolas |last3=Klein Goldewijk |first3=Kees |last4=Bliege Bird |first4=Rebecca |last5=Boivin |first5=Nicole |last6=Díaz |first6=Sandra |last7=Fuller |first7=Dorian Q. |last8=Gill |first8=Jacquelyn L. |last9=Kaplan |first9=Jed O. |last10=Kingston |first10=Naomi |last11=Locke |first11=Harvey |last12=McMichael |first12=Crystal N. H. |last13=Ranco |first13=Darren |last14=Rick |first14=Torben C. |last15=Shaw |first15=M. Rebecca |date=2021-04-27 |title=People have shaped most of terrestrial nature for at least 12,000 years |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=17 |pages=e2023483118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11823483E |doi=10.1073/pnas.2023483118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8092386 |pmid=33875599 |doi-access=free}}</ref> don maye gurbin rarrabawar analog, "Seminatural" (2010 classification <ref name=":8"/>) da "Forested" (asalin 2008 classification <ref name=":7"/>). Al'adun gandun daji sune halittu na gandun daji waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar amfani da ƙasa da mazaunin ɗan adam, kuma yawan jama'arsu yawanci ƙasa da mutane 3 ne / km².<ref name=":4"/> Yawancin gandun daji masu al'adu sune gandun daji na biyu waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin sinks na carbon sakamakon ci gaba da sake girma na ciyayi masu katako. Wasu gandun daji masu al'adu an share su don noma, gami da dabbobi na gida, da kuma amfani da katako.<ref name=":0">Ellis, E. C. (2011). Anthropogenic transformation of the terrestrial biosphere.''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences'', ''369''(1938), 1010-1035.</ref> Al'adun wuraren da ba su da kyau sune wuraren da ba a amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da ƙasa da mazaunin mutum. [[Fayil:Anthromes_are_mosaics.png|thumb|Anthromes sune mosaics na ƙasashe masu amfani sosai da al'adu]] ==== Cikin gida ==== Masana ilimin halitta kalilan ne suka yi nazarin tsarin juyin halitta a aiki a cikin gida.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Martin |first=Laura J. |last2=Adams |first2=Rachel I. |last3=Bateman |first3=Ashley |last4=Bik |first4=Holly M. |last5=Hawks |first5=John |last6=Hird |first6=Sarah M. |last7=Hughes |first7=David |last8=Kembel |first8=Steven W. |last9=Kinney |first9=Kerry |last10=Kolokotronis |first10=Sergios-Orestis |last11=Levy |first11=Gabriel |last12=McClain |first12=Craig |last13=Meadow |first13=James F. |last14=Medina |first14=Raul F. |last15=Mhuireach |first15=Gwynne |date=2015 |title=Evolution of the indoor biome |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.001 |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=223–232 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2015.02.001 |issn=0169-5347 |pmid=25770744 |s2cid=19246688}}</ref> Kimanin girman gine-ginen zama da na kasuwanci ya kasance tsakanin 1.3% da 6% na yankin duniya ba tare da kankara ba. Wannan yanki yana da yawa kamar sauran ƙananan halittu kamar ambaliyar ciyawa da gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.[1] Yanayin cikin gida yana fadada cikin sauri. Tsarin cikin gida na Manhattan kusan sau uku ne, dangane da sararin ƙasa, kamar yadda yankin tsibirin kanta yake, saboda gine-ginen da ke tashi maimakon yadawa. Dubban jinsuna suna zaune a cikin gida, da yawa daga cikinsu da fifiko ko ma tilastawa.[1] Ayyukan da mutane ke ɗauka kawai don canza juyin halitta na cikin gida shine tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bertone |first=Matthew A. |last2=Leong |first2=Misha |last3=Bayless |first3=Keith M. |last4=Malow |first4=Tara L. F. |last5=Dunn |first5=Robert R. |last6=Trautwein |first6=Michelle D. |date=2016 |title=Arthropods of the great indoors: characterizing diversity inside urban and suburban homes |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=4 |pages=e1582 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1582 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=4727974 |pmid=26819844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankin halittu na cikin gida zai ci gaba da canzawa muddin al'adunmu za su canza. ==== Ruwa na ruwa ==== Ba a yi nazarin halittu masu kula da ruwa ko kuma anthromes na ruwa kamar haka ba. Sun fito ne daga tafkunan kifi, Shrimp na ruwa da wuraren noma na benthic zuwa manyan yankuna na ƙasa kamar sassan Guadalquivir Marshes a [[Andalusia]], Spain.<ref>''[http://www.rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/wg371_inf_04_aquaculture_and_wetland_management_en.pdf Ecosystem approach to Aquaculture management and biodiversity conservation in a Mediterranean coastal wetland: case study of Doniana marshes (Andalucia, Spain)]'', United Nations Environmental Program / Mediterranean Action Plan, Tunis 2012.</ref> === Tasirin halittu na ɗan adam === Mutane sun canza ainihin tsarin duniya na bambancin halittu da tsarin halittu.<ref name=":7"/> Ba zai yiwu a bayyana ko hango tsarin muhalli ko matakai a duk faɗin Duniya ba tare da la'akari da rawar ɗan adam ba.<ref name=":5">Ellis, E. C. (2015). Ecology in an Anthropogenic Biosphere. ''Ecological Monographs''.</ref> Al'ummomin mutane sun fara canza yanayin muhalli na duniya sama da shekaru 50 000 da suka gabata, kuma an gabatar da shaidar juyin halitta da ke nuna cewa manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da canjin mutum na biosphere sune zamantakewa da al'adu, ba na halitta ba, sunadarai, ko na jiki. [2] Anthropogenic biomes suna ba da sabuwar hanyar ci gaba ta hanyar amincewa da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin halittu na duniya da kuma motsa mu zuwa ga samfuran da bincike na yanayin halittu wanda ya haɗa tsarin ɗan adam da na muhalli.[1]<ref name=":7" /> === Kalubale da ke fuskantar bambancin halittu a cikin yanayin halittu na mutum === ==== Kashewa ==== A cikin ƙarni da ya gabata, girman anthrome da ƙarfin amfani da ƙasa sun karu da sauri tare da karuwar yawan mutane, suna barin wuraren daji ba tare da yawan mutane ko amfani da ƙasa ba a ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yanayin halittu na ƙasa.<ref name=":2">Ellis, E. C. (2013). Sustaining biodiversity and people in the world's anthropogenic biomes. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'', ''5''(3), 368-372.</ref> Wannan babban canji na yanayin halittu na Duniya don amfani da ɗan adam ya faru tare da halaka ƙimar ƙarancin jinsuna. Mutane suna haifar da lalacewar jinsuna kai tsaye, musamman na megafauna, ta hanyar ragewa, ragargajewa da canza wuraren zama na asali da kuma wuce gona da iri.[1] Yawan lalacewa na yanzu ya bambanta sosai ta hanyar taxa, tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians musamman barazana; duk da haka akwai shaidar da ke ƙaruwa cewa yawan jama'a masu yawa, idan ba mafi yawan 'yan asalin ba, musamman tsire-tsire, na iya zama masu ɗorewa a cikin anthromes.[1] Baya ga nau'o'in da ke da rauni musamman, yawancin nau'o-in halitta na iya kiyaye yawan jama'a a cikin anthromes. ==== Karewa ==== Anthromes suna gabatar da wani ra'ayi na daban game da yanayin halittu na duniya ta hanyar nuna bambancin yanayin muhalli na duniya wanda aka kirkira kuma ya ci gaba da yawan jama'a da amfani da ƙasa yayin da suke haɗa alakarsu da al'ummomin halittu.<ref name=":3">Martin, L. J., Quinn, J. E., Ellis, E. C., Shaw, M. R., Dorning, M. A., Hallett, L. M., ... & Michel, N. L. (2014). Conservation opportunities across the world's anthromes. ''Diversity and distributions'', ''20''(7), 745-755.</ref> Biomes da ecoregions suna da iyaka saboda suna rage tasirin ɗan adam, kuma ƙaruwar masu ilimin halittu sun yi jayayya cewa dole ne a faɗaɗa kiyayewa halittu zuwa wuraren da mutane suka tsara kai tsaye. A cikin anthromes, gami da anthroms masu yawan jama'a, mutane ba sa amfani da duk ƙasar da ke akwai. A sakamakon haka, anthromes gabaɗaya mosaics ne na ƙasashe da aka yi amfani da su sosai da ƙasashe da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba.[1] Yankunan da aka kare da wuraren da ke da bambancin halittu ba a rarraba su daidai a fadin anthromes. Ƙananan ƙididdigar ƙididdiga suna ƙunshe da yawancin wuraren da aka kiyaye. Duk da yake an kare kashi 23.4% na filin daji mai nisa, an kare kashi 2.3% na filin wasan ƙauyen da ake ban ruwa.[1] Akwai ƙarin shaidu da ke nuna cewa kiyaye halittu masu yawa na iya zama tasiri a cikin anthromes da yawa da ba su da yawa. Haɗin raba ƙasa da adana ƙasa a cikin shimfidar wurare masu aiki da shimfidar wuri masu yawa suna ƙara shahara a matsayin dabarun kiyayewa.<ref name=":2">Ellis, E. C. (2013). Sustaining biodiversity and people in the world's anthropogenic biomes. ''Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability'', ''5''(3), 368-372.</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Anthropocene * Ilimin muhalli * Tsaro na yanayin ƙasa * Yanayin aiki * [[Amfani da Ƙasa|Amfani da ƙasa]] * Yanayi mai yawa * Sabon tsarin halittu * Ilimin ilimin halittu * Tsarin halittu na fasaha * Hanyoyin fasaha == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/putting-me-biome/ Sanya "Ni" a cikin Biome: Ilimi a National Geographic ]{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=40554 Anthropogenic Biomes a NASA] * [http://www.anthroecology.org/anthromes Shafin yanar gizon aikin Anthropogenic Biomes (tare da taswira, kayan ilimi, bayanan da za'a iya saukewa)] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ezl4b68r82lfkwqtq3otnrx3h2a892q 0 79022 543028 518452 2024-11-20T11:44:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 543028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:St Peter and St Paul School, Carbrooke - geograph.org.uk - 5434155.jpg|thumb|jamiar paul.]] [[Fayil:Baze University Main Gate.jpg|thumb|paul University]] '''Jami'ar Paul, Awka''' (PUA) tana cikin [[Awka|Awka, Jihar Anambra]] a Najeriya. Jami'ar Kirista ce mai zaman kanta. An kafa shi a cikin 2009 ta Bishops na larduna biyar na Ikilisiyar Anglican ta Gabashin Nijar don samar da horo na digiri a cikin Arts, Natural da Applied Sciences, Social Sciences da Management.<ref>[http://pauluniversity.edu.ng Paul University Awka]</ref> Jami'ar da ke da cikakken zama tana da kimanin dalibai 400 (ana sa ran su kai 3,500) kuma sun maye gurbin Kwalejin Jami'ar St Paul wacce aka kafa a 1904 ta Church Missionary Society of the Church of England don horar da ma'aikatan coci da malamai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Universities Commission |url=http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701094416/http://www.nuc.edu.ng/pages/universities.asp?ty=3&order=inst_name&page=2 |archive-date=1 July 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |publisher=National Universities Commission,Nigeria}}</ref> Kodayake, Jami'ar Paul Awka Jami'ar Mai zaman kanta ce, gwamnatin Jihar Anambra a ƙarƙashin Gwamna Peter Obi ta ba da gudummawar kuɗi da motoci don inganta kayan aikinta da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=Obi tackles infrastructural deficiency |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/obi-tackles-infrastructural-deficiency/ |access-date=2021-06-05 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> Jami'ar Paul tana da cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa kamar Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi wacce Darakta, Ven Dr Rex Kanu ke jagoranta. Farfesa Obiora Nwosu, ita ce Mataimakin Shugaban kasa yayin da Farfesa [[Chinyere Stella Okunna]] ita ce Mataimakiyar Mataimakin Mataimakin (Masana) kuma Farfesa Godwin Onu ita ce Mataimiyar Mataimakan Shugaban kasa (Administration), a matsayin Mataimakin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |date=2022-02-02 |title=Prof Okunna emerges DVC Paul University , Prof Onu too |url=https://championnews.com.ng/prof-okunna-emerges-dvc-paul-university-prof-onu-too/ |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Champion Newspapers LTD |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601072509/https://championnews.com.ng/prof-okunna-emerges-dvc-paul-university-prof-onu-too/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwamitin Amintattun na farko ya kasance karkashin jagorancin tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya, [[Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme|Dokta Alex Ekwueme (GCON)]] wanda kuma ya gina Ofisoshin Gudanarwa wanda ke da gidan Majalisar Dattijai. == Shirye-shiryen Ilimi == Jami'ar Paul, Awka a halin yanzu tana da fannoni uku kuma waɗannan fannoni suna ba da darussan da yawa. Kwalejin sune; Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Halitta da Aikace-aikace, Kwalejin Gudanarwa da Kimiyya ta Jama'a, da Kwalejin Fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-05 |title=Updated List Of Courses Offered In Paul University Awka & School Fees |url=http://o3schools.com/courses-offered-in-paul-university-awka-school-fees/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=O3schools |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da kari, tana gudanar da Cibiyar Ilimin tauhidi, wacce ta gaji daga Kwalejin Jami'ar St. Paul, kuma tana shigar da dalibai cikin JUPEB da Ci gaba da Ilimi (CEP). Makarantar tana ba da sabis na kantin sayar da littattafai, cyber cafe, kimiyyar kwamfuta <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=Women-in-Technology brings Young Coders Club to Paul University |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/02/women-technology-brings-young-coders-club-paul-university/ |access-date=2021-06-04 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> da cibiyar horo, da sauran ayyuka. Jerin darussan da aka bayar da tsawon lokacin su, da kuma digiri da aka bayar an jera su a ƙasa, ta fannoni. === Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Halitta da Aikace-aikace === {| class="wikitable" !Hanyar da ake ciki !Tsawon lokaci !Matsayi |- |Kimiyya ta Halitta |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Biochemistry |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Sanyen sunadarai |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Fisika mai tsabta da masana'antu |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Lissafi Mai Tsarki |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Kimiyya da Fasahar Bayanai ta Kwamfuta |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Ilimin halittu |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |} === Faculty of Management and Social Sciences === {| class="wikitable" !Hanyar da ake ciki !Tsawon lokaci !Matsayi |- |Lissafin kuɗi |4 da suka gabata |B. Sc |- |Bankin da Kudi |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Gudanar da Kasuwanci |4 da suka gabata |B. Sc |- |Gudanarwa da Nazarin Kasuwanci |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Ilimin zamantakewa da ilimin halayyar dan adam |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Kimiyya ta Siyasa |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Gudanar da Jama'a |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Tattalin Arziki |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |- |Tallace-tallace |Shekaru 4 |B. Sc |} === Kwalejin Fasaha === {| class="wikitable" !Hanyar da ake ciki !Tsawon lokaci !Matsayi |- |Harshen Turanci |Shekaru 4 |BA |- |Littattafan Ingilishi |4 da suka gabata |BA |- |Tarihi da Dangantaka ta Duniya |Shekaru 4 |BA |- |Nazarin Addini |Shekaru 4 |BA |- |Sadarwa da Jama'a |Shekaru 4 |BA |} === Laburaren karatu === An kafa ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar Paul a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 2009 don tallafawa da sauƙaƙe koyarwa, ilmantarwa, bincike da ayyukan nishaɗi na Jami'o'in Jami'ar. Laburaren ya gaji tarin tsohon Kwalejin St. Paul, Awka, wanda ke fadadawa da fadadawa yayin da Laburaren Kwalejin ya canza zuwa Laburaren Jami'ar, daidaita Kimiyya tare da karfafawa a baya akan Fasaha, Kimiyya da Gudanarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2020-07-15 |title=PAUL UNIVERSITY, AWKA, ANAMBRA STATE. |url=https://www.glimpse.ng/paul-university-awka-anambra-state/ |access-date=2021-06-03 |website=Glimpse Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603164102/https://www.glimpse.ng/paul-university-awka-anambra-state/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har ila yau, ɗakin karatu na Jami'ar yana da sashen E-Library. Wannan wani bangare ne na ɗakin karatu wanda ake adana tarin a cikin tsarin kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki (kamar yadda ya saba da bugawa, ko wasu kafofin watsa labarai) kuma ana iya samun su ta hanyar kwamfutoci. Wadannan ana samun su kuma suna da sauƙin samu ga ɗalibai da ma'aikatan al'ummar ilimi. == Bayanan da aka ambata == tuw6ntkwwoe05kof8fa650wzdv4vl1a 0 79885 543005 461337 2024-11-20T10:24:25Z Smshika 14840 543005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Kumasi,''' wanda aka fi sani da ''KUMACA'' babbar makarantar sakandare ce ta jama'a da ke Asokore-Mampong, a [[Yankin Ashanti]] na [[Ghana]]. Asokore-Mampong ita ce babban birnin Asokore Mampong Municipal Assembly kuma kimanin {{Convert|8|km|mi}} daga gundumar kasuwanci ta tsakiya ta [[Kumasi]] a kan Filin jirgin saman Kumasi-Aboabo Road. == Tarihi == An kafa Kwalejin a 1956 ta Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Ghana a matsayin Kwalejin Baptist ta Sadler . <ref>Amadu Kamil Sanah, [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Ghana-Baptist-Convention-is-rebranding-for-Christ-316107 Ghana Baptist Convention is rebranding for Christ], ghanaweb.com, Ghana, July 7, 2014</ref> A shekara ta 1960, an ƙaura makarantar sakandare daga Asokore-Mampong zuwa Abuakwa, inda ta bar makarantar sakandare a wurin da take yanzu, Asokore-mampong. Daga baya Madam Nadine Lovan, wani fararen mishan, ya gaji Poe a matsayin shugaban Sadler Baptist School. Tun daga wannan lokacin makarantar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun makarantu a Ghana saboda tsananin bin doka da horo na masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje na Baptist.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Profile of Kumasi Academy |url=http://web.ghananation.com/alumni/Schoolprofile.asp?iSchool=39 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150422010705/http://web.ghananation.com/alumni/Schoolprofile.asp?iSchool=39 |archive-date=22 April 2015 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=Ghana Nation |quote=}}</ref> Daga baya, gwamnatin lokacin ta so ta sami damar yin magana a cikin gudanarwa da gudanar da makarantar. Ofishin Jakadancin Baptist ba shine nau'in da zai yi amfani da wannan manufofin ba kuma ba a shirya ya yarda da wannan tsangwama ba tunda ya yi imani da cikakken rabuwa tsakanin addini da gwamnati. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, Ofishin Jakadancin ya sami ya fi dacewa ya bar wurin kuma ya mika makarantar ga gwamnati a kan yanayi biyu, wato, cewa a canza sunan "Sadler Baptist" kuma cewa koyarwar addini a makarantar ya kamata ta kasance a hannun Ofishin Jakadun Baptist. Gwamnati ta yarda da wannan tayin kuma an fitar da "Sadler Baptist Secondary School".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kumaca.org/about-us/history |title=History: Kumasi Academy |accessdate=21 April 2015 |author= |date= |publisher=kumaca.org |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216105833/http://kumaca.org/about-us/history/ |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar Asabar, 9 ga Yulin 2022, an ba da izinin Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Akunini a makarantar don inganta ilimin STEM. Aikin gado ne wanda kungiyar tsofaffi da aka sani da Akunini Global ta ba da cikakken kuɗi.<ref>{{Cite web |title="You have built a 21st century STEM laboratory" - Education minister lauds Kumaca past students |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/you-have-built-a-21st-century-stem-laboratory-education-minister-lauds-kumaca-past-students.html}}</ref> == Tsarin karatu == Kwalejin Kumasi tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun sakandare a [[Ghana]], an san ta da kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a cikin jarrabawar ciki da na waje.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Tourism Destination |url=http://www.modernghana.com/GhanaHome/information/places_to_visit.asp |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=Modern Ghana |quote=}}</ref> Dangane da wannan, an kuma lura da shi don kula da samar da masu ilimi waɗanda ke da matsayi mai mahimmanci a Ghana da ƙasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=18 September 2010 |title=Kumasi Academy (KUMACA) |url=http://www.frimpongarchimedes.webs.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504092104/http://frimpongarchimedes.webs.com/ |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=21 April 2015 |publisher=Frimpong Archimedes |quote=}}</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Ernest Adu-Gyamfi - Shugaban zartarwa, Ghana Baptist Convention kuma shugaban, Majalisar Kirista ta Ghana <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kumasi Academy To Celebrate 60-Years Of Holistic Baptist Education |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/817382/kumasi-academy-to-celebrate-60-years-of-holistic.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> * Kwame Bawuah-Edusei - Likita, ɗan kasuwa kuma tsohon diflomasiyya <ref name=":0" /> * Dan Botwe MP - Majalisa ta Okere <ref name=":0" /> * Peter Mac Manu - Tsohon Shugaban, NPP <ref name=":0" /> * Alan John Kyerematen - Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu <ref name=":0" /> * [[Solomon Osei-Akoto]] - Mataimakin Minista a Jamhuriyar Biyu <ref name=":0" /> * Gordon Prempeh - Tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kumasi Asante Kotoko <ref name=":0" /> * [[Black Sherif and Arhin Francis,Papa Wasty|Black Sherif da Arhin Francis,Papa Wasty]] - mawaƙi, rapper <ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Sherif and Francis Arhin( Papa Wasty , Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Black-Sherif Papa Wasty-6340 |access-date=20 December 2021 |website=Ghana Web }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Kwame Achampong-Kyei - Wanda ya kafa [[Glico Group|Ƙungiyar Glico]] <ref name=":0" /> * Amerley Ollennu Awua-Asamoa - tsohon Jakadan Ghana a [[Denmark]] <ref name=":0" /> * [[Welbeck Ampadu]] - Babban Darakta / Mai gabatarwa, Multimedia Group Limited <ref name=":0" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://kumacausa.org/ Kungiyar Tsoffin Dalibai ta Kwalejin Kumasi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130143132/http://www.kumacausa.org/ |date=2023-11-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110819154806/http://kumasiacademykapsa.webs.com/ Kungiyar Dalibai ta Kudancin Kumasi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726065317/http://www.kumasiacademyalumni.org/ Alumni na Kwalejin Kumasi] ddvdj0mr9w8ez9w3sy9p0t0ew6sk3nc 0 80129 542942 460602 2024-11-20T06:44:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidauniyar Pediatric ta Kimbondo''" ("Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo"), <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Perna |first=Laura |title=Fondation Pediatrique de Kimbondo |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/images/pdf/depfr.pdf |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hubforkimbondo.it |page=1 |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da Mama Koko Orphanage <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydie |first=Manzu |date=December 23, 2019 |title=Fête de Noël : Béatrice Lomeya donne la joie aux orphelins de la Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo |trans-title=Christmas party: Béatrice Lomeya brings joy to the orphans of the Kimbondo Pediatric Foundation |url=https://ouragan.cd/2019/12/fete-de-noel-beatrice-lomeya-donne-la-joie-aux-orphelins-de-la-fondation-pediatrique-de-kimbondo/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ouragan.cd |language=FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Masela |first=Nioni |date=September 10, 2015 |title=Mama Koko, la mère Teresa du Congo, à jamais gravée dans les cœurs |url=https://www.adiac-congo.com/content/disparition-mama-koko-la-mere-teresa-du-congo-jamais-gravee-dans-les-coeurs-38249 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.adiac-congo.com |language=French |publication-place=Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo}}</ref> ko Pédiatrie de Kimbond <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Visite de réconfort de la ministre du Genre à l'orphelinat "Mama Koko" de Kimbondo |trans-title=Comfort visit by the Minister of Gender to the "Mama Koko" orphanage in Kimbondo |url=https://acp.cd/genre/visite-de-reconfort-de-la-ministre-du-genre-a-lorphelinat-mama-koko-de-kimbondo/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ACP |language=fr-FR}}</ref> kuma ana nuna shi da acronym '''FPK''', <ref name=":0" /> kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da gidaje kyauta, kulawa da lafiya, abinci, da ilimi ga yara marasa lafiya, waɗanda aka watsar, da marayu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kinshasa |first=U. S. Embassy |date=2016-07-07 |title=Community Service at Mama Koko Orphanage |url=https://cd.usembassy.gov/community-service-mama-koko-orphanage/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=U.S. Embassy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2016 |title=Voyage à la Pédiatrie de Kimbondo |trans-title=Trip to Kimbondo Pediatrics |url=https://opusdei.org/fr-ch/article/voyage-a-la-pediatrie-de-kimbondo/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Opusdei.org |language=French}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-28 |title=Kinshasa: la pédiatrie de Kimbondo dotée des matériels hospitaliers - Democratic Republic of the Congo |trans-title=Kinshasa: Kimbondo pediatrics equipped with hospital equipment |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/kinshasa-la-p-diatrie-de-kimbondo-dot-e-des-mat-riels-hospitaliers |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Radio Okapi |language=French}}</ref> Yana da dabarun da ke cikin unguwar Kimbondo na garin Mont Ngafula, kilomita 35 daga Downtown Kinshasa a yankin yammacin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] (DRC). <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 10, 2018 |title=La Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo remercie RAWBANK |trans-title=The Kimbondo Pediatric Foundation thanks RAWBANK |url=https://www.mediacongo.net/publireportage-reportage-38211_la_fondation_pediatrique_de_kimbondo_remercie_rawbank.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=www.mediacongo.net |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dibonga |first=Yolande |title=Fondation Kimbondo, 28 ans au service des enfants orphelins |url=https://www.africanewsrdc.net/societe/fondation-kimbondo-28-ans-service-enfants-orphelins/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=AfricaNews RDC |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lydie |first=Manzu |date=September 30, 2020 |title=L'orphelinat de Kimbondo remercie Béatrice Lomeya |trans-title=Kimbondo orphanage thanks Béatrice Lomeya |url=https://ouragan.cd/2020/09/lorphelinat-de-kimbondo-remercie-beatrice-lomeya/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ouragan.cd |language=FR}}</ref>&nbsp; == Bayyanawa == FPK kungiya ce ta kiwon lafiya tare da ɗakunan don fannoni daban-daban na kiwon lafiya kamar su "magungunan gaba ɗaya, ilimin zuciya, tarin fuka na huhu da kwarangwal, binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje, ultrasound, radiology, da ƙarin jini". Bugu da ƙari, ya ƙunshi gidaje da aka keɓe don karɓar yara da aka watsar da marayu. Kimanin mutane 60, galibi iyaye tare da 'ya'yansu, suna neman taimakon likita a waje da FPK. Gidan yana ba da gadaje 200 don kulawa mai tsawo, yana ba da abinci ga marasa lafiya da ke fama da tarin fuka ko Cututtukan zuciya. Ita ce Babban asibiti da ke cikin yankin kiwon lafiya na Mont Ngafula II. Gidan marayu yana da kusan yara 500 da matasa. == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1989 da Laura Perna, farfesa a jami'ar Italiya mai ritaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bola |first=Joana |last2=Pomme |first2=Miriam |last3=Ngonga |first3=Hornella |date=March 11, 2019 |title=La journée internationale des droits des femmes célébrée par l'AFT-CENCO dans la solidarité avec les orphelins de Kimbondo |trans-title=International Women's Rights Day celebrated by AFT-CENCO in solidarity with the orphans of Kimbondo |url=https://www.caritasdev.cd/new/actualites/la-journee-internationale-des-droits-des-femmes-celebree-par-l-aft-cenco-dans-la-solidarite-avec-les-orphelins-de-kibombo |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Caritasdev |language=fr-fr |archive-date=2023-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125834/https://www.caritasdev.cd/new/actualites/la-journee-internationale-des-droits-des-femmes-celebree-par-l-aft-cenco-dans-la-solidarite-avec-les-orphelins-de-kibombo |url-status=dead }}</ref> da kuma mahaifin Chilean, El Padre Hugo Ríos Diaz daga mishan na Claretian, <ref>{{Cite web |title=El Padre Hugo – El milagro para los niños del Congo |url=http://www.kimbondo.cl/el-padre-hugo/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Kimbondo.cl |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bustos |first=Nataly Valeria Sanchez |title=Hugo Ríos El padre de los niños |url=https://cl.socialab.com/challenges/camiseteados2017/idea/38802 |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=cl.socialab.com |language=es}}</ref> kungiyar ta fara ne da karamin kantin magani kyauta da taimakon abinci ga yara da iyalai masu bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahamba |first=Lucie |date=2017-12-04 |title=un ouf de soulagement pour les malades et travailleurs de la pédiatrie de Mama koko |trans-title=a sigh of relief for the patients and workers of Mama Koko's pediatrics |url=https://geopolismagazine.net/un-ouf-de-soulagement-pour-les-malades-et-travailleurs-de-la-pediatrie-de-mama-koko/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Geopolismagazine.net |language=fr-FR |archive-date=2023-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125833/https://geopolismagazine.net/un-ouf-de-soulagement-pour-les-malades-et-travailleurs-de-la-pediatrie-de-mama-koko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pediatric Hospital of Kimbondo |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/index.php/en/pediatric-hospital-of-kimbondo |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=hubforkimbondo.it |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Da yake shawo kan kalubale kuma tare da gudummawa daga abokai da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, Hugo da Perna sun canza kantin magani zuwa asibitin marayu, mai suna "Mama Koko Orphanage" don girmamawa ga Perna.<ref name=":2" /> A shekara ta 2002, gidan marayu ya sami wakilci na doka da kuma amincewa a matsayin Gidauniyar Pediatric ta Kimbondo (Fondation Pédiatrique de Kimbondo; FPK) a bin ka'idar Kongo.<ref name=":0"/> An ba da izini don horar da likita a cikin 2000, kuma FPK ta sami amincewa don ayyukanta na al'umma da na lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2001. <ref name=":0" /> === Kyauta === Kyauta, kamar kwantena biyu daga Ms. Hettinger a watan Maris na shekara ta 2005 da kuma gudummawar shinkafa mai yawa daga gwamnatin Italiya a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, sun goyi bayan asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Musangu |first=Fidèle |date=March 21, 2005 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Mme Hettinger fait un don de deux containers à l'hôpital pédiatrique de Kimbondo |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Ms. Hettinger donates two containers to the Kimbondo pediatric hospital |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200503211318.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Lephareonline.net/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tshibuabua |first=Espérance |date=May 28, 2005 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Le PAM en appui à la pédiatrie de Kimbondo |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: WFP in support of Kimbondo pediatrics |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200505300028.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Lepotentiel.cd/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2008, Taimako ga Yara Masu Rashin Hanci a Afirka (AEDA) daga [[Finland]] sun ba asibitin jakar [[shinkafa]], [[sukari]], da kayan madara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2008 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Ongd basée en Finlande - L'AEDA vient à la rescousse des orphelins de Kimbondo |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: NGO based in Finland - AEDA comes to the rescue of Kimbondo orphans |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200811040349.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Laprosperiteonline.net/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Elikia Na Biso, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta Kongo-Sweden, ta ba da kayan aiki ga nakasassu a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Véron |date=November 20, 2012 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Mont-Ngafula - Du matériel pour enfants handicapés à la pédiatrie Kimbondo |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Mont-Ngafula - Equipment for disabled children at Kimbondo pediatrics |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201211200628.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Lepotentiel.cd/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mupompa |first=Donatien Ngandu |date=December 12, 2012 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Les dons de l'Ong "Elikia Na Biso " aux enfants handicapés bloqués par la douane |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Donations from the NGO "Elikia Na Biso" to disabled children blocked by customs |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201211121523.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Lepotentiel.cd/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, kungiyar ba da agaji ta Sweden Elikya ta ba da kayan aikin kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kunshi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na tiyata, tarin kusan kekunan guragu ɗari, kujeru masu kwanciyar hankali, da ƙarin abubuwa 500 da aka tsara don mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2014 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - La pédiatrie de Kimbondo dotée des matériels hospitaliers |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - Kimbondo pediatrics equipped with hospital equipment |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201404270181.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Radiookapi.net/ |language=French}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017, FPK ta kaddamar da shigarwar photovoltaic ta 100-kilowatt wanda Ƙungiyar Terna da sauran masu ba da gudummawa da yawa suka tallafawa, wanda ya kai sama da £ 500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Inana |first=Kevin |date=December 3, 2017 |title=Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - La Pédiatrie de Kimbondo inaugure une installation photovoltaïque de 100 Kw |trans-title=Congo-Kinshasa: Kinshasa - Kimbondo Pediatrics inaugurates a 100 Kw photovoltaic installation |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/201712040467.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Laprosperiteonline.net/ |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A tsawon lokaci, FPK ta fadada yankinta da ayyukanta, tare da manyan yankuna huɗu. Wadannan sun hada da asibitin, wanda ke ba da masauki na dogon lokaci 200 ga yara da ke fama da tarin fuka ko cututtukan zuciya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hospital |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/index.php/en/pediatric-hospital-of-kimbondo/hospital |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=hubforkimbondo.it |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> Har ila yau, yana da gidajen mafaka da ke karɓar kusan yara 500 da aka watsar ko marayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shelters |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/index.php/en/pediatric-hospital-of-kimbondo/shelters |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=hubforkimbondo.it |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Cibiyar tana alfahari da Makarantar Saint Claret, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 2009, tana ba da ilimi kyauta daga Kula da rana zuwa matakin makarantar sakandare ga ƙananan baƙi na asibiti da yara marasa galihu a cikin garin Mont Ngafula . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Saint Claret School |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/index.php/en/pediatric-hospital-of-kimbondo/saint-claret-school |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=hubforkimbondo.it |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Gidauniyar Pediatric ta Kimbondo kuma tana kula da Yankin noma mai girman hekta 900, wanda aka raba zuwa samar da amfanin gona (hectare 500) da [[Kiwo|gonar dabbobi]] (hectara 400), samar da abinci ga yara a asibiti, makaranta, da mafaka.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Agricultural Area |url=http://hubforkimbondo.it/index.php/en/pediatric-hospital-of-kimbondo/agricultural-area |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=hubforkimbondo.it |language=French |publication-place=Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo}}</ref> Kogin da ke raba yankin yana tallafawa noman amfanin gona, gami da [[masara]], [[Rogo|manioc]], ''ananas'', [[wake]], [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], da kuma yankin gwaji don samar da Artemisia.<ref name=":3" /> Bugu da ƙari, akwai masauki ga Ma'aikatan gona da kuma tsarin don sarrafa manioc zuwa gari.<ref name=":3" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} g9fgngu9isoacvbgiimt0ot7ummdh6o 0 80204 543012 455744 2024-11-20T10:48:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 543012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The American University in Cairo''' ('''AUC'''; {{Lang-ar|الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة|al-Jāmi‘a al-’Amrīkiyya bi-l-Qāhira}}) is a private research university in New Cairo, [[Misra|Egypt]]. The university offers American-style learning programs at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels, along with a continuing education program. Kungiyar daliban AUC tana wakiltar kasashe sama da 50. Ma'aikatan AUC, ma'aikatan koyarwa da malamai masu ziyara sun bambanta a duniya kuma sun haɗa da malamaa, ƙwararrun kasuwanci, diflomasiyya, 'yan jarida, marubuta da sauransu daga Amurka, Masar da sauran ƙasashe. AUC tana da izinin ma'aikata daga Hukumar Tsakiyar Tsakiya kan Ilimi mafi girma a Amurka da kuma daga Hukumar Kula da Inganci da Binciken Ilimi ta Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/accreditation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611130215/http://www.aucegypt.edu/accreditation |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=aucegypt.edu}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira an kafa ta ne a cikin 1919 ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Misira, aikin Furotesta wanda Ikilisiyar United Presbyterian ta Arewacin Amurka ta tallafawa, a matsayin jami'ar harshen Ingilishi da makarantar shirye-shirye. Wanda ya kafa jami'ar Charles A. Watson ya so ya kafa wata cibiyar yamma don ilimi mafi girma.<ref>Lawrence R. Murphy, The American University in Cairo: 1919 - 1987, (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1987), 5-6</ref> An yi niyyar AUC a matsayin makarantar shirye-shirye da jami'a. Makarantar shirye-shiryen ta buɗe ga ɗalibai 142 a ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1920, a Fadar Khairy Pasha, wacce aka gina a cikin shekarun 1860. Digiri na farko da aka bayar sune takaddun shaida na matakin kwaleji da aka ba dalibai 20 a 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AUC History |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/about/History/Pages/history.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223075925/http://www.aucegypt.edu/about/History/Pages/history.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2014 |access-date=28 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AUC Board of Trustees minutes |url=http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll3 |access-date=7 Jun 2017}}</ref> Akwai rikice-rikice tsakanin Watson, wanda ke da sha'awar gina martabar jami'ar, da shugabannin United Presbyterian a Amurka waɗanda suka nemi dawo da jami'ar zuwa asalin [[Kiristanci|Kirista]]. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Watson ta yanke shawarar cewa jami'ar ba za ta iya kula da alakar addini ta asali ba kuma mafi kyawun burinta shine inganta halin kirki da ɗabi'a.<ref>Heather J. Sharkey, ''American Evangelicals in Egypt'', (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 154-67</ref> Asalin da aka iyakance ga ɗaliban maza, jami'ar ta shiga ɗaliban mata na farko a cikin 1928. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Habib El Masri Oral History :: AUC Oral Histories and Reminiscences |url=http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15795coll17/id/18 |website=digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> A wannan shekarar, jami'ar ta kammala karatun ta na farko, tare da digiri biyu na Bachelor of Arts da kuma digiri daya na Bachelor of Sciences. A cikin 1950, AUC ta kara shirye-shiryen digiri na farko ga ci gaba da karatun digiri na farko, digiri na kimiyya, difloma na digiri, da shirye-shirye na ci gaba da ilimi, kuma a cikin 1951, ta fitar da shirin makarantar shirye-shirya. A lokacin Yaƙin Kwanaki shida, gwamnatin Masar ta kwace AUC kuma masu gudanarwa na Masar sun sanya shi a ƙarƙashin iko na shekaru bakwai masu zuwa, kuma an tilasta wa mafi yawan malaman Amurka su bar ƙasar. Masar ta dakatar da mallakar jami'ar kasa, wanda aka goyi bayan shi da kuɗin da ake bin shi a matsayin biyan bashin da Hukumar Kula da Ci gaban Duniya ta Amurka ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUC during 1967 |url=https://www.facebook.com/AUCRareBooksandSpecialCollectionsLibrary/videos/1630283186982354/ |access-date=2017-06-07 |publisher=American University in Cairo}}</ref> Gwamnati ta mayar da iko ga masu gudanarwa na Amurka a ranar 12 ga Yuni, 1974, daidai da ziyarar da Shugaban Amurka Richard Nixon ya kai [[Kairo|Alkahira]]. <ref name="LAT061374" /> A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, jami'ar ta ba da shirye-shiryen zane-zane da kimiyya masu yawa. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, jami'ar ta kara da bachelors, masters, da shirye-shiryen difloma a cikin injiniya, gudanarwa, kimiyyar kwamfuta, aikin jarida da shirye-aikacen sadarwa da kimiyya, gami da kafa cibiyoyin bincike da yawa a fannoni masu mahimmanci, gami na kasuwanci, kimiyyyar zamantakewa, taimakon jama'a da kuma aikin jama'a, da kimiyya da fasaha. A cikin shekarun 1950, jami'ar ta kuma canza sunanta daga Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira, ta maye gurbin "at" da "in". An kafa Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira Press a shekarar 1960. A shekara ta 2016, tana buga littattafai har zuwa 80 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the American University in Cairo Press |url=http://www.aucpress.com/t-history.aspx |access-date=2016-12-21 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press}}</ref> A shekara ta 1978, jami'ar ta kafa Cibiyar Ci gaban Desert don inganta Ci gaba mai ɗorewa a yankunan hamada da aka dawo da su a Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News@AUC |title=Desert Development Center Leaves a Legacy at AUC |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/Pages/story.aspx?eid=1278 |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202210320/http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/Pages/story.aspx?eid=1278 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar Bincike don Muhalli mai dorewa ce ke ci gaba da gadon Cibiyar Ci Gaban hamada. Ma'aikatar ta kada kuri'a "rashin amincewa" ga shugaban jami'a Francis J. Ricciardone a watan Fabrairun 2019. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga shugaban, ma'aikatan sun ambaci "rashin halin kirki, gunaguni game da salon gudanarwarsa, korafe-korafe game da kwangila da zarge-zargen nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba" tare da tashin hankali ya kara karuwa lokacin da Ricciardone ya gayyaci Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo don ba da jawabi a jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=February 6, 2019 |title=Revolt at American University Where Pompeo Addressed Middle East |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/world/middleeast/american-university-cairo-pompeo.html |access-date=February 7, 2019 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Kwamitin Amintattun Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira ya sake tabbatar da ci gaba da amincewa da goyon baya mara cancanta ga Shugaba Francis J. Ricciardone. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, ya tsawaita wa'adinsa har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2019 |title=AUC's Board of Trustees Votes Unanimously to Renew President Ricciardone |url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/news/aucs-board-trustees-votes-unanimously-renew-president-ricciardone}}</ref> Ricciardone ya yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Retirement of President Francis J. Ricciardone {{!}} The American University in Cairo |url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/about/statements/retirement-of-president-Ricciardone |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=www.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> Kwamitin amintattu ya sanar da nadin Ahmad S. Dallal a matsayin shugaban jami'a na 13 a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahmad Dallal Named President Of The American University In Cairo |url=https://www.albawaba.com/business/pr/ahmad-dallal-named-president-american-university-cairo-1434897 |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=Al Bawaba |language=en}}</ref> == Cibiyar == === Cibiyar Tahrir Square === [[Fayil:Tahrir_Square_Campus.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Cibiyar Tahrir Square]] An kafa AUC ne da farko a Tahrir Square a cikin garin Alkahira. An haɓaka harabar Tahrir Square mai girman kadada 7.8 a kusa da Fadar Khairy Pasha . An gina shi a cikin salon neo-Mamluk, [ ƙarin bayani da ake buƙata] fadar ta yi wahayi zuwa ga salon gine-gine wanda aka sake maimaita shi a ko'ina cikin Alkahira.<ref name="Downtown Cultural Center brochure">Downtown Cultural Center brochure</ref>  An kafa Ewart Hall a 1928, mai suna William Dana Ewart, mahaifin wani baƙo na Amurka zuwa harabar, wanda ya ba da kyautar $ 100,000 don farashin gini a kan yanayin cewa ta kasance ba a san ta ba.<ref name="The American University in Cairo: 1919-1987, p 37">The American University in Cairo: 1919-1987, p 37</ref> A. St. John Diament ne ya tsara tsarin, yana kusa da gefen kudu na Fadar. Yankin tsakiya na ginin yana da ɗakin taro mai girma don zama 1,200, da kuma ɗakunan ajiya, ofisoshi da wuraren baje kolin. Ci gaba da ci gaban makarantar ya buƙaci ƙarin sarari, kuma a cikin 1932, an keɓe sabon gini don gidan Makarantar Nazarin Gabas. Gabashin Ewart Hall, ginin ya ƙunshi Oriental Hall, ɗakin taro da ɗakin liyafa da aka gina kuma aka yi wa ado a cikin daidaitawar salon gargajiya, <ref name="The American University in Cairo: 1919-1987, p 85">The American University in Cairo: 1919-1987, p 85</ref> duk da haka yana amsawa ga salon gine-gine na lokacinsa.<ref name="Downtown Cultural Center brochure" /> [[Fayil:American_University_in_Cairo.JPG|thumb|Gidan Tahrir (Campus na Downtown) ]] A tsawon lokaci AUC ta kara karin gine-gine ga abin da aka sani da The GrEEK Campus, don jimlar gine-gine biyar da murabba'in ƙafa 250,000 a cikin garin Alkahira.<ref name="jones">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/15/tahrir-square-tech-park_n_4280590.html Sophia Jones, "Cairo's Tahrir Square to Get a New neighbor: A Mini Silicon Valley"], ''Huffington Post,'' 15 November 2013, accessed 28 January 2016</ref> An haɓaka Sadat Metro tare da samun damar zuwa harabar, kuma manyan layin ta sun haɗu kusa da can. Har ila yau kusa da ita ce [[Ramses Railway Station|Tashar jirgin kasa ta Ramses]]. Ganuwar harabar a kan titin Mohamed Mahmoud har yanzu tana da rubutun juyin juya hali.<ref name="jones" /> Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira ta yi wani shiri kuma ta yi ƙoƙari ta adana rubutun bango.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preserving Mohamed Mahmoud Murals; See Photo Gallery |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/Pages/story.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210075627/http://www.aucegypt.edu/newsatauc/Pages/story.aspx?eid=833 |archive-date=2012-12-10}}</ref> Mutane da yawa masu sha'awar sun buga har ma sun rubuta waɗannan rubutun ta hanyar tattara hotuna / hotuna na mural ɗin da baƙi suka ɗauka, waɗanda suka kasance a wannan lokacin tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جداريات محمد محمود تجذب المترددين علي الميدان لالتقاط الصور |url=https://www.masress.com/elakhbar/64510 |website=مصرس}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=الجرافيتي "فن الغضب والشوارع" |url=http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/26d9720c-1ecb-41b2-b205-953cd094f9eb |website=www.alkhaleej.ae}}</ref> === Sabon harabar Alkahira === A cikin fall of 2008, AUC ya bar Cibiyar Girka kuma ya kaddamar da AUC New Cairo, sabon harabar karkara mai girman kadada 260 a New Cairo, birni na tauraron dan adam kimanin kilomita 20 (da minti 45) daga harabar gari. New Cairo ci gaban gwamnati ne wanda ya kunshi kadada 46,000 na ƙasa tare da yawan mutanen da aka tsara na mutane miliyan 2.5. <ref name="The Daily News, Egypt, February 8, 2009">''The Daily News'' (Egypt), 8 February 2009</ref> AUC New Cairo tana ba da ci gaba da ci gaba don bincike da ilmantarwa, da kuma duk albarkatun zamani da ake buƙata don tallafawa rayuwar harabar.<ref name="Catalog.aucegypt.edu">{{Cite web |title=The University - The American University in Cairo - acalog ACMS™ |url=http://catalog.aucegypt.edu/content.php?catoid=15&navoid=479#camp |publisher=Catalog.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> A cikin babban shirinsa na sabon harabar, jami'ar ta ba da umarnin cewa harabar ta bayyana dabi'un jami'ar a matsayin cibiyar zane-zane mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cikin abin da ba na Yamma ba tare da tushen gargajiya mai zurfi da babban burin.<ref name="A City for Learning: AUC’s Campus in New Cairo, 2004, page 20">A City for Learning: AUC’s Campus in New Cairo, 2004, page 20</ref> Sabon harabar an yi niyya ne don zama binciken shari'a don yadda jituwa da bambancin gine-gine zasu iya kasancewa tare da kirkirar abubuwa da kuma yadda al'ada da zamani zasu iya yin kira ga ma'ana.<ref name="A City for Learning: AUC’s Campus in New Cairo, 2004, page 14">A City for Learning: AUC’s Campus in New Cairo, 2004, page 14</ref> Yankunan harabar suna aiki ne a matsayin dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu kama da juna don nazarin ci gaban hamada, kimiyyar halittu, da kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin muhalli da al'umma.<ref name="A City for Learning: AUC’s Campus in New Cairo, 2004, page 14" /> Cibiyoyin biyu tare suna karɓar bakuncin shirye-shiryen digiri 36 da shirye-shirye na digiri 46. Cibiyar New Cairo tana ba da makarantu shida da cibiyoyin bincike goma. Cibiyoyin Bincike na Ginin suna da Gidan Taron AUC, Cibiyar Yarima Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud don Nazarin Amurka, Cibiyar John D. Gerhart don Philanthropy da Civic Engagement, da Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Yousef Jameel. [[Fayil:Arch,_AUC-New_Cairo.jpg|left|thumb|AUC Sabuwar Alkahira]] Cibiyar Bayanai ta Dr. Hamza AlKholi tana da ofisoshin AUC don yin rajista, shigarwa, harkokin kudi na dalibai da ayyukan dalibai. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Howard yana cikin Cibiyar Ilimi ta Hatem da Janet Mostafa, tare da Gidan Lecture na Mansour Group, Cibiyar Ba da Shawara ta Ilimi da Ofishin Dean na Nazarin Ilimi. Cibiyar AUC don Fasaha ta haɗa da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu: Malak Gabr Arts da Gerhart, da kuma Sharjah Art Gallery da ofisoshi na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Fasaha. Cibiyar Cibiyar Jami'ar tana ba wa ɗalibai yanki na al'umma don cin abinci, taruwa, shirya tafiye-tafiye, da halartar abubuwan da ke faruwa a harabar. A cikin ginin akwai kantin sayar da littattafai, kantin sayarwar kyauta, banki, ofishin tafiye-tafiye da babban ɗakin cin abinci. Har ila yau, akwai cibiyar kula da rana, ɗakin karatu da Ofishin Ayyukan Dalibai, Ofishin Tafiya da shagon AUC Press Campus. Kusa da Cibiyar Campus akwai gidajen dalibai. A gefen mazaunan ɗalibai akwai Cibiyar Wasanni ta AUC mai hawa uku, gami da kotun da ke da kujeru 2,000, hanyar tsere, kotuna shida, zane-zane da ɗakunan motsa jiki, ɗakin karatu na kyauta, da kotunan horo. Gidajen waje sun haɗa da filin wasa mai kujeru 2,000, wurin yin iyo, filin ƙwallon ƙafa, tsere da tseren keke, da kotuna don wasan tennis, kwando, kwallon hannu da volleyball.<ref name="Catalog.aucegypt.edu"/> Gida ɗaya daga cikin manyan tarin harshen Ingilishi a yankin, ɗakin karatu na AUC mai hawa biyar ya haɗa da sarari don kundin 600,000 a cikin babban ɗakin karatu da kundin 100,000 a cikin Littattafai masu Rare da Littattafai na Musamman; ɗakunan aiki na kwamfuta; samar da bidiyo da sauti da kuma gyare-gyare; da kuma cikakkun albarkatun don ƙididdiga, microfilming da adana takardu. Bugu da ƙari, a matakin plaza na ɗakin karatu, Learning Commons yana jaddada rukuni da haɗin gwiwa. Wannan yanki na musamman ya haɗa da nazarin mai zaman kansa, ilmantarwa mai ma'amala, ɗakunan multimedia da fasaha, da kwafi da cibiyoyin rubutu.<ref name="Catalog.aucegypt.edu"/> === Gina harabar New Alkahira === An gina AUC New Cairo ta amfani da tan 24,000 na karfe mai ƙarfafawa, da kuma murabba'in mita 115,000 na dutse, marmara, murfin dutse da bene. Fiye da ma'aikata 7,000 sun yi aiki sau biyu a wurin ginin.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Background |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/newcairocampus/background/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917084145/http://www.aucegypt.edu/newcairocampus/background/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2012-09-17 |access-date=2012-09-20 |publisher=Aucegypt.edu}}</ref> Sandstone don ganuwar gine-ginen harabar an samar da shi ta hanyar dutse guda ɗaya a Kom Ombo, kilomita 50 a arewacin Aswan. Dutsen ya isa ta hanyar mota a cikin manyan tubalan da yawa, waɗanda aka yanke kuma aka tsara su don ganuwar, arches da sauran amfani a wani masana'antar yankan dutse da aka gina a shafin. An gina ganuwar bisa ga tsarin kula da makamashi wanda ke rage yanayin sanyaya iska da amfani da makamashin dumama da akalla kashi 50 idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin gini na al'ada. Fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na dutse a cikin Alumni Wall wanda ke kewaye da harabar an sake amfani da shi daga dutse wanda in ba haka ba za a watsar da shi a matsayin sharar gida bayan an yanke shi. Wani ramin sabis na kilomita 1.6 wanda ke gudana a ƙarƙashin babbar hanyar tsakiya tare da kashin harabar AUC shine mahimmin abu don yin yanayin tafiya gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan da za a iya samu ta hanyar ramin sun haɗa da duk isar da kaya daga gine-ginen harabar, fiber optic da kuma fasahar da ke da alaƙa da fasaha, manyan hanyoyin lantarki da famfo don ruwan zafi, ruwan gida da ruwan sanyi don sanyaya iska. Duk sauran bututun ruwa, iskar gas, ban ruwa da kashe gobara an binne su a harabar, a waje da ramin, a kusa da gine-gine kamar yadda ake buƙata don manufar su.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> === Inauguration da kyaututtuka === Margaret Scobey, tsohon Jakadan Amurka a Misira, tana daga cikin baƙi a rantsar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2009.<ref name="USAID Frontlines, March 2009">USAID Frontlines, March 2009</ref> A cikin maganganunta, Scobey ya ce,<blockquote>"Sabon bukatun sabuwar duniyarmu suna haɓaka muhimmancin ilimi. Muna buƙatar shugabanninmu na gaba su kasance daban-daban kuma su sami ƙwarewar ilimi daban-daban... Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci, muna buƙatar shugabannin da suka keɓe kansu don haɓaka girmamawa ta gaskiya ga juna idan za mu yi aiki tare yadda ya kamata don amfani da waɗannan ƙarfin canji don mafi kyau. "<ref name="USAID Frontlines, March 2009">USAID Frontlines, March 2009</ref></blockquote>Jakadan Scobey ya kuma gabatar da sakon taya murna ga AUC daga Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama . <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Grand Opening |url=http://www1.aucegypt.edu/publications/auctoday/AUCTodaySpring09/grandopening.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022001432/http://www1.aucegypt.edu/publications/auctoday/AUCTodaySpring09/grandopening.htm |archive-date=2012-10-22 |access-date=2012-09-20 |publisher=Aucegypt.edu}}</ref> A cikin 2013 AUC ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haya ta shekaru 10 tare da Tahrir Alley Technology Park (TATP), wani kamfani na Alkahira wanda ke da niyyar ci gaba da sunan Cibiyar Girka, don gudanar da Cibiyar Girkanci. AUC za ta riƙe cikakken mallakar. Ya juya gine-gine biyar ga TATP. Wannan harabar za a bunkasa ta a matsayin wurin shakatawa na fasaha, yana ƙarfafa farawa da ci gaban ƙananan kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 14, 2013 |title=AUC'S GREEK CAMPUS TO BE TRANSFORMED INTO EGYPT'S FIRST TECHNOLOGY PARK |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/news/Pages/NewsRelease.aspx?rid=390 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416123933/http://www.aucegypt.edu/news/Pages/NewsRelease.aspx?rid=390 |archive-date=April 16, 2015 |access-date=April 11, 2015 |publisher=aucegypt.edu}}</ref> TATP ta ce za ta samar da sarari a harabar makarantar ga masu zane-zane da aka amince da su.<ref name="jones"/> Cibiyar Urban Land da ke Amurka ta amince da sabon tsarin harabar AUC da kuma gini tare da lambar yabo ta musamman da ke gane ingancin makamashi, gine-ginensa, iyawarsa don ci gaban al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American University in Cairo bags special award from ULI |url=http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/american_university_in_cairo_bags_special_award_from_uli_090709/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221214346/http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/american_university_in_cairo_bags_special_award_from_uli_090709/ |archive-date=2010-02-21 |publisher=Education Design Network}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Jami'ar Amurka da ke Alkahira wata cibiyar ilimi ce mai zaman kanta wacce kwamitin amintattu ke jagoranta. Bugu da kari, kwamitin amintattu yana aiki a matsayin kwamitin ba da shawara. Hukumar tana da dokokinta kuma tana zabar shugaban shekara-shekara. Babu dalibai a cikin Kwamitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Trustees |url=http://www1.aucegypt.edu/catalog04/appendix/trustees/trustees.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908065252/http://www1.aucegypt.edu/catalog04/appendix/trustees/trustees.html |archive-date=2012-09-08 |access-date=2012-09-20 |publisher=.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> [[Fayil:Charles_A._Watson.jpg|right|thumb|Charles A. Watson]] Francis Ricciardone ya kasance shugaban AUC daga 2016 har zuwa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2016 |title=Francis J. Ricciardone Named President of the American University in Cairo |url=http://aucegypt.edu/media/media-releases/francis-j-ricciardone-named-president-american-university-cairo |access-date=March 5, 2016 |publisher=American University in Cairo}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, duka bangarorin da majalisar dattijai ta dalibai ta Jami'ar Amurka sun kada kuri'a cewa ba su da "babu amincewa" ga jagorancin Ricciardone. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga shugaban, ma'aikatan sun ambaci "rashin halin kirki, gunaguni game da salon gudanarwarsa, korafe-korafe game da kwangila da zarge-zargen nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba" tare da tashin hankali ya kara karuwa lokacin da Ricciardone ya gayyaci Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo don ba da jawabi a jami'ar.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Shugaban 13 na AUC, Ahmad S. Dallal, ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin injiniya daga AUB. Ya sami digiri na gaba daga kuma ya koyar a manyan jami'o'i da yawa a Amurka kafin ya ɗauki mukamai na gudanarwa a Jami'ar Amurka ta Beirut daga 2009 zuwa 2015 da Jami'ar Georgetown a Qatar daga 2017 zuwa 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 23, 2021 |title=Meet AUC's newly-appointed president Ahmad Dallal |url=https://egyptindependent.com/meet-aucs-newly-appointed-president-ahmad-dallal/ |access-date=February 1, 2022 |publisher=[[Egypt Independent]]}}</ref> === Shugabannin jami'o'i === * Ahmad Dallal (2021-) * Ehab Abdel-Rahman (Yuli-Oktoba 2021) "shugabancin" * Francis J. Ricciardone (2016-2021) * Thomas E. Thomason (2015-2016), ''shugaban rikon kwarya'' * Lisa Anderson (2011-2015) * David C. Arnold (2003-2011) * John D. Gerhart (1998-2003) * Donald McDonald (1990-1997) * Richard F. Pedersen (1977-1990) * Cecil K. Byrd (1974-1977) * Christopher Thoron (1969-1974) * Thomas A. Bartlett (1963-1969) * Raymond F. McLain (1954-1963) * John S. Badeau (1944-1953) * Charles Watson (1919-1944) == Malamai == AUC tana ba da digiri na farko 37, digiri na biyu, da digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar da injiniya ban da difloma masu yawa a makarantu biyar: kasuwanci, harkokin duniya da manufofin jama'a, ilimin ɗan adam da kimiyyar zamantakewa, kimiyya da injiniya, da makarantar digiri na ilimi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The American University in Cairo Factbook, 2016-2017 |url=https://documents.aucegypt.edu/Docs/research_IR/Factbook%202016-2017%20final.pdf |access-date=2024-06-25 |archive-date=2018-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820113341/https://documents.aucegypt.edu/Docs/research_IR/Factbook |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tsara yanayin zane-zane na harshen Ingilishi na jami'ar don inganta tunani mai mahimmanci, harshe da ƙwarewar al'adu da kuma ingantawa a cikin ɗalibai godiya ga al'adunsu da al'adun su da kuma alhakinsu ga al'umma. A watan Nuwamba 2020, Provost Ehab Abdelrahman ya rushe makarantar digiri na ilimi ba tare da gargadi ba kuma ba tare da shirin haɗuwa da Makarantar Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta Jama'a ba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Caravan |first=The |date=2021-02-21 |title=GSE Joins HUSS |url=https://www.auccaravan.com/?p=12126 |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=The Caravan |language=en-US}}</ref> AUC tana da izinin ma'aikata daga Hukumar Kula da Ilimi Mafi Girma ta Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Tsakiya a Amurka. <ref>Association of American International Colleges and Universities (AAICU)</ref> Shirye-shiryen injiniya na AUC sun sami amincewar ABET (tsohon Kwamitin Gudanarwa don Injiniya da Fasaha) kuma shirye-shiryen kasuwanci sun sami amincewa daga Ƙungiyar Ci gaba da Makarantun Kasuwanci na Kwalejin (AACSB.) A Misira, AUC tana aiki a cikin tsarin yarjejeniyar 1975 tare da gwamnatin Masar, wanda ya dogara ne akan Yarjejeniyar Al'adu ta 1962 tsakanin gwamnatocin Amurka da Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2016 |title=Welcome to insiderhighered.com - Search Results for "insiderhighered.com" |url=http://insiderhighered.com/profiles/american_university_in_cairo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310231826/http://insiderhighered.com/profiles/american_university_in_cairo |archive-date=March 10, 2016}}</ref><ref name="accred 2">{{Cite web |title=AUC's Accreditation |url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/about/about-auc/accreditation |access-date=20 April 2016 |website=aucegypt.edu}}</ref> A Amurka, ana ba da lasisi ga AUC don ba da digiri kuma Jihar Delaware ce ta kafa ta.<ref name="accred 2" /> Bugu da kari, yawancin shirye-shiryen ilimi na AUC sun sami takardar shaidar musamman. Ma'aikata a AUC suna fuskantar matsin lamba akai-akai daga manyan hukumomi, karkashin jagorancin Abdelrahman. A cikin 2019, Adam Duker <ref>{{Cite web |last=Parke |first=Caleb |date=2019-08-14 |title=Professor at American university in Cairo says he was fired for not favoring Islam |url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/cairo-professor-position-taxpayer-us-islam |access-date=2023-06-29 |website=Fox News |language=en-US}}</ref> ya fuskanci abin da ake kira bincike a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta masa ya yi murabus. A cikin 2022, Abdelrahman ya dakatar da kwangilar farfesa saboda ya yi magana game da manufofi masu cin hanci da rashawa da keta kwangila yayin da yake ba da shawara ga ƙungiyar ma'aikata. An sanar da dalibai ba zato ba tsammani cewa farfesa "ba ya samuwa" kuma ya soke karatun su tare da shi. Shiga a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi ya haɗa da dalibai sama da 5,474 tare da ƙarin ɗalibai masu digiri 979 (2017 - 2018). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts and Figures &#124; The American University in Cairo |url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/about/facts-and-figures |website=www.aucegypt.edu}}</ref> A lokaci guda, ilimin manya ya fadada kuma yanzu yana hidimtawa fiye da dalibai 22,000 a kowace shekara a cikin darussan da ba na bashi ba da shirye-shiryen horo na kwangila da aka bayar ta hanyar Makarantar Ci gaba da Ilimi.<ref name=":0"/> Kashi 94% na daliban AUC 'yan Masar ne, tare da sauran kashi 6% daga ko'ina cikin duniya. === Matsayi === * AUC ta kasance jami'a ta 411 a duniya kuma ta 9 a cikin "Yankin Larabawa" ta QS World University Rankings a cikin matsayi na 2021 <ref>{{Cite web |title=QS World University Rankings 2021 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/american-university-cairo#wurs |access-date=July 5, 2020}}</ref> * Shirye-shiryen digiri na AUC guda goma sun kasance a cikin saman a Afirka kuma mafi kyawun 200 a duk duniya a cikin Eduniversal's Best Master's Rankings na 2015 - 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eduniversal Best Masters Ranking in Egypt |url=http://www.best-masters.com/ranking-master-in-egypt.html |access-date=2016-05-16 |website=www.best-masters.com}}</ref> * AUC ta sanya 81 daga cikin cibiyoyi 407 a duk duniya a cikin Universitas Indonesia (UI) GreenMetric World University Ranking na 2015 - 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Overall Ranking 2015 {{!}} Greenmetric UI |url=http://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/overall-ranking-2015/ |access-date=2016-05-16 |website=greenmetric.ui.ac.id |archive-date=2020-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027181959/http://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/overall-ranking-2015/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Aida el Ayoubi, mawaƙa, marubucin waƙa da kuma guitarist. * Amr Waked, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo * Anne Aly, masanin siyasa na Australiya, masanin kimiyya da kuma yaki da ta'addanci. * Anne Zaki, masanin tauhidin Masar * Anthony Shadid, wakilin kasashen waje na The New York Times; Mawallafin da aka fi sayarwa kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer sau biyu. * Asser Yassin, (BSME) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Masar * Ben Wedeman, babban wakilin kasa da kasa, [[CNN]] * Dan Stoenescu, ministan Romania, diflomasiyya, masanin kimiyyar siyasa kuma ɗan jarida * David M. Malone, jami'in diflomasiyyar Kanada * Devin J. Stewart, farfesa a Jami'ar Emory * Haifa Al-Mansour, mace ta farko da ta shirya fim a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] * Hassan Abdalla, Shugaba da Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Afirka ta Larabawa. * [[Hisham Abbas]], (ME) mawaƙi * [[Nadeen Ashraf]], mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata * Jaweed al-Ghussein, masanin ilimin Palasdinawa kuma mai ba da agaji * John O. Brennan, Darakta na Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiyaDaraktan Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya * Juan Cole, masanin Amurka, masanin ilimi na jama'a, kuma masanin tarihi na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Asiya na zamani. A halin yanzu Richard P. Mitchell Farfesa na Tarihi a Jami'ar Michigan. * Karl Procaccini, mataimakin mai shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Minnesota * Khaled al-Qazzaz mai fafutuka, malami, tsohon ma'aikacin gwamnati a Masar * Khaled Bichara, Shugaba na Orascom Telecom kuma wanda ya kafa LinkdotNet * Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, shugaban [[Maldives]] daga 1978 zuwa 2008 * Mohammed bin Ali bin Mohammed Al Mannai, Ministan Sadarwa da Fasahar Bayanai na Qatar * [[Mohammed Emam|Mohamed Emam]] ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Masar kuma ɗan Adel Emam * Maya Morsy, shugaban Majalisar Mata ta Masar * Melanie Craft, marubuciyar litattafan soyayya, Larry Ellison's Wife (Shugaba na Kamfanin Oracle) * Mona El-Shazly, mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa na Masar * Mona Eltahawy, 'yar jarida * Muin Bseiso, mawaki kuma mai fafutuka * Nabil Fahmi, tsohon ministan harkokin waje na Masar * Nicholas Kristof, Op-Ed Columnist, The New York Times; Mawallafin da aka fi sayarwa da kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer sau biyu. * Noha Radwan, farfesa na adabin Larabci a Jami'ar California, Davis * Omar Samra, Masarawa na farko da ya hau Dutsen Everest * Reza Pahlavi, Yarima na [[Iran]] * Rana al-Tonsi, mawaki * Rana el Kaliouby, masanin kimiyya mai bincike a MIT Media Lab kuma wanda ya kafa AffectivaJin dadi * Rania El-Mashat, Ministan hadin kan kasa da kasaHaɗin Kai na Duniya * [[Jordan]]" id="mwAZY" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Queen Rania of Jordan">Rania al Abdullah, sarauniya ta Jordan. * Shahab Ahmed, masanin addinin [[Musulunci]] na Pakistan-Amurka a Jami'ar Harvard; Mawallafin ''[[What is Islam?|Menene Musulunci?]]'' * Yosri Fouda, edita kuma mai gabatarwa / mai gabatar Akher Kalam, wani shirin tattaunawa a kan ONTV * Thomas Friedman, Op-Ed Columnist, The New York Times; Mawallafin da aka fi sayarwa da kuma wanda ya lashe Kyautar Pulitzer sau uku. * Yousef Gamal El-Din, mai ba da labari, Bloomberg Television <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloomberg’s latest primetime show from the Dubai International Financial Centre |date=15 June 2016 |title=Yousef Gamal El-Din Joins Bloomberg Television As New Anchor Of 'Bloomberg Markets: Middle East' |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/company/announcements/yousef-gamal-el-din-joins-bloomberg-television-new-anchor-bloomberg-markets-middle-east/ |website=Bloomberg L.P. |language=en}}</ref> * Yuriko Koike, tsohon Ministan Tsaro na Japan kuma gwamnan mace na farko na [[Tokyo]] * Yussef El Guindi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * Sigrid Kaag, ministan Holland kuma diflomasiyya * Fadwa El Gallal, ɗan jarida == Mashahuriyar ƙwarewa == * Galal Amin (1935-2018), masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai sharhi * Aliaa Bassiouny, farfesa kuma shugabar sashen kudi * Emma Bonino (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948), tsohuwar Kwamishinan Italiya na Ofishin Kula da Jama'a na Tarayyar Turai (ECHO) * Manar El-Shorbagy, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa kuma memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta 2012 * Shems Friedlander, farfesa mai daraja na Amurka kuma malamin Sufi * Graham Harman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), masanin falsafa na zamani na Amurka na metaphysics * Fayza Haikal, farfesa mai suna farfesa a fannin ilimin Masar * [[Salima Ikram]], masanin kimiyyar Masar kuma gwani a kan mummies na dabbobi * Heba Kotb (an haife shi a shekara ta 1967), likitan jima'i kuma mai karɓar bakuncin The Big Talk, wasan kwaikwayo na shawarwarin jima'i * Jehane Ragai, masanin sunadarai * Kent R. Weeks (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), masanin kimiyyar Masar na Amurka, ya ƙaddamar da aikin taswirar Theban, wanda ya gano ainihin KV5, kabarin 'ya'yan Ramesses II a [[Valley of the Kings|Kwarin Sarakuna]] * Lawrence Wright (an haife shi a shekara ta 1947), ɗan jarida kuma marubuci na Amurka wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer * Moustafa Youssef, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta da injiniya, na farko kuma kawai ACM Fellow a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8lsvsyiye49olrr0v1xkll9p1mjgfzq 0 80349 542987 467028 2024-11-20T08:28:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} }Hypertension" wata waka ce ta New Jersey funk band, Kalandar yayi taa shekara ta 1975. Paul Kyser da Leon Stuckey ne suka rubuta shi. Babban nasararsa ta kasance a Burtaniya inda ta kai saman goma a cikin sashin disco. == Tarihi == An yi la'akari da waƙar proto-disco, <ref>Light In The Attic Records - [https://lightintheattic.net/releases/4407-it-s-a-monster Calender, Its a Monstor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921121254/https://lightintheattic.net/releases/4407-it-s-a-monster |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> <ref>The Analog Vault - [https://theanalogvault.com/products/calender-it-s-a-monster-reissue-limited-edition '''Calender''', ''It’s A Monster | Reissue | Limited Edition'', <u>About</u>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725135117/https://theanalogvault.com/products/calender-it-s-a-monster-reissue-limited-edition |date=2024-07-25 }}</ref> ya bayyana a cikin kundin rukuni guda ɗaya, Its a Monstor . <ref>Light In The Attic Records - [https://lightintheattic.net/releases/4407-it-s-a-monster Calender, Its a Monstor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921121254/https://lightintheattic.net/releases/4407-it-s-a-monster |date=2023-09-21 }}</ref> Paul Kyser da Leon Stuckey ne suka kirkiro waƙar.<ref>''Catalogue of Copyright Entries Third Series'', 1977 - [https://books.google.com/books?id=1FAhAQAAIAAJ&dq=Hypertension+Paul+Kyser+Stuckey&pg=PA2523 Page 2523 EU83772]</ref> An sake nazarin ɗayan a cikin fitowar 2 ga watan Agusta na Record World . Mai bita ya yi nuni da hawan jini na Huey Smith kuma ya ce yana kan hanyar zuwa zuciyar Top 40. A Amurka, an sake shi a kan Pi Kappa Records PK-608, <ref>Amazon US - [https://www.amazon.com/Hypertension-Calender-7-45/dp/B01JM5FACG Hypertension-7" 45]</ref> da Buddah 488. <ref>''Record World'', August 2, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/70s/75/RW-1975-08-02.pdf Page 12 RECORD WORLD SINGLE PICKS, CALENDER-Buddah 488]</ref> An sake shi a Burtaniya a kan All Platinum 6146 308. <ref>Amazon UK - [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Calender-Hypertension-Part-Platinum-6146/dp/B006KD3OKY Calender - Hypertension (Part 1) - All Platinum - 6146 308]</ref> An kuma saki shi a Ostiraliya da Netherlands a kan Philips 6146 418. A Kanada, an sake shi a kan All Platinum AP 2359 . <ref>45Cat - [https://www.45cat.com/artist/calender Calender - Discography, All Countries]</ref>  {{Ana bukatan hujja|reason=Better reference than 45Cat needed|date=May 2023}} Cash Box's Jess Levitt ya lura a cikin rahoton labarai na R & B a cikin fitowar 23 ga watan Agusta cewa Buddha singles na Gladys Knight & the Pips, Gene McDaniels, Arthur Alexander, Barbara Mason & the Futures da Kalandar suna tasowa a cikin sigogi.<ref>''Cash Box'', August 23, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-08-23.pdf Page 32 ''cash box R&B news report, r&b ingredients'']</ref> Har ila yau a wannan makon a Burtaniya, an jera shi a matsayin Stop Press Breaker ta Music Week.<ref>''Music Week'', August 23, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1975/Music-Week-1975-08-23.pdf Page 4 NEWS STOP PRESS BREAKERS]</ref> Tare da "Shame, Shame, Sheme" na Shirley &amp;amp; Co., "7-6-5-4-3-2-1 (Blow Your Whistle) " na The Rimshots, "Sending Out An S.O.S." na Retta Young da "Dolly My Love" na The Moments, "Hypertension" ya bayyana a cikin kundin tarihin All Platinum Gold.<ref>''Music Week'', January 24, 1976 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1976/Music-Week-1976-01-24.pdf Page 22 ''NEW ALBUM Featuring 16 of the finest tracks from the HIT LABEL'']</ref> Kundin da ya bayyana a ciki, ''Billboard'' ta sake nazarin ''Monstor'' a cikin fitowar 23 ga Oktoba, 1976. <ref>''Billboard'', October 23, 1976 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1976/Billboard%201976-10-23.pdf Page 87 Billboard's Recommended LPs ''* Continued front page 84'']</ref> == Ayyukan jadawalin == A cikin makon da ya ƙare Yuli 5, 1975, "Hypertension" ya kasance a kan jadawalin ''Billboard'' Disco Action a lamba ta 12 a kan Melody Song Shops (Brooklyn, Queens, Long Island) Sashin Tallace-tallace.<ref>''Billboard'', July 5, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1975/Billboard%201975-07-05.pdf Page 28 Disco Action By Tom Moulton, Melody Song Shops (Brooklyn, Queens, Long Island) Retail Sales]</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 1975, ɗayan ya shiga cikin Record Mirror UK Disco Chart . Ya sanya shi zuwa lamba 10, yana ciyar da jimlar makonni huɗu a cikin ginshiƙi.<ref>James Hamilton's Disco Page - [https://jameshamiltonsdiscopage.com/chart-archive/a-full-list-of-all-record-mirror-uk-disco-chart-entries-1975-1979/ A full list of all Record Mirror UK Disco Chart entries, 1975-1979, Calendar, Hypertension (All Platinum) — 9 August 1975: 10, 4]</ref> A cikin mako na 16 ga watan Agusta, "Hypertension" ya fara fitowa a cikin Cash Box Top 100 R&B chart a lamba ta 98. <ref>''Cash Box'', August 16, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-08-16.pdf Page 37 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 98 HYPERTENSION Calendars (Buddah BDA _]</ref> A mako mai zuwa, ya koma zuwa No. 95.<ref>''Cash Box'', August 23, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-08-23.pdf Page 34 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 95 HYPERTENSION Calendars (Buddah BDA 488) 98]</ref> Ya kai matsayi na 94 a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta, yana ciyar da jimlar makonni huɗu a cikin ginshiƙi.<ref>''Cash Box'', August 30, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-08-30.pdf Page 19 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 94 HYPERTENSION Calendars (Buddah BDA 4881 95]</ref><ref>''Cash Box'', September 6, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf Page 26 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 96 HYPERTENSION Calendars (Buddah BDA 488) 94]</ref><ref>''Cash Box'', August 16, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-08-16.pdf Page 37 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 98 HYPERTENSION, ON Calendars (Buddah BDA 488 _]</ref><ref>''Cash Box'', September 6, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-06.pdf Page 26 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B, 96 HYPERTENSION Calendars (Buddah BDA 488) 94]</ref><ref>''Cash Box'', September 13, 1975 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/70s/1975/CB-1975-09-13.pdf Page 28 CASH BOX TOP 100 R&B]</ref> Har ila yau, ya sanya jadawalin ''Billboard'' Soul a cikin 1975. <ref>''Billboard'', October 23, 1976 - [https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/70s/1976/Billboard%201976-10-23.pdf Page 87 Billboard's Recommended LPs ''* Continued front page 84'']</ref> == Ma'aikata == === Kalandar === * Donna Ahjuder * John Barbee * Michael Barbee * Gerald Fair * Hurlie Arnett Fair * Stanley Barnett Haygood * William Jones <ref>Spotify - [https://open.spotify.com/track/4YULepwoqWyeasM5Va4YAH Song, Hypertension]</ref> == Shekaru na baya == Waƙar da aka goyi bayan "Ritmo Latino" an sake ta a kan Matasuna Records a cikin 2019 . <ref>Soundcloud - [https://soundcloud.com/matasunarecords/calender-hypertension Calender - Hypertension (Original)]</ref><ref>Bandcamp - [https://matasunarecords.bandcamp.com/track/calender-hypertension-original Calender - Hypertension (Original)]</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * SoundCloud - Kalandar - Hypertension (Ainihin), Matasuna Records[https://soundcloud.com/matasunarecords/calender-hypertension Kalandar - Hypertension (Tushen), Matasuna Records] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3m1mdpjyowtj4ilp8nxik3yw5507v3x 0 80518 542612 472220 2024-11-19T16:38:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:UCLG_address_to_the_Human_Rights_Council_(2015).jpg|thumb|387x387px| A cikin 2015, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta amince da rahoton A/HRC/30/49 "Gudunwar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam". A cikin hoton, Patrick Braouezec ya yi jawabi ga Majalisar a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin UCLG game da Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam.]] '''Birnin Human Rights City''' birni ne da ke aiki da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Akwai wasu ma'anoni na birnin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ake da su waɗanda suka fi ƙayyadaddun bayanai kuma suna kallon birnin na haƙƙin ɗan adam ta wani ƙusurwa. Wani yace City Rights birni ne da ke magana a kai a kai ga [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam]] da sauran ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Wata ma'anar ita ce birnin kare haƙƙin bil'adama 'birni ne wanda aka tsara bisa ka'idoji da ƙa'idojin ƴancin ɗan adam'. Wannan ma'anar zamantakewa tana jaddada birnin 'yancin ɗan adam a matsayin tsari wanda wakilai daban-daban suna ba da gudummawar zuwa mataki daban-daban: daga masu fafutuka, masana da malamai zuwa ƙungiyoyin duniya, gwamnatocin jihohi, da ƙananan hukumomi da jami'ai. Har ila yau, wannan ma'anar ba ta cancanci haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin kasa da kasa ba, bisa ga gaskiyar cewa wasu lokuta garuruwa suna bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin sharuɗɗan nasu ta hanyoyin da ba su da wani tsari na yau da kullun ko kuma nan da nan a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma suna iya tsammanin rabon su daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da haɗawa cikin su. dokokin kasa da kasa. Marubucin ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan ma'anar ta fi ɗaukar mafi kyawun hanyoyi daban-daban waɗanda biranen ke hulɗa da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma shiga cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ba kawai a matsayin masu karɓa ba har ma da wakilan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masu sharhi sun lura da karuwar adadin irin waɗannan biranen tun 2000. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grigolo |first=Michele |year=2011 |title=Incorporating Cities into the Eu Anti-Discrimination Policy: Between Race Discrimination and Migrant Rights |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |volume=34 |issue=10 |pages=1751–69 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2010.538422 |s2cid=143622759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards a Decentralization of Human Rights: The Rise of Human Rights Cities |url=https://www.amnesty.nl/content/uploads/2016/12/the_future_of_human_rights_in_an_urban_world_0.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/human-rights/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ba koyaushe suke bayyana kansu a matsayin haka ba amma galibi ana kiransu garuruwan Hakkokin Dan Adam bisa la'akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A faɗin gaskiya, garuruwan kare hakkin ɗan adam sun fito a ƙarshen 1990s daga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma ƙungiyoyin gundumomi. Suna nuna ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka da jami'an ƙananan hukumomi don inganta mutunta ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin ƙaramar hukuma ko al'umma. Saboda mayar da hankalinsu kan yanayin gida, Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam suna jaddada [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, da al'adu]] yayin da suke shafar rayuwar mazauna garuruwa da sauran al'ummomi da kuma damar su na more [[Hakkokin Jama'a Da Na Siyasa|yancin ɗan adam na farar hula da na siyasa]] . Har ila yau, ra'ayin 'yancin ɗan adam yana haɗe da wasu sabbin abubuwa a cikin ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda aka taso a matakin gida, kamar Haƙƙin Birni . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Work Area {{!}} CISDP |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/work-areas/right-city-and-participatory-democracy/about-work-area |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sun bayyana birnin Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a matsayin “Wanda mazaunansa da hukumomin gida, ta hanyar koyo game da dacewa da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun (wanda kwamitin gudanarwa), ya shiga cikin ci gaba da koyo, tattaunawa, nazari na tsari da tunani mai zurfi a matakin al'umma, don bin tsarin musayar ra'ayi da kuma tsara tsarin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa don tabbatar da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa, siyasa, farar hula da al'adu." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Learning and Human Rights Cities. Achievements Report |url=http://www.pdhre.org/achievements-HR-cities-mar-07.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> An bayyana biranen 'yancin ɗan adam a 2011, World Human Rights Cities Forum of Gwangju ( [[Koriya ta Kudu]] ) a matsayin "dukkan jama'ar gari da tsarin zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin mahallin gida inda 'yancin ɗan adam ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a matsayin mahimman dabi'u da jagoranci. ka'idoji." <ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 World Human Rights Cities Forum |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Gwangju%20Declaration%20on%20Human%20Rights%20Cities%20%282011%29.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama a cikin Birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta%20Europea%20Sencera_baixa_3.pdf}}</ref> da Tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni <ref>{{Cite web |last=UCLG-CSIPDHR |date=2011 |title=Global Charter-Agenda for Human Rights in the City |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/documents/files/2021-06/CISDP%20Carta-Agenda_ENG_0.pdf}}</ref> kuma sun ba da tsarin da ya dace don ayyuka daban-daban da suka jagoranci birane daban-daban a duk faɗin duniya. == Tarihin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama. == Shirin City Rights City sakamako ne na dogon lokaci na ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen ƙungiyoyin jama'a don kare da haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam, don haka yana wakiltar wani bangare na gwagwarmayar haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Ana kuma iya ganin hakan a sakamakon karuwar matakan raba kan al'umma da 'yancin cin gashin kai na gida a fadin duniya, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wayar da kan jama'a da yunkurin siyasa a tsakanin kananan hukumomi. === Asalin: Daga Haƙƙin Birni zuwa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyan Haƙƙin Dan Adam. === Shirye-shiryen haƙƙin ɗan adam na zamani ya girma kai tsaye daga tsarawa da farko game da da'awar haƙƙin a cikin birane. Yaɗuwar yanayin matsalolin birane da ke shafar rayuwar yau da kullun da rayuwar mutane ya haifar da irin martani iri ɗaya a wurare a duniya, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga bayyanar lokaci guda tare da haɓaka da'awar sanannen ' yancin birni . " <ref> name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> A cewar David Harvey, " don kiran haƙƙin birni yana nufin 'da'awar wani nau'i na ikon tsara tsarin tafiyar da birane, a kan hanyoyin da aka yi da kuma sake gina garuruwanmu da kuma yin haka a cikin mahimmanci kuma hanyar radical." Ra'ayoyin da ke ƙarfafa wannan motsi sun fara bayyana a cikin 1970s, tare da rinjaye da yawa daga littafin Henri Lefebvre na 1968, ''Le Droit à la ville'' . Yunkurin ya fadada kuma ya sami ci gaba a duniya tun tsakiyar shekarun 1990. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |date=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> Yaɗuwar rikice-rikicen kuɗi na duniya, daɗaɗɗen birane, da lalacewar muhalli sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar yawan biranen duniya waɗanda ke magana dalla-dalla ga haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya a cikin manufofinsu, maganganunsu, da shirye-shiryensu. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta People's Movement for Human Rights Learning (PDHRE) ce ta kaddamar da shirin da aka yi wa lakabi da "Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam", wanda a da aka fi sani da shekaru goma na jama'a don Ilimin 'Yancin Dan Adam, a sakamakon [[Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam|taron 1993 na duniya kan 'yancin dan Adam]] a Vienna, Austria. . Yunkurin yana da nufin tara mutane a cikin al'ummomi don "biyan tattaunawa a tsakanin al'umma da kaddamar da ayyuka don inganta rayuwa da tsaro na mata, maza da yara bisa ka'idoji da ka'idoji na 'yancin ɗan adam." Wannan hanya ta bambanta da hanyar gargajiya ta yadda ake aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma amfani da shi saboda ba da fifiko ga shaharar ilimi, haɗa kai, da al'adu a matsayin abin da ya dace da aiwatar da gwamnati. Garuruwan Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam sun girma a wani bangare saboda yunƙurin da hukumomin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar UN Habitat ke yi na haɗa tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen birni. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arzikin duniya, biranen duniya suna fuskantar matsaloli iri ɗaya na birane, da suka haɗa da rashin gidaje masu araha, cunkoson ababen hawa da kuma rashin isassun hidimomin jama'a . Biranen sun kalli taron kasa da kasa kamar taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Matsugunan Dan Adam da Kungiyoyin Birane da Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Statement by WACLAC at the International Conference on Financing for Development; Monterrey, Mexico; 18 March 2002 |url=https://www.un.org/ffd/statements/waclacE.htm |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin. Shulamith Koenig, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shulamith Koenig |url=http://www.pdhre.org/people/shulabio.html |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.pdhre.org}}</ref> wanda ya kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Koyon Haƙƙin Dan Adam (PDHRE), ya yi aiki kafaɗa da kafaɗa da masu shirya 'yancin ɗan adam a wasu garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na farko da aka keɓe, ciki har da Rosario Argentina, wanda ya zama birni na farko na 'yancin ɗan adam a duniya. a cikin 1997 <ref>{{Cite web |title=PDHRE: Human Rights Communities |url=http://pdhre.org/projects/development.html |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=pdhre.org}}</ref> da Birnin Washington, DC na farko da ke tushen Amurka <ref name=":2" /> === Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam Haɗin Kan Duniya. === [[Fayil:Korea-Gwangju_5392-06.JPG|thumb|336x336px| Birnin Gwangju ya kasance majagaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin biranen kare hakkin bil'adama a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da Asiya, kuma tun a shekarar 2011 ne aka shirya taron dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya.]] 1998, zai yi tsammanin samun ci gaba ga ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam duka ta fuskar ƙarfafa hukumomi da kuma isar da sako na duniya. A matakin Turai, babban taron birnin Barcelona na kare hakkin bil adama ya tara hukumomin kananan hukumomi fiye da 400, tare da yin kira da a kara tabbatar da siyasa a matsayin masu taka rawa wajen kare hakkin dan Adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=European Charter for the Safeguarding of Human Rights in the City |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/right-to-the-city/european-charter |access-date=13 June 2018 |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights}}</ref> Wannan tsari zai ƙare bayan shekaru 2, a birnin Saint Denis na Faransa ta hanyar amincewa da Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni (2000). A lokaci guda kuma, motsi na biranen kare hakkin bil'adama yana ci gaba da karuwa a Asiya, yayin da kungiyoyin fararen hula na yanki ke shirin kaddamar da Yarjejeniya ta Hakkokin Dan Adam na Asiya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Human Rights Charter |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/sites/default/files/Asian%20Human%20Rights%20Charter%20%281998%29.pdf |access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref> ( Gwangju, 1998). Dukkan yarjejeniyoyin biyu za su ba da haske game da rawar da 'yan wasan gida ke takawa wajen inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a matsayin wata hanya ta ƙarfafa dimokraɗiyya na cikin gida da kuma matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin birni a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan duniya. Bayan kafuwar Rosario a matsayin birni na farko na Haƙƙin Dan Adam a shekara ta 1997, wasu ƙananan hukumomi a Kudancin Amirka sun rungumi tsarin da ya danganci haƙƙin ɗan adam yadda ya kamata ta hanyar ba da fifiko na musamman kan alakar ta tare da ra'ayin ' yancin birnin . A shekara ta 2001, mutum-mutumi na birnin Brazil ya ba da wani sabon tsari don inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da ayyukan zamantakewa na birni a matakin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-09 |title=The City Statute of Brazil: A Commentary {{!}} Cities Alliance |url=http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306210206/http://www.citiesalliance.org/node/1947 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.citiesalliance.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]] kuma yana daga cikin majagaba wajen bunkasa ra'ayin biranen 'yancin ɗan adam: a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ta inganta Yarjejeniya ta Birnin Mexico don Haƙƙin Birni, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexico City Charter for the Right to the City |url=http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |website=UCLG Committee on Social Inclusion, Participatory Democracy and Human Rights |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015458/http://www.hic-gs.org/content/Mexico_Charter_R2C_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ƙirƙira hanyoyin sa ido kan 'yancin ɗan adam a matakin gida ya amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulki musamman bisa tsarin kare hakkin dan Adam. Har ila yau, birnin [[Bogotá]] ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen aiwatar da tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam, tare da aiwatar da manufar Bogotá Humana (2013-2016) wanda ya ɗauki wani muhimmin mahimmanci game da hakkin mutane marasa gida, mata da tsofaffi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rights Approach through the "Bogotá Humana" Development Plan {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184227/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/reports/rights-approach-through-bogot%C3%A1-humana-development-plan |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, misalai da dama a duniya sun nuna zurfafa kan tunani da kuma abubuwan da biranen kare hakkin bil'adama ke yi. A Koriya ta Kudu, Gwangju ya fara aikin kafa tsarin kula da hakkin ɗan adam (2009) <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=세계인권도시포럼 |title=세계인권도시포럼 |url=http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.whrcf.org |language=ko |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613190142/http://www.whrcf.org/E_index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> wanda birane kamar [[Seoul]] (2012) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=In Seoul, a municipal government division works to mainstream the rights approach in local public action {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184328/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/seoul-municipal-government-division-works-mainstream-rights-approach-local-public |url-status=dead }}</ref> da [[Busan]] suka bi da sauri. Gwangju ya kuma kasance babban mai shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya wanda ya tara daruruwan garuruwan kare hakkin bil'adama a duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=World Human Rights Cities Forum (WHRCF) of Gwangju, South Korea {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184700/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/activities/human-rights-cities/international-meetings/World-Human-Rights-Cities-Forum-of-Gwangju |url-status=dead }}</ref> A duk faɗin Turai, birane irin su Barcelona, [[Madrid]], [[Graz]] ko Utrecht sun kafa hanyoyin tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lura da alhakinsu ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Misalai na musamman game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan ƙananan hukumomi kamar shirin "City of Rights" na Barcelona (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesura de govern "Barcelona Ciutat de Drets" |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona}}</ref> ko Madrid's "Strategic Plan for Human Rights Cities" (2017). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos de Madrid |url=https://diario.madrid.es/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/PlanDDHH_PDF.pdf |website=City Council of Madrid}}</ref> === Garuruwan kare hakkin Dan Adam a Arewacin Amurka. === A Arewacin Amurka, [[Montréal|Montreal]] ta kasance majagaba na yanki tare da kafa Yarjejeniya ta Hakki da Hakki na Montreal na gida (2006). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Montreal City Charter of Rights and Responsibilities |url=http://ville.montreal.qc.ca/pls/portal/docs/page/charte_mtl_fr/media/documents/charte_montrealaise_english.pdf |website=City of Monreal}}</ref> [[San Francisco]] ta aiwatar da manufofin fassara da aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin gida na gida kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata tun 1998. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Implementing the UN convention on women's rights locally {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |access-date=2018-06-13 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en |archive-date=2018-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184216/https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/observatory/implementing-un-convention-women%E2%80%99s-rights-locally |url-status=dead }}</ref> Masu shirya haƙƙin ɗan adam a Amurka duk da haka sun fuskanci ƙalubale na musamman saboda rawar da Amurka take takawa a duniya da kuma rashin amincewa da yawancin manyan yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya . Koyaya, a cikin 2000s, ƙarin masu fafutuka na Amurka suna aiki don wayar da kan duniya game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka, gami da wariyar launin fata a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka, take [[Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu|haƙƙin ɗan adam na tattalin arziki]], da [[Haƙƙoƙin yara|haƙƙin yara]] . A cikin 2014, mazauna Detroit waɗanda suka rasa samun ruwa mai tsafta sun kawo ƙararsu ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, wacce ta aika da Wakilin Musamman <ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/WaterAndSanitation/SRWater/Pages/SRWaterIndex.aspx |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> zuwa birnin kuma ta ba da sanarwar yin Allah wadai da ayyukan da suka hana mazauna ' [[Hakkin Dan'adam Na Ruwa Da Tsafta|yancin samun ruwa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=David A. |date=22 October 2014 |title=Detroit and the Evaporating Right to Running Water |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/10/detroit-and-the-evaporating-right-to-running-water/381731/ |access-date=2016-02-24 |website=The Atlantic |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan fitowar da wasu sun ƙarfafa ƙarin biranen Amurka, gami da Baltimore Maryland, Mountain View California, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Noack |first=Mark |date=20 July 2015 |title=Dispute over human rights measure in Mountain View |url=https://www.mv-voice.com/news/2015/07/19/dispute-over-human-rights-measure-in-mountain-view |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=www.mv-voice.com |language=en}}</ref> Columbia South Carolina, don yin la'akari da ƙirar birni na haƙƙin ɗan adam. '''''Atlanta's Human Rights City Initiatives''''' A [[Atlanta|Atlanta, masu fafutuka da kungiyoyi na gida na Georgia]] sun yi kira ga birnin da ya ayyana kansa a hukumance a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. A cikin Afrilu 2019, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kasa ta gudanar [https://ushrnetwork.org/news/106/105/Atlanta-Human-Rights-Cities-Convening-Summary-and-Outcomes da wani taro] a Atlanta mai da hankali kan adalcin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a, da batutuwan ƙaura da motsin ɗan adam. Sama da mahalarta 50, daga Atlanta da sauran sassa na ƙasar sun tattauna dabarun tushen tsarin yancin ɗan adam da yadda za su zama birni na kare hakkin ɗan adam a garuruwansu daban-daban. Taron na 2019, ya kuma ƙaddamar da [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=UPR_Cities_Project "Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Cities Project"] wanda ke ba da kayan aiki don taimakawa birane su shiga cikin tattaunawa game da yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam na gida. Wannan yunƙurin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin [https://wiki.humanrightscities.mayfirst.org/index.php?title=Main_Page Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Ƙasar Amurka], ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi cibiyar sadarwar shugabannin al'umma da masu ba da shawara a duk faɗin Amurka. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana ba da taimako da albarkatu ga sauran gundumomi masu burin samun matsayin Garuruwan Haƙƙin Dan Adam da bin [http://wiki.pghrights.mayfirst.org/images/6/6a/Human_Rights_City_Principles_October_2017.pdf ƙa'idodin City Rights] . Aikin yana da nufin ba da gudummawa ga "rahoton inuwa" na ƙasa don tsarin [https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/upr/upr-home bita na lokaci-lokaci na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UPR)] wanda ke nazarin tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Amurka. Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida (NGOs) a Atlanta kamar [https://www.schr.org/who-we-are/ Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Kudancin] sun ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyaren aikata laifuka ta hanyar yunkurin majalisa da kuma adawa da shirye-shirye kamar shirin horar da 'yan sanda na " Cop City " a Atlanta. Matakan adalci na tattalin arziki kamar [https://afsc.org/newsroom/atlantas-home-defenders Shirin Tsaro na Gida] don magance korar jama'a yayin bala'in A cikin Disamba 2022, Majalisar Birnin Atlanta ta zartar da wani kuduri na ayyana Atlanta a matsayin "Birnin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam" tare da yin kira ga manufofi don kare hakkin dan adam ( [https://atlantacityga.iqm2.com/Citizens/Detail_LegiFile.aspx?Frame=None&MeetingID=3671&MediaPosition=&ID=31546&CssClass= 22-R-4708] ). Duk da haka, masu suka da masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa har yanzu birnin ya gaza a fannoni kamar rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki, aikin 'yan sanda na nuna wariya, da kuma kare 'yancin walwala ga al'ummomin da aka ware ko da bayan kudurin hukuma. Ci gaba, masu ba da shawara da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Cibiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Kudancin sun jaddada mahimmancin ƙarin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, samar da isassun kudade don shirye-shirye, yunƙurin samar da mafi girman lissafin 'yan sanda da sa ido, da ba da fifiko ga samun dama da juriya a cikin tsare-tsaren birane da kayayyakin more rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Southern Center for Human Rights |date= |title=Southern Center for Human Rights Resources |url=https://www.schr.org/resources/ |access-date=2024-05-17}}</ref> '''''Dayton Human Rights City Movement.''''' Dayton, Ohio ta yi fama da ƙalubalen rashin adalci na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, da aikata laifuka. A cikin birnin Dayton, ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam mai suna Uniting Dayton for Human Rights ta fara a cikin 2022. Ƙungiyar Uniting Dayton don Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin Dan Adam sune Mary Tyler shugabar Mary E. Tyler Consulting, LLC. da kuma tsohon babban darektan [https://nccjgreaterdayton.org/ taron kasa don Al'umma & Adalci Greater Dayton] tare da haɗin gwiwar [https://daytonhrc.org/ Majalisar Hulɗa da Jama'a] da [https://udayton.edu/artssciences/ctr/hrc/index.php Jami'ar Dayton Human Rights Center.] Makasudin wannan yunkuri shi ne ya zama birni na kare hakkin bil'adama na hukuma wanda ke goyon bayan ka'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam bisa ga [https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya], ta hanyar amincewa da kiyaye haƙƙoƙi na asali ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Dayton. == Birane da dokokin duniya. == Duk [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|dokokin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa]] sun dogara ne a cikin [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya]], wadda aka amince da ita a cikin 1948. Wannan daftarin aiki ya zayyana yancin ɗan adam waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba waɗanda ke da kariya ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, launin fata, aji, yanayin jima'i, addini, ko wani abu na zamantakewa, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin UDHR ba su da alaƙa da doka, amma an san su a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa na al'ada, kuma suna ba da izinin haɓaka yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa masu ɗaure, waɗanda ƙasashe za su zaɓi su rattaba hannu da tabbatarwa. Yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da tsarin sa ido, duk da haka, tana ba gwamnatocin ƙasa dama kuma suna iyakance rawar da jami'an gida ke takawa, waɗanda haɗin gwiwarsu wajen aiwatar da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa yana da mahimmanci. Ayyukan yau da kullun na aiwatar da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sau da yawa yana kan wuyan hukumomi na gida da na yanki. Su ma wadannan yarjejeniyoyin sun daure su. Hukumomin gida da na yanki galibi suna da alhakin ayyukan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya, ilimi, gidaje, samar da ruwa, muhalli, aikin sanda da kuma, a yawancin lokuta, haraji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meyer |first=Margit |year=2009 |title=The 'Right to the City' in the Context of Shifting Mottos of Urban Social Movements |journal=City |volume=13 |issue=2–3 |pages=362–74 |bibcode=2009City...13..362M |doi=10.1080/13604810902982755 |s2cid=73628732}}</ref> <ref> Mayer, Margit. 2012. "The 'Right to the City' in Urban Social Movements." pp.&nbsp;63–85 in ''Cities for People Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City'', edited by N. Brenner, P. Marcuse and M. Mayer. New York: Routledge. </ref> Yadda birane ke aiwatar da manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam ya bambanta daga birni zuwa birni. Wannan yana ba kowane birni damar haɓaka tsarin da ya keɓanta da ƙarfinsa, buƙatunsa, matsalolinsa, da damuwarsa. “Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam” da aka keɓe a hukumance suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar jagoranci da ta ƙunshi masu fafutukar al'umma, mazauna, da jami'an jama'a (ko waɗanda aka nada) suna aiki tare. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Karen |first=Dolan |date=March 2009 |title=Human Rights City Toolkit |url=http://www.ips-dc.org/human_rights_city_toolkit/ |access-date=2016-02-23 |website=Institute for Policy Studies}}</ref> Wasu garuruwa na iya ɗaukar yaren haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙa'idodi ba tare da ɗaukar sunan City Rights City a hukumance ba. Misali, Barcelona babbar birni ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai, kuma ta ƙirƙiri Ofishin Ban Wariya don aiwatar da manufar nuna wariyar launin fata ta EU a cikin iyakokinta a zaman wani ɓangare na zama birni na yancin ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> San Francisco wani irin misalin ne, tun lokacin da 1998, ta amince da dokar birni <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW {{!}} Department on the Status of Women |url=http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=sfgov.org |archive-date=2016-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308133118/http://sfgov.org/dosw/cities-cedaw |url-status=dead }}</ref> tana nuna ƙa'idodin Yarjejeniyar Kawar da duk wani nau'i na Wariya ga Mata . Misalin San Francisco ya taimaka wajen tsara aikin da masu fafutuka suka shirya wani kamfen na "Cities for CEDAW" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cities for CEDAW |url=http://citiesforcedaw.org/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=citiesforcedaw.org |language=en-US}}</ref> don shawo kan biranen Amurka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar CEDAW duk da gazawar gwamnatin kasa don amincewa da yarjejeniyar. === Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam akan "rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin bil'adama" === A cikin shekaru da suka gabata, an tantance ci gaban ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama ta hanyar kudurori da maganganun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ko Majalisar Turai . Wani ci gaba a wannan fanni shi ne amincewa da Kwamitin Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara A/HRC/30/49 kan "Gudunwar da Kananan Hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakin dan Adam". Rahoton ya yi la'akari da nauyin da ke wuyan kananan hukumomi bisa dokokin kasa da kasa na kare hakkin bil'adama, amma mafi mahimmanci, ya jaddada damar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama suka bayar wajen inganta da kare hakkin bil'adama saboda alaka ta kut da kut da bukatu da buri na mazauna birnin. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar kananan hukumomi wajen tsara dabarun kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa, ya kuma yi kira da su tabbatar da ikon da ake bukata da albarkatun kudi domin kananan hukumomi su sami damar yin aiki da hakkin dan adam. An tsara shi a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyuka na shirye-shiryen kananan hukumomi daban-daban da kuma inganta sadarwar yanar gizo a matsayin hanyar da za ta ciyar da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da wasu misalai da ayyuka mafi kyau irin su dandalin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya na Gwangju ko Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam. a cikin Garin. Rahoton na 2015, ya samu gagarumin bibiyar mazabar Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da sauran kungiyoyi na kasa da kasa da na kananan hukumomi da ke aiki don ci gaban kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A matsayinsa na wakilin duniya na kananan hukumomi da na yanki, kwamitin UCLG kan Haɗin Kan Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam misali ya gabatar da bayanai daban-daban ga Majalisar tare da raba shawarwarin Rahoton a tsakanin mazabar ta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=United Nations Agenda on Local Governments and Human Rights: From Recognition to Partnership |url=https://uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/united-nations-agenda-local-governments-and-human-rights-recognition-partnership |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2016, Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta amince da wani kuduri (A/HRC/RES/33/8) "Gane da rawar da kananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam" da kuma "ba da kusanci ga mutane da kasancewa a ciyawa. -matakin tushen, daya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan kananan hukumomi shi ne samar da ayyuka na jama'a wadanda suka dace da bukatun gida da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da su dangane da tabbatar da hakkin dan adam a matakin kananan hukumomi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - Session 33: Resolutions, decisions and President's statements |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session33/Pages/ResDecStat.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2017, wannan Majalisar ta shirya taron tattaunawa kan Rahoton da kuma ci gaban da aka samu na aiwatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR - HRC: Panel discussion on role of local government, 4 September 2017 |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/PanelRoleLocalGovernment.aspx |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwar ƙananan hukumomi na ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. == [[Fayil:Meeting_of_cities_for_human_rights_and_the_right_to_the_city_(Madrid).jpg|thumb|334x334px| A cikin 2017 ne birnin Madrid ya gudanar da taron kasa da kasa na biranen kare hakkin dan adam da hakkin mallakar birnin]] Ayyukan masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa da masu tsara manufofi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya taimaka wajen yada ra'ayoyi game da yadda gwamnatocin birni zasu inganta aiwatar da hakkin dan adam. A shekara ta 2004, UNESCO ta taimaka wajen kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Duniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Coalition of Cities against Racism {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/fight-against-discrimination/coalition-of-cities/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> don taimakawa shugabannin ƙananan hukumomi musayar ra'ayi da inganta manufofin yaki da [[wariyar launin fata]], [[Wariya|wariyar launin fata]], [[Kyamar Baki|kyamar baki]] da kuma wariya . Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa ta Turai (ECCAR) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECCAR |url=http://www.eccar.info/ |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR}}</ref> ta girma daga wannan ƙoƙarin, kuma a yanzu tana da fiye da gundumomi 104, a cikin membobinta kuma ta ɗauki tsarin aiki mai maki goma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Points Action Plan |url=http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170449/http://www.eccar.info/10-point-plan-action |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=ECCAR |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2005, Kwamitin UCLG akan Haɗin Jama'a, Dimokuradiyya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam <ref>{{Cite web |title=CISDP {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en |access-date=2021-08-03 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org}}</ref> an ƙirƙira shi a cikin tsarin ƙungiyar mafi girma da wakilin duniya na ƙananan hukumomi: Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa da Ƙananan Hukumomi . Kwamitin yana wakilta da sauƙaƙe musayar tsakanin hukumomin gida na duniya waɗanda ke da ƙaƙƙarfan ajanda kan haƙƙin ɗan adam ( [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico City]] da Gwangju misali biyu daga cikin kujerun sa a cikin 2018). A matsayin sakamakon da ya dace na fiye da shekaru 10, na aiki don inganta ra'ayi da kuma amincewa da biranen 'yancin ɗan adam, kwamitin ya kasance mai kula da bin tsarin Yarjejeniya ta Turai don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin birni kuma ya ƙirƙira da haɓakawa. Ajandar Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya don Haƙƙin Dan Adam a cikin Birni. Har ila yau, ta gudanar da shawarwarin siyasa mai karfi a matakin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, don amincewa da kananan hukumomi a matsayin manyan masu ruwa da tsaki wajen ingantawa da kare hakkin dan Adam, tare da shirya taron kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya duk shekara. Wani misali mai dacewa dangane da ƙaƙƙarfan haɗin gwiwa don haɓaka ajandar biranen haƙƙin ɗan adam shine abin da ake kira "cibiyoyin bincike-aiki". A wannan yanayin, cibiyar bincike na gida gabaɗaya ita ce kan gaba wajen zaburar da ƙananan hukumomi don aiwatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a matakin ƙananan hukumomi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights cities: Motivations, mechanisms and implications |url=http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |website=Kennis voor Krachtige Steden (KKS) |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2018-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223012115/http://kks.verdus.nl/upload/documents/HRC-Book.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Misalai masu dacewa game da wannan ana iya samun su a matakan Turai <ref>{{Cite web |title=York: Human Rights City - York Human Rights City |url=https://www.yorkhumanrights.org/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=York Human Rights City |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2016 |title=Lund Can Become Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=http://rwi.lu.se/2016/09/lund-can-become-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=ETC Graz: Human Rights City of Graz |url=http://www.etc-graz.at/typo3/index.php?id=1011 |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.etc-graz.at}}</ref> da Arewacin Amurka . Ɗaya daga cikin misalan da suka fi dacewa kan yadda cibiyar bincike ta gida za ta iya haɓakawa da kuma zama dan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya a cikin inganta tsarin kare hakkin bil'adama shine Cibiyar Raoul Wallenberg . Ko da yake tana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Lund tun 1984, duk da haka, wayar da kan Cibiyar ta wuce matakin gida ko ma na ƙasa, saboda a yanzu tana aiwatar da ayyuka a yankuna daban-daban na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights |url=http://rwi.lu.se/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=rwi.lu.se |language=en-US}}</ref> == Garuruwan 'yancin ɗan adam na yanzu. == Garuruwa masu zuwa an sanya su a matsayin Biranen Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam: === Afirka. === * Wales, Ghana. * Korogocho, Kenya. * Ta, Senegal. * [[Timbuktu]], Mali. * Musha, Rwanda. * Mogale, Afirka ta Kudu. === Asiya. === * Gwangju, Koriya ta Kudu (2003) <ref name=":4"/> * [[Seoul]], [[Koriya ta Kudu]] <ref name=":5"/> * Bucuy Municipality, Philippines. * [[Nagpur|Nagpur, India]] * [[Kaohsiung|Kaohsiung, Taiwan]] * Wonosobo District, Indonesia. * Gundumar Bojonegoro, Indonesia. * [[Bandung|Bandung, Indonesia]] (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Bandung Human Rights City |url=http://fihrrst.org/declaration-of-bandung-human-rights-city |access-date=2020-11-02 |website=fihrrst.org}}</ref> === Turai. === * [[Nuremberg]], [[Jamus]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leitbild der Stadt Nürnberg |url=http://www.nuernberg.de/imperia/md/menschenrechte/dokumente/menschenrechte/leitbild_stadt_nuernberg.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> * [[Graz|Graz, Ostiriya]] (2001) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen in Graz! |url=http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821033731/http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/6202485/EN/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Barcelona]], [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona Ciutat de Drets |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/premsa/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/MesuraGovernBCDrets.pdf |website=City Council of Barcelona}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Barcelona, ciutat de drets {{!}} Drets de Ciutadania i Diversitat {{!}} Ajuntament de Barcelona |url=http://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/dretsidiversitat/ca/barcelona-ciutat-de-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=ajuntament.barcelona.cat |language=ca}}</ref> * [[Madrid]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Estratégico de Derechos Humanos del Ayuntamiento de Madrid - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/El-Ayuntamiento/Plan-Estrategico-de-Derechos-Humanos-del-Ayuntamiento-de-Madrid?vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=bbffd3936f14a510VgnVCM2000001f4a900aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Un Plan de Derechos Humanos a través de un proceso de consulta y participación - Ayuntamiento de Madrid |url=http://www.madrid.es/portales/munimadrid/es/Inicio/Actualidad/Noticias/Un-Plan-de-Derechos-Humanos-a-traves-de-un-proceso-de-consulta-y-participacion/?vgnextfmt=default&vgnextoid=27093a90f9781510VgnVCM1000000b205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=a12149fa40ec9410VgnVCM100000171f5a0aRCRD |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.madrid.es |language=es}}</ref> * Terrassa, [[Katalunya|CA]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Promoció dels Drets Humans - Ajuntament de Terrassa |url=http://www.terrassa.cat/promocio-dels-drets |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.terrassa.cat |language=ca-ES}}</ref> * Bihac, Bosnia * [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]] (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna as a Human Rights City |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |website=City Council of Vienna |access-date=2024-07-03 |archive-date=2016-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927231836/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/social/integration/project-work/human-rights-city.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Utrecht, Netherlands (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Human Rights in Utrecht |url=http://humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be/ |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=humanrightsutrecht.blogspot.be |language=nl}}</ref> * York, UK (2017). * Lund, Sweden (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2018 |title=Lund Becomes Sweden's First Human Rights City |url=https://rwi.lu.se/2018/09/lund-becomes-swedens-first-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2018-11-11 |publisher=Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law}}</ref> === Amirka ta Arewa. === * [[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA, Amurika]] (2022). * [[Austin|Austin, TX, Amurika]] * [[Boston|Boston, MA, Amurika]] (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-27 |title=Boston: Human Rights City |url=http://sparechangenews.net/2012/07/boston-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Spare Change News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Carrboro, NC, Amurka (2009). * Chapel Hill, NC, Amurka (2009). * Dallas County, TX, Amurika. * Dayton, Ohio, Amurika. * Edina, MN, Amurka (2016) <ref>{{Cite web |title=City of Edina |url=http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |access-date=2020-11-02 |archive-date=2016-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918234853/http://www.ci.edina.mn.us/index.php?section=pressroom_pressreleases&prrid=1231 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Eugene, OR, Amurka (2011). * [[Edmonton|Edmonton, AB, Kanada]] (2003). * Greenville, NX, Amurika. * Jackson, MS, Amurka (2014). * Mountain View, CA, Amurka (2016). <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHILE TECH LEADERS MEET WITH TRUMP, CITY COUNCIL APPROVES HUMAN RIGHTS CITY RESOLUTION IN SILICON VALLEY |url=http://law.scu.edu/wp-content/uploads/161214-MV-HRC-press-release.pdf |access-date=2020-11-02}}</ref> * Pittsburgh, PA, Amurka (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-18 |title=City of Pittsburgh Human Rights Proclamation |url=https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=American Friends Service Committee |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709073935/https://www.afsc.org/document/city-pittsburgh-human-rights-proclamation |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Portage, MI, Amurika. * Port Townsend, WA, Amurika (2023). * Richmond, CA, Amurka (2009). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-01 |title=Richmond becomes 'Human Rights City' |url=https://richmondconfidential.org/2009/12/01/richmond-becomes-human-rights-city/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Richmond Confidential |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[San Francisco|San Francisco, CA, Amurika]] * [[Seattle|Seattle, WA, Amurika]] (2012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.seattleweekly.com/ |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=Seattle Weekly |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC, Amurka]] (2008). * [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, MB, Kanada]] (2003) An buɗe gidan adana kayan tarihi na Kanada don yancin ɗan adam a wannan birni a ranar 19, ga Satumba, 2014. === Kudancin Amurka. === * Rosario, Argentina (1997). * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Montevideo reaffirms its commitment to turn the Right to the City into a guiding principle of its urban agenda {{!}} CISDP |url=https://www.uclg-cisdp.org/en/news/latest-news/montevideo-reaffirms-its-commitment-turn-right-city-guiding-principle-its-urban |access-date=2018-06-14 |website=www.uclg-cisdp.org |language=en}}</ref> * Santa Cruz, Bolivia. * Porto Alegre, Brazil. * Temuco, Chile. == Duba kuma. == == Manazarta. == [[Rukuni:Ƴancin Ɗan Adam]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eph96ynnrjvzlrynxzcx6ad9zfs5fpv 0 80978 542615 461687 2024-11-19T16:44:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hakkokin uwa''' sune wajibai na shari'a ga uwaye masu jiran gado, uwayen da suke ciki, da uwayen riko a Amurka. Abubuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin iyaye mata sun haɗa da yancin aiki, shayarwa, da haƙƙin iyali. == 'Yancin aiki == Haƙƙin naƙuda ga iyaye mata a Amurka sun ƙunshi hutun haihuwa yayin matakai daban-daban na ciki da kuma lokacin da aka haifi jariri da kuma bayan haka. Har ila yau, sun haɗa da tsarin aiki ga sababbin iyaye mata da suke komawa wurin aikinsu bayan sun haihu. Lokacin da aka ba mata damar tashi don haihuwa ana kiranta hutun haihuwa. Kowace jiha da kamfani yana da nasa dokokin game da lokacin da aka ba da izinin hutu don hutun iyali, da kuma duk wani tallafi da aka ba wa sababbin iyaye mata. Dokar Ba da Iyali da Lafiya ta 1993 (FMLA) ta tsara dokoki ga kamfanoni a duk faɗin hukumar da ke kafa mafi ƙarancin buƙatun hutun haihuwa. Dokokin da FMLA ta gindaya sun shafi uwaye, uba, da iyayen riko. Dokar tana buƙatar yawancin kamfanoni su ba da izinin har zuwa makonni 12 na hutun dangi marasa biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-26 |title=Maternity Leave |url=http://americanpregnancy.org/planning/maternity-leave/ |website=American Pregnancy Association Promoting Pregnancy Wellness |publisher=American Pregnancy Association}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Amurka ta kare ma'aikata daga cin zarafi da masu daukar ma'aikata waɗanda ke nuna wa ma'aikaci bambanci dangane da yin ciki, idan suna da juna biyu, ko kuma suna nufin yin ciki a ƙarƙashin Dokar Nuna Ciki (PDA) da Dokar Nakasa ta Amirka (ADA). Hakanan ma'aikatan masu juna biyu za su iya neman gyare-gyare a cikin kwanakin aikinsu don ɗaukar lafiyarsu kamar hutu zuwa gidan wanka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Legal Rights of Pregnant Workers under Federal Law |url=https://www.eeoc.gov/laws/guidance/legal-rights-pregnant-workers-under-federal-law |website=US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission}}</ref> == Ciyarwar nono == [[Shayarwa|Ciyarwar nono]] ita ce samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga jariri mai nonon mutum ta hanyar nono ko kwalba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Breastfeeding and Breast Milk: Condition Information |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/breastfeeding/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |website=www.nichd.nih.gov}}</ref> Akwai takamaiman dokoki a kowace jiha game da shayarwa da kuma dokokin tarayya. Kowace jiha banda Idaho tana da dokar da ta bai wa mata damar shayar da nono a kowane wuri na jama'a ko na sirri. Duk da cewa galibin Jihohin kasar na ba da damar shayar da nono a ko’ina, Jihohi 29 ne kawai ke kebe nono daga dokokin rashin da’a na jama’a, ma’ana bayyanar tsiraici a bainar jama’a. <ref>{{Cite web |last=National Conference of State Legislatures |title=BREASTFEEDING STATE LAWS |url=http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx#California |website=NCSL |access-date=2024-07-07 |archive-date=2015-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130120629/http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/breastfeeding-state-laws.aspx#California |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dokokin tarayya game da iyaye mata masu shayarwa sun shafi iyaye mata masu aiki. Da zarar iyaye mata sun koma bakin aiki akwai kuma dokokin da aka kafa don masu shayarwa mata yayin da suke wurin aiki. Ana buƙatar masu ɗaukan ma'aikata su ba wa waɗannan iyaye damar hutu lokacin da suka bayyana buƙatar zubar da madarar su har zuwa shekara guda bayan sun haihu. Haka kuma ana bukace su da su samar da kebantaccen wuri da kebantacce, banda dakin wanka, domin wadannan iyaye mata su watsar da nonon su. Ana iya samun waɗannan dokokin a cikin Dokar Kariyar Marasa lafiya da Dokar Kulawa mai araha ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Labor |title=Break Time for Nursing Mothers |url=http://www.dol.gov/whd/nursingmothers/ |website=Wage and Hour Division}}</ref> == Hakkokin iyali ga uwaye == Uwa suna da haƙƙoƙi da yawa waɗanda suka shafi dokar iyali ciki har da yanke shawara a madadin 'ya'yansu ciki har da shawarar likita da kuma wanda ke kusa da ɗansu. Iyaye kuma suna da haƙƙin doka su bi mahaifin ɗansu don tallafin yara. === Hakkokin iyaye === Kowace jiha tana da ƙayyadaddun dokokinta game da haƙƙin shari'a na uwa da alhakin ɗanta. Dukan ƙa’idodin doka sun bayyana cewa an ƙyale uwa ko iyaye su tsai da shawarwari game da ilimin yaro, addini, kula da lafiya, da kuma yanke shawarar inda yaron zai zauna. Mahaifiyar haihuwa, ubanni sun auri uwa kafin ko bayan haihuwar yaron, kuma {{As of|2003}} , Ubannin da ke cikin takardar shaidar haihuwar ɗansu ana ba su wannan haƙƙin na doka ta atomatik ga ɗansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parental Responsibility |url=http://rightsofwomen.org.uk/get-information/family-law/parental-responsibility/ |website=Rights of Women Helping Women Through the Law}}</ref> === Kula da Yara da Tallafawa === Ko da yake uwa tana da wasu haƙƙoƙin reno a lokacin da ake yaƙin tsarewa amma har yanzu alhakin kotu ne ta zaɓi mafi kyawun yanayi ga yaron. == Manazarta == 2xzh1mgk137jkfe4l2x956b4c0933qw 0 81074 542842 465302 2024-11-19T22:13:48Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542842 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Button_dripper.JPG|thumb|261x261px|Netafim na Isra'ila, ban ruwa]] '<nowiki/>'''''Ruwa''' mai ban ruwa''' ko ruwa mai ban ruwa wani nau'i ne na tsarin micro-ar ruwa wanda keda damar adana ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki ta hanyar bada damar ruwa ya drip sannu a hankali zuwa tushen [[shuke-shuke]], ko dai daga sama da ƙasa ko binne a ƙasa. Manufar itace sanya ruwa kai tsaye a cikin Yankin tushe kuma rage evaporation. Tsarin ban ruwa yana rarraba ruwa ta hanyar [[sadarwa]] ta bawul, bututu, da masu fitarwa. Dangane da yadda aka tsara, shigar, kiyayewa, da kuma sarrafa shi, tsarin ban ruwa na drip na iya zama mafi inganci fiye da sauran nau'ikan tsarin ban ruwa, kamar ban ruwa na ƙasa ko ban ruwa. Masana kimiyya na Isra'ila ne suka kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a cikin shekarun 1960. Ya zuwa 2023, kashi 85% na ban ruwa a duniya duk da haka har yanzu ana yinsa ne ta hanyar hanyoyin gargajiya.<ref name=":1" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:China old map.jpg|thumb]] === Tsohon kasar Sin === Anyi amfani da ban ruwa na farko tun zamanin d ̄ a. ''Fan Shengzhi shu'', wanda aka rubuta a kasar Sin a cikin karni na farko KZ, ya bayyana amfani da tukwane na yumbu da aka binne, wanda ba a rufe shi da ruwa ba, wani lokacin ana kiransa Ollas, a matsayin hanyar ban ruwa.<ref>[[wikisource:zh:氾勝之書|s:zh:氾勝之書]] 以三斗瓦甕埋著科中央，令甕口上與地平。盛水甕中，令滿。</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bainbridge |first=David A |date=June 2001 |title=Buried clay pot irrigation: a little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation |journal=Agricultural Water Management |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=79–88 |doi=10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00119-0}}</ref> === Cigaban zamani === ==== Jamus: bututun karkashin kasa ==== Ruwa na zamani yafara cigaba a Jamus a 1860 lokacin da masu bincike suka fara gwaji tare da ban ruwa ta ƙasa ta amfani da bututun yumɓu don ƙirƙirar haɗin ban ruwa da tsarin magudanar ruwa. ==== Jirgin da akayi wa bututu ==== Daga baya aka fadada binciken a cikin shekarun 1920 don haɗawa da aikace-aikacen tsarin bututu.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now |url=http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm |website=www.irrigation.learnabout.info}}</ref> ==== Ostiraliya: amfani da filastik ==== Amfani da filastik don riƙewa da rarraba ruwa a cikin ban ruwa daga baya Hannis Thill ya haɓaka a Ostiraliya.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now |url=http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm |website=www.irrigation.learnabout.info}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm "The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now"]. ''www.irrigation.learnabout.info''.</cite></ref> ==== Isra'ila: mai fitar da filastik, ban ruwa ==== Amfani da mai fitar da filastik a cikin ban ruwa ya samo asali ne a Isra'ila ta hanyar Simcha Blass da dansa Yeshayahu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Drip Irrigation |url=http://www.gardenguides.com/79735-history-drip-irrigation.html}}</ref> Maimakon saki ruwa ta hanyar ƙananan ramuka da ƙananan ƙwayoyin suka toshe, an saki ruwa ta hanyoyi masu girma da tsawo ta hanyar amfani da friction don jinkirta ruwa a cikin mai fitar da filastik. Blass ne ya kafa tsarin gwaji na farko na wannan nau'in a shekarar 1959, wanda ya yi haɗin gwiwa daga baya (1964) tare da Kibbutz Hatzerim don ƙirƙirar kamfanin ban ruwa mai suna Netafim . Tare sun haɓaka kuma sun ba da izini na farko mai amfani da ruwa mai ban ruwa.<ref name="irrigation.learnabout.info">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now |url=http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm |website=www.irrigation.learnabout.info}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.irrigation.learnabout.info/articles/138-drip-irrigation-system.htm "The History of the Drip Irrigation System and What is Available Now"]. ''www.irrigation.learnabout.info''.</cite></ref> An kirkiro ban ruwa na zamani a Isra'ila a cikin shekarun 1960, irin wannan ban ruwa ya inganta tasirin amfani da taki da ruwa.Gabatar da wannan fasahar ta kasance juyin juya hali a cewar Times of Israel kuma tana iya adana kashi 70% na amfani da ruwa a cikin ci gaban shinkafa. Goldberg da Shmueli (1970) <ref>Goldberg D, Shmueli, M (1970) "Drip Irrigation—A Method Used Under Arid and Desert Conditions of High Water and Soil Salinity" ''Transactions of the ASAE'' '''13''' (1): 0038-0041</ref> sun haɓaka gagarumin ci gaba: "a cikin hamadar Arava a kudancin Isra'ila [Shmueli] sun nuna cewa tsarin ban ruwa da aka girka a saman ƙasa ya yi aiki sosai wajen samar da amfanin gona, har ma da ruwan gishiri (Elfving, 1989). <ref>Janick J, Goldman IL, (2003) "Horticulture, Horticultural Science, and 100 Years of ASHS" ''HortScience'' https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/38/5/article-p883.pdf</ref> Tsarin ... yana da alhakin shuke-shuke da yanayin da bashi da amfani a baya. Canja wurin tsarin ƙasa tare da tsarin ƙasa ya warware matsalar toshe tsarin ƙasa. Ingantawarsu ta kasance: "Ragewa a halin yanzu itace hanya mafi inganci don amfani da ruwa ga amfanin gona (Pathak et al. 2009; Goyal 2012)... Akwai bambance-bambance guda biyu na fasaha: farfajiyar da ƙasa. Mafi yawanci shine ban ruwa, wanda aka fara haɓaka a Isra'ila (Goldberg da Shmueli 1970)... Saboda buƙatar inganta ingancin ban ruwa, a matsayin ma'auni don amfani da yawa na albarkatun ruwa, akwai sha'awa don yin ban ruwa (Scanlon et al. 2012; Sty) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oker |first=Tobias E. |last2=Kisekka |first2=Isaya |last3=Sheshukov |first3=Aleksey Y. |last4=Aguilar |first4=Jonathan |last5=Rogers |first5=Danny |date=2020-01-01 |title=Evaluation of dynamic uniformity and application efficiency of mobile drip irrigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |journal=Irrigation Science |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=17–35 |doi=10.1007/s00271-019-00648-0 |issn=1432-1319 |s2cid=253819897}}</ref> Netafim ta haɓaka fasaha don musamman shinkafa ta ruwa. Shinkafa da ke samar da kashi 10% na hayakin methan na duniya, daidai da motoci miliyan 400. Anfara gabatar da wannan fasahar a Italiya, Turkiyya da Indiya. Kamfanin Agritech N-Drip ya haɓaka ban ruwa mai kyau don shinkafa. A cikin labarin TOI an ruwaito cewa tsarin N-Drip ya haifar da karuwar amfanin gona har zuwa 33%, raguwar taki na 50%, raguwar iskar gas kamar carbon da methane daga 50% zuwa 85% da kuma tanadin ruwa na 50%. ==== US: drip tape ==== A Amurka, Richard Chapin na Chapin Watermatics ne ya kirkiro tef na farko, wanda ake kira Dew Hose, a farkon shekarun 1960. Juyin halitta na drip tape wanda yasa drip tape karɓa kuma ya yi amfani dashi a babban sikelin shine gabatarwar T-Tape a cikin 1987 ta Plastro Irrigation, wanda keda hanyar farko da aka fara fitowa da kuma hanyar laminar wanda daga baya ya samo asali a cikin hanyar turbulent dake daidaita hanyar gudana. Chapin Watermatics ta samo asali ne daga Jain Irrigation a cikin 2006 kuma an ajiye ta a ƙarƙashin reshen Amurka Jain Irrigations Inc, Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Irrigation |url=https://www.jainsusa.com |access-date=19 December 2017 |website=www.JainsUSA.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New AG International – Jain Irrigation Announces Acquisition of Chapin Watermatics Inc. |url=https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222406/https://www.newaginternational.com/index.php/en/news/news-from-the-market/91-jain-irrigation-announces-acquisition-of-chapin-watermatics-inc |archive-date=30 September 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=www.newaginternational.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> An gabatar dashi da farko a California a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, kashi 5% ne kawai na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa suka yi amfani da wannan tsarin a shekarar 1988. A shekara ta 2010, kashi 40% na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a California sun yi amfani da wannan tsarin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Zilberman |first=Taylor |last2=David |first2=Rebecca |date=26 July 2015 |title=The Diffusion of Process Innovation: The Case of Drip Irrigation in California |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/205320/files/Diffusion_of_Process_Innovation_AAEA2015.pdf}}</ref> ==== Zagaye na yaudara ==== Zobba mai juyawa na'ura ce ta zagaye wacce ke rarraba ruwa daidai a kusa da tushe na itace ko shrub. An haɗa shi da samar da ruwa ta hanyar bututun lambu ko daidaitawar bututu, ana iya haɗa zoben ruwa a cikin hanyar [[Ruwa|ban ruwa]] wanda ke ba da ruwa ga shuke-shuke da yawa a lokaci guda. Ta hanyar daidaita kwararar ruwa ta hanyar zobe, ana iya cika ƙasa a cikin abin dake kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage raguwar ruwa da asarar ƙasa saboda evaporation.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2021}}^{&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:An bukaci ambaton|citation needed]]''&#x5D;} == ^{&#x5D;rabe rabe} == Ruwa na zamani ya zama mafi kyawun kirkire-kirkire a cikin aikin gona tun lokacin da aka kirkiro a cikin shekarun 1930 na tasirin tasirin tasirin, wanda ya bada zaɓi na farko mai amfani ga ban ruwa. == Cigaban da ake samu a yanzu == Ana buƙatar nazarin hankali game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi don ƙayyade tsarin ban ruwa mafi dacewa da abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su a cikin takamaiman shigarwa. === Kanni na micro-spray === Ruwa mai ban ruwa na iya amfani da na'urorin da ake kira micro-spray heads, wanda ke yayyafa ruwa a cikin karamin yanki, maimakon dripping emitters. Ana amfani da waɗannan a kan itatuwa da amfanin inabi tare da yankunan tushen da suka fi girma. === Ruwa dake ƙasa === Ruwa mai narkewa (SDI) yana amfani da dindindin ko na ɗan lokaci da aka binne dripperline ko drip tape dake ko a ƙasa da tushen shuka. Yana zama sananne don ban ruwa na amfanin gona, musamman a yankunan da ruwa ke da iyaka, ko kuma ana amfani da ruwa mai sake amfani da shi don ban ruwa. == Zuwa ga duniya da shugabannin kasuwa == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, kasar Sin da Indiya sun kasance kasashe masu saurin fadadawa a fagen drip- ko wasu micro-irrigation, yayin da a duk duniya sama da hekta miliyan goma suka yi amfani da waɗannan fasahohin.<ref name="NatGeo2012" /> Duk da haka, wannan yakai kasa da kashi 4 cikin 100 na ƙasar da ake ban ruwa a duniya.<ref name="NatGeo2012" /> A wannan shekarar, Netafim na Isra'ila shine jagoran kasuwar duniya (matsayin daya kiyaye a cikin 2018 <ref name="NatGeo2012">[https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2012/06/25/drip-irrigation-expanding-worldwide/ Drip Irrigation Expanding Worldwide], National Geographic, 25 June 2012, accessed 1 August 2019</ref>), tare da Jain Irrigation na Indiya shine kamfanin na biyu mafi girma.<ref name="Reuters2018">Tova Cohen, [https://www.reuters.com/article/mexichem-netafim/israeli-irrigation-firm-netafim-sees-50-pct-earnings-rise-by-2020-idUSL8N1R32V3 Israeli irrigation firm Netafim sees 50 pct earnings rise by 2020], Reuters.com, 21 March 2018, accessed 1 August 2019</ref> A cikin 2017 Rivulis ya sayi Eurodrip kuma ya zama na biyu mafi girma a duniya a tsarin ban Ruwa.<ref>[https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-rivulis-irrigation-buys-greek-co-eurodrip-1001171459 Rivulis Irrigation buys Greek co Eurodrip], Globes, 11 January 2017</ref> == Abubuwan dake ciki da aiki == [[Fayil:Dripirrigation.gif|thumb|Tsarin tsarin ban ruwa da sassanta]] [[Fayil:Subsurface_drip_emission_on_loamy_soil.ogv|thumb|Rarraba ruwa a cikin ban ruwa mai laushi]] [[Fayil:Dianthus_caryophyllus_Colori_Joy_(p)_2005-12-04.JPG|thumb|Fure-fure da aka shayar dasu da ban ruwa a Isra'ila]] [[Fayil:Drip_emitter.jpg|thumb|Mai fitar da drip na horticulture a cikin tukunya]] Abubuwan da akayi amfani dasu a cikin ban ruwa (wanda aka jera don daga tushen ruwa) sun haɗa da: * Pump ko tushen ruwa mai matsin lamba * Filter (s) na ruwa ko tsarin tacewa: mai raba yashi, tsarin Fertigation (Venturi injector) da kayan aikin chemigation (zaɓi) * Mai kula da wanka (na'urar rigakafin baya) * Valve mai kula da matsin lamba (mai sarrafa matsin lamba) * Lines na rarraba (babban bututu mai diamita, watakila ƙarami na biyu, kayan bututu) * Ana sarrafawa da hannu, lantarki, ko bawul ɗin sarrafa ruwa da bawul ɗin tsaro * Ƙananan bututun polyethylene na diamita (wanda ake kira "na gefe") * Kayan aiki da kayan haɗi (don yin haɗin kai) * Na'urorin fitarwa a tsire-tsire (mai fitarwa ko dripper, micro spray head, inline dripper ko inline drip tube) A cikin tsarin ban ruwa, famfo da bawul na iya aiki da hannu ko ta atomatik ta hanyar mai sarrafawa. Most large drip irrigation systems employ some type of filter to prevent clogging of the small emitter flow path by small waterborne particles. New technologies are now{{When}} being offered that minimize clogging. Some residential systems are installed without additional filters since potable water is already filtered at the water treatment plant. Virtually all drip irrigation equipment manufacturers recommend that filters be employed and generally will not honor warranties unless this is done. Last line filters just before the final delivery pipe are strongly recommended in addition to any other filtration system due to fine particle settlement and accidental insertion of particles in the intermediate lines. Ana amfani da ban ruwa mai narkewa da ruwa mai narkarwa kusan kawai lokacin da ake amfani da ruwan sharar gida. Dokokin yawanci basa bada izinin yayyafa ruwa ta iska wanda ba a kula da shi sosai ga ka'idodin ruwan sha. Saboda yadda ake amfani da ruwa a cikin tsarin drip, aikace-aikacen gargajiya na kayan lambu na lokaci-lokaci basu da tasiri, don haka tsarin drip sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da kayan lambu tare da ruwan ban ruwa. Wannan ana kiransa fertigation; fertigation da chemigation (aikace-aikacen magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran sunadarai don tsaftace tsarin lokaci-lokaci, kamar chlorine ko sulfuric acid) suna amfani da injectors na sinadarai kamar famfo na diaphragm, famfo na piston, ko aspirators. Ana iya ƙara sunadarai koyaushe a duk lokacin da tsarin ke ban ruwa ko a lokaci-lokaci. Ana bayar da rahoton ajiyar man fetur har zuwa 95% daga gwaje-gwajen filin jami'a na baya-bayan nan ta amfani da drip fertigation da jinkirin isar da ruwa idan aka kwatanta da lokacin saki da ban ruwa ta micro spray heads. An tsara shi dakyau, an shigar da shi, kuma an sarrafa shi, ban ruwa mai ɗorewa na iya taimakawa wajen cimma kiyaye ruwa ta hanyar rage evaporation da zurfin ruwa idan aka kwatanta da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa kamar ambaliyar ruwa ko masu yayyafa sama tunda ana iya amfani da ruwa daidai ga tushen shuka. Bugu da kari, drip na iya kawar da cututtuka da yawa waɗanda ke yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗa da ruwa tare da ganye. A ƙarshe, a yankunan da ke da iyaka sosai, wataƙila babu ainihin tanadin ruwa, amma kawai karuwa a cikin samarwa yayin amfani da adadin ruwa kamar yadda ya gabata. A yankuna masu bushewa sosai ko a kan yashi, hanyar da akafi so ita ce amfani da ruwan ban ruwa a hankali kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ana amfani da ban ruwa a wasu lokuta don rage yawan ruwan da aka kawo zuwa shuka a kowane lokaci, don haka rage runoff ko zurfin percolation. Tsarin bugun yana da tsada kuma yana buƙatar kulawa mai yawa. Sabili da haka, sabbin kokarin da masana'antun masu fitarwa sukayi suna mai da hankali kan bunkasa sabbin fasahohin da ke isar da ruwan ban ruwa a ƙananan ƙimar, watau ƙasa da {{Convert|1.0|L|USpt imppt}} L (2.1 US pints; 1.8 imperial pints) a kowace awa. A hankali-da-har ma isar da shi ya kara inganta ingancin amfani da ruwa batare da ya haifar da tsada da rikitarwa na kayan aikin isar da aka buga ba. Wani bututun fitarwa wani nau'in bututun ban ruwa ne tare da masu fitarwa da aka riga aka shigar a masana'antar tare da takamaiman nesa da gudana a kowace awa kamar yadda aka saba da nisan amfanin gona. Mai fitarwa yana ƙuntata hanyar ruwa ta hanyarsa, don haka haifar da asarar kai da ake buƙata (har zuwa matsin yanayi) don fitar da ruwa a cikin nau'in ɗigon ruwa. Wannan asarar kai ana samun ta ta hanyar friction / turbulence a cikin mai fitarwa. == Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi ==   [[Fayil:Banana_Drip_Irrigation_At_Chinawal.jpg|right|thumb|Rashin ban ruwa da kuma bututun ban ruwa a gonar ayaba a Chinawal, Indiya]] [[Fayil:Button_dripper.JPG|thumb|Ruwa ta hanyar drippers na kan layi]] [[Fayil:UNIRAM_PLANTA.jpg|thumb|Matsi ya biya mai narkewa a kan matsakaici mara ƙasa ba tare da tashoshin girma ba]] Fa'idodin ban ruwa masu ban ruwa sune: * An rage kayan kwalliya da asarar abinci mai gina jiki saboda aikace-aikacen da aka yi da kuma rage leaching. * Ingancin aikace-aikacen ruwa yana da girma idan aka sarrafa shi daidai. * Ba lallai ba ne a daidaita filin. * Filin dake da siffofi marasa daidaituwa suna da sauƙin shiga. * Ana iya amfani da ruwan da ba a sha ba tare da aminci ba. * Za'a iya kiyaye danshi a cikin yankin tushen a filin. * Nau'in ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yawan ban ruwa. * Rugujewar ƙasa ta ragu. * Cigaban ciyawa ya ragu. * Rarraba ruwa daidai ne, ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar fitar da kowane bututun ruwa. * Kudin aiki yafi na sauran hanyoyin ban ruwa. * Bambancin wadata za a iya tsara shi ta hanyar daidaita bawul da drippers. * Za'a iya haɗa fashewa cikin sauƙi tare da ƙananan sharar taki. * Foliage ya kasance bushe, yana rage haɗarin cututtuka. * Yawancin lokaci ana aiki a matsin lamba fiye da wasu nau'ikan ban ruwa, rage farashin makamashi. Rashin fa'idodi na ban ruwa shine: * Rana na iya shafar bututun da aka yi amfani da su don ban ruwa, ta rage tsawon rayuwarsu. (Dubi lalacewar Polymer); * Hadarin lalacewar filastik da ke shafar abun da ke cikin ƙasa da amfanin gona. Tare da nau'ikan filastik da yawa, lokacin da rana ta lalata filastik, wanda yasa ya zama mai laushi, sunadarai na estrogenic (watau, sunadarin dake kwaikwayon hormones na mata) wanda zai sa filastik ya riƙe sassauci an sake shi cikin mahalli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Chun Z. |last2=Yaniger |first2=Stuart I. |last3=Jordan |first3=V. Craig |last4=Klein |first4=Daniel J. |last5=Bittner |first5=George D. |date=1 July 2011 |title=Most Plastic Products Release Estrogenic Chemicals: A Potential Health Problem That Can Be Solved |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=119 |issue=7 |pages=989–996 |doi=10.1289/ehp.1003220 |pmc=3222987 |pmid=21367689}}</ref> * Idan ba a tace ruwa yadda ya kamata ba kuma ba a kula da kayan aikin yadda ya kamata, zai iya haifar da toshewa ko toshewa. * Don drip na ƙasa mai ban ruwa ba zai iya ganin ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ba. Wannan na iya haifar da manomi ko dai yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa (ƙananan inganci) ko kuma rashin isasshen ruwa, wannan ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗanda ba su da ƙwarewa sosai tare da ban ruwa. * Rashin ban ruwa na iya zama mara gamsarwa idan magungunan herbicides ko taki na sama suna buƙatar ban ruwa mai ban ruwa don kunnawa. * Rubutun cirewa yana haifar da ƙarin farashi na tsaftacewa bayan girbi. Masu amfani suna buƙatar tsarawa don jujjuyawar tef, zubar, sake amfani ko sake amfani. * Rashin ruwa, lokaci da girbi, idan ba a shigar da su yadda ya kamata ba. Wadannan tsarin suna buƙatar nazarin da kyau game da duk abubuwan da suka dace kamar yanayin ƙasa, ƙasa, ruwa, amfanin gona da yanayin yanayin yanayi, da kuma dacewa da tsarin ban ruwa da abubuwan dake ciki. * A cikin ƙasa mai sauƙi, drip na ƙasa na iya ba zai iya yayyafa ƙasa don tsiro ba. Yana buƙatar la'akari da zurfin shigarwa. * Yawancin tsarin drip an tsara su ne don inganci mai girma, ma'ana kadan ko babu raguwa. Ba tare da isasshen leaching ba, gishiri da aka yi amfani dashi tare da ruwan ban ruwa na iya ginawa a cikin tushen yankin, yawanci a gefen tsarin wanka. A gefe guda, ban ruwa mai drip yana guje wa babban yiwuwar capillary na ban ruwa na gargajiya, wanda zai iya jawo gishiri daga ajiyar dake ƙasa. * Pipes na PVC sau da yawa suna fama da lalacewar dabbobi, suna buƙatar maye gurbin dukkan bututun da kuma kara kudade. * Ba za a iya amfani da tsarin ban ruwa don kula da lalacewa ta hanyar sanyi na dare ba (kamar tsarin ban ruwa mai fesawa) == Rubutun Drip == [[Fayil:Drip_Irrigation_T-tape.jpg|thumb|Ruwa Ruwa T-tape]] Drip tape wani nau'i ne na dripperline mai laushi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin ban ruwa. An san tef na farko da ake kira "Dew Hose".<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEW-HOSE Trademark – Registration Number 0847046 – Serial Number 72249303 :: Justia Trademarks |url=https://trademarks.justia.com/722/49/dew-hose-72249303.html |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=trademarks.justia.com}}</ref> Anyi tef ɗin bututun bututun da polyethylene kuma ana sayar dashi akan reels. Kaurin bango yawanci yana daga {{Convert|4|to|25|mil|mm|1}} . Ana amfani da kaset masu kauri don ban ruwa na dindindin da kuma kaset masu kaura don tsarin jefawa na wucin gadi a cikin amfanin gona mai daraja. Ruwa yana fitowa daga tef ta hanyar masu fitarwa ko drippers. Yankin mai fitarwa na yau da kullun ya kasance daga {{Convert|6|to|24|in|mm}} . A wasu samfuran, ana ƙera masu fitarwa a lokaci guda tare da tef ɗin kuma an kafa su a matsayin wani ɓangare na samfurin kanta. A wasu, ana ƙera masu fitarwa daban kuma an shigar dasu a lokacin samarwa. Wasu samfurori ba tef bane, amma mai laushi mai laushi, amma a cikin sanannen magana, ana kiran nau'ikan samfuran biyu kaset. Yawan diamita na tef shine in), in, da + 3⁄8 in).{{Cvt|5/8|in|mm}}{{Cvt|7/8|in|mm}}{{Cvt|1+3/8|in|mm}} Drip tape kayan aiki ne mai sake amfani dashi kuma ana iya sake amfani dasu a cikin resins na filastik don sake amfani da masana'antar masana'antar filastik. == Amfani dashi == [[Fayil:Irrigation_dripper.jpg|thumb|Ruwa mai ban ruwa]] Ana amfani da ban ruwa a cikin gonaki, gidajen kasuwanci, da lambuna masu zama. Ana amfani da ban ruwa sosai a yankunan dake da karancin ruwa kuma musamman ga amfanin gona da bishiyoyi kamar [[Attagara|kwakwa]], itatuwan shimfidar wuri, inabi, ayaba, Ber, eggplant, citrus, strawberries, sukari, auduga, masara, da tumatir. Kayan ban ruwa na Drip don lambunan gida suna ƙara shahara ga masu gida kuma sun ƙunshi mai sa'a, bututu, da mai fitarwa. Ana amfani da bututun dake da {{Convert|4|mm}} in) a diamita don ban ruwa ga tukwane na furanni. == Dubi kuma == * Ƙasa mai laushi * Cation-canjin damar * Tasirin muhalli na ban ruwa * Lissafin labaran da suka shafi ƙasa * Phosphogypsum * Ragowar sodium carbonate index * [[pH na ƙasa]] * Kula da gishiri na ƙasa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * ''Ruwa'', 5th Edition, Muhammad Irfan Khan Yousafzai, Claude H. Pair, edita, wanda kungiyar Ruwa ta buga, 1983 * Trickle Irrigation for Crop Production, F. S. Nakayama da D. A. Bucks, editoci, wanda Elsevier ya buga, 1986,   * S. Blass, Water in Strife and Action (Ibraniyawa), wanda Massada Limited ya buga, Isra'ila, 1973 * Manufar Kulawa, wanda Jain Irrigation Systems ya buga, 1989 * Drip da Micro Irrigation Design da Management for Trees, Vines, and Field Crops, 5th Edition, by Charles M. Burt and Stuart W. Styles, buga da Cibiyar Horar da Ruwa da Bincike (ITRC), Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407-0721. www.itrc.org., 2016 {{Hydroculture}}{{Agricultural water management}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Muhalli]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] szid4t77wonohf59vxsxqa0tq2rqeyn 0 81127 542913 491869 2024-11-20T05:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Farah Abdullahi Abdi at Europride Malta 06.jpg|thumb|Farh A Abdi]] '''Farah Abdullahi Abdi''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli 1995 a Beledweyne) 'yar rajin kare hakkin ɗan adam ce. Ita 'yar gudun hijira ce daga Somaliya <ref name="world forum democracy 2016">{{Cite web |title=Farah ABDI |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/world-forum-democracy/2016-speakers/-/asset_publisher/JTQ3V5aITSo7/content/abdi-farah |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=Council of Europe |publisher=}}</ref> kuma Jami'yar Siyasa ta Mafaka da Hijira a kungiyar Transgender Europe. <ref name="europride program">{{Cite web |title=Program Europride 2023 |url=https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=europride2023.mt |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922091626/https://europride2023.mt/lgbtiqconf/programme/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da tserewa zuwa Malta == Farah ta gudu daga yakin Somaliya tare da iyayenta da ɗan uwanta tana da shekaru uku. <ref name="maltatoday">{{Cite web |title=Farah Abdi |url=https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/author/farah_abdi/ |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=Malta Today}}</ref> Iyalinta sun fara zama a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira amma sai suka koma babban birnin tarayya. <ref name="ratsch-menke">{{Cite web |last=Ratsch‐Menke |first=Britta |title=Laudatio für Farah Abdullahi Abdi |url=https://dieschwelle.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Bilder_Dokumente/Friedenspreis/Laudatio/2015_Farah_Abdi_Laudatio.pdf |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=dieschwelle.de |publisher=dieschwelle}}</ref> Sannan ta girma a Nairobi, Kenya. Mahaifinta musulmi ne. Iyalin sun yawaita addu'a da karanta Al-Qur'ani. Farah ta bayyana iyayenta a matsayin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da aiki tukuru. Ta girma a tsakiya. Ta bayyana mahaifiyarta da kakarta, waɗanda suka zauna tare da dangi a Nairobi a matsayin waɗanda suke haɓaka ƙimar girman kai a cikinta tun tana ƙarama. Iyayenta sun ba ta ilimi mai kyau ita da yayanta. Farah ta girma tana jin Turanci da [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], da kuma harshen [[Harshen Somaliya|Somaliya]] tare da danginta a gida. Dole ne ta ɓoye sha'awarta game da kiɗa, al'adun Amurka, kayyadewa da yin wasan kwaikwayo daga danginta sannan kuma ta ɓoye sha'awarta game da kiɗa, al'adun Amurka, zane da wasan kwaikwayo daga danginta sannan kuma ta ɓoye sha'awarta ta jima'i da asalin jinsi. <ref name="ratsch-menke" /> Saboda rashin yarda da kasancewarta 'yar luwaɗi da canza mata, ta sake guduwa tana da shekaru 16 ta ratsa Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan da Libya zuwa Malta. A cikin jirgin an ɗaure ta har sau biyar, ana azabtar da ita da kuma cin zarafi da kuma tilasta mata yin aikin gine-gine a Libya kyauta. Kuɗin tserewa daga Kenia zuwa Malta ya kasance dalar Amurka 12.000 da jimlar danginta. <ref name="weser kurier">{{Cite web |last=Schaefer |first=York |title=Bremer Friedenspreis für Flüchtlingsaktivist |url=https://www.weser-kurier.de/bremen/bremer-friedenspreis-fuer-fluechtlingsaktivist-doc7e4h1vt2qd195z7hd1o |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=weser kurier}}</ref> Abdi ta isa Malta a cikin shekarar 2012. Ta gudu daga Somaliya ta hanyar Libya ta zo Malta a cikin jirgin ruwa. <ref name="world forum democracy 2016"/> Tana da shekaru 16, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-15 |title=Journey of a Somali youngster |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/journey-of-a-somali-youngster.612171 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref> An tsare Abdi na ɗan lokaci bayan isa Malta duk da matsayinta na ƙarama. Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, ta yi magana game da tsanantawa game da jima'i da shaidar jinsi a cikin ƙasarta zuwa ga likitan kwantar da hankali, kuma aka sake ta. Bayan zuwanta, Abdi ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara ga ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na gida kuma ta yi aiki a gidan abinci a Senglea. <ref name="maltatoday"/> == Gwagwarmaya == Abdi ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida na jaridar ''Malta a yau''. <ref name="maltatoday"/> Ta yi rubutu game da musgunawa da halin da bakin haure ke ciki a Malta kuma ta zama sananniya musamman a tsakanin 'yan ci-rani na tsibirin. Farah ta yi shelar cewa suna can "don yin aiki da ba da gudummawa ga al'umma". <ref name="weser kurier"/> Mutanen da ke adawa da shige-da-fice sun yi ta suka saboda yadda ta yi magana. <ref name="dieschwelle">{{Cite web |title=Für die Rechte von Flüchtlingen in Europa: Farah Abdullahi Abdi |url=https://dieschwelle.de/friedenspreis-2015/farah-abdullahi-abdi |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=dieschwelle.de}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2014 Farah ta yi magana a gaban majalisar dokokin Turai tare da goyon bayan kungiyar terre des hommes a yayin taron "Ba a san inda zan nufa ba" tare da bayar da shawarar kare ƙanana da yara 'yan gudun hijira. Kwamishiniyar Tarayyar Turai Cecilia Malmström ta ce ya kamata a bin doka da oda yara da ƙanana 'yan gudun hijira su yi ƙaura zuwa Tarayyar Turai. <ref name="reliefweb">{{Cite web |title=From chains to freedom: why I decided to migrate to Europe |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/chains-freedom-why-i-decided-migrate-europe |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=reliefweb}}</ref> Ta buga tarihin rayuwa mai suna, ''Kada Ka zo'', a cikin shekarar 2015. <ref name="unhcr">{{Cite web |title=Book reading of Never Arrive |url=https://www.unhcr.org/mt/3228-book-reading-never-arrive.html |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=UNHCR}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2023, Abdi tayi magana a taron LGBTIQ+ Human Rights Conference, wani yanki na EuroPride. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-13 |title=Common EU migration policy will harm LGBTIQ asylum seekers - activist |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/common-eu-migration-policy-harm-lgbtiq-asylum-seekers-activist.1054993 |access-date=2024-04-01 |website=Times of Malta |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ƙaura zuwa Berlin == Daga baya Farah Abdi ta koma Berlin daga Malta, saboda wariyar launin fata da ta fuskanta a Malta. <ref name=":0"/> A Berlin, Abdi a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin jami'in mafaka da sadarwa a kungiyar Transgender Europe. Ita 'yar'uwa ce ta gidauniyar Alfred Landecker da dimokuraɗiyya, 'yar'uwar gidauniyar Torschreiber ga marubuta a gudun hijira kuma ta sami "haɗin kai na Dijital Europe" don haɓaka dimokuraɗiyya akan layi. <ref name="humanity in action">{{Cite web |title=Farah Abdi |url=https://humanityinaction.org/person/farah-abdi/ |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Humanity in Action |publisher=}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Abdi Musulma ce kuma macen da ta canza jinsi. <ref name="europride program"/> == Kyauta == * Kyautar zaman lafiya ta Bremen ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu ta Jamus, Stiftung "die Schwelle" <ref name="weser kurier"/> * kyautar Sarauniyar Ingila ga shugabannin matasa * Forbes 30 da 30 a Turai 2017 <ref name="forbes">{{Cite web |title=Farah Abdi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/farah-abdi/?sh=2457b81a7d2b |access-date=7 October 2023 |website=Forbes}}</ref> == Labarai == *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] qmqrldhwindv0svqhy0gw26howzpi88 0 81217 542762 539710 2024-11-19T19:14:40Z A Salisu 14655 542762 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Tom Dinwoodie</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Thomas Linn Dinwoodie</div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1954-11-15</span>)</span> Nuwamba 15, 1954 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 69) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[United States|Amurka]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Cornell University|Jami'ar Cornell]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley|Jami'ar California, Berkeley]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Solar Energy da Cleantech ɗan kasuwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Babban mai gabatarwa, [http://timetochoose.com Lokaci don Zaɓuɓɓuka], takaddun bayani na yanayi SunPower Corporation Systems, CTOPowerLight Corporation, Wanda ya kafa, Shugaban, da Shugaba<br /><br /> |} [[Fayil:TDhero1.jpg|thumb|hoton TD hero]] '''Thomas Linn Dinwoodie''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne mai tsabta, mai kirkiro, kuma wanda ya kafa SunPower Corporation Systems (tsohon PowerLight Corporation). Yana da sha'awar dogon lokaci wajen hanzarta sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta da sauran ayyukan kiyaye yanayi. Dinwoodie kuma masanin gine-gine ne. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na farko == Daga shekara ta 1978 zuwa 1983, Dinwoodie ya kasance mataimakin bincike a Laboratory na Makamashi na MIT, inda ya rubuta takardu da yawa kan tattalin arziƙi da manufofin rarraba hasken rana da iska, da kuma ajiyar makamashi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekara ta 1981, an ba Dinwoodie kwangila daga DOE na Amurka don ci gaba da mai ƙaramin farashi, mai karɓar wutar lantarki ta polymer.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kasance wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na TDEnergy, mai haɓaka wutar lantarki a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka, daga 1982 zuwa 1988. TDEnergy ya gina daya daga cikin farkon wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na New England a Kan'ana, NH.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dinwoodie daga nan ya kafa PowerLight Corporation a cikin shekara ta 1994, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2007. PowerLight ya kasance masana'anta ce ta duniya, mai ba da sabis, da kuma tsarin haɗin kayan hasken rana da sabis don wuraren zama, kasuwanci, da bangarorin amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Rob |date=2003-06-01 |title=Tom Dinwoodie, CEO, Powerlight, Berkeley Thanks to one innovative, sun-obsessed engineer, the price of solar power is becoming much more competitive. - June 1, 2003 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/06/01/346434/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Money.cnn.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da PowerLight cikin INC 500 Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=Inc. 500 Hall of Fame, Growing Your Business Article |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20060901/inc500-hall-of-fame.html |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Inc.com}}</ref> PowerLight ya haɗu da SunPower Corporation a cikin 2007, inda Dinwoodie ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma daga baya CTO don reshe, SunPower Corporation, Systems. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Spwr - Nasdaq |url=http://investors.sunpowercorp.com/common/mobile/iphone/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=225327&CompanyID=SPWR&mobileid= |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Investors.sunpowercorp.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ThinkProgress |url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/06/09/241120/solar-is-ready-now-%E2%80%9Cferocious-cost-reductions-make-solar-pv-competitive/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=ThinkProgress}}</ref> SunPower yana samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu inganci da ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SunPower acquires PowerLight |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2006/11/20/story4.html?b=1163998800%25255E1378066 |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Bizjournals.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie tana da takardun shaida sama da 30 a kan kayayyakin da suka shafi PV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents by Inventor Tom Dinwoodie |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/tom-dinwoodie |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Patents.justia.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Dinwoodie tana da BS a cikin Injiniya da Injiniya na Muhalli daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Cornell Silicon Valley |url=http://www.alumni.cornell.edu/csv/csv10/csv10-dinwoodie.cfm |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Alumni.cornell.edu}}</ref> MS daga sashen injiniyan injiniya daga MIT, da kuma MArch a cikin gine-gine daga Jami'an California a Berkeley. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na yanzu == Dinwoodie shine babban furodusa na Time to Choose, fim din da Charles Ferguson ya yi wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da, da mafita ga, canjin yanayi. Fim ɗin da aka fitar a watan Yunin, 2016. Dinwoodie shine ko ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga, memba na kwamitin, mai saka hannun jari ko wanda ya kafa kewayon farawa na fasaha mai tsabta, wanda ya haɗa da fasahar iska da hasken rana, sufuri na lantarki, micropower, sabis na kudi, da kayan aiki masu tsabta. Wadannan kamfanoni sun hada da AllPower Labs, Ethical Electric, Etrion Corporation, Fenix Int'l, Keystone Tower Systems, Mosaic, MyDomino, NEW GmbH, NEXTracker, PowerLight, SCOOT, Sistine Solar, Sungevity, SunPower Systems, Solar Grid Storage, da TDEnergy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Ucilia |title=Solar Startup Mosaic Counts On Former SunPower Exec For Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2014/07/24/solar-startup-mosaic-counts-on-former-sunpower-exec-for-growth/ |website=[[Forbes]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=David R. |date=29 November 2015 |title=Meet the Berkeley burners trying to hack climate change |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Meet-the-Berkeley-burners-trying-to-hack-climate-6662070.php |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Sfchronicle.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie yana aiki ne a matsayin jagora mai kula da kansa na Cibiyar Rocky Mountain, wani tanki mai tunani da yin riba wanda ke mai da hankali kan mafita don sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin makamashi mai tsabta. Har ila yau, yana aiki a kan Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Sierra Club, Kwamitin Ziyarar Injiniyan Injiniya na MIT, da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara ga The Solutions Project, kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga MIT Energy Club. == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c2jkqatlaaboiudbphit8vlxwu3p992 542763 542762 2024-11-19T19:14:52Z A Salisu 14655 542763 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Tom Dinwoodie</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Thomas Linn Dinwoodie</div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1954-11-15</span>)</span> Nuwamba 15, 1954 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 69) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[United States|Amurka]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Cornell University|Jami'ar Cornell]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley|Jami'ar California, Berkeley]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Solar Energy da Cleantech ɗan kasuwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Babban mai gabatarwa, [http://timetochoose.com Lokaci don Zaɓuɓɓuka], takaddun bayani na yanayi SunPower Corporation Systems, CTOPowerLight Corporation, Wanda ya kafa, Shugaban, da Shugaba<br /><br /> |} [[Fayil:TDhero1.jpg|thumb|hoton TD hero]] '''Thomas Linn Dinwoodie''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne mai tsabta, mai kirkiro, kuma wanda ya kafa SunPower Corporation Systems (tsohon PowerLight Corporation). Yana da sha'awar dogon lokaci wajen hanzarta sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta da sauran ayyukan kiyaye yanayi. Dinwoodie kuma masanin gine-gine ne. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na farko == Daga shekara ta 1978 zuwa 1983, Dinwoodie ya kasance mataimakin bincike a Laboratory na Makamashi na MIT, inda ya rubuta takardu da yawa kan tattalin arziƙi da manufofin rarraba hasken rana da iska, da kuma ajiyar makamashi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekara ta 1981, an ba Dinwoodie kwangila daga DOE na Amurka don ci gaba da mai ƙaramin farashi, mai karɓar wutar lantarki ta polymer.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kasance wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na TDEnergy, mai haɓaka wutar lantarki a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka, daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa 1988. TDEnergy ya gina daya daga cikin farkon wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na New England a Kan'ana, NH.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dinwoodie daga nan ya kafa PowerLight Corporation a cikin shekara ta 1994, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2007. PowerLight ya kasance masana'anta ce ta duniya, mai ba da sabis, da kuma tsarin haɗin kayan hasken rana da sabis don wuraren zama, kasuwanci, da bangarorin amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Rob |date=2003-06-01 |title=Tom Dinwoodie, CEO, Powerlight, Berkeley Thanks to one innovative, sun-obsessed engineer, the price of solar power is becoming much more competitive. - June 1, 2003 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/06/01/346434/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Money.cnn.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da PowerLight cikin INC 500 Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=Inc. 500 Hall of Fame, Growing Your Business Article |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20060901/inc500-hall-of-fame.html |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Inc.com}}</ref> PowerLight ya haɗu da SunPower Corporation a cikin 2007, inda Dinwoodie ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma daga baya CTO don reshe, SunPower Corporation, Systems. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Spwr - Nasdaq |url=http://investors.sunpowercorp.com/common/mobile/iphone/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=225327&CompanyID=SPWR&mobileid= |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Investors.sunpowercorp.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ThinkProgress |url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/06/09/241120/solar-is-ready-now-%E2%80%9Cferocious-cost-reductions-make-solar-pv-competitive/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=ThinkProgress}}</ref> SunPower yana samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu inganci da ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SunPower acquires PowerLight |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2006/11/20/story4.html?b=1163998800%25255E1378066 |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Bizjournals.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie tana da takardun shaida sama da 30 a kan kayayyakin da suka shafi PV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents by Inventor Tom Dinwoodie |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/tom-dinwoodie |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Patents.justia.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Dinwoodie tana da BS a cikin Injiniya da Injiniya na Muhalli daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Cornell Silicon Valley |url=http://www.alumni.cornell.edu/csv/csv10/csv10-dinwoodie.cfm |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Alumni.cornell.edu}}</ref> MS daga sashen injiniyan injiniya daga MIT, da kuma MArch a cikin gine-gine daga Jami'an California a Berkeley. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na yanzu == Dinwoodie shine babban furodusa na Time to Choose, fim din da Charles Ferguson ya yi wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da, da mafita ga, canjin yanayi. Fim ɗin da aka fitar a watan Yunin, 2016. Dinwoodie shine ko ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga, memba na kwamitin, mai saka hannun jari ko wanda ya kafa kewayon farawa na fasaha mai tsabta, wanda ya haɗa da fasahar iska da hasken rana, sufuri na lantarki, micropower, sabis na kudi, da kayan aiki masu tsabta. Wadannan kamfanoni sun hada da AllPower Labs, Ethical Electric, Etrion Corporation, Fenix Int'l, Keystone Tower Systems, Mosaic, MyDomino, NEW GmbH, NEXTracker, PowerLight, SCOOT, Sistine Solar, Sungevity, SunPower Systems, Solar Grid Storage, da TDEnergy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Ucilia |title=Solar Startup Mosaic Counts On Former SunPower Exec For Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2014/07/24/solar-startup-mosaic-counts-on-former-sunpower-exec-for-growth/ |website=[[Forbes]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=David R. |date=29 November 2015 |title=Meet the Berkeley burners trying to hack climate change |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Meet-the-Berkeley-burners-trying-to-hack-climate-6662070.php |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Sfchronicle.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie yana aiki ne a matsayin jagora mai kula da kansa na Cibiyar Rocky Mountain, wani tanki mai tunani da yin riba wanda ke mai da hankali kan mafita don sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin makamashi mai tsabta. Har ila yau, yana aiki a kan Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Sierra Club, Kwamitin Ziyarar Injiniyan Injiniya na MIT, da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara ga The Solutions Project, kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga MIT Energy Club. == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3p2u5b0v063pfucym25x9t8wnpo425w 542764 542763 2024-11-19T19:15:39Z A Salisu 14655 542764 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Tom Dinwoodie</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Thomas Linn Dinwoodie</div><br /><span style="display:none"> </span> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1954-11-15</span>)</span> Nuwamba 15, 1954 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 69) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[St. Paul, Minnesota]], [[United States|Amurka]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Cornell University|Jami'ar Cornell]]<br />[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts]]<br />[[University of California, Berkeley|Jami'ar California, Berkeley]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ayyuka | class="infobox-data role" |Solar Energy da Cleantech ɗan kasuwa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Babban mai gabatarwa, [http://timetochoose.com Lokaci don Zaɓuɓɓuka], takaddun bayani na yanayi SunPower Corporation Systems, CTOPowerLight Corporation, Wanda ya kafa, Shugaban, da Shugaba<br /><br /> |} [[Fayil:TDhero1.jpg|thumb|hoton TD hero]] '''Thomas Linn Dinwoodie''' (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne mai tsabta, mai kirkiro, kuma wanda ya kafa SunPower Corporation Systems (tsohon PowerLight Corporation). Yana da sha'awar dogon lokaci wajen hanzarta sauyawa zuwa makamashi mai tsabta da sauran ayyukan kiyaye yanayi. Dinwoodie kuma masanin gine-gine ne. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na farko == Daga shekara ta 1978 zuwa 1983, Dinwoodie ya kasance mataimakin bincike a Laboratory na Makamashi na MIT, inda ya rubuta takardu da yawa kan tattalin arziƙi da manufofin rarraba hasken rana da iska, da kuma ajiyar makamashi.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A cikin shekara ta 1981, an ba Dinwoodie kwangila daga DOE na Amurka don ci gaba da mai ƙaramin farashi, mai karɓar wutar lantarki ta polymer.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ya kasance wanda ya kafa, shugaban ƙasa da Shugaba na TDEnergy, mai haɓaka wutar lantarki a Arewa maso gabashin Amurka, daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa 1988. TDEnergy ya gina daya daga cikin farkon wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na New England a Kan'ana, NH.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Dinwoodie daga nan ya kafa PowerLight Corporation a cikin shekara ta 1994, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba da shugaban kwamitin daga shekara ta 1995 zuwa 2007. PowerLight ya kasance masana'anta ce ta duniya, mai ba da sabis, da kuma tsarin haɗin kayan hasken rana da sabis don wuraren zama, kasuwanci, da bangarorin amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turner |first=Rob |date=2003-06-01 |title=Tom Dinwoodie, CEO, Powerlight, Berkeley Thanks to one innovative, sun-obsessed engineer, the price of solar power is becoming much more competitive. - June 1, 2003 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/06/01/346434/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Money.cnn.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, an shigar da PowerLight cikin INC 500 Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=Inc. 500 Hall of Fame, Growing Your Business Article |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20060901/inc500-hall-of-fame.html |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Inc.com}}</ref> PowerLight ya haɗu da SunPower Corporation a cikin 2007, inda Dinwoodie ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaba kuma daga baya CTO don reshe, SunPower Corporation, Systems. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Spwr - Nasdaq |url=http://investors.sunpowercorp.com/common/mobile/iphone/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=225327&CompanyID=SPWR&mobileid= |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Investors.sunpowercorp.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=ThinkProgress |url=http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/06/09/241120/solar-is-ready-now-%E2%80%9Cferocious-cost-reductions-make-solar-pv-competitive/ |access-date=2017-02-24 |publisher=ThinkProgress}}</ref> SunPower yana samar da ƙwayoyin hasken rana masu inganci da ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SunPower acquires PowerLight |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/eastbay/stories/2006/11/20/story4.html?b=1163998800%25255E1378066 |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Bizjournals.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie tana da takardun shaida sama da 30 a kan kayayyakin da suka shafi PV.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patents by Inventor Tom Dinwoodie |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/tom-dinwoodie |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Patents.justia.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Dinwoodie tana da BS a cikin Injiniya da Injiniya na Muhalli daga [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]], <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Cornell Silicon Valley |url=http://www.alumni.cornell.edu/csv/csv10/csv10-dinwoodie.cfm |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Alumni.cornell.edu}}</ref> MS daga sashen injiniyan injiniya daga MIT, da kuma MArch a cikin gine-gine daga Jami'an California a Berkeley. == Shirye-shiryen kasuwanci na yanzu == Dinwoodie shine babban furodusa na Time to Choose, fim din da Charles Ferguson ya yi wanda ke neman wayar da kan jama'a game da abubuwan da ke haifar da, da mafita ga, canjin yanayi. Fim ɗin da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekara ta 2016. Dinwoodie shine ko ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga, memba na kwamitin, mai saka hannun jari ko wanda ya kafa kewayon farawa na fasaha mai tsabta, wanda ya haɗa da fasahar iska da hasken rana, sufuri na lantarki, micropower, sabis na kudi, da kayan aiki masu tsabta. Wadannan kamfanoni sun hada da AllPower Labs, Ethical Electric, Etrion Corporation, Fenix Int'l, Keystone Tower Systems, Mosaic, MyDomino, NEW GmbH, NEXTracker, PowerLight, SCOOT, Sistine Solar, Sungevity, SunPower Systems, Solar Grid Storage, da TDEnergy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Ucilia |title=Solar Startup Mosaic Counts On Former SunPower Exec For Growth |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2014/07/24/solar-startup-mosaic-counts-on-former-sunpower-exec-for-growth/ |website=[[Forbes]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=David R. |date=29 November 2015 |title=Meet the Berkeley burners trying to hack climate change |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Meet-the-Berkeley-burners-trying-to-hack-climate-6662070.php |access-date=2017-02-24 |website=Sfchronicle.com}}</ref> Dinwoodie yana aiki ne a matsayin jagora mai kula da kansa na Cibiyar Rocky Mountain, wani tanki mai tunani da yin riba wanda ke mai da hankali kan mafita don sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin makamashi mai tsabta. Har ila yau, yana aiki a kan Ma'aikatar Yanayi da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Sierra Club, Kwamitin Ziyarar Injiniyan Injiniya na MIT, da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara ga The Solutions Project, kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga MIT Energy Club. == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6902ycsyfypog3zlgbb3hc56plt1ryo 0 81358 542998 505169 2024-11-20T09:58:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542998 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Insurance Law and Practice.jpg|thumb|littafan karatu inshora]] Inshorar lafiya ko inshorar likita (wanda kuma aka sani da taimakon likita a Afirka ta Kudu) wani nau'in inshora ne wanda ke rufe gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare na haɗarin mutum ya jawo kuɗin magani. Kamar sauran nau'ikan inshora, ana raba haɗari tsakanin mutane da yawa. Ta hanyar ƙididdige haɗarin haɗarin lafiya gabaɗaya da kuɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya akan wuraren haɗari, mai insurer zai iya haɓaka tsarin kuɗi na yau da kullun, kamar ƙimar kuɗi na kowane wata ko harajin biyan kuɗi, don samar da kuɗin biyan fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da aka ƙayyade a cikin inshora. yarjejeniya. Ƙungiya ta tsakiya ce ke gudanar da wannan fa'idar, kamar hukumar gwamnati, kasuwanci mai zaman kansa, ko mahaɗan mara riba. A cewar Ƙungiyar Inshorar Lafiya ta Amurka, an ayyana inshorar lafiya a matsayin "launi wanda ke ba da biyan kuɗin fa'idodin sakamakon rashin lafiya ko rauni. Ya haɗa da inshora don asarar hatsarori, kuɗin likita, nakasa, ko mutuwa mai haɗari da lalacewa".<ref>[http://kff.org/health-costs/report/how-private-insurance-works-a-primer/ How Private Insurance Works: A Primer] by Gary Caxton, Institution for Health Care Research and Policy, Georgetown University, on behalf of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.</ref>{{Rp|225}} == Tarihi == Manufar inshorar lafiya ita ce: # Kwangila tsakanin mai ba da inshora (misali kamfanin inshora ko gwamnati) da mutum ko mai ɗaukar nauyinsa (wato ma'aikaci ko ƙungiyar al'umma). Kwangilar na iya zama sabuntawa (shekara-shekara, kowane wata) ko tsawon rai a cikin yanayin inshora na sirri. Hakanan yana iya zama wajibi ga duk 'yan ƙasa a cikin yanayin tsare-tsaren ƙasa. Nau'i da adadin kuɗin kula da lafiyar da mai ba da inshorar kiwon lafiya zai rufe an ƙayyade su a rubuce, a cikin kwangilar memba ko ɗan littafin "Shaidar Taimako" don inshora mai zaman kansa, ko a cikin [manufofin kiwon lafiya] na ƙasa don inshorar jama'a. # (Amurka ta musamman) A cikin Amurka, akwai nau'ikan inshorar lafiya iri biyu - masu biyan haraji da kuma masu zaman kansu. Misalin tsarin inshora mai zaman kansa ya haɗa da shirin ERISA mai ɗaukar nauyin mai aiki (Aikin Tsaron Samun Kuɗin Ma'aikata na 1974). Yawanci, waɗannan kamfanoni suna haɓaka kansu azaman suna da alaƙa da manyan masu ba da inshora. Duk da haka, a cikin mahallin shirin ERISA, waɗannan kamfanonin inshora ba sa shiga cikin ayyukan inshora; maimakon haka, suna gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa. Saboda haka, tsare-tsaren ERISA ba a keɓance su daga dokokin jihohi kuma sun faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon tarayya, wanda Ma'aikatar Kwadago ta Amurka (USDOL) ke kulawa. Ana iya samun takamaiman bayanai game da fa'idodi ko ɗaukar hoto a cikin Takaitaccen Bayanin Shirin (SPD). Idan ana buƙatar roko, tsarin yawanci ya ƙunshi ƙaddamar da shi ta hanyar kamfanin inshora sannan kuma kai ga Fiduciary Plan na Ma'aikata. Idan har yanzu ba a cimma matsaya ba, za a iya ƙara matsayar zuwa USDOL don dubawa don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ERISA, kuma, idan ya cancanta, ana iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a ta hanyar shigar da ƙara a kotun tarayya. wajibcin wanda ke da inshora na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa: * Premium: Adadin da mai riƙe manufofin ko mai ɗaukar nauyinsu (misali ma'aikaci) ke biya wa tsarin kiwon lafiya don siyan ɗaukar hoto. (Amurka ta musamman) Dangane da dokar kiwon lafiya, ana ƙididdige ƙima ta amfani da takamaiman dalilai guda 5 game da wanda ke da inshora. Waɗannan abubuwan sune shekaru, wuri, shan taba, ɗaiɗai da rajista na iyali, da kuma nau'in tsarin da inshora ya zaɓa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar Kulawa mai araha, gwamnati tana biyan kuɗin haraji don biyan wani ɓangare na ƙimar ga mutanen da suka sayi inshora na sirri ta wurin Kasuwar Inshora.: TS 4:03  * Deductible: Adadin da mai inshorar dole ne ya biya daga aljihu kafin mai inshorar lafiya ya biya kason sa. Misali, masu rike da manufofin za su iya biyan $7500 deductible a kowace shekara, kafin duk wani kiwon lafiyar su ya rufe shi ta hanyar inshorar lafiya. Yana iya ɗaukar ziyarar likita da yawa ko sake cika takardar sayan magani kafin mai insho ya kai ga abin da za a cire kuma kamfanin inshora ya fara biyan kuɗi. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin tsare-tsare ba sa amfani da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita ko takardun magani a kan abin da za a cire ku. * Biyan kuɗi: Adadin da mai inshorar dole ne ya biya daga aljihu kafin mai inshorar lafiya ya biya don wata ziyara ko sabis. Misali, mutumin da ke da inshora zai iya biyan $45 haɗin gwiwa don ziyarar likita, ko don samun takardar sayan magani. Dole ne a biya haɗin gwiwa a duk lokacin da aka sami takamaiman sabis. * Haɗin kai: Maimakon, ko ban da, biyan ƙayyadaddun adadin gaba (biyan haɗin gwiwa), inshorar haɗin gwiwa kashi ne na jimlar kuɗin da mai insho zai iya biya. Misali, memba na iya biyan kashi 20% na kudin tiyata sama da biyan hadin gwiwa, yayin da kamfanin inshora ya biya sauran kashi 80%. Idan akwai babban iyaka akan tsabar kuɗi, mai riƙe manufofin zai iya ƙare bashi kaɗan, ko yawa, ya danganta da ainihin farashin ayyukan da suke samu. * Keɓewa: Ba duk sabis ke rufe ba. Abubuwan da aka biya kamar amfani-da-jifa, haraji, da sauransu. Ana sa ran masu inshora gabaɗaya za su biya cikakken kuɗin ayyukan da ba a rufe su daga aljihunsu. * Ƙimar ɗaukar hoto: Wasu manufofin inshora na kiwon lafiya suna biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya har zuwa wani adadin dala. Ana iya tsammanin mutumin da ke da inshora ya biya duk wani cajin da ya wuce iyakar tsarin kiwon lafiya na takamaiman sabis. Bugu da ƙari, wasu tsare-tsaren kamfanonin inshora suna da maxima na shekara-shekara ko na rayuwa. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, tsarin kiwon lafiya zai dakatar da biyan kuɗi lokacin da suka kai iyakar fa'ida, kuma mai riƙe da manufofin dole ne ya biya duk sauran farashin * Matsakaicin aljihu: Mai kama da iyakokin ɗaukar hoto, sai dai a wannan yanayin, wajibcin biyan mai insho ya ƙare lokacin da suka kai matsakaicin mafi girman aljihu, kuma inshorar lafiya yana biyan duk ƙarin farashin da aka rufe. Matsakaicin mafi girman aljihu za a iya iyakance shi zuwa takamaiman nau'in fa'ida (kamar magungunan likitanci) ko kuma yana iya amfani da duk ɗaukar hoto da aka bayar yayin takamaiman shekara ta fa'ida. * Capitation: Adadin da mai insurer ya biya ga ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya, wanda mai ba da sabis ya yarda ya kula da duk membobin mai insurer. Mai Ba da Sadarwar Sadarwar * Sadarwa: (Lokacin Amurka) Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya a cikin jerin masu samarwa wanda mai insurer ya zaɓa. Mai insurer zai ba da rangwamen kuɗi ko biyan kuɗi, ko ƙarin fa'idodi, ga memba na shirin don ganin mai ba da hanyar sadarwa. Gabaɗaya, masu samarwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa sune masu samarwa waɗanda ke da kwangila tare da mai inshorar don karɓar ƙimar ƙarin rangwame daga cajin "na al'ada da na al'ada" mai insurer yana biya ga masu samar da hanyar sadarwa. * Out-of-Network Provider: Ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya wanda bai kulla yarjejeniya da shirin ba. Idan ana amfani da mai ba da hanyar sadarwar da ba ta da hanyar sadarwa, mai yiwuwa majiyyaci ya biya cikakken farashin fa'idodi da sabis ɗin da aka karɓa daga mai badawa. Ko don sabis na gaggawa, masu ba da hanyar sadarwa na iya yin lissafin majiyyata don wasu ƙarin farashi masu alaƙa. * Izini na Farko: Takaddun shaida ko izini wanda mai inshorar ke bayarwa kafin aikin likita ya faru. Samun izini yana nufin cewa mai insurer ya wajaba ya biya sabis, yana ɗaukan ya yi daidai da abin da aka ba izini. [an gardama - tattauna] Yawancin ƙananan, ayyuka na yau da kullum ba sa buƙatar izini. * Formulary: jerin magungunan da tsarin inshora ya yarda ya rufe. Bayanin fa'idodi: Takaddun da mai insurer zai iya aikawa ga majiyyaci yana bayanin abin da aka rufe don sabis na likita, da yadda aka ƙayyade adadin biyan kuɗi da adadin alhakin haƙuri. Game da lissafin kuɗin dakin gaggawa, ana sanar da marasa lafiya a cikin kwanaki 30 bayan sabis. Ba kasafai ake sanar da marasa lafiya farashin sabis na dakin gaggawa a cikin mutum ba saboda yanayin marasa lafiya da sauran kayan aiki har sai an sami wannan wasiƙar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bill Text - AB-1611 Emergency hospital services: Costs |url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201920200AB1611}}</ref> Shirye-shiryen magani wani nau'i ne na inshora da ake bayarwa ta wasu tsare-tsaren inshorar lafiya. A cikin Amurka, majiyyaci yawanci yana biyan kuɗin kwas ɗin kuɗi da ɓangaren inshorar magani ko duk ma'auni na magungunan da aka rufe a cikin tsarin tsarin. Misali, a lardin Quebec, Kanada, ana buƙatar inshorar likitancin magani a duk duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a, amma ana iya siye da gudanar da shi ta hanyar tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu ko na ƙungiya, ko ta tsarin jama'a. Wasu, idan ba mafi yawa ba, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Amurka za su yarda su yi lissafin kamfanin inshora idan majiyyata suna son sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar cewa za su ɗauki nauyin kuɗin da kamfanin inshora bai biya ba. Kamfanin inshora yana biya daga masu samar da hanyar sadarwa bisa ga cajin "masu hankali da na al'ada", wanda zai iya zama ƙasa da kuɗin da mai bayarwa ya saba. Hakanan mai bayarwa na iya samun kwangila daban tare da mai insurer don karɓar abin da ya kai adadin rangwame ko ƙima zuwa daidaitattun cajin mai bayarwa. Gabaɗaya yana kashe majiyyaci kaɗan don amfani da mai ba da hanyar sadarwa. == Kwatance == [[Fayil:Health_Expenditure_per_capita_OECD_2013.png|thumb|Kudin kiwon lafiya ga kowane mutum (a cikin PPP-da aka daidaita US $) tsakanin kasashe membobin OECD da yawa. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary <ref name="CHHealthExp">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Health Expenditure and Financing, Main Indicators, Health Expenditure since 2000 |url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=52066 |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=OECD's iLibrary |format=Online Statistics}}</ref>]] Asusun Commonwealth, a cikin bincikensa na shekara-shekara, "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall", ya kwatanta aikin da tsarin kula da lafiya a Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Jamus, Canada da kuma Amurka bincikensa na 2007 ya gano cewa, ko da yake Tsarin Amurka shine mafi tsada, koyaushe yana kasa aiki idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashe. Bambanci ɗaya tsakanin Amurka da sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin binciken shine cewa Amurka ce kaɗai ƙasa da ba ta da inshorar lafiya na duniya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] [[Fayil:Life_Expectancy_in_OECD.svg|left|thumb|Rayuwa da tsammanin yawan jama'a a lokacin haihuwa tsakanin kasashe membobin OECD da yawa. Tushen bayanai: OECD's iLibrary <ref name="CHLifeExpectancy">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=OECD.StatExtracts, Health, Health Status, Life expectancy, Total population at birth |url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=51904 |access-date=23 April 2014 |website=Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development |publisher=OECD's iLibrary |format=Online Statistics}}</ref>]] Asusun Commonwealth ya kammala binciken manufofin kiwon lafiya na shekara-shekara na goma sha uku a cikin 2010. Binciken binciken "ya sami bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin samun dama, nauyin farashi, da matsaloli tare da inshorar lafiya da ke da alaƙa da ƙirar inshora". Daga cikin kasashen da aka gudanar da binciken, sakamakon ya nuna cewa, mutane a Amurka sun fi kashe kudaden da ba a aljihu ba, suna da takaddama da kamfanonin inshora fiye da sauran kasashe, da kuma kin biyan kudin inshora; Har ila yau, aikin takarda ya kasance mafi girma duk da cewa Jamus tana da matakan rubutu iri ɗaya.<ref name="Schoenetal2010">Schoen C et al. (2010). How Health Insurance Design Affects Access To Care And Costs, By Income, In Eleven Countries. ''Health Affairs''. [http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.2010.0862v1 Free full-text].</ref> === Ostiraliya === Ana kiran tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a na Australiya Medicare, wanda ke ba da damar samun damar jiyya na asibiti kyauta da tallafin jinya daga asibiti. Ana ba da kuɗaɗen harajin harajin kashi 2% akan duk masu biyan haraji, ƙarin harajin 1% akan masu samun kuɗi masu yawa, da kuma kudaden shiga na gabaɗaya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Ƙungiyoyin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu suna samun kuɗin tsarin kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine Medibank Private Limited, wanda ya kasance, har zuwa 2014, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati, lokacin da aka mayar da ita kuma aka jera ta a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Australiya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Kudaden lafiyar Australiya na iya zama ko dai 'don riba' gami da Bupa da nib; 'Mutual' gami da Hadin kan Australiya; ko 'marasa riba' gami da GMHBA, HCF da Inshorar Lafiya ta HBF. Wasu, kamar Kiwon Lafiyar ƴan sanda, suna da memba an iyakance ga ƙungiyoyi na musamman, amma galibi suna da buɗe memba. Kasancewa cikin mafi yawan kuɗin kiwon lafiya kuma ana samun su ta hanyar gidajen yanar gizon kwatanta. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon kwatancen suna aiki ne bisa hukuma ta hanyar yarjejeniya tare da kuɗin kiwon lafiya masu shiga. Ombudsman na Inshorar Lafiya mai zaman kansa kuma yana aiki da gidan yanar gizon kyauta wanda ke ba masu amfani damar bincika da kwatanta samfuran masu inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda ya haɗa da bayanai kan farashi da matakin rufewa.<ref>[http://www.privatehealth.gov.au/ Australian Health Insurance Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518095950/https://www.privatehealth.gov.au/ |date=2021-05-18 }}. PrivateHealth.gov.au. Retrieved on 26 October 2011.</ref> Yawancin nau'ikan inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu a Ostiraliya ana tsara su ta Dokar Inshorar Lafiya ta Masu zaman kansu ta 2007. Korafe-korafe da bayar da rahoto na masana'antar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati mai zaman kanta, mai kula da inshorar lafiya mai zaman kanta. Jami'in kare hakkin jama'a yana wallafa rahoton shekara-shekara wanda ya bayyana adadi da yanayin korafe-korafe a kowane asusun kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da kason kasuwarsu. Tsarin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa a Ostiraliya yana aiki ne bisa “ƙididdigar al’umma”, ta yadda ƙimar kuɗi ba ta bambanta kawai saboda tarihin likitancin mutum na baya, yanayin lafiyar da ake ciki a yanzu, ko (gaba ɗaya) shekarun su (amma duba Cover Life Life Cover a ƙasa) . Daidaita wannan lokutan jira ne, musamman don yanayin da aka rigaya (yawanci ana magana a cikin masana'antar a matsayin PEA, wanda ke tsaye ga "cutar da ta riga ta kasance"). Kudade suna da hakkin sanya wa'adin jira har zuwa watanni 12 akan fa'idodin kowane yanayi na likita alamun da alamun da suka wanzu a cikin watanni shidan da suka ƙare a ranar da mutumin ya fara ɗaukar inshora. Har ila yau, suna da damar sanya wa'adin watanni 12 don fa'idodin jiyya da suka shafi yanayin haihuwa, da kuma lokacin jira na watanni 2 don duk sauran fa'idodin lokacin da mutum ya fara ɗaukar inshora na sirri. Kudade suna da ikon rage ko cire irin waɗannan lokutan jira a lokuta ɗaya. Har ila yau, suna da 'yanci ba su tilasta su ba, don farawa, amma wannan zai sanya irin wannan asusu cikin haɗari na "zaɓi mara kyau", yana jawo adadin mambobi masu yawa daga wasu kudade, ko kuma daga ƙungiyar mambobi masu niyya waɗanda watakila sun shiga. sauran kudade. Hakanan zai jawo hankalin mutanen da ke da yanayin kiwon lafiya, waɗanda ƙila ba za su ɗauki inshora kwata-kwata ba saboda musun fa'idodin na tsawon watanni 12 saboda Dokar PEA. Ribar da aka biya na wadannan sharudda zai haifar da matsin lamba ga duk mambobin asusun, wanda hakan zai sa wasu su yi watsi da zama membobinsu, wanda hakan zai haifar da karin hauhawar kudaden da ake biya, kuma za a fuskanci muguwar dabi’a ta masu karbar kudaden shiga. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta bullo da wasu abubuwan karfafa gwiwa don karfafa manya su dauki inshorar asibiti masu zaman kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: * Rufin Lafiya na Rayuwa: Idan mutum bai ɗauki murfin asibiti mai zaman kansa ba ta 1 ga Yuli bayan cikar su na 31st, sannan lokacin (kuma idan) sun yi hakan bayan wannan lokacin, ƙimar su dole ne su haɗa da ɗaukar nauyin 2% a kowace shekara na kowace shekara. sun kasance ba su da murfin asibiti. Don haka, mutumin da ya ɗauki murfin sirri a karon farko yana da shekaru 40 zai biya nauyin kashi 20 cikin ɗari. Ana cire lodin bayan shekaru 10 na ci gaba da rufewar asibiti. Load ɗin ya shafi ƙimar kuɗi ne kawai don murfin asibiti, ba ga murfin ƙara (kari) ba. * Medicare Levy Surcharge: Mutanen da kuɗin shiga na haraji ya fi ƙayyadaddun adadin (a cikin shekara ta 2011/12 $ 80,000 ga marasa aure da $ 168,000 ga ma'aurata) kuma waɗanda ba su da isasshen matakin murfin asibiti masu zaman kansu dole ne su biya ƙarin 1% akan sama. na daidaitattun 1.5% Medicare Levy. Ma'anar ita ce, idan aka tilasta wa mutanen da ke cikin wannan rukunin kuɗi don biyan ƙarin kuɗi ta wata hanya ko wata, yawancin za su zabi sayen inshora na asibiti tare da shi, tare da yiwuwar samun fa'ida idan suna buƙatar kulawar asibiti mai zaman kansa - maimakon biya shi a ciki. nau'in karin haraji da kuma samun biyan kuɗin asibiti masu zaman kansu. * Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta sanar a watan Mayun 2008 cewa ta ba da shawarar ƙara ƙofofin, zuwa $100,000 ga marasa aure da $150,000 ga iyalai. Waɗannan canje-canje na buƙatar amincewar majalisa. An gabatar da kudirin sauya dokar amma majalisar dattawa ba ta zartar da shi ba. An yi gyaran fuska a ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2008. An yi ta sukar cewa sauye-sauyen za su sa mutane da yawa su yi watsi da inshorar kiwon lafiya na sirri, wanda zai haifar da wani nauyi a kan tsarin asibitocin gwamnati, da karuwar kudaden kuɗi ga wadanda ke zaune tare da masu zaman kansu. * Ragowar Inshorar Lafiya ta Masu zaman kansu: Gwamnati tana ba da tallafin kuɗi don duk murfin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, gami da asibiti da ƙari (ƙari), da 10%, 20% ko 30%, ya danganta da shekaru. Gwamnatin Rudd ta sanar a watan Mayun 2009 cewa tun daga watan Yuli 2010, rangwamen zai zama abin gwadawa, kuma ana ba da shi akan sikelin zamiya. Yayin da wannan yunkuri (wanda zai bukaci a samar da doka) ya sha kaye a Majalisar Dattawa a lokacin, a farkon shekarar 2011 gwamnatin Gillard ta sanar da shirin sake bullo da dokar bayan 'yan adawa sun rasa ma'aunin iko a majalisar dattawa. ALP da Greens sun dade suna adawa da rangwame, suna mai nuni da shi a matsayin "jindadin aji na tsakiya". === Kanada === Kamar yadda yake a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada, kula da lafiya galibi alhakin gwamnatin lardi ne a Kanada (babban keɓantawa shine alhakin gwamnatin tarayya na ayyukan da aka bayar ga mutanen ƙabilar da aka yi yarjejeniya, da Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Sojoji, da Membobin Majalisa) . Saboda haka, kowane lardi yana gudanar da nasa tsarin inshorar lafiya. Gwamnatin tarayya tana rinjayar inshorar lafiya ta hanyar ikonta na kasafin kuɗi - tana tura tsabar kuɗi da wuraren haraji zuwa larduna don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin shirye-shiryen inshorar lafiya na duniya. A karkashin Dokar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kanada, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da umarni da aiwatar da buƙatun cewa duk mutane suna da damar yin amfani da abin da ake kira "ayyukan da ake buƙata na likita," waɗanda aka ayyana da farko a matsayin kulawar da likitoci ke bayarwa ko a asibitoci, da kuma ɓangaren reno na mazaunin dogon lokaci. kula. Idan larduna sun ƙyale likitoci ko cibiyoyi su cajin majiyyata don ayyukan da suka dace na likitanci, gwamnatin tarayya ta rage yawan kuɗin da take yi wa larduna da adadin kuɗin da aka haramta. Gaba ɗaya, tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a na lardin Kanada ana kiransa da Medicare akai-akai. Wannan inshorar jama'a ana samun kuɗin haraji ne daga kuɗin shiga na gabaɗaya na gwamnati, kodayake British Columbia da Ontario suna ɗaukar ƙimar kuɗi na wajibi tare da ɗimbin ƙima ga daidaikun mutane da iyalai don samar da ƙarin kudaden shiga - a zahiri, surtax. Ana ba da izinin inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa, amma a cikin gwamnatocin larduna shida kawai don ayyukan da tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a ba su rufe (misali, ɗakuna masu zaman kansu ko masu zaman kansu a asibitoci da shirye-shiryen magani). Larduna huɗu suna ba da izinin inshora don ayyukan da Dokar Lafiya ta Kanada ta ba da izini, amma a aikace, babu kasuwa don sa. Duk 'yan Kanada suna da 'yanci don amfani da inshora na sirri don zaɓaɓɓun sabis na likita kamar aikin gyaran hangen nesa na laser, tiyatar kwaskwarima, da sauran hanyoyin kiwon lafiya marasa tushe. Wasu 65% na mutanen Kanada suna da wani nau'i na ƙarin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu; yawancinsu suna samun ta ta hannun masu aikinsu. Ayyukan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da gwamnati ba ta biya su kusan kashi 30 cikin 100 na jimillar kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya. A shekara ta 2005, Kotun Koli ta Kanada ta yanke hukunci, a Chaoulli v. Quebec, cewa haramcin da lardin ya yi game da inshora mai zaman kansa don kula da lafiya wanda tsarin lardin ya rigaya ya saba wa Yarjejeniya ta Quebec na 'Yanci da 'Yanci, kuma musamman, sassan da ke hulɗa da 'yancin rayuwa da tsaro, idan akwai lokuta masu tsawo da ba za a yarda da su ba don jinya, kamar yadda aka yi zargin a cikin wannan harka. Hukuncin bai canza tsarin inshorar lafiya gabaɗaya ba a duk faɗin Kanada, amma ya haifar da yunƙurin magance mahimman batutuwan wadata da buƙata da tasirin lokutan jira..<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hadorn, D. |date=2 August 2005 |title=The Chaoulli challenge: getting a grip on waiting lists |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=173 |issue=3 |pages=271–73 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.050812 |pmc=1180658 |pmid=16076823}}</ref> === China === === Cyprus === A cikin 2020 a Cyprus an gabatar da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Gabaɗaya (GHS, wanda kuma aka sani da GESY) wanda asusun inshora ne mai zaman kansa wanda za a biya asibitoci, likitoci masu zaman kansu, likitocin magunguna, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, dakunan gwaje-gwaje na microbiological, da likitocin physiotherapists don ba da kulawar likita. mazaunan Cyprus na dindindin waɗanda za su ba da gudummawa ga wannan asusu. [abubuwan da ake bukata<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Baya ga GESY, fiye da kamfanonin inshora na gida da na waje 12 (misali Bupa, Aetna, Cigna, Metlife) suna ba da tsare-tsaren inshorar likita na mutum da na rukuni. An raba tsare-tsare zuwa manyan nau'ikan tsare-tsare guda biyu da ke ba da ɗaukar hoto daga kuɗin marasa lafiya (watau asibiti, ayyuka) da tsare-tsaren da suka shafi kuɗin marasa lafiya da marasa lafiya (kamar ziyarar likita, magunguna, hanyoyin kwantar da hankali). [ ambato === Faransa === An kafa tsarin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa a cikin 1945, jim kaɗan bayan ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu. An yi sulhu tsakanin Gaullist da wakilan kwaminisanci a majalisar dokokin Faransa. Gaullist masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yi adawa da tsarin kula da kiwon lafiya na jihohi, yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke goyan bayan cikakkiyar ba da kulawar kiwon lafiya ta ƙasa tare da samfurin Beveridge na Biritaniya. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Sakamakon shirin ya dogara ne akan sana'a: ana buƙatar duk mutanen da ke aiki su biya wani kaso na abin da suke samu zuwa asusun inshora na kiwon lafiya mara riba, wanda ke daidaita haɗarin rashin lafiya, kuma wanda ke mayar da kuɗin likita a farashi daban-daban. Yara da ma'auratan masu inshora sun cancanci fa'ida, haka nan. Kowane asusu yana da ’yanci don gudanar da kasafin kuɗin kansa, kuma ana amfani da shi don biyan kuɗin aikin likita gwargwadon yadda ya ga ya dace, amma bayan gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, yawancin kuɗi suna ba da matakin biyan kuɗi da fa'idodi iri ɗaya. [ ambato Gwamnati tana da ayyuka biyu a cikin wannan tsarin. * Hakkin gwamnati na farko shine daidaita adadin da ya kamata a tattauna farashin kiwon lafiya, kuma yana yin hakan ta hanyoyi biyu: Ma'aikatar Lafiya kai tsaye tana tattauna farashin magani tare da masana'antun, bisa ga matsakaicin farashin sayarwa da aka lura a kasashe makwabta. Kwamitin likitoci da masana sun yanke shawara idan maganin yana ba da fa'idar kiwon lafiya mai mahimmanci don a biya shi (an biya mafi yawan magunguna, gami da homeopathy). A layi daya, gwamnati ta gyara kudin biyan kuɗi don ayyukan kiwon lafiya: wannan yana nufin cewa likita yana da 'yanci ya caji kuɗin da yake so don tuntuɓar ko gwaji, amma tsarin tsaro na jama'a zai biya shi ne kawai a farashin da aka riga aka saita. Ana saita waɗannan haraji a kowace shekara ta hanyar tattaunawa tare da kungiyoyin wakilan likitoci. * Hakki na biyu na gwamnati shine kula da asusun inshorar lafiya, don tabbatar da cewa suna gudanar da kudaden da suka karɓa daidai, da kuma tabbatar da kula da cibiyar asibitin jama'a. A yau, wannan tsarin yana da yawa ko kaɗan. Duk 'yan ƙasa da mazauna ƙasashen waje na doka na Faransa suna da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shirye na wajibi, waɗanda ke ci gaba da samun tallafi ta hanyar sa hannu na ma'aikata. Koyaya, tun 1945, an gabatar da manyan canje-canje masu yawa. Na farko, kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya daban-daban (akwai guda biyar: Gabaɗaya, Mai zaman kansa, Aikin Noma, ɗalibi, ma’aikatan gwamnati) yanzu duk suna biyan kuɗi iri ɗaya. Na biyu, tun daga shekara ta 2000, gwamnati a yanzu tana ba da kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ba gwamnati ta tilastawa (waɗanda ba su taɓa yin aiki ba kuma waɗanda ba ɗalibai ba ne, ma'ana masu hannu da shuni ko talakawa). Wannan tsarin mulki, ba kamar na ma’aikata ba, ana samun kuɗaɗe ne ta hanyar haraji na gama-gari tare da ramawa a mafi girma fiye da tsarin tushen sana’a ga waɗanda ba za su iya yin bambanci ba. A ƙarshe, don magance hauhawar farashin kiwon lafiya, gwamnati ta tsara tsare-tsare guda biyu, (a cikin 2004 da 2006), waɗanda ke buƙatar mutanen da ke da inshora su ayyana likita mai ba da izini don a biya su gaba ɗaya don ziyarar ƙwararrun, kuma waɗanda suka sanya haɗin gwiwar dole. - biya € 1 don ziyarar likita, € 0.50 ga kowane akwati na magani da aka tsara, da kuma kuɗin € 16-18 kowace rana don zaman asibiti da kuma hanyoyin tsada. [citati Wani muhimmin abu na tsarin inshora na Faransa shine haɗin kai: yawan rashin lafiyar mutum ya zama ƙasa da biyan kuɗi. Wannan yana nufin cewa ga mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka masu tsanani ko na yau da kullum, tsarin inshora yana mayar musu da kashi 100 cikin 100 na kudaden kuɗi, kuma ya janye kudaden haɗin gwiwar su. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A ƙarshe, don kuɗaɗen da tsarin na tilas bai cika ba, akwai ɗimbin kewayon tsare-tsare na ƙarin inshora masu zaman kansu. Kasuwar waɗannan shirye-shiryen tana da fa'ida sosai, kuma sau da yawa ana ba da tallafi daga ma'aikata, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙimar kuɗi yawanci suna da matsakaici. Kashi 85% na mutanen Faransa suna amfana daga ƙarin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu. === Jamus === Jamus tana da tsarin inshorar lafiyar jama'a mafi tsufa a duniya, tare da tushen asalin Otto von Bismarck's Sickness Law na 1883. Da farko da 10% na ma'aikatan blue-collar a 1885, inshora na wajibi ya fadada; a cikin 2009, inshora da aka sanya wajabta a kan duk 'yan ƙasa, tare da masu zaman kansu inshora inshora ga kai aiki ko sama da wani samun kudin shiga kofa. Tun daga 2016, 85% na yawan jama'a yana rufe ta wajibi ne Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Doka (SHI) (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung ko GKV), tare da ragowar inshorar masu zaman kansu (Private Krankenversicherung ko PKV). Tsarin kiwon lafiya na Jamus ya kasance kashi 77% na gwamnati kuma kashi 23 cikin 100 an ba da kuɗaɗen sirri tun daga 2004. Yayin da gudummawar inshorar lafiyar jama'a ta dogara ne akan kuɗin shiga na mutum, gudummawar inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu sun dogara ne akan shekarun mutum da yanayin lafiyarsa. <ref name="allaboutberlin.com">{{Cite web |title=Private or public? An introduction health insurance in Germany |url=https://allaboutberlin.com/guides/german-health-insurance |access-date=2019-02-10 |website=allaboutberlin.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="GK">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=Finanztip Verbraucherinformation gemeinnützige |title=Finanztip : Finanztip – Das gemeinnützige Verbraucherportal |url=http://www.finanztip.de/web/abc-der-krankenkassen/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601021121/http://www.finanztip.de/web/abc-der-krankenkassen/ |archive-date=1 June 2014 |website=finanztip.de}}</ref> Maidawa yana kan tsarin biyan kuɗi don sabis, amma adadin likitocin da aka yarda su karɓi Inshorar Lafiya ta Doka a cikin wani yanki da gwamnati da ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru ke tsara su. [abubuwan da ake bukata] An gabatar da kuɗin haɗin gwiwa a cikin 1980s a ƙoƙarin hana amfani da yawa. Matsakaicin tsawon zaman asibiti a Jamus ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan daga kwanaki 14 zuwa kwanaki 9, har yanzu ya fi tsayi fiye da matsakaicin zama a Amurka (kwanaki 5 zuwa 6). Wani ɓangare na bambancin shine babban abin la'akari don biyan kuɗin asibiti shine adadin kwanakin asibiti sabanin tsari ko ganewar asali. Farashin magunguna ya karu sosai, yana tashi kusan kashi 60 cikin 100 daga 1991 zuwa 2005. Duk da yunƙurin ɗaukar farashi, yawan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya ya karu zuwa 10.7% na GDP a 2005, kwatankwacin sauran ƙasashen yammacin Turai, amma ƙasa da wanda aka kashe a Amurka. (kusan 16% na GDP). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Borger C |last2=Smith S |last3=Truffer C |last4=Keehan |first4=S. |last5=Sisko |first5=A. |last6=Poisal |first6=J. |last7=Clemens |first7=M. K. |display-authors=3 |name-list-style=vanc |year=2006 |title=Health spending projections through 2015: changes on the horizon |journal=Health Aff (Millwood) |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=w61–73 |doi=10.1377/hlthaff.25.w61 |pmid=16495287 |doi-access=}}</ref> Ana ba wa Jamusawa nau'ikan inshorar tsaro nau'i uku da suka shafi yanayin jikin mutum kuma waɗanda ma'aikata da ma'aikata ke ba da kuɗi tare: inshorar lafiya, inshorar haɗari, da inshorar kulawa na dogon lokaci. Inshorar kulawa na dogon lokaci (Gesetzliche Pflegeversicherung) ya fito a cikin 1994 kuma ya zama dole. Inshorar haɗari (gesetzliche Unfallversicherung) mai aiki ne ya rufe shi kuma yana ɗaukar dukkan haɗari don tafiya zuwa aiki da wurin aiki. === Girka === Tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasa a Girka ya ƙunshi duka waje da jiyya a cikin marasa lafiya. Ana gudanar da maganin marasa lafiya ta hanyar tsarin gudanarwa na zamantakewa kamar haka: * EOPPY (Kungiyar Kasa don Bayar da Ayyukan Lafiya): masu ba da kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu da aka kwangila * Rukunin PEDY (National Primary Healthcare Network): kiwon lafiya na jama'a * Asibitocin jihohi, yankunan karkara da yankuna, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na ESY (National Health System) * Kwararrun masu kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu: Kwararrun likitoci da sabis ɗin da ba a kwangila da su ba tare da EOPYY. Yakasan ce Ana gudanar da maganin marasa lafiya ta hanyar: * Asibitocin Jiha na Tsarin Lafiya na Kasa (ESY). * Cibiyoyin asibitoci masu zaman kansu da aka kwangila tare da Kamfanin Kiwon Lafiya na Kasa (EOPYY) * Asibitoci masu zaman kansu da asibitoci waɗanda ba su da kwangila tare da Mai Kula da Lafiya na Kasa. A Girka kowa zai iya biyan kuɗin asibiti ta amfani da tsarin inshora mai zaman kansa, wanda kowane kamfani na inshora na gida ko na ƙasa da ƙasa da ke aiki a yankin zai iya siya (misali Metlife, Interamerican, Aetna, IMG).<ref>[https://www.infomax.gr/blog/posts/oi-suggeneis-pathiseis-stin-asfalisi-ugeias#:~:text=τοπικες%20ασφαλιστικες%20εταιριες%20ζωης%20%26%20υγειας List of Health Insurance companies operating in Greece]</ref> === Indiya === A Indiya, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya ya bambanta a cikin hikimar jiha. Ayyukan kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun shahara a yawancin jihohin, amma saboda rashin isassun kayan aiki da gudanarwa, yawancin jama'a sun zaɓi ayyukan kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Don inganta wayar da kan jama'a da ingantattun wuraren kula da lafiya, Hukumar Kula da Inshorar Inshorar da Ci Gaban Indiya da Babban Kamfanin Indiya na gudanar da yakin neman lafiya ga daukacin jama'a. A cikin 2018, ga 'yan ƙasa masu gata, Firayim Minista Narendra Modi ya sanar da ƙaddamar da sabon asusun inshorar lafiyar jama'a mai suna Ayushman Bharat Yojana kuma gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa sabon tsarin zai yi ƙoƙarin isa ga mutane sama da miliyan 500. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A kasar ta Indiya, yakasan ce ana ba da inshorar lafiya galibi a cikin nau'o'i biyu ne kawai: * Tsarin Indemnity yana ɗaukar nauyin kuɗin asibiti kuma yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan kamar Inshorar Mutum, Inshorar Falo na Iyali, Inshorar Babban Jama'a, Inshorar Maternity, Inshorar Likitan Rukunin. * Kafaffen Tsarin Amfani yana biyan ƙayyadaddun adadin cututtukan da aka riga aka ƙaddara kamar rashin lafiya mai tsanani, ciwon daji, cututtukan zuciya, da sauransu. Hakanan yana da nau'ikansa kamar Inshorar rigakafi, Mummunan cuta da Hatsarin Mutum. A Dangane da nau'in inshora da kamfanin da ke da alhakin bada inshorar lafiya, ɗaukar hoto ya haɗa da cajin kafin zuwa asibiti da kuma bayan asibiti, cajin motar asibiti, cajin kulawar rana, Binciken Lafiya, da sauransu. Yana da mahimmanci a san game da keɓancewa waɗanda ba a rufe su a ƙarƙashin tsarin inshora: * Magani da ke da alaƙa da cututtukan hakora ko tiyata * Dukkanin cututtukan cututtukani da cutar kanjamau * Magani Ba na Allopathic Kadan daga cikin kamfanoni suna ba da inshora ga irin waɗannan cututtuka ko yanayi, amma hakan ya dogara da nau'in da adadin inshora. Wasu muhimman al'amura da za a yi la'akari da su kafin zabar inshorar lafiya a Indiya sune Ra'ayin Matsala, Iyakar Inshora da iyakoki, Rufewa da asibitocin cibiyar sadarwa. === Japan === Akwai manyan tsare-tsaren inshora guda uku da ake samu a Japan: Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata (健康保険 Kenkō-Hoken), Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (国民健康保険 Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken), da Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Dattijai na Late-stege Kouki-Kourei-Iryouseido). Ko da yake akwai inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, duk ƴan ƙasar Japan, mazaunan dindindin, da waɗanda ba Jafananci waɗanda ke da takardar izinin shiga shekara ɗaya ko fiye ana buƙatar su yi rajista a cikin Inshorar Lafiya ta ƙasa ko Inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata. An tsara Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta ƙasa don waɗanda ba su cancanci kowane shirin inshorar lafiya na tushen aiki ba. An tsara Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Dattijai na Ƙarshe don mutanen da suka kai shekaru 75 da haihuwa. [mai sabani<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yamauchi |first=Toyoaki |date=March 1999 |title=Healthcare system in Japan |journal=Nursing & Health Sciences |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.1046/j.1442-2018.1999.00007.x |issn=1441-0745 |pmid=10894651}}</ref> An tsara Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya ta ƙasa bisa tsarin gida. Da zarar gida ya nema, an rufe dukan iyalin. Masu nema suna karɓar katin inshorar lafiya, wanda dole ne a yi amfani da shi lokacin karbar magani a asibiti. Akwai kuɗin da ake buƙata na wata-wata, amma an daidaita kuɗin haɗin gwiwa don haka ana sa ran masu biyan kuɗi za su biya kashi goma zuwa talatin kawai na kuɗin, gwargwadon shekaru. [Madogaran da ba na farko da ake buƙata ba] Idan farashin daga aljihu ya wuce iyakokin da aka riga aka ƙaddara, masu biyan kuɗi na iya neman ragi daga shirin Inshorar Lafiya ta Ƙasa Inshorar Lafiyar Ma'aikata tana ɗaukar cututtuka, raunuka, da mutuwa ba tare da la'akari da ko wani lamari ya faru a wurin aiki ba. Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata ta ƙunshi iyakar kwanaki 180 na kulawar likita a kowace shekara don cututtuka masu alaƙa da aiki ko raunin da ya faru da kwanaki 180 a kowace shekara don wasu cututtuka ko raunuka. Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata da ma'aikata dole ne su ba da gudummawa daidai da inshorar Lafiya ta Ma'aikata. Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukaki na Ƙarshe ya fara ne a cikin 1983 bin Dokar Kula da Lafiya ta Tsofaffi na 1982. Ya ba da damar yawancin tsarin inshora na kiwon lafiya don ba da taimakon kuɗi ga tsofaffi. Akwai kuɗin ɗaukar hoto. Don cancanta, waɗanda inshorar dole ne su kasance ko dai: sun girmi 70, ko kuma sun girmi 65 tare da sanannen nakasa. [Saɓani] Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukaki na Ƙarshe ya haɗa da rigakafi da daidaitaccen kulawar likita. [[Fayil:Healthcare_expenditures_in_Japan_by_Age.svg|thumb|299x299px|Kudin kiwon lafiya a Japan ta hanyar shekaru]] ==== Batutuwan tsarin kiwon lafiya ==== Saboda yawan tsufa na Japan, Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Maɗaukakin Ƙarshe yana wakiltar kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar kuɗin kula da lafiyar ƙasar. Lokacin da ma'aikatan da suka yi ritaya suka ƙaura daga Inshorar Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata zuwa Tsarin Kiwon Lafiyar Ma'aikata na Ƙarshe, ana sa ran farashin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa zai ƙaru tunda farashin lafiyar mutum ɗaya yana ƙaruwa da shekaru. === Netherlands === A cikin 2006, sabon tsarin inshorar lafiya ya fara aiki a cikin Netherlands. Wannan sabon tsarin yana guje wa ramummuka biyu na zaɓi mara kyau da haɗari na ɗabi'a da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan inshorar kiwon lafiya na gargajiya ta hanyar amfani da haɗe-haɗe na ƙa'ida da wurin daidaita inshora. Ana guje wa haɗarin ɗabi'a ta hanyar ba da umarni cewa kamfanonin inshora su samar da aƙalla tsari ɗaya wanda ya dace da mafi ƙarancin ma'auni na gwamnati, kuma duk mazaunan balagaggu doka ta wajaba su siyan wannan ɗaukar hoto daga kamfanin inshora da suka zaɓa. Duk kamfanonin inshora suna karɓar kuɗi daga wurin daidaitawa don taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin wannan ɗaukar hoto na gwamnati. Ana gudanar da wannan tafki ne daga wani mai kula da shi wanda ke karbar gudummawar albashi daga masu daukar ma'aikata, wanda ke da kusan kashi 50% na duk kudaden kula da lafiya, da kuma kudade daga gwamnati don rufe mutanen da ba za su iya samun kulawar kiwon lafiya ba, wanda ya samar da karin kashi 5%. A Sauran kashi 45% na kudaden kula da lafiya sun fito ne daga kuɗaɗen inshora da jama'a ke biya, wanda kamfanoni ke yin takara akan farashi, kodayake bambancin tsakanin masu inshora daban-daban masu fafatawa kusan kashi 5 ne kawai. Koyaya, kamfanonin inshora suna da 'yanci don siyar da ƙarin manufofi don samar da ɗaukar hoto fiye da mafi ƙarancin ƙasa. Waɗannan manufofin ba sa karɓar kuɗi daga wurin daidaitawa amma suna rufe ƙarin jiyya, kamar hanyoyin haƙori da ilimin motsa jiki, waɗanda manufar tilas ba ta biya su ba. Ana rarraba kudade daga wurin daidaitawa ga kamfanonin inshora ga kowane mutumin da suka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin manufar da ake buƙata. Koyaya, mutane masu haɗari suna samun ƙari daga tafkin, kuma masu karamin karfi da yara a ƙarƙashin 18 an biya inshorar su gaba ɗaya. Saboda wannan, kamfanonin inshora ba su sake samun inshorar mutane masu haɗari a matsayin shawara mara kyau, guje wa yuwuwar matsalar zaɓi mara kyau. [abubuwan da ake bukata] A baya ga hakan, Ba a ƙyale kamfanonin inshora su sami haɗin kai, iyakoki, ko cirewa, ko hana ɗaukar hoto ga duk mutumin da ke neman wata manufa, ko cajin wani abu ban da ƙayyadaddun ƙima na ƙasa da aka buga. Don haka, duk mutumin da ke siyan inshora zai biya farashin daidai da kowa da kowa yana siyan manufofin iri ɗaya, kuma kowane mutum zai sami mafi ƙarancin ɗaukar hoto. Wannan ya shafi duk mutanen da ke zaune da aiki na dindindin a cikin Netherlands. Daliban ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda suka ƙaura zuwa Netherlands don dalilai na karatu dole ne su ɗauki inshorar lafiya na Dutch idan kuma sun yanke shawarar yin aiki (kwangilolin sa'o'i ba a haɗa su ba) ko yin horon da aka biya yayin zaman su. A wannan yanayin, za su buƙaci fitar da ainihin fakitin inshorar lafiya na Dutch. Ita inshorar ku Ƙarin inshora na da wani zaɓi ne, ya danganta da bukatun ɗalibin. === New Zealand === Tun daga 1974, New Zealand tana da tsarin inshorar lafiya mara laifi na duniya don raunin mutum ta hanyar Kamfanin Raya Hatsari (ACC). Tsarin ACC ya ƙunshi yawancin kuɗin da ke da alaƙa da jiyya na raunin da aka samu a New Zealand (ciki har da baƙi na ketare) ba tare da la'akari da yadda raunin ya faru ba, kuma yana rufe asarar samun kudin shiga (a kashi 80 cikin 100 na kudin shiga na ma'aikaci kafin rauni) da kuma farashi masu alaƙa. zuwa gyara na dogon lokaci, kamar gyaran gida da abin hawa ga waɗanda suka ji rauni sosai. Kudade daga tsarin ya fito ne daga haɗe-haɗe na haraji kan albashin ma’aikata (don raunin aiki), haraji kan kuɗin shiga na harajin ma’aikaci (don raunin da ba ya aiki ga masu karɓar albashi), haraji kan kuɗin lasisin abin hawa da man fetur (na haɗarin mota) , da kuma kuɗi daga wurin ajiyar haraji na gabaɗaya (don raunin da ba a yi ba ga yara, manyan ƴan ƙasa, marasa aikin yi, baƙi na ketare, da sauransu) === Rwanda === Kasar Rwanda na daya daga cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da suka aiwatar da tsare-tsare na inshorar lafiya na al'umma domin rage matsalolin kudi da ke hana talakawa neman da kuma samun ayyukan kiwon lafiya da ake bukata. Wannan tsari ya taimaka wajen kaiwa kashi 90% na al'ummar kasar da tsarin kula da lafiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wisman |first=Rosann |last2=Heller |first2=John |last3=Clark |first3=Peggy |year=2011 |title=A blueprint for country-driven development |journal=The Lancet |volume=377 |issue=9781 |pages=1902–03 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60778-2 |pmid=21641465 |s2cid=13371951}}</ref><ref>Carrin G et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111030203053/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/11/07-049387/en/ "Universal coverage of health services: tailoring its implementation."] ''Bulletin of the World Health Organization'', 2008; 86(11): 817–908.</ref> === Singapore === Mutanen Singapore suna daya daga cikin mafi dadewa tsawon rai yayin haihuwa a duniya. A cikin wannan doguwar rayuwa, fuskantar yanayi maras tabbas da ke buƙatar asibiti ba makawa. Inshorar lafiya ko inshorar likitanci suna ɗaukar tsadar kiwon lafiya yayin asibiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOH {{!}} News Highlights |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/managing-healthcare-cost-increases |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.moh.gov.sg}}</ref> '''Inshorar lafiya ga 'yan Singapore da mazauna dindindin''' MediShield Life, inshorar lafiya ce ta duniya wacce ke rufe duk Jama'ar Singapore da Mazaunan Dindindin. MediShield Life yana ɗaukar farashin asibiti don zama a cikin ward B2 ko C a asibitin Jama'a. Don asibiti a asibiti mai zaman kansa, ko a unguwar A ko B1 a asibitin Jama'a, MediShield Life ana danganta shi zuwa farashin B2 ko C kuma ana buƙatar inshora don biyan sauran adadin lissafin. Za a iya biyan wannan ragowar adadin lissafin ta amfani da MediSave amma ana amfani da iyaka akan amfanin MediSave. MediShield Life ba ya ɗaukar nauyin kuɗaɗen likita na ƙasashen waje da kuma kula da munanan cututtuka da suka rigaya sun kasance waɗanda mutum ke karɓar magani a cikin watanni 12 kafin fara ɗaukar hoto na MediShield Life. MediShield Life kuma ba ta ɗaukar maganin cututtukan da aka haifa (yanayin likitanci da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa), tiyatar kwaskwarima, zargin da ke da alaƙa da juna biyu da tabin hankali.[50]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MOH {{!}} MediShield Life FAQs |url=https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medishield-life/medishield-life-faqs |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=www.moh.gov.sg |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320072216/https://www.moh.gov.sg/cost-financing/healthcare-schemes-subsidies/medishield-life/medishield-life-faqs |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda fa'idodin Rayuwar MediShield aka keɓe don asibiti na B2 ko C a asibitocin jama'a, tsare-tsaren Haɗaɗɗen Garkuwa suna ba da ɗaukar hoto don asibiti a asibitoci masu zaman kansu, ko Sashen A ko B1 a asibitocin jama'a. Shirye-shiryen inshorar Garkuwan Haɗaɗɗen rufe manyan kuɗaɗen asibiti don asibitoci masu zaman kansu ko, ward A ko B1. Koyaya, har yanzu ana buƙatar mai inshora don biyan wani yanki na adadin lissafin. Wannan ya yi daidai da falsafar kiwon lafiya ta Singapore wacce ke haɓaka alhakin mutum tare da samun daidaikun mutane su raba kuɗin kiwon lafiya. Tare da wannan falsafar, ana amfani da deductible, inshorar haɗin gwiwa da haɓakawa akan yawancin tsare-tsaren Inshorar Lafiya a Singapore. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren inshora na kiwon lafiya suna ba da zaɓi don siyan mahayin inshorar lafiya don biyan waɗannan cajin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance Singapore {{!}} Kloodo Singapore |url=https://kloodo.com/sg/blog/health-insurance-singapore |access-date=2021-02-19 |website=kloodo.com |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328102830/https://kloodo.com/sg/blog/health-insurance-singapore |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''Inshorar lafiya ga Baƙi a Singapore''' Ba kamar Jama'ar Singapore da Mazaunan Dindindin ba, MediShield Life ba ta rufe baki ta atomatik. Baƙi na iya siyan tsare-tsaren inshorar lafiya daga masu inshorar rayuwa da yawa a Singapore.<ref name=":2"/> === Koriya ta Kudu === A Tsawon rayuwar Koriya ta Kudu a lokacin, haihuwa ta kai matakin 82.7 a cikin 2017, sama da matsakaicin OECD na 80.8. Tsawon rayuwar maza ya kai shekaru 79.7, sama da matsakaicin OECD na shekaru 78.1, kuma tsawon rayuwar mata ya kai shekaru 85.7, sama da matsakaicin shekaru 83.4. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The public health system in Korea |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/6e005d47-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/6e005d47-en |website=OECD Library}}</ref> Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa (NHI) ce ke ba da kulawar lafiya a Koriya ta Kudu, wanda ya zama dole. Duk wanda ke zaune a Koriya ta Kudu, ba tare da la'akari da ɗan ƙasa ko sana'a ba, zai iya siyan wannan inshora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health Insurance in South Korea |url=https://www.internationalstudentinsurance.com/south-korea-student-insurance/health-insurance-in-south-korea.php |website=International Student Insurance}}</ref> === Switzerland === Kiwon lafiya a Switzerland na duniya ne kuma ana sarrafa shi ta Dokar Tarayya ta Switzerland akan Inshorar Lafiya. Inshorar lafiya wajibi ne ga duk mutanen da ke zaune a Switzerland (a cikin watanni uku na zama ko kuma an haife su a cikin ƙasa). Don haka daidai yake a duk faɗin ƙasar kuma yana guje wa ƙa'idodi biyu na kiwon lafiya. Ana buƙatar masu insurer su ba da wannan ainihin inshora ga kowa, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko yanayin likita ba. Ba a ba su damar samun riba daga wannan ainihin inshora ba, amma suna iya kan ƙarin tsare-tsare. Ƙididdiga na wajibi na duniya yana ba da magani a yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari da ciki. Inshorar lafiya tana ɗaukar farashin jiyya, magani da kwantar da marasa lafiya a asibiti. Koyaya, mai inshorar yana biyan wani ɓangare na farashi har zuwa matsakaicin, wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da tsarin da aka zaɓa ɗaya ɗaya, sannan ana daidaita ƙimar kuɗi daidai. Dukkan tsarin kiwon lafiya an tsara shi ne zuwa ga maƙasudai na haɓaka lafiyar jama'a da rage farashi yayin ƙarfafa alhakin mutum. [abubuwan da ake bukata] Tsarin kula da lafiya na Swiss haɗe ne na jama'a, tallafi masu zaman kansu da tsarin masu zaman kansu gaba ɗaya. Kudaden inshora sun bambanta daga kamfanin inshora zuwa kamfani, matakin wuce gona da iri da aka zaɓa (hanyar ikon mallakar kamfani), wurin zama na wanda ke da inshora da ƙimar ƙarin fa'ida da aka zaɓa (maganin ƙarin magani, kula da haƙora na yau da kullun, asibiti mai zaman kansa ko mai zaman kansa), da sauransu). [abubuwan da ake bukata]<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D;</sup> Mutumin da ke da inshorar yana da cikakken 'yancin zaɓi tsakanin kusan 60 da aka sani masu ba da kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka cancanci kula da yanayin su (a yankinsu) kan fahimtar cewa inshora yana rufe farashi har zuwa matakin jadawalin kuɗin fito na hukuma. Akwai 'yancin zaɓi lokacin zabar kamfanin inshora wanda mutum ke biyan kuɗi, yawanci kowane wata. Mutumin da ke da inshorar yana biyan kuɗin inshora don ainihin shirin har zuwa kashi 8 na kuɗin shiga na sirri. Idan kuɗin kuɗi ya fi wannan, gwamnati ta ba mai inshorar tallafin kuɗi don biyan kowane ƙarin kuɗi. Ana iya ƙara inshorar tilas ta hanyar manufofin inshora na "madaidaitan" masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu nau'ikan jiyya waɗanda ba su da inshora na asali ko don haɓaka daidaitaccen ɗaki da sabis idan an kai asibiti. Wannan na iya haɗawa da ƙarin magani, kula da haƙori na yau da kullun da kwantar da marasa lafiya masu zaman kansu, waɗanda inshorar na dole ba ya rufe. Dangane da abin da ya shafi inshorar lafiya na wajibi, kamfanonin inshora ba za su iya saita kowane yanayi da ya shafi shekaru, jima'i ko yanayin kiwon lafiya don ɗaukar hoto ba. Ko da yake matakin ƙimar kuɗi na iya bambanta daga kamfani ɗaya zuwa wani, dole ne su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin kamfani ɗaya ga duk masu inshorar shekaru ɗaya da yanki, ba tare da la'akari da jima'i ko yanayin lafiya ba. Wannan baya shafi ƙarin inshora, inda ƙimar kuɗi ta dogara da haɗari. Switzerland tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai kusan 3.6 cikin 1,000. Tsawon rayuwa gabaɗaya a cikin 2012 ya kasance na maza 80.5 shekaru idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 84.7 na mata. Waɗannan su ne mafi kyawun adadi a duniya..<ref name="WEFHCR">{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=The Human Capital Report, Insight Report |url=http://www.weforum.org/reports/human-capital-report |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005141129/http://www.weforum.org/reports/human-capital-report |archive-date=5 October 2013 |access-date=21 November 2013 |publisher=World Economic Forum |pages=12, 14, 478–81 |format=PDF}}</ref> === Ƙasar Ingila === Sabis ɗin Kiwon Lafiya na Ƙasar Burtaniya (NHS) tsarin kiwon lafiya ne na jama'a wanda ke ba da ɗaukar hoto ga kowa da kowa mazaunin Burtaniya. Ba wai kawai tsarin inshora ba ne saboda (a) babu kuɗin da aka tattara, (b) ba a cajin farashi a matakin majiyyaci kuma (c) ba a riga an biya kuɗi daga tafkin. Koyaya, yana cimma babban manufar inshora wanda shine yada haɗarin kuɗi da ke tasowa daga rashin lafiya. Kudin tafiyar da NHS (est. £ 104 biliyan a 2007-8) ana biyan su kai tsaye daga haraji na gaba ɗaya. NHS tana ba da mafi yawan kulawar kiwon lafiya a cikin Burtaniya, gami da kulawa na farko, kula da marasa lafiya, kula da lafiya na dogon lokaci, ilimin ido, da likitan hakora. Kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa ya ci gaba da daidaitawa da NHS, wanda aka biya mafi yawa ta inshorar masu zaman kansu, amma ƙasa da kashi 8% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da shi, kuma gabaɗaya azaman sama da sabis na NHS. Akwai jiyya da yawa waɗanda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ba sa bayarwa. Misali, inshorar lafiya akan ciki gabaɗaya ba a rufe shi ko an rufe shi da taƙaitaccen bayani. Yawancin keɓancewa don tsarin Bupa (da sauran masu inshorar da yawa) sun haɗa da:<blockquote>tsufa, menopause da balaga; AIDS/HIV; rashin lafiyan halayen ko rashin lafiyan halayen; hana haihuwa, daukar ciki, matsalolin jima'i da canjin jima'i; yanayi na yau da kullun; rikitarwa daga keɓe ko ƙuntataccen yanayi / magani; kwantar da hankali, gyarawa da kula da jinya gabaɗaya; kwaskwarima, sake ginawa ko maganin asarar nauyi; kurma; maganin hakora/baki (kamar cikawa, cutar danko, raguwar jaw, da sauransu); dialysis; magunguna da riguna don majinyaci ko shan gida † ; magungunan gwaji da magani; gani; HRT da densitometry na kashi; matsalolin ilmantarwa, matsalolin halayya da ci gaba; jiyya a ƙasashen waje da komawa gida; kayan taimako na jiki da na'urori; abubuwan da suka rigaya ko na musamman; ciki da haihuwa; dubawa da rigakafin rigakafi; matsalolin barci da rashin lafiya; matsalar magana; wucin gadi taimako na bayyanar cututtuka. († = sai dai a cikin yanayi na musamman)</blockquote>Akwai wasu kamfanoni da yawa a cikin United Kingdom waɗanda suka haɗa da, da sauransu, Chubb Limited, AXA, Aviva, Bupa, Groupama Healthcare, WPA da VitalityHealth. Ana amfani da irin wannan keɓance, dangane da manufofin da aka saya. A cikin 2009, babban wakilin likitocin Burtaniya, kungiyar likitocin Burtaniya, sun amince da wata sanarwa da ke nuna damuwa game da ci gaba a kasuwar inshorar lafiya a Burtaniya. A cikin Taron Wakilinta na Shekara-shekara wanda Kungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarwari (watau Manyan Likitoci) suka amince a baya tare da bayyana cewa BMA "ta damu matuka cewa manufofin wasu kamfanonin inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna hana ko hana marasa lafiya yin zabi game da (i) masu ba da shawara. wadanda suke kula da su; (ii) asibitin da ake kula da su; Ya shiga don "kira BMA don tallata waɗannan damuwar domin a sanar da marasa lafiya dalla-dalla yayin yin zaɓi game da inshorar kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu." Ayyukan kamfanonin inshora suna yanke shawarar wane mashawarcin mai haƙuri zai iya gani sabanin GPs ko marasa lafiya ana kiransa Buɗaɗɗen Magana. NHS tana ba majiyyata zaɓi na asibitoci da masu ba da shawara kuma ba ta cajin ayyukanta. An yi amfani da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don ƙara ƙarfin NHS duk da yawancin jama'ar Biritaniya suna adawa da irin wannan sa hannun. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, tallafin gwamnati ya rufe kashi 86% na kudaden kula da lafiya gaba daya a Burtaniya tun daga shekarar 2004, tare da kashe kudade masu zaman kansu wanda ya kunshi sauran kashi 14%..<ref name="WHOSIS">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070429053325/http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm World Health Organization Statistical Information System: Core Health Indicators]. Who.int. Retrieved on 26 October 2011.</ref> Kusan ɗaya cikin uku na marasa lafiya da ke karɓar kulawar asibitin NHS yana da inshorar sirri kuma yana iya samun kuɗin da mai insurer ya biya. Wasu tsare-tsare masu zaman kansu suna ba da kuɗin kuɗi ga majinyata waɗanda suka zaɓi maganin NHS, don hana amfani da wurare masu zaman kansu. Wani rahoto, na masu binciken lafiya masu zaman kansu Laing da Buisson, a cikin Nuwamba 2012, an kiyasta cewa fiye da ayyuka 250,000 an yi wa marasa lafiya da inshorar likita masu zaman kansu a kowace shekara a kan fam miliyan 359. Bugu da kari, an kashe fam miliyan 609 wajen yin magani na gaggawa ko tiyata. Inshorar likita mai zaman kanta ba ta yawanci ɗaukar magani na gaggawa ba amma ana iya biyan murmurewa na gaba idan an koma da majiyyaci zuwa rukunin majinyata masu zaman kansu. === Amurka === '''Inshorar Lafiya ta gajeren lokaci''' A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2018 DHHS ta ba da doka ta ƙarshe wadda ta yi canje-canjen tarayya zuwa Gajerun Lokaci, Inshorar Kiwon Lafiya mai iyaka mai iyaka (STLDI) wanda ya tsawaita iyakar kwangilar zuwa kwanaki 364 da sabuntawa har zuwa watanni 36. Wannan sabuwar doka, a hade tare da ƙarewar hukunci ga Dokar Mutum ɗaya na Dokar Kulawa mai araha, ya kasance batun bincike mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=The Short-Term, Limited-Duration Coverage Final Rule: The Background, The Content, And What Could Come Next {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180801.169759/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180801.169759}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=Reports Find Risk Of Non-ACA-Compliant Plans To Be Higher Than Federal Estimates {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180303.392660/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180303.392660}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keith |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=New Reports On Potential Negative Impacts Of Short-Term Plans {{!}} Health Affairs |url=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20180420.803263/full/ |journal=Health Affairs Forefront |language=en |doi=10.1377/forefront.20180420.803263}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2018 |title=What Is the Impact on Enrollment and Premiums if the Duration of Short-Term Health Insurance Plans Is Increased? {{!}} Commonwealth Fund |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2018/jun/what-impact-enrollment-and-premiums-if-duration-short-term |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=commonwealthfund.org |language=en}}</ref> [5] [6] [7]<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2018 |title=ACA Open Enrollment: For Consumers Considering Short-Term Policies… |url=https://www.kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/aca-open-enrollment-for-consumers-considering-short-term-policies/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sweeney |first=Catherine |date=14 September 2018 |title=Doak pushes for short-term health insurance plans |url=http://journalrecord.com/2018/09/14/doak-pushes-for-short-term-health-insurance-plans/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=The Journal Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Rebecca |date=11 October 2018 |title=Short-Term Limited Duration Insurance Can Now Be Less Short-Term |url=http://blog.petrieflom.law.harvard.edu/2018/10/11/short-term-limited-duration-insurance-can-now-be-less-short-term/ |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Bill of Health}}</ref> Tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka ya dogara kacokan akan inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda shine farkon tushen ɗaukar hoto ga yawancin Amurkawa. Tun daga 2018, 68.9% na manya na Amurka suna da inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu, a cewar Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka. Hukumar Bincike da Ingancin Kiwon Lafiya (AHRQ) ta gano cewa a cikin 2011, an biya inshora na zaman kansa na asibitocin marasa lafiya miliyan 12.2 na Amurka kuma ya jawo kusan dala biliyan 112.5 a cikin jimlar farashin asibitocin marasa lafiya (29% na jimlar jimlar kuɗin ƙasa). Shirye-shiryen jama'a suna ba da tushen tushen ɗaukar hoto ga yawancin manyan ƴan ƙasa da yara da iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi waɗanda suka cika wasu buƙatun cancanta. Shirye-shiryen jama'a na farko sune Medicare, shirin inshora na zamantakewa na tarayya don tsofaffi da wasu nakasassu; da Medicaid, wanda gwamnatin tarayya da jihohi suka ba da kuɗaɗen haɗin gwiwa amma ana gudanar da su a matakin jiha, wanda ya shafi wasu ƙananan yara da danginsu. Tare, Medicare da Medicaid sun kai kusan kashi 63 na farashin asibitocin marasa lafiya na ƙasa a cikin 2011. SCHIP haɗin gwiwa ne na tarayya da jiha wanda ke hidima ga wasu yara da iyalai waɗanda ba su cancanci Medicaid ba amma waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗi na sirri ba. Sauran shirye-shiryen jama'a sun haɗa da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar soja da aka bayar ta hanyar TRICARE da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Tsohon Sojoji da fa'idodin da aka bayar ta Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Indiya. Wasu jihohi suna da ƙarin shirye-shirye don masu karamin karfi. A ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, kamfanoni masu ba da shawara kan kiwon lafiya sun fara bayyana don taimakawa marasa lafiya su magance matsalolin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Rikicin tsarin kiwon lafiya ya haifar da matsaloli iri-iri ga jama'ar Amurka. Wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 62 cikin 100 na mutanen da suka bayyana fatarar kudi a shekara ta 2007 suna da kuɗin da ba a biya ba na magani na dala 1000 ko fiye, kuma a cikin kashi 92 cikin 100 na waɗannan lamurra basussukan likitanci sun zarce dala 5000. Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 da suka shigar da karar fatarar kudi suna da inshorar lafiya. An kiyasta shirye-shiryen Medicare da Medicaid nan ba da jimawa ba za su ɗauki kashi 50 cikin ɗari na duk abin da ake kashewa na lafiyar ƙasa. Wadannan abubuwan da wasu da yawa sun haifar da sha'awar sake fasalin tsarin kula da lafiya a Amurka. A cikin 2010 Shugaba Obama ya sanya hannu kan dokar Kariya da Kula da Marasa lafiya. Wannan Dokar ta ƙunshi 'waddar mutum' wanda kowane Ba'amurke dole ne ya sami inshorar likita (ko ya biya tara). Kwararru kan manufofin kiwon lafiya irin su David Cutler da Jonathan Gruber, da kuma ƙungiyar inshorar inshorar likitancin Amurka, Tsare-tsaren Inshorar Lafiya ta Amurka, sun yi iƙirarin cewa an buƙaci wannan tanadin don samar da "lalacewar garanti" da "ƙimar al'umma," wanda ke magance abubuwan da ba su da farin jini. Tsarin inshorar lafiya na Amurka kamar kima mai ƙima, keɓancewa don yanayin da aka rigaya, da kuma tantance masu neman inshora. A tsakanin 26-28 Maris, Kotun Koli ta saurari muhawara game da ingancin Dokar. An ƙaddara Dokar Kariya da Kula da Marasa lafiya don zama tsarin mulki a ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. Kotun Koli ta ƙaddara cewa Majalisa tana da ikon yin amfani da umarnin mutum a cikin ikonta na haraji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCOTUS ACA Ruling |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-393c3a2.pdf}}</ref> ==== Tarihi da juyin halitta ====   A ƙarshen karni na 19, "inshorar haɗari" ya fara samuwa, wanda ke aiki kamar inshora na nakasa na zamani. Wannan tsarin biyan kuɗi ya ci gaba har zuwa farkon karni na 20 a wasu yankuna (kamar California), inda duk dokokin da ke tsara inshorar lafiya a zahiri suna magana da inshorar nakasa.<ref>See California Insurance Code Section 106 (defining disability insurance). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/ins/100-124.5.html Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com] In 2001, the [[California Legislature]] added subdivision (b), which defines "health insurance" as "an individual or group disability insurance policy that provides coverage for hospital, medical, or surgical benefits."</ref> Kamfanin Assurance Lafiya na Franklin na Massachusetts ya fara ba da inshorar haɗari a cikin Amurka. Wannan kamfani, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1850, ya ba da inshora game da raunin da ya faru daga hatsarin jirgin ƙasa da jirgin ruwa. Kungiyoyi sittin sun ba da inshorar haɗari a Amurka ta 1866, amma masana'antar ta haɓaka cikin sauri nan da nan. Duk da yake akwai gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya, asalin ɗaukar hoto a Amurka ya dace daga 1890. An fitar da manufar ƙungiyar ta nakasa ta farko da ta ɗauki nauyin aiki a 1911. Kafin haɓaka inshorar kuɗin likita, ana tsammanin majiyyata za su biya kuɗin kula da lafiya daga aljihunsu, a ƙarƙashin abin da aka sani da tsarin kasuwancin kuɗi-don-sabis. A tsakiyar tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, inshora na nakasassu na gargajiya ya samo asali zuwa shirye-shiryen inshorar lafiya na zamani. Wani babban cikas ga wannan ci gaban shi ne cewa farkon nau'ikan injunan kiwon lafiya an umurce su da kotuna saboda karya dokar gargajiya ta hana ayyukan kamfanoni na kamfanoni masu riba. Dole ne 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi su shiga tsakani tare da halatta inshorar lafiya a fili a matsayin keɓanta ga wannan tsarin gargajiya. A yau, yawancin shirye-shiryen inshora na kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu suna rufe farashin yau da kullun, rigakafi, da hanyoyin kula da lafiya na gaggawa. Har ila yau, suna rufe ko a wani ɓangare na farashin wasu magunguna da magunguna. Kamfanonin inshora suna ƙayyade irin magungunan da aka rufe bisa farashi, samuwa, da makamantan warkewa. Lissafin magungunan da shirin inshora ya yarda ya rufe ana kiransa da kayan aiki. Bugu da ƙari, wasu magunguna na iya buƙatar izini kafin shirin inshora ya yarda ya biya kuɗin sa..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prior Authorization - HealthCare.gov Glossary |url=https://www.healthcare.gov/glossary/prior-authorization/ |access-date=2019-11-06 |website=HealthCare.gov |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:U.S._Uninsured_and_Uninsured_Rate_(1987_to_2008).JPG|right|thumb|300x300px|Adadin Amurkawa marasa inshorar lafiya da kuma adadin da ba a inshora ba daga 1987 zuwa 2008]] An gabatar da manufofin kashe kuɗin asibiti da na likita a farkon rabin ƙarni na 20. A cikin shekarun 1920s, asibitocin ɗaiɗaikun sun fara ba da sabis ga daidaikun mutane akan tsarin biyan kuɗi, daga ƙarshe ya haifar da haɓaka ƙungiyoyin Blue Cross. Magabatan Ƙungiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na yau (HMOs) sun samo asali ne tun daga 1929, zuwa 1930s kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Dokar Tsaron Kuɗin Kuɗi na Ma'aikata na 1974 (ERISA) ta tsara aikin tsarin fa'idar kiwon lafiya idan ma'aikaci ya zaɓi ya kafa ɗaya, wanda ba a buƙata ba. Dokar Sasantawa ta Kasafin Kuɗi ta Omnibus ta 1985 (COBRA) tana ba tsohon ma'aikaci 'yancin ci gaba da ɗaukar hoto a ƙarƙashin tsarin fa'idar kiwon lafiya na ƙungiyar mai aiki. A cikin shekarun 1990s, tsare-tsaren inshorar kulawa da aka gudanar ciki har da ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya (HMO), ƙungiyoyin da aka fi so, ko tsarin tsare-tsaren sabis sun karu daga kusan kashi 25% na ma'aikatan Amurka waɗanda ke da ɗaukar nauyin ɗaukar aiki zuwa mafi rinjaye. Tare da kulawa da kulawa, masu insurer suna amfani da dabaru daban-daban don magance farashi da haɓaka inganci, gami da shawarwarin farashin (masu samar da "a cikin hanyar sadarwa"), gudanarwar amfani, da buƙatu don tabbatar da inganci kamar waɗanda aka amince da su ta hanyar tsare-tsaren ba da izini kamar Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Amurka.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/healthcare.pdf Health Care in America: Trends in Utilization]. National Center for Health Statistics (2003). CDC.gov</ref> Masu ɗaukan ma'aikata da ma'aikata na iya samun ɗan zaɓi a cikin cikakkun bayanai na tsare-tsare, gami da asusun ajiyar lafiya, deductible, da coinsurance. Tun daga shekara ta 2015, wani yanayi ya bayyana ga masu daukar ma'aikata don bayar da tsare-tsare masu yawa, wanda ake kira tsare-tsaren kula da lafiyar mabukaci wanda ke sanya ƙarin farashi ga ma'aikata, yayin da ma'aikata ke amfana ta hanyar biyan ƙananan kuɗi na wata-wata. Bugu da ƙari, samun babban tsari mai rangwame yana ba wa ma'aikata damar buɗe asusun ajiyar lafiya, wanda ke ba su damar ba da gudummawar ajiyar kuɗi kafin haraji don bukatun likita na gaba. Wasu ma'aikata za su ba da tsare-tsare da yawa ga ma'aikatan su..<ref>Straz, Matt. "[http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/245381 What Employers Need to Know About the Hottest Trends in Health Insurance]". ''Entrepreneur Magazine''. 27 April 2015. Web. 2 July 2015.</ref> === Rasha === Kasuwancin inshora na kiwon lafiya masu zaman kansu, wanda aka sani a cikin Rashanci a matsayin "inshorar kiwon lafiya na son rai" (Rashanci: добровольное медицинское страхование, ДМС) don bambanta shi da Inshorar Likitan Dole ne na Jiha, ya sami ci gaba mai dorewa. An gabatar da shi a watan Oktoba 1992. === Taiwan === == Dubi kuma ==   == Bayanan da aka ambata == c48l3egd909wk100800xohjgvkx2n0i 0 81441 542870 525511 2024-11-19T23:20:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image|caption_align=center}} {{Databox}} '''Bionics''' ko '''injiniya da akayi wahayi zuwa gare shi''' shine aikace-aikacen hanyoyin halittu da tsarin da aka samo a cikin yanayi ga nazarin da tsarin injiniya da [[fasaha]] zamani. Kalmar ''bionic'', wacce Jack E. Steele ya kirkira a watan Agustan shekara ta 1958, wani nau'i ne daga '''[[Biology|ilmin halitta]]''' da lantarki <ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bionics "bionics"]. ''[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]''.</ref> wanda jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Amurka na 1970 The Six Million Dollar Man da The Bionic Woman suka shahara, dukansu sun dogara ne akan littafin ''Cyborg'' na Martin Caidin . Dukkanin labaran uku suna nuna mutane da aka ba su iko daban-daban ta hanyar kayan aikin lantarki. A cewar masu goyon bayan fasahar halittu, canja wurin fasaha tsakanin siffofin rayuwa da abubuwan da aka ƙera yanada kyau saboda matsin juyin halitta yawanci yana tilasta rayayyun halittu - fauna da flora - su zama masu inganci da inganci. Misali, fenti mai hana datti da ruwa (matsayi) anyi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar kaddarorin hydrophobic na tsire-tsire na lotus (sakamakon lotus). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Darmanin |first=Thierry |last2=Guittard |first2=Frédéric |year=2015 |title=Superhydrophobic and superoleophobic properties in nature |journal=Materials Today |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=273–285 |doi=10.1016/j.mattod.2015.01.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kalmar "Biomimetic" anfi so don nassoshi ga halayen sunadarai, kamar halayen da, a cikin yanayi, sun haɗa da macromolecules na halitta (misali, enzymes ko nucleic acids) wanda za'a iya maimaita sunadarai a cik''in vitro'' ta amfani da ƙananan kwayoyin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nepal |first=Dhriti |last2=Kang |first2=Saewon |last3=Adstedt |first3=Katarina M. |last4=Kanhaiya |first4=Krishan |last5=Bockstaller |first5=Michael R. |last6=Brinson |first6=L. Catherine |last7=Buehler |first7=Markus J. |last8=Coveney |first8=Peter V. |last9=Dayal |first9=Kaushik |last10=El-Awady |first10=Jaafar A. |last11=Henderson |first11=Luke C. |last12=Kaplan |first12=David L. |author-link12=David L. Kaplan (engineer) |last13=Keten |first13=Sinan |last14=Kotov |first14=Nicholas A. |last15=Schatz |first15=George C. |date=2022-11-28 |title=Hierarchically structured bioinspired nanocomposites |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-022-01384-1 |journal=Nature Materials |language=en |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=18–35 |doi=10.1038/s41563-022-01384-1 |issn=1476-1122 |pmid=36446962 |s2cid=254094123}}</ref> Misalan bionics a cikin injiniya sun haɗa da jikin jiragen ruwa dake kwaikwayon fata mai kauri na dolphins ko sonar, [[Radar]], da hotunan ultrasound na likita dake kwaikwayi da yanayin dabba. A fagen kimiyyar kwamfuta, nazarin bionics ya samar da Neuron na wucin gadi, Cibiyoyin sadarwa na wucin gadi, da kuma ƙwarewar jama'a'a. Bionics kuma ya rinjayi Lissafin juyin halitta amma ya cigaba da ɗaukar ra'ayin ta hanyar kwaikwayon juyin halitta a cikin silico da samar da mafita mafi kyau waɗanda basu taɓa bayyana a cikin yanayi ba. Wani labarin bincike na 2006 ya kiyasta cewa "a halin yanzu akwai kawai 12% tsakanin [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] da fasaha dangane da hanyoyin da akayi amfani dasu".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vincent, J. F. V. |last2=Bogatyreva, O. A. |last3=Bogatyrev, N. R. |last4=Bowyer, A. |last5=Pahl, A.-K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Biomimetics—its practice and theory |journal=Journal of the Royal Society Interface |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=471–482 |doi=10.1098/rsif.2006.0127 |pmc=1664643 |pmid=16849244}}</ref> == Tarihi == Otto Schmitt ne ya kirkiro sunan "biomimetics" a cikin shekarun 1950. Kalmar "bionics" daga baya Jack E. Steele ya gabatar da ita a watan Agustan 1958 yayin da take aiki a ''Gidan Sashen Jirgin Sama'' a Wright-Patterson Air Force Base a Dayton, Ohio.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roth |first=R. R. |date=1983 |title=The Foundation of Bionics |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/403622/summary |journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=229–242 |doi=10.1353/pbm.1983.0005 |issn=1529-8795 |pmid=6341959 |s2cid=39473215}}</ref> Koyaya, ana son kalmomi kamar biomimicry ko biomimetics don kauce wa rikicewa tare da kalmar likita "bionics. " Bazato ba tsammani, Martin Caidin ya yi amfani da kalmar don littafinsa na 1972 ''Cyborg'', wanda aka daidaita shi cikin fim din talabijin da jerin da suka biyo baya The Six Million Dollar Man. Caidin marubucin masana'antar jirgin sama ne na dogon lokaci kafin ya juya zuwa fiction cikakken lokaci. == Hanyoyi == [[Fayil:Bur_Macro_BlackBg.jpg|right|thumb|Velcro ya samo asali ne daga ƙananan ƙugiyoyi da aka samu a saman burs.]] Nazarin bionics sau dayawa yana jaddada aiwatar da aikin da aka samu a cikin yanayi maimakon yin koyi da tsarin halittu. Misali, a cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, cybernetics yana tsara ra'ayoyi da hanyoyin sarrafawa waɗanda ke cikin halayyar basira, yayin da [[Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence)|hankali na wucin gadi]] ke tsara aikin basira batare da la'akari da wata hanyar da za'a iya cimma shi ba. Kwafin misalai da hanyoyin daga kwayoyin halitta da yanayin muhalli wani nau'i ne na yin amfani da tunani, bi da yanayi kanta a matsayin bayanan mafita waɗanda suka riga sunyi aiki. Masu goyon baya suna jayayya cewa matsin lamba da aka sanya akan dukkan siffofin rayuwa na halitta yana ragewa da cire gazawar. Kodayake kusan dukkanin injiniyoyi za'a iya cewa wani nau'i ne na Biomimicry, asalin zamani na wannan fagen yawanci ana danganta shiga Buckminster Fuller da kuma tsarinsa na baya a matsayin gida ko filin karatu ga Janine Benyus. Gabaɗaya akwai matakai uku na halitta a cikin fauna ko flora bayan haka za'a iya tsara fasahar: * Yin kwaikwayon hanyoyin halitta na ƙerawa * Yin koyi da hanyoyin da aka samu a cikin yanayi (misali velcro) * Nazarin ka'idojin ƙungiya daga halayyar zamantakewar kwayoyin halitta, kamar halayyar tsuntsaye, ingantaccen abinci na tururuwa da neman ƙudan zuma, da halayyar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun (SI) na makarantar kifi. == Misalan == * A cikin robotics, ana amfani da bionics da biomimetics don amfani da hanyar da dabbobi ke motsawa zuwa ƙirar robots. BionicKangaroo ya dogara ne akan motsi da ilimin lissafi na kangaroos. * Velcro shine sanannen misali na biomimetics. A cikin 1948, injiniyan [[Switzerland]] George na Mestral yana tsaftace kare da ya karɓa a kan tafiya lokacin daya fahimci yadda ƙugiyoyin burrs suka manne wa gashin. * Tsarin ƙaho, zane-zane na saw-tooth don katako da akayi amfani dashi a farkon karni na 19 don yanke bishiyoyi lokacin da har yanzu ana yin sa da hannu an tsara shi bayan lura da [[Buzuzu|kwari]] mai tono itace. Blades sunfi dacewa sosai kuma ta haka ne suka sauya masana'antar katako. * Percy Shaw ne ya kirkiro Masu haskaka ido na Cat a cikin 1935 bayan ya yi nazarin tsarin idanun cat. Ya gano cewa cats suna da tsarin nuna sel, wanda aka sani da tapetum lucidum, wanda ke iya nuna mafi ƙanƙantaccen haske. * Injin jirgin sama da jiragen ruwa na [[Leonardo da Vinci]] misalai ne na farko na zane daga yanayi a cikin injiniya. * Resilin maye gurbin roba ne wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar nazarin kayan da aka samu a cikin arthropods. * Julian Vincent ya samo asali ne daga nazarin Pinecones lokacin da ya haɓaka a cikin 2004 tufafin "mai hankali" wanda ya dace da sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi. "Ina son tsarin da bashi da rai wanda zai amsa canje-canje a cikin danshi ta hanyar canza siffar, "in ji shi. "Akwai irin waɗannan tsarin dayawa a cikin shuke-shuke, amma mafi yawansu ƙananan ne - pinecone shine mafi girma sabili da haka mafi sauƙin aiki a kai. " Pinecones suna amsawa ga zafi mafi girma ta hanyar buɗe ma'aunin su (don watsar da tsaba). Kayan "mai hankali" yana yin abu iri ɗaya, yana buɗewa lokacin da mai sa shi yake da dumi kuma yana gumi kuma yana rufewa sosai lokacin sanyi. * "Fuka-fukan jirgin sama masu canzawa" waɗanda ke canza siffar bisa ga saurin da tsawon lokacin jirgin an tsara sune a cikin 2004 ta hanyar masana kimiyya na biomimetic daga Jami'ar Jihar Penn. Fuka-fukan dake canzawa sun samo asali ne daga nau'ikan tsuntsaye daban-daban waɗanda keda siffofi daban-daban bisa ga saurin da suke tashi. Don canza siffar da tsarin fuka-fukan jirgin sama, masu bincike suna buƙatar yin fata mai rufewa ya iya canzawa, wanda ƙirarsu keyi ta hanyar rufe fuka-fuka da ma'auni na kifi wanda zai iya zamewa akan juna. A wasu fannoni wannan ingantaccen tsarin fuka-fuki ne. [[Fayil:Lotus3.jpg|thumb|Yankin ganye na Lotus, wanda aka fassara: hangen nesa]] * Wasu fenti da teburin rufin anyi su ne don tsabtace kansu ta hanyar kwafin injin daga Nelumbo lotus.<ref>[http://www.treehugger.com/files/2005/09/sto_lotusan_bio.php Sto Lotusan – Biomimicry Paint]. TreeHugger. Retrieved on 23 April 2011.</ref> * Gilashin ruwa na Cholesteric (CLCs) kayan fim ne mai laushi wanda ake amfani dashi don ƙirƙirar ma'aunin tankin kifi ko zoben yanayi wanda ke canza launi tare da canje-canjen zafin jiki. Suna canza launi saboda an shirya kwayoyin su a cikin tsari na Helical ko chiral kuma tare da zafin jiki farar wannan tsarin helical yana canzawa, yana nuna nau'ikan haske daban-daban. Chiral Photonics, Inc. yacire tsarin da aka tattara kansa na CLCs na kwayoyin halitta don samar da na'urorin gani masu kama da juna ta amfani da ƙananan tsawo na inorganic, Gilashin gilashi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiral Photonics |url=https://chiralphotonics.com/ |access-date=2023-02-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Nanostructures da hanyoyin jiki waɗanda ke samar da launi mai haske na fuka-fukan malam buɗe ido an sake su a silico ta Greg Parker, farfesa na Electronics da Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta a Jami'ar Southampton, da kuma ɗaliban bincike Luca Plattner a fagen photonic, wanda shine lantarki ta amfani da photons a matsayin mai ɗaukar bayanai maimakon electrons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterflies' wings dazzle with science {{!}} University of Southampton |url=https://www.southampton.ac.uk/news/2004/11/wings-dazzle-with-science.page |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.southampton.ac.uk}}</ref> * An yi nazarin tsarin fuka-fuki na blue morpho butterfly kuma anyi koyi da yadda yake nuna haske don ƙirƙirar alamar RFID wanda za'a iya karantawa ta hanyar ruwa da ƙarfe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081015001239/http://www.rfidradio.com/?p=26 RFID Through Water and on Metal with 99.9% Reliability (Episode 015)], RFID Radio</ref> * Tsarin fuka-fuki na malam buɗe ido ya kuma yi wahayi zuwa ga kirkirar sabbin nanosensors don gano fashewa. * Kwayoyin kwakwalwa na Neuromorphic da silicon retinae suna da waya wanda aka tsara bayan cibiyoyin sadarwa na ainihi. * Techno Ecosystems ko tsarin 'Eco Cyborg' sun haɗa da haɗuwa da hanyoyin muhalli na halitta zuwa na fasaha wanda ke kwaikwayon ayyukan muhalli. Wannan yana haifar da kirkirar tsarin haɗe-haɗe mai sarrafa kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Clark, O. G. |last2=Kok, R. |last3=Lacroix, R. |year=1999 |title=Mind and autonomy in engineered biosystems |url=http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe2009/CD131/53.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=389–399 |citeseerx=10.1.1.54.635 |doi=10.1016/S0952-1976(99)00010-X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818131121/http://infolib.hua.edu.vn/Fulltext/ChuyenDe2009/CD131/53.pdf |archive-date=18 August 2011}}</ref> Howard T. Odum ne yafara bincike a cikin wannan fagen, wanda ya fahimci tsarin da ƙarfin makamashi na tsarin halittu kamar yadda yake kama da kwararar makamashi tsakanin abubuwan dake cikin wutar lantarki. * Ana haɓaka mannewar likita da suka haɗa da manne da ƙananan nano-gashi bisa ga tsarin jiki da aka samu a ƙafafun geckos. * [[Cutar Kwamfuta|Kwayoyin cuta na kwamfuta]] suna nuna kamanceceniya da ƙwayoyin cuta na halitta, suna kai farmaki ga bayanan da aka tsara don haihuwar kai da watsawa. * An tsara tsarin sanyaya na ginin Eastgate Center a [[Harare]] bayan wani tudun ƙwayoyin cuta don cimma matsakaicin sanyaya. * Adhesive wanda ke bada damar mussels su manne a kan duwatsu, matakai, da kuma jirgin ruwa sunyi wahayi zuwa ga bioadhesive gel don [[Tashohin jini|jijiyoyin jini]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Beciri |first=Damir |date=14 December 2012 |title=Mussel glue inspires bioadhesive gel for blood vessels |url=http://www.robaid.com/bionics/mussel-glue-inspires-bioadhesive-gel-for-blood-vessels.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820005326/http://www.robaid.com/bionics/mussel-glue-inspires-bioadhesive-gel-for-blood-vessels.htm |archive-date=20 August 2014 |website=RobAid}}</ref> * Yankin bionics yayi wahayi zuwa ga sababbin ƙirar jirgin sama waɗanda ke bada gagarumin aiki tare da wasu fa'idodi. Geoff Spedding, Måns Rosén, da Anders Hedenström ne suka bayyana wannan a cikin wata kasida a cikin Journal of Experimental Biology . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spedding |first=G. R. |last2=Rosén |first2=M. |last3=Hedenström |first3=A. |year=2003 |title=A family of vortex wakes generated by a thrush nightingale in free flight in a wind tunnel over its entire natural range of flight speeds |url=https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/206/14/2313/13692/A-family-of-vortex-wakes-generated-by-a-thrush |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=206 |issue=14 |pages=2313–2344 |doi=10.1242/jeb.00423 |pmid=12796450 |doi-access=free}}</ref> John Videler da Eize Stamhuis sun kuma yi irin wannan maganganu a cikin littafin su Avian Flight, kuma a cikin labarin da suka gabatar a ''Kimiyya'' game da LEVs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Videler |first=J. J. |last2=Stamhuis |first2=EJ |last3=Povel |first3=GD |year=2004 |title=Leading-Edge Vortex Lifts Swifts |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5703 |pages=1960–1962 |bibcode=2004Sci...306.1960V |doi=10.1126/science.1104682 |pmid=15591209 |s2cid=28650231}}</ref> Hakanan ana iya amfani da wannan bincike a cikin ilimin halittu don ƙirƙirar ingantaccen jirage masu saukar ungulu ko ƙananan UAVs, kamar yadda Bret Tobalske ya bayyana a cikin wata kasida a cikin ''Kimiyya'' game da Hummingbirds .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cartier |first=Stephanie |date=Fall 2005 |title=The Flight of the Hummingbird Decoded |url=https://depts.washington.edu/nwst/issues/index.php?issueID=fall_2005&storyID=742 |website=Northwest Science & Technology}}</ref> UC Berkeley da ESA suna aiki a cikin irin wannan hanya kuma sun kirkiro Robofly (ƙananan UAV) da Entomopter (UAV wanda zai iya tafiya, yawo da tashi). * Na'urar inji da akayi wahayi zuwa ga rayuwa na iya samar da plasma a cikin ruwa ta hanyar cavitation ta amfani da ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa mai kyau. Xin Tang da David Staack sun bayyana wannan dalla-dalla a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a Science Advances.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tang |first=Xin |last2=Staack |first2=David |date=March 2019 |title=Bioinspired mechanical device generates plasma in water via cavitation |journal=Science Advances |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=eaau7765 |bibcode=2019SciA....5.7765T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau7765 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=6420313 |pmid=30899783}}</ref> == Takamaiman amfani da kalmar == [[Fayil:Induced-sensorimotor-brain-plasticity-controls-pain-in-phantom-limb-patients-ncomms13209-s2.ogv|thumb|Kwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta tana sarrafa ciwo a cikin ɓangaren fatalwa.]] '''Bionics''' yana nufin kwararar ra'ayoyi daga [[Biology|ilmin halitta]] zuwa injiniya da kuma akasin haka. Saboda haka, akwai ra'ayoyi biyu daban-daban game da ma'anar kalmar. A cikin magani, '''Bionics''' yana nufin maye gurbin ko haɓaka gabobin ko wasu sassan jiki ta hanyar nau'ikan inji. Bionic implants sun bambanta da kawai kayan aiki ta hanyar kwaikwayon aikin asali sosai, ko ma wuce shi. Jamusanci daidai da bionics, ''Bionik'', koyaushe yana bin ma'anar ma'ana, saboda yana ƙoƙarin haɓaka mafita ta injiniya daga samfuran halittu. Wannan tsarin yana motsawa ne daga gaskiyar cewa mafita na halittu yawanci za'a inganta su ta hanyar juyin halitta. Duk da yake fasahar dake sa bionic implants ya yiwu suna bunkasa sannu a hankali, akwai wasu na'urorin bionic masu cin nasara, sanannen sanannen shine Australian-invented Cochlear implant (bionic ear), na'urar ga [[Kurãme|kurma]]. Tun lokacin kunne na bionic, na'urorin bionic dayawa sun fito kuma aiki yana cigaba a kan mafita na bionics don wasu cututtukan ji (misali hangen nesa da daidaitawa). Binciken halittu kwanan nan yabada magani ga matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar yanayin jijiyoyi dansa kwakwalwa, misali [[Cutar Parkinson]] da [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bionic devices |url=http://www.bionicsqueensland.com.au/bionics-in-our-world/ |access-date=27 April 2018 |website=Bionics Queensland |archive-date=27 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427192522/http://www.bionicsqueensland.com.au/bionics-in-our-world/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 1997, mai bincike na [[Kolombiya|Colombian]] Alvaro Rios Poveda ya haɓaka wani ɓangaren sama da hannu tare da ra'ayoyin ji. Wannan fasahar tana bada damar marasa lafiya da aka yanke su kula da tsarin hannu na hannu a hanyar da tafi dacewa. A shekara ta 2004 an haɓaka zukatan wucin gadi masu aiki sosai. Ana sa ran ci gaba mai mahimmanci tare da zuwan nanotechnology. Wani sanannen misali na nanodevice da aka tsara shine respirocyte, wani jan tantanin halitta na wucin gadi wanda Robert Freitas ya tsara (koda yake ba'a gina shi ba). A cikin shekaru takwas da yayi a Sashen Injiniya na Bio a [[Jami'ar Pennsylvania]], [[Kwabena Boahen]] ya haɓaka [[retina]] na [[silicon]] wanda ya iya aiwatar da hotuna kamar yadda retina mai rai yake. Ya tabbatar da sakamakon ta hanyar kwatanta sakonnin lantarki daga retina na silicon zuwa sakonnin lantarki da ido na [[salamander]] ya samar yayin da retinas biyu ke kallon wannan hoton. A ranar 21 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2015, wakilin likitancin BBC Fergus Walsh ya bada rahoton, "masu tiyata a Manchester sun yi amfani da ido na farko a cikin mai haƙuri tare da mafi yawan dalilin asarar gani a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ray Flynn, mai shekaru 80, yana da lalacewar macular dake da alaƙa da bushewar tsufa wanda ya haifar da asarar retinal wanda ke canza hotunan bidiyo daga ƙaramin kyamarar bidiyo da aka sa'a kan tabarau. <ref name="BBC News 21 July 2015">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Fergus |date=22 July 2015 |title=Bionic eye implant world first |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-33571412 |access-date=21 July 2015 |website=[[BBC News Online]]}}</ref> Yanzu zai iya fitar da jagorancin fararen layin a kan allon kwamfuta na baya yayi amfani dashi, Sgus II dashi. A cikin 2016, Tilly Lockey (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2005) an haɗa shi da nau'ikan "Hero Arms" na bionic wanda OpenBionics, kamfanin bionics na Burtaniya ya ƙera. Hero Arm wani nau'i ne mai sauƙi na myoelectric ga manya da yara masu shekaru takwas da sama da haka. Tilly Lockey, wacce a watanni 15 aka yanke hannayenta biyu bayan an gano ta da cutar meningococcal sepsis strain B, ta bayyana Hero Arms a matsayin "da gaske, har zuwa inda ya kasance mai ban tsoro yadda suke da gaske". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tilly Lockey, bionic arm girl: "My difference is my superpower" |url=https://www.urevolution.com/blogs/magazine/tilly-lockey-bionic-arm-girl |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=URevolution}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Darren Fuller, tsohon soja, yazama mutum na farko da ya karbi hannun bionic a karkashin tsarin kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Fuller ya rasa ƙananan ɓangaren hannunsa na dama yayin da yake aiki a [[Afghanistan]] a lokacin wani abin da yafaru wanda ya shafi harsashi a cikin 2008. === Sauran amfani === Biomimetics na kasuwanci shine sabon ci gaba a aikace-aikacen biomimetics. Musamman yana amfani da ka'idoji da aiki daga tsarin halittu zuwa dabarun kasuwanci, tsari, ƙirar ƙungiya, da tunanin dabarun. Masana'antu da yawa a FMCG, tsaro, gwamnati ta tsakiya, marufi, da sabis na kasuwanci sunyi amfani dashi cikin nasara. Bisa ga aikin da Phil Richardson yayi a Jami'ar Bath an ƙaddamar da tsarin a House of Lords a watan Mayu 2009. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da biometrics azaman dabarar kirkirar dake nazarin samfuran halitta don samun ra'ayoyi don mafita ta injiniya. A cikin ilmin sunadarai, kira na biomimetic shine kira na sunadarai wanda akayi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar tsarin biochemical. Wani, ma'anar kwanan nan na kalmar bionics yana nufin haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta da na'ura. Wannan tsarin yana haifar da tsarin haɗin gwiwa wanda ya haɗu da sassan halittu da injiniya, wanda kuma za'a iya kiransa kwayar halitta ta cybernetic (cyborg). An nuna fahimtar wannan a cikin gwaje-gwajen Kevin Warwick dake kawo shigar da ultrasound ta hanyar tsarin juyayi nasa. == Dubi kuma ==   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen == * Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature . 1997. Janine Benyus * ''Biomimicry don Ingantawa, Kulawa, da Aiki'', Springer-Verlag, London, 2005, Kevin M. Passino * "Ideas sata Hakki daga Yanayi" (Wired) * ''Bionics da Injiniya: Muhimmancin Biology ga Injiniya, wanda aka gabatar a Yarjejeniyar Injiniyoyin Mata'', Seattle, WA, 1983, Jill E. Steele * ''Bionics: Halitta a matsayin Misali''. 1993. PRO FUTURA Verlag GmbH, München, Umweltstiftung WWF Deutschland * Lipov A.N. "A asalin bionics na zamani. Tsarin Bio-morphological a cikin yanayin wucin gadi" Polygnosis. A'a.1–2. 2010. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 1–2. shafi na 126-136.&nbsp; * Lipov A.N. "A asalin bionics na zamani. Tsarin Bio-morphological a cikin yanayin wucin gadi." Polygnosis. Na uku. 2010. Sashe na 3. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 9] 80–91. == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.bionicsqueensland.com.au/ Bionics Queensland] * [http://cnie.org.uk/ Cibiyar Injiniya ta Halitta a UCL (Kwalejin Jami'ar London)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629234121/http://cnie.org.uk/ |date=2024-06-29 }} * Biological Robotics a Jami'ar Tulsa An adana shi a ranar 20 * [http://wyss.harvard.edu/ Cibiyar Wyss don Injiniyancin Halitta] * [http://www.biomimicry.org/ Cibiyar Biomimicry] * [http://www.cbid.gatech.edu/ Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta] * [http://dilab.gatech.edu/biologically-inspired-design/ Kungiyar ƙirar ƙirar ƙira a cikin Design da Intelligence Lab, Georgia Tech] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101015004427/http://www.cbimms.duke.edu/ Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta da Tsarin Kayan Hanyar Halitta] * [http://www.bioinspired.umd.edu/ Ci gaban Kayayyakin da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Maryland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170926041615/http://bimat.org/ Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta] * [http://biorobots.cwru.edu/ Cibiyar Nazarin Robotics da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kwayoyin halitta a Jami'ar Case Western Reserve] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903035909/http://biorobots.cwru.edu/ |date=2011-09-03 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101025093039/http://bimat.princeton.edu/html/overview.html Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Halitta] * [https://www.fh-kufstein.ac.at/eng/Study/Post-Graduate/Bio-Inspired-Engineering/ Bio Inspired Engineering a Jami'ar Kufstein, Austria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220033911/https://www.fh-kufstein.ac.at/eng/Study/Post-Graduate/Bio-Inspired-Engineering/ |date=2018-12-20 }} An adana shi a ranar 20 * [http://www.me.psu.edu/wong/ Laboratory for Nature Inspired Engineering a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mll0grpshkgwpdul83pioy5f8v9ot24 0 81444 542616 510229 2024-11-19T16:46:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Tm,69.jpg|thumb|TM69]] [[Fayil:Thulium sublimed dendritic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|thumb|TM wani albarkah kasa ne]] [[Fayil:Tm,69.jpg|thumb|Dayah dagah cikin Albarkan kasa]] '''.tm''' shine yankin Yankin sama matakin lambar ƙasa [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] (ccTLD) na [[Turkmenistan]]. Ofishin Kwamfuta na Intanet ne ke sarrafa shi. Nic.tm yana ba da sayan sunan yanki, rajista, gudanarwa da sabuntawa da kuma rajistar sunan yankin na kasa da kasa ga ƙungiyoyin da ke son yin rajistar sunayensu na yankin ta amfani da haruffa na Harshen Turkmen na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=nic.tm registration page |url=http://www.nic.tm/new.html |access-date=2024-07-13 |archive-date=2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713010103/https://nic.tm/new.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sayar da shi azaman yanki don kasuwancin da alamun kasuwanci, saboda amfani da "TM" a cikin wannan mahallin. == Manazarta == lq1ak5etyc8cs7tb5dqrwoo8ncrryvs 0 82040 542655 480420 2024-11-19T17:34:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542655 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abigail Johanna Freeborn''' (an Haife ta 12 Nuwamba 1996) yar [[Kurket|wasan cricket]] ce ta Ingilishi wacce a halin yanzu ke taka leda a Staffordshire, Central Sparks da Birmingham Phoenix . Tana wasa a matsayin mai tsaron wicket da batir na hannun dama . Ta taba bugawa Sussex, Yorkshire da Leicestershire, da Loughborough Lightning da Walƙiya a wasan cricket na yanki da Trent Rockets a cikin ɗari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Abigail Freeborn |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/player/914651.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> <ref name="CAprof">{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Abigail Freeborn |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/869/869470/869470.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Freeborn a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 1996 a Eastbourne, Gabashin Sussex . <ref name="CAprof"/> Ta halarci [[Jami'ar Loughborough]] . <ref name="Loughpro">{{Cite web |title=Abigail Freeborn |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/sport/performance/lightning/cricket/squad/abigail-freeborn/ |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=Loughborough University }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Sana'ar cikin gida == Freeborn ta fara halartan karamar hukuma a 2013, don Sussex a wasan da suka yi da Surrey . Ta rike wicket ta yi dunkule guda, amma ba ta yi jemage ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sussex Women v Surrey Women, 6 May 2013 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/474/474212.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama ɗan wasa na yau da kullun ga Sussex, kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na Gasar Mata ta Mata ta 2013 da nasarar cin kofin mata na 2015 na 2015 . <ref name="ListA">{{Cite web |title=Women's List A Matches Played by Abigail Freeborn |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/869/869470/Womens_List_A_Matches.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> <ref name="T20">{{Cite web |title=Women's Twenty20 Matches Played by Abigail Freeborn |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/869/869470/Womens_Twenty20_Matches.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Freeborn ya koma Yorkshire a kan aro don kakar 2019. Ta samu babban maki na 58 a waccan kakar, bayan bayarwa 40 kawai a kan Surrey . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Surrey Women v Yorkshire Women, 5 May 2019 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1100/1100987.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> A cikin 2021, an sanar da cewa ta koma Leicestershire, amma ba ta buga musu wasa a wannan kakar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women sign Lightning trio |url=https://www.leicestershireccc.co.uk/news/2021/april/women-sign-lightning-trio.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |publisher=Leicestershire County Cricket Club}}</ref> Ta shiga Staffordshire kafin kakar 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |title=18 April 2022 @ 11:00: Staffordshire Women v Worcestershire Women |url=https://ecbwcountychampionship.play-cricket.com/website/results/4997246 |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye 83 a matsakaicin 20.75 a cikin wasanni shida na gefe a gasar cin kofin mata na 2022 na 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting and Fielding for Staffordshire Women/Vitality Women's County T20 2022 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/35/Vitality_Womens_County_T20_2022/Staffordshire_Women_Batting.html |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Freeborn kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Loughborough Lightning's a cikin Gasar Cricket Super League na Mata daga 2017 zuwa 2019. Ta kasance wani bangare na bangaren da ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe a shekarar 2019, kuma tana da babban maki na 16 * a nasara a kan Lancashire Thunder a 2017 . <ref name="T20"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancashire Thunder v Loughborough Lightning, 20 August 2017 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1025/1025338.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> A cikin 2020, Freeborn ya buga wa walƙiya a cikin Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy . Ta zira kwallaye 167 a matsakaicin 33.40 a cikin matches biyar, tare da babban maki na 40 a nasara akan Central Sparks . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy/Lightning Batting and Fielding |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/34/Rachael_Heyhoe-Flint_Trophy_2020/Lightning_Batting.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lightning v Central Sparks, 19 September 2020 |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1156/1156315.html |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> A cikin Disamba 2020, an ba da sanarwar cewa Freeborn na ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kurket mata 41 waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin cikin gida na cikakken lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Forty-one female players sign full-time domestic contracts |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/women/news/1923070/forty-one-female-players-sign-full-time-domestic-contracts |access-date=14 March 2021 |publisher=England and Wales Cricket Board}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ta zira kwallaye 105 a matsakaita na 15.00 a cikin Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, da kuma kasancewa koyaushe ga Trent Rockets a cikin ɗari . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy 2021 - Lightning/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13889;team=6770;type=tournament |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/The Hundred Women's Competition, 2021 - Trent Rockets (Women)/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13891;team=6697;type=tournament |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Mafi kyawun wasanta ya zo a gasar cin kofin Charlotte Edwards, inda ta kasance jagorar mai tseren walƙiya, tare da gudu 161. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Charlotte Edwards Cup, 2021 - Lightning/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=13890;team=6770;type=tournament |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Ta samu maki Twenty20 da maki 61 a karawar da ta yi da South East Stars, haka kuma ta zama mai tsaron gida na farko a gasar da ta yi watsi da korar hudu a cikin innings, duk stumpings, a wasa daya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tash Farrant, Alice Capsey help set up Stars victory over Lightning |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/charlotte-edwards-cup-2021-1252410/south-east-stars-vs-lightning-group-a-1252423/match-report |access-date=28 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> A karshen kakar wasa an sanar da cewa Freeborn ya koma Central Sparks, kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'a tare da sabon gefenta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ECB fund sixth professional contract at each women's regional team |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/england/women/news/2312968/ecb-fund-sixth-professional-contract-at-each-womens-regional-team |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=England and Wales Cricket Board}}</ref> Ta zira kwallaye 163 a gasar cin kofin Charlotte Edwards na 2022, gami da 52 da aka yi a kan Western Storm . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Charlotte Edwards Cup, 2022 - Central Sparks/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=14448;team=6768;type=tournament |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Amy Jones, Abigail Freeborn fifties give Central Sparks a winning start |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/charlotte-edwards-cup-2022-1298049/western-storm-vs-central-sparks-group-b-1298052/match-report |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Ita ma ta kasance jagorar mai zura kwallo a raga ta Tsakiyar Sparks a cikin 2022 Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy, tare da 227 a matsakaicin 45.40. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy 2022 - Central Sparks/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=14446;team=6768;type=tournament |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Ta yi abin da ya kasance a lokacin List dinta mai girma a kan North West Thunder, inda ta ci 72 daga 72 bayarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emma Lamb, Kate Cross give Thunder first 50-over win of season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/rachael-heyhoe-flint-trophy-2022-1297659/thunder-vs-central-sparks-1297941/match-report |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Ta kuma buga wasanni bakwai don Trent Rockets a cikin ɗari, kuma ta ci 45 * a nasarar da gefenta ya samu akan Manchester Originals . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/The Hundred Women's Competition, 2022 - Trent Rockets (Women)/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=14454;team=6697;type=tournament |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alana King hat-trick sees Trent Rockets past Manchester Originals in low-scorer |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-hundred-women-s-competition-2022-1299144/manchester-originals-women-vs-trent-rockets-women-3rd-match-1299147/match-report |access-date=1 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> A cikin 2023, ta buga matches 20 don Central Sparks, a fadin Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy da kuma gasar cin kofin Charlotte Edwards, kuma ta zira kwallaye a jerin 'yan mata na karni, tare da 107 * akan Sunrisers . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy 2023 - Central Sparks/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/rachael-heyhoe-flint-trophy-2023-15157?team=6768 |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/Charlotte Edwards Cup, 2023 - Central Sparks/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/charlotte-edwards-cup-2023-15158?team=6768 |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Sunrisers stun Sparks through fifties to Villiers, Scrivens and Carr |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/rachael-heyhoe-flint-trophy-2023-1347396/sunrisers-vs-central-sparks-47th-match-1347449/match-report |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> Ta kuma koma Birmingham Phoenix a cikin ɗari, ta buga wasanni bakwai kuma ta zira kwallaye 43. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records/The Hundred Women's Competition, 2023 - Birmingham Phoenix (Women)/Batting and Bowling Averages |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/averages-batting-bowling-by-team/the-hundred-women-s-competition-2023-15217?team=6691 |access-date=4 October 2023 |publisher=ESPNCricinfo}}</ref> == manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Abigail Freeborn at ESPNcricinfo * Abigail Freeborn at CricketArchive (subscription required) {{Central Sparks squad}}{{London Spirit squad}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Freeborn, Abigail}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Yan wasan ingilishi]] hk0f5ke7qmavstjodj02qi1yun6lwy8 0 82278 542896 519916 2024-11-20T03:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Dnipro prapor.png|thumb|dnipro]] Dnipro[a] birni ne na hudu mafi girma a Ukraine, tare da mazauna kusan miliyan daya. Tana a gabashin Ukraine, kilomita 391 (243 mi) kudu maso gabas na babban birnin Ukraine Kyiv akan Kogin Dnipro, bayan haka an samo sunanta. Dnipro ita ce cibiyar gudanarwa na yankin Dnipropetrovsk. Yana daukar nauyin gudanarwa na Dnipro birane hromada.Dnipro tana da yawan jama'a sosai 968,502 (kididdigar 2022).Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa yankin Cossack na yanzu ya zauna ta hanyar al'ummomin Cossack daga akalla 1524. Yekaterinoslav ("daukakar Catherine") an kafa shi ta hanyar doka ta Rasha Empress Catherine Great a 1787 a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa na Novorossiya. Daga karshen karni na 19, garin ya jawo hankalin babban birnin kasashen waje da kuma kasa da kasa, ma'aikata na kabilu daban-daban suna cin gajiyar Kryvbas bakin karfe da gawayin Donbas. An sake masa suna Dnipropetrovsk a cikin 1926 bayan shugaban jam'iyyar gurguzu na Ukrainian Grigory Petrovsky, ya zama mai da hankali ga sadaukarwar Stalinist ga saurin habaka masana'antu masu nauyi. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wannan ya hada da makaman nukiliya, makamai, da masana'antun sararin samaniya wadanda mahimmancin dabarun su ya sa Dnipropetrovsk ya sanya shi a matsayin birni mai rufe. Bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Euromaidan na 2014, birnin ya koma siyasa a siyasance daga jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Rasha da kuma masu kishin Rasha ga wadanda ke son kusanci da Tarayyar Turai. A sakamakon rushewar, an sake kiran birnin Dnipro a cikin 2016. Bayan mamayewar Rasha na Ukraine a watan Fabrairun 2022, Dnipro ya ci gaba da sauri a matsayin cibiyar kayan aiki don taimakon jin kai da kuma wurin karbar mutanen da suka tsere daga fagen fama daban-daban. ==manazarta== http://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalbum/2017/07_2017/14/uw/Book7.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315154048/http://i.tyzhden.ua/content/photoalbum/2017/07_2017/14/uw/Book7.pdf |date=2022-03-15 }} https://vybory.24tv.ua/vibori-mera-dnipro-2020-ofitsiyni-rezultati-golosuvannya_n1437591 https://web.archive.org/web/20131020090115/http://www.dneprstat.gov.ua/statinfo/ds/2011/ds1_m07.htm https://gorod.dp.ua/inf/region/?pageid=94 dai9jtsklz8113x323a4yd2w8k0tt68 0 83774 542642 536494 2024-11-19T17:15:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542642 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Abdul Mahmud</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Abdul_Aminu_Mahmud.jpg|thumb|alt=sitting in his backyard at his Farnham Royal, England home December 2018|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Mahmud a gidansa na Farnham Royal, Ingila a cikin 2018</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An haife shi | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1968-11-20</span>) </span>Nuwamba 20, 1968 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (shekaru 55) &nbsp;</span> <br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Bauchi]], Arewa maso gabashin [[Nigeria|Najeriya]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙasar | class="infobox-data category" |Na Najeriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" |[[British Nigerian|Dan Najeriya na Burtaniya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ilimi | class="infobox-data" |Bachelor of Laws, LL.B (Godiya) <br />Jagoran Shari'a, LL. M |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma Matar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Jos|Jami'ar Jos]]<br />[[Nigeria Law School|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aiki | class="infobox-data role" |Lauyan |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Shekaru masu aiki&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |1993 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ƙungiya (s) | class="infobox-data org" |Shugaban kasa, Ƙungiyar Daliban Najeriya (NANS) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An san shi da&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mai sharhi kan jama'a, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |memba na kwamitin&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa don Bincike Rahoton Jama'a Cibiyar AdvocacyFoundation don Karfafa Matsayin Tattalin Arziki na Ƙungiyar Masana gyare-gyare na Ultra PoorElectoral<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yara | class="infobox-data" |3 |} '''Abdul Mahmud''' [[Lauya]] ne a [[Najeriya]], mai sukar zamantakewa al'umma, marubuci, mai ba da shawara kan [[Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Afirka|haƙƙin ɗan adam]], ma'aikacin ilimi, marubuci. <ref name="lawyard">{{Cite web |title=Abdul Mahmud |url=https://www.lawyard.ng/tag/abdul-mahmud/ |access-date=24 July 2017 |website=Lawyard |archive-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001001241/https://www.lawyard.ng/tag/abdul-mahmud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sa'annan kuma ya kasance tsohon shugaban ƙungiyar ɗalibai kuma mai fafutuka. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban kungiyar lauyoyi mai suna Public Interest Lawyers League (PILL), ƙungiyar ƙwararru da masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi waɗanda suka himmatu domin ingantawa da aiwatar da haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi mutane masu rauni da 'yan tsiraru, zurfafa dimokuradiyya da shugabanci da fadada dokar ra'ayoyin jama'a.<ref name="chidoonumah">{{Cite web |title=Public interest lawyers league writes Minister for Trade |url=http://www.chidoonumah.com/public-interest-lawyers-league-writes-minister-for-trade-on-complaint-of-sexual-harassment%E2%80%8F/ |access-date=July 31, 2013 |website=Chidoonumah |archive-date=September 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902061204/http://www.chidoonumah.com/public-interest-lawyers-league-writes-minister-for-trade-on-complaint-of-sexual-harassment%E2%80%8F/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi mawaki ne na kasar Najeriya na ƙarni na uku wanda ayyukansa suka bayyana a ƙarƙashin sunan yaƙi, Obemata . An kuma fassara wasu waƙoƙinsa zuwa yaren Polishna kasar poland, Lithuanian na kasar Lithuania da kuma yaren Faransanci na kasar Faransa dake yankin Europe. == Rayuwa ta farko, ilimi da gwagwarmaya == === Ilimi === An haifi Abdul 'Aminu' Mahmud a Bauchi, Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya a ranar 20 ga Nuwambar shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da takwas wato 1968. Ya yi karatunsa na digiri na daya a Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Tarayya, [[Ondo (jiha)|Jihar Ondo]] da [[Jami'ar Jos]], Jihar Plateau inda ya sami digiri na farko na Shari'a, LL.B (Honours), sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] don Jagoran Shari'a, LL.M. === Yunkurin dalibai da kurkuku === Abdul Mahmud ya zama Shugaban Ƙungiyar Daliban Najeriya ta Kasa wacce aka fi sani da NANS a watan Nuwambar shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in wato 1990, kuma jagorancinsa da gwagwarmayarsa sun haifar da sace shi da kuma tsare shi da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jiha aka DSS tare da wasu manyan mambobin ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Nigeria: Information on whether Mahmud Abdul Aminu is still the president of the National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS) and if not, what has happened to him |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ad3e4c.html |website=Refworld}}</ref> An tsare tare da shi [[Bamidele Aturu]], Nasir Kura, Chima Okereke, Olatunji Kayode, [[Bunmi Olusona]] da Christian Akanni.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1990 |title=Liberty: A Quarterly News Letter of Civil Liberties Organisation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXcHAQAAMAAJ&q=Abdul+Aminu+Mahmud |publisher=Civil Liberties Organisation |volume=1 |issue=3}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Ayyukan shari'a === Shi ne Babban Mai ba da shawara a kamfani Afisa Lex, (Lauyuka & Masu Ba da Shawara), dake da tushe a garin[[Abuja]] da Shugaban Kungiyar Lauyoyi ta Jama'a mai suna (PILL). Kafin wannan, ya kasance Babban Jami'in Shari'a na masana'antar Tivoli Technology, Stoke Poges, dake kasar [[Ingila]] kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaba ko kuma Darakta na Ayyukan Shari'a, Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama, CLO, [[Lagos (birni)|Najeriya]]. Ya kasance ya samu lambar yabo na ɗan kasar Holland a kan ayyukan Ci gaba, Shari'a & Adalci na Jama'a na Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Duniya dake babban birnin kasar Hollan din wato The Hague (aji na 1998), kuma ya kasance Malami Mai Ziyarci a [[Dokar 'yancin dan adam ta kasa da kasa|Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam]], [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]], Jihar Ogun . Ya kasance wakilin taron kasa na Najeriya na 2014 wanda ke wakiltar kungiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2014 |title=List of national conference delegates |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/03/list-national-conference-delegates/}}</ref> === Mai sharhi kan zamantakewa === Obemata, sunansa na yaki ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ne na yau da kullun kan shari'a da al'amuran jama'a, na ƙasa da kuma batutuwan kasa da kasa kan manyan jaridun bugawa dakuma ma na lantarki wato wadanda na na bugawa a takardu ba, gami da jaridar [[The Guardian (Najeriya)|The Guardian (Nijeriya)]] , Daily Times (Nijariya), Channels Television, Africa Independent Television, [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Rediyon Najeriya]], African Writer Magazine da kuma Afirka Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation mallakin kasar Ingila da kuma a kan shafukan yanar gizo da dama da kuma dandamali na kafofin sada zumunta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Atlantic |date=2019-02-19 |title=Civil Rights Lawyer Questions The Quality Of Legal Education Over Support Of Some SANs For Extra-Judicial Killing Of Electoral Offenders |url=https://atlanticpostng.com/civil-rights-lawyer-questions-the-quality-of-legal-education-over-support-of-some-sans-for-extra-judicial-killing-of-electoral-offenders/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=The Atlantic Post |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Philips |date=2019-01-05 |title=Ex-NANS President, Abdul Mahmud Disowns Association, Cites Reasons |url=https://www.concisenews.global/2019/01/05/ex-nans-president-abdul-mahmud-disowns-association-cites-reasons/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=Concise News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-04 |title='Sowore's arrest may ignite public interest in new radical movement' |url=https://thebelltimesng.com/2019/08/04/sowores-arrest-may-ignite-public-interest-in-new-radical-movement/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=The Bell Time |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028130855/https://thebelltimesng.com/2019/08/04/sowores-arrest-may-ignite-public-interest-in-new-radical-movement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paper |first=Order |date=2018-01-16 |title=Public Interest Lawyers League decries continued detention, media parade of Sheikh Zakzaky |url=http://abna.co/824P |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=abna.co |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Writer |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/ |website=AfricanWriter.com}}</ref> === Tarihin Tarihi === ==== Waƙoƙi ==== * Hoton kai <ref name="3poems">{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Obemata Abdul |date=24 April 2011 |title=Three Poems: By Obemata |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/three-poems-by-obemata/ |website=AfricanWriter.com}}</ref> * Don WS, don Breytenbach <ref name="3poems" /> * A cikin sawunsa <ref name="3poems" /> * Zuciyata Whispers, Prometheus <ref>{{Cite web |title=my heart whispers, prometheus - a poem by aminu mahmud |url=http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page4.html |access-date=2013-12-06 |website=www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk |archive-date=2010-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605051515/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Rana ta fadi <ref>{{Cite web |title=sunset - a poem by aminu mahmud |url=http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page6.html |access-date=2003-12-06 |website=www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk |publisher=SPM Publications Ltd |archive-date=2004-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105114248/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Hanyar zanga-zangar <ref>{{Cite web |title=protest streets - a poem by aminu mahmud |url=http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page7.html |website=www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk |publisher=SPM Publications Ltd |access-date=2024-09-02 |archive-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105102946/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page7.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tarihi <ref>{{Cite web |title=memoir - a poem by aminu mahmud |url=http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page8.html |website=www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk |publisher=SPM Publications Ltd |access-date=2024-09-02 |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011153353/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/magazine1203/page8.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Labari ne ==== * Chequepoint Charlie <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Obemata Abdul |date=28 April 2010 |title=Chequepoint Charlie: A Short Story by Obemata (Abdul Mahmud) |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/chequepoint-charlie-a-short-story-by-obemata-abdul-mahmud/ |website=AfricanWriter.com}}</ref> ==== Binciken wallafe-wallafen ==== * [[Lola Shoneyin]]'s Love of Flight <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Obemata Abdul |date=12 February 2010 |title=Lola Shoneyin's Love of Flight: A Review by Obemata |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/lola-shoneyins-love-of-flight-a-review-by-obemata/ |website=AfricanWriter.com}}</ref> * Tsarin Shari'a na Diplomasiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Najeriya: Binciken Diplomasiyar tattalin arziki ta Najeriya ta Musa Babayo <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=10 March 2016 |title=Musa Babayo and Nigeria's Economic Diplomacy |url=https://dailytimes.ng/musa-babayo-nigerias-economic-diplomacy/ |website=Daily Times Nigeria}}</ref> * Dukkanmu 'yan Biafra ne - Mai sa ido-mai sa hannu a cikin Kasar da ke tafiya zuwa Bala'i ta [[Chido Onumah]] ==== Zaɓaɓɓun rubutun da takardu ==== * Mutuwar Audu: Warware Matsalar Shari'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Lawyard |date=2015-11-23 |title=The Death of Prince Audu- Resolving The Legal Conundrum – PIL {{!}} |url=https://www.lawyard.ng/the-death-of-prince-audu-resolving-the-legal-conundrum/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=Lawyard |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001001353/https://www.lawyard.ng/the-death-of-prince-audu-resolving-the-legal-conundrum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Farashin wutar lantarki: Abin da NERC dole ne ta yi don karfafa amincewar masu saka hannun jari <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-11 |title=Opinion: Electricity tariff - What the NERC must do to inspire investors' confidence » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/opinion-electricity-tariff-what-the-nerc-must-do-to-inspire-investors-confidence/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Rashin Matsayi a Ilimi da Rikicin Ilimi Mafi Girma a Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=2013-11-10 |title=falling-educational-standards-and-the-crisis-of-education |url=https://thescoopng.com/2013/11/10/abdul-mahmud-falling-educational-standards-and-the-crisis-of-education/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=thescoopng.com/ }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Dokokin Shari'a da Gudanarwa don Ayyukan Jam'iyyun Siyasa a Najeriya, Abuja, 2013 * Yin Ma'anar Hukuncin Kotun Shari'a ta [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2015-11-08 |title=EXCLUSIVE{{!}} Making Sense of the Judgment of the Taraba State Governorship Election Tribunal – By Abdul Mahmud |url=https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/exclusive-making-sense-of-the-judgment-of-the-taraba-state-governorship-election-tribunal-by-abdul-mahmud/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=Breaking Times |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624040817/https://www.thebreakingtimes.com/exclusive-making-sense-of-the-judgment-of-the-taraba-state-governorship-election-tribunal-by-abdul-mahmud/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * NANS a cikin Idanunmu: Tafiya ta hanyar Lokaci da Sarari, Kano, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adeoya |first=Femi |date=25 September 2015 |title=NANS In Our Eyes: The Journey Through Time And Space, By Abdul Mahmud |url=https://skytrendnews.com/2015/09/25/nans-in-our-eyes-the-journey-through-time-and-space-by-abdul-mahmud/ |website=SkytrendNews Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * A kan Cyber Stalker kusa da kai: Ikon Kurkuku na [[Hukumar Yaƙi da Cin Hanci da Rashawa|EFCC]] An bincika <ref>{{Cite web |last=Onumah |first=Chido |date=2016-08-10 |title=On the cyberstalker near you: the power of arrest of the EFCC examined |url=https://www.chidoonumah.com/on-the-cyberstalker-near-you-the-power-of-arrest-of-the-efcc-examined/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=Chidoonumah.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028135343/https://www.chidoonumah.com/on-the-cyberstalker-near-you-the-power-of-arrest-of-the-efcc-examined/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 'Yan siyasa da Kotuna sune Shackling [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|INEC]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-07 |title=Politicians and the courts are shackling INEC |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/politicians-courts-shackling-inec/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=The ICIR |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-07 |title=Politicians And The Courts Are Shackling INEC - By Abdul Mahmud |url=https://247ureports.com/2016/08/politicians-and-the-courts-are-shackling-inec-by-abdul-mahmud/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=247ureports.com |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jiha ta tono sau ɗaya: Bincike na farko game da Sashin Sufuri na Agenda, Abuja, 2012 ==== Zaɓuɓɓukan labarai ==== * 12 Muhimman Jagora ga Masu Gwagwarmayar Dalibai da Shugabannin <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2017 |title=LIFESTYLE: 12 Important Guides For Student Activists and Leaders, By Abdul Mahmud - Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/238294-lifestyle-12-important-guides-student-activists-leaders-abdul-mahmud.html |access-date=2017-07-27 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com |publisher=Premium Times NG}}</ref> * Ƙasar Bakin Kwando <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=28 March 2013 |title=A nation of basket mouths |url=https://thescoopng.com/2013/03/28/abdul-mahmud-a-nation-of-basket-mouths/ |access-date=2013-03-28 |website=The ScoopNG |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011111118/https://thescoopng.com/2013/03/28/abdul-mahmud-a-nation-of-basket-mouths/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Buhari, Masu sukar sa da kuma Shari'ar ingantaccen Gwamnati <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2015 |title=Abdul Mahmud: Buhari, His Critics And The Case For Efficient Government |url=http://newswirengr.com/2015/09/15/abdul-mahmud-buhari-his-critics-and-the-case-for-efficient-government/ |website=NewsWireNGR}}</ref> * Dear Dame, Kada ku yi wa Kongi cin zarafi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=28 February 2013 |title=Dear Dame, you don't abuse Kongi |url=https://thescoopng.com/2013/02/28/abdul-mahmud-dear-dame-you-dont-abuse-kongi/ |access-date=2013-02-28 |website=The ScoopNG |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011114625/https://thescoopng.com/2013/02/28/abdul-mahmud-dear-dame-you-dont-abuse-kongi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * EFCC ba ta shirya don magance shari'o'in cin hanci da rashawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2016 |title=EFCC ill-prepared to handle corruption cases -Abdul Mahmud |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/efcc-ill-prepared-to-handle-corruption-cases-abdul-mahmud/ |website=The Sun Nigeria}}</ref> * Gwamnatin Wauta <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=4 April 2013 |title=Government of absurdities |url=https://thescoopng.com/2013/04/04/abdul-mahmud-government-of-absurdities/ |access-date=2014-04-14 |website=The ScoopNG |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011114625/https://thescoopng.com/2013/04/04/abdul-mahmud-government-of-absurdities/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Kabiru Mohammed da kuma karya tarihi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=25 April 2013 |title=Kabiru Mohammed and the falsification of history |url=https://thescoopng.com/2013/04/25/abdul-mahmud-kabiru-mohammed-and-the-falsification-of-history/ |access-date=2013-04-25 |website=The ScoopNG |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011115428/https://thescoopng.com/2013/04/25/abdul-mahmud-kabiru-mohammed-and-the-falsification-of-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Halakarmu da ta Tabbatar da Mutuwa <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahmud |first=Abdul |date=26 November 2014 |title=Nigeria: Our Mutually Assured Destruction |url=https://thescoopng.com/2014/11/26/abdul-mahmud-nigeria-mutually-assured-destruction/ |access-date=2014-11-16 |website=The ScoopNG |archive-date=2017-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301224029/http://www.thescoopng.com/2014/11/26/abdul-mahmud-nigeria-mutually-assured-destruction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Dalilin da CJN dole ne ya sanar da dukiya ga jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oyesina |first=Tunde |date=2018-01-08 |title=Mahmud: Why CJN must make assets declaration public |url=https://www.newtelegraphng.com/2018/01/mahmud-cjn-must-make-assets-declaration-public/ |access-date=2019-10-28 |website=Newtelegraph |language=en-US |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028125839/https://www.newtelegraphng.com/2018/01/mahmud-cjn-must-make-assets-declaration-public/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Littattafai ==== * Triptych- Tarin waƙoƙi * Rahotanni na Bayar da Sabis ga Mafi Kyawun Cibiyoyin Jama'a a Najeriya (Hadin gwiwar);<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2014 |title=SERVICE DELIVERY REPORT FOR MOST OUTSTANDING PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA (2013 - 2014) |url=https://isdmg.org.ng/i/service-delivery-report-for-most-outstanding-public-institutions-in-nigeria-2013-2014/ |website=ISDMG |access-date=2 September 2024 |archive-date=11 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011122919/https://isdmg.org.ng/i/service-delivery-report-for-most-outstanding-public-institutions-in-nigeria-2013-2014/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Komawa a Najeriya, Rahoton Masu Tsaro na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya, UDD, Disamba, 1994 (An rubuta tare da Cif [[Mike Ozekhome]], SAN) <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Nigeria Government Profile 2018 |url=https://www.indexmundi.com/nigeria/government_profile.html}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == * Wakilin, Taron Kasa na Najeriya na 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Delegates to the National Conference |url=https://www.nscia.com.ng/index.php/news-room/50-list-of-delegates-to-the-national-conference |website=www.nscia.com.ng |access-date=2024-09-02 |archive-date=2019-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011150354/https://www.nscia.com.ng/index.php/news-room/50-list-of-delegates-to-the-national-conference |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa na Kamfen don Dimokuradiyya (1991-1992) * Tsohon Sakataren Jam'iyyar Democrat (1994-1999) * memba, Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Zabe == Abubuwan da aka zaɓa == * Canjin ainihi da Siyasa ta ainihi a karkashin gyare-gyare a Najeriya * Karen Sorensen a Najeriya a ranar canji: Canji zuwa menene? * Kungiyoyin 'Yancin Bil'adama da Demokradiyya a ciki da wajen Najeriya == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] n98nsi388bn39c2yih2vbq1naw8ggqa 0 84806 543008 525099 2024-11-20T10:40:44Z Maryamarh 29382 543008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Farida Akhtar Poppy''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Babita''', (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1953) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shazu |first=Shah Alam |date=2023-08-01 |title=At 70, Babita living her best life in Canada |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/70-babita-living-her-best-life-canada-3383741 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> 'yar fim ce ta kasar Bangladesh. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a fim din Satyajit Ray's Distant Thunder, wani labari game da yunwa ta Bengal a shekarar 1943, wanda ya lashe kyautar Golden Bear a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Berlin na 23 a shekarar 1973. Kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin shekarar 1970s zuwa shekara ta 1990s a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a fina-finai na ƙasar Bangladesh.<ref name="distressedchildren">{{Cite web |title=Babita Akhtar |url=http://www.distressedchildren.org/babita-akhtar/ |access-date=2015-10-07 |publisher=distressedchildren}}</ref> Ta fito a fina-finai 275.<ref name="richardson">{{Cite web |last=Shazu |first=Shah Alam |date=2023-08-11 |title=Babita immortalised |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/babita-immortalised-3391616 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ==Manazarta== 2rbb7ix6l4nrzndrh6t60c2zx784sm9 0 85022 542875 526357 2024-11-20T00:10:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ==Bulla Regia Museum== Gidan kayan tarihi na Bulla Regia gidan kayan tarihi ne na kayan tarihi a Bulla Regia, Tunisiya. Bulla Regia Museum MapWikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Wuri Bulla Regia, Tunisia Daidaitawa 36°33′32″N 8°45′25″E Nau'in gidan kayan gargajiya Arewa maso yammacin Tunisiya gida ne ga wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Bulla Regia. Wurin ya shahara don gidajen sa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa daga zamanin Hadrian. Yawancin benayen mosaic har yanzu suna cikin wurarensu na asali, kuma kuna iya ganin wasu a gidan tarihi na Bardo da ke Tunis. Ana kuma haɗa wurin da ƙaramin gidan kayan gargajiya. ==Duba kuma== ==Manazarta== https://artessere.com/art-places/bulla-regia-museum {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228104721/https://artessere.com/art-places/bulla-regia-museum |date=2023-02-28 }} https://archiqoo.com/locations/bulla_regia.php h5r8o2zb35v6ga09bsvlpmg7yaq667q 0 85277 542885 530283 2024-11-20T01:18:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Chris Thomsen''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da takwas 1968) shi ne kocin Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka. Shi ne koci mai tsananin a Jami'ar Jihar Florida. Thomsen ya kasance babban kocin Shirin kwallon kafa na Wildcats a Jami'ar Kirista ta Abilene (ACU), daga 2005 zuwa 2011. Thomsen ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin kocin kwallon kafa na wucin gadi a Jami'ar Texas Tech don wasa daya a shekarar 2012, Meineke Car Care Bowl na Texas . == Ayyukan horarwa == === Shekarun farko === Thomsen ya kammala karatu a ACU a 1993 kuma tsohon Wildcats ne. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya kasance a ACU, da farko a matsayin mataimakin digiri sannan ya yi aiki har zuwa kocin layi, mai tsarawa, mai tsara hare-hare, kuma, a karshe, mataimakin kocin. A shekara ta 1998, Wildcats sun kammala a matsayi na 18 a cikin kasar a karkashin jagorancin Thomsen, wanda shine mai kula da hare-hare. Kafin ya koma ACU, Thomsen ya buga kwallon kafa na yanayi uku (1988-90) da kuma baseball daya kakar (All-America da All-Southwest Conference tare da 21 home runs da .373 batting average) a TCU kafin a zaba shi a zagaye na 17 na Major League Baseball Amateur Draft ta Oakland Athletics. Thomsen ya ci gaba da taka leda na tsawon shekaru biyu a cikin ƙananan tsarin Oakland. A cikin kakar 1991, Thomsen ya zama dan wasan TCU kawai a tarihin shirin da ya buga don sake zagayowar gida a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1991, sau biyu a kan Arewa maso gabashin Louisiana (yanzu UL Monroe). A wasan farko, yana da tseren gida a cikin filin wasa, tseren gida uku da tseren gidan biyu. A wasan na biyu ya sake yin wasan gida da kuma babban slam. Ya kasance 5-da-7 tare da homers biyar da RBI 11 a cikin sau biyu. Ya ci gaba da samun lambar yabo ta farko ta All-SWC da All-America kuma ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar SWC Postseason Baseball Championship All-Tournament. An zabe shi dan wasan TCU na shekara a shekarar 1991. Ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a daga TCU a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1993 kuma ya sami digiri na biyu daga ACU a shekara ta 2000. A shekara ta 1999, Thomsen ya bar ACU don shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa, amma daga karshe ya koma horarwa yayin da ya zama mai kula da kai tsaye a Makarantar Sakandare ta Wichita Falls a shekara ta 2001. Tare da Thomsen yana kiran wasan, Coyotes sun lashe lambobin gundumar baya-baya kuma sun jagoranci gundumar a zira kwallaye biyu (maki 34 a kowane wasa a 2001 da 42 ppg a 2002). A shekara ta 2002 sun kafa rikodin makaranta na kakar wasa daya don mafi yawan maki a cikin kakar wasa daya, kuma mai tsaron gida ya kafa rikodin makarantar na kakar wasa guda don wucewa. Bayan ya yi aiki a makarantar sakandare ta Wichita Falls, Thomsen ya yi aiki na shekaru biyu a matsayin kocin layi a Jami'ar Arkansas ta Tsakiya. === Kirista mai kwarewa === A shekara ta 2005, Thomsen ya koma alma mater, ya gaji Gary Gaines a matsayin kocin ACU Wildcats. A shekara ta 2006, ya jagoranci Wildcats zuwa rikodin 8-3 da kuma shirin na farko a cikin NCAA Division II playoffs. An ba shi suna Lone Star Conference South Division Coach of the Year . A shekara ta 2008, Abilene Christian ta gama kakar wasa ta yau da kullun ba tare da an ci nasara ba a karo na farko tun 1950. A cikin NCAA Division II Playoff zagaye na biyu Wildcats sun kori abokin hamayyar West Texas A & M University 93-68, maki 93 a rikodin wasan kwaikwayo na NCAA. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2008, Thomsen ya nemi mukamin kocin a Jami'ar Jihar Arewa maso Yamma kuma an ambaci sunansa daga cikin 'yan wasan karshe guda shida. Sauran 'yan wasan karshe sun hada da Bradley Dale Peveto, mai kula da tsaro a Jami'ar Jihar Louisiana kuma tsohon mataimakin Jihar Arewa maso Yamma, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami aikin. A shekara ta 2011, Thomsen ya bar ACU don matsayi na mataimakin a Jihar Arizona amma ya bar kafin farkon kakar 2012. <ref name="ASU">{{Cite web |title=ASU Football Coach Todd Graham Names Chris Thomsen To His Coaching Staff |url=http://www.thesundevils.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/121611aac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204040025/http://www.thesundevils.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/121611aac.html |archive-date=February 4, 2013 |access-date=February 4, 2012 |publisher=Arizona State University}}</ref> === Fasahar Texas === A ranar 3 ga Fabrairu, 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Thomsen zai bar matsayinsa a Jihar Arizona don karɓar matsayin kocin layin kai hari na Texas Tech Red Raiders <ref name="RRS">{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mike |title=Thomsen will join coaching staff |url=http://www.texastech.rivals.com/barrier_noentry.asp?ReturnTo=&sid=&script=content.asp&cid=1327364&fid=&tid=&mid=&rid= |access-date=February 4, 2012 |publisher=redraidersports.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2012, kocin Red Raiders Tommy Tuberville ya yi murabus don ɗaukar wannan matsayi tare da Shirin kwallon kafa na Cincinnati Bearcats, kuma bayan kwana biyu an nada Thomsen a matsayin kocin wucin gadi ya maye gurbin Tuberville. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2012 |title=Tech's Chris Thomsen interim coach |url=https://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/8733706/texas-tech-red-raiders-tap-offensive-line-coach-chris-thomsen-bowl |access-date=December 10, 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Thomsen ya jagoranci tawagar zuwa nasara a 2012 Meineke Car Care Bowl na Texas a kan Minnesota . === Jihar Arizona === Bayan nasarar da aka samu a gasar, Jihar Arizona ta sake hayar Thomsen don zama kocin masu gudu.<ref name="rb">{{Cite web |last=Haller |first=Doug |title=ASU football hires Chris Thomsen as running-backs coach |url=http://www.azcentral.com/sports/asu/articles/20130111asu-football-hires-chris-thomsen-running-backs-coach.html?nclick_check=1 |access-date=February 21, 2013 |publisher=azcentral.com}}</ref> Ya zuwa ranar 19 ga watan Maris, 2013 an tura Thomsen zuwa kocin layin da aka yi wa Sun Devils.<ref>"[http://www.thesundevils.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=30300&ATCLID=207839382 ASU's Chris Thomsen Moved to Offensive Line Coach; Bo Graham Promoted to Running Backs Coach]". www.thesundevils.com. Retrieved August 4, 2013.</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin ma'aikatan akwai mai kula da kai tsaye Mike Norvell, wanda ya taka leda a Tsakiyar Arkansas a lokacin da Thomsen ya kasance a can. Bayan kakar 2016 Thomsen ya bar Jihar Arizona don ya zama kocin layi a Jami'ar Kirista ta Texas a karkashin Gary Patterson . === TCU === Thomsen ya horar da layin kai hari a TCU na tsawon shekaru uku. === Jihar Florida === A ƙarshen kakar 2019 ya bar TCU don sake haɗuwa da Norvell, sabon kocin a Jami'ar Jihar Florida. Norvell ya ba shi suna mai horar da ƙuƙwalwa da mataimakin kocin. Thomsen ya yi aiki a matsayin kocin mukaddashin don wasa daya bayan Norvell ya gwada tabbatacce ga [[Koronavirus 2019|coronavirus]]. == Rubuce-rubucen kocin == {{CFB Yearly Record Start|type=coach|team=|conf=|bowl=|poll=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Abilene Christian Wildcats football|Abilene Christian Wildcats]]|conf=[[Lone Star Conference]]|startyear=2005|endyear=2011}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2005 NCAA Division II football season|2005]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=4–6|conference=4–5|confstanding=T–8th|bowlname=|bowloutcome=|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2006 NCAA Division II football season|2006]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=8–3|conference=7–2|confstanding=T–2nd|bowlname=[[NCAA Division II Football Championship|NCAA Division II First Round]]|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2007 NCAA Division II football season|2007]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=0–3 (10–3)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|conference=0–1 (8–1)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|confstanding=6th (2nd <small>(South)</small>)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|bowlname=[[2007 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs|NCAA Division II Second Round]]<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2008 NCAA Division II football season|2008]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=11–1|conference=9–0|confstanding=1st <small>(South)</small>|bowlname=[[2008 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs|NCAA Division II Quarterfinal]]|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2009 NCAA Division II football season|2009]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=9–4|conference=6–3|confstanding=T–5th <small>(South)</small>|bowlname=[[2009 NCAA Division II Football Championship playoffs|NCAA Division II Second Round]]|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=conference|year=[[2010 NCAA Division II football season|2010]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=11–1|conference=10–0|confstanding=1st <small>(South)</small>|bowlname=[[NCAA Division II Football Championship|NCAA Division II Second Round]]|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2011 NCAA Division II football season|2011]]|name=Abilene Christian|overall=8–3|conference=7–1|confstanding=2nd|bowlname=[[NCAA Division II Football Championship|NCAA Division II First Round]]|bowloutcome=L|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Abilene Christian|overall=51–21 (61–21)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|confrecord=43–12 (51–12)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subhead|name=[[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech Red Raiders]]|conf=[[Big 12 Conference]]|startyear=2012|endyear=single}} {{CFB Yearly Record Entry|championship=|year=[[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]|name=[[2012 Texas Tech Red Raiders football team|Texas Tech]]|overall=1–0 {{#tag:ref|Thomsen coached the [[2012 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas]] after head coach [[Tommy Tuberville]] resigned after a 7–5 (4–5 Big 12) regular season.|name=Interim|group="A"}}|conference=|confstanding=|bowlname=[[2012 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas|Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas]]<ref group="A" name="Interim"/>|bowloutcome=W|bcsbowl=|ranking=no|ranking2=no}} {{CFB Yearly Record Subtotal|name=Texas Tech|overall=1–0|confrecord=}} {{CFB Yearly Record End|overall=52–21 (61–21)<ref group="A" name="Record"/>|bowls=no|polltype=|poll=no}} == Bayani == <references group="A" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hadin waje == * [https://seminoles.com/staff/chris-thomsen/ Bayanan Jihar Florida]{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://gofrogs.com/sports/football/roster/coaches/chris-thomsen/74 Bayanan TCU] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121119110256/http://www.texastech.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/thomsen_chris00.html Bayanan Texas Tech] {{Abilene Christian Wildcats football coach navbox}}{{Texas Tech Red Raiders football coach navbox}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomsen, Chris}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hvnz9vkb853iaaln87q5zjdg8xdu0gz 0 85634 542835 539470 2024-11-19T21:51:23Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Murar Mashaƙo''' wata cuta ce mai yaduwa ta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. An gano cutar ta farko da aka sani a Wuhan, China, a cikin Disamba 2019.<ref>Page J, Hinshaw D, McKay B (26 February 2021). "In Hunt for Covid-19 Origin, Patient Zero Points to Second Wuhan Market – The man with the first confirmed infection of the new coronavirus told the WHO team that his parents had shopped there". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref> Yawancin masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa kwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ta shiga cikin al'ummomin mutane ta hanyar zoonosis na dabi'a, mai kama da barkewar SARS-CoV-1 da MERS-CoV, kuma daidai da sauran cututtukan cututtuka a tarihin ɗan adam.<ref>Jiang X, Wang R (25 August 2022). "Wildlife trade is likely the source of SARS-CoV-2". Science. 377 (6609): 925–926. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..925J. doi:10.1126/science.add8384. <nowiki>PMID 36007033</nowiki>. S2CID 251843410. Retrieved 20 November 2022.</ref><ref>Pekar J (26 July 2022). "The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2". Science. 377 (6609): 960–966. Bibcode:2022Sci...377..960P. doi:10.1126/science.abp8337. PMC 9348752. <nowiki>PMID 35881005</nowiki>.</ref> Abubuwan zamantakewa da muhalli da suka haɗa da sauyin yanayi, lalata yanayin yanayin halitta da cinikin namun daji sun ƙaru da yuwuwar yaɗuwar zoonotic.<ref>Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). IPCC. 2022. pp. 1067–1070. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Climate change may have driven the emergence of SARS-CoV-2". University of Cambridge. Science of the Total Environment. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref><ref>"Climate change the culprit in the COVID-19 pandemic". European Commission. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</ref><ref>Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). IPCC. 2022. pp. 233–235. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> Cutar ta bazu cikin sauri a duk duniya, wanda ya haifar da cutar ta COVID-19. Alamomin COVID-19 suna canzawa amma galibi sun haɗa da zazzabi, <ref>Islam MA (April 2021). "Prevalence and characteristics of fever in adult and paediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17515 patients". PLOS ONE. 16 (4): e0249788. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1649788I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0249788. PMC 8023501. <nowiki>PMID 33822812</nowiki>.</ref> gajiya, tari, wahalar numfashi, rasa wari, da rasa ɗanɗano.<ref>Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (November 2020). "Prevalence and Characteristics of Taste Disorders in Cases of COVID-19: A Meta-analysis of 29,349 Patients" (PDF). Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 165 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1177/0194599820981018. <nowiki>PMID 33320033</nowiki>. S2CID 229174644.</ref><ref>Agyeman AA, Chin KL, Landersdorfer CB, Liew D, Ofori-Asenso R (August 2020). "Smell and Taste Dysfunction in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Mayo Clin. Proc. 95 (8): 1621–1631. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.05.030. PMC 7275152. <nowiki>PMID 32753137</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Saniasiaya J, Islam MA (April 2021). "Prevalence of Olfactory Dysfunction in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-analysis of 27,492 Patients". The Laryngoscope. 131 (4): 865–878. doi:10.1002/lary.29286. ISSN 0023-852X. PMC 7753439. <nowiki>PMID 33219539</nowiki>.</ref> Alamun na iya farawa daga kwana ɗaya zuwa sha huɗu bayan kamuwa da cutar. Aƙalla kashi ɗaya bisa uku na mutanen da suka kamu da cutar ba sa samun alamun bayyanar cu tuttuka.<ref>Oran DP, Topol EJ (January 2021). "The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic: A Systematic Review". Annals of Internal Medicine. 174 (5): M20-6976. doi:10.7326/M20-6976. PMC 7839426. <nowiki>PMID 33481642</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Wang B, Andraweera P, Elliott S, Mohammed H, Lassi Z, Twigger A, et al. (March 2023). "Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Age: A Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 42 (3): 232–239. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000003791. PMC 9935239. <nowiki>PMID 36730054</nowiki>. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</ref> Daga cikin wadanda suka kamu da alamun bayyanar da za a iya rarraba su a matsa8yin marasa lafiya, yawancin (81%) suna tasowa masu laushi zuwa matsakaici (har zuwa ciwon huhu), yayin da 14% ke haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani (dyspnea, hypoxia, ko fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na huhu a kan hoto). ), kuma 5% suna haifar da alamomi masu mahimmanci (rashin numfashi, girgiza, ko rashin aiki mai yawa).<ref>Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6 April 2020. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.</ref> Tsofaffi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma na kamuwa da waɗannan cututtuka masu tsanani. Wasu rikice-rikice suna haifar da mutuwa. Wasu mutane suna ci gaba da samun sakamako iri-iri (dogon COVID) na tsawon watanni ko shekaru bayan kamuwa da cuta, kuma an ga lalacewar gabobin.<ref>Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ (March 2023). "Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 21 (3): 133–146. doi:10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2. PMC 9839201. <nowiki>PMID 36639608</nowiki>.</ref> Ana ci gaba da nazarin shekaru da yawa don ƙara yin bincike game da illolin da cutar ke yaɗewa.<ref>CDC (11 February 2020). "Post-COVID Conditions". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Retrieved 12 July 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == lp4qj1sb4bq7isiku6he3rd597ecoov 0 86458 542887 536363 2024-11-20T02:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Connor Stuart Ogilvie''' (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin hagu ko tsakiya na kulob din portsmouth na gasar cin kofin zakarun turai. == Ayyukan kulob dinsa == Ogilvie ya fara aikinsa a makarantar totenham Hotspur tun watan Yulin 2012. <ref name="Ogilvie 1">{{Cite web |title=Connor Stuart Ogilvie |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/development-squad/connor-ogilvie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030135358/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/development-squad/connor-ogilvie/ |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=31 October 2017 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Official Site}}</ref> Bayan ci gaba a ko'ina a makarantar kimiyya da ci gaban kungiya, <ref name="Ogilvie 1" /> An haɗa Ogilvie a cikin tawagar tawagar farko a wasan UEAFA na zakarun turai a matsayin mai maye gurbin da ba a sakashi ba a wasan 2-2 da aka yi da benfika a ranar 20 ga Maris 2014. <ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2014 |title=Spurs go down fighting |url=http://www.thetottenhamindependent.co.uk/news/11092817.Spurs_go_down_fighting/ |accessdate=30 October 2017 |publisher=Tottenham Independent}}</ref> Yayinda yakecan a matsayin aro, Ogilvie ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kulob din, inda ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title=NEW DEAL FOR CONNOR |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/connor-ogilvie-new-contract-250116/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030150155/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/connor-ogilvie-new-contract-250116/ |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Official Site}}</ref> Sa'an nan kuma gaban kakar 2017-18, Ogilvie ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da kulob din.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 July 2017 |title=New Contract And Gillingham Loan For Ogilvie |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/new-contract-and-gillingham-loan-for-connor-ogilvie-070717/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004192415/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/new-contract-and-gillingham-loan-for-connor-ogilvie-070717/ |archive-date=4 October 2017 |accessdate=8 July 2017 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Official Site}}</ref> == Magana ta zuwa aro0 == A ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, Ogilvie ya shiga kungiyar League Two ta Stevenage a kan aro na wata daya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toyn |first=Dave |date=14 August 2015 |title=DEFENDER CONNOR OGILVIE JOINS ON LOAN |url=http://www.stevenagefc.com/news/article/defender-connor-ogilvie-joins-on-loan-2618857.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307124024/http://www.stevenagefc.com/news/article/defender-connor-ogilvie-joins-on-loan-2618857.aspx |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=30 October 2017 |publisher=Stevenage F.C.}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa a wasan da ya ci 2-0 a wasansu da Hartlepool United a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, kuma ya saka kwallaye na farko a wasan da aka yi da Plymouth Argyle a ranar 5 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2015, <ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=22 August 2015 |title=Stevenage 2–0 Hartlepool United |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33944520 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> sannan ya taimaka wa York City a wasansu da sukaci 2-2 a wasan da ta biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2015 |title=Stevenage 2–2 York City |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34160505 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> An tsawaita aronsa har zuwa watan Janairu bayan wasan gwaninta da ya yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2015 |title=Connor Ogilvie: Tottenham defender extends Stevenage loan |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34249311 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, ya taimaka a wani wasa da sukayi kunnnen doki da Yeovil Town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2015 |title=Yeovil Town 2–2 Stevenage |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/34753919 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Daga baya, an tsawaita aronsa bayan kowane wata har zuwa ƙarshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2016 |title=Connor extends Stevenage stay |url=http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/connor-extends-stevenage-stay-120116/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030151117/http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/connor-extends-stevenage-stay-120116/ |archive-date=30 October 2017 |accessdate=8 July 2017 |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur F.C.}}</ref> Duk da cewa an cire shi daga tawagar farko a lokuta hudu.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 September 2015 |title=Teddy Sheringham not concerned about lack of away win as Stevenage travel to Cambridge |url=http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/teddy-sheringham-not-concerned-about-lack-of-away-win-as-stevenage-travel-to-cambridge-1-4247659 |accessdate=30 October 2017 |publisher=The Comet |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030152224/http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/teddy-sheringham-not-concerned-about-lack-of-away-win-as-stevenage-travel-to-cambridge-1-4247659 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2015 |title=INJURY NEWS: Stevenage defender out for two weeks |url=http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/injury-news-stevenage-defender-out-for-two-weeks-1-4275383 |accessdate=30 October 2017 |publisher=The Comet |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030152246/http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/injury-news-stevenage-defender-out-for-two-weeks-1-4275383 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 January 2016 |title=Striker nets 20th goal of the season as Orient snatch a point at Stevenage |url=http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/striker-nets-20th-goal-of-the-season-as-orient-snatch-a-point-at-stevenage-1-4365371 |accessdate=30 October 2017 |publisher=The Comet |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030153048/http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/striker-nets-20th-goal-of-the-season-as-orient-snatch-a-point-at-stevenage-1-4365371 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2016 |title=We're not an attractive proposition for players – we need them to roll their sleeves up' says Stevenage caretaker boss |url=http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/we-re-not-an-attractive-proposition-for-players-we-need-them-to-roll-their-sleeves-up-says-stevenage-caretaker-boss-1-4463470 |accessdate=30 October 2017 |publisher=The Comet |archive-date=30 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030153600/http://www.thecomet.net/stevenage-fc/we-re-not-an-attractive-proposition-for-players-we-need-them-to-roll-their-sleeves-up-says-stevenage-caretaker-boss-1-4463470 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Gillingham == == Kididdigar aiki == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Stevenage (loan) |2015–16 |League Two |21 |1 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |24 |1 |- |2016–17 |League Two |18 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |18 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !39 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !42 !1 |- | rowspan="2" |Gillingham (loan) |2017–18 |League One |37 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 |42 |1 |- |2018–19 |League One |31 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |37 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Gillingham |2019–20 |League One |33 |4 |4 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |41 |4 |- |2020–21 |League One |45 |4 |2 |0 |3 |1 |1 |0 |51 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !146 !9 !12 !0 !5 !1 !8 !0 !171 !10 |- | rowspan="4" |Portsmouth |2021–22 |League One |34 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |41 |1 |- |2022–23 |League One |43 |5 |3 |0 |1 |0 |4 |0 |51 |5 |- |2023–24 |League One |15 |2 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |16 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !92 !8 !5 !0 !3 !0 !8 !0 !108 !8 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !277 !18 !19 !0 !8 !1 !17 !0 !321 !19 |} # '''^''' # == Manazarta == l3rb5im90xi5lffabu82lt11kxlmdat 0 86479 542999 536470 2024-11-20T10:06:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Isa Wali''' (1928 - 19 Fabrairu 1967) wani jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin [[Babban Ofishin Najeriya a Accra|Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya zuwa Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rejoice Ewodage |title=Osinbajo, Gowon, Others Celebrate Ambassador Isa Wali |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/02/19/osinbajo-gowon-others-celebrate-ambassador-isa-wali/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[Channels TV]]}}</ref> An haife shi a [[Kano (jiha)|jihar Kano]] a matsayin ɗa na biyar ga [[Majalisar Masarautar Kano|Walin Kano]], Sulaiman, da Hajiya Maryam Nene. Ya kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], inda ya bayyana ra'ayinsa ta rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka yi suka a kan abin da ya dauka a matsayin zaluncin da ake yi wa mata a yankin. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Callaway |first=Barbara J. |date=1987 |title=Women and Political Participation in Kano City |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/421813 |journal=Comparative Politics |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=379–393 |doi=10.2307/421813 |issn=0010-4159 |jstor=421813}}</ref> == Rayuwa == '''Isa Wali''', an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yuli 1928 ga Suleiman, Walin [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]], dan kabilar Gyanawa ne, kabilar [[Fulani]] da suka shahara saboda kwarewarsu a [[Shari'a|Shari'ar Musulunci]] . Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a shekara ta 1939, Isa ya taso ne a hannun Abubakar na Wali, malamin Larabci wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin masu baiwa [[Jerin Sarakunan Kano|Sarkin Kano]] shawara . Iliminsa na farko ya hada da kammala karatun kur'ani tun yana dan shekara bakwai, sannan ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Kwaru inda ya fara karatunsa na yammacin duniya, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1940. Daga 1940 zuwa 1943, ya halarci [[Kwalejin Rumfa Kano|Makarantar Midil ta Kano]], kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Koyon Larabci (SAS) da ke Kano daga 1943 zuwa 1948, inda ya kasance "Dalibi na farko a ajinsa", musamman a fannin ''[[Hadisi|ilmin Hadisi]]'' da ''[[tafsiri]]'' . : 278  Bayan kammala karatunsa a SAS, Isa ya koma [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara a Majalisar Sarakuna da ta Majalisa . A cikin 1951, ya shafe watanni tara a [[Landan|London]] don nazarin tsarin majalisa a cikin House of Commons da House of Lords . Bayan komawarsa Kaduna ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki na majalisar wakilai. : 278  Isa ya kasance mai tasiri a cikin sabbin aji na ’yan Arewa masu ilimin yammacin Najeriya. Ya bayar da hujjar kawo sauyi kan tsarin masarautu tare da bayar da shawarar samar da damammaki ga talakawa ('yan ta'adda) a cikin 'yan kasa . Duk da sha’awar da ya yi wa al’adun Arewa—ya fifita ta a kan a yi koyi da ‘Yamma’ a makance—ya yi kakkausar suka ga a gyara ta, don haka ba ta daure ta daure a baya. Saboda aikinsa na ma'aikacin gwamnati, ya guji yin magana a bainar jama'a game da ra'ayoyinsa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, duk da haka, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ya kasance kusa da dan uwansa Fulani Gyanawa Aminu Kano, daya daga cikin masu fafutukar kawo sauyi a Najeriya, kuma ya kasance mai sha'awar ayyukan Sa'adu Zungur, fitaccen mawaki kuma dan gwagwarmaya. [1] : 278-298  A lokacin da yake karatu, ya zama mai kwazo wajen karanta jaridun da suka mayar da hankali kan matsalolin ‘zamani’, musamman [[Gaskiya Ta Fi Kwabo]] da matukin jirgi na Afirka ta Yamma . A cikin shekarun 1950, ya rubuta kasidu da dama ga wadannan wallafe-wallafen, inda ya yi suka a fannoni daban-daban na harkokin siyasa da na addini a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], tare da jaddada [[Haƙƙoƙin Mata|yancin mata]] . Shi, tare da Aminu Kano, ya kasance "kusan shi kadai" wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi mata a Arewacin Najeriya. <ref name=":1"/> A lokacin rani na 1956, ya rubuta jerin kasidu da aka buga a cikin ''Nigerian Citizen'' wanda ya fara muhawara mai yawa a Arewacin Najeriya. A daya daga cikin wadannan kasidu mai taken “Hakikanin Matsayin Mata a Musulunci”, ya yi tsokaci kan irin rawar da matan Musulmi za su taka a cikin al’umma:<blockquote>Dangane da rayuwar jama’a kuwa, babu wani abu a Musulunci da ya hana mace bin duk wani abin da take so. Babu wani haramci na musamman da ya hana ta shiga shugabancin jama’a—kamar yadda [[Aisha|A’isha]] matar [[Muhammad|Manzon Allah]] (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) ta rasu da manyan takwarorinta mata (Uwar Muminai) ta bayyana.... Tarihin musulmi, a haƙiƙa, yana cike da labarin matan musulmi a ƙasashe da dama waɗanda suka kasance shuwagabanni masu ɗaukaka, mashawarta, malaman fikihu da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati. Sun ba da umarnin runduna, kuma, lokacin da larura ta taso, sun yi yaƙi a matsayin sojoji kamar yadda suka yi a farkon Musulunci—kafin ƙarshen ƙarni na goma. : 290 <ref name=":1"/> </blockquote>Wani bangare na dangantakarsa da Aminu Kano da buga wadannan kasidu, ya sa Wali ya koma [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a shekarar 1957, inda ya shiga aikin hidimar kasashen waje . A tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1961 ya wakilci Najeriya a [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]] kuma ya kasance mai kula da harkokin Afirka. A cikin 1964, an nada shi [[Babban Ofishin Najeriya a Accra|Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya a Ghana]], mukamin da ya rike har ya rasu sakamakon cutar hawan jini a shekarar 1967. : 278 An karbi mutuwarsa a Ghana "da matukar bakin ciki ga jama'a da kuma nadama na gaske" a cewar magajinsa, Ambasada [[Isaac Jemide Sagay]], wanda ya kara da'awar cewa da Isa ya mutu a [[Accra]], "Ba tare da shakka ba, da Ghana za su ba shi wani abu na kusa da kasa. jana'iza." <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sagay |first=Isaac Jemide |date=2017-02-26 |title=50 years on: Tribute to Isa Wali |url=https://dailytrust.com/50-years-on-tribute-to-isa-wali/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gado == A cikin 2009, [[Maryam Uwais]], diyar Isa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Uwais |first=Maryam |title=Yaya Suleiman: My Brother, 'Our Father' - THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/05/yaya-suleiman-my-brother-our-father |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |language=en}}</ref> ta kafa [[Isa Wali Empowerment Initiative]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryam Uwais |url=https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs_leadership/maryam-uwais-mfr/ |website=[[Lagos Business School]] |access-date=2024-10-24 |archive-date=2024-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418063934/https://www.lbs.edu.ng/lbs_leadership/maryam-uwais-mfr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin na da nufin taimakawa mata da kananan yara wadanda ba su da galihu a fannin tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Isa Wali Empowerment Initiative is 10! |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/10/isa-wali-empowerment-initiative-is-10 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[This Day]]}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> == Kara karantawa == ---  <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFReynolds2001">''Lokacin Siyasa (Zamanin Siyasa): Musulunci Da Siyasar Halalta a Arewacin Najeriya, 1950-1966'' .</cite> <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFReynolds2001">Amurka: Jami'ar Press of America .</cite> <cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFReynolds2001">[[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780761819462|<bdi>9780761819462</bdi>]] .</cite> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1928]] 1e6v61ppm3bqg91fioqngsruqafst7n 0 86636 542810 539319 2024-11-19T21:12:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Armel Mingatoloum Sayo''''' an haife shi 17 ga Agusta 1979, kuma aka sani da ''Armel Bedaya''' ko ''Commandant Sayo''',{{sfn | Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|2014|p=27 }} ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Tsakiya ne kuma shugaban yaƙi wanda ya yi aiki a mukamai daban-daban na ministoci uku a ƙarƙashin shugabancin Panza da Touadera. Ya kuma kasance jagoran juyin juya halin Musulunci da Adalci har zuwa lokacin da aka kwace makamai a shekarar alif 2019. == Rayuwar farko da aikin soja == An haifi Sayo a ranar 17 ga Agusta 1979 a Bangui.<ref name="SAY">{{cite web | last1=Themona |first1=Herman |title=République centrafricaine Alerte : Quand la France Protège les Binationaux sur Son Territoire pour Déstabiliser la Centrafrique - Cas de l'Ex-Chef Rebelle Armel Ningatoloum Sayo |url=https://lepotentielcentrafricain.com/rca-alerte-info-quand-la-france-protege-les-binationaux-sur-son-territoire-pour-destabiliser -la-centrafrique-cas-de-lex-chef-rebelle-armel-ningatoloum-sayo/ | shafin yanar gizon=lepotentielcentrafricain.com | mawallafi=Le Potentiel Centrafricain |access-date=29 Fabrairu 2024}}</ref> Mahaifinsa na halitta suna Sayo Robert, wani akawu a Bangui Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Daga baya {{ill|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro|fr|Simon Bédaya-Ngaro}} ya karbe shi.<ref name="AMS">{{cite web|last1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|first1=La Nouvelle Centrafrique|url=http://www.lanouvellecentrafrique.info/centrafrique-armel-sayo-sexprime/|title=Centrafrique: Armel Sayo s'exprime|shafin yanar gizon=lanouvellecentrafrique.info|kwanan wata=2023-03-14|kwanan shiga-date=2024-02-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726044636/http://http/|archive-date=2013-07-26|access-date=2024-10-27}}</ref> Karkashin gwamnatin [[Ange-Félix Patassé|Patassé]], Sayo shine na ƙasar. Daraktan Tsaro.<ref>{{cite report|author=International Federation for Human Rights|date=June 2014|title=Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya: "Dole ne su fita ko kuma su mutu."|url=https://www.fidh .org/IMG/pdf/rapport_rca_2014-uk-04.pdf|publisher=Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya|shafi=65}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>Bayan [[2003 Jumhuriyar Tsakiyar Afirka ta Tsakiya | juyin mulkin 2003]], wasu gungun masu dauke da makamai sun shiga gidansa suka yi yunkurin kashe Sayo, mahaifiyarsa, mahaifinsa, yayyensa. Sai qungiyoyin suka tafi, sai ya kwashe mahaifinsa ta hanyar kama shi a matsayin mace zuwa Ofishin Jakadancin Nijeriya<ref name="AMS" /> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} r45w09hfpbwu0szvbw7dfcuvee65rmw 0 86712 542910 537431 2024-11-20T05:12:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fakou''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Fakou Foye''' ko '''Fakoye''', miyar gargajiya ce ta al'ummar [[Mutanen Songhai|Songhai]] da [[Buzaye|Abzinawa]] a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da arewacin [[Mali]].<ref>{{Citation|last=|first=|year=2022|title=L’art culinaire traditionnel au Niger:Un patrimoine culturel à sauvegarder et valoriser|publication-place=Niger Diapora|page=|url=https://www.nigerdiaspora.com/2020-08-08-07-45-53/culture/36-culture/16144-l-art-culinaire-traditionnel-au-niger-un-patrimoine-culturel-a-sauvegarder-et-valoriser|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=2024-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101161352/https://www.nigerdiaspora.com/2020-08-08-07-45-53/culture/36-culture/16144-l-art-culinaire-traditionnel-au-niger-un-patrimoine-culturel-a-sauvegarder-et-valoriser|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=|first=|year=|title=Malian Food |publication-place=[[Pinterest]] |page= |url= https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/696509898617019613/ |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Wannan miya mai duhu, mai kauri dan kadan, ana yin ta ne daga ganyen jute a kimiyance da ake kira Corchorus olitorius, wanda aka fi sani da Mulukhiyah a Arewacin Afirka da ''Ayoyo'' a [[Ghana]] . == Sinadaran == Fakou yawanci ana ado da rago ko naman sa, tare da ma'anar sinadaren shine ganyen jute.<ref>{{Citation |last=|first=|year=2020|title= LE FAKOYE |publication-place=bmkparis.com |page= |url= https://www.bmkparis.com/recettes-dafrique/fakoye |access-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> Zabin mai na gargajiya da ake amfani da shi shine [[man shanu]] (“ ''Hawji'' ” a [[Harsunan Songhay|Songhai]] ) == Shiri == Don yin miya na Fakou, ganyen jute yana jujjuya su zama busasshen abu mara kyau. Mahimman sinadaran sun haɗa da Kabé (Mousse Renne), Cumin foda, barkono ja, barkono Penja baki da fari ("fêfê" a cikin Songhai), barkono Selim, soumbala, busasshen ƙananan kifi, manna dabino, kirfa foda, koren anise, nutmeg, da saniya. man shanu. Kayan yaji yana dacewa da zaɓi na sirri. Shirye-shiryen ya haɗa da ƙara ruwa a cikin tukunya, haɗa kayan abinci, tafasa cakuda, sannan gabatar da Corète potagère. Ana yawan yi wa Fakou hidima da shinkafa. == Daban-daban halaye == Fakou sauce na dafa abinci yana da alama da man da ake iya gani a saman lokacin dafa abinci, yana haɓaka dandano da ingancin tasa. == Magana == pbponl01a3vaqv8dkjiiv4vka1mt9ld 0 86734 542844 537854 2024-11-19T22:20:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Banku and okra stew with meat and cow skin.jpg|thumb|Banku da Tilafiya]] [[File:BALLS OF BANKU.jpg|BALLS_OF_BANKU|thumb|Banku da tilafiya]]Banku da Tilapia abinci ne na gargajiya daga Ghana, kuma ana matukar son sa musamman a kudancin kasar.<ref>name=https://cultureandspices.com/banku-and-tilapia/</ref> Banku wani nau'in abinci ne da ake yi da masara da ciyawa ko kuma shinkafa. Ana daka masarar sannan a gauraya ta da ruwa a bar ta ta kwana domin ta tsufa ko ta tsuma, bayan haka sai a dafa ta cikin tukunya har sai ta yi kauri sosai kuma ta zama tauri.<ref>name=https://www.bigstarafrocuisine.com/product/banku-with-grilled-tilapia/</ref> Tilapia kuwa kifi ne da aka soya ko aka gasa tare da kayan kamshi irin su tafarnuwa, albasa, tumatir, da barkono. Ana ci banku tare da tilapia, kuma ana iya ci da miya mai daddawa wadda aka hada da kayan lambu ko barkono mai zafi.<ref>name=https://www.maggi.ng/recipes/tilapia-quick-traditional</ref> == Yadda ake dafa Banku == # '''Garin Masara''' A niƙa masara da kyau har sai ta zama gari mai kyau. # A hada garin masarar da ruwa sannan a barshi ya juƙu na tsawon kwanaki 1 zuwa 2 don ya yi fermenting. # '''Dafa Garin'''A sa a tukunya sannan a dafa shi da ruwa me zafi mai tsanani har sai ya yi kauri. # '''Suya ko Gasawa''' A soya ko a gasa kifin Tilapia tare da kayan kamshi kamar tafarnuwa, albasa, da tumatir da citta da barkono. == Mahimmancin Banku da Tilafiya == Banku da Tilapia abinci ne mai matukar muhimmanci a al’adun Ghana. <ref>name=https://firstpalacerestaurant.com/product/banku-tilapia/{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana da alaka da taron dangi da al’adun yammacin Afirka, kuma ana ci musamman a lokutan bukukuwa ko lokutan hutu tare da iyali da abokai.Banku na dauke da sinadarin carbohydrate daga masara wanda ke samar da kuzari, yayin da kifin tilapia yake samar da protein wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci ga lafiyar jiki. == Manazarta == 50et99jc4sh3pslc0amu4w06d4x25ie 0 86783 542881 539439 2024-11-20T00:51:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Chapman_in_a_punch_bowl.jpg|thumb|Chapman served in a punch bowl]] '''Chapman''' abin sha ne marar giya, yawanci ja ne a launi. Sau da yawa ana kiransa da abinshan da ba na giya ba, ana yin shi ne a al'adance tare da cakuda Fanta, Sprite, Cucumber, Lemon, Grenadine da Angostura bitters kuma a al'adance ana yin sa a cikin babban mug tare da kankara da ƴan yankan kokwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwalaiye |first=Temi |date=2021-05-13 |title=How-Tos: Making traditional Chapman at home |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/how-to-make-traditional-chapman-at-home/5njxkfp |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=inyese |first=amaka |date=2015-06-22 |title=Nigerian chapman |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/perfectly-refreshing-punch-nigerian-chapman/wgn4z1d |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria}}</ref> Ana bayyana shi a matsayin abin sha da aka fi so a Najeriya kuma ko da yake ana sha ba tare da barasa ba, ana iya shayar da shi tare da alamar vodka ko rum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Simplest Way To Make Chapman |url=https://guardian.ng/life/food/how-to-make-chapman/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An yi imanin cewa haɗaɗɗiyar giyar ta samo asali ne a wata mashaya ta gida a [[Ikoyi Club]], Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Drinks |url=https://www.dvees.com/drinks/ |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=DVees |language=en-GB}}</ref> Samuel Alamutu wani mashaya ne a kulob ɗin ƙasar ne ya kirkiro wannan abin sha wanda aka buƙaci ya yi wani abu na musamman ga abokin cinikin da yake so mai suna Chapman. == Sinadaran da bambancin == Chapman tabbas shine shahararren abin sha da aka fi so a Najeriya kuma ana ba da shi a mashaya, kulob-kulob, gidajen cin abinci da kuma lokuta na musamman a ƙasar kuma yana karuwa a faɗin yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-10 |title=Learn How To Make Chapman With A PhD |url=https://guardian.ng/life/learn-how-to-make-chapman-with-a-phd/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran sinadaran === Chapman ya yi fice a matsayin [[Abinsha|abin sha]] a cikin ƙasar, wanda galibi ana jin daɗinsa a taruka daban-daban. Wannan haɗaɗɗiyar giyar, wanda aka fi sani da Chapman ko shapman, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a shagulgulan Najeriya. Ba kamar takwaransa na ba-giya ba, mocktail, Chapman ya faɗi cikin rukunin haɗaɗɗiyar giyar saboda haɗawar Angostura aromatic bitters. Ya ƙunshi [[Ruwa mai carbon|carbonated]] orange da [[lemun tsami]] ko lemun tsami sha, grenadine syrup, 'ya'yan itace juices, kankara cubes, da sauran kayan ado, wannan musamman concoction ne mai haskakawa a wurin taro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wande |first=S.-Davies |date=2018-06-26 |title=How to make Nigerian chapman drink |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-to-make-nigerian-chapman-drink/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da yake babu tsarin girke-girke da aka yarda da shi, abin sha na Chapman koyaushe zai haɗa da bitters, lemun tsami, lemun tsami da kokwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnamani |first=Aisha |title=Chapman recipe: Ingredients and preparation |url=https://www.legit.ng/1103078-chapman-recipe-ingredients-preparation.html |publisher=legit.ng |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052248/https://www.legit.ng/1103078-chapman-recipe-ingredients-preparation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=How To Make One Of The Easiest, Non-alcoholic Cocktails - Chapman |url=https://t.guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-one-of-the-easiest-cocktails-chapman/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Chapman_drink.jpg Fayil:Fanta_Chapman.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == 97admdajzkgt8cez9l2kvd29y2jkp4u 0 86993 542754 538771 2024-11-19T19:11:44Z A Salisu 14655 542754 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Thomas Cruise Mapother IV,''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, shekara ta 1962)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tauraron Hollywood, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Will Tom Cruise Be the Last Real Movie Star? |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015509/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Esquire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=From 'Top Gun' to Hollywood icon: The best of Tom Cruise through the years |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015507/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Hollywood icon Tom Cruise swoops down Abu Dhabi for 'Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning, Part One' premiere |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2023 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> ya sami yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Honorary Palme d'Or da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku, baya ga nadin nadi na Academy guda hudu. Fina-finansa sun samu sama da {{US$|12 billion}} a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172416/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> sun sanya shi cikin manyan jaruman da suka fi samun kudi a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun taurarin Hollywood, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya da ake biyan su albashi . <ref name="Block">{{Cite book|edition=Lucy Autrey}}</ref> Cruise ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ya sami ci gaba tare da manyan matsayi a cikin Risky Business (1983) da Top Gun (1986). Ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci ya zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Color of Money (1986), Rain Man (1988), da Born on the Fourth of July (1989). Don hotonsa na Ron Kovic a cikin ƙarshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor. A matsayinsa na babban tauraron Hollywood a cikin shekarun 1990, ya fito a fina-finai masu cin nasara a kasuwanci, gami da wasan kwaikwayo A Few Good Men (1992), mai ban tsoro The Firm (1993), fim mai ban tsoro Interview with the Vampire (1994), da kuma soyayya ''Jerry Maguire'' (1996). Ga karshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor. Ayyukan Cruise a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Magnolia'' (1999) ya ba shi wani lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako. Cruise daga baya ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraron fiction kimiyya da fina-finai masu aiki, sau da yawa yana yin nasa haɗari. Ya taka rawar wakilin almara Ethan Hunt a cikin Mission: Impossible film series tun 1996. Sauran fina-finai a cikin jinsi sun hada da ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Knight and Day (2010), ''Jack Reacher'' (2012), Oblivion (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), da Top Gun: Maverick (2022). Ya fara zama darektan a 1993 tare da wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Fallen Angels . Cruise ta sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 1986. Yana riƙe da Guinness World Record don fina-finai masu tara dala miliyan 100 a jere, wani abin da aka samu a lokacin 2012 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies (actor) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/83913-most-consecutive-100-million-grossing-movies-actor |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ya sanya shi a matsayin shahararren duniya mafi iko a shekara ta 2006. An ba shi suna People's Sexiest Man Alive a cikin 1990, kuma ya sami babban girmamawa na "Mafi Kyawun Mutane" a cikin 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=This is every 'Sexiest Man Alive' winner since 1985 |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230012/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stopera |first=Matt |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Here's Who The "Most Beautiful Person" Was Since 1990, Then And Now — And, Like, There Are Some Serious Transformations |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112609/https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> A waje da aikin fim dinsa, Cruise ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ikilisiyar Scientology. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cruise a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1962, a Syracuse, New York, ga injiniyan lantarki Thomas Cruise Mapother III (1934-1984) da kuma malamin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer; 1936-2017). Iyayensa duka sun fito ne daga Louisville, Kentucky, kuma suna da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Irish. <ref>{{Cite web |title=If truth be told, Tom Cruise Mapother IV has always been something of a ladies' man |url=http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041358/http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |website=Gloucester Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry">{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry |url=http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022504/http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |website=Eneclann.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry of Tom Cruise |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/mapother.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132928/http://wargs.com/other/mapother.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Wargs.com}}</ref> Cruise tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku masu suna Lee Anne, Marian, da Cass. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, William Mapother, shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya bayyana tare da Cruise a fina-finai biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars you didn't know were related |url=https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041425/https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=EW.com}}</ref> Cruise ya girma a cikin kusan talauci kuma yana da girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]]. Daga baya ya bayyana mahaifinsa a matsayin "mai siyar da rikici", <ref name="parade">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2006 |title=I Can Create Who I Am |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060632/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]}}</ref> "mai zalunci", kuma "mai tsoro" wanda ya doke 'ya'yansa. Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, "[Mahaifinsa] shine irin mutumin da, idan wani abu ya yi kuskure, sai su kori ka. Babban darasi ne a rayuwata - yadda zai kwantar da kai, sa ka ji lafiya sannan, bang! A gare ni, kamar, 'Akwai wani abu mara kyau tare da wannan mutumin. Kada ka amince da shi. Ku yi hankali a kusa da shi.'" <ref name="parade" /> Mahaifin Cruise na halitta ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Luchina |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes: Very Different Upbringings |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041517/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=ABCNews.go.com |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Cruise ta halarci makarantu goma sha biyar a cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref name="FamousNJ">{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Entertainers |url=http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041523/http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=FamousNewJerseyans.com}}</ref> Cruise ya shafe wani bangare na yarantakarsa a Kanada; lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsaro tare da Sojojin Kanada, iyalinsa sun koma ƙarshen 1971 zuwa Beacon Hill, Ottawa. Ya halarci sabuwar Makarantar Jama'a ta Robert Hopkins don karatun sa na huɗu da na biyar.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hopkins School Profile |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025444/http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |website=ocdsb.ca |publisher=Ottawa-Carleton District School Board}}</ref> Ya fara shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a aji na huɗu, a ƙarƙashin malamin wasan kwaikwayo George Steinburg . Shi da wasu yara maza shida sun yi wasa da kiɗa da ake kira ''IT'' a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar firamare ta Carleton.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Val Wright ya kasance a cikin masu sauraro kuma daga baya ya ce "motsi da ingantawa sun kasance masu kyau ... wani yanki na gargajiya".<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> A aji na shida, Cruise ya tafi Henry Munro Middle School a Ottawa. A wannan shekarar, mahaifiyarsa ta bar mahaifinsa, ta dauki Cruise da 'yan uwansa mata zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1978, ta auri Jack South.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Carolyn Hax: After acrimony, and mom's death, how to tell husband I don't want a divorce after all |url=https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> Cruise ya ɗauki tallafin karatun cocin Katolika a takaice kuma ya halarci St. Francis Seminary a Cincinnati; ya yi burin zama firist na Franciscan kafin ya bar bayan shekara guda. Firistoci a makarantar firamare sun ce Cruise ya zaɓi barin makarantar lokacin da iyalinsa suka sake komawa; duk da haka, wani tsohon abokin aji ya ce an nemi su duka biyu su tafi bayan an kama su suna shan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHITE |first=CHRIS |date=March 4, 2013 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tom Cruise started religious journey with Catholic Church—until he was booted from seminary for swiping booze, says old friend |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713191155/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>: 24-26 A cikin babban shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, ya buga kwallon kafa ga ƙungiyar varsity a matsayin linebacker, amma an yanke shi daga tawagar bayan an kama shi yana shan giya kafin wasan.<ref name="Unauthorized" />: 47 Ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin samar da makarantar Guys and Dolls.<ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref> A shekara ta 1980, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Glen Ridge a Glen Ridge, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Cruise tells of pain of bullies, abusive father |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-06-0604060155-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Fayil:1985_Tom_Cruise.jpg|left|thumb|Cruise a cikin 1985 a wani liyafa da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Nancy Reagan ta shirya a [[White House|Fadar White House]]]] === 1980s: Ci gaba da kuma shahara === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, <ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Tom Cruise Biography, Filmography |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Fox News}}</ref> tare da albarkar mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa, Cruise ya koma Birnin New York don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuddleston2018">Huddleston, Tom Jr. (July 27, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html "These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid"]. ''CNBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html Archived] from the original on December 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Busboy a New York, ya tafi Los Angeles don gwadawa don rawar talabijin. Ya sanya hannu tare da CAA kuma ya fara yin fim.<ref name="foxnews.com" /> Ya fara fim dinsa a wani bangare a fim din 1981 Endless Love, wanda ya biyo bayan babban rawar da ya taka a matsayin dalibi na makarantar soja a ''Taps'' daga baya a wannan shekarar. Cruise da farko ya kamata ya bayyana a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na baya amma an faɗaɗa matsayinsa bayan ya burge darektan Harold Becker . A shekara ta 1983, Cruise ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Francis Ford Coppola ta The Outsiders . A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin All the Right Moves and Risky Business, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "A Generation X classic, and a career maker for Tom Cruise. " Ya kuma taka rawar namiji a cikin fim din Ridley Scott Legend, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1985. <ref name="rottentomatoes">{{Cite web |title=Risky Business |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619163126/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2006 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 ta Top Gun, an tabbatar da matsayinsa na superstar. [[Fayil:Tom_cruise_1989.jpg|thumb|Tom Cruise a lambar yabo ta 61 a shekarar 1989]] Cruise ya biyo bayan Top Gun tare da Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money (1986), wanda ya fito a wannan shekarar, kuma wanda ya haɗa shi da Paul Newman. Kimiyyarsu ta sami yabo daga cikin masu sukar tare da The Washington Post rubuta, "Daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon Cruise da Newman shine cewa kuna jin cewa dukansu biyu masu tsalle-tsalle ne na gaske". A shekara ta 1988, Cruise ta fito a Cocktail, fim din da ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin amma ya kasa tare da masu sukar. Ayyukansa sun ba shi gabatarwa don Kyautar Razzie don Mafi Girma Actor . Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya fito tare da Dustin Hoffman a cikin Barry Levinson's Rain Man, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Fim mafi kyau.<ref name="Oscars1989">{{Cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001817/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |website=oscars.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, Cruise ya nuna ainihin rayuwar da ya gurgunta a Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic a cikin Oliver Stone's war epic Born on the Fourth of July . Mai sukar fina-finai Roger Ebert na ''Chicago Sun-Times'' ya rubuta, "Babu wani abu da Cruise ya yi zai shirya ka don abin da ya yi a Born on the Fourth of July ... Ayyukansa suna da kyau sosai har fim din ya rayu ta hanyarsa. Stone yana iya yin sanarwa tare da fuskar Cruise da murya kuma ba ya buƙatar sanya komai a cikin tattaunawar. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Born on the Fourth of July movie review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> Ayyukan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor - Motion Picture Drama, lambar yabo ta Chicago Film Critics Association don Mafi kyawun Mai ba da Kyawun Actor, Kyawun Aikin Motion Movie Lector na BAFTA, Kyawun Moctor na farko.<ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162908/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>&nbsp; === 1990s: Matsayi mai ban mamaki === Fim din Cruise na gaba shine Days of Thunder (1990) da Far and Away (1992), dukansu biyu sun hada da matarsa Nicole Kidman a matsayin sha'awar soyayya, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a The Firm, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci da cin nasara. A shekara ta 1994, Cruise ta fito tare da [[Brad Pitt]], Antonio Banderas da Christian Slater a cikin Neil Jordan's Interview with the Vampire, fim din wasan kwaikwayo / mai ban tsoro wanda ya dogara da littafin Anne Rice mafi kyawun sayarwa. An karɓi fim ɗin da kyau, kodayake Rice da farko ta kasance mai faɗi a cikin zarginta game da Cruise da aka jefa a cikin fim ɗin, kamar yadda Julian Sands shine zaɓinta na farko. Bayan ganin fim din, duk da haka, ta biya $ 7,740 (daidai da $ 15,911 a 2023) don tallan shafi biyu a cikin Daily Variety yana yabon aikinsa da neman gafara saboda shakku da ta yi a baya game da shi. A shekara ta 1996, Cruise ya fito a matsayin dan leƙen asiri Ethan Hunt a cikin sake farawa na Mission: Impossible, wanda shi ma ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=May 22, 2016 |title='Mission: Impossible' 20 Years Later: How An Uneasy Spy Thriller Became a Blockbuster Franchise |url=http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717083626/http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Brian De Palma ne ya ba da umarnin fim din kuma ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin. Mai sukar fina-finai Stephen Holden na The New York Times ya yaba da aikin Cruise, yana mai bayyana cewa "Tom Cruise ya sami cikakkiyar halayyar jarumi wanda zai sanya mutuntakarsa ba tare da numfashi ba. " A wannan shekarar, Cruise ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na Cameron Crowe ''Jerry Maguire'' yana wasa da wakilin wasanni don neman soyayya. Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara ta kudi wanda ya kai sama da dala miliyan 273 a duk duniya a kan kasafin kudin dala miliyan 50.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Jerry Maguire (1996) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033957/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Cruise ta yi aiki tare da Kidman a cikin fim din Stanley Kubrick mai suna Eyes Wide Shut . Peter Bradshaw na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya yaba da Cruise da Kidman a kan wasan kwaikwayon su a rubuce, "Cruise musamman ya buɗe kansa a cikin wannan hanyar da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi komai a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Eyes Wide Shut review – chilling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117231038/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya mai ban mamaki, a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa, Frank T.J. Mackey, a cikin Paul Thomas Anderson's ''Magnolia'' (1999). Mai sukar fina-finai na Rolling Stone Peter Travers ya yaba da rubuce-rubucen Cruise, "Cruise wahayi ne, ya cancanci ruwan sama na superlatives da ke zuwa hanyarsa ... Cruise yana nunawa tare da makamashi mai rikitarwa na dabba mai rauni - yana da mummunar lalacewa. " Don aikinsa ya sami wani Golden Globe da gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2001 |title=Magnolia – Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003006/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>&nbsp; === 2000s: An kafa aikin === A shekara ta 2000, Cruise ya dawo a matsayin Ethan Hunt a kashi na biyu na fina-finai na Mission Impossible, Mission: Impossible 2. Darakta na Hong Kong John Woo ne ya jagoranci fim din kuma an sanya shi da salon fu na bindiga; ya ci gaba da nasarar jerin a ofishin akwatin, yana karɓar dala miliyan 547 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible' Sequels Have A History Of Unexpected Delays And Long Waits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ba kamar wanda ya riga shi ba, shi ne fim mafi girma na shekara, amma yana da karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Simon |title='Mission: Impossible' Turns 25: The Franchise Ranked By Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152510/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Cruise ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Maza don fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2001 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154912/https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV}}</ref> Fim dinsa guda biyar na gaba sun kasance manyan nasarorin kasuwanci.<ref name="boxofficemojotomcruise">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/name/nm0000129/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise Movies, News, and Pictures on Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |website=Rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Cruise ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001) tare da Cameron Diaz da Penelope Cruz . A shekara ta 2002, Cruise ta fito a cikin fim din fiction na kimiyya mai suna Minority Report, wanda Steven Spielberg ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara da gajeren labarin Philip K. Dick. Tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa shi a cikin jerin fina-finai na fiction na kimiyya mafi girma a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Of course Spielberg's best shot ever is in his most underrated movie, 'Minority Report' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/minority-report-streaming-steven-spielberg-tom-cruise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The 100 best sci-fi movies of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] q2qi6xq0ywqyuaqzeg2qh7cujxzy819 542755 542754 2024-11-19T19:12:02Z A Salisu 14655 542755 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Thomas Cruise Mapother IV,''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, shekara ta 1962)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tauraron Hollywood, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Will Tom Cruise Be the Last Real Movie Star? |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015509/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Esquire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=From 'Top Gun' to Hollywood icon: The best of Tom Cruise through the years |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015507/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Hollywood icon Tom Cruise swoops down Abu Dhabi for 'Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning, Part One' premiere |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2023 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> ya sami yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Honorary Palme d'Or da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku, baya ga nadin nadi na Academy guda hudu. Fina-finansa sun samu sama da {{US$|12 billion}} a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172416/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> sun sanya shi cikin manyan jaruman da suka fi samun kudi a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun taurarin Hollywood, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya da ake biyan su albashi . <ref name="Block">{{Cite book|edition=Lucy Autrey}}</ref> Cruise ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ya sami ci gaba tare da manyan matsayi a cikin Risky Business (1983) da Top Gun (1986). Ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci ya zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Color of Money (1986), Rain Man (1988), da Born on the Fourth of July (1989). Don hotonsa na Ron Kovic a cikin ƙarshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor. A matsayinsa na babban tauraron Hollywood a cikin shekarun 1990, ya fito a fina-finai masu cin nasara a kasuwanci, gami da wasan kwaikwayo A Few Good Men (1992), mai ban tsoro The Firm (1993), fim mai ban tsoro Interview with the Vampire (1994), da kuma soyayya ''Jerry Maguire'' (1996). Ga karshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor. Ayyukan Cruise a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Magnolia'' (1999) ya ba shi wani lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako. Cruise daga baya ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraron fiction kimiyya da fina-finai masu aiki, sau da yawa yana yin nasa haɗari. Ya taka rawar wakilin almara Ethan Hunt a cikin Mission: Impossible film series tun a shekarar 1996. Sauran fina-finai a cikin jinsi sun hada da ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Knight and Day (2010), ''Jack Reacher'' (2012), Oblivion (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), da Top Gun: Maverick (2022). Ya fara zama darektan a 1993 tare da wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Fallen Angels . Cruise ta sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 1986. Yana riƙe da Guinness World Record don fina-finai masu tara dala miliyan 100 a jere, wani abin da aka samu a lokacin 2012 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies (actor) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/83913-most-consecutive-100-million-grossing-movies-actor |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ya sanya shi a matsayin shahararren duniya mafi iko a shekara ta 2006. An ba shi suna People's Sexiest Man Alive a cikin 1990, kuma ya sami babban girmamawa na "Mafi Kyawun Mutane" a cikin 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=This is every 'Sexiest Man Alive' winner since 1985 |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230012/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stopera |first=Matt |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Here's Who The "Most Beautiful Person" Was Since 1990, Then And Now — And, Like, There Are Some Serious Transformations |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112609/https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> A waje da aikin fim dinsa, Cruise ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ikilisiyar Scientology. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cruise a ranar 3 ga Yuli, 1962, a Syracuse, New York, ga injiniyan lantarki Thomas Cruise Mapother III (1934-1984) da kuma malamin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer; 1936-2017). Iyayensa duka sun fito ne daga Louisville, Kentucky, kuma suna da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Irish. <ref>{{Cite web |title=If truth be told, Tom Cruise Mapother IV has always been something of a ladies' man |url=http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041358/http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |website=Gloucester Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry">{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry |url=http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022504/http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |website=Eneclann.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry of Tom Cruise |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/mapother.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132928/http://wargs.com/other/mapother.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Wargs.com}}</ref> Cruise tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku masu suna Lee Anne, Marian, da Cass. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, William Mapother, shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya bayyana tare da Cruise a fina-finai biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars you didn't know were related |url=https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041425/https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=EW.com}}</ref> Cruise ya girma a cikin kusan talauci kuma yana da girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]]. Daga baya ya bayyana mahaifinsa a matsayin "mai siyar da rikici", <ref name="parade">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2006 |title=I Can Create Who I Am |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060632/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]}}</ref> "mai zalunci", kuma "mai tsoro" wanda ya doke 'ya'yansa. Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, "[Mahaifinsa] shine irin mutumin da, idan wani abu ya yi kuskure, sai su kori ka. Babban darasi ne a rayuwata - yadda zai kwantar da kai, sa ka ji lafiya sannan, bang! A gare ni, kamar, 'Akwai wani abu mara kyau tare da wannan mutumin. Kada ka amince da shi. Ku yi hankali a kusa da shi.'" <ref name="parade" /> Mahaifin Cruise na halitta ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Luchina |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes: Very Different Upbringings |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041517/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=ABCNews.go.com |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Cruise ta halarci makarantu goma sha biyar a cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref name="FamousNJ">{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Entertainers |url=http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041523/http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=FamousNewJerseyans.com}}</ref> Cruise ya shafe wani bangare na yarantakarsa a Kanada; lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsaro tare da Sojojin Kanada, iyalinsa sun koma ƙarshen 1971 zuwa Beacon Hill, Ottawa. Ya halarci sabuwar Makarantar Jama'a ta Robert Hopkins don karatun sa na huɗu da na biyar.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hopkins School Profile |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025444/http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |website=ocdsb.ca |publisher=Ottawa-Carleton District School Board}}</ref> Ya fara shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a aji na huɗu, a ƙarƙashin malamin wasan kwaikwayo George Steinburg . Shi da wasu yara maza shida sun yi wasa da kiɗa da ake kira ''IT'' a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar firamare ta Carleton.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Val Wright ya kasance a cikin masu sauraro kuma daga baya ya ce "motsi da ingantawa sun kasance masu kyau ... wani yanki na gargajiya".<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> A aji na shida, Cruise ya tafi Henry Munro Middle School a Ottawa. A wannan shekarar, mahaifiyarsa ta bar mahaifinsa, ta dauki Cruise da 'yan uwansa mata zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1978, ta auri Jack South.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Carolyn Hax: After acrimony, and mom's death, how to tell husband I don't want a divorce after all |url=https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> Cruise ya ɗauki tallafin karatun cocin Katolika a takaice kuma ya halarci St. Francis Seminary a Cincinnati; ya yi burin zama firist na Franciscan kafin ya bar bayan shekara guda. Firistoci a makarantar firamare sun ce Cruise ya zaɓi barin makarantar lokacin da iyalinsa suka sake komawa; duk da haka, wani tsohon abokin aji ya ce an nemi su duka biyu su tafi bayan an kama su suna shan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHITE |first=CHRIS |date=March 4, 2013 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tom Cruise started religious journey with Catholic Church—until he was booted from seminary for swiping booze, says old friend |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713191155/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>: 24-26 A cikin babban shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, ya buga kwallon kafa ga ƙungiyar varsity a matsayin linebacker, amma an yanke shi daga tawagar bayan an kama shi yana shan giya kafin wasan.<ref name="Unauthorized" />: 47 Ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin samar da makarantar Guys and Dolls.<ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref> A shekara ta 1980, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Glen Ridge a Glen Ridge, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Cruise tells of pain of bullies, abusive father |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-06-0604060155-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Fayil:1985_Tom_Cruise.jpg|left|thumb|Cruise a cikin 1985 a wani liyafa da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Nancy Reagan ta shirya a [[White House|Fadar White House]]]] === 1980s: Ci gaba da kuma shahara === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, <ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Tom Cruise Biography, Filmography |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Fox News}}</ref> tare da albarkar mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa, Cruise ya koma Birnin New York don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuddleston2018">Huddleston, Tom Jr. (July 27, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html "These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid"]. ''CNBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html Archived] from the original on December 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Busboy a New York, ya tafi Los Angeles don gwadawa don rawar talabijin. Ya sanya hannu tare da CAA kuma ya fara yin fim.<ref name="foxnews.com" /> Ya fara fim dinsa a wani bangare a fim din 1981 Endless Love, wanda ya biyo bayan babban rawar da ya taka a matsayin dalibi na makarantar soja a ''Taps'' daga baya a wannan shekarar. Cruise da farko ya kamata ya bayyana a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na baya amma an faɗaɗa matsayinsa bayan ya burge darektan Harold Becker . A shekara ta 1983, Cruise ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Francis Ford Coppola ta The Outsiders . A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin All the Right Moves and Risky Business, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "A Generation X classic, and a career maker for Tom Cruise. " Ya kuma taka rawar namiji a cikin fim din Ridley Scott Legend, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1985. <ref name="rottentomatoes">{{Cite web |title=Risky Business |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619163126/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2006 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 ta Top Gun, an tabbatar da matsayinsa na superstar. [[Fayil:Tom_cruise_1989.jpg|thumb|Tom Cruise a lambar yabo ta 61 a shekarar 1989]] Cruise ya biyo bayan Top Gun tare da Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money (1986), wanda ya fito a wannan shekarar, kuma wanda ya haɗa shi da Paul Newman. Kimiyyarsu ta sami yabo daga cikin masu sukar tare da The Washington Post rubuta, "Daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon Cruise da Newman shine cewa kuna jin cewa dukansu biyu masu tsalle-tsalle ne na gaske". A shekara ta 1988, Cruise ta fito a Cocktail, fim din da ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin amma ya kasa tare da masu sukar. Ayyukansa sun ba shi gabatarwa don Kyautar Razzie don Mafi Girma Actor . Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya fito tare da Dustin Hoffman a cikin Barry Levinson's Rain Man, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Fim mafi kyau.<ref name="Oscars1989">{{Cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001817/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |website=oscars.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, Cruise ya nuna ainihin rayuwar da ya gurgunta a Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic a cikin Oliver Stone's war epic Born on the Fourth of July . Mai sukar fina-finai Roger Ebert na ''Chicago Sun-Times'' ya rubuta, "Babu wani abu da Cruise ya yi zai shirya ka don abin da ya yi a Born on the Fourth of July ... Ayyukansa suna da kyau sosai har fim din ya rayu ta hanyarsa. Stone yana iya yin sanarwa tare da fuskar Cruise da murya kuma ba ya buƙatar sanya komai a cikin tattaunawar. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Born on the Fourth of July movie review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> Ayyukan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor - Motion Picture Drama, lambar yabo ta Chicago Film Critics Association don Mafi kyawun Mai ba da Kyawun Actor, Kyawun Aikin Motion Movie Lector na BAFTA, Kyawun Moctor na farko.<ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162908/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>&nbsp; === 1990s: Matsayi mai ban mamaki === Fim din Cruise na gaba shine Days of Thunder (1990) da Far and Away (1992), dukansu biyu sun hada da matarsa Nicole Kidman a matsayin sha'awar soyayya, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a The Firm, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci da cin nasara. A shekara ta 1994, Cruise ta fito tare da [[Brad Pitt]], Antonio Banderas da Christian Slater a cikin Neil Jordan's Interview with the Vampire, fim din wasan kwaikwayo / mai ban tsoro wanda ya dogara da littafin Anne Rice mafi kyawun sayarwa. An karɓi fim ɗin da kyau, kodayake Rice da farko ta kasance mai faɗi a cikin zarginta game da Cruise da aka jefa a cikin fim ɗin, kamar yadda Julian Sands shine zaɓinta na farko. Bayan ganin fim din, duk da haka, ta biya $ 7,740 (daidai da $ 15,911 a 2023) don tallan shafi biyu a cikin Daily Variety yana yabon aikinsa da neman gafara saboda shakku da ta yi a baya game da shi. A shekara ta 1996, Cruise ya fito a matsayin dan leƙen asiri Ethan Hunt a cikin sake farawa na Mission: Impossible, wanda shi ma ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=May 22, 2016 |title='Mission: Impossible' 20 Years Later: How An Uneasy Spy Thriller Became a Blockbuster Franchise |url=http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717083626/http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Brian De Palma ne ya ba da umarnin fim din kuma ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin. Mai sukar fina-finai Stephen Holden na The New York Times ya yaba da aikin Cruise, yana mai bayyana cewa "Tom Cruise ya sami cikakkiyar halayyar jarumi wanda zai sanya mutuntakarsa ba tare da numfashi ba. " A wannan shekarar, Cruise ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na Cameron Crowe ''Jerry Maguire'' yana wasa da wakilin wasanni don neman soyayya. Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara ta kudi wanda ya kai sama da dala miliyan 273 a duk duniya a kan kasafin kudin dala miliyan 50.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Jerry Maguire (1996) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033957/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Cruise ta yi aiki tare da Kidman a cikin fim din Stanley Kubrick mai suna Eyes Wide Shut . Peter Bradshaw na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya yaba da Cruise da Kidman a kan wasan kwaikwayon su a rubuce, "Cruise musamman ya buɗe kansa a cikin wannan hanyar da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi komai a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Eyes Wide Shut review – chilling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117231038/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya mai ban mamaki, a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa, Frank T.J. Mackey, a cikin Paul Thomas Anderson's ''Magnolia'' (1999). Mai sukar fina-finai na Rolling Stone Peter Travers ya yaba da rubuce-rubucen Cruise, "Cruise wahayi ne, ya cancanci ruwan sama na superlatives da ke zuwa hanyarsa ... Cruise yana nunawa tare da makamashi mai rikitarwa na dabba mai rauni - yana da mummunar lalacewa. " Don aikinsa ya sami wani Golden Globe da gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2001 |title=Magnolia – Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003006/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>&nbsp; === 2000s: An kafa aikin === A shekara ta 2000, Cruise ya dawo a matsayin Ethan Hunt a kashi na biyu na fina-finai na Mission Impossible, Mission: Impossible 2. Darakta na Hong Kong John Woo ne ya jagoranci fim din kuma an sanya shi da salon fu na bindiga; ya ci gaba da nasarar jerin a ofishin akwatin, yana karɓar dala miliyan 547 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible' Sequels Have A History Of Unexpected Delays And Long Waits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ba kamar wanda ya riga shi ba, shi ne fim mafi girma na shekara, amma yana da karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Simon |title='Mission: Impossible' Turns 25: The Franchise Ranked By Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152510/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Cruise ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Maza don fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2001 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154912/https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV}}</ref> Fim dinsa guda biyar na gaba sun kasance manyan nasarorin kasuwanci.<ref name="boxofficemojotomcruise">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/name/nm0000129/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise Movies, News, and Pictures on Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |website=Rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Cruise ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001) tare da Cameron Diaz da Penelope Cruz . A shekara ta 2002, Cruise ta fito a cikin fim din fiction na kimiyya mai suna Minority Report, wanda Steven Spielberg ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara da gajeren labarin Philip K. Dick. Tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa shi a cikin jerin fina-finai na fiction na kimiyya mafi girma a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Of course Spielberg's best shot ever is in his most underrated movie, 'Minority Report' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/minority-report-streaming-steven-spielberg-tom-cruise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The 100 best sci-fi movies of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gxk4tqym0dimztm5b530gl1xb6j9q6y 542756 542755 2024-11-19T19:12:19Z A Salisu 14655 542756 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Thomas Cruise Mapother IV,''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, shekara ta 1962)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tauraron Hollywood, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Will Tom Cruise Be the Last Real Movie Star? |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015509/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Esquire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=From 'Top Gun' to Hollywood icon: The best of Tom Cruise through the years |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015507/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Hollywood icon Tom Cruise swoops down Abu Dhabi for 'Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning, Part One' premiere |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2023 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> ya sami yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Honorary Palme d'Or da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku, baya ga nadin nadi na Academy guda hudu. Fina-finansa sun samu sama da {{US$|12 billion}} a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172416/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> sun sanya shi cikin manyan jaruman da suka fi samun kudi a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun taurarin Hollywood, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya da ake biyan su albashi . <ref name="Block">{{Cite book|edition=Lucy Autrey}}</ref> Cruise ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ya sami ci gaba tare da manyan matsayi a cikin Risky Business (1983) da Top Gun (1986). Ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci ya zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Color of Money (1986), Rain Man (1988), da Born on the Fourth of July (1989). Don hotonsa na Ron Kovic a cikin ƙarshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor. A matsayinsa na babban tauraron Hollywood a cikin shekarun 1990, ya fito a fina-finai masu cin nasara a kasuwanci, gami da wasan kwaikwayo A Few Good Men (1992), mai ban tsoro The Firm (1993), fim mai ban tsoro Interview with the Vampire (1994), da kuma soyayya ''Jerry Maguire'' (1996). Ga karshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor. Ayyukan Cruise a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Magnolia'' (1999) ya ba shi wani lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako. Cruise daga baya ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraron fiction kimiyya da fina-finai masu aiki, sau da yawa yana yin nasa haɗari. Ya taka rawar wakilin almara Ethan Hunt a cikin Mission: Impossible film series tun a shekarar 1996. Sauran fina-finai a cikin jinsi sun hada da ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Knight and Day (2010), ''Jack Reacher'' (2012), Oblivion (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), da Top Gun: Maverick (2022). Ya fara zama darektan a 1993 tare da wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Fallen Angels . Cruise ta sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 1986. Yana riƙe da Guinness World Record don fina-finai masu tara dala miliyan 100 a jere, wani abin da aka samu a lokacin 2012 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies (actor) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/83913-most-consecutive-100-million-grossing-movies-actor |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ya sanya shi a matsayin shahararren duniya mafi iko a shekara ta 2006. An ba shi suna People's Sexiest Man Alive a cikin 1990, kuma ya sami babban girmamawa na "Mafi Kyawun Mutane" a cikin 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=This is every 'Sexiest Man Alive' winner since 1985 |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230012/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stopera |first=Matt |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Here's Who The "Most Beautiful Person" Was Since 1990, Then And Now — And, Like, There Are Some Serious Transformations |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112609/https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> A waje da aikin fim dinsa, Cruise ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ikilisiyar Scientology. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cruise a ranar 3 ga Yulin shekarar 1962, a Syracuse, New York, ga injiniyan lantarki Thomas Cruise Mapother III (1934-1984) da kuma malamin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer; 1936-2017). Iyayensa duka sun fito ne daga Louisville, Kentucky, kuma suna da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Irish. <ref>{{Cite web |title=If truth be told, Tom Cruise Mapother IV has always been something of a ladies' man |url=http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041358/http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |website=Gloucester Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry">{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry |url=http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022504/http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |website=Eneclann.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry of Tom Cruise |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/mapother.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132928/http://wargs.com/other/mapother.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Wargs.com}}</ref> Cruise tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku masu suna Lee Anne, Marian, da Cass. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, William Mapother, shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya bayyana tare da Cruise a fina-finai biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars you didn't know were related |url=https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041425/https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=EW.com}}</ref> Cruise ya girma a cikin kusan talauci kuma yana da girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]]. Daga baya ya bayyana mahaifinsa a matsayin "mai siyar da rikici", <ref name="parade">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2006 |title=I Can Create Who I Am |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060632/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]}}</ref> "mai zalunci", kuma "mai tsoro" wanda ya doke 'ya'yansa. Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, "[Mahaifinsa] shine irin mutumin da, idan wani abu ya yi kuskure, sai su kori ka. Babban darasi ne a rayuwata - yadda zai kwantar da kai, sa ka ji lafiya sannan, bang! A gare ni, kamar, 'Akwai wani abu mara kyau tare da wannan mutumin. Kada ka amince da shi. Ku yi hankali a kusa da shi.'" <ref name="parade" /> Mahaifin Cruise na halitta ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Luchina |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes: Very Different Upbringings |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041517/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=ABCNews.go.com |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Cruise ta halarci makarantu goma sha biyar a cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref name="FamousNJ">{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Entertainers |url=http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041523/http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=FamousNewJerseyans.com}}</ref> Cruise ya shafe wani bangare na yarantakarsa a Kanada; lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsaro tare da Sojojin Kanada, iyalinsa sun koma ƙarshen 1971 zuwa Beacon Hill, Ottawa. Ya halarci sabuwar Makarantar Jama'a ta Robert Hopkins don karatun sa na huɗu da na biyar.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hopkins School Profile |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025444/http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |website=ocdsb.ca |publisher=Ottawa-Carleton District School Board}}</ref> Ya fara shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a aji na huɗu, a ƙarƙashin malamin wasan kwaikwayo George Steinburg . Shi da wasu yara maza shida sun yi wasa da kiɗa da ake kira ''IT'' a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar firamare ta Carleton.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Val Wright ya kasance a cikin masu sauraro kuma daga baya ya ce "motsi da ingantawa sun kasance masu kyau ... wani yanki na gargajiya".<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> A aji na shida, Cruise ya tafi Henry Munro Middle School a Ottawa. A wannan shekarar, mahaifiyarsa ta bar mahaifinsa, ta dauki Cruise da 'yan uwansa mata zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1978, ta auri Jack South.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Carolyn Hax: After acrimony, and mom's death, how to tell husband I don't want a divorce after all |url=https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> Cruise ya ɗauki tallafin karatun cocin Katolika a takaice kuma ya halarci St. Francis Seminary a Cincinnati; ya yi burin zama firist na Franciscan kafin ya bar bayan shekara guda. Firistoci a makarantar firamare sun ce Cruise ya zaɓi barin makarantar lokacin da iyalinsa suka sake komawa; duk da haka, wani tsohon abokin aji ya ce an nemi su duka biyu su tafi bayan an kama su suna shan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHITE |first=CHRIS |date=March 4, 2013 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tom Cruise started religious journey with Catholic Church—until he was booted from seminary for swiping booze, says old friend |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713191155/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>: 24-26 A cikin babban shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, ya buga kwallon kafa ga ƙungiyar varsity a matsayin linebacker, amma an yanke shi daga tawagar bayan an kama shi yana shan giya kafin wasan.<ref name="Unauthorized" />: 47 Ya ci gaba da fitowa a cikin samar da makarantar Guys and Dolls.<ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref> A shekara ta 1980, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Glen Ridge a Glen Ridge, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Cruise tells of pain of bullies, abusive father |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-06-0604060155-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Fayil:1985_Tom_Cruise.jpg|left|thumb|Cruise a cikin 1985 a wani liyafa da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Nancy Reagan ta shirya a [[White House|Fadar White House]]]] === 1980s: Ci gaba da kuma shahara === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, <ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Tom Cruise Biography, Filmography |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Fox News}}</ref> tare da albarkar mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa, Cruise ya koma Birnin New York don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuddleston2018">Huddleston, Tom Jr. (July 27, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html "These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid"]. ''CNBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html Archived] from the original on December 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Busboy a New York, ya tafi Los Angeles don gwadawa don rawar talabijin. Ya sanya hannu tare da CAA kuma ya fara yin fim.<ref name="foxnews.com" /> Ya fara fim dinsa a wani bangare a fim din 1981 Endless Love, wanda ya biyo bayan babban rawar da ya taka a matsayin dalibi na makarantar soja a ''Taps'' daga baya a wannan shekarar. Cruise da farko ya kamata ya bayyana a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na baya amma an faɗaɗa matsayinsa bayan ya burge darektan Harold Becker . A shekara ta 1983, Cruise ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Francis Ford Coppola ta The Outsiders . A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin All the Right Moves and Risky Business, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "A Generation X classic, and a career maker for Tom Cruise. " Ya kuma taka rawar namiji a cikin fim din Ridley Scott Legend, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1985. <ref name="rottentomatoes">{{Cite web |title=Risky Business |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619163126/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2006 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 ta Top Gun, an tabbatar da matsayinsa na superstar. [[Fayil:Tom_cruise_1989.jpg|thumb|Tom Cruise a lambar yabo ta 61 a shekarar 1989]] Cruise ya biyo bayan Top Gun tare da Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money (1986), wanda ya fito a wannan shekarar, kuma wanda ya haɗa shi da Paul Newman. Kimiyyarsu ta sami yabo daga cikin masu sukar tare da The Washington Post rubuta, "Daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon Cruise da Newman shine cewa kuna jin cewa dukansu biyu masu tsalle-tsalle ne na gaske". A shekara ta 1988, Cruise ta fito a Cocktail, fim din da ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin amma ya kasa tare da masu sukar. Ayyukansa sun ba shi gabatarwa don Kyautar Razzie don Mafi Girma Actor . Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya fito tare da Dustin Hoffman a cikin Barry Levinson's Rain Man, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Fim mafi kyau.<ref name="Oscars1989">{{Cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001817/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |website=oscars.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, Cruise ya nuna ainihin rayuwar da ya gurgunta a Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic a cikin Oliver Stone's war epic Born on the Fourth of July . Mai sukar fina-finai Roger Ebert na ''Chicago Sun-Times'' ya rubuta, "Babu wani abu da Cruise ya yi zai shirya ka don abin da ya yi a Born on the Fourth of July ... Ayyukansa suna da kyau sosai har fim din ya rayu ta hanyarsa. Stone yana iya yin sanarwa tare da fuskar Cruise da murya kuma ba ya buƙatar sanya komai a cikin tattaunawar. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Born on the Fourth of July movie review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> Ayyukan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor - Motion Picture Drama, lambar yabo ta Chicago Film Critics Association don Mafi kyawun Mai ba da Kyawun Actor, Kyawun Aikin Motion Movie Lector na BAFTA, Kyawun Moctor na farko.<ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162908/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>&nbsp; === 1990s: Matsayi mai ban mamaki === Fim din Cruise na gaba shine Days of Thunder (1990) da Far and Away (1992), dukansu biyu sun hada da matarsa Nicole Kidman a matsayin sha'awar soyayya, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a The Firm, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci da cin nasara. A shekara ta 1994, Cruise ta fito tare da [[Brad Pitt]], Antonio Banderas da Christian Slater a cikin Neil Jordan's Interview with the Vampire, fim din wasan kwaikwayo / mai ban tsoro wanda ya dogara da littafin Anne Rice mafi kyawun sayarwa. An karɓi fim ɗin da kyau, kodayake Rice da farko ta kasance mai faɗi a cikin zarginta game da Cruise da aka jefa a cikin fim ɗin, kamar yadda Julian Sands shine zaɓinta na farko. Bayan ganin fim din, duk da haka, ta biya $ 7,740 (daidai da $ 15,911 a 2023) don tallan shafi biyu a cikin Daily Variety yana yabon aikinsa da neman gafara saboda shakku da ta yi a baya game da shi. A shekara ta 1996, Cruise ya fito a matsayin dan leƙen asiri Ethan Hunt a cikin sake farawa na Mission: Impossible, wanda shi ma ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=May 22, 2016 |title='Mission: Impossible' 20 Years Later: How An Uneasy Spy Thriller Became a Blockbuster Franchise |url=http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717083626/http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Brian De Palma ne ya ba da umarnin fim din kuma ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin. Mai sukar fina-finai Stephen Holden na The New York Times ya yaba da aikin Cruise, yana mai bayyana cewa "Tom Cruise ya sami cikakkiyar halayyar jarumi wanda zai sanya mutuntakarsa ba tare da numfashi ba. " A wannan shekarar, Cruise ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na Cameron Crowe ''Jerry Maguire'' yana wasa da wakilin wasanni don neman soyayya. Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara ta kudi wanda ya kai sama da dala miliyan 273 a duk duniya a kan kasafin kudin dala miliyan 50.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Jerry Maguire (1996) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033957/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Cruise ta yi aiki tare da Kidman a cikin fim din Stanley Kubrick mai suna Eyes Wide Shut . Peter Bradshaw na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya yaba da Cruise da Kidman a kan wasan kwaikwayon su a rubuce, "Cruise musamman ya buɗe kansa a cikin wannan hanyar da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi komai a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Eyes Wide Shut review – chilling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117231038/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya mai ban mamaki, a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa, Frank T.J. Mackey, a cikin Paul Thomas Anderson's ''Magnolia'' (1999). Mai sukar fina-finai na Rolling Stone Peter Travers ya yaba da rubuce-rubucen Cruise, "Cruise wahayi ne, ya cancanci ruwan sama na superlatives da ke zuwa hanyarsa ... Cruise yana nunawa tare da makamashi mai rikitarwa na dabba mai rauni - yana da mummunar lalacewa. " Don aikinsa ya sami wani Golden Globe da gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2001 |title=Magnolia – Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003006/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>&nbsp; === 2000s: An kafa aikin === A shekara ta 2000, Cruise ya dawo a matsayin Ethan Hunt a kashi na biyu na fina-finai na Mission Impossible, Mission: Impossible 2. Darakta na Hong Kong John Woo ne ya jagoranci fim din kuma an sanya shi da salon fu na bindiga; ya ci gaba da nasarar jerin a ofishin akwatin, yana karɓar dala miliyan 547 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible' Sequels Have A History Of Unexpected Delays And Long Waits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ba kamar wanda ya riga shi ba, shi ne fim mafi girma na shekara, amma yana da karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Simon |title='Mission: Impossible' Turns 25: The Franchise Ranked By Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152510/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Cruise ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Maza don fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2001 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154912/https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV}}</ref> Fim dinsa guda biyar na gaba sun kasance manyan nasarorin kasuwanci.<ref name="boxofficemojotomcruise">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/name/nm0000129/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise Movies, News, and Pictures on Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |website=Rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Cruise ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001) tare da Cameron Diaz da Penelope Cruz . A shekara ta 2002, Cruise ta fito a cikin fim din fiction na kimiyya mai suna Minority Report, wanda Steven Spielberg ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara da gajeren labarin Philip K. Dick. Tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa shi a cikin jerin fina-finai na fiction na kimiyya mafi girma a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Of course Spielberg's best shot ever is in his most underrated movie, 'Minority Report' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/minority-report-streaming-steven-spielberg-tom-cruise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The 100 best sci-fi movies of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t3edx84a7bvikclgp40ja8vmhoty8hk 542757 542756 2024-11-19T19:12:55Z A Salisu 14655 542757 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Thomas Cruise Mapother IV,''' (an haife shi a watan Yuli 3, shekara ta 1962)ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma ɗan Amurka. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tauraron Hollywood, <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Will Tom Cruise Be the Last Real Movie Star? |url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015509/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/ |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Esquire}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 27, 2022 |title=From 'Top Gun' to Hollywood icon: The best of Tom Cruise through the years |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015507/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=November 18, 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=June 26, 2023 |title=Hollywood icon Tom Cruise swoops down Abu Dhabi for 'Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning, Part One' premiere |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2023 |website=Gulf News}}</ref> ya sami yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Honorary Palme d'Or da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku, baya ga nadin nadi na Academy guda hudu. Fina-finansa sun samu sama da {{US$|12 billion}} a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715172416/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |archive-date=July 15, 2024 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> sun sanya shi cikin manyan jaruman da suka fi samun kudi a kowane lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104125958/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |archive-date=November 4, 2018 |access-date=July 18, 2024 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> Daya daga cikin fitattun taurarin Hollywood, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya da ake biyan su albashi . <ref name="Block">{{Cite book|edition=Lucy Autrey}}</ref> Cruise ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma ya sami ci gaba tare da manyan matsayi a cikin Risky Business (1983) da Top Gun (1986). Ya sami yabo mai mahimmanci ya zo ne tare da rawar da ya taka a cikin wasan kwaikwayo The Color of Money (1986), Rain Man (1988), da Born on the Fourth of July (1989). Don hotonsa na Ron Kovic a cikin ƙarshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe kuma ya sami gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Actor. A matsayinsa na babban tauraron Hollywood a cikin shekarun 1990, ya fito a fina-finai masu cin nasara a kasuwanci, gami da wasan kwaikwayo A Few Good Men (1992), mai ban tsoro The Firm (1993), fim mai ban tsoro Interview with the Vampire (1994), da kuma soyayya ''Jerry Maguire'' (1996). Ga karshen, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor. Ayyukan Cruise a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na ''Magnolia'' (1999) ya ba shi wani lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da kuma gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi Kyawun Mai Taimako. Cruise daga baya ya kafa kansa a matsayin tauraron fiction kimiyya da fina-finai masu aiki, sau da yawa yana yin nasa haɗari. Ya taka rawar wakilin almara Ethan Hunt a cikin Mission: Impossible film series tun a shekarar 1996. Sauran fina-finai a cikin jinsi sun hada da ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001), Minority Report (2002), The Last Samurai (2003), Collateral (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Knight and Day (2010), ''Jack Reacher'' (2012), Oblivion (2013), Edge of Tomorrow (2014), da Top Gun: Maverick (2022). Ya fara zama darektan a 1993 tare da wani labari na jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Fallen Angels . Cruise ta sami tauraro a kan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 1986. Yana riƙe da Guinness World Record don fina-finai masu tara dala miliyan 100 a jere, wani abin da aka samu a lokacin 2012 zuwa 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies (actor) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/83913-most-consecutive-100-million-grossing-movies-actor |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Guiness World Records}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ya sanya shi a matsayin shahararren duniya mafi iko a shekara ta 2006. An ba shi suna People's Sexiest Man Alive a cikin 1990, kuma ya sami babban girmamawa na "Mafi Kyawun Mutane" a cikin 1997. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=This is every 'Sexiest Man Alive' winner since 1985 |url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230012/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 |archive-date=February 21, 2024 |access-date=October 21, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stopera |first=Matt |date=August 11, 2022 |title=Here's Who The "Most Beautiful Person" Was Since 1990, Then And Now — And, Like, There Are Some Serious Transformations |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112609/https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |access-date=October 21, 2023 |website=BuzzFeed}}</ref> A waje da aikin fim dinsa, Cruise ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Ikilisiyar Scientology. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cruise a ranar 3 ga Yulin shekarar 1962, a Syracuse, New York, ga injiniyan lantarki Thomas Cruise Mapother III (1934-1984) da kuma malamin [[Ilimi Na Musamman|ilimi na musamman]] Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer; 1936-2017). Iyayensa duka sun fito ne daga Louisville, Kentucky, kuma suna da asalin Ingilishi, Jamusanci, da Irish. <ref>{{Cite web |title=If truth be told, Tom Cruise Mapother IV has always been something of a ladies' man |url=http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041358/http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |website=Gloucester Historical Society}}</ref><ref name="Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry">{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry |url=http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022504/http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 |access-date=April 4, 2013 |website=Eneclann.ie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ancestry of Tom Cruise |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/mapother.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132928/http://wargs.com/other/mapother.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |website=Wargs.com}}</ref> Cruise tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku masu suna Lee Anne, Marian, da Cass. Ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwansa, William Mapother, shi ma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne wanda ya bayyana tare da Cruise a fina-finai biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars you didn't know were related |url=https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041425/https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |website=EW.com}}</ref> Cruise ya girma a cikin kusan talauci kuma yana da girma a matsayin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]]. Daga baya ya bayyana mahaifinsa a matsayin "mai siyar da rikici", <ref name="parade">{{Cite web |date=April 9, 2006 |title=I Can Create Who I Am |url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060632/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover |archive-date=April 12, 2011 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |website=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]}}</ref> "mai zalunci", kuma "mai tsoro" wanda ya doke 'ya'yansa. Ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, "[Mahaifinsa] shine irin mutumin da, idan wani abu ya yi kuskure, sai su kori ka. Babban darasi ne a rayuwata - yadda zai kwantar da kai, sa ka ji lafiya sannan, bang! A gare ni, kamar, 'Akwai wani abu mara kyau tare da wannan mutumin. Kada ka amince da shi. Ku yi hankali a kusa da shi.'" <ref name="parade" /> Mahaifin Cruise na halitta ya mutu daga ciwon daji a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Luchina |date=July 10, 2012 |title=Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes: Very Different Upbringings |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041517/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 13, 2016 |website=ABCNews.go.com |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, Cruise ta halarci makarantu goma sha biyar a cikin shekaru goma sha huɗu.<ref name="FamousNJ">{{Cite web |title=New Jersey Entertainers |url=http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041523/http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=FamousNewJerseyans.com}}</ref> Cruise ya shafe wani bangare na yarantakarsa a Kanada; lokacin da mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsaro tare da Sojojin Kanada, iyalinsa sun koma ƙarshen 1971 zuwa Beacon Hill, Ottawa. Ya halarci sabuwar Makarantar Jama'a ta Robert Hopkins don karatun sa na huɗu da na biyar.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hopkins School Profile |url=http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025444/http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |access-date=September 25, 2012 |website=ocdsb.ca |publisher=Ottawa-Carleton District School Board}}</ref> Ya fara shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo a aji na huɗu, a ƙarƙashin malamin wasan kwaikwayo George Steinburg . Shi da wasu yara maza shida sun yi wasa da kiɗa da ake kira ''IT'' a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na makarantar firamare ta Carleton.<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> Mai shirya wasan kwaikwayo Val Wright ya kasance a cikin masu sauraro kuma daga baya ya ce "motsi da ingantawa sun kasance masu kyau ... wani yanki na gargajiya".<ref name="Unauthorized_ex" /> A aji na shida, Cruise ya tafi Henry Munro Middle School a Ottawa. A wannan shekarar, mahaifiyarsa ta bar mahaifinsa, ta dauki Cruise da 'yan uwansa mata zuwa Amurka. A shekara ta 1978, ta auri Jack South.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Carolyn Hax: After acrimony, and mom's death, how to tell husband I don't want a divorce after all |url=https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 29, 2019}}</ref> Cruise ya ɗauki tallafin karatun cocin Katolika a takaice kuma ya halarci St. Francis Seminary a Cincinnati; ya yi burin zama firist na Franciscan kafin ya bar bayan shekara guda. Firistoci a makarantar firamare sun ce Cruise ya zaɓi barin makarantar lokacin da iyalinsa suka sake komawa; duk da haka, wani tsohon abokin aji ya ce an nemi su duka biyu su tafi bayan an kama su suna shan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WHITE |first=CHRIS |date=March 4, 2013 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tom Cruise started religious journey with Catholic Church—until he was booted from seminary for swiping booze, says old friend |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713191155/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |access-date=July 13, 2021 |website=New York Daily News}}</ref>: 24-26 A cikin babban shekarunsa na makarantar sakandare, ya buga kwallon kafa ga ƙungiyar varsity a matsayin linebacker, amma an yanke shi daga tawagar bayan an kama shi yana shan giya kafin wasan.<ref name="Unauthorized" />: 47 Ya luma ci gaba da fitowa a cikin samar da makarantar Guys and Dolls.<ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}</ref> A shekara ta 1980, ya kammala karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Glen Ridge a Glen Ridge, New Jersey . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=April 6, 2006 |title=Cruise tells of pain of bullies, abusive father |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-06-0604060155-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == [[Fayil:1985_Tom_Cruise.jpg|left|thumb|Cruise a cikin 1985 a wani liyafa da Uwargidan Shugaban kasa Nancy Reagan ta shirya a [[White House|Fadar White House]]]] === 1980s: Ci gaba da kuma shahara === A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, <ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2015 |title=Tom Cruise Biography, Filmography |url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=Fox News}}</ref> tare da albarkar mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa, Cruise ya koma Birnin New York don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. <ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web |last=Huddleston |first=Tom Jr. |date=July 27, 2018 |title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |website=CNBC}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuddleston2018">Huddleston, Tom Jr. (July 27, 2018). [https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html "These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid"]. ''CNBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html Archived] from the original on December 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin Busboy a New York, ya tafi Los Angeles don gwadawa don rawar talabijin. Ya sanya hannu tare da CAA kuma ya fara yin fim.<ref name="foxnews.com" /> Ya fara fim dinsa a wani bangare a fim din 1981 Endless Love, wanda ya biyo bayan babban rawar da ya taka a matsayin dalibi na makarantar soja a ''Taps'' daga baya a wannan shekarar. Cruise da farko ya kamata ya bayyana a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo na baya amma an faɗaɗa matsayinsa bayan ya burge darektan Harold Becker . A shekara ta 1983, Cruise ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Francis Ford Coppola ta The Outsiders . A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin All the Right Moves and Risky Business, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "A Generation X classic, and a career maker for Tom Cruise. " Ya kuma taka rawar namiji a cikin fim din Ridley Scott Legend, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1985. <ref name="rottentomatoes">{{Cite web |title=Risky Business |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619163126/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |access-date=May 10, 2006 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> A shekara ta 1986 ta Top Gun, an tabbatar da matsayinsa na superstar. [[Fayil:Tom_cruise_1989.jpg|thumb|Tom Cruise a lambar yabo ta 61 a shekarar 1989]] Cruise ya biyo bayan Top Gun tare da Martin Scorsese's The Color of Money (1986), wanda ya fito a wannan shekarar, kuma wanda ya haɗa shi da Paul Newman. Kimiyyarsu ta sami yabo daga cikin masu sukar tare da The Washington Post rubuta, "Daya daga cikin nasarorin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon Cruise da Newman shine cewa kuna jin cewa dukansu biyu masu tsalle-tsalle ne na gaske". A shekara ta 1988, Cruise ta fito a Cocktail, fim din da ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin amma ya kasa tare da masu sukar. Ayyukansa sun ba shi gabatarwa don Kyautar Razzie don Mafi Girma Actor . Daga baya a wannan shekarar ya fito tare da Dustin Hoffman a cikin Barry Levinson's Rain Man, wanda ya lashe Kyautar Kwalejin don Fim mafi kyau.<ref name="Oscars1989">{{Cite web |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001817/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2011 |website=oscars.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 1989, Cruise ya nuna ainihin rayuwar da ya gurgunta a Vietnam War veteran Ron Kovic a cikin Oliver Stone's war epic Born on the Fourth of July . Mai sukar fina-finai Roger Ebert na ''Chicago Sun-Times'' ya rubuta, "Babu wani abu da Cruise ya yi zai shirya ka don abin da ya yi a Born on the Fourth of July ... Ayyukansa suna da kyau sosai har fim din ya rayu ta hanyarsa. Stone yana iya yin sanarwa tare da fuskar Cruise da murya kuma ba ya buƙatar sanya komai a cikin tattaunawar. " <ref>{{Cite web |title=Born on the Fourth of July movie review |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989 |archive-date=November 14, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=Rogerebert.com}}</ref> Ayyukan ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Golden Globe don Mafi kyawun Actor - Motion Picture Drama, lambar yabo ta Chicago Film Critics Association don Mafi kyawun Mai ba da Kyawun Actor, Kyawun Aikin Motion Movie Lector na BAFTA, Kyawun Moctor na farko.<ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2014 |title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162908/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990 |archive-date=May 10, 2019 |access-date=June 8, 2018 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>&nbsp; === 1990s: Matsayi mai ban mamaki === Fim din Cruise na gaba shine Days of Thunder (1990) da Far and Away (1992), dukansu biyu sun hada da matarsa Nicole Kidman a matsayin sha'awar soyayya, sannan kuma ya biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a The Firm, wanda ya kasance mai mahimmanci da cin nasara. A shekara ta 1994, Cruise ta fito tare da [[Brad Pitt]], Antonio Banderas da Christian Slater a cikin Neil Jordan's Interview with the Vampire, fim din wasan kwaikwayo / mai ban tsoro wanda ya dogara da littafin Anne Rice mafi kyawun sayarwa. An karɓi fim ɗin da kyau, kodayake Rice da farko ta kasance mai faɗi a cikin zarginta game da Cruise da aka jefa a cikin fim ɗin, kamar yadda Julian Sands shine zaɓinta na farko. Bayan ganin fim din, duk da haka, ta biya $ 7,740 (daidai da $ 15,911 a 2023) don tallan shafi biyu a cikin Daily Variety yana yabon aikinsa da neman gafara saboda shakku da ta yi a baya game da shi. A shekara ta 1996, Cruise ya fito a matsayin dan leƙen asiri Ethan Hunt a cikin sake farawa na Mission: Impossible, wanda shi ma ya samar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |date=May 22, 2016 |title='Mission: Impossible' 20 Years Later: How An Uneasy Spy Thriller Became a Blockbuster Franchise |url=http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717083626/http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Brian De Palma ne ya ba da umarnin fim din kuma ya kasance nasarar ofishin jakadancin. Mai sukar fina-finai Stephen Holden na The New York Times ya yaba da aikin Cruise, yana mai bayyana cewa "Tom Cruise ya sami cikakkiyar halayyar jarumi wanda zai sanya mutuntakarsa ba tare da numfashi ba. " A wannan shekarar, Cruise ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na wasanni na Cameron Crowe ''Jerry Maguire'' yana wasa da wakilin wasanni don neman soyayya. Fim din ya kasance babbar nasara ta kudi wanda ya kai sama da dala miliyan 273 a duk duniya a kan kasafin kudin dala miliyan 50.<ref name="mojo">{{Cite web |title=Jerry Maguire (1996) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033957/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2010 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> A cikin 1999, Cruise ta yi aiki tare da Kidman a cikin fim din Stanley Kubrick mai suna Eyes Wide Shut . Peter Bradshaw na ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya yaba da Cruise da Kidman a kan wasan kwaikwayon su a rubuce, "Cruise musamman ya buɗe kansa a cikin wannan hanyar da ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi komai a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo".<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2019 |title=Eyes Wide Shut review – chilling |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117231038/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman |archive-date=November 17, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya ɗauki rawar goyon baya mai ban mamaki, a matsayin mai magana mai motsawa, Frank T.J. Mackey, a cikin Paul Thomas Anderson's ''Magnolia'' (1999). Mai sukar fina-finai na Rolling Stone Peter Travers ya yaba da rubuce-rubucen Cruise, "Cruise wahayi ne, ya cancanci ruwan sama na superlatives da ke zuwa hanyarsa ... Cruise yana nunawa tare da makamashi mai rikitarwa na dabba mai rauni - yana da mummunar lalacewa. " Don aikinsa ya sami wani Golden Globe da gabatarwa don Kyautar Kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2001 |title=Magnolia – Rolling Stone |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/ |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003006/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]}}</ref>&nbsp; === 2000s: An kafa aikin === A shekara ta 2000, Cruise ya dawo a matsayin Ethan Hunt a kashi na biyu na fina-finai na Mission Impossible, Mission: Impossible 2. Darakta na Hong Kong John Woo ne ya jagoranci fim din kuma an sanya shi da salon fu na bindiga; ya ci gaba da nasarar jerin a ofishin akwatin, yana karɓar dala miliyan 547 a duk duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible' Sequels Have A History Of Unexpected Delays And Long Waits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ba kamar wanda ya riga shi ba, shi ne fim mafi girma na shekara, amma yana da karɓar karɓa mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Simon |title='Mission: Impossible' Turns 25: The Franchise Ranked By Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152510/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Cruise ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Movie Award don Mafi kyawun Maza don fim din.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2001 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154912/https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV}}</ref> Fim dinsa guda biyar na gaba sun kasance manyan nasarorin kasuwanci.<ref name="boxofficemojotomcruise">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/name/nm0000129/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise Movies, News, and Pictures on Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |website=Rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, Cruise ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban sha'awa ''Vanilla Sky'' (2001) tare da Cameron Diaz da Penelope Cruz . A shekara ta 2002, Cruise ta fito a cikin fim din fiction na kimiyya mai suna Minority Report, wanda Steven Spielberg ya jagoranta kuma ya dogara da gajeren labarin Philip K. Dick. Tun daga wannan lokacin an haɗa shi a cikin jerin fina-finai na fiction na kimiyya mafi girma a kowane lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2023 |title=Of course Spielberg's best shot ever is in his most underrated movie, 'Minority Report' |url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/minority-report-streaming-steven-spielberg-tom-cruise}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2023 |title=The 100 best sci-fi movies of all time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ntg7r2ixovmthiyp7x2x0lxu513cbgq 0 87159 542964 540204 2024-11-20T07:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group|group=Òǹkò|pop=~ '''1,616,980''' (2011)|popplace='''[[Oyo State]]''' - 1,616,980 <br /> [[Irepo]]: 143,710{{·}}[[Olorunsogo]]: 96,410{{·}}<br />[[Orelope]]: 123,280{{·}}[[Saki East]]: 129,150{{·}}<br />[[Saki West]]: 323,910{{·}}[[Atisbo]]: 130,640{{·}}<br />[[Itesiwaju]]: 151,000{{·}}[[Iwajowa]]: 121,910{{·}}<br />[[Kajola]]: 237,690{{·}}[[Iseyin]]: 302,990{{·}}|religions=[[Islam]]{{·}}[[Christianity]]{{·}}[[Yoruba religion]]}} Òǹkò, wanda aka fi sani da mutanen Òkè Ògùn, rukuni ne na mutanen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] da ke zaune a yankunan da [[Kogin Ogun]] ya zubar da su a jihar Arewa maso '''Yamma''' Oyo a Najeriya. Sun kasance wani ɓangare na [[Masarautar Oyo|Daular Oyo]] mai faɗaɗa, amma sun bambanta da Oyo daidai. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Ogun_river.jpg|left|thumb|Haraji na kogin Ogun]] Onkos suna zaune a wani yanki na yanayin yanayi na savannah mai zafi wanda ke da ruwan sama mai matsakaici tare da sau biyu. Yankin yana da wurin shakatawa na Old Oyo, ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka kiyaye a Najeriya.Kasar gabaɗaya tana da ciyawa mai juyawa wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun itatuwa, ciyawa da shrubs. Hawan ya kasance daga mita 300 zuwa 400, tare da monoliths na lokaci-lokaci da inselbergs da ke fitowa da ban mamaki daga wuri mai faɗi.Yankin yana da kyau, tare da abubuwan gani kamar tafkin Ado-Awaye (Lake [[Iyake]]) da tsaunukan [[Oke-Ado]] suna da kyau.<ref name="naijatreks">{{Cite web |title=Naijatreks {{pipe}} Ado-Awaye Suspended Lake and Oke-Ado Mountains- The Heartbeat of Oke-Ogun |url=http://naijatreks.com/2014/07/iyake-adoawaye/ |access-date=2016-11-15 |publisher=naijatreks.com}}</ref> == Tarihi ==   [[Fayil:Nigeria_Oyo_State_map.png|left|thumb|Yanayin Jihar Oyo a cikin Najeriya.]] Dukkanin Onkos ba tare da banbanci ba suna da'awar zuriyar kai tsaye daga Oduduwa asalin almara / almara na tseren Yoruba. == Wurin da Gidaje == Mutanen Oke Ogun suna zaune a cikin manyan garuruwa da yawa da ke kewaye da gonaki da siffofin halitta. Tsarin sulhu ya dace da nau'in Yoruba na gari wanda ya ƙunshi kasuwa ta tsakiya, murabba'i da fadar sarauta tare da sababbin gine-gine da ake ginawa a kusa da garin. Oke Oguns sun bazu a fadin kananan hukumomi 10 na Jihar Oyo, yayin da ake daukar Saki a matsayin " hedikwatar" ta gargajiya ta yankin Oke-Ogun.<ref name="oy">{{Cite web |title=The Culture – Itesiwaju Local Government Area, Otu |url=http://itesiwaju.oy.gov.ng/the-culture/ |access-date=2016-11-15 |publisher=itesiwaju.oy.gov.ng |archive-date=2016-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116111413/http://itesiwaju.oy.gov.ng/the-culture/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ayyukan da mutane ke yi a cikin gida sun haɗa da noma amfanin gona kamar yam, cassava, millet, masara, okra, dankali, melon, 'ya'yan itace, shinkafa da plantain tsakanin sauran amfanin gona ana noma su. Amfanin gona na kuɗi kamar citrus, taba, auduga, cashew da katako suma suna da yawa. Sauran manyan ma'aikata na mazauna yankin sun haɗa da saƙa tufafi, musamman na masana'antar Aso Oke ko Ofi, aikin ƙarfe da samar da kayan ƙarfe kamar tukwane da kayan dafa abinci, da ciniki. Musulunci shine addinin mafi yawan mutane, yayin da ƙananan adadi ke ikirarin Kiristanci kuma wasu har yanzu suna riƙe da al'adun gargajiya na Yoruba. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu manyan garuruwan Onko, da kuma sunayen sarauta na gargajiya na Obas   == Harshe == Onkos suna magana da yaren Yoruba na Arewa maso Yamma (NWY) mai kama da tsarin Oyo Yoruba, amma tare da wasu bambance-bambance na musamman a cikin furcin kamar karin nasalizations na kalmomi Ba kamar Yoruba ba, inda sunaye ba sa farawa da halayen halayen halayyar halayyar, duka wasula da halayen na iya fara sunaye a cikin Onko Yoruba. A zahiri, hanci da sautin gaba suna faruwa a cikin mahallin daban-daban a cikin waɗannan yaruka biyu. Siffofin cognate waɗanda ke farawa da hanci a cikin Onko surface a cikin daidaitattun yaren.Misali: Ile (Gidan) ya zama '''Nle''', '''Ise''' (aiki) ya zamaNche, '''Ibo''' (Inda) ya zama '''Mbo''', '''Iro''' (Lie) ya zama No. Da sauransu. Wani abu na musamman na yaren Onko ya bambanta da Yoruba na zamani shine kasancewar sautin '''[CH]''', wanda a cikin Yoruba ana kiransa '''[Sh]''' ko [S]. Wannan bambanci / banbanci ba a iyakance shi ba ga Onko kadai, amma ana iya samunsa a ko'ina cikin yammacin Yoruba, gami da Mutanen Ibarapa, Egbados, Ketus, Idaashas, Shabes, Etc. Misali, gaisuwar Yoruba ga mai duba (Babalawo) "Aboru Aboye Abo shishe" an fassara shi "Abo chiche" a cikin Onko. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dufhf4gd8d0r8h06jkuqt6cgp8r18xx 0 87226 542937 541128 2024-11-20T06:28:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geena Gall''' (an haife ta ne a ranar 18 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1987), kwararriyar 'yar wasan tseren tsakiya ce ta Olympics 'yar kasar Amurka wacce take gudu don Jami'ar Michigan . Nasarorin Gall sun hada da baya da baya NCAA Outdoor Championships a cikin gudun 800m a 2008 da 2009, wakiltar Amurka a Wasannin Olympics a shekarar 2012 a London da kuma shekarar 2009 World Championships a Garin Berlin, a kasar Jamus a cikin 800 m. Ta kuma taka rawar gani a gasar zakarun Caribbean ta Arewacin Amurka a San Salvador, El Salvador a 2007 (matsayi na 3) da Toluca, Mexico a 2008 (matsayin 1). Gall ta kasance memba na "Fab Four" wanda ya kafa rikodin kwaleji guda biyu (4 x 800, da 4 x 1500) a 2007 Penn Relays, sau goma NCAA All-American, mallakar rikodin mita 800 guda biyu da rikodin DMR guda biyu, <ref name="cstv">{{Cite web |title=Big Ten Conference Official Site |url=http://bigten.cstv.com/sports/w-track/spec-rel/big10-indoor-track-sched-2008.html |access-date=2015-07-09 |publisher=Bigten.cstv.com |archive-date=2009-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422150843/http://bigten.cstv.com/sports/w-track/spec-rel/big10-indoor-track-sched-2008.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 10 Big Ten championships, <ref>{{Cite web |title=MGoBlue: Geena Gall |url=http://www.mgoblue.com/track-field-w/playerbio.aspx?id=25764 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070504055607/http://www.mgoblue.com/track-field-w/playerbio.aspx?id=25764 |archive-date=4 May 2007 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=www.mgoblue.com}}</ref> da yawa U of M makaranta rikodin, [3] kuma a Grand Blanc High School ta kasance zakara ta kasa sau uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nike Outdoor Nationals |url=http://www.dyestat.com/3us/5out/NikeOutdoor/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108172434/http://www.dyestat.com/3us/5out/NikeOutdoor/index.htm |archive-date=January 8, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * [http://universalsports.com/video/2012-usa-olympic-track-and-field-trials-montano-gets-4th-title/ Gwaje-gwaje na Olympics na Amurka na 2012] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE_OLKENgSg Gasar Cin Kofin waje ta NCAA ta 2008 (800m)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7lAVa7omO7s Gwaje-gwaje na Olympics na 2008] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416230037/http://www.flotrack.org/videos/coverage/view_video/234004/66082-geena-gall-800-champ 2008 NCAA (Tattaunawa da Flotrack)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2008 Meyo Invitational (800m)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2008 Meyo Invitational (DMR)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2007 Penn Relays (4x800 Collegiate Record)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2007 Penn Relays (4x1500 Collegiate Record)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2007 Stanford Invitational (800m)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080221114828/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/speakers.php?sid=354 2007 Stanford Invitational (1500m)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502025037/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/coverage.php?c=250&id=13801 2008 Penn Relays (4x1500)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080428232038/http://www.flocasts.org/flotrack/coverage.php?c=250&id=13687 2008 Penn Relays (DMR)] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] 3423nhkac0tuqbkwvarrk8rkvbifs7l 0 87264 542858 541241 2024-11-19T23:06:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Working_as_media_crew.png|thumb|Yin aiki a matsayin ma'aikatan watsa labarai]] '''Bikin ABA, Igarra''' biki ne da ake gudanarwa kowane shekaru bakwai (7) a ƙasar Igarra, Karamar Hukumar [[Akoko-Edo|Akoko Edo]] ta [[Edo|Jihar Edo]], [[Najeriya]], [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ABA DRUM FESTIVAL IGARRA, NIGERIA. - African culture TV |url=https://www.africanculturetv.com/2021/06/27/aba-drum-festival-igarra-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutanen Igarra ne ke yin bikin kuma ana iya gano asalinsa tun daga shekara ta 1789 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating the Aba Festival – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/09/07/celebrating-the-aba-festival/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naffy |title=Eziobe group of clans and Akuta of Igarra invite general public to the 38th Aba Cultural Festival {{!}} Bloomshire |url=https://bloomshire.com.ng/2017/08/24/eziobe-group-of-clans-and-akuta-of-igarra-invite-general-public-to-the-38th-aba-cultural-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712152801/https://bloomshire.com.ng/2017/08/24/eziobe-group-of-clans-and-akuta-of-igarra-invite-general-public-to-the-38th-aba-cultural-festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>Ana yin bikin ne don nuna nasarar da mafarauta suka samu a kan mazauna farko na ƙasar da aka sani yanzu kuma aka bayyana a matsayin [[Igarra-Etuno]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anetuno_admin |title=The historic Aba Drum Cultural festival – By Mr Obed Ali {{!}} |url=http://www.igarra.org/2018/04/09/the-historic-aba-drum-cultural-festival-by-mr-obed-ali/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712152906/http://www.igarra.org/2018/04/09/the-historic-aba-drum-cultural-festival-by-mr-obed-ali/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sunan bikin ABA ya samo asali ne daga sanannen drum din ABA da ke da alaƙa da Kwararafa a (mulkin Jukun). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anetuno_admin |date=2018-04-09 |title=The historic Aba Drum Cultural festival in Igarra - |url=http://www.igarra.org/2018/04/09/the-historic-aba-drum-of-igarra-people/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rarrabawar Bikin == A shekara ta 2006, an kiyasta bikin a matsayin bikin al'adu na shida mafi yawan 'yan asalin Afirka ta Yamma ta Total E & P. <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2017-09-06 |title=Celebrating the Aba Festival |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/09/07/celebrating-the-aba-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> [[National Council for Arts and Culture|Majalisar Kasuwanci da Al'adu ta Kasa]] (NCAC) ta lissafa bikin a matsayin sanannen bikin a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anetuno_admin |date=2017-12-17 |title=Press conference of the 2017 Aba festival. - |url=http://www.igarra.org/2017/12/17/press-conference-of-the-2017-aba-festival-the-endorsement-of-aba-festival-by-ncac/ |access-date=2024-06-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240626030341/http://www.igarra.org/2017/12/17/press-conference-of-the-2017-aba-festival-the-endorsement-of-aba-festival-by-ncac/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-31 |title=Edo Govt rolls out drums for Aba Festival |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/edo-govt-rolls-drums-aba-festival/ |access-date=2021-07-12 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} roachjmv1y84471dzorgzndg0b6zzy1 0 87280 542914 541341 2024-11-20T05:30:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Federal Polytechnic Bali''' makarantar gwamnatin tarayya ce da ke [[Bali (Nijeriya)|Bali]], [[Jahar Taraba|Jihar Taraba]], [[Najeriya]]. Shugaban makarantar na yanzu Dr Mohammed Usman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-04 |title=FG releases N6b for Fed. Poly Bali |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/fg-releases-n6b-for-federal-poly-bali/ |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=Bali poly in darkness 10 years after establishment |url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/bali-poly-in-darkness-10-years-after-establishment/ |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905013318/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/bali-poly-in-darkness-10-years-after-establishment/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihin Makarantar == Kwalejin ta Bali, wadda aka kafa ta, a shekarar 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-06 |title=Education minister announces visitation panels to 25 polytechnics, 21 COEs |url=https://guardian.ng/news/education-minister-announces-visitation-panels-to-25-polytechnics-21-coes/ |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kwasa-kwasai == Anayin darussa a makarantar kamar haka;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official List of Courses Offered in Federal Polytechnic, Bali (BALIPOLY) - Myschool |url=https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/federal-polytechnic-bali |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=myschool.ng |language=en}}</ref> * Office Technology And Management * Statistics * Computer Science * Science Laboratory Technology * Accountancy * Agricultural Technology * Agric and Bio-environmental Engineering Technology * Animal Health and Production * Civil Engineering * Building Technology * Electrical Electronic Engineering * Public Administration * Business Management and Technology * Banking and Finance == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pixz2tvf8f3iv52sed0ybxpjjcaka3o 0 87283 542863 541362 2024-11-19T23:10:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana yin bikin Annang na Fasaha da Al'adu a [[Ikot Ekpene]], [[Akwa Ibom]], yankin da ke Kudancin Kudancin [[Najeriya]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-23 |title=Upbeat swing for Annang Festival of Arts 2019 |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/upbeat-swing-for-annang-festival-of-arts-2019/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> An fara bikin ne a cikin 2016, don adana tarihin Anaañ, yare da al'adu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Akande |first=Araayo |date=2019-11-29 |title=Annang Arts, Culture Festival holds December 20 |url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/annang-arts-culture-festival-holds-december-20/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Culture Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> Bikin yana da niyyar hana al'adar Annang da al'adun al'adu daga fuskantar halaka. Yana nunawa da inganta wadataccen kayan halitta na ƙasar Annang a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]].Har ila yau, bikin yana da tushe mai rijista da ake kira Annang Festival of Arts and Culture Foundation . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Annang Festival of Arts and Culture Foundation - Company, directors and contact details |url=https://nigeria24.me/annang-festival-of-arts-and-culture-foundation |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=nigeria24.me}}</ref> == Tarihi == An shirya bikin ne a cikin 2016 <ref name=":0"/> ta Annang Heritage Preservation kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya girma, yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da masu neman nishaɗi daga bayan Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=One Africa |url=https://www.one-africa.com/event-item/print/180/type/siteevent_event |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=www.one-africa.com |archive-date=2021-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831140026/https://www.one-africa.com/event-item/print/180/type/siteevent_event |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana yin bikin ne a duk yankuna 8 na kananan hukumomi waɗanda suka hada da dangin Annang.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peacillia |first=Martin Chiefuna |last2=Umanah |first2=Victor Sunday |date=2013-01-01 |title=An Overview of Ethical Significance of Annang Proverbs |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360742 |journal=World Multidisciplinary Journal of Research Development and Reformation (WOJORDAR) |language=en-US |publisher=School of Maritime Studies, Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron- Akwa Ibom State |volume=1 |pages=107–117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malachy |first=Okwueze |last2=Umanah |first2=Victor Sunday |date=2015-01-01 |title=RELIGIOUS IMPORTANCE OF ANNANG PROVERBS |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342360932 |department=Department of Religious and Cultural Studies |journal=Journal of Religious Studies |language=en-US |location=Uyo, Nigeria |publisher=University of Uyo |volume=8 |pages=22–39}}</ref> An gudanar da fitowar farko a yankin Ikot-Ekpene, garin raffia, wanda shine babban birnin mutanen Annang. Ya faru ne daga 12th na Disamba 2016 zuwa 19th na Disemba, 2016. Sun dauki bakuncin mutane sama da 10,000 a kowace rana a cikin bikin na 2016. An gudanar da bikin na 2017 na kwanaki hudu, daga 14 ga Disamba 2017 zuwa 17 ga Disamba 2017. An gudanar da shi a filin wasa na Ikot-Ekpene, Ikot Ekpene, Jihar Awka-Ibom . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nto Annang Foundation Commends Folorunsho Coker For Developing Nigeria's Tourism Potentials |url=http://www.newstowers.com.ng/2017/11/nto-annang-foundation-commends.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |archive-date=2021-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831143046/http://www.newstowers.com.ng/2017/11/nto-annang-foundation-commends.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, sun kafa bikin Annang Festival of Arts and Culture Foundation. Wannan tushe yana cikin Ikot, Epene, Akwa-Ibom . <ref name=":2"/> An gudanar da bikin Annang na Fasaha da Al'adu a cikin 2019, bikin na uku na irin wannan da za a gudanar, a duka filin wasa na Ikot Ekpene <ref name=":0"/> da Unit Ekpene Plaza a Jihar Akwa. Bikin na 2019 ya bi taken "Harnessing Annang Cultural Assets for Economic Gain" <ref name=":0" /> kuma an gudanar da shi daga Disamba 20 zuwa 22, 2019. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-21 |title=Annang festival of Arts and Culture holds Dec. 20 |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/annang-festival-of-arts-and-culture-holds-dec-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171307/https://www.sunnewsonline.com/annang-festival-of-arts-and-culture-holds-dec-20/ |archive-date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Kungiyoyin Annang, irin su Gidauniyar Ann Ntoang (NAF), sun haɗu tare wajen karbar bakuncin bikin a cikin 2019. [[Hukumar Bunkasa Yawon Buɗe Ido Ta Najeriya|Kamfanin Ci gaban Yawon Bude Ido na Najeriya (NTDC)]] , Majalisar Kasuwanci da Al'adu ta Kasa (NCAC), da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Yawon Bude Udo ta Jihar Akwa Ibom duk sun goyi bayan bikin na 2019. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Wasu daga cikin ayyukan da aka gudanar a taron sun hada da wasan kwaikwayo na Ujai, wasan kwaikwayo na rawa, nune-nunen zane-zane da sana'o'i, wasan jarumi na Annang, da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. == Bikin == Bikin Annang na Fasaha da Al'adu biki ne na kwana uku wanda ke nuna ayyukan al'adu da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da: nuni mai ban sha'awa 800; Annang warriors trek, drum ensemble na sama da 5, 000 extended African drums; art nune-nunen da colloquium / cocktail party ga VIP da kasashen waje jakadu.<ref name=":3"/> Mutanen Annang suna da babban al'ada a cikin kiɗa kuma suna da mashahuri a cikin zane-zane da zane-zane. Sauran abubuwan jan hankali na bikin sun hada da; Shahararren al'adar Ekpo Masquerade, gasar Annang Language, bayyanar zauren Annang na shahara, nuni na abinci na Annang a cikin nau'ikan su, rawa na Unek Annang da al'adun al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-30 |title=Annang Festival of Arts and Culture 2019 holds on December 20 |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/annang-festival-of-arts-and-culture-2019-holds-on-december-20/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau wasu ayyukan da aka yi sune Ujai Annang beauty pageant; Annang language essay competition; Annang hall of fame induction ceremonies; rantsar da yara sarauta troupe; da kuma bikin taken song / Annang ballad.<ref name=":3"/> == Manazarta == ddj4py7zgsr43zt9z30g0tluenzrjk0 0 87313 542859 541427 2024-11-19T23:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin Ariginya''' wani biki ne da aka saba yi bikin a daya daga cikin garin Ondo da ake kira Ikare Akoko . Dangane da yaren da yanayin furtawa, wasu suna kiranta '''Aringinya'''. An ce wannan bikin yana daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan gargajiya da aka yi bikin a wannan garin tun lokacin da aka fara shi. Ikare-Akoko na ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]], kuma a yankin [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ikare {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ikare |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Bikin yana daya daga cikin bukukuwan da yawa da aka saita don yin bikin [[Budurci|Budurwa]] da tsabtar jiki tsakanin mata kamar yadda aka san ƙasar Yoruba da darajarta da darajar da ta shafi mutunci da tsabatarta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yetunde A |first=Aluko |last2=Oluwasegun |first2=Onobanjo |last3=Nurudeen |first3=Alliyu |date=1 June 2011 |title=The Centrality of Women in Moral Teaching in Yoruba Family System |journal=The Nigerian Journal of Sociology and Anthropology |volume=9 |doi=10.36108/NJSA/1102/90(0120) |issn=0331-4111 |s2cid=227092325 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ariginya Festival, Festivals And Carnivals In Ondo State :: Nigeria Information & Guide |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Ondo/Ariginya-Festival-Ondo.html |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> Bikin yana da irin wannan wanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta tunanin mutunci da tsabtar da kuma darajar mace da ta kasance mai tsarki da kuma adanawa har zuwa bikin aure kuma ga mijinta kawai. Wannan ya taimaka wajen inganta halin kirki a garin yayin da 'yan mata suka fahimci farashi da darajar kuma daya daga cikin kyawawan halaye na mace shine budurwa da kafofin watsa labarai don tsayawa kan cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin. <ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == Sanin daga tarihi ta hanyar littattafai, labaru da sauran rubuce-rubuce game da yadda sarakuna suka yi ƙaura daga [[Ifẹ|ile-ife]] don su zauna a wurare daban-daban kuma sun sami garuruwa da birane daban-daban da muke da su a yau, Ikare-Akoko ba a bar shi ba. Ikare-Akokowas kuma, an ce wani Yarima ne ya kafa shi wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Ile-Ife da sunan Owa Ale Agbaode . Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jikokin [[Yarbawa|Odudwa]]. Matsayinsa a Ikare ya kasance sakamakon umarnin da Ifa (ɗaya daga cikin alloli na Yoruba) ya bayar. Lokacin da ya isa Ikare ya zauna a wani wuri da ake kira "Oke iba"<nowiki>"wanda ke zaune a bayan tudu da kogi da ake kira "</nowiki>" Atanomi" wanda ba ya bushewa ko da a lokutan fari.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2017 |title=Why Ikare has two kings —Owa Ale |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/ikare-two-kings-owa-ale/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Just In: New Owa-Ale Crowned in Ikare Akoko – SUNSHINETRUTH |url=https://sunshinetruth.com.ng/2021/02/13/breaking-new-owa-ale-crowned-in-ikare-akoko/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817180700/https://sunshinetruth.com.ng/2021/02/13/breaking-new-owa-ale-crowned-in-ikare-akoko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ce wannan ruwa shine wurin zama na allahntaka. allahiya mai suna '''Ariginya''' ta bayyana ga mutanen ƙasar kuma tana albarkace su kowace shekara a watan Mayu.<ref name=":1"/> Saboda haka, al'umma ta tanadi wannan lokacin lokacin lokacin da allahiya ta ziyarta a matsayin lokacin biki, kuma tun lokacin da bayyanar allahiya kamar yadda mutane suka bayyana ya nuna tsarki, lokacin biki ya zama lokacin yin bikin tsarkakar mace kuma duk wata budurwa da ta rasa budurwa ba a yarda ta motsa kusa da kogi ba. Kodayake Aringinya biki ne da dukan al'umma ke yi bikin, an ce kawai [[Budurci|'Yan mata]] na gaskiya na ƙasar ne ke shiga cikin bikin. An san allahiyar a matsayin allahiyar tsabtar, 'ya'yan itace, da girbi. Ana yin bikin ne kafin lokacin shuka kuma an ce haramtacciyar ruwan sama ya faɗi a wannan lokacin biki. Idan irin wannan ya faru, alama ce cewa daya ko fiye daga cikin budurwa da suka tafi kogi sun rasa budurwa kuma wannan zai haifar da tuntubar Firist na Ifa don fitar da mai laifi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Aringinya festival: Celebrating Ikare-Akoko's date with fertility, chastity |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/aringinya-festival-celebrating-ikare-akokos-date-with-fertility-chastity/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://tribuneonlineng.com/aringinya-festival-celebrating-ikare-akokos-date-with-fertility-chastity/ "Aringinya festival: Celebrating Ikare-Akoko's date with fertility, chastity"]. ''Tribune Online''. 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Bikin == An ce bikin Ariginya biki ne na mako-mako wanda ake yi bikin kafin lokacin shuka a matsayin hanyar samun albarkar allahiya don 'ya'ya, girbi, da tsabtar rai. A lokacin biki, budurwa budurwa (budurwa) ce kawai za ta iya shiga cikin bikin da ya shafi omi Atan. Yawancin 'yan mata da suka ziyarci kogi tsirara ne, kamar yadda kawai aka bar takalma tare da tattoos da aka zana a can fuskoki da jikuna da aka zana da chalk da farin lime. Suna tafiya zuwa koguna yayin da suke yin rawa na gargajiya yayin da ake jin sautunan drum, gongs da sauran kayan kida na gargajiya. Maza suna taimakawa wajen share hanyar zuwa kogi da kuma tsaftace shi. Bayan ɗan lokaci, allahiyar za ta fito daga kogi kuma ta albarkaci 'yan mata da al'umma da mata masu aure waɗanda ke neman' ya'yan mahaifa yanzu za su fito don karɓar albarkar 'ya'ya daga allahiyar. Bayan wannan aikin, masquerade da ake kira igede-oka ya bayyana kuma yana nuna nau'o'i daban-daban.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2018 |title=Aringiya: Festival with uncommon features |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/aringiya-festival-with-uncommon-features/ |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == gwagikigy32tpyj1yyfxf0dkikvi0mz 0 87314 542680 541432 2024-11-19T17:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari,''' ya kasance muhimmin wakilin makarantar tauhidin [[Mabiya Sunnah|Sunni]] na Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (d. c. 333/944) kuma marubucin ''Talkhis al-Adilla li-Qawa'id al-Tawhid'' (Arabic) wanda shine babban aiki na Kalam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Contributions of Alī b. Uthmān al-Ūshī to Māturīdī Kalām |url=http://tfij.net/DergiDetay.aspx?ID=270 |publisher=KIRGIZİSTAN OŞ İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ}}</ref>[2][3]<ref>{{cite web |title=A study of Bukhari's scholastic theology (Ibrahim Ibn Isma'il) Talkhis al-adilla, being a treatise on Hanafi scholastic theory |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539283 |publisher=[[E-Theses Online Service]]}}</ref>[./Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari#cite_note-6 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Ya zauna a Bukhara a ƙarƙashin mulkin Karakhanids na Yamma. Ayyukansa na tauhidi, hanyarsa a cikin Kalam, da kuma yawan ambaton ayyukansa daga masanan [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottoman]] da [[Larabawa]] sun nuna cewa al-Saffar masanin tauhidi ne mai daraja kuma mai iko na [[Hanafiyya|Hanafi]]-Maturidi wanda ya kafa ra'ayoyinsa game da kalam yana gaskata cewa bayanin da ya danganci dalili, ya bayyana ilimi da ma'ana suna da mahimmanci a yankinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abū Ishaq as-Saffār’s Kalam Method |url=http://english.isam.org.tr/index.cfm?fuseaction=objects2.detail_content&cid=1402&cat_id=20 |publisher=ISAM - Center for Islamic Studies |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221150201/http://english.isam.org.tr/index.cfm?fuseaction=objects2.detail_content&cid=1402&cat_id=20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Māturīdī Theologian Abū Ishāq al-Zāhid al-Saffār’s Vindication of the Kalām |url=https://philarchive.org/rec/ABDMTA |publisher=PhilArchive: The Philosophy E-Print Archive}}</ref> == Suna == Abu Ishaq Ibrahim b. Isma'il b. Ahmad b. Ishaq b. Shayth, wanda aka fi sani da al-Zahid al-Saffar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hadiyyat al-'Arifin by Isma'il Pasha al-Babani al-Baghdadi |url=http://www.islamport.com/w/fhr/Web/110/5.htm |publisher=islamport.com |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-date=2018-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018052417/http://islamport.com/w/fhr/Web/110/5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abū Ishaq as-Saffār’s Kalam Method |url=http://english.isam.org.tr/index.cfm?fuseaction=objects2.detail_content&cid=1402&cat_id=20 |publisher=ISAM - Center for Islamic Studies |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-date=2022-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221150201/http://english.isam.org.tr/index.cfm?fuseaction=objects2.detail_content&cid=1402&cat_id=20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani sunan Ibrahim b. Ishaq, wanda Brockelmann ya rubuta a cikin GAL dinsa, ana samunsa ne kawai a cikin rubutun Gidan Tarihin Burtaniya na 1577, Add. 27526, kuma yana da kuskure, tun da 'yan asalin littattafai da suka ambaci al-Saffar suna kiransa Ibn Isma'il . <ref>{{Cite web |title=al-Ṣaffār al-Bukhārī |url=http://isamveri.org/pdfdkm/18/DKM180163.pdf |publisher=İSAM Kütüphanesi - Veri Tabanı}}</ref>[2]<ref>{{Cite web |title=al-Ṣaffār al-Bukhārī |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-saffar-al-bukhari-COM_23647 |publisher=Brill Online Reference Works}}</ref> == Littattafai == A cikin aikinsa mai taken ''Talkhis al-Adilla li-Qawa'id al-Tawhid'' a kan kalām, ya rubuta da yawa game da ''[[Jerin sunayen Allah a Musulunci|al-Asma' al-Husna]]'' (Sunayen Allah mafi kyau). Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wannan aikin, wanda aka buga a cikin kundi biyu, an sadaukar da shi ga al-Asma' al-Husna. A cikin wallafe-wallafen tauhidin pre-Saffar Hanafi-Maturidi, babu wani aiki da ya yi magana da al-Asma' al-Husna a irin wannan hanya mai zurfi. == Bayanai == {{Reflist|group=Note}} == Duba kuma == * [[Imam Abu Hanifa|Abu Hanifa]] * Abu Mansur al-Maturidi * Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi * [[Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi]] * Jerin Maturidis * Jerin masu ilimin tauhidin Musulmi == Ƙarin karantawa == *   == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 0hrq1on1s7jp72k47zqoas0n7aykjio 0 87339 542940 541513 2024-11-20T06:37:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Yellow Chili sanannen gidan cin abinci ne da mashaya a [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], wanda ya ƙware kan abinci na gargajiya [[Ɗan Nijeriya|na Najeriya]] da na Nahiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-09 |title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland |url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=Travel Start}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Feeding in Lagos |url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=NAPE |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Restaurants in Lagos |url=http://www.wordtravels.com/Cities/Colorado/Lagos/Restaurants |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=World Travels}}</ref> Yana da wani wuri a [[Ikeja]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-09 |title=10 Great Restaurants in Lagos Mainland |url=http://www.travelstart.com.ng/blog/10-great-restaurants-lagos-mainland/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=Travel Start}}</ref> == Bayani da kayan ado == Kowace reshe tana zaune a kan bene biyu. Gidan bene na reshen tsibirin Victoria ya kasu kashi biyu na manyan wuraren cin abinci waɗanda ke haifar da karamin wurin zama; bene na sama ya ƙunshi matakai biyu na wurin zama. Ƙananan bene na reshen GRA ya ƙunshi babban wurin zama wanda ke da ƙananan wuraren zama guda biyu a kowane gefe. An kafa bene na sama a matsayin wurin zama da mashaya. Har ila yau, akwai ɗakin cin abinci mai zaman kansa a bene na ƙasa, da kuma wurin zama na lambu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagos – Home to many stylish and trendy restaurants in Nigeria |url=http://www.farebuzz.com/updates/lagos-home-to-many-stylish-and-trendy-restaurants-in-nigeria.aspx#.VFw5yvnF_84 |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=Fare Buzz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Feeding in Lagos |url=http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |access-date=November 4, 2014 |website=NAPE |archive-date=November 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104235712/http://nape.org.ng/conference/hotel-travel/feeding-in-lagos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2014 |title=Lagos' 10 Great Restaurants for a Taste of Nigerian Culture |url=http://theculturetrip.com/africa/nigeria/articles/lagos-10-great-restaurants-for-a-taste-of-nigerian-culture/ |access-date=November 1, 2014 |website=The Culture Trip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African City Tour: This is Lagos |url=http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/ |access-date=November 7, 2014 |website=Ayiba |archive-date=November 8, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108195833/http://issues.ayibamagazine.com/african-city-tour-this-is-lagos/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocran |first=Nana |title=Lagos: Chaotic, frenzied, sometimes hazardous, but at least Lagos causes a reaction |url=http://www.timeout.com/travel/features/683/lagos |access-date=1 November 2014 |website=TimeOut}}</ref> == Manazarta == ji0wmo8frdvwxunlulkipakb3bpg3u1 0 87489 542867 541893 2024-11-19T23:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Ofala_Onitsha_14.jpg|thumb|Bikin Ofala a Onitsha]] '''Bikin Ofala''' bikin ne na shekara-shekara da mutanen Igbo ke yi, musamman 'yan asalin [[Onitsha]], Umueri, Umuoji da sauran al'ummomin makwabta kamar Aguleri, [[Nnewi]] da Ukpo a yankin karamar hukumar [[Dunukofia]].<ref>name="DT">{{cite news | url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/travel-leisure/3934-ofala-festival-commoners-last-hope-in-ukpo | title=Ofala festival: Commoner’s last hope in Ukpo | work=[[Media Trust|Daily Trust]] | author=Shehu Abubakar | date=15 January 2010 | access-date=4 March 2016 | archive-date=8 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308020913/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/weekly/index.php/travel-leisure/3934-ofala-festival-commoners-last-hope-in-ukpo | url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana aiki ne a matsayin bukukuwan sabuntawa na sarki ko Igwe ko Obi kuma yana kama da [[Bikin Igue]] a [[Edo|Benin]] da '''''Ine''''', Osi ko Ogbanigbe Festival a yawancin al'ummomin Igbo na tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya.<ref> name="ofala">{{cite news | url=http://www.leadership.ng/news/355179/nigerias-10-famous-festivals | title=Nigeria’s 10 Famous Festivals | work=Leadership Nigeria |author1=Abah Adah |author2=Chinelo Chikelu |author3=Paul Chiama | date=14 March 2014 | access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> Kalmar ofala, an samo ta ne daga kalmomin [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]] guda biyu - ọfọ ([[Turanci]]: iko) da ala ([[Turanci]]: ƙasa). Ana yin bikin ne a cikin kwanaki biyu galibi a watan Oktoba ta hanyar ''Obi'' ([[Turanci]]: sarki) kuma wajibi ne na al'ada wanda dole ne a yi shi kowane shekaru biyu ba tare da kasawa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-30 |title=Ofala: A period for monarchs to showcase their cultures in Igbo land |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/08/ofala-period-monarchs-showcase-cultures-igbo-land/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == A cewar wasu kafofin tarihi na baki, ana iya gano bikin Ofala zuwa karni na 16 lokacin da mutanen Onitsha suka yi hijira daga Benin zuwa gabar gabashin Kogin Neja wanda a halin yanzu ake kira birnin Onitsha kuma suka kawo su tare da sauran al'adu, al'adar mulkin mallaka. Bikin yana kama da '''''Bikin Igue''''' wanda Oba na Benin ke yi bikin kowace shekara. Wasu masana tarihi sun kuma yi imanin cewa bikin yana da alaƙa da bikin New Yam a Onitsha da kuma sadaukarwar sarki ga lafiyar mutanensa.<ref name="ECS">East-Central State (Nigeria). (1974). Traditional festivals in East Central State. Enugu: Information Division, Ministry of Information and Home Affairs.</ref> Bikin yana nuna ƙarshen lokacin koma baya wani lokaci ana kiransa Inye Ukwu na Nlo lokacin da Obi ya kasance ba tare da sadarwa ba kuma yana fuskantar tsarkakewa ta ruhaniya don amfanin al'umma. A ƙarshen hutun mako-mako, Igwe ya fito a lokacin Ofala don ya albarkaci talakawansa kuma ya yi addu'o'i ga al'umma. Ana yin bikin Ofala a kowace shekara a wasu wurare tun daga naɗa ''Obi'' zuwa mutuwarsa, wanda ake kira "Ofala na ƙarshe" yayin da wasu garuruwa na iya buƙatar a yi bikin kowane shekaru biyu zuwa uku. == Ofala Onitsha == [[Onitsha]]" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ofala Onitsha">Ofala Onitsha ita ce bikin Ofala na asali wanda 'yan asalin Onitsha, [[Najeriya]] ke gudanarwa. Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da shi a watan Oktoba kuma shine babban matsayi na bikin Onitsha. Kodayake bikin Ofala ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin kabilun [[Inyamurai|Ibo]], Onitsha Ofala na musamman ne tunda an yi imanin cewa shi ne Ofala na farko a cikin kabilar Igbo. == Bikin da manufar == Bikin yawanci yana farawa da gaisuwar bindiga ta gargajiya guda ashirin da daya sannan ya biyo bayan Ufie (gongo na sarauta) duk dare, rawa da sauran ayyukan al'adu. Da rana, majalisun shugabannin Obi, baƙi daga wasu al'ummomi, ƙungiyoyin shekaru, mata da matasa na al'umma yawanci suna taruwa a filin fadar ko Ime Obi da suka yi ado da kayan gargajiya ko na bikin da suka dace da bikin. Ana kunna kiɗa na sarauta ko Egwu Ota a lokacin ƙofar Ndichie ko shugabannin ja waɗanda suka isa bayan taron jama'a kuma suka kawo wasu daga cikin abokansu da danginsu zuwa fadar. Babban abin da ya faru a bikin shi ne fitowar Obi a cikin rigarsa ta sarauta ga murna na taron jama'a, wani harbi na bindiga yana sanar da shigar Obi wanda yawanci yana sanye da rigar bikin kuma yana ɗauke da takobi na tagulla a hannunsa, yana tafiya zuwa gefen filin wasa ko kashi ɗaya bisa uku na filin wasa yana amincewa da murna na taro. Daga nan sai Obi ya yi ritaya kuma daga baya, shugabannin jan sun girmama shi bisa ga matsayi, bayan haka duka Obi da shugabannin sun sake bayyana bayan harbe-harbe na wani harbi. A lokacin bayyanar ta biyu Obi yana rawa a fagen wasa, wani abu da ba a gani sosai kuma matakansa sun rufe nesa fiye da bayyanar farko. Sa'an nan kuma shugabannin da baƙi masu ziyara suna girmama Obi. Bikin kuma wani lokaci ne ga Obi don girmama mutane tare da lakabi na shugabanci. == Ayyuka == Kiɗa da zane-zane na gani koyaushe sun kasance wani ɓangare na bikin. A shekarar 2015 edition a Onitsha ya gudanar da nune-nunen zane-zane da ake kira Oreze III, taron ya nuna wani nuni daga masu zane-zane daban-daban da kuma busts 20 da ke nuna sarakunan Onitsha da suka tashi. == Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:IMG-20210712-WA0059_10.jpg|Sacrificing to the gods in the University of Nigeria Anambra state Ofala Festival Fayil:Ofala_Onitsha_07.jpg|Ofala festival in [[Onitsha]] Fayil:Ofala_Onitsha_09.jpg|Ofala in Onitsha Fayil:Ofala_Onitsha_06.jpg|Ofala festival Fayil:Ofala_Carnival_2019.jpg|OfalaCarnival 2019 </gallery> == Manazarta == nw3bo9ph834nyp8w63q36z8i1woziwa 0 87491 542869 541898 2024-11-19T23:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin Oronna''' tsohon biki ne da Masarautar Ilaro ke yi bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-06 |title=25th Oronna Ilaro Festival begins Nov 10 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/25th-oronna-ilaro-festival-begins-nov-10/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ilaro wani gari ne a [[Ogun|Jihar Ogun]], kuma hedikwatar YEWA karamar hukuma ce ta kudu maso yamma wacce aka fi sani da YEWALAND . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ilaro {{!}} Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ilaro |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Mutanen Ilaro suna yin bikin Oronna a kowace shekara don adanawa, kiyayewa, da kuma yin bikin al'adun al'adu na Masarautar Ilaro. Oronna wanda mutanen Ilaro suka san shi da jarumi, jarumi mai ƙarfin zuciya wanda aka ce ya kawo nasarori da yawa a ƙasar a lokacin yaƙi, galibi a kan Sojojin Dahomean waɗanda ke barazana ga zaman lafiya na ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-06 |title=25th Oronna Ilaro Festival begins Nov 10 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/25th-oronna-ilaro-festival-begins-nov-10/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance mutumin da ya bambanta, kuma ya ba da kansa ga aminci, jin daɗin ƙasar yayin da yake tsaye a yaƙi don kare ƙasar daga masu shigowa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oronna Festival |url=https://www.ogunstate.gov.ng/ogun-state/festivals/oronna/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Ogun State Government Official Website |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802023351/https://www.ogunstate.gov.ng/ogun-state/festivals/oronna/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-06 |title=25th Oronna Ilaro Festival begins Nov 10 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/25th-oronna-ilaro-festival-begins-nov-10/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bikin == Bikin Oronna na shekara-shekara wanda ke faruwa a watan Nuwamba shine wanda ke da mako guda kawai. A cikin wannan mako guda akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke nuna duk rayuwar al'adu da zamantakewar Ilaro kamar: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-26 |title=Oronna festival: Splendour, as Ilaro indigenes celebrate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/11/oronna-festival-splendour-as-ilaro-indigenes-celebrate/ |access-date=2021-08-16 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> Carnival na titi, ayyukan yawon bude ido, tseren kyawawan al'adu, tseren kilomita 50, shirye-shiryen binciken likita.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-04 |title=Ilaro prepares for huge Oronna festival - Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/102530-ilaro-prepares-for-huge-oronna-festival.html |access-date=2021-08-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == pp2bguedndqgx3w3qdwikrx6mooc16p 0 87500 542865 541935 2024-11-19T23:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin Littafin Port Harcourt''' wani taron wallafe-wallafen shekara-shekara ne a Port Harcoort, Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]], wanda kungiyar Rainbow Book Club ta shirya kuma Gwamnatin Jihar Rivers ta amince da shi tun 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Harcourt Book Festival - Events in Nigeria |url=https://trek.zone/en/nigeria/events/port-harcourt-book-festival |access-date=4 May 2023 |website=Trek Zone |language=en}}</ref> '''Bikin wallafe-wallafen Garden City''', wanda a halin yanzu aka sani da bikin wallafe-wallo na Port Harcourt ne Gwamna Amaechi na Jihar Rivers ya kafa shi, Daruruwan magoya bayan wallafe-rubuce suna taruwa zuwa Garden City a kowace shekara don wannan taron na kwana shida, wanda ya haɗa da baje kolin littafi, bitar marubuta, da sauran ayyukan da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2013 |title=Garden City Literary Festival 2012 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/01/garden-city-literary-festival-2012-2/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="rainbowbookclub.org">{{Cite web |title=PortHarcourt Book Festival – Rainbow Book Club |url=https://rainbowbookclub.org/portharcourt-book-festival/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> A baya sanannun marubuta sun halarci Bikin kuma sun dauki bakuncin mutane da yawa.<ref name="rainbowbookclub.org" /> == Tarihin Farko == bikin ya fara ne a matsayin tunanin Koko Kalango, wanda ya yi tunanin shi a matsayin hanyar haɓaka lambobin yawon shakatawa da haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a a birnin Port Harcourt da yankunan da ke kusa da shi. Da farko an shirya shi ne don 8 ga Satumba a kowace shekara, don ya dace da Ranar Nazarin Duniya ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], bikin ya ci gaba da fadada kuma an yi la'akari da shi sosai tun lokacin da aka fara shi. == Muhimman Abubuwa == === 2008–2010 === An gudanar da fitowar farko a matsayin taron kwana uku a ranar 24 - 27 ga Satumba 2008. An kira shi Bikin wallafe-wallafen Garden City, tare da taken a matsayin "Writers Without Borders". Baƙi na musamman sun haɗa da [[Wole Soyinka]], Kofi Awoonor da [[Elechi Amadi]], tare da marubutan Okey Ndibe, Kaine Agary da Petrina Crockford . <ref name="gclf 2008">{{Cite web |date= |title=GCLF 2008 |url=http://www.portharcourtbookfestival.com/index.php/phbf-2008 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Portharcourtbookfestival.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bikin na biyu ("Nigeria: Shekaru 50 na Littattafan Post-Colonial"), a ranar 23 - 26 ga Satumba 2009, ya karbi bakuncin marubutan Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o,[[J. P. Clark]], [[Buchi Emecheta]], A. Igoni Barrett, [[Sefi Atta]], Lindsay Barrett, [[Toni Kan]], [[Tara Fela-Durotoye|Fela Durotoye]], Tade Ipadeola, [[Jumoke Verissimo]], [[Abimbola Adelakun|Abimbola Adunni]], da Joy Isi Bewaji. Nana Ayebia Clarke ta Burtaniya ce ta tsara shi, tare da wakilan masu gina littattafai da Majalisar Burtaniya. Marubucin Ngugi wa Thiong'o ya gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron wanda ake kira Languages as Bridges: Building Network against Linguistic Feudalism and Darwinism . <ref name="gclf 2009">{{Cite web |date= |title=GCLF 2009 |url=http://www.portharcourtbookfestival.com/index.php/phbf-2009 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Portharcourtbookfestival.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bikin na 2010 ya ga canji a watan da ya faru a karo na farko, yayin da aka gudanar tsakanin 8 da 11 ga Disamba 2010. Fiye da mutane 1,000 ne suka halarci taron a wannan shekarar.<ref name="gclf 2010">{{Cite web |date= |title=GCLF 2010 |url=http://www.portharcourtbookfestival.com/index.php/phbf-2010 |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Portharcourtbookfestival.com }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === 2011–2013 === A shekara ta 2011, taron ya koma lokacin da ya fara, wanda ya faru daga 12 zuwa 17 ga Satumba 2011. Taken sa shine "Literature and Politics". Gwamna [[Rotimi Amaechi|Chibuike Amaechi]] da tsohon Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth, Emeka Anyaoku ne suka bude bikin. A karo na farko a tarihinta, ya dauki kwanaki biyar. Sauran shahararrun masu halarta sune dan [[Chinua Achebe]] Dr. Chidi Achebe - wanda ya gabatar da babban jawabin - da kuma mai fafutuka Jesse Jackson . <ref name="gclf 2011">{{Cite web |date= |title=Rainbow Book Club - Garden City Literary Festival 2011 |url=http://rainbowbookclub.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=240%3Agarden-city-literary-festival-2011&catid=94%3Areports&Itemid=465 |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=Rainbow Book Club}}</ref><ref name="Thisdaynews">{{Cite web |date=18 March 2012 |title=Feasts for Nigeria's Literati |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/feasts-for-nigeria-s-literati/111670/ |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=Thisdaylive.com |archive-date=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005084653/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/feasts-for-nigeria-s-literati/111670/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An tura bikin wallafe-wallafen Garden City na biyar, "Mata a cikin wallafe-walfinai", zuwa Oktoba 2012, kuma an gudanar da shi daga 15th - 20th. Kungiyar Littafin Rainbow ta zaɓi Otal din Shugaban kasa a matsayin wurin bikin. Marubutan baƙi na GCLF kamar su [[Véronique Tadjo]], Doreen Baingana, Elechi Amadi, [[Gabriel Okara]] da Farfesa [[E.J. Alagoa|E J Alagoa]] sun kasance a can don shiga. Har ila yau, an ƙaddamar da A Coat of Many Colours, littafin da Mrs Koko Kalango ta tattara, tare da shugaban kasar [[Goodluck Jonathan]] da Gwamna Amaechi, dukansu biyu sun ba da gudummawa ga Gabatarwa da Gabatarwa bi da bi. Har ila yau, sun shiga kungiyar tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Cross Rivers H.E. [[Donald Duke]], [[Wole Soyinka]], da Mrs Ibim Semenitari. Zuwa ƙarshen taron, an sake tabbatar da birnin Port Harcourt a matsayin Babban Birnin Littafin Duniya na [[UNESCO]] na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="vanguardngr.com">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=13 January 2013 |title=Garden City Literary Festival 2012 |url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/01/garden-city-literary-festival-2012-2/ |access-date=1 June 2014 |website=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>A watan Agustan 2013, Misis Kalango ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sake sunan bikin wallafe-wallafen Garden City Book Festival, tana mai da hankali ga dalilan cewa sabon sunan zai taimaka wajen inganta bayanan Port Harcourt a matsayin makoma mai kyau ga duk abubuwan wallafe-wallo. === 2014 === A cikin 2014, an gudanar da bikin ne a Port Harcourt kuma an buɗe shi tare da babban jawabi daga Nobel Laureate, Farfesa [[Wole Soyinka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wole Soyinka {{!}} Biography, Plays, Books, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wole-Soyinka |access-date=8 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2014 |title=Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014 events kick off April 22 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/156887-port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-events-kick-april-22.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taken bikin shine "Littattafai: Windows zuwa duniyarmu ta yiwuwar". Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a shekarar 2014 sun haɗa da gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Along Came the Book" wanda marubucin wasan kwaikwayo mai lambar yabo Bikiya Graham-Douglas ya jagoranta. Baya ga shi, akwai gabatarwar littafi mai taken "The Walking Book" wanda shine labarin al'umma wanda ke rufe abubuwan gani da sauti na Jihar Rivers wanda yara daban-daban suka zaba daga yankuna 23 na karamar hukuma a Jihar River suka rubuta.<ref name="guardian.ng">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2015 |title=Benefits of UNESCO World Book Capital as Port Harcourt reign ends |url=https://guardian.ng/features/benefits-of-unesco-world-book-capital-as-port-harcourt-reign-ends/ |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> An zaɓi littattafai goma sha biyu a hankali don a nuna su a cikin bikin a cikin 2014. Wasu daga cikin littattafan sun hada da Arrow of God na [[Chinua Achebe]] (Afrilu), The Great Ponds na Elechi Amadi (Mayu), This Child Shall Be Great na [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf|Ellen Shirleaf Johnson]] (Yuni), Ake na [[Wole Soyinka]] (Yuli) da Gobe Ya mutu jiya na Chimeka Garricks (Agusta). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2014 |title=Port Harcourt World Book Capital 2014 events kick off April 22 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/156887-port-harcourt-world-book-capital-2014-events-kick-april-22.html |access-date=5 August 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Matsayin babban birnin littafi na duniya koyaushe yana kawo fa'idodi ga yara dangane da inganta karatunsu da al'adun wallafe-wallafen da kuma gabatarwar don karɓar bakuncin koyaushe ana ɗaukar su bisa ga tasirin kulob din littafi a fannin al'adun karatu da shirye-shiryen wallafe-wallo a cikin al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Theirworld |date=5 August 2021 |title=World Book Capital title set to benefit Nigerian children |url=https://theirworld.org/news/world-book-capital-title-set-to-benefit-nigerian-children |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Theirworld |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2014, bikin ya kawo girmamawa ga Afirka ta kudu da Sahara, lokacin da birnin ya sami damar karbar bakuncin Babban Birnin Littafin Duniya na [[UNESCO]]. Alexandra, [[Misra|Misira]], ita ce ɗayan birni na Afirka da aka girmama.Tattaunawar game da sace 'yan makaranta 250 na Chibok kuma ta fara ne tare da mai karbar kyautar Nobel, Farfesa [[Wole Soyinka]] tare da Dokta Oby Ezekwesili sun ba da murya ga sace' yan makaranta sama da 250 na Chi Bok a Arewacin Najeriya. Port Harcourt ya ba da matsayin a matsayin Babban Birnin Littafin Duniya na [[UNESCO]] ga Incheon a Koriya ta Kudu a watan Afrilun 2015. <ref name="guardian.ng"/> Port Harcourt ya zama Birnin Afirka na biyu kuma birni na farko na yankin Sahara don riƙe wannan matsayi duk godiya ga Rainbow Book Club wanda aka amince da gabatarwar don karɓar bakuncin ranar littafi ta shekara-shekara ga [[UNESCO]]. Port Harcourt ya zama birni na 4 da za a kira shi Babban Birnin Littafin Duniya na [[UNESCO]] bayan wasu ƙasashe kamar Madrid, Amsterdam, Beirut da sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=UNESCO: Nigerian city of Port Harcourt named 2014 World Book Capital |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2012/07/415302-unesco-nigerian-city-port-harcourt-named-2014-world-book-capital |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref> Babban birnin littafi na duniya koyaushe yana riƙe da wannan matsayi na shekara guda kuma yana farawa a ranar 23 ga Afrilu na shekarar da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Harcourt named “World Book Capital 2014” {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/port_harcourt_named_world_book_capital_2014 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=www.unesco.org}}</ref> '''<big>2015</big>''' An dakatar da bikin a shekarar 2015 saboda rashin kudade, wannan ya faru ne saboda canjin shugabancin jihar, Gwamnatin Jihar Rivers ita ce manyan abokan tarayya.Masu sukar da malamai sun danganta wannan ga rashin shirin dabarun ban da tushen kudade ko batutuwa. == Manazarta == ruknxb17rwpl1a3436yno39c0w16p1t 0 87502 542866 541938 2024-11-19T23:11:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin Littafin Legas da Fasaha''' ('''LABAF''') Bikin zane-zane ne na shekara-shekara wanda Kwamitin Fasaha mai Muhimmanci (CORA) ya kafa a shekarar 1999. == Tarihi == An gudanar da bikin na farko a watan Nuwamba 1999 a shafin Jazz 38 na dindindin a Lekki, Legas. Manufar bikin ita ce tunawa da dawowar Najeriya <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-10-27 |title=Lagos Book & Art Festival, (LABAF) set for November 4-10, 2019 |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/lagos-book-art-festival-labaf-set-for-november-4-10-2019-2/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> zuwa dimokuradiyya bayan fiye da shekaru talatin na mulkin soja da kuma yin bikin da zai sake ƙarfafa yanayin da sake mayar da hankali ga matasa da tsofaffi, musamman al'adun karatun littafi, wanda ke mutuwa a hankali.An kira shi "babban bikin al'adun Afirka", ana gudanar da bikin Littafin Legas da Fasaha a cikin kwanaki bakwai <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-21 |title=LABAF: Nigeria on hot seat at Culture Picnic |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/11/labaf-nigeria-on-hot-seat-at-culture-picnic/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> a wurare daban-daban ciki har da Goethe-Institute, Majalisar Burtaniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Week of 52 Engaging Events With Loads of Lessons for the Youths |url=https://guardian.ng/art/labaf-2019-a-week-of-52-engaging-events-with-loads-of-lessons-for-the-youths/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> da Freedom Park, duk a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murua |first=James |author-link=James Murua |date=2015-11-16 |title=British Council's publishing Creative Hustle at the Lagos Theatre #LABAF2015 |url=https://www.writingafrica.com/british-councils-publishing-creative-hustle-at-the-lagos-theatre/ |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Writing Africa |language=en-GB}}</ref>  &nbsp;&nbsp; == Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a bikin == LABAF tana da ayyuka daban-daban da suka hada da ayyukan kafin bikin kamar tafiye-tafiye na littafi <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roqeebah |date=2016-11-11 |title=Catch up with the 18th Lagos book and art festival (LABAF) » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/catch-18th-lagos-book-art-festival-labaf/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> da sauran manyan ayyukan bikin ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa, karatun littattafai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olorunsola |first=Moyosoluwa |date=2019-09-14 |title=LABAF to hold in November |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/labaf-to-hold-in-november.html |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> nuna fina-finai, taron masu bugawa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=LABAF - Publishers Forum {{!}} Quramo Publishing |url=https://www.quramo.com/content/labaf-publishers-forum |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=www.quramo.com |archive-date=2020-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215102251/http://www.quramo.com/content/labaf-publishers-forum |url-status=dead }}</ref> tattaunawa da fasaha, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Asiri recounts Nigeria's history in colourful exhibition |url=https://punchng.com/asiri-recounts-nigerias-history-in-colourful-exhibition/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> tattaunawa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2013-11-09 |title=MAIN Festival -15th Lagos Book & Art Festival, LABAF, Nov.15-17... |url=https://www.africanevents.com/events/main-festival-15th-lagos-book-art-festival-labaf-nov-15-17-2013-lagos-nigeria/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=African Events .com |language=en-US}}</ref> tarurruka, [5] gabatarwar littattafai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okeowo |first=Olamilekan |date=2019-11-06 |title=Victor Ekpuk's day in the sun at LABAF |url=https://www.theculturenewspaper.com/victor-ekpuks-day-in-the-sun-at-labaf/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Entertainment News {{!}} Celebrity News {{!}} Fashion and Style |language=en-US}}</ref> sake dubawa na littattafai, [4] bikin kore [3] da sauran abubuwan da suka faru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yoruba Lakotun set for LABAF |url=https://punchng.com/yoruba-lakotun-set-for-labaf/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-10 |title=Winner Emerges For Ken Saro-Wiwa Prize For Review At LABAF 2018 |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/10/winner-emerges-ken-saro-wiwa-prize-review-labaf-2018 |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-11 |title=#LABAF2019 - Opening of GREEN FESTIVAL @Food court |url=https://thisislagos.ng/labaf2019-opening-of-green-festival-food-court/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=This Is Lagos |language=en-US}}</ref> &nbsp;Har ila yau, bikin yana ba da damar shiga ɗalibai na makarantun firamare da sakandare da jami'o'i a Najeriya ta hanyar gabatar da gasa da kuma damar ba da shawara ga su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LABF's Feast of Ideas and Life Opens in Lagos |url=https://guardian.ng/art/labafs-feast-of-ideas-and-life-opens-in-lagos/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=guardian.ng}}</ref> Har ila yau, bikin yana zaɓar littattafai daban-daban a kowace shekara waɗanda aka nuna su a matsayin Littattafan Bikin <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=11 Books Headline the 21st Lagos Book Festival |url=https://bookartville.com/pages/11-books-headline-the-21st-lagos-book-festival/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=The complete file on the arts and media in Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma suna cikin ɓangaren jawabin bikin na wannan shekarar. An gudanar da bikin na 21 a ranar 4-10 ga Nuwamba 2019 tare da taken "Emerge... Breaking into the New".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Book and Art Festivals in Nigeria worth Traveling for in 2019 |url=https://food.jumia.com.ng/blog/book-and-art-festivals-nigeria-2019-8454 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Jumia Food Nigeria Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> An sadaukar da wannan taken ne don tunawa da babban mai zane-zane David Herbert Dale, wanda ya mutu a ranar Talata, 4 ga Agusta 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Dale, Renowned British-Nigerian Artist, Dies at 71 – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/07/david-dale-renowned-british-nigerian-artist-dies-at-71/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> An kuma shirya bikin ne don yin bikin gumakan wallafe-wallafen da suka mutu a cikin shekara, gami da [[Pius Adesanmi]], [[Eddie Ugbomah]], [[Bisi Silva]], da sauransu. Taken bikin a cikin 2017 shine Eruptions: Global fractures da kuma bil'adama na yau da kullun, yayin da a cikin 2018 shine Sabuntawa: Zuwa ga duniya da ke aiki ga kowa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=read 1 |first=News 1 min |date=2019-10-27 |title=Lagos Book & Art Festival, (LABAF) set for November 4-10, 2019 |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/lagos-book-art-festival-labaf-set-for-november-4-10-2019-2/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Bikin koyaushe lokaci ne da za a sake dubawa na littafi, nuna fina-finai, shirye-shirye, bita, wasanni da yawa gabatarwa don faranta wa baƙi da masu kallo rai. == Manufar bikin da manufar == LABAF, wanda kuma aka sani da babbar al'adun al'adu a nahiyar, ayyuka ne masu yawa, wasu suna cike da nishaɗi yayin da wasu ke da zurfin manufar ilimi shine su horar da al'adun karatu wanda ke raguwa, inganta al'adu da kuma buƙatar ƙarfafa magana da rubutu a cikin yarukanmu na asali. Ana inganta bikin ba kawai don sayar da littattafai ba amma inganta zane-zane da tasirin zane-zane a kan al'umma a kowane bangare, bakan gizo da yawan jama'a. LABAF tana inganta wasannin rubuce-rubuce da karatu da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winner emerges at Ken Saro Wiwa prize review labaf-2018 |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/10/winner-emerges-ken-saro-wiwa-prize-review-labaf-2018}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7h3br6t1awnfnujch23ccje50un408j 0 87533 542939 542168 2024-11-20T06:37:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidan baje kolin littattafai na kasa da kasa na [[Najeriya]] (NIBF) ''' taron al'adu ne na shekara-shekara a jamhuriyar Najeriya, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2001. An san shi da kasancewa mafi yawan halartar baje kolin littattafai a Afirka, kasancewar ita ce kawai baje kolin littafi na kasa da kasa a Najeriya kuma babbar baje kolin littafin kasa da kasa ta biyu a Afirka. Kowace shekara NIBF tana tattara masu sha'awar littattafai kamar marubutan da mawaƙa waɗanda galibi suna da hannu wajen kirkirar littattafai, sauti da dijital a duk faɗin ƙasar. Babban manufar bikin shine ingantawa da inganta al'adun karatu tsakanin 'yan Najeriya da' yan Afirka gaba ɗaya. Kowace mako na biyu na Mayu a kowace shekara, NIBF tana karbar bakuncin masu bugawa, masu sayar da littattafai, masu zane-zane, marubuta, masu baje kolin da masu karatu, waɗanda ke nunawa da sayar da littattafansu a farashi mai rahusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NIBF – NIBF |url=https://nibfng.org/about-us/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Awakening the giant in women through books |url=https://dailytrust.com/awakening-the-giant-in-women-through-books |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kaddamar da baje kolin littattafai na kasa da kasa na Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Shugaban taron kuma an san shi da zama shugaban kungiyar Nigerian Book Fair Trust, wanda a halin yanzu shi ne Gbadega Adedapo . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Stephanie |date=2021-07-19 |title=National Book Fair Trust Announces 20th Annual Fair |url=https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810191108/https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alakam |first=Japhet |date=2015-05-07 |title=Harvest of books, as 2015 Nigeria book fair opens in Lagos |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/harvest-of-books-as-2015-nigeria-book-fair-opens-in-lagos/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2012, fitowar ta 11 ta baje kolin ta dauki bakuncin masu baje kolin 130 tare da baƙi sama da 40,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=Nigeria International Book Fair |url=https://edugist.org/nigeria-international-book-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Edugist |language=en-US}}</ref> Zaben 20 na baje kolin a cikin 2021 ya dauki bakuncin shugaban kungiyar masu bugawa ta duniya (IPA), Geneva, [[Switzerland]], Shiekha Bodour Al-Qasimi, a matsayin babban mai magana, tare da fitattun mutane da yawa ciki har da Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya Rt. Hon. [[Femi Gbajabiamila]] a matsayin Baƙo na Musamman na girmamawa, Uwargidan Shugaban Jihar Ekiti, Erelu Bisi Fayemi wanda shine shugaban taron, kuma mace mafi arziki a Afirka, Folso Alakija. Gwamnan Jihar Legas, [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]], shi ne Babban Mai Gida.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=7 August 2021 |title=Awakening the giant in women through books |url=https://dailytrust.com/awakening-the-giant-in-women-through-books |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://dailytrust.com/awakening-the-giant-in-women-through-books "Awakening the giant in women through books"]. ''Daily Trust''. 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Stephanie |date=2021-07-19 |title=National Book Fair Trust Announces 20th Annual Fair |url=https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Voice of Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810191108/https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSimon2021">Simon, Stephanie (19 July 2021). [https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ "National Book Fair Trust Announces 20th Annual Fair"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210810191108/https://von.gov.ng/2021/07/19/national-book-fair-trust-announces-20th-annual-fair/ |date=2021-08-10 }}. ''Voice of Nigeria''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan fitowar ta 20 ta NIBF ta faru ne a Harbour Point, Tsibirin Victoria, 27-29 Yuli 2021. An gudanar da taron manema labarai a Protea Hotels Ikeja inda aka gabatar da taken "Tashi da Giant a cikin Mata don Ci gaban Tsarin Halitta" wanda ya nuna nuna hotunan littattafai. Masu son littattafai daga ko'ina cikin duniya sun halarci baje kolin, gami da waɗanda suka shiga kusan.<ref>name="Women take center stage in 2021">{{Cite web |last=Ajakah |first=Chukwuma |date=2021-07-19 |title=Women take center stage in 2021 Nigeria Int'l Book Fair |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/women-take-center-stage-in-2021-nigeria-intl-book-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, bayan an gudanar da shi a watan Satumba da Yuli a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata saboda annobar COVID-19, NIBF ta koma watan Mayu na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2022 |title=2022 Nigeria International Book Fair starts May 12 |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/2022-nigeria-international-book-fair-starts-may-12/ |website=Nigerian Tribune}}</ref> An gudanar da NIBF na 2023 a yankin Legas a [[Ikeja]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olatunbosun |first=Yinka |date=7 May 2023 |title=Nigeria Int’l Book Fair Returns To Mainland, Holds This May |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/05/07/nigeria-intl-book-fair-returns-to-mainland-holds-this-may |access-date=6 November 2023 |website=This Day}}</ref> == Bikin == Bikin baje kolin littattafai na kasa da kasa na Najeriya yafi kunshe da nuna littattafai da yawa don baje kolin, samar da dandamali don sayar da waɗannan littattafan ga abokan ciniki masu sha'awar. Har ila yau, bikin yana da wasu shirye-shiryen da suka hada da; bitar horar da malamai, bita na masu bugawa, shirin kwana biyu don yara, taron ilimi na manyan jami'ai, rukunin marubuci, taron na masu buƙaci da sauransu.<ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Fuad |date=2015-05-07 |title=The Nigerian International Book Fair begins May 11 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/bibliophile-announcement-the-nigerian-international-book-fair-begins-may-11/2j586c8 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> An gabatar da taron kolin masu makarantu da manyan jami'an makarantu a Najeriya daga baya a cikin fitowar 2015 don yin taron ya zama abin tunawa ga baƙi da masu baje kolin. <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Fuad |date=2015-05-07 |title=The Nigerian International Book Fair begins May 11 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/bibliophile-announcement-the-nigerian-international-book-fair-begins-may-11/2j586c8 |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLawal2015">Lawal, Fuad (7 May 2015). [https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/bibliophile-announcement-the-nigerian-international-book-fair-begins-may-11/2j586c8 "The Nigerian International Book Fair begins May 11"]. ''Pulse Nigeria''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> NIBF ta 2021 ta nuna ƙaddamar da littafin ''Madagali'' wanda Dr. Wale Okediran, Sakatare Janar na Ƙungiyar Marubutan Pan Africa (PAWA) ya rubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/ |access-date=2021-08-18 |website=THISDAYLIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Baƙon girmamawa da taken == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken Shekara !Wurin da ake ciki !Mahimmanci na sha'awa !Baƙon girmamawa |- |2002 |Buga don Zaman Lafiya |[[Abuja|Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa, Abuja]] |Inganta zaman lafiya |[[Wole Soyinka]] |- |2003 |Ƙarfafawa Mata Ta hanyar Buga |[[Eko Hotels and Suites|Otal din Eko na Meridien]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] |Ƙarfafawa Mata | |- |2004 |Kasuwancin Littattafai a Ƙetare |[[Jami'ar Lagos|Hall mai ma'ana da yawa, Jami'ar Legas]] |Kasuwanci |Dirk Koehler |- |2011 |Fasahar da Makomar Littafin: Ma'anar Masana'antar Littattafan Afirka |Afe Babalola Auditorium, Jami'ar Legas |Sabon Aikace-aikacen Fasaha |[[Lateef Jakande]] da [[Oyewusi Ibidapo|Oyewusi Ibidapo-Obe]] |- |2012 |Yanayin Ci gaban Infrastructural a Afirka da Makomar Kasuwancin Littattafai |Hall mai ma'ana da yawa, Jami'ar Legas |Ci gaban ababen more rayuwa | |- |2014 |Fitowar E-littafi da Rayuwar Littafin Jiki a Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2014-05-05 |title=120 exhibitors for 2014 Lagos International Book Fair |url=https://sundiatapost.com/120-exhibitors-for-2014-lagos-international-book-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-US}}</ref> |Hall mai ma'ana da yawa, Jami'ar Legas |Tallafawa da littattafan E | |- |2015 |Ƙarfafa Matasan Afirka ta hanyar Littafin don Ci gaban Kasa mai ɗorewa |Hall mai ma'ana da yawa, Jami'ar Legas |Ƙarfafa Matasa |Farfesa Ismail Junaidu |- |2018 |Networking - Mota mai dorewa don Dynamism da Survival of Book Business a Afirka. |[[Jami'ar Lagos|Jelili Adebisi Omotola Hall]], Jami'ar Legas |Aikace-aikacen Cibiyar sadarwa |Dokta Lola Akande |- |2019 |Inganta Sabon Fasaha a Ci gaban Littattafai da Rarraba don Inganta Littattafai a Afirka |Jelili Adebisi Omotola Hall, Jami'ar Legas |Amfani da Fasahar Fasahar Littafin Ci gaba da Rarraba |Hameed Bobboyi |- |2020 |Fasahar Bayanai a matsayin Panacea don Ci gaba da Masana'antar Littattafai a Tsakanin Cutar COVID-19 |Kasuwanci (Online) |Amfani da Fasahar Bayanai |Huago Setzer |- |2021 |Farka da Giant a cikin Mata don Ci gaban Tsarin Halitta na Littafin <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okondo |first=0odwin |date=2020-08-23 |title=Nigeria international book fair goes virtual |url=https://guardian.ng/art/nigeria-international-book-fair-goes-virtual/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Women take center stage in 2021">{{Cite web |last=Ajakah |first=Chukwuma |date=2021-07-19 |title=Women take center stage in 2021 Nigeria Int'l Book Fair |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/women-take-center-stage-in-2021-nigeria-intl-book-fair/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAjakah2021">Ajakah, Chukwuma (19 July 2021). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/07/women-take-center-stage-in-2021-nigeria-intl-book-fair/ "Women take center stage in 2021 Nigeria Int'l Book Fair"]. ''Vanguard News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> |[[Victoria Island, Lagos|Cibiyar Taron Harbour Point, Tsibirin Victoria]], Legas |Mata |Bodour Al-Qasimi |} == Masu tallafawa da magoya baya == Gidan baje kolin littattafai na kasa da kasa na Najeriya yana cikin hadin gwiwa tare da Nigeria Book Fair Trust . Har ila yau, cibiyoyi da hukumomi da yawa suna tallafawa bikin kamar: <ref>{{Cite web |title=NIBF 2021 {{!}} Nigeria International Book Fair |url=https://nigeriabookfair.com/ |access-date=2021-08-10 |website=nigeriabookfair.com}}</ref> * Kwamitin Bincike da Ci Gaban Ilimi na Najeriya * Hukumar Kare Hakkin mallaka ta Najeriya * [[Bankin Fidelity|Bankin Aminci]] * Abubuwan da aka buga a cikin kashi huɗu * [[United Bank for Africa|Bankin United na Afirka]] * [[Kungiyar Marubuta ta Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Marubutan Najeriya (ANA)]] * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga Labarai ta Najeriya * Cibiyoyin Yarjejeniyar Kwararru na Najeriya * Ƙungiyar Masu Buga ta Duniya * [[Kungiyar Laburaren Najeriya|Ƙungiyar Laburaren Najeriya]] == Manazarta == q0b54z38ubdbhdijsrypx1iwvykpuhj 0 87534 542694 542174 2024-11-19T18:04:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abunuabunu''' miya ce daga [[Yankin Brong-Ahafo|yankin Brong Ahafo]] na [[Ghana|ƙasar Ghana]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-16 |title=Going green with Abunuabunu |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/food-travel/efie-aduane-series-going-green-with-abunuabunu/qz6353b |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pulse Tv- Efie Aduane Episode 7- How To Prepare Abunuabunu {{!}} WatsupAfrica - Africa's Latest News & Entertainment Platform |url=http://ghana.watsupafrica.com/news/pulse-tv-efie-aduane-episode-7-how-to-prepare-abunuabunu/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ana yin ta daga ganyen cocoyam (wanda ake kira kontomire) tare da sauran sinadarai ([[tumatir]], katantanwa, kyafaffen kifi, albasa, barkono kore, berries na turkey ([[Yaren Asante|Asnte]] -twi ''kwahu nsusua)'' da gishiri). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-01 |title=How to prepare 'Ebun ebunu' (Kontomire soup) |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/diy-recipe-how-to-prepare-ebun-ebunu-kontomire-soup/sfqw6zt |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=www.pulse.com.gh |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=How To Prepare The Green Soup called Ebunubunu. |url=https://www.naaoyooquartey.com/ganyobinaa/the-green-soup-called-ebunubunu/8/16/2015 |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Naa Oyoo Quartey |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-07 |title=Nanaaba's Kitchen-how to make ebunuebunu soup (green soup) |url=https://www.afrotide.com/nanaabas-kitchen-how-to-make-ebunuebunu-soup-green-soup/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=AfroTide |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Infobox food|name=Abunuabunu|image=|caption=}} An fi samunta kuma ana shirya ta a tsakanin mutane a [[Kumasi]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=davidmawuligh |date=2016-07-19 |title=5 delicious meals you will surely get to enjoy in Kumasi |url=https://ghanafuo.com/2016/07/5-delicious-meals-you-will-surely-ge.html |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Ghanafuo.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> wani lokaci tare da [[fufu]] ko banku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-17 |title=JOSELYN DUMAS SPOTTED ENJOYING FUFU AND ABUNUABUNU |url=http://www.nkonkonsa.com/celebs-photos/joselyn-dumas-spotted-enjoying-fufu-and-abunuabunu/ |access-date=2019-04-30 |website=Nkonkonsa |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kayan abinci na Ghana|Abincin Ghana]] == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzlNAJGQ3Pw&t=44s Bidiyo: Mu yi Ebunuebunu] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vBo-S3s8Gw Video:Yadda ake shirya Abunubunu] == Manazarta == pi3takoqcbsfyuqwjycqxwbkf2zt00h 0 87581 542594 542268 2024-11-19T13:54:44Z GeertivpBot 21670 #pwb Copy label Add Authority control [[c:Category:Judith Jamison|Commonscat Judith Jamison]] DEFAULTSORT: 542594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Judith Ann Jamison''' (Mayu 10, 1943 - Nuwamba 9, 2024) yar wasan Ba'amurke ce kuma mawaƙa. Ta yi rawa tare da Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre daga 1965 zuwa 1980 kuma ita ce gidan kayan gargajiya na Ailey. Daga baya ta koma zama darektan fasaha na kamfanin daga 1989 har zuwa 2011, sannan ta koma darektan fasaha Emerita. Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Cibiyar Kennedy a cikin 1999, Medal of Arts a 2001, da Medal Medallion, babbar girmamawar al'adu ta birnin New York, a cikin 2010. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Jamison {{Authority control}} {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jamison, Judith}} 42q158r7t2f97d7a7lgupg8793dpczg 0 87598 542888 542330 2024-11-20T02:11:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Couscous|image=Moroccan cuscus, from Casablanca, September 2018.jpg|caption=Couscous served with vegetables and chickpeas}} '''Couscous''' Abinci ne na gargajiya na Arewacin Afirka<ref>{{Cite web |title=Couscous |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/couscous |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=September 2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |issn=2352-6181 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> of small{{Efn|Usually about 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in diameter, though a finer (1 mm) and larger varieties (3 mm or more) also exist in North Africa.}} steamed granules na birgima semolina<ref>name="notpasta">{{Cite web |last=Shulman |first=Martha Rose |date=23 February 2009 |title=Couscous: Just Don't Call It Pasta |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/23recipehealth.html |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> wanda ake yawan cin abinci tare da stew cokali a sama. Lu'u-lu'u gero, dawa, bulgur, da sauran hatsi a wasu lokuta ana dafa su ta irin wannan hanya a wasu yankuna, kuma abincin da ake samu a wasu lokuta ana kiransa couscous.<ref name="milletCC">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=J.R.N. |last2=Barrion |first2=S.C. |last3=Rooney |first3=L.W. |year=2010 |title=Pearl Millet—New Developments in an Ancient Food Grain |url=https://www.aaccnet.org/publications/plexus/cfw/pastissues/2010/Documents/CFW-55-1-0016.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cereal Foods World |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=16–19 |doi=10.1094/CFW-55-1-0016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822040357/https://www.aaccnet.org/publications/plexus/cfw/pastissues/2010/Documents/CFW-55-1-0016.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2019 |access-date=May 19, 2022}}</ref>{{Rp|18}}<ref name="codex">{{Cite web |title=The Codex Alimentarius (Codex Standard) (1995) |url=https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/es/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B202-1995%252FCXS_202e.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Couscous abinci ne na musamman a duk [[Abincin Maghrebi]] na [[Aljeriya]], [[Tunisiya]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], Morocco, da [[Libya]].:{{Rp|250}} An haɗa shi cikin abincin Faransanci da na Turai a farkon karni na ashirin, ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Pieds-Noirs na [[Aljeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sainéan |first=L. |date=1921 |title=L'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DANS L'OEUVRE DE RABELAIS (8 e et dernier article) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41851648 |journal=Revue du Seizième siècle |volume=8 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–41 |issn=0151-1823 |jstor=41851648}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wagda |first=Marin |date=1997 |title=L'histoire d'une migration culinaire |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_1997_num_1207_1_2982 |journal=Hommes & Migrations |volume=1207 |issue=1 |pages=163–166 |doi=10.3406/homig.1997.2982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tabois |first=Stéphanie |date=2005 |title=Cuisiner le passé. Souvenirs et pratiques culinaires des exilés pieds-noirs |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/diasp_1637-5823_2005_num_7_1_1016 |journal=Diasporas. Histoire et sociétés |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=81–91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albert-Llorca |first=Marlène |date=2004 |title=La mémoire des Pieds-noirs : une transmission impossible ? |url= |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=169–176 |doi=10.3406/horma.2004.2250}}</ref> A cikin 2020, an kara couscous a cikin jerin abubuwan al'adu na [[UNESCO]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2020 |title=UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/16/unesco-adds-couscous-to-list-of-intangible-world-heritage |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Al Jazeera English |language=en}}</ref> == Magana == Kalmar "couscous" (a madadin ''cuscus'' ko ''kuskus'') an fara lura da ita ne a farkon karni na 17 Faransanci, daga Larabci kuskus, daga kaskasa 'to pound', kuma mai yiwuwa asalin [[Abzinanci|Berber]] ne.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-16 |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref><ref> name=":3">{{Cite book|last3=Charles Perry (food writer)}}</ref> Kalmar "Central" an tabbatar da ita a cikin yarukan Berber daban-daban kamar Kabyle da Rifain, yayin da yarukan Saharan Berber kamar [[Buzaye|Tuareg]] da Ghadames suna da wani nau'i daban-daban, কেisu. Wannan yaduwar yanki na kalmar yana nuna asalin Berber na gida, yana ba da ƙarin tallafi ga yiwuwar tushen Berber kamar yadda masanin harshe na Algeria Salem Chaker ya ba da shawara. Tushen Berber *KS yana nufin "wanda aka kafa da kyau, an mirgine shi da kyau, ya zagaye. " <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-16 |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChaker">Chaker, Salem. [https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf "Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 16, 2011.</cite></ref> Sunaye da yawa da furcin couscous sun wanzu a duniya. {{Rp|919}} == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Algerian_couscous_from_Kabylia.jpg|left|thumb|[[Aljeriya]] couscous daga Kabylia .]] Ba a san lokacin da couscous ya samo asali ba. Masanin tarihin abinci Lucie Bolens ya yi imanin cewa couscous ya samo asali ne dubban shekaru da suka gabata, a lokacin mulkin [[Masinissa]] a tsohuwar masarautar [[Numidia]] a [[Aljeriya]] ta yanzu.<ref>name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=William}}</ref> An gano alamun tasoshin dafa abinci masu kama da couscoussiers a cikin kaburbura daga karni na 3 BC, daga lokacin sarakunan Berber na [[Numidia]], a birnin Tiaret, [[Aljeriya]]. An samo Couscoussiers tun daga karni na 12 a cikin rushewar Igiliz, wanda ke cikin kwarin Sous na [[Moroko|Maroko]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fili |first=Abdallah |last2=Ettahiri |first2=Ahmed Saleh |last3=Van Staëvel |first3=Jean-Pierre |last4=Serrat |first4=Ihssane |year=2020 |title=Première approche typologique de la céramique protoalmohade d'Igiliz (Maroc) |trans-title=First typological approach to the proto-Almohad pottery of Igiliz (Morocco) |url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/BAM/article/view/29693/15408 |journal=Bulletin d'Archéologie Marocaine |volume=25 |issue=25 |pages=101–123 |doi=10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/bam-v25.29693 |issn=0068-4015 |eissn=2820-6908}}</ref> A cewar marubucin abinci Charles Perry, couscous ya samo asali ne daga [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na [[Aljeriya]] da Maroko tsakanin ƙarshen Daular Zirid ta ƙarni na 11, Aljeriya ta zamani, da kuma tasowa na Almohad Caliphate na ƙarni na 13.<ref name=":3"/> Masanin tarihi Hady Idris ya lura cewa an tabbatar da couscous a lokacin Daular Hafsid, amma ba daular Zirid ba.<ref name=":3" /> A cikin karni na 12, masu dafa abinci na Maghrebi suna shirya jita-jita na hatsi mara ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar girgiza gari tare da ruwa don ƙirƙirar haske, ƙwallo na zagaye na gurasar da za a iya tururi. Masanin tarihi Maxime Rodinson ya sami girke-girke guda uku don couscous daga Littafin dafa abinci na Larabci na karni na 13 ''Kitab al-Wusla ila al-Habib'', wanda marubucin Ayyubid ya rubuta, <ref name=":3"/> kuma littafin dafa abinci mai suna ''Kitab al tabikh'' da ''Fadalat al-khiwan'' na Ibn Razin al-Tujibi suma suna dauke da girke-irke-girki. <ref name=":1">{{Cite encyclopedia|edition=William}}<cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFde_Castro2003">de Castro, Teresa (2003). [https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports-and-everyday-life/food-and-drink/food-and-cooking/couscous "COUSCOUS"]. In Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William (eds.). ''Encyclopedia of Food and Culture''. Vol.&nbsp;3. [[Charles Scribner's Sons]]. p.&nbsp;466. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-80565-0|<bdi>0-684-80565-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref> An yi imanin cewa Couscous ya bazu tsakanin mazaunan yankin Iberian ta daular Berber na karni na 13, kodayake ba a sake samun shi a cikin abincin gargajiya na Mutanen Espanya ko Portuguese ba. A cikin Trapani na zamani, [[Sisiliya|Sicily]], har yanzu ana yin abincin ne ga girke-girke na zamani na marubucin Andalusian Ibn Razin al-Tujibi. Iyalan Ligurian da suka ƙaura daga Tabarka zuwa [[Sardiniya|Sardinia]] sun kawo tasa tare da su zuwa Carloforte a cikin karni na 18. An san shi a Faransa tun daga karni na 16, an kawo shi cikin abincin Faransanci a farkon karni na 20 ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na Faransa da Pieds-Noirs. == Shirye-shiryen == [[Fayil:Tunisian_brown_couscous_with_vegetables.JPG|thumb|Brown couscous tare da kayan lambu a Tunisia.]] Couscous an yi shi ne daga al'ada daga semolina, ɓangaren da ya fi wuya na hatsi na durum (mafi wuya daga dukkan nau'ikan alkama), wanda ke tsayayya da niƙawar dutse. Ana yayyafa semolina da ruwa kuma a mirgine shi da hannayensu don samar da ƙananan pellets, a yayyafa shi da gari mai bushe don kiyaye su rabuwa, sannan a sieved. Duk wani pellets da ya yi ƙanƙanta da ba za a gama shi ba, granules na couscous sun faɗi ta hanyar sieve kuma an sake mirgine su da kuma yayyafa su da busassun semolina kuma an mirgine su cikin pellets. Wannan tsari mai yawa yana ci gaba har sai an kafa dukkan semolina a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin hanyar gargajiya na shirya couscous, ƙungiyoyin mutane sun taru don yin manyan rukuni a cikin kwanaki da yawa, waɗanda aka bushe su a rana kuma aka yi amfani da su na watanni da yawa. Couscous da aka yi da hannu na iya buƙatar sake ruwa yayin da aka shirya shi; ana samun wannan ta hanyar tsari na danshi da tururi a kan stew har sai couscous ya kai ga hasken da ake so da kuma daidaito mai laushi. A wasu yankuna, ana yin couscous daga gari ko [[sha'ir]] mai laushi ko [[Maiwa|lu'u-lu'u]]. [[Fayil:Couscoussier.jpg|thumb|''kiskas'' (Faransanci: ''couscoussier''), jirgin ruwa na gargajiya don couscou.]] A zamanin yau, ana samar da kayan aiki da yawa, kuma ana sayar da samfurin a duk duniya. Ana iya dafa wannan couscous kafin a dafa shi cikin ruwa ko wani ruwa. Couscous da aka dafa da kyau yana da haske kuma yana da kyau, ba gummy ko gritty ba. A al'ada, 'yan Arewacin Afirka suna amfani da jirgin ruwa na abinci (wanda ake kira ''taseksut'' a cikin [[Abzinanci|Harshen Berber]], a {{Lang|ar|كِسْكَاس}} ''kiskas'' a cikin Larabci ko ''couscoussier'' a cikin harshen Faransanci). Tushen babban tukunya ne na ƙarfe wanda aka siffanta kamar kwalbar mai, inda ake dafa nama da kayan lambu a matsayin stew. A saman tushe, jirgin ruwa yana zaune inda aka dafa couscous, yana shan dandano daga stew. Rufin jirgin yana da ramuka a gefen sa don haka tururi zai iya tserewa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da tukunya tare da shigar da tururi. Idan ramukan sun yi yawa, ana iya haɗa jirgin ruwa da rigar cuku. Couscous da ake siyarwa a mafi yawan shagunan kayan masarufi na Yammaci yawanci ana amfani da shi kuma an bushe shi. Yawanci ana shirya shi ta hanyar ƙara ma'auni 1.5 na ruwan tafasa ko kaya ga kowane ma'aunin couscous sannan a bar shi rufe sosai na kimanin minti biyar. Couscous da aka riga aka yi amfani da shi yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan don shirya fiye da couscous na yau da kullun, mafi yawan busassun pasta, ko busassun hatsi (kamar shinkafa). Ana sayar da kayan lambu da kayan lambobi masu saurin shirya, da kuma nama gabaɗaya, a cikin shagunan kayan masarufi da manyan kantuna na Turai. Ana cinye Couscous a ko'ina a Faransa, inda baƙi na Maghreb suka gabatar da shi <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Colin |date=31 March 2006 |title=French abandon traditional cuisine in favour of couscous |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/1514459/French-abandon-traditional-cuisine-in-favour-of-couscous.html |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> kuma ya zama na uku mafi mashahuri a cikin binciken 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 30, 2016 |title=Magret is the No1 dish for French - Moules-frites and couscous trail duck dish as study looks at what's on people's plates |url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/Archive/Magret-is-the-No1-dish-for-French |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=The Connexion - French News in English}}</ref> == Sanarwa == A watan Disamba na 2020, Aljeriya, Mauritania, Maroko, da Tunisia sun sami amincewar hukuma don ilimin, fasaha, da ayyukan da suka shafi samarwa da amfani da couscous a kan Jerin Wakilan Al'adun Al'adun Dan Adam ta [[UNESCO]]. An yaba da hadin gwiwar da kasashe huɗu suka yi a matsayin "misali na hadin gwiwoyi na kasa da kasa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2020 |title=UNESCO - Knowledge, know-how and practices pertaining to the production and consumption of couscous |url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-know-how-and-practices-pertaining-to-the-production-and-consumption-of-couscous-01602 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=UNESCO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 17, 2020 |title=Couscous joins UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list |url=https://www.dw.com/en/couscous-joins-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/a-55967754 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na cikin gida == [[Fayil:Couscous_Tfaya_3.jpg|thumb|Maroko couscous tare da ''tfaya'' da kaza da aka gasa.]] Couscous daidai yana da kimanin 2 mm a diamita, amma kuma akwai nau'ikan da suka fi girma (3 mm) da aka sani da ''Berkoukes'', da kuma nau'ikan ultra-fine (kimanin 1 mm). <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last3=Charles Perry (food writer)}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPerry1990">[[Charles Perry (food writer)|Perry, Charles]] (1990). "Couscous and Its Cousins". In Walker, Harlan (ed.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=I15eJt6U3gMC ''Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1989: Staplefoods : Proceedings'']. Oxford Symposium. pp.&nbsp;176–178. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-907325-44-4|<bdi>978-0-907325-44-4</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;A Maroko, Aljeriya, Tunisia, da Libya, galibi ana ba da shi tare da kayan lambu ([[Karas|karoshi]], [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], da turnips) da aka dafa a cikin mai ɗanɗano ko mai laushi ko stew, yawanci tare da wasu nama (yawanci, kaza, ɗan rago, ko ragon). [[Fayil:MoroccanCouscous.jpg|thumb|Couscous tare da kayan lambu, nama, da ''tfaya''.]] === Aljeriya === [[Fayil:Algerian_Couscous_from_Biskra.jpg|thumb|Aljeriya couscous daga Biskra .]] Couscous na Aljeriya abinci ne na gargajiya a Aljeriya, kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a al'adun Aljeriya da abinci. Ana yawan ba da shi tare da kayan lambu, nama, ko kifi. A Aljeriya, akwai nau'ikan abinci daban-daban.<ref name=":3"/> === Tunisiya === [[Fayil:Fish_couscous_from_Kerkenah,_Tunisia,_August_16th,_2007.jpg|thumb|Kifi mai laushi daga Tunisia.]] A Tunisia, couscous yawanci yana da ɗanɗano, ana yin shi da sauce harissa, kuma ana ba da shi tare da kayan lambu da nama, gami da ɗan rago, kifi, abincin teku, naman sa, kuma wani lokacin (a yankunan kudanci) raƙumi. Kifi couscous na musamman ne na Tunisiya kuma ana iya yin shi tare da octopus, squid ko wasu abincin teku a cikin zafi, ja, soya mai ɗanɗano.Hakanan ana iya ba da Couscous a matsayin kayan zaki. Ana kiranta Masfuf. Masfuf kuma na iya ƙunsar ruwan inabi, inabi, ko tsaba na pomegranate. === Libya === A Libya, ana ba da couscous galibi tare da ɗan rago (amma wani lokacin nama na raƙumi ko, da wuya, naman sa) a Tripoli da sassan yammacin Libya, amma ba a lokacin bukukuwan hukuma ko bukukuwan aure ba. Wata hanyar cin couscous ita ce a matsayin kayan zaki; ana shirya shi da kwanakin, sesame, da zuma mai tsabta kuma ana kiransa ''maghrood''. === Malta === A Malta, karamin gurasar da ta fi girma fiye da couscous na yau da kullun an san shi da ''kusksu''. Ana amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin tasa mai suna iri ɗaya, wanda ya haɗa da wake mai faɗi (wanda aka sani a cikin Maltese a matsayin ''ful'') da ġbejniet, nau'in cuku na gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-05 |title=Kusksu - A traditional Maltese soup made with broad beans, peas and giant couscous. |url=https://www.amaltesemouthful.com/kusksu-beautiful-maltese-soup-start-new-year/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=A Maltese Mouthful |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719094532/https://www.amaltesemouthful.com/kusksu-beautiful-maltese-soup-start-new-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Mauritania === A Mauritania, couscous yana amfani da manyan hatsi na alkama (mabroum) kuma yana da duhu fiye da couscoos mai launin rawaya na Morocco. Ana dafa shi tare da ɗan rago, naman sa, ko naman raƙumi tare da kayan lambu, da farko albasa, tumatir, da karoshi, sannan a gauraye shi da sauce kuma a yi shi da ghee, wanda aka sani da dhen. == Irin wannan abinci == Couscous an yi shi ne daga garin alkama da aka niƙa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ko lu'ulu'u, yana mai da shi ya bambanta da pasta, har ma da pasta kamar orzo da risoni na irin wannan girman, wanda aka yi shi daga alkama mai ƙasa kuma ko dai an tsara shi ko kuma an fitar da shi. Couscous da pasta suna da irin wannan darajar abinci mai gina jiki, kodayake pasta yawanci ya fi tsabtacewa.<ref name="notpasta">{{Cite web |last=Shulman |first=Martha Rose |date=23 February 2009 |title=Couscous: Just Don't Call It Pasta |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/23recipehealth.html |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=The New York Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFShulman2009">Shulman, Martha Rose (February 23, 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/23recipehealth.html "Couscous: Just Don't Call It Pasta"]. ''The New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Ana kuma yin jita-jita da yawa a duk duniya daga granules, kamar waɗanda aka mirgine daga gari daga hatsi ko wasu amfanin gona masu tsami * [[Attiéké]], abinci mai mahimmanci a Côte d'Ivoire da yankunan da ke kewaye da Afirka ta Yamma, an yi shi ne daga man shanu mai laushi. * Cuscuz ({{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}{{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}Magana ta Portuguese: []) abinci ne mai kama da couscous daga Yankin Arewa maso gabashin Brazil . {{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}An yi shi da naman masara kuma an ci nama mai zafi tare da sanyi tare da madara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Receitas |url=http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0,6993,EEC533123-1488-4,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129120634/http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0%2C6993%2CEEC533123-1488-4%2C00.html |archive-date=January 29, 2008 |access-date=9 August 2017 |website=revistagloborural.globo.com}}</ref> A cikin jihar [[São Paulo]] ana matse ''cuscuz'' a cikin wani ƙirar da aka yi wa ado da yankan orange, a cikin wani tasa da ake kira "''cuscuz'' Paulista", bambancin asalin da mazauna yankin suka yi bayan raƙuman ƙaura daga yankin Arewa maso gabas. * [[Dambu|Dambou]] abinci ne mai kama da couscous daga Nijar. Ana iya yin shi daga semolina don lokuta na musamman amma galibi ana yin shi da shinkafa, millet, ko wasu hatsi. Ana haɗa ganyen Moringa a al'ada a cikin tasa.<ref name="CCRP">{{Cite web |last=Collaborative Crop Research Program |title=Nutrition for Agriculture: Food Processing 2009-2017 |url=https://www.ccrp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Food-Processing-W.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024011334/https://www.ccrp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Food-Processing-W.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-24 |access-date=May 19, 2022 |publisher=The McKnight Foundation}}</ref> A Faransa, an daidaita wannan abincin na Najeriya a matsayin takamaiman bambancin (wanda ake kira couscous aux épinards) na couscoos na Maghreb-syle da aka saba samu a can, sau da yawa ta amfani da spinach a maimakon moringa.<ref name="rec">{{Cite web |date=June 18, 2017 |title=Couscous aux épinards - Dambou (Niger) |url=https://recettesvegetales.com/couscous-aux-epinards/ |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=Recettes Vegetales}}</ref> * Fregula wani nau'in pasta ne daga Sardinia . Ya yi kama da Berkoukes na Arewacin Afirka da Moghrabieh na Gabas ta Tsakiya . Fregula ya zo a cikin girma daban-daban amma yawanci ya ƙunshi gurasar semolina da aka mirgine cikin kwallaye 2-3 mm a diamita kuma an gasa shi a cikin tanda.&nbsp; * Kouskousaki (Κουσκουσάκι (a cikin Girkanci) ko ''kuskus'' (a cikin Turkiyya) pasta ne daga Girka da Turkiyya, wanda aka tafasa kuma aka yi amfani da shi tare da cuku da walnuts.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Tatsuya M.}}</ref> [[Fayil:Palestinian_couscous.jpg|thumb|Maftoul, nau'in couscous na Palasdinawa wanda aka yi da bulgur.]] * Levant, abincin da aka sani da moghrabieh (wani ma'ana ga yankin Maghreb) yana amfani da wannan garin semolina mai tushe amma an mirgine shi cikin mafi girma (5-6 millimeters (0.20-0.24 in) a diamita) 'perls' don ƙirƙirar abincin da ya shahara a fadin Jordan, Lebanon da Siriya. Ana dafa lu'ulu'u a matsayin wani ɓangare na stew ko kuma a dandana su da cinnamon kuma a ba da su tare da kaza da chickpea. * ''Maftul'' na Palasdinawa yana amfani da ƙwayoyin da suka fi girma fiye da nau'ikan Arewacin Afirka amma karami fiye da lu'ulu'u na moghrabieh (2-3 millimeters (0.079-0.118 in) a diamita) kuma an yi su da bulgur ko [[Simolina]], ko cakuda duka biyun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ottolenghi |first=Yotam |date=April 26, 2013 |title=Yotam Ottolenghi's maftoul recipes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/apr/26/maftoul-couscous-recipes-yotam-ottolenghi |access-date=May 19, 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Hakanan ana ba da shi tare da naman kaza da kaza. "Maftoul" kalma ce ta Larabci da aka samo daga tushen "fa-ta-la," wanda ke nufin mirgina ko karkatarwa, yana kwatanta hanyar mirgina hannu da aka yi amfani da ita don yin granules. * Wusu-Wusu wani couscous ne wanda aka shirya daga fonio a yankin Hausa na Najeriya, Benin, Togo da Ghana . == Abincin da ke da irin wannan sunaye == Couscous na Isra'ila mai laushi ne kuma ba ya raba manyan sinadaran ko hanyar samarwa tare da couscous.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaunt |first=Doram |date=9 May 2008 |title=Ben-Gurion rice |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2008-05-09/ty-article/ben-gurions-rice/0000017f-e310-df7c-a5ff-e37aef0e0000 |website=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * <span class="portalbox-image">[[File:Foodlogo2.svg|alt=icon|class=noviewer|32x32px]]</span><span class="portalbox-link">[[Portal:Food|Tashar abinci]]</span> * Abinci na Arewacin Afirka: Abinci na Morocco, Abinci na Berber, Abinci ya Aljeriya, Abincin Tunisiya, Abinci ta Libya da Abinci na MasarAbincin Masar * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya * Jerin abincin Afirka {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t317den4gllqdepxt55wsauq31o5xsp 0 87634 542936 542454 2024-11-20T06:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Garin Soaking''' sanannen kayan zaki ne [[Ghana|na ƙasar Ghana]] wanda aka yi da [[gari]] (wani gari mai ɗanɗano da aka yi daga tushen tsiron rogo). Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, ana yin ta ne ta hanyar jiƙa ''garin'' a cikin ruwa ko madara.<ref>{{Cite web|last=OgboroGodgirl ❤️|date=2016-06-30|title=GARI SOAKINGS -A GHANAIAN DELICACY|url=https://ecritsketches.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/gari-soakings-a-ghanaian-delicacy/|access-date=2021-04-12|website=OgboroGodgirl ❤️|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=How To Prepare Gari Soakings|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VdyQ-H4IRjU|language=en|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hammond|first=Michael|year=|title=Doctor drops serious warning about gari soakings; says it can cause fever|publisher=Yen.com.gh|publication-place=|page=|url=https://yen.com.gh/amp/144675-doctor-drops-warning-gari-soakings-cancer.html|access-date=2021-04-14|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416091021/https://yen.com.gh/amp/144675-doctor-drops-warning-gari-soakings-cancer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nana |first=Kwame |year= |title=I'm drinking sikafour gari - Serwaa Amihere says as she drinks gari soaking in rare video |publisher=Yen.com.gh |publication-place= |page= |url=https://www.yen.com.gh/amp/136873-nana-aba-anamoah-drops-video-serwaa-amihere-drinking-gari-soakings.html |access-date=2021-04-14 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416142954/https://yen.com.gh/amp/136873-nana-aba-anamoah-drops-video-serwaa-amihere-drinking-gari-soakings.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OgboroGodgirl ❤️ |date=2016-06-30 |title=GARI SOAKINGS -A GHANAIAN DELICACY |url=https://ecritsketches.wordpress.com/2016/06/30/gari-soakings-a-ghanaian-delicacy/ |access-date=2021-04-12 |website=OgboroGodgirl ❤️ |language=en}}</ref> == Sunadarai == * Gari<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=How I make Gari soakings GHANA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLkdBgdiDhs|language=en|access-date=2021-04-12}}</ref> * Suga * Ruwa * Gyaɗa * Madara<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == imioswor9g6v3c1t0vu6dmn0c3ubsr2 0 87642 542567 2024-11-19T12:05:00Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252670271|Moroccan cuisine]]" 542567 wikitext text/x-wiki Abinci na [[Moroko|Maroko]] (Arabic) shine '''Abincin Maroko''', wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar hulɗa da musayar tare da al'adu da kasashe da yawa a cikin ƙarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2007 |title=The Art of Moroccan Cuisine |url=http://fescooking.com/come-cook-with-us/the-art-of-moroccan-cuisine}}</ref> Abincin Maroko yawanci cakuda ne na Larabawa, Berber, Andalusi, da kuma abincin Bahar Rum, tare da ƙananan tasirin Turai (Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya) da kuma yankin Sahara. Kamar sauran [[Abincin Maghrebi]], abincin Maroko yana da alaƙa da Abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya fiye da sauran [[Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika|Afirka]]. A cewar mai dafa abinci na Maroko kuma mai binciken abinci {{Interlanguage link|Hossin Houari|ary|الحسين الهواري}} [ary], tsoffin alamun abinci na Marok da har yanzu ana iya lura da su a yau sun koma na 7 BC.<ref name="moroccanchefs">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Best Moroccan Chefs honored on a TV program, interview with Hossin Houari |url=https://2m.ma/ar/news/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-20190121/ |language=ar,ary}}</ref> An haramta cin naman alade ga Musulmai a Maroko, daidai da dokokin abinci na Islama. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == Maroko tana samar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu masu yawa na Bahar Rum, da kuma kayayyakin wurare masu zafi kamar kwari. Naman da aka saba da shi sun hada da naman sa, awaki, [[Rago|ragon da ɗan rago]], wanda, tare da kaza da abincin teku, suna aiki a matsayin tushe don abinci. Abubuwan da ke da ɗanɗano sun haɗa da lemun tsami, man argan, man shanu da aka adana (smen), Man zaitun, da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa. Babban hatsi a yau shinkafa ne da alkama, ana amfani da su don burodi da couscous, kodayake har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, [[sha'ir]] ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci, musamman a kudu. Ana yawan cin inabi sabo, a matsayin kayan zaki; amfani da ruwan inabi kusan 1 lita ne kawai a kowace shekara. Fatsun dafa abinci na gargajiya shine man shanu da kitsen dabba, kodayake man zaitun yanzu yana maye gurbin su. Ana amfani da man shanu duka sabo, ''zebeda'', da kuma adanawa, ''smen''. == Abincin ɗanɗano == Ana amfani da kayan yaji da Ras el hanout sosai a cikin abincin Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Baharat Spice? - Baharat vs. Ras el Hanout |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-baharat-spice-2355809}}</ref> Kodayake an shigo da wasu kayan yaji zuwa Maroko ta hanyar [[Larabawa]], suna gabatar da tasirin dafa abinci na Farisa da Larabci, sinadaran da yawa - kamar saffron daga Talaouine, mint da zaitun daga [[Ameknas|Meknes]], da orange da lemun tsami daga [[Fas|Fes]] - ana shuka su a gida, kuma ana fitar da su. Bayan [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrissids]] sun kafa [[Fas|Fes]] a cikin 789, wanda ya fi yawa a Al'adun Larabawa, an kawo kayan yaji da yawa daga gabas. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da cinnamon, cumin, turmeric, [[Citta|ginger]], paprika, Coriander, saffron, mace, cloves, fennel, [[Anise]], Nutmeg, Cayenne pepper, fenugreek, caraway, black pepper da sesame seeds. An haɗa kayan yaji ashirin da bakwai don cakuda kayan yaji na Maroko ''Ras el hanout''. Shuke-shuke na yau da kullun a cikin abincin Maroko sun haɗa da mint, parsley, Coriander, Oregon, peppermint, marjoram, verbena, sage da Bay laurel. == Tsarin abinci == [[Fayil:خذنجال_وسلو.jpg|thumb|''Khudenjal'', shayi na ganye wanda ya dogara da ''Alpinia officinarum,'' da nau'ikan selou guda biyu a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] a Marrakesh.]] Kayan cin abincin rana na yau da kullun yana farawa da jerin salads masu zafi da sanyi, sannan ''[[Tajine|tagine]]'' ko dwaz. Sau da yawa, don abinci na yau da kullun, abincin ɗan rago ko kaza na gaba ne, ko couscous da aka rufe da nama da kayan lambu. A al'ada, Maroko suna cin abinci da hannayensu kuma suna amfani da burodi. Amfani da naman alade da barasa ba abu ne mai yawa ba saboda Ƙuntatawa na addini. == Babban abinci == [[Fayil:كسكس_بالخضار_والتفاية.jpg|left|thumb|[[Couscous]] tare da kayan lambu, nama, da ''tfaya'', kayan lambu ne na albasa, ruwan inabi, sukari, man shanu, da cinnamon.]] Babban abincin Maroko da aka fi sani da shi shine [[couscous]]; Ɗan rago shine nama da aka fi cinyewa a Maroko, yawanci ana cinye shi a cikin ''[[Tajine|tagine]]'' tare da zaɓi mai yawa na kayan lambu. Ana amfani da kaza sosai a cikin ''tagines'' ko gasa. Suna kuma amfani da ƙarin sinadaran kamar furotin, ƙwai da aka dafa, da lemun tsami. Kamar abincin su na kasa, ''tagine'' yana da ɗanɗano na musamman na sanannun kayan yaji kamar saffron, cumin, cinnamon, ginger, da cilantro, da kuma jan albasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food, Morocco Travel Guide |url=https://www.desertmoroccoadventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Morocco-Travel-Guide-DMA.pdf |publisher=Desert Morocco Adventure}}</ref> Abinci na Maroko yana da wadataccen abincin teku. An kama pilchard na Turai da yawa amma yana raguwa. Sauran nau'ikan kifi sun haɗa da mackerel, anchovy, sardinella, da mackeral na doki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Sardine FAO 34 |url=http://fisheryimprovementprojects.org/fip/moroccan-sardine-2/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Fishery Improvement Projects}}</ref> Sauran shahararrun abinci na Maroko sune pastilla (wanda aka rubuta ''basteeya'' ko bestilla), <nowiki><i id="mwqw">tanjia</i></nowiki>, da ''rfissa'' . [[Fayil:TAGINE_COOKED_CHICKEN_AND_VEGETABLES_WITH_MINT_TEA_IN_JEMAA_EL_FNA_SQUARE_MARRAKECH_MOROCCO_APRIL_2013_(8704488002).jpg|left|thumb|Kayan kaza da kayan lambu da aka dafa tare da shayi na mint da Khobz el-dâr.]] Babban bangare na abincin yau da kullun shine burodi. Gurasa a Maroko galibi ana yin ta ne daga semolina na alkama da aka sani da <nowiki><i id="mwtw">Khobz</i></nowiki> . Gidajen burodi sun zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Maroko kuma sabo ne mai mahimmanci a kowane birni, gari, da ƙauye. Mafi yawanci shine ƙasa mai laushi mai laushi ko burodi mai farar gari ko baguettes. Har ila yau, akwai gurasa mai laushi da yawa da gurasar da ba a dafa ba. Bugu da kari, akwai nama mai gishiri da nama mai gishirin da aka adana kamar su khlea da g'did (ainihin naman [[Rago|tumaki]]), waɗanda ake amfani da su don dandana ''tagines'' ko amfani da su a cikin el ''Rghaif'', pancake mai ɗanɗano na Maroko. == Soup == ''[[Harira]]'', wani nau'i mai nauyi, ana cinye shi a lokacin hunturu don dumi kuma yawanci ana ba da shi don abincin dare. Yawanci ana cinye shi tare da burodi mai sauƙi ko tare da kwanakin a lokacin watan Ramadan. ''[[Bissara]]'' babban sopo ne na wake wanda kuma ake cinyewa a lokacin watanni masu sanyi na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valenta |first=Kyle |date=June 23, 2016 |title=How to eat breakfast like a local around the world - Provided By Advertising Publications |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nwshowcase/journeys/how-to-eat-breakfast-like-a-local-around-the-world/ |access-date=September 6, 2016 |website=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> Beboush, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, kayan abinci ne na gargajiya a cikin abincin Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Moroccan Cuisine: The Ultimate Guide of the Best 25 foods! |url=https://www.marrakechgo.com/savoring-moroccan-cuisine-moroccan-food/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta hanyar dafa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin broth mai ƙanshi wanda aka haɗa da kayan ƙanshi, gami da kumin, coriander, da mint. [[Fayil:Salade_asortie_Beni_Mellal,_Morocco.jpg|thumb|''Salad asorti'', ya yi aiki a Beni Mellal]] Salad sun hada da kayan lambu da kayan lambobi, ana ba da su zafi ko sanyi.<ref name="zeldes" /> Sun hada da ''Zaalouk,'' aubergine da [[Tumatir|Tumar]] cakuda, da kuma ''Hituka'' (haɗewar tumatir, hayaki mai hayaki, tafarnuwa, da kayan yaji) halayyar biranen Taza da Fes, a cikin Atlas.<ref name="zeldes">{{Cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |date=Jan 12, 2024 |title=Eat this! Zaalouk, a cooked salad from Morocco |url=https://privatedeserttours.com/authentic-moroccan-cuisine/ |website=Authentic Moroccan Cuisine |publisher=Private Desert Tours}}</ref> Wani salatin sanyi ana kiransa ''bakoula'', ko ''khoubiza'', wanda ya kunshi ganyen mallow da aka gasa, amma kuma ana iya yin shi da spinach ko arugula, tare da parsley, cilantro, lemun tsami, man zaitun, da zaitun. == Abincin cin abinci == [[Fayil:Moroccan_cookies_seller_marrakech.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da kukis na gargajiya na Maroko a tsohuwar Madina a Marrakech]] Yawancin lokaci, ana ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa na yanayi maimakon kayan zaki a ƙarshen abinci. Abincin zaki na yau da kullun shine ''kaab da ghzal'' ({{Lang|ar|كعب الغزال}}, ƙafar gaselle), burodi da aka cika da almond paste kuma an rufe shi da sukari. Wani kuma shine ''halwa Chebakia'', gurasar da aka dafa da siffar pretzel, an tsoma shi cikin zuma kuma an yayyafa shi da tsaba na sesame; ana cin shi a lokacin watan Ramadan. ''Jowhara'' abinci ne mai ɗanɗano na musamman na Fes, wanda aka yi da gasawar ''waraq'', cream, da sassan almond. Kayan kwalliya na kwakwa, 'Zucre Coco', ma sanannu ne. == Abincin Ruwa == Maroko tana da fiye da kilomita 3000 na bakin teku. &nbsp;Akwai yalwar kifi a cikin waɗannan ruwan bakin teku tare da sardine yana da mahimmanci a kasuwanci kamar yadda Maroko ita ce babbar mai fitarwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Fishery Products Exports on the World Market |url=https://www.finances.gov.ma/Docs/2012/depf/7405_etude_aout2012.pdf}}</ref> An yi amfani da Sardines a cikin samar da garum a Lixus. A kasuwannin kifi na Maroko, mutum na iya samun sole, swordfish, tuna, turbot, mackerel, shrimp, conger eel, skate, red snapper, spider crab, lobster da kuma nau'ikan mollusks. A cikin abincin Maroko, ana haɗa abincin teku a cikin, da sauransu, tajines, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">bastilla</i></nowiki>, ''briouat'', da ''paella''. [[Fayil:السوق_المركزي_فواكه_البحر.jpg|thumb|Abincin teku don sayarwa a Babban Kasuwar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]]Kasuwar Tsakiya]] == Abin sha == [[Fayil:Moroccan_mint_tea_on_a_traditional_tray.jpg|thumb|shayi na mint na Morocco]] [[Fayil:كرواصن_بيستاش_مع_نص-نص.jpg|thumb|Wani pistachio croissant ya yi aiki tare da ''nuṣ-nuṣ'' ({{Lang|ary|نص-نص}} "rabi-rabi," wani nau'in Moroccan na cafe crème), ya yi aiki a wani cafe a Casablanca.]] Abin sha mafi mashahuri shine shayi na mint na Morocco, wanda ake kira atay. A al'ada, yin shayi mai kyau a Maroko ana ɗaukarsa nau'in fasaha kuma shan shi tare da abokai da iyali sau da yawa al'adar yau da kullun ce. Hanyar zuba ruwa tana da mahimmanci kamar ingancin shayi da kansa. Ginin shayi na Maroko yana da tsawo, gogewa mai laushi kuma wannan yana ba da damar zuba shayi daidai a cikin ƙananan tabarau daga tsawo. Don mafi kyawun dandano, ana cika tabarau a matakai biyu. Marokowa suna son shayi tare da kumfa, don haka yayin da suke zuba suna riƙe da tukunyar shayi sama da tabarau. A ƙarshe, shayi yana tare da sukari mai wuya ko kumfa.[1] Maroko tana da yalwar orange da tangerines, don haka ruwan orange yana da sauƙin samu kuma yana da arha. == Abincin cin abinci da sauri == Sayar da abinci mai sauri a kan titi ya daɗe yana da al'ada, kuma misali mafi kyau shine filin Djemaa el Fna a [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]]. ''Ma'quda'' mai cin nama ne wanda ya shahara tsakanin dalibai da mutanen da ba su da wadata, musamman a [[Fas|Fes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=فيديو.."المعقودة"..تعرف على قصة أشهر أكلة فاسية شعبية.. أكلة " الطلبة وأولاد الشعب" |url=https://www.febrayer.com/679681.html |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=فبراير.كوم {{!}} موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة |language=en-US}}</ref> Farawa a cikin shekarun 1980s, sabbin gidajen cin abinci, da farko a arewa, sun fara ba da bocadillos (kalma ta [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] don sandwich). Kasuwancin Kayan madara da ake kira ''Mhlaba'' ({{Lang|ar|محْلَبة}}), sun zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan shagunan madara gabaɗaya suna ba da kowane nau'in kayan madara, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, smoothies, da kayan gida kamar su bocadillos, ''[[M'semen|Msemmen]]'' da ''harcha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dairy Development in Morocco |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al746e/al746e00.pdf |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> ''Khanz u-bnīn'' ({{Lang|ar|خانز وبنين}} "mai ƙanshi da mai daɗi") sandwich ne mai arha kuma sananne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-10 |title=ربورتاج … عشـاق "خانـز وبنيـن" - جريدة الصباح |url=https://assabah.ma/287880.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=assabah.ma |language=ar}}</ref> Wani shahararren abinci na titi a Maroko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vacation in Morocco |url=https://www.moroccan.vacations/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Moroccan Vacation}}</ref> shine kwari, ana ba da su a cikin ruwan su a cikin ƙananan kwanon rufi, kuma ana cinye su ta amfani da takalmin hakora. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, yawancin kamfanonin abinci masu sauri sun buɗe gidajen cin abinci a manyan birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Food in Morocco |url=http://www.euromonitor.com/fast-food-in-morocco/report |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Euromonitor International}}</ref> == Abinci == Daga cikin wadanda suka kawo abincin Maroko ga masu sauraro da yawa sune mai dafa abinci na TV Choumicha da Al-Amīn al-Hajj Mustafa an-Nakīr, mai dafa abinci ga tsohon sarki na Maroko Hassan II. == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gssqorajttwg4lkloppsynpycw46jc5 542568 542567 2024-11-19T12:05:54Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Abinci na [[Moroko|Maroko]] (Arabic) shine '''Abincin Maroko''', wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar hulɗa da musayar tare da al'adu da kasashe da yawa a cikin ƙarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2007 |title=The Art of Moroccan Cuisine |url=http://fescooking.com/come-cook-with-us/the-art-of-moroccan-cuisine}}</ref> Abincin Maroko yawanci cakuda ne na Larabawa, Berber, Andalusi, da kuma abincin Bahar Rum, tare da ƙananan tasirin Turai (Faransanci da Mutanen Espanya) da kuma yankin Sahara. Kamar sauran [[Abincin Maghrebi]], abincin Maroko yana da alaƙa da Abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya fiye da sauran [[Al'adar nau'ikan abincin afrika|Afirka]]. A cewar mai dafa abinci na Maroko kuma mai binciken abinci {{Interlanguage link|Hossin Houari|ary|الحسين الهواري}} [ary], tsoffin alamun abinci na Marok da har yanzu ana iya lura da su a yau sun koma na 7 BC.<ref name="moroccanchefs">{{Cite web |date=21 January 2019 |title=Best Moroccan Chefs honored on a TV program, interview with Hossin Houari |url=https://2m.ma/ar/news/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-20190121/ |language=ar,ary}}</ref> An haramta cin naman alade ga Musulmai a Maroko, daidai da dokokin abinci na Islama. == Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su == Maroko tana samar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu masu yawa na Bahar Rum, da kuma kayayyakin wurare masu zafi kamar kwari. Naman da aka saba da shi sun hada da naman sa, awaki, [[Rago|ragon da ɗan rago]], wanda, tare da kaza da abincin teku, suna aiki a matsayin tushe don abinci. Abubuwan da ke da ɗanɗano sun haɗa da lemun tsami, man argan, man shanu da aka adana (smen), Man zaitun, da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa. Babban hatsi a yau shinkafa ne da alkama, ana amfani da su don burodi da couscous, kodayake har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20, [[sha'ir]] ya kasance muhimmiyar mahimmanci, musamman a kudu. Ana yawan cin inabi sabo, a matsayin kayan zaki; amfani da ruwan inabi kusan 1 lita ne kawai a kowace shekara. Fatsun dafa abinci na gargajiya shine man shanu da kitsen dabba, kodayake man zaitun yanzu yana maye gurbin su. Ana amfani da man shanu duka sabo, ''zebeda'', da kuma adanawa, ''smen''. == Abincin ɗanɗano == Ana amfani da kayan yaji da Ras el hanout sosai a cikin abincin Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Baharat Spice? - Baharat vs. Ras el Hanout |url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-baharat-spice-2355809}}</ref> Kodayake an shigo da wasu kayan yaji zuwa Maroko ta hanyar [[Larabawa]], suna gabatar da tasirin dafa abinci na Farisa da Larabci, sinadaran da yawa - kamar saffron daga Talaouine, mint da zaitun daga [[Ameknas|Meknes]], da orange da lemun tsami daga [[Fas|Fes]] - ana shuka su a gida, kuma ana fitar da su. Bayan [[Idrisid dynasty|Idrissids]] sun kafa [[Fas|Fes]] a cikin 789, wanda ya fi yawa a Al'adun Larabawa, an kawo kayan yaji da yawa daga gabas. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da cinnamon, cumin, turmeric, [[Citta|ginger]], paprika, Coriander, saffron, mace, cloves, fennel, [[Anise]], Nutmeg, Cayenne pepper, fenugreek, caraway, black pepper da sesame seeds. An haɗa kayan yaji ashirin da bakwai don cakuda kayan yaji na Maroko ''Ras el hanout''. Shuke-shuke na yau da kullun a cikin abincin Maroko sun haɗa da mint, parsley, Coriander, Oregon, peppermint, marjoram, verbena, sage da Bay laurel. == Tsarin abinci == [[Fayil:خذنجال_وسلو.jpg|thumb|''Khudenjal'', shayi na ganye wanda ya dogara da ''Alpinia officinarum,'' da nau'ikan selou guda biyu a [[Jema el-Fnaa|Jemaa el-Fnaa]] a Marrakesh.]] Kayan cin abincin rana na yau da kullun yana farawa da jerin salads masu zafi da sanyi, sannan ''[[Tajine|tagine]]'' ko dwaz. Sau da yawa, don abinci na yau da kullun, abincin ɗan rago ko kaza na gaba ne, ko couscous da aka rufe da nama da kayan lambu. A al'ada, Maroko suna cin abinci da hannayensu kuma suna amfani da burodi. Amfani da naman alade da barasa ba abu ne mai yawa ba saboda Ƙuntatawa na addini. == Babban abinci == [[Fayil:كسكس_بالخضار_والتفاية.jpg|left|thumb|[[Couscous]] tare da kayan lambu, nama, da ''tfaya'', kayan lambu ne na albasa, ruwan inabi, sukari, man shanu, da cinnamon.]] Babban abincin Maroko da aka fi sani da shi shine [[couscous]]; Ɗan rago shine nama da aka fi cinyewa a Maroko, yawanci ana cinye shi a cikin ''[[Tajine|tagine]]'' tare da zaɓi mai yawa na kayan lambu. Ana amfani da kaza sosai a cikin ''tagines'' ko gasa. Suna kuma amfani da ƙarin sinadaran kamar furotin, ƙwai da aka dafa, da lemun tsami. Kamar abincin su na kasa, ''tagine'' yana da ɗanɗano na musamman na sanannun kayan yaji kamar saffron, cumin, cinnamon, ginger, da cilantro, da kuma jan albasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Food, Morocco Travel Guide |url=https://www.desertmoroccoadventure.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Morocco-Travel-Guide-DMA.pdf |publisher=Desert Morocco Adventure}}</ref> Abinci na Maroko yana da wadataccen abincin teku. An kama pilchard na Turai da yawa amma yana raguwa. Sauran nau'ikan kifi sun haɗa da mackerel, anchovy, sardinella, da mackeral na doki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Sardine FAO 34 |url=http://fisheryimprovementprojects.org/fip/moroccan-sardine-2/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Fishery Improvement Projects}}</ref> Sauran shahararrun abinci na Maroko sune pastilla (wanda aka rubuta ''basteeya'' ko bestilla), <nowiki><i id="mwqw">tanjia</i></nowiki>, da ''rfissa'' . [[Fayil:TAGINE_COOKED_CHICKEN_AND_VEGETABLES_WITH_MINT_TEA_IN_JEMAA_EL_FNA_SQUARE_MARRAKECH_MOROCCO_APRIL_2013_(8704488002).jpg|left|thumb|Kayan kaza da kayan lambu da aka dafa tare da shayi na mint da Khobz el-dâr.]] Babban bangare na abincin yau da kullun shine burodi. Gurasa a Maroko galibi ana yin ta ne daga semolina na alkama da aka sani da <nowiki><i id="mwtw">Khobz</i></nowiki> . Gidajen burodi sun zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Maroko kuma sabo ne mai mahimmanci a kowane birni, gari, da ƙauye. Mafi yawanci shine ƙasa mai laushi mai laushi ko burodi mai farar gari ko baguettes. Har ila yau, akwai gurasa mai laushi da yawa da gurasar da ba a dafa ba. Bugu da kari, akwai nama mai gishiri da nama mai gishirin da aka adana kamar su khlea da g'did (ainihin naman [[Rago|tumaki]]), waɗanda ake amfani da su don dandana ''tagines'' ko amfani da su a cikin el ''Rghaif'', pancake mai ɗanɗano na Maroko. == Soup == ''[[Harira]]'', wani nau'i mai nauyi, ana cinye shi a lokacin hunturu don dumi kuma yawanci ana ba da shi don abincin dare. Yawanci ana cinye shi tare da burodi mai sauƙi ko tare da kwanakin a lokacin watan Ramadan. ''[[Bissara]]'' babban sopo ne na wake wanda kuma ake cinyewa a lokacin watanni masu sanyi na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valenta |first=Kyle |date=June 23, 2016 |title=How to eat breakfast like a local around the world - Provided By Advertising Publications |url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nwshowcase/journeys/how-to-eat-breakfast-like-a-local-around-the-world/ |access-date=September 6, 2016 |website=[[The Seattle Times]]}}</ref> Beboush, mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana, kayan abinci ne na gargajiya a cikin abincin Maroko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-26 |title=Moroccan Cuisine: The Ultimate Guide of the Best 25 foods! |url=https://www.marrakechgo.com/savoring-moroccan-cuisine-moroccan-food/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> An yi shi ne ta hanyar dafa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin broth mai ƙanshi wanda aka haɗa da kayan ƙanshi, gami da kumin, coriander, da mint. [[Fayil:Salade_asortie_Beni_Mellal,_Morocco.jpg|thumb|''Salad asorti'', ya yi aiki a Beni Mellal]] Salad sun hada da kayan lambu da kayan lambobi, ana ba da su zafi ko sanyi.<ref name="zeldes" /> Sun hada da ''Zaalouk,'' aubergine da [[Tumatir|Tumar]] cakuda, da kuma ''Hituka'' (haɗewar tumatir, hayaki mai hayaki, tafarnuwa, da kayan yaji) halayyar biranen Taza da Fes, a cikin Atlas.<ref name="zeldes">{{Cite web |last=Zeldes |first=Leah A. |date=Jan 12, 2024 |title=Eat this! Zaalouk, a cooked salad from Morocco |url=https://privatedeserttours.com/authentic-moroccan-cuisine/ |website=Authentic Moroccan Cuisine |publisher=Private Desert Tours}}</ref> Wani salatin sanyi ana kiransa ''bakoula'', ko ''khoubiza'', wanda ya kunshi ganyen mallow da aka gasa, amma kuma ana iya yin shi da spinach ko arugula, tare da parsley, cilantro, lemun tsami, man zaitun, da zaitun. == Abincin cin abinci == [[Fayil:Moroccan_cookies_seller_marrakech.jpg|thumb|Mai sayar da kukis na gargajiya na Maroko a tsohuwar Madina a Marrakech]] Yawancin lokaci, ana ba da 'ya'yan itatuwa na yanayi maimakon kayan zaki a ƙarshen abinci. Abincin zaki na yau da kullun shine ''kaab da ghzal'' ({{Lang|ar|كعب الغزال}}, ƙafar gaselle), burodi da aka cika da almond paste kuma an rufe shi da sukari. Wani kuma shine ''halwa Chebakia'', gurasar da aka dafa da siffar pretzel, an tsoma shi cikin zuma kuma an yayyafa shi da tsaba na sesame; ana cin shi a lokacin watan Ramadan. ''Jowhara'' abinci ne mai ɗanɗano na musamman na Fes, wanda aka yi da gasawar ''waraq'', cream, da sassan almond. Kayan kwalliya na kwakwa, 'Zucre Coco', ma sanannu ne. == Abincin Ruwa == Maroko tana da fiye da kilomita 3000 na bakin teku. &nbsp;Akwai yalwar kifi a cikin waɗannan ruwan bakin teku tare da sardine yana da mahimmanci a kasuwanci kamar yadda Maroko ita ce babbar mai fitarwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moroccan Fishery Products Exports on the World Market |url=https://www.finances.gov.ma/Docs/2012/depf/7405_etude_aout2012.pdf}}</ref> An yi amfani da Sardines a cikin samar da garum a Lixus. A kasuwannin kifi na Maroko, mutum na iya samun sole, swordfish, tuna, turbot, mackerel, shrimp, conger eel, skate, red snapper, spider crab, lobster da kuma nau'ikan mollusks. A cikin abincin Maroko, ana haɗa abincin teku a cikin, da sauransu, tajines, <nowiki><i id="mwARQ">bastilla</i></nowiki>, ''briouat'', da ''paella''. [[Fayil:السوق_المركزي_فواكه_البحر.jpg|thumb|Abincin teku don sayarwa a Babban Kasuwar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]]Kasuwar Tsakiya]] == Abin sha == [[Fayil:Moroccan_mint_tea_on_a_traditional_tray.jpg|thumb|shayi na mint na Morocco]] [[Fayil:كرواصن_بيستاش_مع_نص-نص.jpg|thumb|Wani pistachio croissant ya yi aiki tare da ''nuṣ-nuṣ'' ({{Lang|ary|نص-نص}} "rabi-rabi," wani nau'in Moroccan na cafe crème), ya yi aiki a wani cafe a Casablanca.]] Abin sha mafi mashahuri shine shayi na mint na Morocco, wanda ake kira atay. A al'ada, yin shayi mai kyau a Maroko ana ɗaukarsa nau'in fasaha kuma shan shi tare da abokai da iyali sau da yawa al'adar yau da kullun ce. Hanyar zuba ruwa tana da mahimmanci kamar ingancin shayi da kansa. Ginin shayi na Maroko yana da tsawo, gogewa mai laushi kuma wannan yana ba da damar zuba shayi daidai a cikin ƙananan tabarau daga tsawo. Don mafi kyawun dandano, ana cika tabarau a matakai biyu. Marokowa suna son shayi tare da kumfa, don haka yayin da suke zuba suna riƙe da tukunyar shayi sama da tabarau. A ƙarshe, shayi yana tare da sukari mai wuya ko kumfa.[1] Maroko tana da yalwar orange da tangerines, don haka ruwan orange yana da sauƙin samu kuma yana da arha. == Abincin cin abinci da sauri == Sayar da abinci mai sauri a kan titi ya daɗe yana da al'ada, kuma misali mafi kyau shine filin Djemaa el Fna a [[Marrakesh|Marrakech]]. ''Ma'quda'' mai cin nama ne wanda ya shahara tsakanin dalibai da mutanen da ba su da wadata, musamman a [[Fas|Fes]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-11-07 |title=فيديو.."المعقودة"..تعرف على قصة أشهر أكلة فاسية شعبية.. أكلة " الطلبة وأولاد الشعب" |url=https://www.febrayer.com/679681.html |access-date=2021-11-09 |website=فبراير.كوم {{!}} موقع مغربي إخباري شامل يتجدد على مدار الساعة |language=en-US}}</ref> Farawa a cikin shekarun 1980s, sabbin gidajen cin abinci, da farko a arewa, sun fara ba da bocadillos (kalma ta [[Yaren Sifen|Mutanen Espanya]] don sandwich). Kasuwancin Kayan madara da ake kira ''Mhlaba'' ({{Lang|ar|محْلَبة}}), sun zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wadannan shagunan madara gabaɗaya suna ba da kowane nau'in kayan madara, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, smoothies, da kayan gida kamar su bocadillos, ''[[M'semen|Msemmen]]'' da ''harcha''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dairy Development in Morocco |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al746e/al746e00.pdf |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization}}</ref> ''Khanz u-bnīn'' ({{Lang|ar|خانز وبنين}} "mai ƙanshi da mai daɗi") sandwich ne mai arha kuma sananne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-10 |title=ربورتاج … عشـاق "خانـز وبنيـن" - جريدة الصباح |url=https://assabah.ma/287880.html |access-date=2021-03-15 |website=assabah.ma |language=ar}}</ref> Wani shahararren abinci na titi a Maroko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vacation in Morocco |url=https://www.moroccan.vacations/ |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Moroccan Vacation}}</ref> shine kwari, ana ba da su a cikin ruwan su a cikin ƙananan kwanon rufi, kuma ana cinye su ta amfani da takalmin hakora. A ƙarshen shekarun 1990s, yawancin kamfanonin abinci masu sauri sun buɗe gidajen cin abinci a manyan birane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fast Food in Morocco |url=http://www.euromonitor.com/fast-food-in-morocco/report |access-date=10 May 2016 |publisher=Euromonitor International}}</ref> == Abinci == Daga cikin wadanda suka kawo abincin Maroko ga masu sauraro da yawa sune mai dafa abinci na TV Choumicha da Al-Amīn al-Hajj Mustafa an-Nakīr, mai dafa abinci ga tsohon sarki na Maroko Hassan II. == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mexync7e4aa9kq0xpduu6vfmwmxuzcj 0 87643 542569 2024-11-19T12:09:17Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1223557179|Mauritanian cuisine]]" 542569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:CouscousDromadaire.jpg|thumb|Kamel couscous, wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin alfarwa a cikin dunes na Ajouer (Mauritania) ]] [[Fayil:LocationMauritania.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]]] '''Abinci Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware.[1] An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. [1] [2] A na [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]''' ya haɗa da ayyukan abinci na Mauritania. A tarihi, abin da ke yanzu Mauritania ya sami rinjaye daga [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da mutanen [[Afirka]] waɗanda suka zauna kuma suka ratsa yanayin "taurari" da aka yi alama da dunes na hamadar Sahara a cikin caravans. Akwai haɗuwa da [[Abincin Maroko]] a arewa da [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] a kudu.<ref name="guard" /> Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware. An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. <ref name="guard" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania - World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222235216/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> Ana cinye shayi na mint a ko'ina <ref name="guard" /> kuma ana zuba shi daga tsawo don ƙirƙirar kumfa. <ref name="communal" /> A al'ada, ana cin abinci a cikin jama'a.<ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}</ref> == Abincin == [[Fayil:Mechoui.jpg|thumb|''Mechoui'']] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Thieboudienne a Mauritania]] Abinci na gargajiya na Mauritania sun hada da: * Thieboudienne (cheb-u-jin), abincin bakin teku na kifi da shinkafa, ana ɗaukarsa Abincin ƙasa Mauritania, ana ba da shi a cikin farin da ja, yawanci ana yin shi da tumatir <ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 "Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania"]. ''Thekitchn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Mechoui'', ɗan rago da aka gasa * Samak mutabal (kifi mai ɗanɗano) * 'araz Bialkhadrawat (shinkafa tare da kayan lambu) * Kwallon kifi * Kifi da aka bushe * Kashe nama * [[Couscous]] * Goat da aka cika da shinkafa * [[Raƙumi]] (baƙon abu) <ref name="guard" /> (an yi shi daga dromedaries) * Cuku na Caravane * ''Yassa'' poulet, rotisserie na ''kaza'' tare da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su a kan fries ko shinkafa na Faransa, asalin abincin Senegal ne daga kabilun Wolof da [[Fulani|Pulaar]] * ''Mahfe'', naman awaki ko raƙumi a cikin man shanu, [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da sauce na tumatir, ana ba da shi a kan shinkafa kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da nama ba (don masu cin ganyayyaki) <ref name="communal" /> * Kifi na ''Yassa'' <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Hakko'', sauce da aka yi da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su tare da wake a kan couscous <ref name="communal" /> * ''Lakh'', cuku curds ko yogurt tare da kwakwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan shinkafa mai zaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Mauritanienne Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225538/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Marolaym'', tukunya ɗaya na ɗan rago ko naman awaki tare da shinkafa a cikin tushen albasa <ref name="celt" /> * Alkama mai ƙwayoyin cuta tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace <ref name="celt" /> * Maru we-llham, nama tare da shinkafa da kayan lambu <ref name="celt" /> * terrine Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''Chubbagin na raƙumi'', stew <ref name="celt" /> * ''Cherchem'', ɗan rago na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * Chubbagin lélé da raabie, stew na kifi <ref name="celt" /> * Abincin kifi <ref name="celt" /> * vermicelli na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''[[Harira]]'', abincin soya <ref name="celt" /> * Steak na Mauritania da kwakwa <ref name="celt" /> * ''Banaf'', nama da kayan lambu<ref name="celt" /> * ''Leksour'', pancakes na Mauritania tare da nama da kayan lambu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanian-style Pancakes with Sauce (Leksour) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230104/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Bonava'', stew na ɗan rago <ref name="celt" /> * Al-Aïch, kaza, wake da couscous <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken, Beans and Couscous (Al-Aïch) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231728/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> === Abin sha === * Yin shayi * Zrig, madara ko ruwa da aka gauraya da madara mai yisti * Abin sha na 'ya'yan itace na [[Kuka|Baobab]] (ya'yan itatuwa) <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php "Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine"]. Archived from [http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php the original] on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Abin sha na [[Zobo|Roselle]] (''Bissap'') <ref name="celt" /> * Sadza (kayan kwalliya) == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Abincin Larabawa * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maroko]] * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] == Manazarta == a0j8tjqfiklfvky90aebey52v1vb575 542570 542569 2024-11-19T12:10:32Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:CouscousDromadaire.jpg|thumb|Kamel couscous, wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin alfarwa a cikin dunes na Ajouer (Mauritania) ]] [[Fayil:LocationMauritania.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]]] '''Abinci[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]''' ya haɗa da ayyukan abinci na Mauritania. A tarihi, abin da ke yanzu Mauritania ya sami rinjaye daga [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da mutanen [[Afirka]] waɗanda suka zauna kuma suka ratsa yanayin "taurari" da aka yi alama da dunes na hamadar Sahara a cikin caravans. Akwai haɗuwa da [[Abincin Maroko]] a arewa da [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] a kudu.<ref name="guard" /> Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware. An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. <ref name="guard" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania - World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222235216/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> Ana cinye shayi na mint a ko'ina <ref name="guard" /> kuma ana zuba shi daga tsawo don ƙirƙirar kumfa. <ref name="communal" /> A al'ada, ana cin abinci a cikin jama'a.<ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}</ref> == Abincin == [[Fayil:Mechoui.jpg|thumb|''Mechoui'']] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Thieboudienne a Mauritania]] Abinci na gargajiya na Mauritania sun hada da: * Thieboudienne (cheb-u-jin), abincin bakin teku na kifi da shinkafa, ana ɗaukarsa Abincin ƙasa Mauritania, ana ba da shi a cikin farin da ja, yawanci ana yin shi da tumatir <ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 "Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania"]. ''Thekitchn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Mechoui'', ɗan rago da aka gasa * Samak mutabal (kifi mai ɗanɗano) * 'araz Bialkhadrawat (shinkafa tare da kayan lambu) * Kwallon kifi * Kifi da aka bushe * Kashe nama * [[Couscous]] * Goat da aka cika da shinkafa * [[Raƙumi]] (baƙon abu) <ref name="guard" /> (an yi shi daga dromedaries) * Cuku na Caravane * ''Yassa'' poulet, rotisserie na ''kaza'' tare da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su a kan fries ko shinkafa na Faransa, asalin abincin Senegal ne daga kabilun Wolof da [[Fulani|Pulaar]] * ''Mahfe'', naman awaki ko raƙumi a cikin man shanu, [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da sauce na tumatir, ana ba da shi a kan shinkafa kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da nama ba (don masu cin ganyayyaki) <ref name="communal" /> * Kifi na ''Yassa'' <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Hakko'', sauce da aka yi da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su tare da wake a kan couscous <ref name="communal" /> * ''Lakh'', cuku curds ko yogurt tare da kwakwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan shinkafa mai zaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Mauritanienne Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225538/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Marolaym'', tukunya ɗaya na ɗan rago ko naman awaki tare da shinkafa a cikin tushen albasa <ref name="celt" /> * Alkama mai ƙwayoyin cuta tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace <ref name="celt" /> * Maru we-llham, nama tare da shinkafa da kayan lambu <ref name="celt" /> * terrine Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''Chubbagin na raƙumi'', stew <ref name="celt" /> * ''Cherchem'', ɗan rago na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * Chubbagin lélé da raabie, stew na kifi <ref name="celt" /> * Abincin kifi <ref name="celt" /> * vermicelli na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''[[Harira]]'', abincin soya <ref name="celt" /> * Steak na Mauritania da kwakwa <ref name="celt" /> * ''Banaf'', nama da kayan lambu<ref name="celt" /> * ''Leksour'', pancakes na Mauritania tare da nama da kayan lambu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanian-style Pancakes with Sauce (Leksour) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230104/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Bonava'', stew na ɗan rago <ref name="celt" /> * Al-Aïch, kaza, wake da couscous <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken, Beans and Couscous (Al-Aïch) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231728/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> === Abin sha === * Yin shayi * Zrig, madara ko ruwa da aka gauraya da madara mai yisti * Abin sha na 'ya'yan itace na [[Kuka|Baobab]] (ya'yan itatuwa) <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php "Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine"]. Archived from [http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php the original] on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Abin sha na [[Zobo|Roselle]] (''Bissap'') <ref name="celt" /> * Sadza (kayan kwalliya) == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Abincin Larabawa * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maroko]] * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] == Manazarta == ohmejdhrcgswh9ls7afe0sp24g2s2m2 542571 542570 2024-11-19T12:11:40Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:CouscousDromadaire.jpg|thumb|Kamel couscous, wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin alfarwa a cikin dunes na Ajouer (Mauritania) ]] [[Fayil:LocationMauritania.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]]] '''Abinci[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]''' ya haɗa da ayyukan abinci na Mauritania. A tarihi, abin da ke yanzu Mauritania ya sami rinjaye daga [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da mutanen [[Afirka]] waɗanda suka zauna kuma suka ratsa yanayin "taurari" da aka yi alama da dunes na hamadar Sahara a cikin caravans. Akwai haɗuwa da [[Abincin Maroko]] a arewa da [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] a kudu. Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware. An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. <ref name="guard" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania - World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222235216/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> Ana cinye shayi na mint a ko'ina zuba shi daga tsawo don ƙirƙirar kumfa. A al'ada, ana cin abinci a cikin jama'a.<ref> name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}</ref> == Abincin == [[Fayil:Mechoui.jpg|thumb|''Mechoui'']] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Thieboudienne a Mauritania]] Abinci na gargajiya na Mauritania sun hada da: * Thieboudienne (cheb-u-jin), abincin bakin teku na kifi da shinkafa, ana ɗaukarsa Abincin ƙasa Mauritania, ana ba da shi a cikin farin da ja, yawanci ana yin shi da tumatir <ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 "Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania"]. ''Thekitchn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Mechoui'', ɗan rago da aka gasa * Samak mutabal (kifi mai ɗanɗano) * 'araz Bialkhadrawat (shinkafa tare da kayan lambu) * Kwallon kifi * Kifi da aka bushe * Kashe nama * [[Couscous]] * Goat da aka cika da shinkafa * [[Raƙumi]] (baƙon abu) <ref name="guard" /> (an yi shi daga dromedaries) * Cuku na Caravane * ''Yassa'' poulet, rotisserie na ''kaza'' tare da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su a kan fries ko shinkafa na Faransa, asalin abincin Senegal ne daga kabilun Wolof da [[Fulani|Pulaar]] * ''Mahfe'', naman awaki ko raƙumi a cikin man shanu, [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da sauce na tumatir, ana ba da shi a kan shinkafa kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da nama ba (don masu cin ganyayyaki) <ref name="communal" /> * Kifi na ''Yassa'' <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Hakko'', sauce da aka yi da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su tare da wake a kan couscous <ref name="communal" /> * ''Lakh'', cuku curds ko yogurt tare da kwakwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan shinkafa mai zaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Mauritanienne Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225538/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Marolaym'', tukunya ɗaya na ɗan rago ko naman awaki tare da shinkafa a cikin tushen albasa <ref name="celt" /> * Alkama mai ƙwayoyin cuta tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace <ref name="celt" /> * Maru we-llham, nama tare da shinkafa da kayan lambu <ref name="celt" /> * terrine Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''Chubbagin na raƙumi'', stew <ref name="celt" /> * ''Cherchem'', ɗan rago na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * Chubbagin lélé da raabie, stew na kifi <ref name="celt" /> * Abincin kifi <ref name="celt" /> * vermicelli na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''[[Harira]]'', abincin soya <ref name="celt" /> * Steak na Mauritania da kwakwa <ref name="celt" /> * ''Banaf'', nama da kayan lambu<ref name="celt" /> * ''Leksour'', pancakes na Mauritania tare da nama da kayan lambu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanian-style Pancakes with Sauce (Leksour) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230104/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Bonava'', stew na ɗan rago <ref name="celt" /> * Al-Aïch, kaza, wake da couscous <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken, Beans and Couscous (Al-Aïch) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231728/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> === Abin sha === * Yin shayi * Zrig, madara ko ruwa da aka gauraya da madara mai yisti * Abin sha na 'ya'yan itace na [[Kuka|Baobab]] (ya'yan itatuwa) <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php "Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine"]. Archived from [http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php the original] on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Abin sha na [[Zobo|Roselle]] (''Bissap'') <ref name="celt" /> * Sadza (kayan kwalliya) == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Abincin Larabawa * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maroko]] * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] == Manazarta == ly1nfqhoatz9zudnr29g5lc359lsvtc 542572 542571 2024-11-19T12:12:22Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:CouscousDromadaire.jpg|thumb|Kamel couscous, wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin alfarwa a cikin dunes na Ajouer (Mauritania) ]] [[Fayil:LocationMauritania.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]]] '''Abinci[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]''' ya haɗa da ayyukan abinci na Mauritania. A tarihi, abin da ke yanzu Mauritania ya sami rinjaye daga [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da mutanen [[Afirka]] waɗanda suka zauna kuma suka ratsa yanayin "taurari" da aka yi alama da dunes na hamadar Sahara a cikin caravans. Akwai haɗuwa da [[Abincin Maroko]] a arewa da [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] a kudu. Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware. An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania - World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222235216/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> Ana cinye shayi na mint a ko'ina zuba shi daga tsawo don ƙirƙirar kumfa. A al'ada, ana cin abinci a cikin jama'a.<ref> name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}</ref> == Abincin == [[Fayil:Mechoui.jpg|thumb|''Mechoui'']] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Thieboudienne a Mauritania]] Abinci na gargajiya na Mauritania sun hada da: * Thieboudienne (cheb-u-jin), abincin bakin teku na kifi da shinkafa, ana ɗaukarsa Abincin ƙasa Mauritania, ana ba da shi a cikin farin da ja, yawanci ana yin shi da tumatir <ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 "Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania"]. ''Thekitchn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Mechoui'', ɗan rago da aka gasa * Samak mutabal (kifi mai ɗanɗano) * 'araz Bialkhadrawat (shinkafa tare da kayan lambu) * Kwallon kifi * Kifi da aka bushe * Kashe nama * [[Couscous]] * Goat da aka cika da shinkafa * [[Raƙumi]] (baƙon abu) <ref name="guard" /> (an yi shi daga dromedaries) * Cuku na Caravane * ''Yassa'' poulet, rotisserie na ''kaza'' tare da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su a kan fries ko shinkafa na Faransa, asalin abincin Senegal ne daga kabilun Wolof da [[Fulani|Pulaar]] * ''Mahfe'', naman awaki ko raƙumi a cikin man shanu, [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da sauce na tumatir, ana ba da shi a kan shinkafa kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da nama ba (don masu cin ganyayyaki) <ref name="communal" /> * Kifi na ''Yassa'' <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Hakko'', sauce da aka yi da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su tare da wake a kan couscous <ref name="communal" /> * ''Lakh'', cuku curds ko yogurt tare da kwakwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan shinkafa mai zaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Mauritanienne Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225538/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Marolaym'', tukunya ɗaya na ɗan rago ko naman awaki tare da shinkafa a cikin tushen albasa <ref name="celt" /> * Alkama mai ƙwayoyin cuta tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace <ref name="celt" /> * Maru we-llham, nama tare da shinkafa da kayan lambu <ref name="celt" /> * terrine Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''Chubbagin na raƙumi'', stew <ref name="celt" /> * ''Cherchem'', ɗan rago na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * Chubbagin lélé da raabie, stew na kifi <ref name="celt" /> * Abincin kifi <ref name="celt" /> * vermicelli na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''[[Harira]]'', abincin soya <ref name="celt" /> * Steak na Mauritania da kwakwa <ref name="celt" /> * ''Banaf'', nama da kayan lambu<ref name="celt" /> * ''Leksour'', pancakes na Mauritania tare da nama da kayan lambu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanian-style Pancakes with Sauce (Leksour) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230104/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Bonava'', stew na ɗan rago <ref name="celt" /> * Al-Aïch, kaza, wake da couscous <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken, Beans and Couscous (Al-Aïch) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231728/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> === Abin sha === * Yin shayi * Zrig, madara ko ruwa da aka gauraya da madara mai yisti * Abin sha na 'ya'yan itace na [[Kuka|Baobab]] (ya'yan itatuwa) <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php "Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine"]. Archived from [http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php the original] on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Abin sha na [[Zobo|Roselle]] (''Bissap'') <ref name="celt" /> * Sadza (kayan kwalliya) == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Abincin Larabawa * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maroko]] * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] == Manazarta == cntzwshmfp8fzent18c35clj6lax6ew 542573 542572 2024-11-19T12:14:54Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Abincin */ 542573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:CouscousDromadaire.jpg|thumb|Kamel couscous, wanda aka yi a ƙarƙashin alfarwa a cikin dunes na Ajouer (Mauritania) ]] [[Fayil:LocationMauritania.svg|thumb|Wurin [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]]] '''Abinci[[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]''' ya haɗa da ayyukan abinci na Mauritania. A tarihi, abin da ke yanzu Mauritania ya sami rinjaye daga [[Larabawa]], [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] da mutanen [[Afirka]] waɗanda suka zauna kuma suka ratsa yanayin "taurari" da aka yi alama da dunes na hamadar Sahara a cikin caravans. Akwai haɗuwa da [[Abincin Maroko]] a arewa da [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] a kudu. Tasirin mulkin mallaka na Faransa (Mauritania ya kasance mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960) ya kuma taka rawar gani wajen rinjayar abincin ƙasar da ke ware. An haramta barasa a cikin addinin musulmi kuma sayar da shi ya iyakance ga otal-otal. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania - World Travel Guide |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222235216/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/mauritania/food-and-drink |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Worldtravelguide.net}}</ref> Ana cinye shayi na mint a ko'ina zuba shi daga tsawo don ƙirƙirar kumfa. A al'ada, ana cin abinci a cikin jama'a.<ref> name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}</ref> == Abincin == [[Fayil:Mechoui.jpg|thumb|''Mechoui'']] [[Fayil:Thieboudienne_Mauritanienne.jpg|thumb|Thieboudienne a Mauritania]] Abinci na gargajiya na Mauritania sun hada da: * Thieboudienne (cheb-u-jin), abincin bakin teku na kifi da shinkafa, ana ɗaukarsa Abincin ƙasa Mauritania, ana ba da shi a cikin farin da ja, yawanci ana yin shi da tumatir <ref name="communal">{{Cite web |title=Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania |url=http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 |access-date=25 August 2017 |website=Thekitchn.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.thekitchn.com/5-dishes-from-mauritania-122092 "Five Communal Dishes from Mauritania"]. ''Thekitchn.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> * ''Mechoui'', ɗan rago da aka gasa * Samak mutabal (kifi mai ɗanɗano) * 'araz Bialkhadrawat (shinkafa tare da kayan lambu) * Kwallon kifi * Kifi da aka bushe * Kashe nama * [[Couscous]] * Goat da aka cika da shinkafa * [[Raƙumi]] (baƙon abu) (an yi shi daga dromedaries) * Cuku na Caravane * ''Yassa'' poulet, rotisserie na ''kaza'' tare da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su a kan fries ko shinkafa na Faransa, asalin abincin Senegal ne daga kabilun Wolof da [[Fulani|Pulaar]] * ''Mahfe'', naman awaki ko raƙumi a cikin man shanu, [[Kuɓewa|okra]] da sauce na tumatir, ana ba da shi a kan shinkafa kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da nama ba (don masu cin ganyayyaki) * Kifi na ''Yassa'' <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Hakko'', sauce da aka yi da kayan lambu da aka yi amfani da su tare da wake a kan couscous <ref name="communal" /> * ''Lakh'', cuku curds ko yogurt tare da kwakwa da aka yi amfani da shi a kan shinkafa mai zaki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakh Mauritanienne Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201225538/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-lakh-mauritiene |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Marolaym'', tukunya ɗaya na ɗan rago ko naman awaki tare da shinkafa a cikin tushen albasa <ref name="celt" /> * Alkama mai ƙwayoyin cuta tare da busassun 'ya'yan itace <ref name="celt" /> * Maru we-llham, nama tare da shinkafa da kayan lambu <ref name="celt" /> * terrine Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''Chubbagin na raƙumi'', stew <ref name="celt" /> * ''Cherchem'', ɗan rago na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * Chubbagin lélé da raabie, stew na kifi <ref name="celt" /> * Abincin kifi <ref name="celt" /> * vermicelli na Mauritania <ref name="celt" /> * ''[[Harira]]'', abincin soya <ref name="celt" /> * Steak na Mauritania da kwakwa <ref name="celt" /> * ''Banaf'', nama da kayan lambu<ref name="celt" /> * ''Leksour'', pancakes na Mauritania tare da nama da kayan lambu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritanian-style Pancakes with Sauce (Leksour) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201230104/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-leksour |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> * ''Bonava'', stew na ɗan rago <ref name="celt" /> * Al-Aïch, kaza, wake da couscous <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicken, Beans and Couscous (Al-Aïch) Recipe from Mauritania |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231728/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-al-aich |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}</ref> === Abin sha === * Yin shayi * Zrig, madara ko ruwa da aka gauraya da madara mai yisti * Abin sha na 'ya'yan itace na [[Kuka|Baobab]] (ya'yan itatuwa) <ref name="celt">{{Cite web |title=Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine |url=http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-28}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201231716/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php "Recipes from Mauritania Home Page, Mauritanian Cuisine"]. Archived from [http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/mauritania.php the original] on 2014-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Abin sha na [[Zobo|Roselle]] (''Bissap'') <ref name="celt" /> * Sadza (kayan kwalliya) == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Abincin Larabawa * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maroko]] * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] == Manazarta == 5pmurh8neuntp3p95kzvloqw6v4bik6 0 87644 542574 2024-11-19T12:16:49Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252914915|Briouat]]" 542574 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''briouat''' ko '''briwat''' (Arabic) abinci ne mai dadi ko mai ɗanɗano. Yana daga cikin [[Abincin Maroko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALL ABOUT MOROCCAN FOOD - CULINARY BLOG BY RESTAURANT RIAD MONCEAU |url=http://www.riad-monceau.com/about-moroccan-food |access-date=2017-10-01 |website=www.riad-monceau.com |language=en-US}}</ref>Ana cika Briouats da nama (yawanci kaza ko Ɗan rago) ko kifi da shrimp, gauraye da [[cuku]], [[lemun tsami]] da albasa. An lulluɓe su cikin warqa (mai laushi mai laushi) a cikin siffar triangular ko cylindrical. Briouats kuma na iya zama mai dadi, cike da almond ko man shanu kuma a soya shi, sannan a tsoma shi cikin zuma mai dumi da aka ɗanɗana da ruwan orange. Ana soya briouats ko yin burodi sannan a yayyafa su da ganye, kayan yaji kuma wani lokacin da sukari. == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] == Manazarta == fuuvuq35z3y6yo8tmyu4mfc2f59kidj 542575 542574 2024-11-19T12:17:34Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''briouat''' ko '''briwat''' (Arabic) abinci ne mai dadi ko mai ɗanɗano. Yana daga cikin [[Abincin Maroko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALL ABOUT MOROCCAN FOOD - CULINARY BLOG BY RESTAURANT RIAD MONCEAU |url=http://www.riad-monceau.com/about-moroccan-food |access-date=2017-10-01 |website=www.riad-monceau.com |language=en-US}}</ref>Ana cika Briouats da nama (yawanci kaza ko Ɗan rago) ko kifi da shrimp, gauraye da [[cuku]], [[lemun tsami]] da albasa. An lulluɓe su cikin warqa (mai laushi mai laushi) a cikin siffar triangular ko cylindrical. Briouats kuma na iya zama mai dadi, cike da almond ko man shanu kuma a soya shi, sannan a tsoma shi cikin zuma mai dumi da aka ɗanɗana da ruwan orange. Ana soya briouats ko yin burodi sannan a yayyafa su da ganye, kayan yaji kuma wani lokacin da sukari. == Duba sauran bayanai ==   * Jerin kekuna * Jerin abincin Afirka * [[Abincin Maghrebi]] == Manazarta == e2aj7bhkxyw04cnill30qgia8arllep 0 87645 542576 2024-11-19T12:22:08Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252538941|Maghrebi mint tea]]" 542576 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Tunisian_Tea_with_pine_nuts.jpg|thumb|Tunisian mint shayi da aka yi da kwayoyi]] Maghrebi mint tea (Maghrebi ; Larabci: الشاي flax, aš-šhāy bin-na'nā' <ref>{{Cite web |last=هي |first=مجلة |date=2020-02-24 |title=ما هي فوائد الشاي المغربي |url=https://www.hiamag.com/node/1152986 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=مجلة هي |language=ar}}</ref>), wanda aka fi sani da Moroccan mint tea da Algeria mint tea, shiri ne na [[Arewacin Afirka]] na gunpowder green tea tare da spearmint ganye da sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art of Moroccan Mint Tea and How to Brew It |url=http://www.organicauthority.com/eco-chic-table/the-art-of-moroccan-mint-tea-and-how-to-brew-it.html |access-date=2016-10-21 |website=Organic Authority}}</ref> Yana da al'ada ga yankin Greater Maghreb (kasashen arewa maso yammacin Afirka na Morocco, [[Aljeriya]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouayed |first=Fatima-Zohra |date=1970 |title=La cuisine algérienne |url=https://www.abebooks.com/cuisine-alg%C3%A9rienne-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Temps-Actuels/31073983930/bd |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=www.abebooks.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finn |first=Rachel |date=2007-05-01 |title=Gâteaux Algériens: A Love Affair |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/7/2/78/47346/Gaateaux-Algeeriens-A-Love-Affair |journal=Gastronomica |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.78 |issn=1529-3262}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BENAYOUN |first=JOËLLE ALLOUCHE |date=1983 |title=Les pratiques culinaires: lieux de mémoire, facteur d'identité |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41285309 |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |volume=49 |issue=9/12 |pages=629 |issn=0033-9792 |jstor=41285309}}</ref> [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]). Amfani da shi ya bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka, sassan [[Sahel]], [[Faransa]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Duniyar Larabawa, da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Yin shayi yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Maghreb . kuma ya shahara sosai a tsakanin [[Buzaye|Mutanen Tuareg]] na Aljeriya, Libya, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernus |first=Edmond |date=1978 |title=Les Touaregs: Pasteurs et guerriers des sables |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers18-05/21704.pdf |journal=Berger-Levrault S.A}}</ref> Sabis ɗin na iya ɗaukar nau'in bikin, musamman idan aka shirya don baƙo. A al'adance ana yin shayi ne ta hanyar shugaban namiji a cikin iyali kuma ana miƙa shi ga baƙi a matsayin alamar karɓar baƙi. Yawanci, ana ba da akalla gilashin shayi guda uku. Ana cin shayi a ko'ina cikin rana a matsayin aikin zamantakewa. <ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> Na'native spearmint ''naʿnāʿ'' ({{Lang|ar|نعناع}}) yana da haske, mai ƙanshi, mai ɗanɗano, kuma shine mint wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin shayi na mint na Maghrebi. Sauran hybrids da cultivars na spearmint, gami da yerba buena, ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a matsayin maye gurbin nana mint. A Maroko, ana yin shayi na mint a wasu lokuta tare da ganye, furanni, ko ruwan orange. A lokacin sanyi, suna ƙara ganye masu yawa kamar mint din pennyroyal da wormwood.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> An yi amfani da Mint a matsayin abin sha, decoction, da maganin ganye a duk faɗin Bahar Rum tun zamanin d ̄ a. An yi amfani da wannan shuka mai ƙanshi a Aljeriya don warkarwa da hana kwalara lokacin da ta addabi ƙasar daga 1835 har zuwa 1865. == Sunan == A Mauritania, Morocco da Aljeriya, kalmar shayi ita ce tay, atay ko lātāy; yayin da a Tunisia ita ce et-tey. Wadannan sun bambanta da kalmar Larabci na yau da kullun don shayi, {{Transl|ar|shai}} ({{Lang|ar|شاي}}). A cewar Van Driem, ''ʾit-tāī'' ya samo asali ne daga yaren Dutch. == Tarihi == Birtaniya ce ta gabatar da shayi na gunpowder a Arewacin Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 ta hanyar Maroko da Aljeriya. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci, Helen Saberi, shan shayi mai kore da aka cika da mint ya bazu daga Morocco zuwa [[Aljeriya]], [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], Masar da kuma kabilun makiyaya na Berbers da Tuareg a cikin [[Sahara]]. Shukari da shayi za su zo daga Turai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Essaouira, inda 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa waɗanda suka fara ƙaura zuwa biranen bakin teku a ƙarni na 19 suka gudanar da wucewarsu ta cikin [[Moroko|Maroko]]. James Richardson ya rubuta bayanin bikin shayi na Maroko a cikin shekarun 1840, kuma ya ce a lokacin tafiyarsa ana shan shayi ko'ina kuma duk rana. Shan shayi ya zama alaƙa da ƙarfi da daraja a Maroko, da {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed Bin Mubarek (officer of tea)|ar|أحمد مول أتاي}}, hafsan Sultan [[Slimane na Moroko|Suleiman]] (r. 1792-1822), ya zama farkon ''mul atay'' ( {{Lang|ar|مول أتاي}}"Maigidan shayi") a cikin Makhzen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=أكلاو |first=هند |title=من الشاي إلى الأتاي.. كيف أبدع المغاربة مشروبهم السحري؟ |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/miscellaneous/2019/7/28/من-الشاي-إلى-الأتاي-كيف-أبدع-المغاربة |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin shekaru ashirin bayan Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Maroko na 1856, kuma bayan Kamfanin British East India Company ya karkatar da shayin da ake nufi da jihohin Baltic zuwa Maroko a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean, shigo da shayi ya ninka sau huɗu amma cin shayi ya kasance aikin birni. A cikin al'ummomin birane, shan shayin shayi ya zama alama ce ta matsayi da {{Lang|fr|savoir faire}} , yayin da a tsakanin manoman karkara hanya ce ta kwaikwayi irin mutanen birni da suke hassada da kyama. <ref name=":0" /> Shan shayi ya bazu ta cikin sassa daban-daban na jama'a sakamakon yunwar shekarun 1880, lokacin da ya zama abin maye gurbin kalori na gaggawa, mai hana cin abinci, da yanayin gudanar da al'adun gargajiya ga mazauna karkara da ke mamaye biranen don neman dama. <ref name=":0" /> Wani abu da ya haifar da yaduwar amfani da atay a Maroko shine karancin kofi. Ganin cewa an gabatar da biranen Aljeriya ga Al'adun kofi a ƙarƙashin tasirin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], za a gabatar da birane na Maroko ne kawai ga kofi daga baya.<ref name=":0" /> Hadisai na baki a cikin garin [[Tlemcen]] na Aljeriya sun bambanta tsakanin "masu shan shayi na Fas da masu shan kofi na Tlemceni".<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshen karni na 19, Umurnin Sufi da aka jagoranta daga mutane kamar Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani sun gaya wa mabiyan su kada su sha shayi, suna ƙoƙarin kauracewa sukari da shayi da Turawa suka shigo da su. A farkon karni na 20, shayi na mint ya zama sananne a Maroko. == Shirye-shiryen == [[Fayil:TeaSeremonyWS.jpg|right|thumb|Bikin shayi na [[Sahrawis|Saharawi]]]] Abubuwan da ke cikin shayi sune shayi mai kore, sabbin ganye, sukari, da ruwan tafasa.[1] Adadin sinadaran da lokacin shayarwa na iya bambanta sosai. Ana amfani da ruwan tafasa a cikin Maghreb, maimakon ruwan sanyi da ake amfani da shi a Gabashin Asiya don kauce wa zafi. Ana barin ganye a cikin tukunya yayin da ake cinye shayi, yana canza dandano daga gilashi ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Ana zuba shi cikin tabarau daga sama zuwa jujjuya ganyen shayi zuwa kasan gilashin, yayin da yake saurin iska a cikin shayi don inganta dandano. A cikin hunturu, idan mint yana da wuya, wani lokacin ana maye gurbin ganye na itace (الشيبة shība a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don (ko amfani da su don karawa) mint, yana ba da shayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana.[1] Ana amfani da lemun tsami verbena (لويزة lwiza a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don ba shi dandano lemun tsayi. Sauran ganye da aka yi amfani da su don dandana shayi sun haɗa da oregano, sage, da thyme.[2] Ana sayar da shayi a wasu lokuta a matsayin cakuda shayi da bushe mint, wanda ya fi sauƙi a adana shi da shirya shi amma ya ragu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:ThiMil_The1.jpg|Ingredients Fayil:ThiMil_The2.jpg|Cleaning the tea Fayil:Trek302-mint_tea.jpg|Adding the mint Fayil:ThiMil_The4.jpg|Adding the sugar Fayil:ThiMil_The5.jpg|Ready to drink </gallery> == Al'adu == A al'ada, ana ba da shayi sau uku. Yawan lokacin da yake sha yana ba da kowane tabarau na shayi dandano na musamman, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanannen karin magana na Maghrebi: {{Cquote|The first glass is as gentle as life,<br />the second is as strong as love,<br />the third is as bitter as death.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" />}} A daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da aka fi sani da Nass El Ghiwane, ''Es-Siniya'' ({{Lang|ar|الصينية}}), ana amfani da teburin shayi a matsayin kwatanci don tattauna wahalar ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa babban birni kamar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] . == Duba sauran bayanai == * shayi na Larabci * Abincin Aljeriya * Abincin Tunisiya * [[Abincin Maroko]] * Abincin Libya * shayi na Libya * Al'adun shayi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] snhbjwc3yh1cavajw05h7qi4qwnyxkd 542577 542576 2024-11-19T12:22:40Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Tunisian_Tea_with_pine_nuts.jpg|thumb|Tunisian mint shayi da aka yi da kwayoyi]] Maghrebi mint tea (Maghrebi ; Larabci: الشاي flax, aš-šhāy bin-na'nā' <ref>{{Cite web |last=هي |first=مجلة |date=2020-02-24 |title=ما هي فوائد الشاي المغربي |url=https://www.hiamag.com/node/1152986 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=مجلة هي |language=ar}}</ref>), wanda aka fi sani da Moroccan mint tea da Algeria mint tea, shiri ne na [[Arewacin Afirka]] na gunpowder green tea tare da spearmint ganye da sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art of Moroccan Mint Tea and How to Brew It |url=http://www.organicauthority.com/eco-chic-table/the-art-of-moroccan-mint-tea-and-how-to-brew-it.html |access-date=2016-10-21 |website=Organic Authority}}</ref> Yana da al'ada ga yankin Greater Maghreb (kasashen arewa maso yammacin Afirka na Morocco, [[Aljeriya]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouayed |first=Fatima-Zohra |date=1970 |title=La cuisine algérienne |url=https://www.abebooks.com/cuisine-alg%C3%A9rienne-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Temps-Actuels/31073983930/bd |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=www.abebooks.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finn |first=Rachel |date=2007-05-01 |title=Gâteaux Algériens: A Love Affair |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/7/2/78/47346/Gaateaux-Algeeriens-A-Love-Affair |journal=Gastronomica |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.78 |issn=1529-3262}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BENAYOUN |first=JOËLLE ALLOUCHE |date=1983 |title=Les pratiques culinaires: lieux de mémoire, facteur d'identité |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41285309 |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |volume=49 |issue=9/12 |pages=629 |issn=0033-9792 |jstor=41285309}}</ref> [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]). Amfani da shi ya bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka, sassan [[Sahel]], [[Faransa]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Duniyar Larabawa, da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Yin shayi yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Maghreb . kuma ya shahara sosai a tsakanin [[Buzaye|Mutanen Tuareg]] na Aljeriya, Libya, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernus |first=Edmond |date=1978 |title=Les Touaregs: Pasteurs et guerriers des sables |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers18-05/21704.pdf |journal=Berger-Levrault S.A}}</ref> Sabis ɗin na iya ɗaukar nau'in bikin, musamman idan aka shirya don baƙo. A al'adance ana yin shayi ne ta hanyar shugaban namiji a cikin iyali kuma ana miƙa shi ga baƙi a matsayin alamar karɓar baƙi. Yawanci, ana ba da akalla gilashin shayi guda uku. Ana cin shayi a ko'ina cikin rana a matsayin aikin zamantakewa. <ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> Na'native spearmint ''naʿnāʿ'' ({{Lang|ar|نعناع}}) yana da haske, mai ƙanshi, mai ɗanɗano, kuma shine mint wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin shayi na mint na Maghrebi. Sauran hybrids da cultivars na spearmint, gami da yerba buena, ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a matsayin maye gurbin nana mint. A Maroko, ana yin shayi na mint a wasu lokuta tare da ganye, furanni, ko ruwan orange. A lokacin sanyi, suna ƙara ganye masu yawa kamar mint din pennyroyal da wormwood.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> An yi amfani da Mint a matsayin abin sha, decoction, da maganin ganye a duk faɗin Bahar Rum tun zamanin d ̄ a. An yi amfani da wannan shuka mai ƙanshi a Aljeriya don warkarwa da hana kwalara lokacin da ta addabi ƙasar daga 1835 har zuwa 1865. == Sunan == A Mauritania, Morocco da Aljeriya, kalmar shayi ita ce tay, atay ko lātāy; yayin da a Tunisia ita ce et-tey. Wadannan sun bambanta da kalmar Larabci na yau da kullun don shayi, {{Transl|ar|shai}} ({{Lang|ar|شاي}}). A cewar Van Driem, ''ʾit-tāī'' ya samo asali ne daga yaren Dutch. == Tarihi == Birtaniya ce ta gabatar da shayi na gunpowder a Arewacin Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 ta hanyar Maroko da Aljeriya. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci, Helen Saberi, shan shayi mai kore da aka cika da mint ya bazu daga Morocco zuwa [[Aljeriya]], [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], Masar da kuma kabilun makiyaya na Berbers da Tuareg a cikin [[Sahara]]. Shukari da shayi za su zo daga Turai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Essaouira, inda 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa waɗanda suka fara ƙaura zuwa biranen bakin teku a ƙarni na 19 suka gudanar da wucewarsu ta cikin [[Moroko|Maroko]]. James Richardson ya rubuta bayanin bikin shayi na Maroko a cikin shekarun 1840, kuma ya ce a lokacin tafiyarsa ana shan shayi ko'ina kuma duk rana. Shan shayi ya zama alaƙa da ƙarfi da daraja a Maroko, da {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed Bin Mubarek (officer of tea)|ar|أحمد مول أتاي}}, hafsan Sultan [[Slimane na Moroko|Suleiman]] (r. 1792-1822), ya zama farkon ''mul atay'' ( {{Lang|ar|مول أتاي}}"Maigidan shayi") a cikin Makhzen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=أكلاو |first=هند |title=من الشاي إلى الأتاي.. كيف أبدع المغاربة مشروبهم السحري؟ |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/miscellaneous/2019/7/28/من-الشاي-إلى-الأتاي-كيف-أبدع-المغاربة |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin shekaru ashirin bayan Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Maroko na 1856, kuma bayan Kamfanin British East India Company ya karkatar da shayin da ake nufi da jihohin Baltic zuwa Maroko a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean, shigo da shayi ya ninka sau huɗu amma cin shayi ya kasance aikin birni. A cikin al'ummomin birane, shan shayin shayi ya zama alama ce ta matsayi da {{Lang|fr|savoir faire}} , yayin da a tsakanin manoman karkara hanya ce ta kwaikwayi irin mutanen birni da suke hassada da kyama. <ref name=":0" /> Shan shayi ya bazu ta cikin sassa daban-daban na jama'a sakamakon yunwar shekarun 1880, lokacin da ya zama abin maye gurbin kalori na gaggawa, mai hana cin abinci, da yanayin gudanar da al'adun gargajiya ga mazauna karkara da ke mamaye biranen don neman dama. <ref name=":0" /> Wani abu da ya haifar da yaduwar amfani da atay a Maroko shine karancin kofi. Ganin cewa an gabatar da biranen Aljeriya ga Al'adun kofi a ƙarƙashin tasirin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], za a gabatar da birane na Maroko ne kawai ga kofi daga baya.<ref name=":0" /> Hadisai na baki a cikin garin [[Tlemcen]] na Aljeriya sun bambanta tsakanin "masu shan shayi na Fas da masu shan kofi na Tlemceni".<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshen karni na 19, Umurnin Sufi da aka jagoranta daga mutane kamar Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani sun gaya wa mabiyan su kada su sha shayi, suna ƙoƙarin kauracewa sukari da shayi da Turawa suka shigo da su. A farkon karni na 20, shayi na mint ya zama sananne a Maroko. == Shirye-shiryen == [[Fayil:TeaSeremonyWS.jpg|right|thumb|Bikin shayi na [[Sahrawis|Saharawi]]]] Abubuwan da ke cikin shayi sune shayi mai kore, sabbin ganye, sukari, da ruwan tafasa.[1] Adadin sinadaran da lokacin shayarwa na iya bambanta sosai. Ana amfani da ruwan tafasa a cikin Maghreb, maimakon ruwan sanyi da ake amfani da shi a Gabashin Asiya don kauce wa zafi. Ana barin ganye a cikin tukunya yayin da ake cinye shayi, yana canza dandano daga gilashi ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Ana zuba shi cikin tabarau daga sama zuwa jujjuya ganyen shayi zuwa kasan gilashin, yayin da yake saurin iska a cikin shayi don inganta dandano. A cikin hunturu, idan mint yana da wuya, wani lokacin ana maye gurbin ganye na itace (الشيبة shība a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don (ko amfani da su don karawa) mint, yana ba da shayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana.[1] Ana amfani da lemun tsami verbena (لويزة lwiza a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don ba shi dandano lemun tsayi. Sauran ganye da aka yi amfani da su don dandana shayi sun haɗa da oregano, sage, da thyme.[2] Ana sayar da shayi a wasu lokuta a matsayin cakuda shayi da bushe mint, wanda ya fi sauƙi a adana shi da shirya shi amma ya ragu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:ThiMil_The1.jpg|Ingredients Fayil:ThiMil_The2.jpg|Cleaning the tea Fayil:Trek302-mint_tea.jpg|Adding the mint Fayil:ThiMil_The4.jpg|Adding the sugar Fayil:ThiMil_The5.jpg|Ready to drink </gallery> == Al'adu == A al'ada, ana ba da shayi sau uku. Yawan lokacin da yake sha yana ba da kowane tabarau na shayi dandano na musamman, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanannen karin magana na Maghrebi: {{Cquote|The first glass is as gentle as life,<br />the second is as strong as love,<br />the third is as bitter as death.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" />}} A daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da aka fi sani da Nass El Ghiwane, ''Es-Siniya'' ({{Lang|ar|الصينية}}), ana amfani da teburin shayi a matsayin kwatanci don tattauna wahalar ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa babban birni kamar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] . == Duba sauran bayanai == * shayi na Larabci * Abincin Aljeriya * Abincin Tunisiya * [[Abincin Maroko]] * Abincin Libya * shayi na Libya * Al'adun shayi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m6ltrkq636upodi5eb8vf31ipy10b2c 542833 542577 2024-11-19T21:47:56Z Wikiabdull 29964 Nayi gyara 542833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Tunisian_Tea_with_pine_nuts.jpg|thumb|Tunisian mint shayi da aka yi da kwayoyi]] Maghrebi mint tea (Maghrebi ; Larabci: الشاي flax, aš-šhāy bin-na'nā' <ref>{{Cite web |last=هي |first=مجلة |date=2020-02-24 |title=ما هي فوائد الشاي المغربي |url=https://www.hiamag.com/node/1152986 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=مجلة هي |language=ar}}</ref>), wanda aka fi sani da Moroccan mint tea da Algeria mint tea, shiri ne na [[Arewacin Afirka]] na gunpowder green tea tare da spearmint ganye da sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art of Moroccan Mint Tea and How to Brew It |url=http://www.organicauthority.com/eco-chic-table/the-art-of-moroccan-mint-tea-and-how-to-brew-it.html |access-date=2016-10-21 |website=Organic Authority}}</ref> Yana da al'ada ga yankin Maghreb mafi girma (kasashen arewa maso yammacin Afirka na Morocco, [[Aljeriya]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bouayed |first=Fatima-Zohra |date=1970 |title=La cuisine algérienne |url=https://www.abebooks.com/cuisine-alg%C3%A9rienne-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Temps-Actuels/31073983930/bd |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=www.abebooks.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Finn |first=Rachel |date=2007-05-01 |title=Gâteaux Algériens: A Love Affair |url=https://online.ucpress.edu/gastronomica/article/7/2/78/47346/Gaateaux-Algeeriens-A-Love-Affair |journal=Gastronomica |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=78–82 |doi=10.1525/gfc.2007.7.2.78 |issn=1529-3262}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BENAYOUN |first=JOËLLE ALLOUCHE |date=1983 |title=Les pratiques culinaires: lieux de mémoire, facteur d'identité |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41285309 |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |volume=49 |issue=9/12 |pages=629 |issn=0033-9792 |jstor=41285309}}</ref> [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], da [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]]). Amfani da shi ya bazu a duk faɗin Arewacin Afirka, sassan [[Sahel]], [[Faransa]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]], Duniyar Larabawa, da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]]. Yin shayi yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar zamantakewa a Maghreb . kuma ya shahara sosai a tsakanin [[Buzaye|Mutanen Tuareg]] na Aljeriya, Libya, [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] da [[Mali]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bernus |first=Edmond |date=1978 |title=Les Touaregs: Pasteurs et guerriers des sables |url=https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers18-05/21704.pdf |journal=Berger-Levrault S.A}}</ref> Sabis ɗin na iya ɗaukar nau'in bikin, musamman idan aka shirya don baƙo. A al'adance ana yin shayi ne ta hanyar shugaban namiji a cikin iyali kuma ana miƙa shi ga baƙi a matsayin alamar karɓar baƙi. Yawanci, ana ba da akalla gilashin shayi guda uku. Ana shan shayi a ko'ina cikin rana a matsayin aikin zamantakewa. <ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> Na'native spearmint ''naʿnāʿ'' ({{Lang|ar|نعناع}}) yana da haske, mai ƙanshi, mai ɗanɗano, kuma shine mint wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin shayi na mint na Maghrebi. Sauran hybrids da cultivars na spearmint, gami da yerba buena, ana amfani da su a wasu lokuta a matsayin maye gurbin nana mint. A Maroko, ana yin shayi na mint a wasu lokuta tare da ganye, furanni, ko ruwan orange. A lokacin sanyi, suna ƙara ganye masu yawa kamar mint din pennyroyal da wormwood.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" /> An yi amfani da Mint a matsayin abin sha, decoction, da maganin ganye a duk faɗin Bahar Rum tun zamanin d ̄ a. An yi amfani da wannan shuka mai ƙanshi a Aljeriya don warkarwa da hana kwalara lokacin da ta addabi ƙasar daga 1835 har zuwa 1865. == Sunan == A Mauritania, Morocco da Aljeriya, kalmar shayi ita ce tay, atay ko lātāy; yayin da a Tunisia ita ce et-tey. Wadannan sun bambanta da kalmar Larabci na yau da kullun don shayi, {{Transl|ar|shai}} ({{Lang|ar|شاي}}). A cewar Van Driem, ''ʾit-tāī'' ya samo asali ne daga yaren Dutch. == Tarihi == Birtaniya ce ta gabatar da shayi na gunpowder a Arewacin Afirka a cikin ƙarni na 18 da 19 ta hanyar Maroko da Aljeriya. A cewar masanin tarihin abinci, Helen Saberi, shan shayi mai kore da aka cika da mint ya bazu daga Morocco zuwa [[Aljeriya]], [[Tunisiya]], [[Libya]], Masar da kuma kabilun makiyaya na Berbers da Tuareg a cikin [[Sahara]]. Shukari da shayi za su zo daga Turai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Essaouira, inda 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa waɗanda suka fara ƙaura zuwa biranen bakin teku a ƙarni na 19 suka gudanar da wucewarsu ta cikin [[Moroko|Maroko]]. James Richardson ya rubuta bayanin bikin shayi na Maroko a cikin shekarun 1840, kuma ya ce a lokacin tafiyarsa ana shan shayi ko'ina kuma duk rana. Shan shayi ya zama alaƙa da ƙarfi da daraja a Maroko, da {{Interlanguage link|Ahmed Bin Mubarek (officer of tea)|ar|أحمد مول أتاي}}, hafsan Sultan [[Slimane na Moroko|Suleiman]] (r. 1792-1822), ya zama farkon ''mul atay'' ( {{Lang|ar|مول أتاي}}"Maigidan shayi") a cikin Makhzen . <ref>{{Cite web |last=أكلاو |first=هند |title=من الشاي إلى الأتاي.. كيف أبدع المغاربة مشروبهم السحري؟ |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/midan/miscellaneous/2019/7/28/من-الشاي-إلى-الأتاي-كيف-أبدع-المغاربة |access-date=2021-11-10 |website=www.aljazeera.net |language=ar}}</ref> A cikin shekaru ashirin bayan Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Maroko na 1856, kuma bayan Kamfanin British East India Company ya karkatar da shayin da ake nufi da jihohin Baltic zuwa Maroko a lokacin Yaƙin Crimean, shigo da shayi ya ninka sau huɗu amma cin shayi ya kasance aikin birni. A cikin al'ummomin birane, shan shayin shayi ya zama alama ce ta matsayi da {{Lang|fr|savoir faire}} , yayin da a tsakanin manoman karkara hanya ce ta kwaikwayi irin mutanen birni da suke hassada da kyama. <ref name=":0" /> Shan shayi ya bazu ta cikin sassa daban-daban na jama'a sakamakon yunwar shekarun 1880, lokacin da ya zama abin maye gurbin kalori na gaggawa, mai hana cin abinci, da yanayin gudanar da al'adun gargajiya ga mazauna karkara da ke mamaye biranen don neman dama. <ref name=":0" /> Wani abu da ya haifar da yaduwar amfani da atay a Maroko shine karancin kofi. Ganin cewa an gabatar da biranen Aljeriya ga Al'adun kofi a ƙarƙashin tasirin [[Daular Usmaniyya|Ottomans]], za a gabatar da birane na Maroko ne kawai ga kofi daga baya.<ref name=":0" /> Hadisai na baki a cikin garin [[Tlemcen]] na Aljeriya sun bambanta tsakanin "masu shan shayi na Fas da masu shan kofi na Tlemceni".<ref name=":0" /> A ƙarshen karni na 19, Umurnin Sufi da aka jagoranta daga mutane kamar Muhammad Bin Abdul-Kabir Al-Kattani sun gaya wa mabiyan su kada su sha shayi, suna ƙoƙarin kauracewa sukari da shayi da Turawa suka shigo da su. A farkon karni na 20, shayi na mint ya zama sananne a Maroko. == Shirye-shiryen == [[Fayil:TeaSeremonyWS.jpg|right|thumb|Bikin shayi na [[Sahrawis|Saharawi]]]] Abubuwan da ke cikin shayi sune shayi mai kore, sabbin ganye, sukari, da ruwan tafasa.[1] Adadin sinadaran da lokacin shayarwa na iya bambanta sosai. Ana amfani da ruwan tafasa a cikin Maghreb, maimakon ruwan sanyi da ake amfani da shi a Gabashin Asiya don kauce wa zafi. Ana barin ganye a cikin tukunya yayin da ake cinye shayi, yana canza dandano daga gilashi ɗaya zuwa na gaba. Ana zuba shi cikin tabarau daga sama zuwa jujjuya ganyen shayi zuwa kasan gilashin, yayin da yake saurin iska a cikin shayi don inganta dandano. A cikin hunturu, idan mint yana da wuya, wani lokacin ana maye gurbin ganye na itace (الشيبة shība a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don (ko amfani da su don karawa) mint, yana ba da shayi mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗana.[1] Ana amfani da lemun tsami verbena (لويزة lwiza a cikin Larabci na Maroko) don ba shi dandano lemun tsayi. Sauran ganye da aka yi amfani da su don dandana shayi sun haɗa da oregano, sage, da thyme.[2] Ana sayar da shayi a wasu lokuta a matsayin cakuda shayi da bushe mint, wanda ya fi sauƙi a adana shi da shirya shi amma ya ragu.<gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:ThiMil_The1.jpg|Ingredients Fayil:ThiMil_The2.jpg|Cleaning the tea Fayil:Trek302-mint_tea.jpg|Adding the mint Fayil:ThiMil_The4.jpg|Adding the sugar Fayil:ThiMil_The5.jpg|Ready to drink </gallery> == Al'adu == A al'ada, ana ba da shayi sau uku. Yawan lokacin da yake sha yana ba da kowane tabarau na shayi dandano na musamman, wanda aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanannen karin magana na Maghrebi: {{Cquote|The first glass is as gentle as life,<br />the second is as strong as love,<br />the third is as bitter as death.<ref name="Tea in Morocco" />}} A daya daga cikin waƙoƙin da aka fi sani da Nass El Ghiwane, ''Es-Siniya'' ({{Lang|ar|الصينية}}), ana amfani da teburin shayi a matsayin kwatanci don tattauna wahalar ƙaura daga ƙauye zuwa babban birni kamar [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] . == Duba sauran bayanai == * shayi na Larabci * Abincin Aljeriya * Abincin Tunisiya * [[Abincin Maroko]] * Abincin Libya * shayi na Libya * Al'adun shayi == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f0gypdd1osqlcwjobaj2m5b3q52w5te 0 87646 542579 2024-11-19T12:30:03Z TechieUSI 21299 Sabuwar Mukala 542579 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ian Smith''' '''Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID''' (8 Afrilu 1919 - 20 Nuwamba 2007) dan siyasan Rhodesian ne, manomi, kuma matukin jirgin yaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia (wanda aka sani da Kudancin Rhodesia har zuwa Oktoba 1964 kuma yanzu ana kiransa Zimbabwe) daga 1964 zuwa 1979.<ref> In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government declared independence on 11 November 1965.[4] In practice, he remained in office until 1979.[2]</ref>Shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da aka haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Rhodesia, kuma ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar fata da akasarinsu suka tantance da shelanta 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a watan Nuwamban 1965 tare da adawa da bukatunsu na aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye a matsayin sharadi. 'yancin kai. Shekaru 15 da ya yi yana mulki, an bayyana shi ne saboda kebewar kasa da kasa da shigar kasar cikin yakin Rhodesian Bush, wanda ya fafata tsakanin dakarun tsaron Rhodesian da na Tarayyar Soviet da na China da ke samun tallafi na soji na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU) da kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU). An haifi Smith a british 'yan Burtaniya a karamin garin Selukwe na Kudancin Rhodesian Midlands, shekaru hudu kafin mulkin mallaka ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a shekara ta 1923. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama na Royal Air Force, inda ya yi hatsari a ciki. Masar ta haifar da raunukan fuska da na jiki wadanda suka kasance a bayyane har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan murmurewa, ya yi aiki a Turai, inda aka harbe shi kuma daga baya ya yi yaki tare da yan kungiyar Italiya. Bayan yakin, ya kafa gona a garinsu a shekarar 1948 kuma ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Selukwe a wannan shekarar. Asalinsa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal, ya koma Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1953, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Shari'a daga 1958 zuwa gaba. Ya bar waccan jam’iyyar a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin yankin, sannan ya ci gaba da kafa kungiyar Rhodesian a shekara mai zuwa. Smith ya zama mataimakin firaminista bayan nasarar zaben da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, kuma ya haye kan mukamin firayim minista bayan da Field ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun 1964, watanni biyu kafin aukuwar abubuwan farko da suka kai ga yakin Bush. Bayan tattaunawa akai-akai da firayim ministan Biritaniya Harold Wilson, Smith da majalisar ministocinsa ba tare da wata kasa ba suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1965 a kokarin jinkirta mulkin masu rinjaye; ba da jimawa ba, an fara kashin farko na yakin da gaske. Bayan da aka ci gaba da tattaunawa da Birtaniya, Rhodesia ta yanke duk wata alaka ta Biritaniya tare da sake kafa kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a shekarar 1970. Smith ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar ta Front zuwa nasara a zabuka hudu a tsawon mulkinsa; duk da tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Abel Muzorawa a tsawon yakin, goyon bayansa ya fito ne kawai daga fararen fata tsiraru, inda aka yi watsi da mafi yawan bakaken fata a karkashin tsarin zaben kasar. Da farko kasar ta sha fama da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kebewar kasa da kasa tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma, har zuwa 1974, Turawan Portugal da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Angola da Mozambique. Bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana gwabza fada, tare da takunkumin tattalin arziki, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma raguwar tallafin da Afirka ta Kudu ke samu, Smith ya amince da aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye, ya sanya hannu kan matsugunan cikin gida a 1978 tare da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ban da ZANU da ZAPU; A shekara mai zuwa ne aka sauya wa kasar suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Sabon tsari, ya kasa samun karbuwa a duniya, kuma yakin ya ci gaba. Bayan Muzorawa ya gaje shi a matsayin firaminista, Smith ya shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a gidan Lancaster House, wanda ya kai ga samun cikakken 'yanci da kuma amincewa da Zimbabwe mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan zaben, Smith ya yi shugabancin jam'iyyar adawa har na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sukar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. An ci gaba da sukarsa bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1987: ya sadaukar da yawancin tarihinsa na 1997, The Great Betrayal, don yin Allah wadai da Mugabe, 'yan siyasar Birtaniya, da kuma kare matsayinsa na firimiya. A shekara ta 2005, Smith ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don neman magani, inda ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu yana da shekaru 88. Daga baya aka dawo da tokarsa kuma aka warwatse a gonarsa. A matsayinta na babbar jigo a siyasance da fuskar jama'a ta Rhodesia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarshe, sunan Smith da gadonsa ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a da rigima har zuwa yau. Ta hanyar magoya bayansa, an yaba shi a matsayin "mai hangen nesa na siyasa ... wanda ya fahimci gaskiyar da ba ta da dadi na Afirka",<ref> BBC 2007.</ref> kare mulkinsa a matsayin natsuwa da jajircewa wajen yaki da gurguzu<ref> Bevan 2007; Boynton 2007; Cowell & 2007 b; Johnson 2007; Meredith 2007, p. 17; The Times 2007; The Week 2007.</ref>. Su kuma masu sukarsa, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin “mai nuna wariyar launin fata da bai tuba ba...wanda ya jawo wa miliyoyin jama’ar Zimbabwe wahalhalun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba,” a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin farar fata da ke da alhakin wanzar da bambancin launin fata da kuma nuna wariya ga baki masu rinjaye<ref> BBC 2007.</ref>. ==Rayuwar sa ta farko da karatun ilimin sa== '''Iyali, kuruciya da samartakar sa''' An haifi Ian Douglas Smith a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1919 a Selukwe (yanzu Shurugwi), karamin garin hakar ma'adinai da noma kusan kilomita 310 (190 mi) kudu maso yammacin babban birnin Rhodesian Salisbury. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Phyllis da Joan.<ref>A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of pneumonia in infancy.[7]</ref> Mahaifinsa, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, an haife shi a Northumberland kuma ya girma a Hamilton a Lanarkshire, Scotland; dan mai kiwo ne kuma mahauci. Ya yi hijira zuwa Rhodesia yana dan shekara sha tara a shekarar 1898, kuma ya zama fitaccen makiyayi, mahauci, ma'adinai da gareji a Selukwe. Jock da matarsa, Agnes (née Hodgson), sun hadu a cikin 1907, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida, shekara guda bayan hijirar danginta zuwa Selukwe daga Frizington, Cumberland. Bayan da Mista Hodgson ya aika da matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa zuwa Ingila a 1908, Jock Smith ya ba su mamaki a 1911 ta hanyar isa Cumberland ba tare da sanarwa ba don neman hannun Agnes; shekara uku ba su ga juna ba. Sun yi aure a Frizington kuma suka dawo tare zuwa Rhodesia, inda Jock, gwanin doki, ya lashe 1911 Coronation Derby a Salisbury.<ref> Berlyn 1978, pp. 36–38.</ref> ==Rubutu da Manazarta== g4aum7krl34orkox66d5qd3c5fqqqc2 542788 542579 2024-11-19T19:51:00Z Mahuta 11340 542788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ian Smith''' '''Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID''' (8 Afrilu 1919 - 20 Nuwamba 2007) dan siyasan Rhodesian ne, manomi, kuma matukin jirgin yaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia (wanda aka sani da Kudancin Rhodesia har zuwa Oktoba 1964 kuma yanzu ana kiransa Zimbabwe) daga 1964 zuwa 1979.<ref> In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government declared independence on 11 November 1965.[4] In practice, he remained in office until 1979.[2]</ref>Shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da aka haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Rhodesia, kuma ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar fata da akasarinsu suka tantance da shelanta 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a watan Nuwamban 1965 tare da adawa da bukatunsu na aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye a matsayin sharadi. 'yancin kai. Shekaru 15 da ya yi yana mulki, an bayyana shi ne saboda kebewar kasa da kasa da shigar kasar cikin yakin Rhodesian Bush, wanda ya fafata tsakanin dakarun tsaron Rhodesian da na Tarayyar Soviet da na China da ke samun tallafi na soji na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU) da kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU). An haifi Smith a british 'yan Burtaniya a karamin garin Selukwe na Kudancin Rhodesian Midlands, shekaru hudu kafin mulkin mallaka ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a shekara ta 1923. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayi aiki a matsayin matukin jirgin sama na Royal Air Force, inda ya yi hatsari a ciki. Masar ta haifar da raunukan fuska da na jiki wadanda suka kasance a bayyane har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan murmurewa, ya yi aiki a Turai, inda aka harbe shi kuma daga baya ya yi yaki tare da yan kungiyar Italiya. Bayan yakin, ya kafa gona a garinsu a shekarar 1948 kuma ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Selukwe a wannan shekarar. Asalinsa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal, ya koma Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1953, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Shari'a daga 1958 zuwa gaba. Ya bar waccan jam’iyyar a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin yankin, sannan ya ci gaba da kafa kungiyar Rhodesian a shekara mai zuwa. Smith ya zama mataimakin firaminista bayan nasarar zaben da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, kuma ya haye kan mukamin firayim minista bayan da Field ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun 1964, watanni biyu kafin aukuwar abubuwan farko da suka kai ga yakin Bush. Bayan tattaunawa akai-akai da firayim ministan Biritaniya Harold Wilson, Smith da majalisar ministocinsa ba tare da wata kasa ba suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1965 a kokarin jinkirta mulkin masu rinjaye; ba da jimawa ba, an fara kashin farko na yakin da gaske. Bayan da aka ci gaba da tattaunawa da Birtaniya, Rhodesia ta yanke duk wata alaka ta Biritaniya tare da sake kafa kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a shekarar 1970. Smith ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar ta Front zuwa nasara a zabuka hudu a tsawon mulkinsa; duk da tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Abel Muzorawa a tsawon yakin, goyon bayansa ya fito ne kawai daga fararen fata tsiraru, inda aka yi watsi da mafi yawan bakaken fata a karkashin tsarin zaben kasar. Da farko kasar ta sha fama da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kebewar kasa da kasa tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma, har zuwa 1974, Turawan Portugal da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Angola da Mozambique. Bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana gwabza fada, tare da takunkumin tattalin arziki, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma raguwar tallafin da Afirka ta Kudu ke samu, Smith ya amince da aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye, ya sanya hannu kan matsugunan cikin gida a 1978 tare da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ban da ZANU da ZAPU; A shekara mai zuwa ne aka sauya wa kasar suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Sabon tsari, ya kasa samun karbuwa a duniya, kuma yakin ya ci gaba. Bayan Muzorawa ya gaje shi a matsayin firaminista, Smith ya shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a gidan Lancaster House, wanda ya kai ga samun cikakken 'yanci da kuma amincewa da Zimbabwe mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan zaben, Smith ya yi shugabancin jam'iyyar adawa har na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sukar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. An ci gaba da sukarsa bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1987: ya sadaukar da yawancin tarihinsa na 1997, The Great Betrayal, don yin Allah wadai da Mugabe, 'yan siyasar Birtaniya, da kuma kare matsayinsa na firimiya. A shekara ta 2005, Smith ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don neman magani, inda ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu yana da shekaru 88. Daga baya aka dawo da tokarsa kuma aka warwatse a gonarsa. A matsayinta na babbar jigo a siyasance da fuskar jama'a ta Rhodesia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarshe, sunan Smith da gadonsa ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a da rigima har zuwa yau. Ta hanyar magoya bayansa, an yaba shi a matsayin "mai hangen nesa na siyasa ... wanda ya fahimci gaskiyar da ba ta da dadi na Afirka",<ref> BBC 2007.</ref> kare mulkinsa a matsayin natsuwa da jajircewa wajen yaki da gurguzu<ref> Bevan 2007; Boynton 2007; Cowell & 2007 b; Johnson 2007; Meredith 2007, p. 17; The Times 2007; The Week 2007.</ref>. Su kuma masu sukarsa, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin “mai nuna wariyar launin fata da bai tuba ba...wanda ya jawo wa miliyoyin jama’ar Zimbabwe wahalhalun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba,” a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin farar fata da ke da alhakin wanzar da bambancin launin fata da kuma nuna wariya ga baki masu rinjaye<ref> BBC 2007.</ref>. ==Rayuwar sa ta farko da karatun ilimin sa== '''Iyali, kuruciya da samartakar sa''' An haifi Ian Douglas Smith a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1919 a Selukwe (yanzu Shurugwi), karamin garin hakar ma'adinai da noma kusan kilomita 310 (190 mi) kudu maso yammacin babban birnin Rhodesian Salisbury. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Phyllis da Joan.<ref>A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of pneumonia in infancy.[7]</ref> Mahaifinsa, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, an haife shi a Northumberland kuma ya girma a Hamilton a Lanarkshire, Scotland; dan mai kiwo ne kuma mahauci. Ya yi hijira zuwa Rhodesia yana dan shekara sha tara a shekarar 1898, kuma ya zama fitaccen makiyayi, mahauci, ma'adinai da gareji a Selukwe. Jock da matarsa, Agnes (née Hodgson), sun hadu a cikin 1907, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida, shekara guda bayan hijirar danginta zuwa Selukwe daga Frizington, Cumberland. Bayan da Mista Hodgson ya aika da matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa zuwa Ingila a 1908, Jock Smith ya ba su mamaki a 1911 ta hanyar isa Cumberland ba tare da sanarwa ba don neman hannun Agnes; shekara uku ba su ga juna ba. Sun yi aure a Frizington kuma suka dawo tare zuwa Rhodesia, inda Jock, gwanin doki, ya lashe 1911 Coronation Derby a Salisbury.<ref> Berlyn 1978, pp. 36–38.</ref> ==Rubutu da Manazarta== q0xsxnih27m4dr4zgewkjtcc7z0tgwt 542789 542788 2024-11-19T19:51:36Z Mahuta 11340 542789 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ian Smith''' '''Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID''' (8 Afrilu 1919 - 20 Nuwamba 2007) dan siyasan Rhodesian ne, manomi, kuma matukin jirgin yaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia (wanda aka sani da Kudancin Rhodesia har zuwa Oktoba 1964 kuma yanzu ana kiransa Zimbabwe) daga 1964 zuwa 1979.<ref> In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government declared independence on 11 November 1965.[4] In practice, he remained in office until 1979.[2]</ref>Shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da aka haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Rhodesia, kuma ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar fata da akasarinsu suka tantance da shelanta 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a watan Nuwamban 1965 tare da adawa da bukatunsu na aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye a matsayin sharadi. 'yancin kai. Shekaru 15 da ya yi yana mulki, an bayyana shi ne saboda kebewar kasa da kasa da shigar kasar cikin yakin Rhodesian Bush, wanda ya fafata tsakanin dakarun tsaron Rhodesian da na Tarayyar Soviet da na China da ke samun tallafi na soji na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU) da kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU). An haifi Smith a british 'yan Burtaniya a karamin garin Selukwe na Kudancin Rhodesian Midlands, shekaru hudu kafin mulkin mallaka ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a shekara ta 1923. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayi aiki a matsayin matukin [[jirgin sama]] na Royal Air Force, inda ya yi hatsari a ciki. Masar ta haifar da raunukan fuska da na jiki wadanda suka kasance a bayyane har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan murmurewa, ya yi aiki a Turai, inda aka harbe shi kuma daga baya ya yi yaki tare da yan kungiyar Italiya. Bayan yakin, ya kafa gona a garinsu a shekarar 1948 kuma ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Selukwe a wannan shekarar. Asalinsa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal, ya koma Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1953, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Shari'a daga 1958 zuwa gaba. Ya bar waccan jam’iyyar a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin yankin, sannan ya ci gaba da kafa kungiyar Rhodesian a shekara mai zuwa. Smith ya zama mataimakin firaminista bayan nasarar zaben da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, kuma ya haye kan mukamin firayim minista bayan da Field ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun 1964, watanni biyu kafin aukuwar abubuwan farko da suka kai ga yakin Bush. Bayan tattaunawa akai-akai da firayim ministan Biritaniya Harold Wilson, Smith da majalisar ministocinsa ba tare da wata kasa ba suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1965 a kokarin jinkirta mulkin masu rinjaye; ba da jimawa ba, an fara kashin farko na yakin da gaske. Bayan da aka ci gaba da tattaunawa da Birtaniya, Rhodesia ta yanke duk wata alaka ta Biritaniya tare da sake kafa kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a shekarar 1970. Smith ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar ta Front zuwa nasara a zabuka hudu a tsawon mulkinsa; duk da tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Abel Muzorawa a tsawon yakin, goyon bayansa ya fito ne kawai daga fararen fata tsiraru, inda aka yi watsi da mafi yawan bakaken fata a karkashin tsarin zaben kasar. Da farko kasar ta sha fama da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kebewar kasa da kasa tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma, har zuwa 1974, Turawan Portugal da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Angola da Mozambique. Bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana gwabza fada, tare da takunkumin tattalin arziki, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma raguwar tallafin da Afirka ta Kudu ke samu, Smith ya amince da aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye, ya sanya hannu kan matsugunan cikin gida a 1978 tare da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ban da ZANU da ZAPU; A shekara mai zuwa ne aka sauya wa kasar suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Sabon tsari, ya kasa samun karbuwa a duniya, kuma yakin ya ci gaba. Bayan Muzorawa ya gaje shi a matsayin firaminista, Smith ya shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a gidan Lancaster House, wanda ya kai ga samun cikakken 'yanci da kuma amincewa da Zimbabwe mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan zaben, Smith ya yi shugabancin jam'iyyar adawa har na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sukar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. An ci gaba da sukarsa bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1987: ya sadaukar da yawancin tarihinsa na 1997, The Great Betrayal, don yin Allah wadai da Mugabe, 'yan siyasar Birtaniya, da kuma kare matsayinsa na firimiya. A shekara ta 2005, Smith ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don neman magani, inda ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu yana da shekaru 88. Daga baya aka dawo da tokarsa kuma aka warwatse a gonarsa. A matsayinta na babbar jigo a siyasance da fuskar jama'a ta Rhodesia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarshe, sunan Smith da gadonsa ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a da rigima har zuwa yau. Ta hanyar magoya bayansa, an yaba shi a matsayin "mai hangen nesa na siyasa ... wanda ya fahimci gaskiyar da ba ta da dadi na Afirka",<ref> BBC 2007.</ref> kare mulkinsa a matsayin natsuwa da jajircewa wajen yaki da gurguzu<ref> Bevan 2007; Boynton 2007; Cowell & 2007 b; Johnson 2007; Meredith 2007, p. 17; The Times 2007; The Week 2007.</ref>. Su kuma masu sukarsa, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin “mai nuna wariyar launin fata da bai tuba ba...wanda ya jawo wa miliyoyin jama’ar Zimbabwe wahalhalun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba,” a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin farar fata da ke da alhakin wanzar da bambancin launin fata da kuma nuna wariya ga baki masu rinjaye<ref> BBC 2007.</ref>. ==Rayuwar sa ta farko da karatun ilimin sa== '''Iyali, kuruciya da samartakar sa''' An haifi Ian Douglas Smith a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1919 a Selukwe (yanzu Shurugwi), karamin garin hakar ma'adinai da noma kusan kilomita 310 (190 mi) kudu maso yammacin babban birnin Rhodesian Salisbury. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Phyllis da Joan.<ref>A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of pneumonia in infancy.[7]</ref> Mahaifinsa, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, an haife shi a Northumberland kuma ya girma a Hamilton a Lanarkshire, Scotland; dan mai kiwo ne kuma mahauci. Ya yi hijira zuwa Rhodesia yana dan shekara sha tara a shekarar 1898, kuma ya zama fitaccen makiyayi, mahauci, ma'adinai da gareji a Selukwe. Jock da matarsa, Agnes (née Hodgson), sun hadu a cikin 1907, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida, shekara guda bayan hijirar danginta zuwa Selukwe daga Frizington, Cumberland. Bayan da Mista Hodgson ya aika da matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa zuwa Ingila a 1908, Jock Smith ya ba su mamaki a 1911 ta hanyar isa Cumberland ba tare da sanarwa ba don neman hannun Agnes; shekara uku ba su ga juna ba. Sun yi aure a Frizington kuma suka dawo tare zuwa Rhodesia, inda Jock, gwanin doki, ya lashe 1911 Coronation Derby a Salisbury.<ref> Berlyn 1978, pp. 36–38.</ref> ==Rubutu da Manazarta== mt0nuvrpa8fs93oero0tm93d8xm2pxf 542790 542789 2024-11-19T19:52:10Z Mahuta 11340 542790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ian Smith''' '''Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID''' (8 Afrilu 1919 - 20 Nuwamba 2007) dan siyasan Rhodesian ne, manomi, kuma matukin jirgin yaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia (wanda aka sani da Kudancin Rhodesia har zuwa Oktoba 1964 kuma yanzu ana kiransa Zimbabwe) daga 1964 zuwa 1979.<ref> In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government declared independence on 11 November 1965.[4] In practice, he remained in office until 1979.[2]</ref>Shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da aka haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Rhodesia, kuma ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar fata da akasarinsu suka tantance da shelanta 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a watan Nuwamban 1965 tare da adawa da bukatunsu na aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye a matsayin sharadi. 'yancin kai. Shekaru 15 da ya yi yana mulki, an bayyana shi ne saboda kebewar kasa da kasa da shigar kasar cikin yakin Rhodesian Bush, wanda ya fafata tsakanin dakarun tsaron Rhodesian da na Tarayyar Soviet da na China da ke samun tallafi na soji na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU) da kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU). An haifi Smith a british 'yan Burtaniya a karamin garin Selukwe na Kudancin Rhodesian Midlands, shekaru hudu kafin mulkin mallaka ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a shekara ta 1923. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayi aiki a matsayin matukin [[jirgin sama]] na Royal Air Force, inda ya yi hatsari a ciki. Masar ta haifar da raunukan fuska da na jiki wadanda suka kasance a bayyane har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan murmurewa, ya yi aiki a Turai, inda aka harbe shi kuma daga baya ya yi yaki tare da yan ƙungiyar Italiya. Bayan yakin, ya kafa gona a garinsu a shekarar 1948 kuma ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Selukwe a wannan shekarar. Asalinsa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal, ya koma Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1953, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Shari'a daga 1958 zuwa gaba. Ya bar waccan jam’iyyar a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin yankin, sannan ya ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Rhodesian a shekara mai zuwa. Smith ya zama mataimakin firaminista bayan nasarar zaɓen da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, kuma ya haye kan mukamin firayim minista bayan da Field ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun 1964, watanni biyu kafin aukuwar abubuwan farko da suka kai ga yakin Bush. Bayan tattaunawa akai-akai da firayim ministan Biritaniya Harold Wilson, Smith da majalisar ministocinsa ba tare da wata kasa ba suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1965 a kokarin jinkirta mulkin masu rinjaye; ba da jimawa ba, an fara kashin farko na yakin da gaske. Bayan da aka ci gaba da tattaunawa da Birtaniya, Rhodesia ta yanke duk wata alaka ta Biritaniya tare da sake kafa kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a shekarar 1970. Smith ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar ta Front zuwa nasara a zabuka hudu a tsawon mulkinsa; duk da tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Abel Muzorawa a tsawon yakin, goyon bayansa ya fito ne kawai daga fararen fata tsiraru, inda aka yi watsi da mafi yawan bakaken fata a karkashin tsarin zaben kasar. Da farko kasar ta sha fama da takunkumin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kebewar kasa da kasa tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma, har zuwa 1974, Turawan Portugal da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Angola da Mozambique. Bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana gwabza fada, tare da takunkumin tattalin arziki, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma raguwar tallafin da Afirka ta Kudu ke samu, Smith ya amince da aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye, ya sanya hannu kan matsugunan cikin gida a 1978 tare da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ban da ZANU da ZAPU; A shekara mai zuwa ne aka sauya wa kasar suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Sabon tsari, ya kasa samun karbuwa a duniya, kuma yakin ya ci gaba. Bayan Muzorawa ya gaje shi a matsayin firaminista, Smith ya shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a gidan Lancaster House, wanda ya kai ga samun cikakken 'yanci da kuma amincewa da Zimbabwe mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan zaben, Smith ya yi shugabancin jam'iyyar adawa har na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sukar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. An ci gaba da sukarsa bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1987: ya sadaukar da yawancin tarihinsa na 1997, The Great Betrayal, don yin Allah wadai da Mugabe, 'yan siyasar Birtaniya, da kuma kare matsayinsa na firimiya. A shekara ta 2005, Smith ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don neman magani, inda ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu yana da shekaru 88. Daga baya aka dawo da tokarsa kuma aka warwatse a gonarsa. A matsayinta na babbar jigo a siyasance da fuskar jama'a ta Rhodesia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarshe, sunan Smith da gadonsa ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a da rigima har zuwa yau. Ta hanyar magoya bayansa, an yaba shi a matsayin "mai hangen nesa na siyasa ... wanda ya fahimci gaskiyar da ba ta da dadi na Afirka",<ref> BBC 2007.</ref> kare mulkinsa a matsayin natsuwa da jajircewa wajen yaki da gurguzu<ref> Bevan 2007; Boynton 2007; Cowell & 2007 b; Johnson 2007; Meredith 2007, p. 17; The Times 2007; The Week 2007.</ref>. Su kuma masu sukarsa, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin “mai nuna wariyar launin fata da bai tuba ba...wanda ya jawo wa miliyoyin jama’ar Zimbabwe wahalhalun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba,” a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin farar fata da ke da alhakin wanzar da bambancin launin fata da kuma nuna wariya ga baki masu rinjaye<ref> BBC 2007.</ref>. ==Rayuwar sa ta farko da karatun ilimin sa== '''Iyali, kuruciya da samartakar sa''' An haifi Ian Douglas Smith a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1919 a Selukwe (yanzu Shurugwi), karamin garin hakar ma'adinai da noma kusan kilomita 310 (190 mi) kudu maso yammacin babban birnin Rhodesian Salisbury. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Phyllis da Joan.<ref>A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of pneumonia in infancy.[7]</ref> Mahaifinsa, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, an haife shi a Northumberland kuma ya girma a Hamilton a Lanarkshire, Scotland; dan mai kiwo ne kuma mahauci. Ya yi hijira zuwa Rhodesia yana dan shekara sha tara a shekarar 1898, kuma ya zama fitaccen makiyayi, mahauci, ma'adinai da gareji a Selukwe. Jock da matarsa, Agnes (née Hodgson), sun hadu a cikin 1907, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida, shekara guda bayan hijirar danginta zuwa Selukwe daga Frizington, Cumberland. Bayan da Mista Hodgson ya aika da matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa zuwa Ingila a 1908, Jock Smith ya ba su mamaki a 1911 ta hanyar isa Cumberland ba tare da sanarwa ba don neman hannun Agnes; shekara uku ba su ga juna ba. Sun yi aure a Frizington kuma suka dawo tare zuwa Rhodesia, inda Jock, gwanin doki, ya lashe 1911 Coronation Derby a Salisbury.<ref> Berlyn 1978, pp. 36–38.</ref> ==Rubutu da Manazarta== f0ydf9b1jta1xhc4i9vrb7ead79rv5j 542791 542790 2024-11-19T19:52:45Z Mahuta 11340 542791 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ian Smith''' '''Ian Douglas Smith GCLM ID''' (8 Afrilu 1919 - 20 Nuwamba 2007) dan siyasan Rhodesian ne, manomi, kuma matukin jirgin yaki wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Rhodesia (wanda aka sani da Kudancin Rhodesia har zuwa Oktoba 1964 kuma yanzu ana kiransa Zimbabwe) daga 1964 zuwa 1979.<ref> In the eyes of the UK, Smith legally stopped being prime minister when his government declared independence on 11 November 1965.[4] In practice, he remained in office until 1979.[2]</ref>Shi ne shugaban kasar na farko da aka haife shi kuma ya girma a kasar Rhodesia, kuma ya jagoranci gwamnatin farar fata da akasarinsu suka tantance da shelanta 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a watan Nuwamban 1965 tare da adawa da bukatunsu na aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye a matsayin sharadi. 'yancin kai. Shekaru 15 da ya yi yana mulki, an bayyana shi ne saboda kebewar kasa da kasa da shigar kasar cikin yakin Rhodesian Bush, wanda ya fafata tsakanin dakarun tsaron Rhodesian da na Tarayyar Soviet da na China da ke samun tallafi na soji na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZANU) da kungiyar Jama'ar Afirka ta Zimbabwe (ZAPU). An haifi Smith a british 'yan Burtaniya a karamin garin Selukwe na Kudancin Rhodesian Midlands, shekaru hudu kafin mulkin mallaka ya zama mai cin gashin kansa a shekara ta 1923. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yayi aiki a matsayin matukin [[jirgin sama]] na Royal Air Force, inda ya yi hatsari a ciki. Masar ta haifar da raunukan fuska da na jiki wadanda suka kasance a bayyane har tsawon rayuwarsa. Bayan murmurewa, ya yi aiki a Turai, inda aka harbe shi kuma daga baya ya yi yaki tare da yan ƙungiyar Italiya. Bayan yakin, ya kafa gona a garinsu a shekarar 1948 kuma ya zama dan majalisa mai wakiltar Selukwe a wannan shekarar. Asalinsa memba ne na Jam'iyyar Liberal, ya koma Jam'iyyar Tarayyar Tarayya a 1953, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Shari'a daga 1958 zuwa gaba. Ya bar waccan jam’iyyar a shekarar 1961 don nuna adawa da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin yankin, sannan ya ci gaba da kafa ƙungiyar Rhodesian a shekara mai zuwa. Smith ya zama mataimakin firaminista bayan nasarar zaɓen da aka yi a watan Disamba na shekarar 1962, kuma ya haye kan mukamin firayim minista bayan da Field ya yi murabus a watan Afrilun 1964, watanni biyu kafin aukuwar abubuwan farko da suka kai ga yakin Bush. Bayan tattaunawa akai-akai da firayim ministan Biritaniya Harold Wilson, Smith da majalisar ministocinsa ba tare da wata kasa ba suka ayyana 'yancin kai a ranar 11 ga Nuwamban 1965 a ƙoƙarin jinkirta mulkin masu rinjaye; ba da jimawa ba, an fara kashin farko na yakin da gaske. Bayan da aka ci gaba da tattaunawa da Birtaniya, Rhodesia ta yanke duk wata alaka ta Biritaniya tare da sake kafa kanta a matsayin jamhuriya a shekarar 1970. Smith ya jagoranci Jam'iyyar ta Front zuwa nasara a zabuka huɗu a tsawon mulkinsa; duk da tattaunawar da aka yi da shugaban masu sassaucin ra'ayi Abel Muzorawa a tsawon yakin, goyon bayansa ya fito ne kawai daga fararen fata tsiraru, inda aka yi watsi da mafi yawan bakaken fata a ƙarƙashin tsarin zaɓen ƙasar. Da farko kasar ta sha fama da takunkumin [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da kebewar kasa da kasa tare da taimakon Afirka ta Kudu da kuma, har zuwa 1974, Turawan Portugal da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Angola da Mozambique. Bayan shafe shekaru 15 ana gwabza fada, tare da takunkumin tattalin arziki, matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da kuma raguwar tallafin da Afirka ta Kudu ke samu, Smith ya amince da aiwatar da tsarin mulki mai rinjaye, ya sanya hannu kan matsugunan cikin gida a 1978 tare da shugabannin masu sassaucin ra'ayi, ban da ZANU da ZAPU; A shekara mai zuwa ne aka sauya wa kasar suna Zimbabwe Rhodesia. Sabon tsari, ya kasa samun karbuwa a duniya, kuma yakin ya ci gaba. Bayan Muzorawa ya gaje shi a matsayin firaminista, Smith ya shiga cikin tattaunawar zaman lafiya da aka yi a gidan Lancaster House, wanda ya kai ga samun cikakken 'yanci da kuma amincewa da Zimbabwe mai cin gashin kanta. Bayan zaben, Smith ya yi shugabancin jam'iyyar adawa har na tsawon shekaru bakwai, ya kuma bayyana kansa a matsayin mai sukar gwamnatin Robert Mugabe. An ci gaba da sukarsa bayan ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1987: ya sadaukar da yawancin tarihinsa na 1997, The Great Betrayal, don yin Allah wadai da Mugabe, 'yan siyasar Birtaniya, da kuma kare matsayinsa na firimiya. A shekara ta 2005, Smith ya koma Afirka ta Kudu don neman magani, inda ya rasu bayan shekaru biyu yana da shekaru 88. Daga baya aka dawo da tokarsa kuma aka warwatse a gonarsa. A matsayinta na babbar jigo a siyasance da fuskar jama'a ta Rhodesia a cikin shekarun da suka gabata na ƙarshe, sunan Smith da gadonsa ya kasance mai raba kan jama'a da rigima har zuwa yau. Ta hanyar magoya bayansa, an yaba shi a matsayin "mai hangen nesa na siyasa ... wanda ya fahimci gaskiyar da ba ta da dadi na Afirka",<ref> BBC 2007.</ref> kare mulkinsa a matsayin natsuwa da jajircewa wajen yaki da gurguzu<ref> Bevan 2007; Boynton 2007; Cowell & 2007 b; Johnson 2007; Meredith 2007, p. 17; The Times 2007; The Week 2007.</ref>. Su kuma masu sukarsa, sun yi Allah wadai da shi a matsayin “mai nuna wariyar launin fata da bai tuba ba...wanda ya jawo wa miliyoyin jama’ar Zimbabwe wahalhalun da ba za a iya mantawa da su ba,” a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin farar fata da ke da alhakin wanzar da bambancin launin fata da kuma nuna wariya ga baki masu rinjaye<ref> BBC 2007.</ref>. ==Rayuwar sa ta farko da karatun ilimin sa== '''Iyali, kuruciya da samartakar sa''' An haifi Ian Douglas Smith a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1919 a Selukwe (yanzu Shurugwi), karamin garin hakar ma'adinai da noma kusan kilomita 310 (190 mi) kudu maso yammacin babban birnin Rhodesian Salisbury. Yana da ’yan’uwa maza biyu, Phyllis da Joan.<ref>A younger brother named Hilary, born in 1923, died of pneumonia in infancy.[7]</ref> Mahaifinsa, John Douglas "Jock" Smith, an haife shi a Northumberland kuma ya girma a Hamilton a Lanarkshire, Scotland; dan mai kiwo ne kuma mahauci. Ya yi hijira zuwa Rhodesia yana dan shekara sha tara a shekarar 1898, kuma ya zama fitaccen makiyayi, mahauci, ma'adinai da gareji a Selukwe. Jock da matarsa, Agnes (née Hodgson), sun hadu a cikin 1907, lokacin tana da shekaru goma sha shida, shekara guda bayan hijirar danginta zuwa Selukwe daga Frizington, Cumberland. Bayan da Mista Hodgson ya aika da matarsa ​​da 'ya'yansa zuwa Ingila a 1908, Jock Smith ya ba su mamaki a 1911 ta hanyar isa Cumberland ba tare da sanarwa ba don neman hannun Agnes; shekara uku ba su ga juna ba. Sun yi aure a Frizington kuma suka dawo tare zuwa Rhodesia, inda Jock, gwanin doki, ya lashe 1911 Coronation Derby a Salisbury.<ref> Berlyn 1978, pp. 36–38.</ref> ==Rubutu da Manazarta== 3ugyhxew1yik8plgaq63qktgrs3bc2k 0 87647 542580 2024-11-19T12:34:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1230185732|Tapalapa (bread)]]" 542580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Baguettes_stall,_Dschang,_Cameroon.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da burodin tapalapa a Dschang, [[Kamaru]]]] [[Fayil:Shops_in_Gambia_20051112-130605_(4118080041).jpg|thumb| Tapalapa bread oven]] '''Tapalapa''' burodi ne na gargajiya na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga Senegal wanda ya dogara da baguette na Faransa, kodayake ya ɗan ƙarami, kuma ana gasa shi a cikin babban tanda na gargajiya na katako da aka yi da tubali na laka. Tapalapa yana da wuyar samu a cikin manyan birane a Senegal, saboda waɗannan murhun kone itace ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin biranen da ke da mazauna 10,000, amma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}</ref> Ana cin Tapalapa galibi a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Sau da yawa ana ci don karin kumallo tare da [[Ƙosai|akara]], wake, kifi, ƙwai ko wasu kayan toppings. Ana kuma ci don abincin rana da/ko abincin dare tare da sauran dishes na Yammacin Afirka kamar barkono mai daɗi. Babban sunadarai sune gari (ana amfani da alkama da [[gero]]), [[gishiri]], [[ruwa]] da [[Yis|yisti]]. Gurasar da aka samu ya fi nauyi kuma ya fi cika fiye da baguette na yau da kullum. <ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr "Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel"]. ''Kaay Xool''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapalapa |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/tapalapa |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Taste Atlas}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin dishes na Afirka * Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka * Jerin burodi * Abincin Gambiya * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] * Abincin Gine == Manazarta == Tapalapa (bread)Tapalapa (bread)DomodaDomodaTapalapa (bread)DomodaDomodaDomodaTapalapa (bread)Tapalapa (bread)Tapalapa (bread)DomodaDomoda 2vddwayh3n1xpht6yizkjw3hqo9ro1g 542581 542580 2024-11-19T12:35:27Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Baguettes_stall,_Dschang,_Cameroon.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da burodin tapalapa a Dschang, [[Kamaru]]]] [[Fayil:Shops_in_Gambia_20051112-130605_(4118080041).jpg|thumb| Tapalapa bread oven]] '''Tapalapa''' burodi ne na gargajiya na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga Senegal wanda ya dogara da baguette na Faransa, kodayake ya ɗan ƙarami, kuma ana gasa shi a cikin babban tanda na gargajiya na katako da aka yi da tubali na laka. Tapalapa yana da wuyar samu a cikin manyan birane a Senegal, saboda waɗannan murhun kone itace ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin biranen da ke da mazauna 10,000, amma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}</ref> Ana cin Tapalapa galibi a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Sau da yawa ana ci don karin kumallo tare da [[Ƙosai|akara]], wake, kifi, ƙwai ko wasu kayan toppings. Ana kuma ci don abincin rana da/ko abincin dare tare da sauran dishes na Yammacin Afirka kamar barkono mai daɗi. Babban sunadarai sune gari (ana amfani da alkama da [[gero]]), [[gishiri]], [[ruwa]] da [[Yis|yisti]]. Gurasar da aka samu ya fi nauyi kuma ya fi cika fiye da baguette na yau da kullum. <ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr "Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel"]. ''Kaay Xool''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapalapa |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/tapalapa |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Taste Atlas}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin dishes na Afirka * Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka * Jerin burodi * Abincin Gambiya * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] * Abincin Gine == Manazarta == 3d2dt9ieqxe6lj0dn8w7cig8010b61n 542582 542581 2024-11-19T12:37:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Baguettes_stall,_Dschang,_Cameroon.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da burodin tapalapa a Dschang, [[Kamaru]]]] [[Fayil:Shops_in_Gambia_20051112-130605_(4118080041).jpg|thumb| Tapalapa bread oven]] '''Tapalapa''' burodi ne na gargajiya na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga Senegal wanda ya dogara da baguette na Faransa, kodayake ya ɗan ƙarami, kuma ana gasa shi a cikin babban tanda na gargajiya na katako da aka yi da tubali na laka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Helou |first=Anissa |title=Feast: Food of the Islamic World |year=2018 |isbn=9781526605566 |pages=107}}</ref> Tapalapa yana da wuyar samu a cikin manyan birane a Senegal, saboda waɗannan murhun kone itace ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin biranen da ke da mazauna 10,000, amma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}</ref> Ana cin Tapalapa galibi a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Sau da yawa ana ci don karin kumallo tare da [[Ƙosai|akara]], wake, kifi, ƙwai ko wasu kayan toppings. Ana kuma ci don abincin rana da/ko abincin dare tare da sauran dishes na Yammacin Afirka kamar barkono mai daɗi.<ref name="KX">{{cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |website=Kaay Xool |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> Babban sunadarai sune gari (ana amfani da alkama da [[gero]]), [[gishiri]], [[ruwa]] da [[Yis|yisti]]. Gurasar da aka samu ya fi nauyi kuma ya fi cika fiye da baguette na yau da kullum.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr "Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel"]. ''Kaay Xool''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapalapa |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/tapalapa |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Taste Atlas}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin dishes na Afirka * Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka * Jerin burodi * Abincin Gambiya * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] * Abincin Gine == Manazarta == iicvqnqyy2r4ptfb7x0hed2vsqf8cyj 542583 542582 2024-11-19T12:37:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Baguettes_stall,_Dschang,_Cameroon.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da burodin tapalapa a Dschang, [[Kamaru]]]] [[Fayil:Shops_in_Gambia_20051112-130605_(4118080041).jpg|thumb| Tapalapa bread oven]] '''Tapalapa''' burodi ne na gargajiya na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga Senegal wanda ya dogara da baguette na Faransa, kodayake ya ɗan ƙarami, kuma ana gasa shi a cikin babban tanda na gargajiya na katako da aka yi da tubali na laka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Helou |first=Anissa |title=Feast: Food of the Islamic World |year=2018 |isbn=9781526605566 |pages=107}}</ref> Tapalapa yana da wuyar samu a cikin manyan birane a Senegal, saboda waɗannan murhun kone itace ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin biranen da ke da mazauna 10,000, amma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}</ref> Ana cin Tapalapa galibi a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Sau da yawa ana ci don karin kumallo tare da [[Ƙosai|akara]], wake, kifi, ƙwai ko wasu kayan toppings. Ana kuma ci don abincin rana da/ko abincin dare tare da sauran dishes na Yammacin Afirka kamar barkono mai daɗi.<ref name="KX">{{cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |website=Kaay Xool |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> Babban sunadarai sune gari (ana amfani da alkama da [[gero]]), [[gishiri]], [[ruwa]] da [[Yis|yisti]]. Gurasar da aka samu ya fi nauyi kuma ya fi cika fiye da baguette na yau da kullum.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr "Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel"]. ''Kaay Xool''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapalapa |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/tapalapa |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Taste Atlas}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin dishes na Afirka * Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka * Jerin burodi * Abincin Gambiya * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] * Abincin Gine == Manazarta == 4026j07p9v243iholl3f598q38thiax 542607 542583 2024-11-19T16:35:50Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tapalapa (bread)]] to [[Tapalapa (biredi)]] 542583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Baguettes_stall,_Dschang,_Cameroon.jpg|thumb| Masu sayar da burodin tapalapa a Dschang, [[Kamaru]]]] [[Fayil:Shops_in_Gambia_20051112-130605_(4118080041).jpg|thumb| Tapalapa bread oven]] '''Tapalapa''' burodi ne na gargajiya na [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] wanda ya samo asali ne daga Senegal wanda ya dogara da baguette na Faransa, kodayake ya ɗan ƙarami, kuma ana gasa shi a cikin babban tanda na gargajiya na katako da aka yi da tubali na laka.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Helou |first=Anissa |title=Feast: Food of the Islamic World |year=2018 |isbn=9781526605566 |pages=107}}</ref> Tapalapa yana da wuyar samu a cikin manyan birane a Senegal, saboda waɗannan murhun kone itace ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin biranen da ke da mazauna 10,000, amma ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan garuruwa da ƙauyuka.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}</ref> Ana cin Tapalapa galibi a [[Senegal]], [[Muritaniya|Mauritania]], [[Gambiya]] da [[Gini|Guinea]]. Sau da yawa ana ci don karin kumallo tare da [[Ƙosai|akara]], wake, kifi, ƙwai ko wasu kayan toppings. Ana kuma ci don abincin rana da/ko abincin dare tare da sauran dishes na Yammacin Afirka kamar barkono mai daɗi.<ref name="KX">{{cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |website=Kaay Xool |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref> Babban sunadarai sune gari (ana amfani da alkama da [[gero]]), [[gishiri]], [[ruwa]] da [[Yis|yisti]]. Gurasar da aka samu ya fi nauyi kuma ya fi cika fiye da baguette na yau da kullum.<ref name="KX">{{Cite web |title=Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel |url=https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Kaay Xool}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.au-senegal.com/le-tapalapa-le-pain-traditionnel,12318.html?lang=fr "Le tapalapa, le pain traditionnel"]. ''Kaay Xool''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapalapa |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/tapalapa |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=Taste Atlas}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin dishes na Afirka * Jerin kayan abinci na Afirka * Jerin burodi * Abincin Gambiya * [[Senegalese cuisine|Abincin Senegal]] * Abincin Gine == Manazarta == 4026j07p9v243iholl3f598q38thiax 0 87648 542584 2024-11-19T12:43:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1197432937|Achu (soup)]]" 542584 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miyar Achu''' abinci ce ta gargajiya a [[Kamaru]], miyar rawaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFDB Food Cuisine Achu Soup - AFDB Food Cuisine |url=http://www.afdbfoodcuisine.com/recipe/achu-soup/}}</ref> Ana yin ta da kokoyam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2010 |title=Cultural Food & Recipes: Cameroon: Achu |url=http://wvfoodrecipes.blogspot.com/2010/10/cameroon-achu_31.html}}</ref> Kayan yaji, ruwa, [[Manja|man dabino]], da "canwa ko Nikki" (limestone), da kifi da wasu sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Achu Soup &#124; Traditional Soup From Northwest Region &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/achu-soup |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == fotah50jk89glceopfysudmaguo5yqi 542585 542584 2024-11-19T12:44:43Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar Achu''' abinci ce ta gargajiya a [[Kamaru]], miyar rawaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFDB Food Cuisine Achu Soup - AFDB Food Cuisine |url=http://www.afdbfoodcuisine.com/recipe/achu-soup/}}</ref> Ana yin ta da kokoyam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2010 |title=Cultural Food & Recipes: Cameroon: Achu |url=http://wvfoodrecipes.blogspot.com/2010/10/cameroon-achu_31.html}}</ref> Kayan yaji, ruwa, [[Manja|man dabino]], da "canwa ko Nikki" (limestone), da kifi da wasu sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Achu Soup &#124; Traditional Soup From Northwest Region &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/achu-soup |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == p49gw8lvudaivd760t7petsafj80ys6 542604 542585 2024-11-19T16:35:09Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Achu (soup)]] to [[Achu (miya)]] 542585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar Achu''' abinci ce ta gargajiya a [[Kamaru]], miyar rawaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFDB Food Cuisine Achu Soup - AFDB Food Cuisine |url=http://www.afdbfoodcuisine.com/recipe/achu-soup/}}</ref> Ana yin ta da kokoyam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2010 |title=Cultural Food & Recipes: Cameroon: Achu |url=http://wvfoodrecipes.blogspot.com/2010/10/cameroon-achu_31.html}}</ref> Kayan yaji, ruwa, [[Manja|man dabino]], da "canwa ko Nikki" (limestone), da kifi da wasu sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Achu Soup &#124; Traditional Soup From Northwest Region &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/achu-soup |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == p49gw8lvudaivd760t7petsafj80ys6 542606 542604 2024-11-19T16:35:22Z Gwanki 3834 542606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Miyar Achu''' abinci ce ta gargajiya a [[Kamaru]], miyar rawaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AFDB Food Cuisine Achu Soup - AFDB Food Cuisine |url=http://www.afdbfoodcuisine.com/recipe/achu-soup/}}</ref> Ana yin ta da kokoyam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2010 |title=Cultural Food & Recipes: Cameroon: Achu |url=http://wvfoodrecipes.blogspot.com/2010/10/cameroon-achu_31.html}}</ref> Kayan yaji, ruwa, [[Manja|man dabino]], da "canwa ko Nikki" (limestone), da kifi da wasu sinadarai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Achu Soup &#124; Traditional Soup From Northwest Region &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/achu-soup |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == dcy2dra6c9ojhh05wajbo78v4jio40l 0 87649 542586 2024-11-19T12:53:03Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1073377038|Sangah]]" 542586 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da masara, ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan dabino a cikin abincin Kamaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == iwg1q8aeyp770ajt1pkkfc4gzfpda9z 542603 542586 2024-11-19T16:34:40Z Gwanki 3834 542603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da masara, ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan dabino a cikin abincin Kamaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == 3mxkw142y9qqffff6b4bm08zd4p4eld 542782 542603 2024-11-19T19:46:23Z Mahuta 11340 542782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da masara, ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan dabino a cikin abincin [[Kamaru]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == 95gzlgal8m4g1ciawt9tkzjfzhehseo 542783 542782 2024-11-19T19:46:47Z Mahuta 11340 542783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da masara, ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan [[dabino]] a cikin abincin [[Kamaru]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == thf4xehq416dabdazakgg5maw3z4cu8 542784 542783 2024-11-19T19:47:07Z Mahuta 11340 542784 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da [[masara]], ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan [[dabino]] a cikin abincin [[Kamaru]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da shinkafa ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == 0laxipdek97hpz8map4hglta0ufgsij 542785 542784 2024-11-19T19:47:33Z Mahuta 11340 542785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sangah''' abinci ne da ake yi da [[masara]], ganyen [[rogo]], da ruwan [[dabino]] a cikin abincin [[Kamaru]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2016 |title=Get Out The Fufu: 10 Foods From Cameroon You're Gonna Love |url=https://afktravel.com/103748/food-from-cameroon/10/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Labadens |first=Ndeye |date=July 13, 2018 |title=African Memories: Travels |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xjDwAAQBAJ&dq=sangah+cameroon&pg=PT66 |publisher=Lannconsultings.com |via=Google Books}}</ref> Ana niƙa ganyen kuma a dafa haɗe da cakuda shi har ya zama stew mai kauri. Sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da [[shinkafa]] ko dafaffen plantain. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangah &#124; Traditional Vegetable Dish From Cameroon &#124; TasteAtlas |url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/sangah |website=www.tasteatlas.com}}</ref> Abincin gargajiya ne. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=English in Cameroon |url=https://www.uni-due.de/~lan300/Cameroon_(Er_Busemann_Sabadash).pdf |access-date=2020-06-01 |publisher=www.uni-due.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == l4yuwohiyqu0jvynl1uh9awwyvbyxjb 0 87650 542588 2024-11-19T13:08:00Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234011141|Ndolé]]" 542588 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndolé''' abinci ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙunshi goro, [[Shuwaka|ndoleh]] (ganye mai ɗaci na ƴan asalin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]]), da kifi ko naman sa. <ref name="nyt" /> Abincin na iya ƙunsar shrimp. A al'adance ana cinye shi tare da plantain, bobolo ko miondo (abinci na Kamaru da aka yi da [[Rogo|manioc]] mai yisti kuma ana lulluɓe shi cikin ganye), da dai sauransu. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|alt=Ndolé camerounian| Ndolé ɗan Kamaru Fayil:Le_ndolè,_plat_mythique_camerounais..jpg|alt=Ndolè dish| Kayan abinci Fayil:Ndolè_à_la_morue.jpg|alt=Ndolè with cod| Yi la'akari da cod Fayil:Le_Ndolé.JPG|alt=Cooking Ndolé| Dafa abinci Ndolé </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Kamaru * Tasa ta Kasa * Jerin jita-jita na Afirka * Jerin miya == Manazarta == NdoléMalamba (drink)NdoléMalamba (drink)NdoléNdoléMalamba (drink)Malamba (drink)Malamba (drink)NdoléNdolé ipjkt3l679epyqgs7vxq82m2wedwfxg 542589 542588 2024-11-19T13:08:26Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542589 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndolé''' abinci ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙunshi goro, [[Shuwaka|ndoleh]] (ganye mai ɗaci na ƴan asalin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]]), da kifi ko naman sa. <ref name="nyt" /> Abincin na iya ƙunsar shrimp. A al'adance ana cinye shi tare da plantain, bobolo ko miondo (abinci na Kamaru da aka yi da [[Rogo|manioc]] mai yisti kuma ana lulluɓe shi cikin ganye), da dai sauransu. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|alt=Ndolé camerounian| Ndolé ɗan Kamaru Fayil:Le_ndolè,_plat_mythique_camerounais..jpg|alt=Ndolè dish| Kayan abinci Fayil:Ndolè_à_la_morue.jpg|alt=Ndolè with cod| Yi la'akari da cod Fayil:Le_Ndolé.JPG|alt=Cooking Ndolé| Dafa abinci Ndolé </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Kamaru * Tasa ta Kasa * Jerin jita-jita na Afirka * Jerin miya == Manazarta == 2vxbrzk7wd87njo2sgky9lpdqo55fjr 542590 542589 2024-11-19T13:09:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542590 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ndolé'''<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> abinci ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙunshi goro, [[Shuwaka|ndoleh]] (ganye mai ɗaci na ƴan asalin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]]), da kifi ko naman sa. <ref name="nyt" /> Abincin na iya ƙunsar shrimp.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> A al'adance ana cinye shi tare da plantain, bobolo ko miondo (abinci na Kamaru da aka yi da [[Rogo|manioc]] mai yisti kuma ana lulluɓe shi cikin ganye), da dai sauransu.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|alt=Ndolé camerounian| Ndolé ɗan Kamaru Fayil:Le_ndolè,_plat_mythique_camerounais..jpg|alt=Ndolè dish| Kayan abinci Fayil:Ndolè_à_la_morue.jpg|alt=Ndolè with cod| Yi la'akari da cod Fayil:Le_Ndolé.JPG|alt=Cooking Ndolé| Dafa abinci Ndolé </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Kamaru * Tasa ta Kasa * Jerin jita-jita na Afirka * Jerin miya == Manazarta == qlvzawpgzlwll58tq1jk6wk2to7jkgp 542591 542590 2024-11-19T13:09:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ndolé'''<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> abinci ne na Kamaru wanda ya ƙunshi goro, [[Shuwaka|ndoleh]] (ganye mai ɗaci na ƴan asalin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]]), da kifi ko naman sa. <ref name="nyt" /> Abincin na iya ƙunsar shrimp.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> A al'adance ana cinye shi tare da plantain, bobolo ko miondo (abinci na Kamaru da aka yi da [[Rogo|manioc]] mai yisti kuma ana lulluɓe shi cikin ganye), da dai sauransu.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|alt=Ndolé camerounian| Ndolé ɗan Kamaru Fayil:Le_ndolè,_plat_mythique_camerounais..jpg|alt=Ndolè dish| Kayan abinci Fayil:Ndolè_à_la_morue.jpg|alt=Ndolè with cod| Yi la'akari da cod Fayil:Le_Ndolé.JPG|alt=Cooking Ndolé| Dafa abinci Ndolé </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Kamaru * Tasa ta Kasa * Jerin jita-jita na Afirka * Jerin miya == Manazarta == sq5d77m8vyeywbx85629oq6oslzt7pg 542787 542591 2024-11-19T19:50:05Z Mahuta 11340 542787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ndolé'''<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> abinci ne na [[Kamaru]] wanda ya ƙunshi goro, [[Shuwaka|ndoleh]] (ganye mai ɗaci na ƴan asalin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yamma]] da [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]]), da kifi ko naman sa. <ref name="nyt" /> Abincin na iya ƙunsar shrimp.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> A al'adance ana cinye shi tare da plantain, bobolo ko miondo (abinci na Kamaru da aka yi da [[Rogo|manioc]] mai yisti kuma ana lulluɓe shi cikin ganye), da dai sauransu.<ref name=nyt>{{cite news |first=Emily|last=Brady|title=The Years of Living Nervously |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/07/nyregion/thecity/07asyl.html?pagewanted=1&ref=thecity|work=[[New York Times]]|date=2008-11-05 |access-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed-hover"> Fayil:Ndolé_camerounais.JPG|alt=Ndolé camerounian| Ndolé ɗan Kamaru Fayil:Le_ndolè,_plat_mythique_camerounais..jpg|alt=Ndolè dish| Kayan abinci Fayil:Ndolè_à_la_morue.jpg|alt=Ndolè with cod| Yi la'akari da cod Fayil:Le_Ndolé.JPG|alt=Cooking Ndolé| Dafa abinci Ndolé </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Abincin Kamaru * Tasa ta Kasa * Jerin jita-jita na Afirka * Jerin miya == Manazarta == imb081rm1fmhkufv56fmybmfso7hn67 0 87651 542596 2024-11-19T15:02:01Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1177548920|Ahriche]]" 542596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} dfazykksf2vo1psjhlbsnstp10v4jnz 542597 542596 2024-11-19T15:03:59Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin Maroko, Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ) abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. 0h6ab96ivsytdmdyb3edhkcor97lqon 542598 542597 2024-11-19T15:12:09Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin Maroko, Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ) abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == L[[ist of Middle Eastern dishes]] List of African dishes] kcbsrk3nw0mft6bsuj15qevygxy6qrs 542599 542598 2024-11-19T16:29:12Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Aikin]] to [[Ahriche]] 542598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin Maroko, Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ) abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == L[[ist of Middle Eastern dishes]] List of African dishes] kcbsrk3nw0mft6bsuj15qevygxy6qrs 542601 542599 2024-11-19T16:29:51Z Gwanki 3834 542601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin Maroko, '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == L[[ist of Middle Eastern dishes]] List of African dishes] nzsu2ib39s8z6wd6mv349uwzuiz8elp 542602 542601 2024-11-19T16:30:10Z Gwanki 3834 /* Duba sauran bayanai */ 542602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin Maroko, '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == q3gl7x4kibfszybpoyvdtrd2nje1hsr 542786 542602 2024-11-19T19:48:13Z Mahuta 11340 542786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin [[Maroko]], '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == fwn81uegbqizwusbzl38crg6tdc5519 542803 542786 2024-11-19T21:02:30Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Duba sauran bayanai */ 542803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin [[Maroko]], '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == * [[List of Middle Eastern dishes]] * [[List of African dishes]] * [[Berber cuisine]] b0f0pk0d6oxz7p67dlr4rnmti4q0r42 542804 542803 2024-11-19T21:03:08Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Duba sauran bayanai */ 542804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin [[Maroko]], '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == * [[List of Middle Eastern dishes]] * [[List of African dishes]] * [[Berber cuisine]] == Manazarta == rw8m6z8nxhrpbdu0tgmex7rccgd7at4 542805 542804 2024-11-19T21:04:05Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Manazarta */ 542805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin [[Maroko]], '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == * [[List of Middle Eastern dishes]] * [[List of African dishes]] * [[Berber cuisine]] == Manazarta == *[http://frdic.fr/translation-Ahriche.htm frdic.fr dictionary]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} jjzr3az55jtdcwzukdpjjuiwo092jja 542807 542805 2024-11-19T21:04:37Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 /* Manazarta */ 542807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Ahriche|image=Tahricht.jpg|caption=}} A cikin girkin [[Maroko]], '''Ahriche (ⴰⵃⵔⵉⵛ)''' abinci ne da kabilun Zayanes da Khénifra ke ci. Sunan ya samo asali daga kalmar Berber da ke nufin "sanduna," wanda ya danganci yadda ake dafa abincin. Abincin yana kunshe da hanji, yawanci gangaliya, kayan ciki, huhu ko zuciyar dabba da aka naɗe da hanji a kan sandar itacen oak sannan a gasa shi a kan gawayi mai zafi. == Duba sauran bayanai == * [[List of Middle Eastern dishes]] * [[List of African dishes]] * [[Berber cuisine]] == Manazarta == *[http://frdic.fr/translation-Ahriche.htm frdic.fr dictionary] lzacq7iyvu1xoqun05wtn4iczyruema 0 87652 542600 2024-11-19T16:29:12Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Aikin]] to [[Ahriche]] 542600 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ahriche]] 5tykf87capnpkqlhane562dmee3y5wr 0 87653 542605 2024-11-19T16:35:09Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Achu (soup)]] to [[Achu (miya)]] 542605 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Achu (miya)]] nachultwipzi0jxl9b99jjsm67dhewq 0 87654 542608 2024-11-19T16:35:50Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Tapalapa (bread)]] to [[Tapalapa (biredi)]] 542608 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tapalapa (biredi)]] 26tc6jggbw59x4268paiizyul1w4rpf 0 87655 542609 2024-11-19T16:38:09Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1182268851|Algiers International Comics Festival]]" 542609 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Algiers International Comics Festival''' (Festival International de la Bande Dessinée d'Alger, FIBDA) <ref name="wwb">{{Cite web |last=Canan Marasligil |date=17 October 2011 |title=A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria |url=http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Words without Borders}}</ref> bikin jigo ne da ake shirya shi a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008. == Tarihi da bayanin martaba == An kafa FIBDA a Algiers, Algeria, a cikin shekarar 2008. Yana faruwa a watan Oktoba a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar Al'adu. <ref name="bc">{{Cite web |title=International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA) |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=British Council}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2011, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa Hervé Barulea ya zama shugaban FIBDA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark McKinney |date=1 July 2011 |title=Interview with Baru: Part 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.3828/eca.2011.16 |journal=European Comic Art |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.3828/eca.2011.16}}</ref> Babban abin da FIBDA ke mayar da hankali shine masana'antar littattafan ban dariya. <ref name="bc">{{Cite web |title=International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA) |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=British Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda "International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA)"]. ''British Council''. Archived from [http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Yana da jigogi na shekara-shekara - alal misali, shine "Algiers, Balloon Bay" a cikin shekarar 2009 da "Algiers, Bubbles Without Borders" a cikin shekara ta 2011. <ref name="wwb">{{Cite web |last=Canan Marasligil |date=17 October 2011 |title=A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria |url=http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Words without Borders}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCanan_Marasligil2011">Canan Marasligil (17 October 2011). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria "A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria"]. ''Words without Borders''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Masu fasaha daga ƙasashe daban-daban ban da masu fasaha na gida suna shiga cikin abubuwan da aka shirya a ƙarƙashin FIBDA. <ref name="wwb" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Festival of the Comic |url=http://www.algeria.com/blog/international-festival-of-the-comic |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Algeria.com}}</ref> Saboda haka, shi ne babban taron da ke cikin rukuninsa a yankin [[Afirka]] da Larabawa tare da yawan baƙi na duniya da ayyukansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=ASIFA Egypt delegation to "FIBDA" Algeria's Comics Festival |url=http://egypt.asifa.net/ |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=ASIFA}}</ref> A cikin bikin ana ba da kyaututtukan hukumomi da wallafe-wallafe da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo daga Afirka. <ref name="wwb" /> Ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka bayar ita ce mujallar Misira ''Tok Tok''. <ref name="ahr" /> == Manazarta == ko36aoakpi9ctbjw4iz2zdr54nq9458 542613 542609 2024-11-19T16:38:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Algiers International Comics Festival''' (Festival International de la Bande Dessinée d'Alger, FIBDA) <ref name="wwb">{{Cite web |last=Canan Marasligil |date=17 October 2011 |title=A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria |url=http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Words without Borders}}</ref> bikin jigo ne da ake shirya shi a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008. == Tarihi da bayanin martaba == An kafa FIBDA a Algiers, Algeria, a cikin shekarar 2008. Yana faruwa a watan Oktoba a kowace shekara a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatar Al'adu. <ref name="bc">{{Cite web |title=International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA) |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=British Council}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2011, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa Hervé Barulea ya zama shugaban FIBDA. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mark McKinney |date=1 July 2011 |title=Interview with Baru: Part 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.3828/eca.2011.16 |journal=European Comic Art |volume=4 |issue=2 |doi=10.3828/eca.2011.16}}</ref> Babban abin da FIBDA ke mayar da hankali shine masana'antar littattafan ban dariya. <ref name="bc">{{Cite web |title=International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA) |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda |archive-date=1 March 2014 |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=British Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214158/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda "International Festival of Comics of Algeria (FIBDA)"]. ''British Council''. Archived from [http://literature.britishcouncil.org/international-festival-of-comics-of-algeria-fibda the original] on 1 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Yana da jigogi na shekara-shekara - alal misali, shine "Algiers, Balloon Bay" a cikin shekarar 2009 da "Algiers, Bubbles Without Borders" a cikin shekara ta 2011. <ref name="wwb">{{Cite web |last=Canan Marasligil |date=17 October 2011 |title=A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria |url=http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Words without Borders}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCanan_Marasligil2011">Canan Marasligil (17 October 2011). [http://wordswithoutborders.org/dispatches/article/a-dispatch-from-fidba-the-international-comics-festival-of-algeria "A Dispatch from FIDBA, the International Comics Festival of Algeria"]. ''Words without Borders''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Masu fasaha daga ƙasashe daban-daban ban da masu fasaha na gida suna shiga cikin abubuwan da aka shirya a ƙarƙashin FIBDA. <ref name="wwb" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Festival of the Comic |url=http://www.algeria.com/blog/international-festival-of-the-comic |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=Algeria.com}}</ref> Saboda haka, shi ne babban taron da ke cikin rukuninsa a yankin [[Afirka]] da Larabawa tare da yawan baƙi na duniya da ayyukansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=ASIFA Egypt delegation to "FIBDA" Algeria's Comics Festival |url=http://egypt.asifa.net/ |access-date=17 January 2014 |website=ASIFA}}</ref> A cikin bikin ana ba da kyaututtukan hukumomi da wallafe-wallafe da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo daga Afirka. <ref name="wwb" /> Ɗaya daga cikin wallafe-wallafen da aka bayar ita ce mujallar Misira ''Tok Tok''. <ref name="ahr" /> == Manazarta == h0kl5x5rs8c4umjey4iukn60wgq5km0 0 87656 542611 2024-11-19T16:38:42Z Gwanki 3834 Gwanki moved page [[Third Avenue (film)]] to [[Third Avenue (fim)]] 542611 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Third Avenue (fim)]] ltr9vpg6txkrh7i6p3pgjpf1epbfx1s 0 87657 542618 2024-11-19T16:51:19Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253020780|Wezeea]]" 542618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wezeea''' ko '''Thawzeeath''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Thamcherateth''' ita ce kalmar da ake amfani da ita a [[Aljeriya]] don sanya ɗaya daga cikin al'adun gargajiya a cikin al'ummar [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] da mazauna [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] ke lura da su, musamman [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" موروث أمازيغي احتضنه الإسلام |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2017/6/22/الوزيعة-موروث-أمازيغي-احتضنه-الإسلام |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2017 |title="الوزيعة"… عادة أمازيغية جزائرية تعود في رمضان |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/الوزيعة-عادة-أمازيغية-جزائرية-تعود-ف/}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == ''Wezeea'' ba kawai ya yaɗu a yankin Kabylia ba, amma a cikin yankunan Aurès da Mozabite, da sauran wurare a cikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة عادة راسخة بقرى البويرة قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/286892 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=للتضامن مع المعوزين قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/82643 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Ana shirya su a lokuta da dama da Maulidi, musamman a wajen bukukuwan Ashura, da lokacin Ramadan, da tunawa da [[Maulidi]], da lokacin noma. <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة" أيقونة التكافل الاجتماعي في منطقة القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elkhabar/628612 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة".. تضامن اجتماعي في قرى الجزائر |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/miscellaneous/2015/7/16/لوزيعة-تضامن-اجتماعي-في-قرى-الجزائر |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> Almajirai suna yanka shanu da dama, waɗanda iyalai da masu hannu da shuni ke raba su wajen siyan su, kuma suna raba naman a karshe, ta yadda naman ya isa ga dukkan iyalan kauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" تمتد إلى مدن تيزي وزو بعدما ترسخت في قراها |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/533178 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=''لوزيعة" لإطعام الفقراء وتعزيز أواصر التضامن والتآزر'' |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/164396 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Talakawa waɗanda ba sa rabon kuɗin shanun su ma suna samun nasu naman; Wannan ya sa wannan al'ada ta zama haɗin kai na zamantakewa fiye da wani abu kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ainihin al'adun Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة تقليد قديم يعزز أواصر الأخوة بين سكان قرية آيت صلان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/1354275 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" .. موروث ثقافي يعزز أواصر التكافل بين سكان القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/167836 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Daruruwan Sufaye, musamman na [[Rahmaniyya]], su ne suka taimaka wajen kiyaye wannan al’ada a yankunan karkarar Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جزائريون يتمسكون بوليمة لوزيعة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/44481 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لمشاركة المعوزين فرحة عيد الأضحى |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/85749 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tunda ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin al'adu da al'adu da mazauna yankin Kabylia suka gada daga kakanni, mutanen ƙauyen suna karɓar kuɗi don sayen maraƙi ko bijimai, kuma adadin bijimai a wasu lokuta yakan kai bijimai 17 ko 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق فعاليات "الوعدة" بمناسبة انطلاق حملتي البذر وجني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9665 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=تعمل على تعزيز أواصر المحبة والتعاون بين العائلات |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/88451 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Idan akwai iyalai da yawa a ƙauyen, ana yin yanka ne a ranar da aka kayyade, yawanci a ranar Juma'a, sai a yanka naman kashi daidai gwargwado daidai da adadin mutanen kowane iyali, kuma a raba nama. Bayan haka kuma aka raba wa iyalan da ke zaune a ƙauyen daidai gwargwado, don kada a nuna wariya a cikin rabon. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" للتراحم والتضامن مع العائلات المعوزة في رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/256511 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" نموذج للم الشّمل والتّلاحم بين أبناء الشّعب الجزائري |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/114900 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Bayan raba naman ga iyalai, an fara shirin girbin [[zaitun]] da kuma nuna ''[[Tweeza]]'', wanda yawanci yakan faru ne ta hanyoyin gargajiya a ƙarshen lokacin kaka, kuma ana yin shiri ta hanyar tsaftace gefen [[Zaitun|bishiyar zaitun]] da kawar da ciyawa da rassan da ba su da amfani daga gare su da kuma kewaye da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إنطلاق حملة جني الزيتون بأغلب مناطق بجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9280 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لوزيعة"..من عادات منطقة القبائل قبل شهر رمضان الكريم |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/283414 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Saboda haka ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke nuna haɗin kai da ke bayyana mazauna ƙauyuka, ''madashir'' da kuma unguwannin yankin Kabylia. Wannan tsari ne na haɗin kai baya ga kasancewar wani lamari da ke da alaka da ƙasa da ruwa, inda mazauna garin suka kasance suna zuwa wajen Ubangijinsu ta hanyar yanka makiya da shanu tare da raba naman su ga talakawa masu neman taimako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحياء عادة "ثيمشرط" لاستقبال موسم الحرث و البذر في قرى تيزي وزو |url=https://www.djazairess.com/annasr/181141 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" لإحياء مناسبة المولد النبوي الشريف |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/264053 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Kuma a yanzu wannan al’ada ta koma ga shigowar bukukuwan addini da bukukuwan addinin Musulunci kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]], [[Lailatul ƙadari|Lailatul Qadr]], da [[Maulidi]], wasu kuma suna gudanar da ita ne domin murnar ''sabuwar shekara ta Amazigh'' da ake kira Yennayer daidai da sha biyu ga watan Janairu. na kowace shekara a cikin kalandar Gregorian. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جني الزيتون بنكهة خاصة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/164599 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق حملة جني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/54553 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=هكذا يحيي الجزائريون رأس السنة الأمازيغية.. |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/128187 |website=جزايرس}}</ref>   == Manazarta == WezeeaAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalWezeeaAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAboukir almonds [[Rukuni:Sufiyya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] b6n2p23z9t0shlpljd2buvdhc02y1gu 542619 542618 2024-11-19T16:51:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wezeea''' ko '''Thawzeeath''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Thamcherateth''' ita ce kalmar da ake amfani da ita a [[Aljeriya]] don sanya ɗaya daga cikin al'adun gargajiya a cikin al'ummar [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] da mazauna [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] ke lura da su, musamman [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" موروث أمازيغي احتضنه الإسلام |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2017/6/22/الوزيعة-موروث-أمازيغي-احتضنه-الإسلام |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2017 |title="الوزيعة"… عادة أمازيغية جزائرية تعود في رمضان |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/الوزيعة-عادة-أمازيغية-جزائرية-تعود-ف/}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == ''Wezeea'' ba kawai ya yaɗu a yankin Kabylia ba, amma a cikin yankunan Aurès da Mozabite, da sauran wurare a cikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة عادة راسخة بقرى البويرة قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/286892 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=للتضامن مع المعوزين قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/82643 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Ana shirya su a lokuta da dama da Maulidi, musamman a wajen bukukuwan Ashura, da lokacin Ramadan, da tunawa da [[Maulidi]], da lokacin noma. <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة" أيقونة التكافل الاجتماعي في منطقة القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elkhabar/628612 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة".. تضامن اجتماعي في قرى الجزائر |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/miscellaneous/2015/7/16/لوزيعة-تضامن-اجتماعي-في-قرى-الجزائر |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> Almajirai suna yanka shanu da dama, waɗanda iyalai da masu hannu da shuni ke raba su wajen siyan su, kuma suna raba naman a karshe, ta yadda naman ya isa ga dukkan iyalan kauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" تمتد إلى مدن تيزي وزو بعدما ترسخت في قراها |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/533178 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=''لوزيعة" لإطعام الفقراء وتعزيز أواصر التضامن والتآزر'' |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/164396 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Talakawa waɗanda ba sa rabon kuɗin shanun su ma suna samun nasu naman; Wannan ya sa wannan al'ada ta zama haɗin kai na zamantakewa fiye da wani abu kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ainihin al'adun Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة تقليد قديم يعزز أواصر الأخوة بين سكان قرية آيت صلان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/1354275 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" .. موروث ثقافي يعزز أواصر التكافل بين سكان القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/167836 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Daruruwan Sufaye, musamman na [[Rahmaniyya]], su ne suka taimaka wajen kiyaye wannan al’ada a yankunan karkarar Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جزائريون يتمسكون بوليمة لوزيعة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/44481 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لمشاركة المعوزين فرحة عيد الأضحى |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/85749 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tunda ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin al'adu da al'adu da mazauna yankin Kabylia suka gada daga kakanni, mutanen ƙauyen suna karɓar kuɗi don sayen maraƙi ko bijimai, kuma adadin bijimai a wasu lokuta yakan kai bijimai 17 ko 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق فعاليات "الوعدة" بمناسبة انطلاق حملتي البذر وجني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9665 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=تعمل على تعزيز أواصر المحبة والتعاون بين العائلات |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/88451 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Idan akwai iyalai da yawa a ƙauyen, ana yin yanka ne a ranar da aka kayyade, yawanci a ranar Juma'a, sai a yanka naman kashi daidai gwargwado daidai da adadin mutanen kowane iyali, kuma a raba nama. Bayan haka kuma aka raba wa iyalan da ke zaune a ƙauyen daidai gwargwado, don kada a nuna wariya a cikin rabon. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" للتراحم والتضامن مع العائلات المعوزة في رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/256511 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" نموذج للم الشّمل والتّلاحم بين أبناء الشّعب الجزائري |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/114900 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Bayan raba naman ga iyalai, an fara shirin girbin [[zaitun]] da kuma nuna ''[[Tweeza]]'', wanda yawanci yakan faru ne ta hanyoyin gargajiya a ƙarshen lokacin kaka, kuma ana yin shiri ta hanyar tsaftace gefen [[Zaitun|bishiyar zaitun]] da kawar da ciyawa da rassan da ba su da amfani daga gare su da kuma kewaye da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إنطلاق حملة جني الزيتون بأغلب مناطق بجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9280 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لوزيعة"..من عادات منطقة القبائل قبل شهر رمضان الكريم |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/283414 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Saboda haka ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke nuna haɗin kai da ke bayyana mazauna ƙauyuka, ''madashir'' da kuma unguwannin yankin Kabylia. Wannan tsari ne na haɗin kai baya ga kasancewar wani lamari da ke da alaka da ƙasa da ruwa, inda mazauna garin suka kasance suna zuwa wajen Ubangijinsu ta hanyar yanka makiya da shanu tare da raba naman su ga talakawa masu neman taimako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحياء عادة "ثيمشرط" لاستقبال موسم الحرث و البذر في قرى تيزي وزو |url=https://www.djazairess.com/annasr/181141 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" لإحياء مناسبة المولد النبوي الشريف |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/264053 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Kuma a yanzu wannan al’ada ta koma ga shigowar bukukuwan addini da bukukuwan addinin Musulunci kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]], [[Lailatul ƙadari|Lailatul Qadr]], da [[Maulidi]], wasu kuma suna gudanar da ita ne domin murnar ''sabuwar shekara ta Amazigh'' da ake kira Yennayer daidai da sha biyu ga watan Janairu. na kowace shekara a cikin kalandar Gregorian. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جني الزيتون بنكهة خاصة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/164599 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق حملة جني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/54553 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=هكذا يحيي الجزائريون رأس السنة الأمازيغية.. |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/128187 |website=جزايرس}}</ref>   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Sufiyya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cnqfjq22tdiqvdv75200ivry3y095gr 542620 542619 2024-11-19T16:53:01Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wezeea''' ko '''Thawzeeath''', wanda kuma akafi sani da '''Thamcherateth''' ita ce kalmar da ake amfani da ita a [[Aljeriya]] don sanya ɗaya daga cikin al'adun gargajiya a cikin al'ummar [[Sufiyya|Sufanci]] da mazauna [[Countryside|yankunan karkara]] ke lura da su, musamman [[Abzinawa|Berbers]] na yankin Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" موروث أمازيغي احتضنه الإسلام |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/reportsandinterviews/2017/6/22/الوزيعة-موروث-أمازيغي-احتضنه-الإسلام |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2017 |title="الوزيعة"… عادة أمازيغية جزائرية تعود في رمضان |url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/الوزيعة-عادة-أمازيغية-جزائرية-تعود-ف/}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == ''Wezeea'' ba kawai ya yaɗu a yankin Kabylia ba, amma a cikin yankunan Aurès da Mozabite, da sauran wurare a cikin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة عادة راسخة بقرى البويرة قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/286892 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=للتضامن مع المعوزين قبيل رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/82643 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Ana shirya su a lokuta da dama da Maulidi, musamman a wajen bukukuwan Ashura, da lokacin Ramadan, da tunawa da [[Maulidi]], da lokacin noma. <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة" أيقونة التكافل الاجتماعي في منطقة القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elkhabar/628612 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="لوزيعة".. تضامن اجتماعي في قرى الجزائر |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/miscellaneous/2015/7/16/لوزيعة-تضامن-اجتماعي-في-قرى-الجزائر |website=www.aljazeera.net}}</ref> Almajirai suna yanka shanu da dama, waɗanda iyalai da masu hannu da shuni ke raba su wajen siyan su, kuma suna raba naman a karshe, ta yadda naman ya isa ga dukkan iyalan kauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" تمتد إلى مدن تيزي وزو بعدما ترسخت في قراها |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/533178 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=''لوزيعة" لإطعام الفقراء وتعزيز أواصر التضامن والتآزر'' |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elmassa/164396 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Talakawa waɗanda ba sa rabon kuɗin shanun su ma suna samun nasu naman; Wannan ya sa wannan al'ada ta zama haɗin kai na zamantakewa fiye da wani abu kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ainihin al'adun Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الوزيعة تقليد قديم يعزز أواصر الأخوة بين سكان قرية آيت صلان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echorouk/1354275 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" .. موروث ثقافي يعزز أواصر التكافل بين سكان القبائل |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alfadjr/167836 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Daruruwan Sufaye, musamman na [[Rahmaniyya]], su ne suka taimaka wajen kiyaye wannan al’ada a yankunan karkarar Aljeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جزائريون يتمسكون بوليمة لوزيعة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/44481 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لمشاركة المعوزين فرحة عيد الأضحى |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/85749 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Tunda ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin al'adu da al'adu da mazauna yankin Kabylia suka gada daga kakanni, mutanen ƙauyen suna karɓar kuɗi don sayen maraƙi ko bijimai, kuma adadin bijimai a wasu lokuta yakan kai bijimai 17 ko 20. <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق فعاليات "الوعدة" بمناسبة انطلاق حملتي البذر وجني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9665 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=تعمل على تعزيز أواصر المحبة والتعاون بين العائلات |url=https://www.djazairess.com/alseyassi/88451 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Idan akwai iyalai da yawa a ƙauyen, ana yin yanka ne a ranar da aka kayyade, yawanci a ranar Juma'a, sai a yanka naman kashi daidai gwargwado daidai da adadin mutanen kowane iyali, kuma a raba nama. Bayan haka kuma aka raba wa iyalan da ke zaune a ƙauyen daidai gwargwado, don kada a nuna wariya a cikin rabon. <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" للتراحم والتضامن مع العائلات المعوزة في رمضان |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/256511 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" نموذج للم الشّمل والتّلاحم بين أبناء الشّعب الجزائري |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/114900 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Bayan raba naman ga iyalai, an fara shirin girbin [[zaitun]] da kuma nuna ''[[Tweeza]]'', wanda yawanci yakan faru ne ta hanyoyin gargajiya a ƙarshen lokacin kaka, kuma ana yin shiri ta hanyar tsaftace gefen [[Zaitun|bishiyar zaitun]] da kawar da ciyawa da rassan da ba su da amfani daga gare su da kuma kewaye da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إنطلاق حملة جني الزيتون بأغلب مناطق بجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elitihad/9280 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=لوزيعة"..من عادات منطقة القبائل قبل شهر رمضان الكريم |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/283414 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Saboda haka ''Wezeea'' na ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke nuna haɗin kai da ke bayyana mazauna ƙauyuka, ''madashir'' da kuma unguwannin yankin Kabylia. Wannan tsari ne na haɗin kai baya ga kasancewar wani lamari da ke da alaka da ƙasa da ruwa, inda mazauna garin suka kasance suna zuwa wajen Ubangijinsu ta hanyar yanka makiya da shanu tare da raba naman su ga talakawa masu neman taimako. <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحياء عادة "ثيمشرط" لاستقبال موسم الحرث و البذر في قرى تيزي وزو |url=https://www.djazairess.com/annasr/181141 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="الوزيعة" لإحياء مناسبة المولد النبوي الشريف |url=https://www.djazairess.com/elbilad/264053 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> Kuma a yanzu wannan al’ada ta koma ga shigowar bukukuwan addini da bukukuwan addinin Musulunci kamar [[Sallar Idi ƙarama|Eid al-Fitr]], [[Lailatul ƙadari|Lailatul Qadr]], da [[Maulidi]], wasu kuma suna gudanar da ita ne domin murnar ''sabuwar shekara ta Amazigh'' da ake kira Yennayer daidai da sha biyu ga watan Janairu. na kowace shekara a cikin kalandar Gregorian. <ref>{{Cite web |title=جني الزيتون بنكهة خاصة |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/164599 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=انطلاق حملة جني الزيتون ببجاية |url=https://www.djazairess.com/echchaab/54553 |website=جزايرس}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=هكذا يحيي الجزائريون رأس السنة الأمازيغية.. |url=https://www.djazairess.com/akhbarelyoum/128187 |website=جزايرس}}</ref>   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Sufiyya]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] auswt6xp79tw3hcd0ip5lws683sypzf 0 87658 542628 2024-11-19T17:00:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1215649968|Imedghassen Film Festival]]" 542628 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imedghassen International Film Festival''' wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa ne na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe don bikin cinema a birnin Batna, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. An kafa wannan biki a cikin shekara ta 2019, Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta El-Lemssa ce ta shirya, ƙungiyar da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Aljeriya ta amince da ita. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a kusan watan Mayu na kowace shekara inda ake ba da dandalin da masu shirya fina-finai da masu sha'awa za su haɗu su baje kolin basirarsu. IIFF tana aiki a matsayin gasa mai ban sha'awa a fannoni daban-daban na cinematographic, tana ba da sarari ga masu shirya fina-finai don gabatar da ayyukansu da gasa don karramawa. Baya ga nunin fina-finai, bikin ya ƙunshi ɗimbin tarurrukan horarwa, taruka, da balaguron yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Bikin ya samo sunansa daga tsohuwar kabarin Numidia na Imedghassen, wanda ke kusa da Batna, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin kabari mafi tsufa a cikin Maghreb, wajen yin haka, bikin ya nuna girmamawa ga al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] da kuma muhimmancin tarihi na yankin Aurès. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara bikin Imedghassen International Film Festival (IIFF) a cikin watan Maris 2021 an yi masa alama da cece-kuce game da sunan bikin. A yayin wani taron manema labarai, darektan bikin ya bayyana cewa sun fuskanci tallafin da ya shafi zaɓar wani suna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=باتنة / الشرق اليوم في الندوة الصحفية المقامة بخصوص مهرجان امدغاسن السنمائي الدولي ظهر اليوم |url=https://elcharkelyoum.dz/2021/03/01/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=الشرق اليوم |language=ar}}</ref> === IIFF 2021 === Farawa a cikin shekara ta 2021, bikin ya fuskanci farawar jinkiri sakamakon ƙuntatawa [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|na COVID-19]] da kuma jinkiri. Kwamitin shirya gasar ya amince da gabatar da fina-finai 26 daga ƙasashe 15. === IIFF 2022 === Bikin karo na biyu ya shaida halartar fina-finai 29 daga ƙasashe 24 da suka haɗa da Turkiyya da China da Iran da Masar. Musamman ma, taron ya nuna jigogi na tarihi wanda tsohuwar [[Numidia|masarautar Numidia ta]] yi wahayi. Ministan al’adu ya halarci taron, inda ya nuna goyon bayan da shugaban ƙasar ke samu, inda aka ware dala 100,000 da aka ware domin gudanar da taron. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نيوز |first=تادامسا |date=2021-10-07 |title=رصد 2 مليار سنتيم لميزانية مهرجان "إيمدغاسن" |url=https://tadamsanews.dz/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-2-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AF/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=تادامسا نيوز |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Second Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-second-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> === IIFF 2023 === Duk da karuwar yawan baƙi na ƙasashen waje, bugu na uku ya sami raguwar ƙididdiga gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Third Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-third-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Haɗin Disney da jigogi na Hollywood sun fuskanci zargi, waɗanda wasu ke gani a matsayin yunƙuri na Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title="شخصيات عالمية" بافتتاح مهرجان سينمائي في الجزائر.. إبداع أم تغريب؟ {{!}} Maghrebvoices |url=https://www.maghrebvoices.com/trends/2023/05/12/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%9F |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.maghrebvoices.com |language=ar}}</ref> Kwamitin ya karɓi fina-finai 21 daga ƙasashe 20, tare da daraktan Italiya [[Mariangela Barbanente]] a matsayin bako a wannan bugu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Algeri |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/istituto-italiano-di-cultura-di-algeri/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Girman bikin == Bikin dai ya kasance wani dandali ne na masu kirkira masu zaman kansu masu karamin karfi na kasafin kuɗi, amma duk da haka ya ɗauki hankulan manyan mutane a masana'antar fina-finai ta Aljeriya da Larabawa. A cikin wani sakon da aka wallafa a dandalin sada zumunta a watan Nuwamba 2022, [[Issam Taachit]], darektan bikin, ya ba da labari cewa an shirya birnin Batna don gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zenith da Cibiyar Taro na 6,000. == Manazarta == Imedghassen Film FestivalImedghassen Film FestivalWezeeaAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalWezeeaAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAlgiers International Comics FestivalAboukir almondsAboukir almondsWezeeaWezeeaWezeea dc24iqbi6qpfoj1ejuem2z55gon3247 542630 542628 2024-11-19T17:01:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542630 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Imedghassen International Film Festival''' wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa ne na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe don bikin cinema a birnin Batna, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. An kafa wannan biki a cikin shekara ta 2019, Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta El-Lemssa ce ta shirya, ƙungiyar da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Aljeriya ta amince da ita. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a kusan watan Mayu na kowace shekara inda ake ba da dandalin da masu shirya fina-finai da masu sha'awa za su haɗu su baje kolin basirarsu. IIFF tana aiki a matsayin gasa mai ban sha'awa a fannoni daban-daban na cinematographic, tana ba da sarari ga masu shirya fina-finai don gabatar da ayyukansu da gasa don karramawa. Baya ga nunin fina-finai, bikin ya ƙunshi ɗimbin tarurrukan horarwa, taruka, da balaguron yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Bikin ya samo sunansa daga tsohuwar kabarin Numidia na Imedghassen, wanda ke kusa da Batna, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin kabari mafi tsufa a cikin Maghreb, wajen yin haka, bikin ya nuna girmamawa ga al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] da kuma muhimmancin tarihi na yankin Aurès. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara bikin Imedghassen International Film Festival (IIFF) a cikin watan Maris 2021 an yi masa alama da cece-kuce game da sunan bikin. A yayin wani taron manema labarai, darektan bikin ya bayyana cewa sun fuskanci tallafin da ya shafi zaɓar wani suna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=باتنة / الشرق اليوم في الندوة الصحفية المقامة بخصوص مهرجان امدغاسن السنمائي الدولي ظهر اليوم |url=https://elcharkelyoum.dz/2021/03/01/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=الشرق اليوم |language=ar}}</ref> === IIFF 2021 === Farawa a cikin shekara ta 2021, bikin ya fuskanci farawar jinkiri sakamakon ƙuntatawa [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|na COVID-19]] da kuma jinkiri. Kwamitin shirya gasar ya amince da gabatar da fina-finai 26 daga ƙasashe 15. === IIFF 2022 === Bikin karo na biyu ya shaida halartar fina-finai 29 daga ƙasashe 24 da suka haɗa da Turkiyya da China da Iran da Masar. Musamman ma, taron ya nuna jigogi na tarihi wanda tsohuwar [[Numidia|masarautar Numidia ta]] yi wahayi. Ministan al’adu ya halarci taron, inda ya nuna goyon bayan da shugaban ƙasar ke samu, inda aka ware dala 100,000 da aka ware domin gudanar da taron. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نيوز |first=تادامسا |date=2021-10-07 |title=رصد 2 مليار سنتيم لميزانية مهرجان "إيمدغاسن" |url=https://tadamsanews.dz/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-2-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AF/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=تادامسا نيوز |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Second Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-second-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> === IIFF 2023 === Duk da karuwar yawan baƙi na ƙasashen waje, bugu na uku ya sami raguwar ƙididdiga gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Third Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-third-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Haɗin Disney da jigogi na Hollywood sun fuskanci zargi, waɗanda wasu ke gani a matsayin yunƙuri na Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title="شخصيات عالمية" بافتتاح مهرجان سينمائي في الجزائر.. إبداع أم تغريب؟ {{!}} Maghrebvoices |url=https://www.maghrebvoices.com/trends/2023/05/12/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%9F |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.maghrebvoices.com |language=ar}}</ref> Kwamitin ya karɓi fina-finai 21 daga ƙasashe 20, tare da daraktan Italiya [[Mariangela Barbanente]] a matsayin bako a wannan bugu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Algeri |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/istituto-italiano-di-cultura-di-algeri/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Girman bikin == Bikin dai ya kasance wani dandali ne na masu kirkira masu zaman kansu masu karamin karfi na kasafin kuɗi, amma duk da haka ya ɗauki hankulan manyan mutane a masana'antar fina-finai ta Aljeriya da Larabawa. A cikin wani sakon da aka wallafa a dandalin sada zumunta a watan Nuwamba 2022, [[Issam Taachit]], darektan bikin, ya ba da labari cewa an shirya birnin Batna don gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zenith da Cibiyar Taro na 6,000. == Manazarta == q39iorknfff23h4mx5r6bmh1hqo4puy 542634 542630 2024-11-19T17:02:38Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Imedghassen International Film Festival''' wani taron ƙasa da ƙasa ne na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe don bikin cinema a birnin Batna, [[Aljeriya|Algeria]]. An kafa wannan biki a cikin shekara ta 2019, Ƙungiyar Al'adu ta El-Lemssa ce ta shirya, ƙungiyar da Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Fasaha ta Aljeriya ta amince da ita. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a kusan watan Mayu na kowace shekara inda ake ba da dandalin da masu shirya fina-finai da masu sha'awa za su haɗu su baje kolin basirarsu. IIFF tana aiki a matsayin gasa mai ban sha'awa a fannoni daban-daban na cinematographic, tana ba da sarari ga masu shirya fina-finai don gabatar da ayyukansu da gasa don karramawa. Baya ga nunin fina-finai, bikin ya ƙunshi ɗimbin tarurrukan horarwa, taruka, da balaguron yawon buɗe ido. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Suna == Bikin ya samo sunansa daga tsohuwar kabarin Numidia na Imedghassen, wanda ke kusa da Batna, wanda aka amince da shi a matsayin kabari mafi tsufa a cikin Maghreb, wajen yin haka, bikin ya nuna girmamawa ga al'adun [[Abzinawa|Berber]] da kuma muhimmancin tarihi na yankin Aurès. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An fara bikin Imedghassen International Film Festival (IIFF) a cikin watan Maris 2021 an yi masa alama da cece-kuce game da sunan bikin. A yayin wani taron manema labarai, darektan bikin ya bayyana cewa sun fuskanci tallafin da ya shafi zaɓar wani suna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-01 |title=باتنة / الشرق اليوم في الندوة الصحفية المقامة بخصوص مهرجان امدغاسن السنمائي الدولي ظهر اليوم |url=https://elcharkelyoum.dz/2021/03/01/%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=الشرق اليوم |language=ar}}</ref> === IIFF 2021 === Farawa a cikin shekara ta 2021, bikin ya fuskanci farawar jinkiri sakamakon ƙuntatawa [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|na COVID-19]] da kuma jinkiri. Kwamitin shirya gasar ya amince da gabatar da fina-finai 26 daga ƙasashe 15. === IIFF 2022 === Bikin karo na biyu ya shaida halartar fina-finai 29 daga ƙasashe 24 da suka haɗa da Turkiyya da China da Iran da Masar. Musamman ma, taron ya nuna jigogi na tarihi wanda tsohuwar [[Numidia|masarautar Numidia ta]] yi wahayi. Ministan al’adu ya halarci taron, inda ya nuna goyon bayan da shugaban ƙasar ke samu, inda aka ware dala 100,000 da aka ware domin gudanar da taron. <ref>{{Cite web |last=نيوز |first=تادامسا |date=2021-10-07 |title=رصد 2 مليار سنتيم لميزانية مهرجان "إيمدغاسن" |url=https://tadamsanews.dz/%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF-2-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AF/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=تادامسا نيوز |language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Second Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-second-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> === IIFF 2023 === Duk da karuwar yawan baƙi na ƙasashen waje, bugu na uku ya sami raguwar ƙididdiga gabaɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Imedghassen Film Festival Third Edition - Imedghassen Film Festival - iff |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/imedghassen-film-festival-third-edition/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Haɗin Disney da jigogi na Hollywood sun fuskanci zargi, waɗanda wasu ke gani a matsayin yunƙuri na Yammacin Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |title="شخصيات عالمية" بافتتاح مهرجان سينمائي في الجزائر.. إبداع أم تغريب؟ {{!}} Maghrebvoices |url=https://www.maghrebvoices.com/trends/2023/05/12/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A3%D9%85-%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%9F |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.maghrebvoices.com |language=ar}}</ref> Kwamitin ya karɓi fina-finai 21 daga ƙasashe 20, tare da daraktan Italiya [[Mariangela Barbanente]] a matsayin bako a wannan bugu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=Istituto Italiano di Cultura di Algeri |url=https://www.imedghassenfilmfestival.com/istituto-italiano-di-cultura-di-algeri/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Imedghassen Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> == Girman bikin == Bikin dai ya kasance wani dandali ne na masu kirkira masu zaman kansu masu karamin karfi na kasafin kuɗi, amma duk da haka ya ɗauki hankulan manyan mutane a masana'antar fina-finai ta Aljeriya da Larabawa. A cikin wani sakon da aka wallafa a dandalin sada zumunta a watan Nuwamba 2022, [[Issam Taachit]], darektan bikin, ya ba da labari cewa an shirya birnin Batna don gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Zenith da Cibiyar Taro na 6,000. == Manazarta == ld1fztbvnnyxwpvgh603fq4c1j5fmuu 0 87659 542687 2024-11-19T17:59:15Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1067642947|Luanda International Jazz Festival]]" 542687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luanda International Jazz Festival''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''Luanda Jazz Fest''', bikin jazz ne da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara tun a shekarar 2009 a [[Luanda]], [[Angola]]. == Fage == Ana gudanar da shi a [[Cine Atlantico]] a ƙarshen watan Yuli da farkon watan Agusta, bikin matasa na gaskiya ya jawo hankalin mawaƙa na almara irin su McCoy Tyner, Gary Bartz, George Benson, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Cassandra Wilson, Joe Sample, Randy Crawford, Abdullah Ibrahim, Manu Dibango da kuma Yellowjackets. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luanda International Jazz Festival |url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/news.php?id=39600 |access-date=9 March 2012 |publisher=All About Jazz.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ta fito da fitattun mawaƙan [[Angola]] irin su Ricardo Lemvo, [[Afrikkanitha]], [[Sandra Corderio]], [[Dodo Miranda]], [[Simmons Massini]] da Toto da ɗan wasan kiɗan da aka haifa a Mozambique [[Jimmy Dludlu]]. == Duba kuma == * [[List of festivals in Angola|Jerin bukukuwa a Angola]] * Jerin bukukuwan jazz == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Luanda]] bizslkw5bsj8e08i4zr1f7kiksh7a8k 0 87660 542712 2024-11-19T18:20:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 Pharouqenr moved page [[List of universities in Nigeria]] to [[Jerin Jami'oin Najeriya]] 542712 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Jerin Jami'oin Najeriya]] acrb24j3da7zj3zhe06efs5zj4b4jb8 0 87661 542713 2024-11-19T18:20:50Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1017318606|International Festival of Vodun Arts and Cultures]]" 542713 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na ƙasa da ƙasa''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''bikin Ouidah''', an fara gudanar da shi ne a birnin Ouidah na ƙasar Benin a watan Fabrairun 1993, wanda [[UNESCO]] da gwamnatin Benin suka ɗauki nauyi. An yi bikin addinin Vodun na transatlantic, kuma ya samu halartar limamai da malamai daga [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Brazil]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma jami'an gwamnati da masu yawon buɗe ido daga Turai da Amurka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Sabon zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Benin, Nicéphore Soglo ne ya ɗauki nauyin bikin, wanda ya so sake gina alaka da ƙasashen Amurka da kuma murnar maido da ‘yancin yin addini tare da komawa ga dimokuradiyya. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} An bai wa masu fasaha daga Benin da Haiti da Brazil da Cuba kwamitocin yin sassaka-tsalle da zane-zane da suka shafi Vodun da bambance-bambancen sa a Afirka da kuma na Afirka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin dai ya kasance na kasuwanci ne, da nufin jawo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma samun kulawa daga kasuwannin fasaha na duniya. Koyaya, fasahar Vodun na iya yin tasiri yayin samarwa don siyarwa, kuma ana yaɗa ruhohin Vodun a farkon bikin. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin ya amince da rawar da 'yan ƙasar Benin ke takawa a harkar cinikin bayi, kuma an yi shi ne don ba da gudummawar warkarwa da kuma maraba ga al'ummomin ƙasashen Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kalubalanci ra'ayin [[Yarbawa|mutanen Yarbawa]] da [[Addinin Yarabawa|addinin Yarbawa]] a matsayin babban tushen al'adun mutanen waje, tare da tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawa na [[mutanen Fon]] da addinin Vodun. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} Wasu daga cikin fasahar da aka ba da izini don bikin ana nuna su a wuraren da ke cikin birni, ciki har da aikin masu fasaha na Benin Cyprien Tokoudagba, Calixte Dakpogan, Theodore Dakpogan, Simonet Biokou, Dominique Kouas, da Yves Apollinaire Pede, da kuma aikin masu zane-zane na Afirka na Afirka Edouard Duval-Carrié (Haiti), José Claudio (Brazil) da Manuel Mendive (Cuba). {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} == Manazarta == Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasa 8gbw76m0wdt0gofwvkawkuh925pzr8f 542715 542713 2024-11-19T18:21:14Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na ƙasa da ƙasa''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''bikin Ouidah''', an fara gudanar da shi ne a birnin Ouidah na ƙasar Benin a watan Fabrairun 1993, wanda [[UNESCO]] da gwamnatin Benin suka ɗauki nauyi. An yi bikin addinin Vodun na transatlantic, kuma ya samu halartar limamai da malamai daga [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Brazil]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma jami'an gwamnati da masu yawon buɗe ido daga Turai da Amurka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Sabon zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Benin, Nicéphore Soglo ne ya ɗauki nauyin bikin, wanda ya so sake gina alaka da ƙasashen Amurka da kuma murnar maido da ‘yancin yin addini tare da komawa ga dimokuradiyya. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} An bai wa masu fasaha daga Benin da Haiti da Brazil da Cuba kwamitocin yin sassaka-tsalle da zane-zane da suka shafi Vodun da bambance-bambancen sa a Afirka da kuma na Afirka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin dai ya kasance na kasuwanci ne, da nufin jawo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma samun kulawa daga kasuwannin fasaha na duniya. Koyaya, fasahar Vodun na iya yin tasiri yayin samarwa don siyarwa, kuma ana yaɗa ruhohin Vodun a farkon bikin. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin ya amince da rawar da 'yan ƙasar Benin ke takawa a harkar cinikin bayi, kuma an yi shi ne don ba da gudummawar warkarwa da kuma maraba ga al'ummomin ƙasashen Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kalubalanci ra'ayin [[Yarbawa|mutanen Yarbawa]] da [[Addinin Yarabawa|addinin Yarbawa]] a matsayin babban tushen al'adun mutanen waje, tare da tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawa na [[mutanen Fon]] da addinin Vodun. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} Wasu daga cikin fasahar da aka ba da izini don bikin ana nuna su a wuraren da ke cikin birni, ciki har da aikin masu fasaha na Benin Cyprien Tokoudagba, Calixte Dakpogan, Theodore Dakpogan, Simonet Biokou, Dominique Kouas, da Yves Apollinaire Pede, da kuma aikin masu zane-zane na Afirka na Afirka Edouard Duval-Carrié (Haiti), José Claudio (Brazil) da Manuel Mendive (Cuba). {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} == Manazarta == 2q0li49pzq2e5vmd57ttpurtiy4fddw 542716 542715 2024-11-19T18:21:57Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542716 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na ƙasa da ƙasa''', wanda kuma aka sani da '''bikin Ouidah''', an fara gudanar da shi ne a birnin Ouidah na ƙasar Benin a watan Fabrairun 1993, wanda [[UNESCO]] da gwamnatin Benin suka ɗauki nauyi. An yi bikin addinin Vodun na transatlantic, kuma ya samu halartar limamai da malamai daga [[Haiti]], [[Cuba]], [[Trinidad da Tobago]], [[Brazil]] da [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da kuma jami'an gwamnati da masu yawon buɗe ido daga Turai da Amurka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Sabon zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Benin, Nicéphore Soglo ne ya ɗauki nauyin bikin, wanda ya so sake gina alaka da ƙasashen Amurka da kuma murnar maido da ‘yancin yin addini tare da komawa ga dimokuradiyya. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} An bai wa masu fasaha daga Benin da Haiti da Brazil da Cuba kwamitocin yin sassaka-tsalle da zane-zane da suka shafi Vodun da bambance-bambancen sa a Afirka da kuma na Afirka. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin dai ya kasance na kasuwanci ne, da nufin jawo hankalin masu yawon buɗe ido da kuma samun kulawa daga kasuwannin fasaha na duniya. Koyaya, fasahar Vodun na iya yin tasiri yayin samarwa don siyarwa, kuma ana yaɗa ruhohin Vodun a farkon bikin. {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} Bikin ya amince da rawar da 'yan ƙasar Benin ke takawa a harkar cinikin bayi, kuma an yi shi ne don ba da gudummawar warkarwa da kuma maraba ga al'ummomin ƙasashen Afirka. Har ila yau, ta yi ƙoƙari ta kalubalanci ra'ayin [[Yarbawa|mutanen Yarbawa]] da [[Addinin Yarabawa|addinin Yarbawa]] a matsayin babban tushen al'adun mutanen waje, tare da tabbatar da muhimmiyar rawa na [[mutanen Fon]] da addinin Vodun. {{Sfn|Rahier|Hintzen|Smith|2010}} Wasu daga cikin fasahar da aka ba da izini don bikin ana nuna su a wuraren da ke cikin birni, ciki har da aikin masu fasaha na Benin Cyprien Tokoudagba, Calixte Dakpogan, Theodore Dakpogan, Simonet Biokou, Dominique Kouas, da Yves Apollinaire Pede, da kuma aikin masu zane-zane na Afirka na Afirka Edouard Duval-Carrié (Haiti), José Claudio (Brazil) da Manuel Mendive (Cuba). {{Sfn|Rush|2001}} == Manazarta == cfewv43ppbj4gunbzc6oz8axlpf3adk 0 87662 542765 2024-11-19T19:20:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1218521063|FESTIMA]]" 542765 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival International des Massques et des Arts''' (Bikin Masks da Fasaha na Duniya), ko '''FESTIMA''', bikin al'adu ne na bikin [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|al'adun gargajiya na Afirka]] da aka gudanar a Dédougou, [[Burkina Faso]]. <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA |url=http://www.festima.org/ |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Official FESTIMA Website |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> An kafa shi don taimakawa kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a wannan zamani, FESTIMA tana da abubuwan rufe fuska da al'adu daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da dama. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi [[wiktionary:Special:Search/biennial|duk shekara]] a cikin shekaru masu ƙidaya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}</ref> Karo na baya-bayan nan, na goma sha biyar, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 7 ga watan Maris, 2020, a Bankuy. <ref name="Lefaso2020">{{Cite web |last=Lawali |first=D. |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Dédougou : La 15e édition du Festival international des masques et des arts se tiendra du 29 février au 7 mars 2020 |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article95072 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Lefaso.net |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="2020Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction B24 |date=March 3, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Un défi culturel, sécuritaire et économique |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2020/03/03/festima-2020-un-defi-culturel-securitaire-et-economique/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="L'Economiste">{{Cite web |last=M.K |date=March 16, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Entre tradition du masque et modernité |url=https://www.leconomistedufaso.bf/2020/03/16/festima-2020-entre-tradition-du-masque-et-modernite/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Journal L'Economiste du Faso |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Burkinabé sun kafa [[ASAMA]], Ƙungiyar Kare Masks, da haɓakawa da adana ayyukan abin rufe fuska na gargajiya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun shi ne cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya ba sa zama na yau da kullum na rayuwa ga mutane da yawa. Asalin abin rufe fuska na addini ne a yanayi, tarihi yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}</ref> Animism da sauran imani na gargajiya addinan tsiraru ne a Burkina Faso na zamani, tare da ƙiyasin da ke nuna ana aiwatar da su tsakanin kashi 7.8 <ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=CIA |publisher=}} Estimate is from 2010.</ref> da kashi 15 <ref name="DHS">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 2012 |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR256/FR256.pdf |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=[[Demographic and Health Surveys]] |publisher= |page=3}} Estimate is from 2006. (in French)</ref> na yawan jama'a. Addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar shine [[Musulunci]], wanda ba ya amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin bukukuwan su. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Duk da haka, membobin ASAMA sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na iya zama mai mahimmanci a al'ada har ma ga waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci a addini. A cewar Ki Leonce, babban darektan ASAMA, "Akwai bangarori guda biyu game da abin rufe fuska. Ɗayan addini, ɗayan kuma al'ada; za a iya samun rikici na addini ga mutanen da ke girmama abin rufe fuska, amma babu wani rikici daga al'adu." <ref name="AJ" /> Ainihin FESTIMA da aka yi a shekarar 1996, an shafe kwanaki huɗu ana yin bikin, kuma tun daga nan aka faɗaɗa bikin zuwa kwanaki bakwai. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Yettio">{{Cite web |last=Sweet |first=Jonathan |date=February 17, 2016 |title=FESTIMA – Burkina Faso's festival of masks |url=http://www.yettio.com/festima-the-african-masquerade-ball/13837 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Yettio |publisher=}}</ref> An gudanar da bukin karo na goma sha uku daga ranar 27 ga watan watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris, 2016, kuma an gabatar da abin rufe fuska daga al'ummomi sama da 50 daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] shida: Burkina Faso, [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], da [[Togo]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Lefaso">{{Cite web |last=Sawadogo |first=Tiga Cheick |date=March 1, 2016 |title=FESTIMA 2016 : Des infrastructures pour sauvegarder les masques |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article69869 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=LeFaso.net |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> ASAMA ta kiyasta mutane 100,000 ne suka halarci taron, <ref name="CNN" /> gami da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya sama da 2,000. <ref name="Lefaso" /> An gudanar da kashi na goma sha huɗu daga watan Fabrairu 24 zuwa Maris 3, 2018. <ref name="Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Kapigdou |first=Merveille |date=February 25, 2018 |title=FESTIMA 2018 : C'est parti à Dédougou ! |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2018/02/25/burkina-festima-2018-cest-parti-a-dedougou/ |access-date=August 28, 2019 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Abubuwan farko na FESTIMA sune wasan kwaikwayo, inda masu saka abin rufe fuska suke rawa, tare da mawaƙa suna buga ganguna, busa, da balafons. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wani lokaci, mai fassara yana nan don fassara ma'anar rawa. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLoov2016">Loov, Jacob Balzani (March 13, 2016). [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html "In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks"]. ''Al Jazeera''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙabilun da al'adunsu ke wakilta sun haɗa da Bwaba, [[Mutanen Marka|Marka]], da [[Yarbawa]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> FESTIMA kuma ya haɗa da tarurruka kan batutuwan tarihi da al'adu, gasa ta ba da labari, abubuwan ilimi ga yara, da kasuwa.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasa fln8v3yp1m99x3ht84hpc9m6m9tt1km 542766 542765 2024-11-19T19:20:49Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542766 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Festival International des Massques et des Arts''' (Bikin Masks da Fasaha na Duniya), ko '''FESTIMA''', bikin al'adu ne na bikin [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|al'adun gargajiya na Afirka]] da aka gudanar a Dédougou, [[Burkina Faso]]. <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA |url=http://www.festima.org/ |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Official FESTIMA Website |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> An kafa shi don taimakawa kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a wannan zamani, FESTIMA tana da abubuwan rufe fuska da al'adu daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da dama. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi [[wiktionary:Special:Search/biennial|duk shekara]] a cikin shekaru masu ƙidaya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}</ref> Karo na baya-bayan nan, na goma sha biyar, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 7 ga watan Maris, 2020, a Bankuy. <ref name="Lefaso2020">{{Cite web |last=Lawali |first=D. |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Dédougou : La 15e édition du Festival international des masques et des arts se tiendra du 29 février au 7 mars 2020 |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article95072 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Lefaso.net |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="2020Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction B24 |date=March 3, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Un défi culturel, sécuritaire et économique |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2020/03/03/festima-2020-un-defi-culturel-securitaire-et-economique/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="L'Economiste">{{Cite web |last=M.K |date=March 16, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Entre tradition du masque et modernité |url=https://www.leconomistedufaso.bf/2020/03/16/festima-2020-entre-tradition-du-masque-et-modernite/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Journal L'Economiste du Faso |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Burkinabé sun kafa [[ASAMA]], Ƙungiyar Kare Masks, da haɓakawa da adana ayyukan abin rufe fuska na gargajiya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun shi ne cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya ba sa zama na yau da kullum na rayuwa ga mutane da yawa. Asalin abin rufe fuska na addini ne a yanayi, tarihi yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}</ref> Animism da sauran imani na gargajiya addinan tsiraru ne a Burkina Faso na zamani, tare da ƙiyasin da ke nuna ana aiwatar da su tsakanin kashi 7.8 <ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=CIA |publisher=}} Estimate is from 2010.</ref> da kashi 15 <ref name="DHS">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 2012 |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR256/FR256.pdf |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=[[Demographic and Health Surveys]] |publisher= |page=3}} Estimate is from 2006. (in French)</ref> na yawan jama'a. Addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar shine [[Musulunci]], wanda ba ya amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin bukukuwan su. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Duk da haka, membobin ASAMA sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na iya zama mai mahimmanci a al'ada har ma ga waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci a addini. A cewar Ki Leonce, babban darektan ASAMA, "Akwai bangarori guda biyu game da abin rufe fuska. Ɗayan addini, ɗayan kuma al'ada; za a iya samun rikici na addini ga mutanen da ke girmama abin rufe fuska, amma babu wani rikici daga al'adu." <ref name="AJ" /> Ainihin FESTIMA da aka yi a shekarar 1996, an shafe kwanaki huɗu ana yin bikin, kuma tun daga nan aka faɗaɗa bikin zuwa kwanaki bakwai. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Yettio">{{Cite web |last=Sweet |first=Jonathan |date=February 17, 2016 |title=FESTIMA – Burkina Faso's festival of masks |url=http://www.yettio.com/festima-the-african-masquerade-ball/13837 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Yettio |publisher=}}</ref> An gudanar da bukin karo na goma sha uku daga ranar 27 ga watan watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris, 2016, kuma an gabatar da abin rufe fuska daga al'ummomi sama da 50 daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] shida: Burkina Faso, [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], da [[Togo]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Lefaso">{{Cite web |last=Sawadogo |first=Tiga Cheick |date=March 1, 2016 |title=FESTIMA 2016 : Des infrastructures pour sauvegarder les masques |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article69869 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=LeFaso.net |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> ASAMA ta kiyasta mutane 100,000 ne suka halarci taron, <ref name="CNN" /> gami da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya sama da 2,000. <ref name="Lefaso" /> An gudanar da kashi na goma sha huɗu daga watan Fabrairu 24 zuwa Maris 3, 2018. <ref name="Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Kapigdou |first=Merveille |date=February 25, 2018 |title=FESTIMA 2018 : C'est parti à Dédougou ! |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2018/02/25/burkina-festima-2018-cest-parti-a-dedougou/ |access-date=August 28, 2019 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Abubuwan farko na FESTIMA sune wasan kwaikwayo, inda masu saka abin rufe fuska suke rawa, tare da mawaƙa suna buga ganguna, busa, da balafons. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wani lokaci, mai fassara yana nan don fassara ma'anar rawa. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLoov2016">Loov, Jacob Balzani (March 13, 2016). [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html "In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks"]. ''Al Jazeera''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙabilun da al'adunsu ke wakilta sun haɗa da Bwaba, [[Mutanen Marka|Marka]], da [[Yarbawa]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> FESTIMA kuma ya haɗa da tarurruka kan batutuwan tarihi da al'adu, gasa ta ba da labari, abubuwan ilimi ga yara, da kasuwa.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == pfxbb4v47pf9hc7zix3rwfsu8etwjci 542767 542766 2024-11-19T19:21:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542767 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Festival International des Massques et des Arts''' (Bikin Masks da Fasaha na Duniya), ko '''FESTIMA''', bikin al'adu ne na bikin [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|al'adun gargajiya na Afirka]] da aka gudanar a Dédougou, [[Burkina Faso]]. <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA |url=http://www.festima.org/ |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Official FESTIMA Website |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> An kafa shi don taimakawa kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a wannan zamani, FESTIMA tana da abubuwan rufe fuska da al'adu daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da dama. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi [[wiktionary:Special:Search/biennial|duk shekara]] a cikin shekaru masu ƙidaya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}</ref> Karo na baya-bayan nan, na goma sha biyar, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 7 ga watan Maris, 2020, a Bankuy. <ref name="Lefaso2020">{{Cite web |last=Lawali |first=D. |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Dédougou : La 15e édition du Festival international des masques et des arts se tiendra du 29 février au 7 mars 2020 |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article95072 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Lefaso.net |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="2020Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction B24 |date=March 3, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Un défi culturel, sécuritaire et économique |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2020/03/03/festima-2020-un-defi-culturel-securitaire-et-economique/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="L'Economiste">{{Cite web |last=M.K |date=March 16, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Entre tradition du masque et modernité |url=https://www.leconomistedufaso.bf/2020/03/16/festima-2020-entre-tradition-du-masque-et-modernite/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Journal L'Economiste du Faso |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Burkinabé sun kafa [[ASAMA]], Ƙungiyar Kare Masks, da haɓakawa da adana ayyukan abin rufe fuska na gargajiya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun shi ne cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya ba sa zama na yau da kullum na rayuwa ga mutane da yawa. Asalin abin rufe fuska na addini ne a yanayi, tarihi yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}</ref> Animism da sauran imani na gargajiya addinan tsiraru ne a Burkina Faso na zamani, tare da ƙiyasin da ke nuna ana aiwatar da su tsakanin kashi 7.8 <ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=CIA |publisher=}} Estimate is from 2010.</ref> da kashi 15 <ref name="DHS">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 2012 |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR256/FR256.pdf |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=[[Demographic and Health Surveys]] |publisher= |page=3}} Estimate is from 2006. (in French)</ref> na yawan jama'a. Addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar shine [[Musulunci]], wanda ba ya amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin bukukuwan su. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Duk da haka, membobin ASAMA sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na iya zama mai mahimmanci a al'ada har ma ga waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci a addini. A cewar Ki Leonce, babban darektan ASAMA, "Akwai bangarori guda biyu game da abin rufe fuska. Ɗayan addini, ɗayan kuma al'ada; za a iya samun rikici na addini ga mutanen da ke girmama abin rufe fuska, amma babu wani rikici daga al'adu." <ref name="AJ" /> Ainihin FESTIMA da aka yi a shekarar 1996, an shafe kwanaki huɗu ana yin bikin, kuma tun daga nan aka faɗaɗa bikin zuwa kwanaki bakwai. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Yettio">{{Cite web |last=Sweet |first=Jonathan |date=February 17, 2016 |title=FESTIMA – Burkina Faso's festival of masks |url=http://www.yettio.com/festima-the-african-masquerade-ball/13837 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Yettio |publisher=}}</ref> An gudanar da bukin karo na goma sha uku daga ranar 27 ga watan watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris, 2016, kuma an gabatar da abin rufe fuska daga al'ummomi sama da 50 daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] shida: Burkina Faso, [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], da [[Togo]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Lefaso">{{Cite web |last=Sawadogo |first=Tiga Cheick |date=March 1, 2016 |title=FESTIMA 2016 : Des infrastructures pour sauvegarder les masques |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article69869 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=LeFaso.net |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> ASAMA ta kiyasta mutane 100,000 ne suka halarci taron, <ref name="CNN" /> gami da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya sama da 2,000. <ref name="Lefaso" /> An gudanar da kashi na goma sha huɗu daga watan Fabrairu 24 zuwa Maris 3, 2018. <ref name="Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Kapigdou |first=Merveille |date=February 25, 2018 |title=FESTIMA 2018 : C'est parti à Dédougou ! |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2018/02/25/burkina-festima-2018-cest-parti-a-dedougou/ |access-date=August 28, 2019 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Abubuwan farko na FESTIMA sune wasan kwaikwayo, inda masu saka abin rufe fuska suke rawa, tare da mawaƙa suna buga ganguna, busa, da balafons. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wani lokaci, mai fassara yana nan don fassara ma'anar rawa. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLoov2016">Loov, Jacob Balzani (March 13, 2016). [http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html "In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks"]. ''Al Jazeera''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙabilun da al'adunsu ke wakilta sun haɗa da Bwaba, [[Mutanen Marka|Marka]], da [[Yarbawa]]. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> FESTIMA kuma ya haɗa da tarurruka kan batutuwan tarihi da al'adu, gasa ta ba da labari, abubuwan ilimi ga yara, da kasuwa.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPage2016">Page, Thomas (May 13, 2016). [http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html "The masked men of Burkina Faso"]. ''CNN''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso "FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso"]. ''Everfest''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHarris2016">Harris, Rachel Lee (January 8, 2016). [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html "Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016"]. ''New York Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 711u0r1ds9bpg6u4nqdcgicnm1buc51 542905 542767 2024-11-20T05:00:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 542905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Festival International des Massques et des Arts''' (Bikin Masks da Fasaha na Duniya), ko '''FESTIMA''', bikin al'adu ne na bikin [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|al'adun gargajiya na Afirka]] da aka gudanar a Dédougou, [[Burkina Faso]]. <ref name="Official">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA |url=http://www.festima.org/ |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Official FESTIMA Website |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> An kafa shi don taimakawa kiyaye al'adun gargajiya a wannan zamani, FESTIMA tana da abubuwan rufe fuska da al'adu daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] da dama. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Thomas |date=May 13, 2016 |title=The masked men of Burkina Faso |url=http://www.cnn.com/style/article/festima-burkina-faso/index.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=CNN |publisher=}}</ref> A halin yanzu ana gudanar da shi [[wiktionary:Special:Search/biennial|duk shekara]] a cikin shekaru masu ƙidaya. <ref name="Everfest">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=FESTIMA 2018 in Dédougou, Burkina Faso |url=https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Everfest |publisher= |archive-date=December 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223180227/https://www.everfest.com/e/festima-dedougou-burkina-faso |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karo na baya-bayan nan, na goma sha biyar, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu zuwa 7 ga watan Maris, 2020, a Bankuy. <ref name="Lefaso2020">{{Cite web |last=Lawali |first=D. |date=February 24, 2020 |title=Dédougou : La 15e édition du Festival international des masques et des arts se tiendra du 29 février au 7 mars 2020 |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article95072 |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Lefaso.net |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="2020Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Rédaction B24 |date=March 3, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Un défi culturel, sécuritaire et économique |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2020/03/03/festima-2020-un-defi-culturel-securitaire-et-economique/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> <ref name="L'Economiste">{{Cite web |last=M.K |date=March 16, 2020 |title=FESTIMA 2020 : Entre tradition du masque et modernité |url=https://www.leconomistedufaso.bf/2020/03/16/festima-2020-entre-tradition-du-masque-et-modernite/ |access-date=May 27, 2021 |website=Journal L'Economiste du Faso |publisher= |quote=}} (in French)</ref> == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1996, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Burkinabé sun kafa [[ASAMA]], Ƙungiyar Kare Masks, da haɓakawa da adana ayyukan abin rufe fuska na gargajiya. <ref name="Everfest"/> <ref name="Times">{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Rachel Lee |date=January 8, 2016 |title=Where Music Lovers Should Go in 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/10/travel/places-to-visit-music.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=New York Times |publisher=}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke damun shi ne cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya ba sa zama na yau da kullum na rayuwa ga mutane da yawa. Asalin abin rufe fuska na addini ne a yanayi, tarihi yana da alaƙa da tashin hankali. <ref name="AJ">{{Cite web |last=Loov |first=Jacob Balzani |date=March 13, 2016 |title=In Burkina Faso: FESTIMA, a festival of African masks |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2016/03/burkina-faso-festima-gathering-african-masks-160310074232928.html |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Al Jazeera |publisher=}}</ref> Animism da sauran imani na gargajiya addinan tsiraru ne a Burkina Faso na zamani, tare da ƙiyasin da ke nuna ana aiwatar da su tsakanin kashi 7.8 <ref name="Factbook">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 9, 2018 |title=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=CIA |publisher=}} Estimate is from 2010.</ref> da kashi 15 <ref name="DHS">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 2012 |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples |url=https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR256/FR256.pdf |access-date=January 16, 2018 |website=[[Demographic and Health Surveys]] |publisher= |page=3}} Estimate is from 2006. (in French)</ref> na yawan jama'a. Addini mafi rinjaye a ƙasar shine [[Musulunci]], wanda ba ya amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin bukukuwan su. <ref name="CNN"/> Duk da haka, membobin ASAMA sun yi imanin cewa abin rufe fuska na gargajiya na iya zama mai mahimmanci a al'ada har ma ga waɗanda ba su da mahimmanci a addini. A cewar Ki Leonce, babban darektan ASAMA, "Akwai bangarori guda biyu game da abin rufe fuska. Ɗayan addini, ɗayan kuma al'ada; za a iya samun rikici na addini ga mutanen da ke girmama abin rufe fuska, amma babu wani rikici daga al'adu." <ref name="AJ" /> Ainihin FESTIMA da aka yi a shekarar 1996, an shafe kwanaki huɗu ana yin bikin, kuma tun daga nan aka faɗaɗa bikin zuwa kwanaki bakwai. <ref name="Everfest"/> <ref name="Yettio">{{Cite web |last=Sweet |first=Jonathan |date=February 17, 2016 |title=FESTIMA – Burkina Faso's festival of masks |url=http://www.yettio.com/festima-the-african-masquerade-ball/13837 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=Yettio |publisher= |archive-date=January 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214642/http://www.yettio.com/festima-the-african-masquerade-ball/13837 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gudanar da bukin karo na goma sha uku daga ranar 27 ga watan watan Fabrairu zuwa 5 ga watan Maris, 2016, kuma an gabatar da abin rufe fuska daga al'ummomi sama da 50 daga ƙasashen [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]] shida: Burkina Faso, [[Benin]], [[Ivory Coast]], [[Mali]], [[Senegal]], da [[Togo]]. <ref name="CNN"/> <ref name="Lefaso">{{Cite web |last=Sawadogo |first=Tiga Cheick |date=March 1, 2016 |title=FESTIMA 2016 : Des infrastructures pour sauvegarder les masques |url=http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article69869 |access-date=January 11, 2018 |website=LeFaso.net |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> ASAMA ta kiyasta mutane 100,000 ne suka halarci taron, <ref name="CNN" /> gami da masu yawon buɗe ido na duniya sama da 2,000. <ref name="Lefaso" /> An gudanar da kashi na goma sha huɗu daga watan Fabrairu 24 zuwa Maris 3, 2018. <ref name="Burkina24">{{Cite web |last=Kapigdou |first=Merveille |date=February 25, 2018 |title=FESTIMA 2018 : C'est parti à Dédougou ! |url=https://www.burkina24.com/2018/02/25/burkina-festima-2018-cest-parti-a-dedougou/ |access-date=August 28, 2019 |website=[[Burkina 24]] |publisher=}} (in French)</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Abubuwan farko na FESTIMA sune wasan kwaikwayo, inda masu saka abin rufe fuska suke rawa, tare da mawaƙa suna buga ganguna, busa, da balafons. <ref name="Everfest"/> <ref name="Times"/> Wani lokaci, mai fassara yana nan don fassara ma'anar rawa. <ref name="AJ"/> Wasu daga cikin ƙabilun da al'adunsu ke wakilta sun haɗa da Bwaba, [[Mutanen Marka|Marka]], da [[Yarbawa]]. <ref name="CNN"/> FESTIMA kuma ya haɗa da tarurruka kan batutuwan tarihi da al'adu, gasa ta ba da labari, abubuwan ilimi ga yara, da kasuwa.<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Everfest"/><ref name="Times"/> == Manazarta == 44w72im60bhlc8pwz7bb6ksr8qirs3s 0 87663 542769 2024-11-19T19:26:28Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216959424|Ngondo]]" 542769 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb| Ngondo messenger akan Kogin Wouri]] '''Ngondo''' biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda [[Sawa (ethnic group)|Sawa]] (mutanen bakin teku) ke gudanarwa a [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]]. Babban abin burgewa a bikin shine bikin jengu. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a bakin teku a Wouri Bay, lokacin da wani mai bauta ya shiga cikin ruwa don ya ziyarci masarautar ƙarƙashin ruwa na miengu (jam'i don jengu). An yi imanin cewa miengu ya yi kama da maza, kuma za su ba da sa'a ga masu bautar su. Bisa ga al'ada, mai sadaukarwa na iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa na sa'o'i, kuma ya fito tare da tufafinsa a bushe. An hana yara halartar bikin. Gwamnatin Kamaru ta dakatar da Ngondo a shekarar 1981, amma a shekarar 1991 ta dawo da shi. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a cikin makonni biyu na farkon watan Disamba na kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austen |first=Ralph A. |year=1992 |title=Tradition, Invention and History : The Case of the Ngondo (Cameroon) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=32 |issue=126 |pages=285–309 |jstor=4392382}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:HRKaba.JPG|alt=Women with blue Kaba| Mata masu launin Kaba Fayil:Kdfkaba00.JPG|alt=Woman with green Kaba| Mace mai koren Kaba Fayil:KdfKaba010.JPG|alt=Women with black Kaba| Mata masu baki Kaba Fayil:GedKaba.JPG|alt=Women with striped Kaba| Mata masu ratsin Kaba Fayil:Le_soir_au_Ngondo_à_NBAGA-BAKOKO.jpg|alt=Festival evening| Maraice na bikin Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_02.jpg|alt=Ritual| Al'ada Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_20.jpg|alt=West community invited at Ngondo| An gayyaci al'ummar Yamma a Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_05.jpg|alt=Ngondo Traditional wrestling| Kokawa ta Gargajiya Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_15.jpg| Assiko Dancers Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_17.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_12.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_14.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_11.jpg|alt=swimming competition| gasar ninkaya Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_09.jpg|alt=Ritual pirogue| Pirogue na al'ada Fayil:Danse_sawa_ngondo6.jpg|alt=Abele singers| Mawakan Abele Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_08.jpg|alt=Ngondo place| Wurin Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_7.jpg|alt=Tupuri community at Ngondo| Al'ummar Turi a Ngondo </gallery> == Manazarta == Bikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasaBikin fasaha da al'adu na Vodun na kasa da kasa 5pz5rae1vvn6rj96ws9il90av494shz 542770 542769 2024-11-19T19:26:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 542770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb| Ngondo messenger akan Kogin Wouri]] '''Ngondo''' biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda [[Sawa (ethnic group)|Sawa]] (mutanen bakin teku) ke gudanarwa a [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]]. Babban abin burgewa a bikin shine bikin jengu. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a bakin teku a Wouri Bay, lokacin da wani mai bauta ya shiga cikin ruwa don ya ziyarci masarautar ƙarƙashin ruwa na miengu (jam'i don jengu). An yi imanin cewa miengu ya yi kama da maza, kuma za su ba da sa'a ga masu bautar su. Bisa ga al'ada, mai sadaukarwa na iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa na sa'o'i, kuma ya fito tare da tufafinsa a bushe. An hana yara halartar bikin. Gwamnatin Kamaru ta dakatar da Ngondo a shekarar 1981, amma a shekarar 1991 ta dawo da shi. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a cikin makonni biyu na farkon watan Disamba na kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austen |first=Ralph A. |year=1992 |title=Tradition, Invention and History : The Case of the Ngondo (Cameroon) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=32 |issue=126 |pages=285–309 |jstor=4392382}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:HRKaba.JPG|alt=Women with blue Kaba| Mata masu launin Kaba Fayil:Kdfkaba00.JPG|alt=Woman with green Kaba| Mace mai koren Kaba Fayil:KdfKaba010.JPG|alt=Women with black Kaba| Mata masu baki Kaba Fayil:GedKaba.JPG|alt=Women with striped Kaba| Mata masu ratsin Kaba Fayil:Le_soir_au_Ngondo_à_NBAGA-BAKOKO.jpg|alt=Festival evening| Maraice na bikin Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_02.jpg|alt=Ritual| Al'ada Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_20.jpg|alt=West community invited at Ngondo| An gayyaci al'ummar Yamma a Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_05.jpg|alt=Ngondo Traditional wrestling| Kokawa ta Gargajiya Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_15.jpg| Assiko Dancers Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_17.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_12.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_14.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_11.jpg|alt=swimming competition| gasar ninkaya Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_09.jpg|alt=Ritual pirogue| Pirogue na al'ada Fayil:Danse_sawa_ngondo6.jpg|alt=Abele singers| Mawakan Abele Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_08.jpg|alt=Ngondo place| Wurin Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_7.jpg|alt=Tupuri community at Ngondo| Al'ummar Turi a Ngondo </gallery> == Manazarta == jlx615ab23ya7qfyc1ro9ht3xgoabwg 542771 542770 2024-11-19T19:27:28Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:GedNgondoMessager.JPG|thumb| Ngondo messenger akan Kogin Wouri]] '''Ngondo''' biki ne na shekara-shekara wanda [[Sawa (ethnic group)|Sawa]] (mutanen bakin teku) ke gudanarwa a [[Douala]], [[Kamaru]]. Babban abin burgewa a bikin shine bikin jengu. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a bakin teku a Wouri Bay, lokacin da wani mai bauta ya shiga cikin ruwa don ya ziyarci masarautar ƙarƙashin ruwa na miengu (jam'i don jengu). An yi imanin cewa miengu ya yi kama da maza, kuma za su ba da sa'a ga masu bautar su. Bisa ga al'ada, mai sadaukarwa na iya zama a ƙarƙashin ruwa na sa'o'i, kuma ya fito tare da tufafinsa a bushe. An hana yara halartar bikin. Gwamnatin Kamaru ta dakatar da Ngondo a shekarar 1981, amma a shekarar 1991 ta dawo da shi. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a cikin makonni biyu na farkon watan Disamba na kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Austen |first=Ralph A. |year=1992 |title=Tradition, Invention and History : The Case of the Ngondo (Cameroon) |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=32 |issue=126 |pages=285–309 |jstor=4392382}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> Fayil:HRKaba.JPG|alt=Women with blue Kaba| Mata masu launin Kaba Fayil:Kdfkaba00.JPG|alt=Woman with green Kaba| Mace mai koren Kaba Fayil:KdfKaba010.JPG|alt=Women with black Kaba| Mata masu baki Kaba Fayil:GedKaba.JPG|alt=Women with striped Kaba| Mata masu ratsin Kaba Fayil:Le_soir_au_Ngondo_à_NBAGA-BAKOKO.jpg|alt=Festival evening| Maraice na bikin Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_02.jpg|alt=Ritual| Al'ada Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_20.jpg|alt=West community invited at Ngondo| An gayyaci al'ummar Yamma a Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_05.jpg|alt=Ngondo Traditional wrestling| Kokawa ta Gargajiya Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_15.jpg| Assiko Dancers Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_17.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_12.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_14.jpg Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_11.jpg|alt=swimming competition| gasar ninkaya Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_09.jpg|alt=Ritual pirogue| Pirogue na al'ada Fayil:Danse_sawa_ngondo6.jpg|alt=Abele singers| Mawakan Abele Fayil:Fleuve_Wouri_à_Douala_08.jpg|alt=Ngondo place| Wurin Ngondo Fayil:Activités_du_Ngondo_7.jpg|alt=Tupuri community at Ngondo| Al'ummar Turi a Ngondo </gallery> == Manazarta == 2wh7j11rev00fljeqkm240swoj153h5 0 87664 542772 2024-11-19T19:36:32Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1240691282|Zaire 74]]" 542772 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zaire 74''' wani biki ne na kiɗa kai tsaye na kwanaki uku wanda ya gudana a ranar 22 zuwa 24 ga watan Satumba 1974 a Stade du 20 Mai a [[Kinshasa]], Zaire ([[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] a yanzu). Wasan, wanda mai buga kaho na Afirka ta Kudu Hugh Masekela da mai yin rikodi Stewart Levine suka shirya, an yi shi ne don zama babban taron tallata ga gasar zakarun damben ajin nauyi tsakanin [[Muhammad Ali]] da George Foreman, wanda aka fi sani da The Rumble in the Jungle. Lokacin da wani rauni ya tilasta wa Foreman dage yakin da makonni shida, an kawar da masu halartar bikin na masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasa da ƙasa gaba ɗaya kuma Levine ya yanke shawarar ko zai soke taron ko a'a. An yanke shawarar ci gaba, kuma mutane 80,000 ne suka halarta. <ref name="NYT2009" /> Baya ga inganta faɗan Ali-Foreman, taron na Zaire 74 an yi niyya ne don gabatarwa da inganta haɗin kan ƙabilu da al'adu tsakanin jama'ar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Amurka]] da Afirka. Rukunoni 31 ne suka yi wasa, 17 daga Zaire da 14 daga ketare sun yi. Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da manyan R&B da masu fasahar rai daga Amurka kamar [[James Brown]], Bill Withers, [[B.B. King|BB King]], da The Spinners da kuma fitattun ƴan wasan Afirka irin su Miriam Makeba, Zaïko Langa Langa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Papa Wemba |url=https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/papa-wemba-lecture |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref> TPOK Jazz, da Tabu Ley Rochereau. Sauran 'yan wasan sun haɗa da Celia Cruz da Fania All-Stars. == Fage da tasirin al'adu == Don King ne ya tallata wannan kiɗe-kiɗen, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina faɗan Ali-Foreman. A lokacin taron, Mobutu Sese Seko, wani ɗan kama-karya da ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin hanci da rashawa, son zuciya da take hakkin ɗan Adam ne ke jagorantar Zaire. Mobutu ya amince da gudanar da bikin ne da fatan inganta martabar ƙasar. An fitar da wani shirin gaskiya game da bikin Zaire 74, mai suna ''Power Power'', a cikin shekarar 2009. Jeffrey Levy-Hinte ne ya jagoranci fim ɗin, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a kan shirin 1996 ''Lokacin da Muke Sarakuna'', wanda kuma ya ƙunshi zaɓukan hotunan kiɗe-kiɗe daga bikin. A cikin shekarar 2017 an fitar da wani kundi mai suna ''Zaïre 74: An fitar da Mawakan Afirka'', wanda ya tattara wasan kwaikwayo daga masu fasahar Zairian da Miriam Makeba. == Duba kuma == * Jerin bukukuwan dutsen tarihi * Jerin bukukuwan kiɗa na jam band == Manazarta == o61j6b5l9qvr6hggelv452i15vxer98 542773 542772 2024-11-19T19:39:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaire 74''' wani biki ne na kiɗa kai tsaye na kwanaki uku wanda ya gudana a ranar 22 zuwa 24 ga watan Satumba 1974 a Stade du 20 Mai a [[Kinshasa]], Zaire ([[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango]] a yanzu).<ref name="NYT2009">{{cite news |title = Zaire's Moment of the Soul |first = Jon |last = Pareles |date = 2 July 2009 |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/05/movies/05pare.html |access-date = 26 May 2022}}</ref> Wasan, wanda mai buga kaho na Afirka ta Kudu Hugh Masekela da mai yin rikodi Stewart Levine suka shirya, an yi shi ne don zama babban taron tallata ga gasar zakarun damben ajin nauyi tsakanin [[Muhammad Ali]] da George Foreman, wanda aka fi sani da The Rumble in the Jungle. Lokacin da wani rauni ya tilasta wa Foreman dage yakin da makonni shida, an kawar da masu halartar bikin na masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasa da ƙasa gaba ɗaya kuma Levine ya yanke shawarar ko zai soke taron ko a'a. An yanke shawarar ci gaba, kuma mutane 80,000 ne suka halarta. <ref name="NYT2009" /> Baya ga inganta faɗan Ali-Foreman, taron na Zaire 74 an yi niyya ne don gabatarwa da inganta haɗin kan ƙabilu da al'adu tsakanin jama'ar [[Afirkawan Amurka|Amurka]] da Afirka. Rukunoni 31 ne suka yi wasa, 17 daga Zaire da 14 daga ketare sun yi. Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun haɗa da manyan R&B da masu fasahar rai daga Amurka kamar [[James Brown]], Bill Withers, [[B.B. King|BB King]], da The Spinners da kuma fitattun ƴan wasan Afirka irin su Miriam Makeba, Zaïko Langa Langa,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papa Wemba |url=https://www.redbullmusicacademy.com/lectures/papa-wemba-lecture |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.redbullmusicacademy.com |language=en}}</ref> TPOK Jazz, da Tabu Ley Rochereau. Sauran 'yan wasan sun haɗa da Celia Cruz da Fania All-Stars. == Fage da tasirin al'adu == Don King ne ya tallata wannan kiɗe-kiɗen, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gina faɗan Ali-Foreman.<ref name="NYT1974">{{cite news |title = Music Fete in Zaire Has Poor Box Office But Makes a Big Hit |first = Thomas A. |last = Johnson |date = 25 September 1974 |newspaper = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1974/09/25/archives/music-fete-in-zaire-has-poor-box-office-but-makes-a-big-hit.html |access-date = 26 May 2022}}</ref> A lokacin taron, Mobutu Sese Seko, wani ɗan kama-karya da ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin hanci da rashawa, son zuciya da take hakkin ɗan Adam ne ke jagorantar Zaire. Mobutu ya amince da gudanar da bikin ne da fatan inganta martabar ƙasar. An fitar da wani shirin gaskiya game da bikin Zaire 74, mai suna ''Power Power'', a cikin shekarar 2009. Jeffrey Levy-Hinte ne ya jagoranci fim ɗin, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin edita a kan shirin 1996 ''Lokacin da Muke Sarakuna'', wanda kuma ya ƙunshi zaɓukan hotunan kiɗe-kiɗe daga bikin.<ref name=vice>{{citation|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/zaire-74-was-woodstock-for-african-artists/|title=Zaire 74 Was Woodstock for African Artists|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Zachary Lipez|date=2017-08-14|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017 an fitar da wani kundi mai suna ''Zaïre 74: An fitar da Mawakan Afirka'', wanda ya tattara wasan kwaikwayo daga masu fasahar Zairian da Miriam Makeba.<ref name=vice>{{citation|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/zaire-74-was-woodstock-for-african-artists/|title=Zaire 74 Was Woodstock for African Artists|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|author=Zachary Lipez|date=2017-08-14|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin bukukuwan dutsen tarihi * Jerin bukukuwan kiɗa na jam band == Manazarta == p7v0ca7nl629rmu0tilnfxcpg4ll136 0 87665 542798 2024-11-19T20:38:23Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255676567|2024 El Gouna Film Festival]]" 542798 wikitext text/x-wiki An shirya shiri na bakwai na El Gouna Film Festival daga ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba 1 a El Gouna, Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GFF 7th edition Press Briefing – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/?news=gff-7th-edition-press-briefing |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Za a gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Taro da Al'adu ta El Gouna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sassan hukuma == === Fasalar Gasar Labarin === An zaɓi waɗannan fina-finai masu zuwa don yin gasa a El Gouna Golden Star don Kyautar Fim na Narrative: <ref name="selection">{{Cite web |title=Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |English Title ! scope="col" |Director(s) ! scope="col" |Production Country |- |''Algiers'' |[[Chakib Taleb]] |Algeria, Tunisia, France, Canada |- |- |''[[Crickets, It's Your Turn]]'' |Olga Korotko |France, Kazakhstan |- |- |''Everybody Loves Touda'' |[[Nabil Ayouch]] |France, Morocco, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway |- |- |- style="background:#FFDEAD;" |''[[Ghost Trail]]'' |[[Jonathan Millet]] |France, Germany, Belgium |- |- |''Girls Will Be Girls'' |Shuchi Talati |India, France, Norway, USA |- |- |''[[My Everything (film)|My Everything]]'' |[[Anne-Sophie Bailly]] |France |- |- |''On Falling'' |[[Laura Carreira]] |UK, Portugal |- |- |''Salve Maria'' |Mar Coll |Spain |- |- |''Stranger'' |[[Zhengfan Yang]] |China |- |- |''[[The Inevitable Journey to find a Wedding Dress]]'' |[[Jaylan Auf]] |Egypt |- |- |''[[Thank You for Banking with Us]]'' |[[Laila Abbas]] |Palestine, Germany, Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia |- |- |''The Kingdom'' |Julien Colonna |France |- |- |''Tiny Lights'' |[[Beata Parkanová]] |Czech Republic, Slovakia |- |- |''Toxic'' |[[Saule Bliuvaite]] |Lithuania |- |- |''[[Who Do I Belong To]]'' |Meryam Joobeur |Tunisia, France, Canada |- |} === Fassarar takardun shaida === An zaɓi waɗannan fina-finai masu zuwa don yin gasa a El Gouna Golden Star da Documentary Film: <ref name="selection">{{Cite web |title=Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ "Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci ! scope="col" | Darakta(s) ! scope="col" | Ƙasar samarwa |- | ''[[A New Kind Of Wilderness|Wani Sabon Irin Daji]]'' | [[Silje Evensmo Jacobsen]] | Norway |- |- | ''[[Cilama]]'' | [[Hady Zaccak|Haddi Zaka]] | Lebanon, Qatar |- |- | ''[[Death Without Mercy|Mutuwa Ba Rahma]]'' | Waad Al-Kateab | Birtaniya |- |- | ''Elementary'' | Claire Simon | Faransa |- |- | ''Mai Rarraba Mastress'' | Elizabeth Lo | China, UK |- |- | ''[[Thakerati Maleaa Bel Ashbah]]'' | [[Anas Zawahri]] | Siriya |- |- | ''Sautin Sauti zuwa juyin mulki'' | Johan Grimonprez | Belgium, Faransa, Netherlands |- |- | ''[[Tata (film)|Tata]]'' | [[Radu Ciorniciuc]], [[Lina Vdovii]] | Romania |- |- | ''[[Tell Them About Us|Faɗa Musu Game da Mu]]'' | [[Rand Beiruty]] | Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Jamus |- |- | ''Mafarkin Mafarki'' | [[Ayman El Amir]], [[Nada Riyadh]] | Ƙasa |- |- | ''[[The Miraculous Transformation of the Working Class Into Foreigners|Canjin Mu'ujiza Na Ajin Ma'aikata Zuwa Baƙi]]'' | Samir | Switzerland, Italiya |- |- |- style="background:#FFDEAD;" |''[[We Are Inside|Muna Ciki]]'' | [[Farah Kassem|Farah Kasim]] | Lebanon, Qatar, Denmark |- |- |} == CineGouna funding == {| class="wikitable" |+CineGouna funding<ref>{{Cite web |title=CineGouna FUNDING – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/cinegouna-funding/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> ! scope="col" |English Title ! scope="col" |Director(s) ! scope="col" |Production Country |- ! colspan="3" |Projects in Development <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/ElGounaFilmFestival/posts/pfbid0dD7qJnsae5VhPKGc11seZN2Mcxq94G4KbS936f6VAkJ4sjrqbHx3HEaNUQuorxQ7l |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> |- |The Gardian |[[Muhannad Lamin]] |TBA |- |House No. 7 |[[Rama Abdy]] |TBA |- |Running With Beasts |[[Leila Basma]] |TBA |- |Amara |[[Michelle Keserwany]] |TBA |- |Al Madeeneh 2008 |[[Youssef Assabahi]] |TBA |- |Leila's Trial |[[Charlie Kouka]] |TBA |- |- |Elsewhere |[[Issraa ElKogali]] |TBA |- |Remind Me to Forget |[[Lama Jamjoom]] |TBA |- |Dwellers of The Cabins |[[Hend Bakr]] |TBA |- |A Pair of Shoes in The Dark Corner of The Moon |[[Ayman El Amir]] |TBA |- |The Cow Thief |Mohamed Zedan |TBA |- |The Masters of Magic and Beauty |[[Jad Chahine]] |TBA |- |The Myth of Mahmoud |[[Mayar Hamdan]], [[Shaima Al Tamimi]] |TBA |- ! colspan="3" |Projects in Post Production <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/ElGounaFilmFestival/posts/pfbid02JAM7x9SByiPhZzHH7eJjNzB132ubeg9eE6wssu6pRzPhiwgUBuSymCGrFXfTcxozl |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> |- |Exile |[[Mehdi Hmili]] |TBA |- |''[[Film Name|La vie d'après]]'' |[[Namir Abdel Messeeh]] |TBA |- |In The Darkness I See You |Nadim Tabet |TBA |- |My Father and Qaddafi |Jihan |TBA |- |Son of The Streets |[[Mohammed Almughanni]] |TBA |- |The Settlement |Mohamed Rashad |TBA |- |Those Who Watch Over |Karima Saidi |TBA |- |The Meursault Investigation |[[Malek Bensmaïl|Malek Bensmail]] |TBA |} == CineGouna Shorts == {| class="wikitable" |+CineGouna Shorts ! scope="col" | Taken Turanci ! scope="col" | Darakta(s) ! scope="col" | Mai gabatarwa |- | Ayyukan Karshe | Abanoub Nabila | Rouba Atiyeh |- |- | Yarinyar Bar | Yassir Na'im | Da Sabar |- |- | Buƙatar Ƙarshe | Hozifa Abdelhalim | Nura Abdurahman |- |- | Yellow | Sherouk Helal | Ahmed El Shebiny |- |- | A Irin Wannan Lokacin, Muna Kuka | Ahmed Sabuwa | Marwa Tammam |- |- | Tafiya "Rosy" Kadan | Ahmad El-Hawarey | Hala Lotfy |- |- | Matattu Gajiya | Beshoy Yusuf | Ramy El Gabry |- |- | Bishiyoyin Lemo | Maryam Nasiru | Mohammed Gabar |- |} == Manazarta == mkptj91o2vu50xtbb0w9g7pkyouss2v 542799 542798 2024-11-19T20:39:46Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 542799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An shirya shiri na bakwai na El Gouna Film Festival daga ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba zuwa Nuwamba 1 a El Gouna, Masar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=GFF 7th edition Press Briefing – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/?news=gff-7th-edition-press-briefing |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> Za a gudanar da shi a Cibiyar Taro da Al'adu ta El Gouna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/about-us/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sassan hukuma == === Fasalar Gasar Labarin === An zaɓi waɗannan fina-finai masu zuwa don yin gasa a El Gouna Golden Star don Kyautar Fim na Narrative: <ref name="selection">{{Cite web |title=Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |English Title ! scope="col" |Director(s) ! scope="col" |Production Country |- |''Algiers'' |[[Chakib Taleb]] |Algeria, Tunisia, France, Canada |- |- |''[[Crickets, It's Your Turn]]'' |Olga Korotko |France, Kazakhstan |- |- |''Everybody Loves Touda'' |[[Nabil Ayouch]] |France, Morocco, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Norway |- |- |- style="background:#FFDEAD;" |''[[Ghost Trail]]'' |[[Jonathan Millet]] |France, Germany, Belgium |- |- |''Girls Will Be Girls'' |Shuchi Talati |India, France, Norway, USA |- |- |''[[My Everything (film)|My Everything]]'' |[[Anne-Sophie Bailly]] |France |- |- |''On Falling'' |[[Laura Carreira]] |UK, Portugal |- |- |''Salve Maria'' |Mar Coll |Spain |- |- |''Stranger'' |[[Zhengfan Yang]] |China |- |- |''[[The Inevitable Journey to find a Wedding Dress]]'' |[[Jaylan Auf]] |Egypt |- |- |''[[Thank You for Banking with Us]]'' |[[Laila Abbas]] |Palestine, Germany, Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia |- |- |''The Kingdom'' |Julien Colonna |France |- |- |''Tiny Lights'' |[[Beata Parkanová]] |Czech Republic, Slovakia |- |- |''Toxic'' |[[Saule Bliuvaite]] |Lithuania |- |- |''[[Who Do I Belong To]]'' |Meryam Joobeur |Tunisia, France, Canada |- |} === Fassarar takardun shaida === An zaɓi waɗannan fina-finai masu zuwa don yin gasa a El Gouna Golden Star da Documentary Film: <ref name="selection">{{Cite web |title=Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://elgounafilmfestival.com/film-selection-en/ "Film Selection – EN – El Gouna Film Festival"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Taken Turanci ! scope="col" | Darakta(s) ! scope="col" | Ƙasar samarwa |- | ''[[A New Kind Of Wilderness|Wani Sabon Irin Daji]]'' | [[Silje Evensmo Jacobsen]] | Norway |- |- | ''[[Cilama]]'' | [[Hady Zaccak|Haddi Zaka]] | Lebanon, Qatar |- |- | ''[[Death Without Mercy|Mutuwa Ba Rahma]]'' | Waad Al-Kateab | Birtaniya |- |- | ''Elementary'' | Claire Simon | Faransa |- |- | ''Mai Rarraba Mastress'' | Elizabeth Lo | China, UK |- |- | ''[[Thakerati Maleaa Bel Ashbah]]'' | [[Anas Zawahri]] | Siriya |- |- | ''Sautin Sauti zuwa juyin mulki'' | Johan Grimonprez | Belgium, Faransa, Netherlands |- |- | ''[[Tata (film)|Tata]]'' | [[Radu Ciorniciuc]], [[Lina Vdovii]] | Romania |- |- | ''[[Tell Them About Us|Faɗa Musu Game da Mu]]'' | [[Rand Beiruty]] | Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Jamus |- |- | ''Mafarkin Mafarki'' | [[Ayman El Amir]], [[Nada Riyadh]] | Ƙasa |- |- | ''[[The Miraculous Transformation of the Working Class Into Foreigners|Canjin Mu'ujiza Na Ajin Ma'aikata Zuwa Baƙi]]'' | Samir | Switzerland, Italiya |- |- |- style="background:#FFDEAD;" |''[[We Are Inside|Muna Ciki]]'' | [[Farah Kassem|Farah Kasim]] | Lebanon, Qatar, Denmark |- |- |} == CineGouna funding == {| class="wikitable" |+CineGouna funding<ref>{{Cite web |title=CineGouna FUNDING – El Gouna Film Festival |url=https://elgounafilmfestival.com/cinegouna-funding/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> ! scope="col" |English Title ! scope="col" |Director(s) ! scope="col" |Production Country |- ! colspan="3" |Projects in Development <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/ElGounaFilmFestival/posts/pfbid0dD7qJnsae5VhPKGc11seZN2Mcxq94G4KbS936f6VAkJ4sjrqbHx3HEaNUQuorxQ7l |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> |- |The Gardian |[[Muhannad Lamin]] |TBA |- |House No. 7 |[[Rama Abdy]] |TBA |- |Running With Beasts |[[Leila Basma]] |TBA |- |Amara |[[Michelle Keserwany]] |TBA |- |Al Madeeneh 2008 |[[Youssef Assabahi]] |TBA |- |Leila's Trial |[[Charlie Kouka]] |TBA |- |- |Elsewhere |[[Issraa ElKogali]] |TBA |- |Remind Me to Forget |[[Lama Jamjoom]] |TBA |- |Dwellers of The Cabins |[[Hend Bakr]] |TBA |- |A Pair of Shoes in The Dark Corner of The Moon |[[Ayman El Amir]] |TBA |- |The Cow Thief |Mohamed Zedan |TBA |- |The Masters of Magic and Beauty |[[Jad Chahine]] |TBA |- |The Myth of Mahmoud |[[Mayar Hamdan]], [[Shaima Al Tamimi]] |TBA |- ! colspan="3" |Projects in Post Production <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/ElGounaFilmFestival/posts/pfbid02JAM7x9SByiPhZzHH7eJjNzB132ubeg9eE6wssu6pRzPhiwgUBuSymCGrFXfTcxozl |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> |- |Exile |[[Mehdi Hmili]] |TBA |- |''[[Film Name|La vie d'après]]'' |[[Namir Abdel Messeeh]] |TBA |- |In The Darkness I See You |Nadim Tabet |TBA |- |My Father and Qaddafi |Jihan |TBA |- |Son of The Streets |[[Mohammed Almughanni]] |TBA |- |The Settlement |Mohamed Rashad |TBA |- |Those Who Watch Over |Karima Saidi |TBA |- |The Meursault Investigation |[[Malek Bensmaïl|Malek Bensmail]] |TBA |} == CineGouna Shorts == {| class="wikitable" |+CineGouna Shorts ! scope="col" | Taken Turanci ! scope="col" | Darakta(s) ! scope="col" | Mai gabatarwa |- | Ayyukan Karshe | Abanoub Nabila | Rouba Atiyeh |- |- | Yarinyar Bar | Yassir Na'im | Da Sabar |- |- | Buƙatar Ƙarshe | Hozifa Abdelhalim | Nura Abdurahman |- |- | Yellow | Sherouk Helal | Ahmed El Shebiny |- |- | A Irin Wannan Lokacin, Muna Kuka | Ahmed Sabuwa | Marwa Tammam |- |- | Tafiya "Rosy" Kadan | Ahmad El-Hawarey | Hala Lotfy |- |- | Matattu Gajiya | Beshoy Yusuf | Ramy El Gabry |- |- | Bishiyoyin Lemo | Maryam Nasiru | Mohammed Gabar |- |} == Manazarta == lhjzkusoji1cr9e5s7y2ck771tiplo8 0 87666 542801 2024-11-19T20:44:25Z Muxammeel-Emdee 32298 Sabon shafi: Cillian Murphy (an haifeshi 25 ga watan Mayu 1976) shi dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar turawa. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi duka mataki da allo, kuma lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta Academy, lambar yabo ta Fim ta Burtaniya da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe. Ya yi wasan sa na farko na ƙwararru a wasan Enda Walsh na 1996 Disco Pigs, rawar da ya sake fitowa daga baya a cikin daidaitawar allo na 2001. Fim ɗinsa na farko sun haɗa da Fim ɗin tsoro Kwanaki 28 Daga baya (2002), Int... 542801 wikitext text/x-wiki Cillian Murphy (an haifeshi 25 ga watan Mayu 1976) shi dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar turawa. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi duka mataki da allo, kuma lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta Academy, lambar yabo ta Fim ta Burtaniya da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe. Ya yi wasan sa na farko na ƙwararru a wasan Enda Walsh na 1996 Disco Pigs, rawar da ya sake fitowa daga baya a cikin daidaitawar allo na 2001. Fim ɗinsa na farko sun haɗa da Fim ɗin tsoro Kwanaki 28 Daga baya (2002), Intermission mai ban dariya mai duhu (2003), Red Eye mai ban sha'awa (2005), wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙin Irish The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), da kuma almarar kimiyya thriller Sunshine (2007). Ya buga mata 'yar Irish transgender a cikin wasan kwaikwayo-wasan kwaikwayo Breakfast akan Pluto (2005), wanda ya ba shi kyautar lambar yabo ta Golden Globe ta farko. Murphy ya fara haɗin gwiwarsa tare da mai shirya fina-finai Christopher Nolan a cikin 2005, yana wasa da Scarecrow a cikin The Dark Knight trilogy (2005 – 2012) da kuma bayyana a cikin Inception (2010) da Dunkirk (2017). Ya sami babban matsayi don rawar da ya taka a matsayin Tommy Shelby a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na BBC Peaky Blinders (2013 – 2022) da kuma yin tauraro a cikin jerin abubuwan ban tsoro A Quiet Place Part II (2020). Murphy ya nuna J. Robert Oppenheimer a cikin Nolan's Oppenheimer (2023), wanda don haka ya ci lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jarumi. A cikin 2011, Murphy ya lashe lambar yabo ta Drama Desk Award don ƙwararren Solo Performance don wasan mutum ɗaya Misterman. A cikin 2020, The Irish Times ta nada shi ɗayan manyan ƴan wasan fina-finan Irish na kowane lokaci.<ref>Clarke, Donald; Brady, Tara (13 June 2020). "The 50 greatest Irish film actors of all time". ''Irish Times''. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Murphy a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1976<ref>Boland, Yasmin (16 August 2021). "Horoscope". ''TV Guide''. p. 72.</ref> a Douglas, Cork. Mahaifiyarsa ta koyar da Faransanci yayin da mahaifinsa, Brendan, ya yi aiki da Sashen Ilimi.<ref>Walsh, John (31 March 2007). "Murphy's lore: Meet the action hero who looks on the verge of tears". ''The Independent''. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2007.</ref> Kakansa da yayyensa da kakaninsa suma malamai ne. Ya tashi a Ballintemple, Cork, tare da ƙannensa Páidi da kanne Sile da Orla.<ref>O'Sullivan, Gemma (1 February 2004). "Ireland: Sane Boy of the Western World". ''The Sunday Times''. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref><ref>Lytal, Cristy (February 2006). "The 24 Finest Performances of 2005: Cillian Murphy". Premiere. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</ref>Ya fara rubutawa da yin wakoki tun yana dan shekara 10.<ref>O'Donoghue, Donal (6 February 2004). "Western Hero". ''RTÉ Guide''.</ref> 14ezrxsmpz4z19x11uyccdnw9jr76xy 542834 542801 2024-11-19T21:50:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 542834 wikitext text/x-wiki Cillian Murphy (an haifeshi 25 ga watan Mayu 1976) shi dan wasan kwaikwayo ne na kasar turawa. Ayyukansa sun ƙunshi duka mataki da allo, kuma lambobin yabo sun hada da lambar yabo ta Academy, lambar yabo ta Fim ta Burtaniya da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe. Ya yi wasan sa na farko na ƙwararru a wasan Enda Walsh na 1996 Disco Pigs, rawar da ya sake fitowa daga baya a cikin daidaitawar allo na 2001. Fim ɗinsa na farko sun haɗa da Fim ɗin tsoro Kwanaki 28 Daga baya (2002), Intermission mai ban dariya mai duhu (2003), Red Eye mai ban sha'awa (2005), wasan kwaikwayo na yaƙin Irish The Wind That Shakes the Barley (2006), da kuma almarar kimiyya thriller Sunshine (2007). Ya buga mata 'yar Irish transgender a cikin wasan kwaikwayo-wasan kwaikwayo Breakfast akan Pluto (2005), wanda ya ba shi kyautar lambar yabo ta Golden Globe ta farko. Murphy ya fara haɗin gwiwarsa tare da mai shirya fina-finai Christopher Nolan a cikin 2005, yana wasa da Scarecrow a cikin The Dark Knight trilogy (2005 – 2012) da kuma bayyana a cikin Inception (2010) da Dunkirk (2017). Ya sami babban matsayi don rawar da ya taka a matsayin Tommy Shelby a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani na BBC Peaky Blinders (2013 – 2022) da kuma yin tauraro a cikin jerin abubuwan ban tsoro A Quiet Place Part II (2020). Murphy ya nuna J. Robert Oppenheimer a cikin Nolan's Oppenheimer (2023), wanda don haka ya ci lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi kyawun Jarumi. A cikin 2011, Murphy ya lashe lambar yabo ta Drama Desk Award don ƙwararren Solo Performance don wasan mutum ɗaya Misterman. A cikin 2020, The Irish Times ta nada shi ɗayan manyan ƴan wasan fina-finan Irish na kowane lokaci.<ref>Clarke, Donald; Brady, Tara (13 June 2020). "The 50 greatest Irish film actors of all time". ''Irish Times''. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Murphy a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1976<ref>Boland, Yasmin (16 August 2021). "Horoscope". ''TV Guide''. p. 72.</ref> a Douglas, Cork. Mahaifiyarsa ta koyar da Faransanci yayin da mahaifinsa, Brendan, ya yi aiki da Sashen Ilimi.<ref>Walsh, John (31 March 2007). "Murphy's lore: Meet the action hero who looks on the verge of tears". ''The Independent''. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 18 July 2007.</ref> Kakansa da yayyensa da kakaninsa suma malamai ne. Ya tashi a Ballintemple, Cork, tare da ƙannensa Páidi da kanne Sile da Orla.<ref>O'Sullivan, Gemma (1 February 2004). "Ireland: Sane Boy of the Western World". ''The Sunday Times''. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2007.</ref><ref>Lytal, Cristy (February 2006). "The 24 Finest Performances of 2005: Cillian Murphy". Premiere. Archived from the original on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 19 July 2007.</ref>Ya fara rubutawa da yin wakoki tun yana dan shekara 10.<ref>O'Donoghue, Donal (6 February 2004). "Western Hero". ''RTÉ Guide''.</ref> == Manazarta == izbew6wzfxcm9ark6nfke67r76f6axa 3 87667 542813 2024-11-19T21:25:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542813 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Glamayaofficial! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Glamayaofficial|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 934iwj0jzwuwqau77eux0epu7flwwsm 3 87668 542814 2024-11-19T21:25:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542814 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, WayOfTheWarrior66! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/WayOfTheWarrior66|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) rtm06zef8co3wqi89oucvxv90q8iyyt 3 87669 542815 2024-11-19T21:25:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542815 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ammar Mahraz Salisu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ammar Mahraz Salisu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 4njaccu70g1zf9qs1bjswbfwjbre0i0 3 87670 542816 2024-11-19T21:25:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542816 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AvyuktOrai! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AvyuktOrai|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) lso8r8w171bsmzevs14axqjcvk72pqu 3 87671 542817 2024-11-19T21:26:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542817 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Drquinnolivia! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Drquinnolivia|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ncxcs81wnul1nwi0amm6s4xhm2rxozi 3 87672 542818 2024-11-19T21:26:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542818 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cyril Klopper! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cyril Klopper|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) rh97cn6v5ueqeh8a7ln6ickky5a9e8p 3 87673 542819 2024-11-19T21:26:25Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542819 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ganaba09! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ganaba09|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) tjze79pfz2zvm1wkw4487uwz412bxxd 3 87674 542821 2024-11-19T21:26:35Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542821 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Karamellpudding1999! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Karamellpudding1999|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) ccnychlrrj5sy5pjuz7xqknzrhfjoc4 3 87675 542822 2024-11-19T21:26:45Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542822 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gompk! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gompk|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) lcguvhfy1pmrt0q4bep3whtowad1o1m 3 87676 542823 2024-11-19T21:26:55Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542823 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Skuboi1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Skuboi1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 4tijh150dilbw3v3ubc3rngg33bojna 3 87677 542824 2024-11-19T21:27:05Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542824 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TheThighren! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TheThighren|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) rngd4uffxmi7x64fzmqlac1ohekg2mw 3 87678 542825 2024-11-19T21:27:15Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 542825 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KiitosOttawa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KiitosOttawa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) 6gru8jwxsppa9or5vggg171ys8izo52 0 87679 542847 2024-11-19T22:50:16Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peter Edward Rose Sr'''. (Afrilu 14, 1941 - Satumba 30, 2024), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Charlie Hustle", ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne kuma manaja. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) daga 1963 zuwa 1986, mafi shahara a matsayin memba na Cincinnati Reds lineup wanda aka fi sani da Big Red Machine saboda rinjayen su na National League a cikin 1970s. Ya kuma taka leda a Philadelphia Phillies, inda ya ci gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku a cikin 1980, kuma ya ɗan ɗanyi ɗan lokaci tare da Montreal Expos. Ya jagoranci Reds daga 1984 zuwa 1989. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rose j9jio97f9vuuaz6ph6vbm1h0tsaj4x6 542848 542847 2024-11-19T22:51:27Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Peter Edward Rose Sr'''. (Afrilu 14, 1941 - Satumba 30, 2024), wanda ake yi wa lakabi da "Charlie Hustle", ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball ne kuma manaja. Ya taka leda a Major League Baseball (MLB) daga 1963 zuwa 1986, mafi shahara a matsayin memba na Cincinnati Reds lineup wanda aka fi sani da Big Red Machine saboda rinjayen su na National League a cikin 1970s. Ya kuma taka leda a Philadelphia Phillies, inda ya ci gasar cin kofin duniya ta uku a cikin 1980, kuma ya ɗan ɗanyi ɗan lokaci tare da Montreal Expos. Ya jagoranci Reds daga 1984 zuwa 1989. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Rose j3gx0q22cotjyyfzdnqopfu4muuq4fq 0 87680 542849 2024-11-19T22:53:13Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kristoffer Kristofferson''' (22 ga Yuni, 1936 - Satumba 28, 2024) mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka ne, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance majagaba a cikin haramtacciyar motsi na 1970s, yana nisantar sautin Nashville mai gogewa kuma zuwa mafi ɗanyen salo, salo mai zurfi. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya kuma fara aiki mai nasara a matsayin ɗan wasan Hollywood. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson ca46ix9v5yetz6p2mw2a7quzhxyuukg 542850 542849 2024-11-19T22:54:22Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kristoffer Kristofferson''' (22 ga Yuni, 1936 - Satumba 28, 2024) mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka ne, mawaƙa, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance majagaba a cikin haramtacciyar motsi na 1970s, yana nisantar sautin Nashville mai gogewa kuma zuwa mafi ɗanyen salo, salo mai zurfi. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya kuma fara aiki mai nasara a matsayin ɗan wasan Hollywood. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson 1kiwudtxrlyh4s99r5avygwwqsryewe 0 87681 542851 2024-11-19T22:56:33Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dame Margaret Natalie Smith CH DBE''' (28 Disamba 1934 - 27 Satumba 2024) yar wasan Burtaniya ce. An san ta da hazaka a cikin rawar ban dariya da ban mamaki, ta yi aiki mai yawa akan mataki da allo sama da shekaru saba'in kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Biritaniya. Ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da Awards Academy guda biyu, Kyautar BAFTA biyar, Emmy Awards hudu, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku da lambar yabo ta Tony, da kuma nadin nadi na Olivier Awards shida. Smith yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don samun Triple Crown of Acting. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Smith a98uiumhirc4pfxbtu60lg8etwsrt8z 542853 542851 2024-11-19T22:57:47Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dame Margaret Natalie Smith CH DBE''' (28 Disamba 1934 - 27 Satumba 2024) yar wasan Burtaniya ce. An san ta da hazaka a cikin rawar ban dariya da ban mamaki, ta yi aiki mai yawa akan mataki da allo sama da shekaru saba'in kuma ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Biritaniya. Ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa, ciki har da Awards Academy guda biyu, Kyautar BAFTA biyar, Emmy Awards hudu, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe guda uku da lambar yabo ta Tony, da kuma nadin nadi na Olivier Awards shida. Smith yana ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan kwaikwayo don samun Triple Crown of Acting. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggie_Smith ense2goyzaqzbwuwca2yoxzo2blv911 0 87682 542854 2024-11-19T22:59:41Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roy Lee Clay Sr.''' (Agusta 22, 1929 - Satumba 22, 2024) ɗan Amurka masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne kuma mai ƙirƙira. Ya kasance memba ne wanda ya kafa sashin kwamfuta a Hewlett-Packard, inda ya jagoranci tawagar da ta kirkiri karamin kwamfuta na HP 2116A 16-bit. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na ROD-L Electronics, mai kera kayan gwajin lafiyar lantarki. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Clay axb2in3xddin2fosnbiczs5o5dvo029 542855 542854 2024-11-19T23:00:30Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Roy Lee Clay Sr.''' (Agusta 22, 1929 - Satumba 22, 2024) ɗan Amurka masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ne kuma mai ƙirƙira. Ya kasance memba ne wanda ya kafa sashin kwamfuta a Hewlett-Packard, inda ya jagoranci tawagar da ta kirkiri karamin kwamfuta na HP 2116A 16-bit. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na ROD-L Electronics, mai kera kayan gwajin lafiyar lantarki. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Clay lc4l8hhltt5pksocbfnse6dr5yjx8x9 0 87683 542856 2024-11-19T23:03:07Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Benny Golson''' (Janairu 25, 1929 - Satumba 21, 2024) ɗan bebop ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan bop jazz tenor saxophonist, mawaki, kuma mai tsarawa. Ya yi fice tare da manyan makada na Lionel Hampton da Dizzy Gillespie, a matsayin marubuci fiye da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kafin ya ƙaddamar da aikinsa na solo. Golson an san shi da haɗin gwiwa da jagoranci Jazztet tare da trumpeter Art Farmer a 1959. Daga ƙarshen 1960 zuwa 1970s Golson ya kasance ana buƙata a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin don haka bai kasance mai aiki ba a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, amma shi kuma Manomi ya sake kafa Jazztet a cikin 1982. Yawancin abubuwan da aka tsara na Golson sun zama ma'auni na jazz ciki har da "Na Tuna Clifford", "Blues Maris", "Stablemates", "Ba a sanyawa ba", "Along Come Betty", da "Killer Joe". Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu ba da gudummawa" ga haɓakar bop jazz, kuma ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Grammy Trustees Award a 2021. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Golson gd6avbvf5ahvqhf8agrxrpvkpqk8owk 542857 542856 2024-11-19T23:05:01Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Benny Golson''' (Janairu 25, 1929 - Satumba 21, 2024) ɗan bebop ɗan Amurka ne kuma ɗan bop jazz tenor saxophonist, mawaki, kuma mai tsarawa. Ya yi fice tare da manyan makada na Lionel Hampton da Dizzy Gillespie, a matsayin marubuci fiye da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, kafin ya ƙaddamar da aikinsa na solo. Golson an san shi da haɗin gwiwa da jagoranci Jazztet tare da trumpeter Art Farmer a 1959. Daga ƙarshen 1960 zuwa 1970s Golson ya kasance ana buƙata a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai da talabijin don haka bai kasance mai aiki ba a matsayin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, amma shi kuma Manomi ya sake kafa Jazztet a cikin 1982. Yawancin abubuwan da aka tsara na Golson sun zama ma'auni na jazz ciki har da "Na Tuna Clifford", "Blues Maris", "Stablemates", "Ba a sanyawa ba", "Along Come Betty", da "Killer Joe". Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu ba da gudummawa" ga haɓakar bop jazz, kuma ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Grammy Trustees Award a 2021. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Golson n14t1wc9kbku0uqoc2tk2o1inty6d1z 0 87684 542860 2024-11-19T23:07:25Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542860 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Al McCoy'': na iya koma zuwa: Al McCoy (mai shela) (1933-2024), mai ba da sanarwar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na Amurka game da wasannin kwando na Phoenix Suns NBA Al McCoy (baseball) (1928-2006), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Al McCoy (dan dambe), Alexander, (1894–1966), ɗan damben Amurka ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_McCoy b7lx7x6d9ft3i9nr1z1utm00mnpm0fo 542861 542860 2024-11-19T23:08:31Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Al McCoy'': na iya koma zuwa: Al McCoy (mai shela) (1933-2024), mai ba da sanarwar watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na Amurka game da wasannin kwando na Phoenix Suns NBA Al McCoy (baseball) (1928-2006), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Al McCoy (dan dambe), Alexander, (1894–1966), ɗan damben Amurka ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_McCoy s5kg78t679l2psyfeam8zjdsrpza1oc 0 87685 542864 2024-11-19T23:10:48Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Aqil''' (Larabci: إبراهيم عقيل; 24 Disamba 1962 - 20 Satumba 2024; kuma aka fi sani da Al-Hajj Tahsin ko Al-Hajj Abdul Khader) jagoran 'yan gwagwarmayar Lebanon ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan sashin ayyuka na musamman na kungiyar Hizbullah. Redwan Force. Ya kasance memba a Majalisar Jihad, mai kula da ayyukan soji na kungiyar. Wasu sun dauki Aqil a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan Hizbullah. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil hsdl9yemkpqwaxebuj1cjvv7l4i20ep 542868 542864 2024-11-19T23:11:35Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ibrahim Aqil''' (Larabci: إبراهيم عقيل; 24 Disamba 1962 - 20 Satumba 2024; kuma aka fi sani da Al-Hajj Tahsin ko Al-Hajj Abdul Khader) jagoran 'yan gwagwarmayar Lebanon ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan sashin ayyuka na musamman na kungiyar Hizbullah. Redwan Force. Ya kasance memba a Majalisar Jihad, mai kula da ayyukan soji na kungiyar. Wasu sun dauki Aqil a matsayin shugaban ma'aikatan Hizbullah. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Aqil 4vhy55hgcot7v4ud23znun7slzos95c 0 87686 542877 2024-11-20T00:45:14Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258086921|Algerian couscous]]" 542877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Couscous|image=Algerian couscous from Kabylia.jpg|caption=}} '''Algerian Shirye-shiryen couscous na Algeria na iya zama tsari mai cin lokaci wanda ke buƙatar matakai da yawa. Da farko, ana yayyafa granules na semolina da ruwa da man zaitun kuma a shafa su tare har sai sun samar da ƙananan ƙwallo. Wadannan kwallaye ana tururi a cikin keskas, tukunya ta musamman tare da kwando a saman, na kimanin awa daya har sai sun kasance masu laushi da tausayi. A halin yanzu, ana dafa nama da kayan lambu a cikin tukunya daban tare da kayan yaji, kamar cumin, coriander, da turmeric. Ana haɗa stew tare da couscous da aka dafa, kuma ana yin abincin da albasa ko sabbin ganye, kamar parsley ko cilantro.couscous''' , ({{langx|ar|كُسْكُس|kuskus}}) – sometimes called '''kusksi''', '''kseksu''', or '''seksu''', is a North African dish that typically consists of semolina granules. There are several regional variations of Algerian couscous, and the specific ingredients and preparation methods can vary depending on the area and the preferences of the cook. Shirye-shiryen couscous na Algeria na iya zama tsari mai cin lokaci wanda ke buƙatar matakai da yawa. Da farko, ana yayyafa granules na semolina da ruwa da man zaitun kuma a shafa su tare har sai sun samar da ƙananan ƙwallo. Wadannan kwallaye ana tururi a cikin keskas, tukunya ta musamman tare da kwando a saman, na kimanin awa daya har sai sun kasance masu laushi da tausayi. A halin yanzu, ana dafa nama da kayan lambu a cikin tukunya daban tare da kayan yaji, kamar cumin, coriander, da turmeric. Ana haɗa stew tare da couscous da aka dafa, kuma ana yin abincin da albasa ko sabbin ganye, kamar parsley ko cilantro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LA CUISINE ALGERIENNE (1983) by Bouayed, Fatima-Zohra: (1983) {{!}} Invito alla Lettura |url=https://www.abebooks.com/CUISINE-ALGERIENNE-1983-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Enterprise/30945029017/bd |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |page=233 |language=en}}</ref> == Magana == A cewar masanin harshe na Aljeriya Salem Chaker, asalin kalmar "couscous" mai yiwuwa ne Berber. Hanyar tushe na kalmar, "seksu," tare da bambance-bambance na sauti, an tabbatar da shi a cikin yarukan Berber daban-daban. Yaren Berber na Saharan, gami da Touareg da Ghadames, suna da wani nau'i daban-daban, "keskesu. " Yaduwar yanki na kalmar yana nuna asalin Berber na gida. Tushen Berber *KS yana nuna halaye kamar kasancewa da kyau, da kyau mirgine, da kuma zagaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-16 |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref> == Asalin == A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Lucie Bolens, couscous yana da tushensa a zamanin d ̄ a, musamman a lokacin mulkin [[Masinissa]] a tsohuwar masarautar [[Numidia]], wanda ke cikin [[Aljeriya]] ta yanzu. An gano alamun tasoshin dafa abinci masu kama da couscoussiers a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 3 BC, wanda ya kasance na sarakunan Berber na Numidia. Wadannan binciken archaeological an gano su a Tiaret da Kabylia, Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-13 |title=Can North Africa unite over couscous? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180213-can-north-africa-unite-over-couscous |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Part of the origin of couscous is related to Numidians, the Berber population of Numidia. The culinary historian Lucie Bolens describes primitive pots that closely resemble the main cooking utensil of couscous, which is the couscoussier, found in Kabylia in tombs coming from the period of Berber king Massinissa |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya na Cirta a Constantine, Aljeriya, yana adana waɗannan kayan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirta Museum |url=https://algeriatours.dz/en/site/cirta-museum-2501-en |website=Algeria Tours}}</ref> == Abincin couscous na Aljeriya == Kodayake akwai wasu muhawara game da ainihin adadin kayan abinci a Aljeriya, tare da kimantawa daga nau'ikan 300 zuwa 1000 daban-daban, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Ethnic consumption: In Algeria, there are more than 300 ways to prepare couscous |doi-access=free}}</ref> an yarda da shi sosai cewa ƙasar tana alfahari da bambance-bambance masu yawa, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shaida ga bambancin da wadatar al'adun Aljeriya da abinci. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance na aljeriya sun hada da: # Couscous Algérois: Wannan sanannen nau'in couscous ne a Algiers, babban birnin Algeria. Yawanci yana nuna ɗan rago ko naman sa da aka dafa tare da chickpeas, albasa, karoshi, squash da kayan yaji iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=princeclanrecipesite |date=20 July 2011 |title=Couscous Algerois {{!}} Prince Clan |url=https://www.princeclan.org/couscous-algerois/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous algerois en sauce blanche |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-algerois-en-sauce-blanche_55682.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref> # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr1.jpg|thumb|Aljeriya kayan lambu tare da kaza]][[Fayil:Couscousalgerienvegetarien.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da kayan lambu (mai cin ganyayyaki) ]]'''Abincin kayan lambu''': Wannan abincin kayan lambu yana da kayan lambu masu gina jiki ciki har da dankali, karoshi, wake mai kore, squash, albasa, tumatir, turnips, da kuma zaɓi, kwai. Ana iya shirya shi tare da kaza ko naman sa, ko kuma a matsayin zaɓi na kayan lambu. Tare da chickpeas da sabo albasa a gefe. Don samun kyakkyawar burodi maimakon ja, ya kamata a bar saffron, paprika, tumatir, da kuma tumatir puree. # Kifi couscous: Wannan couscou ya shahara a birnin Jijel kuma sau da yawa yana nuna kifi, kamar bass na teku ko ja snapper, da tumatir, da bell peppers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # '''Kabyle couscous''': Wannan abincin couscou, wanda ake kira Seksou, ya haɗa da shirya wake, nama, albasa, karoshi, squash da sauce na tumatir a cikin tukunya mai laushi. Ana yanka nama zuwa kashi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tukunya, yayin da aka kara albasa a ciki. Ana ƙara sauce na tumatir, wanda za'a iya yin shi ta hanyar niƙa tumatir ko narkar da tumatir a cikin ruwa. Tare da wannan, ana ƙara mai, baƙar fata, ja, cinnamon, da gishiri kamar yadda dandano yake. Ana iya amfani da kaza ko naman sa don shirya wannan abincin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous kabyle |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-kabyle-13881.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # '''Royal couscous:''' Wannan abincin da ke nuna sausages na merguez a matsayin babban tushen furotin. Wadannan sausages sune kayan abinci na Aljeriya kuma ana ba da su a saman couscous tare da kayan lambu. Rashin dandano mai ɗanɗano na sausages ya haɗa da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗi na couscous da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan lambu. Merguez couscous sanannen abinci ne a Faransa, wanda baƙi na Aljeriya ba kawai suke jin daɗinsa har ma da yawan mutanen yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous royal |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-royal_23684.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous Royal Algérien |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-royal-algerien-85168.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # Chicken couscous: Yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da kaza mai laushi da chickpeas mai laushi. Wannan abincin mai ɗanɗano sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da farin sauce don haɓaka wadatarsa da kuma fitar da dandano mai ɗanɗana. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien2.jpg|thumb|Aghmoud, ko ''Couscous / mesfouf bel'foul'', ɗaya daga cikin yawancin abincin Kabyle a Aljeriya, wanda aka yi da wake, man zaitun kuma tare da madara.]]'''Couscous bel'foul''': Wani nau'in couscous da ake kira Aghmoud a cikin yankunan da ake [[Abzinanci|Magana da Amazigh]], wanda aka yi da wake da man zaitun. Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu shahara sosai a yankin Kabylia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Couscous aux fèves et huile d'olive-aghmoudh |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-aghmoudh-couscous-aux-feves-et-huile-dolive.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Mesfouf Qsentena''' ko kwanan wata mai dadi: Ana samun wannan abincin mai dadi ba tare da wani karin sukari ba. An samo ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ne kawai daga ƙara datti masu ɗanɗano, zinariya da zuma, waɗanda suka zo don nuna alamar babban Sahara na Algeria, musamman nau'ikan Degla da Deglet Nour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sherazade |date=2015-03-09 |title=Couscous algérien aux dattes |url=https://www.lesjoyauxdesherazade.com/couscous-algerien-aux-dattes/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Les Joyaux de Sherazade |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Ouchchou tinni''' ko '''kayan lambu da kwanan wata''' couscous: Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, amma wannan yana samun cikakkiyar daidaituwa tsakanin dandano mai ɗanɗano da mai daɗi. Ya bambanta da cewa ya haɗa da amfani da tumatir, karoshi, da albasa da kayan yaji. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien3.jpg|thumb|''mesfouf b'l-djelbana'', wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf wanda aka yi da wake mai kore.]]'''mesfouf b'l-djelbana:''' wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf ne wanda aka yi da wake mai kore, bayan dafa wake, ana zuba su a kan couscous, an kara man shanu, kuma an gauraya komai sosai. Ana ba da abincin zafi, kuma an haɗa shi da whey ko madara mai yisti. Ga waɗanda suka fi son ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, ana iya ƙara ɗan sukari kaɗan a cikin abincin tare da man shanu. Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da wake masu laushi a cikin ƙananan ɓangarori ko haɗuwa da wake da aka gauraya a maimakon wake. # Kesksou m'ammer: Kayan kaza da aka kwantar da shi abinci ne wanda yawanci ya kunshi ƙirjin kaza da aka dafa da ɗanɗano sannan aka yi amfani da shi tare da gado na couscous mai laushi. Cikawa na iya bambanta dangane da girke-girke, amma yana iya haɗawa da sinadaran kamar kayan lambu, cuku, kwayoyi, ko ganye. # '''Rfiss zirawi''' Sweet walnut couscous: [[:fr:Zirawi|Ziraoui]] kayan zaki ne wanda aka yi da couscou, man shanu, zuma, cinnamon, da tsaba na anise. Ana siffanta cakuda a cikin zagaye ko siffar oval, kuma an yi masa ado da tsaba na sesame, walnuts ko almonds. # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr2.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da 'ya'yan inabi da albasa]]'''seffa b'djedj''' ko '''kaza mai dadi''': Wani nau'in seffa ne wanda ya haɗa da kaza a matsayin babban sinadarin. Ana yin abincin ne ta hanyar dafa kaza a cikin broth mai ɗanɗano tare da kayan yaji kamar ginger, saffron, da cinnamon. Sa'an nan kuma a yanka kaza da aka dafa kuma a gauraya shi da tururi mai tururi kuma a yi masa ado da cakuda mai dadi na 'ya'yan itace, almonds, cinnamon, da sukari mai foda. # '''Mesfouf / seffa b'z-zbib''' ko mai zaki mai zaki tare da 'ya'yan itace: Bambancin mai zaki na Aljeriya da aka yi da hatsi, 'ya'ya'yan inabi, da kayan yaji kamar cinnamon. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi azaman kayan zaki ko abincin rana, kuma ana iya keɓance shi tare da kayan ado daban-daban. # '''Kesksou b'l- cosbâne''' ko '''T'aam belbekbouka''': Ya ƙunshi dukan ɗan rago ko ciki na awaki wanda aka cika shi da cakuda kayan ƙanshi, nama, smen da kayan lambu, sannan a dafa shi har sai ya yi taushi. Ana ba da abincin ne a lokutan musamman da bukukuwa. # T'aam b'l-hchim ko nama mai bushewa: wani nau'in abinci mai bushewa wanda aka yi da nama mai bushe a matsayin babban sinadarin. # '''T'aâm b'l-khlî''' ko '''nama mai laushi''': nama mai launi wani nau'in abinci ne wanda ke nuna nama da aka dafa ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da aka dafa. Confit kalma ce ta Faransanci wacce ke nufin hanyar dafa nama a cikin kitse a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin jiki, wanda ke haifar da nama mai ɗanɗano. # '''Couscous tare da madara''': Shirin ya haɗa da cirewa da yanka squash zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori, dafa shi a cikin broth har sai ya narke, ƙara madara, sannan ya zama couscous da cakuda. Ana shirya couscous tare da abincin da aka dafa da wake, sannan a bar shi ya huta kafin a yi masa hidima. # Helhal couscous / Wild lavender couscois: Abin da ake kira "Halhal" yana nufin lavender na daji. Ana matse lavender na daji don cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace da asalinsa, wanda ake amfani da shi don yayyafa couscous maimakon ruwa. Ana tururi da couscous sau biyu sannan a kara man zaitun a ƙarshen. Ana ba da shi tare da madara ko madara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=طريقة عمل كسكس بالحلحال تع الربيع على اصولها بطريقة سهلة وسريعة من ام يحيى |url=https://cookpad.com/sa/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA/14785448-%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=كوكباد |language=ar}}</ref> # '''Aubergine couscous:''' Wannan yana nufin bambancin kayan lambu wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin aubergines (tsire-tsire) kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da nama. Abincin yawanci ya kunshi sauce mai ɗanɗano, wanda yawanci ja ne a launi kuma yana da ɗanɗano sosai. == Sunayen yankuna == Wasu daga cikin sanannun sunayen da ake kira couscous a Aljeriya sun hada da: # Na'ama: Ma'anar "albarka" a cikin Larabci. # Ta'am: Fassara zuwa "abinci" wannan sunan yana jaddada matsayin abincin a matsayin abin sha'awa na abinci. # Kousksi / Seksou: Taron asali da tamazight. # Mekfoul # Mesfouf: Wannan sunan yana da alaƙa da wani abinci. Sau da yawa ana dafa shi da 'ya'yan itace kamar inabi, da / ko tare da madara (Lben), Man zaitun, ko smen. # Berboucha <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Cuisines traditionnelles d'Algérie: l'art d'accommoder l'histoire et la géographie |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/ame/17/2/ame170204.xml |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2022.170204 |issn=1746-0719 |s2cid=252963908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == 20fxvjewxooimmyqgm2azuk1tsdtfip 542878 542877 2024-11-20T00:47:46Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Couscous|image=Algerian couscous from Kabylia.jpg|caption=}} '''Algerian couscous''' , ({{langx|ar|كُسْكُس|kuskus}}) – sometimes called '''kusksi''', '''kseksu''', or '''seksu''', Abincin Arewacin Afirka ne wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi granules na semolina. Akwai bambance-bambancen yanki da yawa na couscous na Aljeriya, kuma takamaiman kayan abinci da hanyoyin shirye-shirye na iya bambanta dangane da yanki da abubuwan da mai dafa abinci ke so. Shirye-shiryen couscous na Algeria na iya zama tsari mai cin lokaci wanda ke buƙatar matakai da yawa. Da farko, ana yayyafa granules na semolina da ruwa da man zaitun kuma a shafa su tare har sai sun samar da ƙananan ƙwallo. Wadannan kwallaye ana tururi a cikin keskas, tukunya ta musamman tare da kwando a saman, na kimanin awa daya har sai sun kasance masu laushi da tausayi. A halin yanzu, ana dafa nama da kayan lambu a cikin tukunya daban tare da kayan yaji, kamar cumin, coriander, da turmeric. Ana haɗa stew tare da couscous da aka dafa, kuma ana yin abincin da albasa ko sabbin ganye, kamar parsley ko cilantro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LA CUISINE ALGERIENNE (1983) by Bouayed, Fatima-Zohra: (1983) {{!}} Invito alla Lettura |url=https://www.abebooks.com/CUISINE-ALGERIENNE-1983-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Enterprise/30945029017/bd |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |page=233 |language=en}}</ref> == Magana == A cewar masanin harshe na Aljeriya Salem Chaker, asalin kalmar "couscous" mai yiwuwa ne Berber. Hanyar tushe na kalmar, "seksu," tare da bambance-bambance na sauti, an tabbatar da shi a cikin yarukan Berber daban-daban. Yaren Berber na Saharan, gami da Touareg da Ghadames, suna da wani nau'i daban-daban, "keskesu. " Yaduwar yanki na kalmar yana nuna asalin Berber na gida. Tushen Berber *KS yana nuna halaye kamar kasancewa da kyau, da kyau mirgine, da kuma zagaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-16 |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref> == Asalin == A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Lucie Bolens, couscous yana da tushensa a zamanin d ̄ a, musamman a lokacin mulkin [[Masinissa]] a tsohuwar masarautar [[Numidia]], wanda ke cikin [[Aljeriya]] ta yanzu. An gano alamun tasoshin dafa abinci masu kama da couscoussiers a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 3 BC, wanda ya kasance na sarakunan Berber na Numidia. Wadannan binciken archaeological an gano su a Tiaret da Kabylia, Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-13 |title=Can North Africa unite over couscous? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180213-can-north-africa-unite-over-couscous |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Part of the origin of couscous is related to Numidians, the Berber population of Numidia. The culinary historian Lucie Bolens describes primitive pots that closely resemble the main cooking utensil of couscous, which is the couscoussier, found in Kabylia in tombs coming from the period of Berber king Massinissa |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya na Cirta a Constantine, Aljeriya, yana adana waɗannan kayan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirta Museum |url=https://algeriatours.dz/en/site/cirta-museum-2501-en |website=Algeria Tours}}</ref> == Abincin couscous na Aljeriya == Kodayake akwai wasu muhawara game da ainihin adadin kayan abinci a Aljeriya, tare da kimantawa daga nau'ikan 300 zuwa 1000 daban-daban, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Ethnic consumption: In Algeria, there are more than 300 ways to prepare couscous |doi-access=free}}</ref> an yarda da shi sosai cewa ƙasar tana alfahari da bambance-bambance masu yawa, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shaida ga bambancin da wadatar al'adun Aljeriya da abinci. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance na aljeriya sun hada da: # Couscous Algérois: Wannan sanannen nau'in couscous ne a Algiers, babban birnin Algeria. Yawanci yana nuna ɗan rago ko naman sa da aka dafa tare da chickpeas, albasa, karoshi, squash da kayan yaji iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=princeclanrecipesite |date=20 July 2011 |title=Couscous Algerois {{!}} Prince Clan |url=https://www.princeclan.org/couscous-algerois/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous algerois en sauce blanche |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-algerois-en-sauce-blanche_55682.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref> # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr1.jpg|thumb|Aljeriya kayan lambu tare da kaza]][[Fayil:Couscousalgerienvegetarien.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da kayan lambu (mai cin ganyayyaki) ]]'''Abincin kayan lambu''': Wannan abincin kayan lambu yana da kayan lambu masu gina jiki ciki har da dankali, karoshi, wake mai kore, squash, albasa, tumatir, turnips, da kuma zaɓi, kwai. Ana iya shirya shi tare da kaza ko naman sa, ko kuma a matsayin zaɓi na kayan lambu. Tare da chickpeas da sabo albasa a gefe. Don samun kyakkyawar burodi maimakon ja, ya kamata a bar saffron, paprika, tumatir, da kuma tumatir puree. # Kifi couscous: Wannan couscou ya shahara a birnin Jijel kuma sau da yawa yana nuna kifi, kamar bass na teku ko ja snapper, da tumatir, da bell peppers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # '''Kabyle couscous''': Wannan abincin couscou, wanda ake kira Seksou, ya haɗa da shirya wake, nama, albasa, karoshi, squash da sauce na tumatir a cikin tukunya mai laushi. Ana yanka nama zuwa kashi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tukunya, yayin da aka kara albasa a ciki. Ana ƙara sauce na tumatir, wanda za'a iya yin shi ta hanyar niƙa tumatir ko narkar da tumatir a cikin ruwa. Tare da wannan, ana ƙara mai, baƙar fata, ja, cinnamon, da gishiri kamar yadda dandano yake. Ana iya amfani da kaza ko naman sa don shirya wannan abincin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous kabyle |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-kabyle-13881.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # '''Royal couscous:''' Wannan abincin da ke nuna sausages na merguez a matsayin babban tushen furotin. Wadannan sausages sune kayan abinci na Aljeriya kuma ana ba da su a saman couscous tare da kayan lambu. Rashin dandano mai ɗanɗano na sausages ya haɗa da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗi na couscous da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan lambu. Merguez couscous sanannen abinci ne a Faransa, wanda baƙi na Aljeriya ba kawai suke jin daɗinsa har ma da yawan mutanen yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous royal |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-royal_23684.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous Royal Algérien |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-royal-algerien-85168.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # Chicken couscous: Yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da kaza mai laushi da chickpeas mai laushi. Wannan abincin mai ɗanɗano sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da farin sauce don haɓaka wadatarsa da kuma fitar da dandano mai ɗanɗana. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien2.jpg|thumb|Aghmoud, ko ''Couscous / mesfouf bel'foul'', ɗaya daga cikin yawancin abincin Kabyle a Aljeriya, wanda aka yi da wake, man zaitun kuma tare da madara.]]'''Couscous bel'foul''': Wani nau'in couscous da ake kira Aghmoud a cikin yankunan da ake [[Abzinanci|Magana da Amazigh]], wanda aka yi da wake da man zaitun. Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu shahara sosai a yankin Kabylia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Couscous aux fèves et huile d'olive-aghmoudh |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-aghmoudh-couscous-aux-feves-et-huile-dolive.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Mesfouf Qsentena''' ko kwanan wata mai dadi: Ana samun wannan abincin mai dadi ba tare da wani karin sukari ba. An samo ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ne kawai daga ƙara datti masu ɗanɗano, zinariya da zuma, waɗanda suka zo don nuna alamar babban Sahara na Algeria, musamman nau'ikan Degla da Deglet Nour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sherazade |date=2015-03-09 |title=Couscous algérien aux dattes |url=https://www.lesjoyauxdesherazade.com/couscous-algerien-aux-dattes/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Les Joyaux de Sherazade |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Ouchchou tinni''' ko '''kayan lambu da kwanan wata''' couscous: Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, amma wannan yana samun cikakkiyar daidaituwa tsakanin dandano mai ɗanɗano da mai daɗi. Ya bambanta da cewa ya haɗa da amfani da tumatir, karoshi, da albasa da kayan yaji. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien3.jpg|thumb|''mesfouf b'l-djelbana'', wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf wanda aka yi da wake mai kore.]]'''mesfouf b'l-djelbana:''' wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf ne wanda aka yi da wake mai kore, bayan dafa wake, ana zuba su a kan couscous, an kara man shanu, kuma an gauraya komai sosai. Ana ba da abincin zafi, kuma an haɗa shi da whey ko madara mai yisti. Ga waɗanda suka fi son ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, ana iya ƙara ɗan sukari kaɗan a cikin abincin tare da man shanu. Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da wake masu laushi a cikin ƙananan ɓangarori ko haɗuwa da wake da aka gauraya a maimakon wake. # Kesksou m'ammer: Kayan kaza da aka kwantar da shi abinci ne wanda yawanci ya kunshi ƙirjin kaza da aka dafa da ɗanɗano sannan aka yi amfani da shi tare da gado na couscous mai laushi. Cikawa na iya bambanta dangane da girke-girke, amma yana iya haɗawa da sinadaran kamar kayan lambu, cuku, kwayoyi, ko ganye. # '''Rfiss zirawi''' Sweet walnut couscous: [[:fr:Zirawi|Ziraoui]] kayan zaki ne wanda aka yi da couscou, man shanu, zuma, cinnamon, da tsaba na anise. Ana siffanta cakuda a cikin zagaye ko siffar oval, kuma an yi masa ado da tsaba na sesame, walnuts ko almonds. # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr2.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da 'ya'yan inabi da albasa]]'''seffa b'djedj''' ko '''kaza mai dadi''': Wani nau'in seffa ne wanda ya haɗa da kaza a matsayin babban sinadarin. Ana yin abincin ne ta hanyar dafa kaza a cikin broth mai ɗanɗano tare da kayan yaji kamar ginger, saffron, da cinnamon. Sa'an nan kuma a yanka kaza da aka dafa kuma a gauraya shi da tururi mai tururi kuma a yi masa ado da cakuda mai dadi na 'ya'yan itace, almonds, cinnamon, da sukari mai foda. # '''Mesfouf / seffa b'z-zbib''' ko mai zaki mai zaki tare da 'ya'yan itace: Bambancin mai zaki na Aljeriya da aka yi da hatsi, 'ya'ya'yan inabi, da kayan yaji kamar cinnamon. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi azaman kayan zaki ko abincin rana, kuma ana iya keɓance shi tare da kayan ado daban-daban. # '''Kesksou b'l- cosbâne''' ko '''T'aam belbekbouka''': Ya ƙunshi dukan ɗan rago ko ciki na awaki wanda aka cika shi da cakuda kayan ƙanshi, nama, smen da kayan lambu, sannan a dafa shi har sai ya yi taushi. Ana ba da abincin ne a lokutan musamman da bukukuwa. # T'aam b'l-hchim ko nama mai bushewa: wani nau'in abinci mai bushewa wanda aka yi da nama mai bushe a matsayin babban sinadarin. # '''T'aâm b'l-khlî''' ko '''nama mai laushi''': nama mai launi wani nau'in abinci ne wanda ke nuna nama da aka dafa ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da aka dafa. Confit kalma ce ta Faransanci wacce ke nufin hanyar dafa nama a cikin kitse a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin jiki, wanda ke haifar da nama mai ɗanɗano. # '''Couscous tare da madara''': Shirin ya haɗa da cirewa da yanka squash zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori, dafa shi a cikin broth har sai ya narke, ƙara madara, sannan ya zama couscous da cakuda. Ana shirya couscous tare da abincin da aka dafa da wake, sannan a bar shi ya huta kafin a yi masa hidima. # Helhal couscous / Wild lavender couscois: Abin da ake kira "Halhal" yana nufin lavender na daji. Ana matse lavender na daji don cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace da asalinsa, wanda ake amfani da shi don yayyafa couscous maimakon ruwa. Ana tururi da couscous sau biyu sannan a kara man zaitun a ƙarshen. Ana ba da shi tare da madara ko madara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=طريقة عمل كسكس بالحلحال تع الربيع على اصولها بطريقة سهلة وسريعة من ام يحيى |url=https://cookpad.com/sa/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA/14785448-%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=كوكباد |language=ar}}</ref> # '''Aubergine couscous:''' Wannan yana nufin bambancin kayan lambu wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin aubergines (tsire-tsire) kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da nama. Abincin yawanci ya kunshi sauce mai ɗanɗano, wanda yawanci ja ne a launi kuma yana da ɗanɗano sosai. == Sunayen yankuna == Wasu daga cikin sanannun sunayen da ake kira couscous a Aljeriya sun hada da: # Na'ama: Ma'anar "albarka" a cikin Larabci. # Ta'am: Fassara zuwa "abinci" wannan sunan yana jaddada matsayin abincin a matsayin abin sha'awa na abinci. # Kousksi / Seksou: Taron asali da tamazight. # Mekfoul # Mesfouf: Wannan sunan yana da alaƙa da wani abinci. Sau da yawa ana dafa shi da 'ya'yan itace kamar inabi, da / ko tare da madara (Lben), Man zaitun, ko smen. # Berboucha <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Cuisines traditionnelles d'Algérie: l'art d'accommoder l'histoire et la géographie |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/ame/17/2/ame170204.xml |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2022.170204 |issn=1746-0719 |s2cid=252963908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == g64ojygr9e5q1hslyxopq1fe5v83u04 542879 542878 2024-11-20T00:50:59Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Couscous|image=Algerian couscous from Kabylia.jpg|caption=}} '''Algerian couscous''' ko '''kuskus''', Abincin Arewacin Afirka ne wanda yawanci ya ƙunshi granules na semolina. Akwai bambance-bambancen yanki da yawa na couscous na Aljeriya, kuma takamaiman kayan abinci da hanyoyin shirye-shirye na iya bambanta dangane da yanki da abubuwan da mai dafa abinci ke so. Shirye-shiryen couscous na Algeria na iya zama tsari mai cin lokaci wanda ke buƙatar matakai da yawa. Da farko, ana yayyafa granules na semolina da ruwa da man zaitun kuma a shafa su tare har sai sun samar da ƙananan ƙwallo. Wadannan kwallaye ana tururi a cikin keskas, tukunya ta musamman tare da kwando a saman, na kimanin awa daya har sai sun kasance masu laushi da tausayi. A halin yanzu, ana dafa nama da kayan lambu a cikin tukunya daban tare da kayan yaji, kamar cumin, coriander, da turmeric. Ana haɗa stew tare da couscous da aka dafa, kuma ana yin abincin da albasa ko sabbin ganye, kamar parsley ko cilantro.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LA CUISINE ALGERIENNE (1983) by Bouayed, Fatima-Zohra: (1983) {{!}} Invito alla Lettura |url=https://www.abebooks.com/CUISINE-ALGERIENNE-1983-Bouayed-Fatima-Zohra-Enterprise/30945029017/bd |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.abebooks.com |page=233 |language=en}}</ref> == Magana == A cewar masanin harshe na Aljeriya Salem Chaker, asalin kalmar "couscous" mai yiwuwa ne Berber. Hanyar tushe na kalmar, "seksu," tare da bambance-bambance na sauti, an tabbatar da shi a cikin yarukan Berber daban-daban. Yaren Berber na Saharan, gami da Touareg da Ghadames, suna da wani nau'i daban-daban, "keskesu. " Yaduwar yanki na kalmar yana nuna asalin Berber na gida. Tushen Berber *KS yana nuna halaye kamar kasancewa da kyau, da kyau mirgine, da kuma zagaye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaker |first=Salem |title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot |url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-16 |website=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref> == Asalin == A cewar masanin tarihin abinci Lucie Bolens, couscous yana da tushensa a zamanin d ̄ a, musamman a lokacin mulkin [[Masinissa]] a tsohuwar masarautar [[Numidia]], wanda ke cikin [[Aljeriya]] ta yanzu. An gano alamun tasoshin dafa abinci masu kama da couscoussiers a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 3 BC, wanda ya kasance na sarakunan Berber na Numidia. Wadannan binciken archaeological an gano su a Tiaret da Kabylia, Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-02-13 |title=Can North Africa unite over couscous? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20180213-can-north-africa-unite-over-couscous |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Part of the origin of couscous is related to Numidians, the Berber population of Numidia. The culinary historian Lucie Bolens describes primitive pots that closely resemble the main cooking utensil of couscous, which is the couscoussier, found in Kabylia in tombs coming from the period of Berber king Massinissa |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya na Cirta a Constantine, Aljeriya, yana adana waɗannan kayan tarihi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cirta Museum |url=https://algeriatours.dz/en/site/cirta-museum-2501-en |website=Algeria Tours}}</ref> == Abincin couscous na Aljeriya == Kodayake akwai wasu muhawara game da ainihin adadin kayan abinci a Aljeriya, tare da kimantawa daga nau'ikan 300 zuwa 1000 daban-daban, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammami |first=Rifka |last2=Barbar |first2=Reine |last3=Laurent |first3=Marie |last4=Cuq |first4=Bernard |date=2022 |title=Durum Wheat Couscous Grains: An Ethnic Mediterranean Food at the Interface of Traditional Domestic Preparation and Industrial Manufacturing |journal=Foods |language=en |volume=11 |issue=7 |pages=902 |doi=10.3390/foods11070902 |issn=2304-8158 |pmc=8998045 |pmid=35406989 |quote=Ethnic consumption: In Algeria, there are more than 300 ways to prepare couscous |doi-access=free}}</ref> an yarda da shi sosai cewa ƙasar tana alfahari da bambance-bambance masu yawa, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin shaida ga bambancin da wadatar al'adun Aljeriya da abinci. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambance na aljeriya sun hada da: # Couscous Algérois: Wannan sanannen nau'in couscous ne a Algiers, babban birnin Algeria. Yawanci yana nuna ɗan rago ko naman sa da aka dafa tare da chickpeas, albasa, karoshi, squash da kayan yaji iri-iri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=princeclanrecipesite |date=20 July 2011 |title=Couscous Algerois {{!}} Prince Clan |url=https://www.princeclan.org/couscous-algerois/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous algerois en sauce blanche |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-algerois-en-sauce-blanche_55682.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref> # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr1.jpg|thumb|Aljeriya kayan lambu tare da kaza]][[Fayil:Couscousalgerienvegetarien.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da kayan lambu (mai cin ganyayyaki) ]]'''Abincin kayan lambu''': Wannan abincin kayan lambu yana da kayan lambu masu gina jiki ciki har da dankali, karoshi, wake mai kore, squash, albasa, tumatir, turnips, da kuma zaɓi, kwai. Ana iya shirya shi tare da kaza ko naman sa, ko kuma a matsayin zaɓi na kayan lambu. Tare da chickpeas da sabo albasa a gefe. Don samun kyakkyawar burodi maimakon ja, ya kamata a bar saffron, paprika, tumatir, da kuma tumatir puree. # Kifi couscous: Wannan couscou ya shahara a birnin Jijel kuma sau da yawa yana nuna kifi, kamar bass na teku ko ja snapper, da tumatir, da bell peppers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemache |first=Loucif |last2=Kehal |first2=Farida |last3=Namoune |first3=Hacène |last4=Chaalal |first4=Makhlouf |last5=Gagaoua |first5=Mohammed |date=2018 |title=Couscous: Ethnic making and consumption patterns in the Northeast of Algeria |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=211–219 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2018.08.002 |s2cid=133982691 |doi-access=free}}</ref> # '''Kabyle couscous''': Wannan abincin couscou, wanda ake kira Seksou, ya haɗa da shirya wake, nama, albasa, karoshi, squash da sauce na tumatir a cikin tukunya mai laushi. Ana yanka nama zuwa kashi kuma an shirya shi a cikin tukunya, yayin da aka kara albasa a ciki. Ana ƙara sauce na tumatir, wanda za'a iya yin shi ta hanyar niƙa tumatir ko narkar da tumatir a cikin ruwa. Tare da wannan, ana ƙara mai, baƙar fata, ja, cinnamon, da gishiri kamar yadda dandano yake. Ana iya amfani da kaza ko naman sa don shirya wannan abincin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous kabyle |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-kabyle-13881.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # '''Royal couscous:''' Wannan abincin da ke nuna sausages na merguez a matsayin babban tushen furotin. Wadannan sausages sune kayan abinci na Aljeriya kuma ana ba da su a saman couscous tare da kayan lambu. Rashin dandano mai ɗanɗano na sausages ya haɗa da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗi na couscous da ƙanshi mai ƙanshi da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin kayan lambu. Merguez couscous sanannen abinci ne a Faransa, wanda baƙi na Aljeriya ba kawai suke jin daɗinsa har ma da yawan mutanen yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marmiton-aufeminin |title=Couscous royal |url=https://www.marmiton.org/recettes/recette_couscous-royal_23684.aspx |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Marmiton |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Recette Couscous Royal Algérien |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/couscous-royal-algerien-85168.aspx |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Cuisine AZ |language=fr}}</ref> # Chicken couscous: Yana da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da aka yi da kaza mai laushi da chickpeas mai laushi. Wannan abincin mai ɗanɗano sau da yawa ana haɗa shi da farin sauce don haɓaka wadatarsa da kuma fitar da dandano mai ɗanɗana. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien2.jpg|thumb|Aghmoud, ko ''Couscous / mesfouf bel'foul'', ɗaya daga cikin yawancin abincin Kabyle a Aljeriya, wanda aka yi da wake, man zaitun kuma tare da madara.]]'''Couscous bel'foul''': Wani nau'in couscous da ake kira Aghmoud a cikin yankunan da ake [[Abzinanci|Magana da Amazigh]], wanda aka yi da wake da man zaitun. Ƙananan ƙauyuka masu shahara sosai a yankin Kabylia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Couscous aux fèves et huile d'olive-aghmoudh |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-aghmoudh-couscous-aux-feves-et-huile-dolive.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Mesfouf Qsentena''' ko kwanan wata mai dadi: Ana samun wannan abincin mai dadi ba tare da wani karin sukari ba. An samo ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano ne kawai daga ƙara datti masu ɗanɗano, zinariya da zuma, waɗanda suka zo don nuna alamar babban Sahara na Algeria, musamman nau'ikan Degla da Deglet Nour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sherazade |date=2015-03-09 |title=Couscous algérien aux dattes |url=https://www.lesjoyauxdesherazade.com/couscous-algerien-aux-dattes/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Les Joyaux de Sherazade |language=fr-FR}}</ref> # '''Ouchchou tinni''' ko '''kayan lambu da kwanan wata''' couscous: Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, amma wannan yana samun cikakkiyar daidaituwa tsakanin dandano mai ɗanɗano da mai daɗi. Ya bambanta da cewa ya haɗa da amfani da tumatir, karoshi, da albasa da kayan yaji. # [[Fayil:Mesfoufalgerien3.jpg|thumb|''mesfouf b'l-djelbana'', wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf wanda aka yi da wake mai kore.]]'''mesfouf b'l-djelbana:''' wani takamaiman nau'in mesfouf ne wanda aka yi da wake mai kore, bayan dafa wake, ana zuba su a kan couscous, an kara man shanu, kuma an gauraya komai sosai. Ana ba da abincin zafi, kuma an haɗa shi da whey ko madara mai yisti. Ga waɗanda suka fi son ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano, ana iya ƙara ɗan sukari kaɗan a cikin abincin tare da man shanu. Hakazalika, ana iya amfani da wake masu laushi a cikin ƙananan ɓangarori ko haɗuwa da wake da aka gauraya a maimakon wake. # Kesksou m'ammer: Kayan kaza da aka kwantar da shi abinci ne wanda yawanci ya kunshi ƙirjin kaza da aka dafa da ɗanɗano sannan aka yi amfani da shi tare da gado na couscous mai laushi. Cikawa na iya bambanta dangane da girke-girke, amma yana iya haɗawa da sinadaran kamar kayan lambu, cuku, kwayoyi, ko ganye. # '''Rfiss zirawi''' Sweet walnut couscous: [[:fr:Zirawi|Ziraoui]] kayan zaki ne wanda aka yi da couscou, man shanu, zuma, cinnamon, da tsaba na anise. Ana siffanta cakuda a cikin zagaye ko siffar oval, kuma an yi masa ado da tsaba na sesame, walnuts ko almonds. # [[Fayil:Couscousalgeriennr2.jpg|thumb|Couscous na Algeria tare da 'ya'yan inabi da albasa]]'''seffa b'djedj''' ko '''kaza mai dadi''': Wani nau'in seffa ne wanda ya haɗa da kaza a matsayin babban sinadarin. Ana yin abincin ne ta hanyar dafa kaza a cikin broth mai ɗanɗano tare da kayan yaji kamar ginger, saffron, da cinnamon. Sa'an nan kuma a yanka kaza da aka dafa kuma a gauraya shi da tururi mai tururi kuma a yi masa ado da cakuda mai dadi na 'ya'yan itace, almonds, cinnamon, da sukari mai foda. # '''Mesfouf / seffa b'z-zbib''' ko mai zaki mai zaki tare da 'ya'yan itace: Bambancin mai zaki na Aljeriya da aka yi da hatsi, 'ya'ya'yan inabi, da kayan yaji kamar cinnamon. Sau da yawa ana ba da shi azaman kayan zaki ko abincin rana, kuma ana iya keɓance shi tare da kayan ado daban-daban. # '''Kesksou b'l- cosbâne''' ko '''T'aam belbekbouka''': Ya ƙunshi dukan ɗan rago ko ciki na awaki wanda aka cika shi da cakuda kayan ƙanshi, nama, smen da kayan lambu, sannan a dafa shi har sai ya yi taushi. Ana ba da abincin ne a lokutan musamman da bukukuwa. # T'aam b'l-hchim ko nama mai bushewa: wani nau'in abinci mai bushewa wanda aka yi da nama mai bushe a matsayin babban sinadarin. # '''T'aâm b'l-khlî''' ko '''nama mai laushi''': nama mai launi wani nau'in abinci ne wanda ke nuna nama da aka dafa ta hanyar amfani da hanyar da aka dafa. Confit kalma ce ta Faransanci wacce ke nufin hanyar dafa nama a cikin kitse a yanayin zafi mai ƙarancin jiki, wanda ke haifar da nama mai ɗanɗano. # '''Couscous tare da madara''': Shirin ya haɗa da cirewa da yanka squash zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori, dafa shi a cikin broth har sai ya narke, ƙara madara, sannan ya zama couscous da cakuda. Ana shirya couscous tare da abincin da aka dafa da wake, sannan a bar shi ya huta kafin a yi masa hidima. # Helhal couscous / Wild lavender couscois: Abin da ake kira "Halhal" yana nufin lavender na daji. Ana matse lavender na daji don cire ruwan 'ya'yan itace da asalinsa, wanda ake amfani da shi don yayyafa couscous maimakon ruwa. Ana tururi da couscous sau biyu sannan a kara man zaitun a ƙarshen. Ana ba da shi tare da madara ko madara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-04 |title=طريقة عمل كسكس بالحلحال تع الربيع على اصولها بطريقة سهلة وسريعة من ام يحيى |url=https://cookpad.com/sa/%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA/14785448-%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=كوكباد |language=ar}}</ref> # '''Aubergine couscous:''' Wannan yana nufin bambancin kayan lambu wanda ya haɗa da ƙarin aubergines (tsire-tsire) kuma sau da yawa ya haɗa da nama. Abincin yawanci ya kunshi sauce mai ɗanɗano, wanda yawanci ja ne a launi kuma yana da ɗanɗano sosai. == Sunayen yankuna == Wasu daga cikin sanannun sunayen da ake kira couscous a Aljeriya sun hada da: # Na'ama: Ma'anar "albarka" a cikin Larabci. # Ta'am: Fassara zuwa "abinci" wannan sunan yana jaddada matsayin abincin a matsayin abin sha'awa na abinci. # Kousksi / Seksou: Taron asali da tamazight. # Mekfoul # Mesfouf: Wannan sunan yana da alaƙa da wani abinci. Sau da yawa ana dafa shi da 'ya'yan itace kamar inabi, da / ko tare da madara (Lben), Man zaitun, ko smen. # Berboucha <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Cuisines traditionnelles d'Algérie: l'art d'accommoder l'histoire et la géographie |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/ame/17/2/ame170204.xml |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2022.170204 |issn=1746-0719 |s2cid=252963908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == 657e555qk2q2eh3we52hd905o177i4g 0 87687 542883 2024-11-20T00:55:56Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1225816477|Baghrir]]" 542883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Baghrir|image=بغرير.jpg|caption=}} '''Baghrir A cikin Maghreb, an kuma san wannan nau'in pancake a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye: gh'rayf, a Tunisiya da gabashin Aljeriya (Constantine, Collo, Skikda), kh'ringu a Maroko da Aljeriya, [grifa, gh'rayfi]; [m'layn, s. m'layna]; [gh'rayf]; [kh'ringu, kh'rengu]; [khringu] a Aljeriya [1][2][3]''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berber |first=Casey |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Breakfast food around the world |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/amp/breakfast-food-around-the-world/index.html |access-date=September 18, 2019 |website=CNN Travel}}</ref> ko '''beghrir''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''ghrayef''' ko '''Mchahda''', cakulan ne da ake cinyewa a [[Aljeriya]], Morocco da [[Tunisiya]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=123 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> Suna da ƙananan, suna da spongy, kuma an yi su da semolina ko gari; lokacin da aka dafa su daidai, ana cika su da ƙananan ramuka (wanda ke tsoma duk wani sauce da aka ba su). Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita don cin ''baghrir'' a [[Aljeriya]] da [[Moroko|Maroko]] ita ce ta hanyar tsoma su cikin cakuda zuma, amma kuma ana iya yanke su cikin wedges kuma a yi su da jam. Baghrir sananne ne don karin kumallo, a matsayin abincin rana, da kuma ''[[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]'' a lokacin Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2019 |title=Moroccan Baghrir |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280488/moroccan-baghrir/amp/ |website=Moroccan World News}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Ramadan, Mutanen Mozabite na Aljeriya suna musayar baghrir a matsayin wani nau'i na al'ada, wanda suke kira m'layin; ana rarraba su ga matalauta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M |first=D. S. |date=1928 |title=La Vie Féminine au Mzab: Étude de Sociologie Musulmane. By A. M. Goichon. Paris: Geuthner, 1927. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/la-vie-feminine-au-mzab-etude-de-sociologie-musulmane-by-a-m-goichon-paris-geuthner-1927/580F6B1CFB971CE4AFE4EF658436BF5A |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=964–965 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00162094 |issn=1474-0591 |s2cid=178647382}}</ref> == Magana == A cikin Maghreb, an kuma san wannan nau'in pancake a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye: gh'rayf, a [[Tunisiya]] da gabashin [[Aljeriya]] ([[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], Collo, [[Skikda]]), kh'ringu a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Aljeriya]], [grifa, gh'rayfi]; [m'layn, s. m'layna]; [gh'rayf]; [kh'ringu, kh'rengu]; [khringu] a [[Aljeriya]] Wannan bambancin ƙamus tabbas yana nuna al'adar yanki mai arziki da tsohuwar al'ada. Amma ga kalmar baghrir, da alama alama ce ta yarukan Maghrebi-Yammacin Larabci (Morocco, Algeria), a kowane hali ba mu sani ba a wasu wurare. Mai rubutun kalmomi Mohamed Sbihi ya yi la'akari, a cikin Mu'djam, cewa kalmar baghrir ta wata hanya ce ta canji daga baghir na Larabci na aikatau baghara; baghir, bisa ga ƙamus na Larabcin gargajiya, shine wanda ke sha ba tare da ya iya kashe ƙishirwa ba (yawanci ana cewa game da dabba). Yana yiwuwa cewa an yi amfani da kalmar a wannan yanayin ta hanyar ambaton babban absorbability na waɗannan pancakes, waɗanda ke da ramuka kamar soso.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=114–145 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin pancakes * Lahoh * Cumpet * [[Injera]] * Gidan cin abinci == Manazarta == lmjgyrg5rwsl5983tbwgk7pgmirc15j 542884 542883 2024-11-20T00:57:09Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Baghrir|image=بغرير.jpg|caption=}} '''Baghrir ''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berber |first=Casey |date=May 27, 2019 |title=Breakfast food around the world |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/amp/breakfast-food-around-the-world/index.html |access-date=September 18, 2019 |website=CNN Travel}}</ref> ko '''beghrir''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''ghrayef''' ko '''Mchahda''', cakulan ne da ake cinyewa a [[Aljeriya]], Morocco da [[Tunisiya]]. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=123 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> Suna da ƙananan, suna da spongy, kuma an yi su da semolina ko gari; lokacin da aka dafa su daidai, ana cika su da ƙananan ramuka (wanda ke tsoma duk wani sauce da aka ba su). Hanyar da aka fi sani da ita don cin ''baghrir'' a [[Aljeriya]] da [[Moroko|Maroko]] ita ce ta hanyar tsoma su cikin cakuda zuma, amma kuma ana iya yanke su cikin wedges kuma a yi su da jam. Baghrir sananne ne don karin kumallo, a matsayin abincin rana, da kuma ''[[Iftar (Budar Baki)|Iftar]]'' a lokacin Ramadan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2019 |title=Moroccan Baghrir |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2019/08/280488/moroccan-baghrir/amp/ |website=Moroccan World News}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Ramadan, Mutanen Mozabite na Aljeriya suna musayar baghrir a matsayin wani nau'i na al'ada, wanda suke kira m'layin; ana rarraba su ga matalauta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=M |first=D. S. |date=1928 |title=La Vie Féminine au Mzab: Étude de Sociologie Musulmane. By A. M. Goichon. Paris: Geuthner, 1927. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/la-vie-feminine-au-mzab-etude-de-sociologie-musulmane-by-a-m-goichon-paris-geuthner-1927/580F6B1CFB971CE4AFE4EF658436BF5A |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=964–965 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00162094 |issn=1474-0591 |s2cid=178647382}}</ref> == Magana == A cikin Maghreb, an kuma san wannan nau'in pancake a ƙarƙashin wasu sunaye: gh'rayf, a [[Tunisiya]] da gabashin [[Aljeriya]] ([[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]], Collo, [[Skikda]]), kh'ringu a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Aljeriya]], [grifa, gh'rayfi]; [m'layn, s. m'layna]; [gh'rayf]; [kh'ringu, kh'rengu]; [khringu] a [[Aljeriya]] Wannan bambancin ƙamus tabbas yana nuna al'adar yanki mai arziki da tsohuwar al'ada. Amma ga kalmar baghrir, da alama alama ce ta yarukan Maghrebi-Yammacin Larabci (Morocco, Algeria), a kowane hali ba mu sani ba a wasu wurare. Mai rubutun kalmomi Mohamed Sbihi ya yi la'akari, a cikin Mu'djam, cewa kalmar baghrir ta wata hanya ce ta canji daga baghir na Larabci na aikatau baghara; baghir, bisa ga ƙamus na Larabcin gargajiya, shine wanda ke sha ba tare da ya iya kashe ƙishirwa ba (yawanci ana cewa game da dabba). Yana yiwuwa cewa an yi amfani da kalmar a wannan yanayin ta hanyar ambaton babban absorbability na waɗannan pancakes, waɗanda ke da ramuka kamar soso.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oubahli |first=Mohamed |date=2008 |title=Le banquet d'Ibn 'Ali Masfiwi, lexique, notes et commentaires. Approche historique et anthropologique |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/horma_0984-2616_2008_num_59_1_2682 |journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=114–145 |doi=10.3406/horma.2008.2682}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin pancakes * Lahoh * Cumpet * [[Injera]] * Gidan cin abinci == Manazarta == nov5i6nom3xjyqm2s3g4hcgsgn54yk0 3 87688 542894 2024-11-20T03:10:19Z Taketa 547 Taketa moved page [[Tattaunawar user:BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Bharathesha Alasandemajalu]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU|BHARATHESHA ALASANDEMAJALU]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Bharathesha Alasandemajalu|Bharathesha Alasandemajalu]]" 542894 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Bharathesha Alasandemajalu]] r8wwsni6fo7b0cw1kdrs95595z68kil 0 87689 542899 2024-11-20T04:43:54Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252800416|Brik]]" 542899 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Brik</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Brikdish.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abinci mai alaƙa[[List of cuisines|Abincin abinci]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Aljeriya * Libya * Tunisian </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su | class="infobox-data ingredient" |Kwai, burodi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[commons:Category:Briks|Kafofin watsa labarai: Brik]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} '''Brik''' Don shirya Brik na gargajiya na Tunisiya, dole ne mutum ya ninka burodi na waje zuwa siffofi na triangle, ya cika sinadaran da aka gauraya a cikin murfin, sannan ya dumama su a cikin kwanon dafa abinci na minti biyu zuwa uku a kowane gefe.[1] (/briːk/ BREEK; {{Lang|ar|بريك}}) ko ''burek'' shine nau'in arewacin Afirka na borek, burodi na malsouka wanda aka fi soya sosai. Mafi sanannun sigar ita ce kwai, kwai gaba ɗaya a cikin aljihun burodi mai triangular tare da [[albasa]], tuna, harissa da parsley. Tare da siffar da ta ɗan bambanta, amma tare da sinadaran iri ɗaya da hanyar shirya, an san ''brik'' a Aljeriya da Libya da ''bourek'' ({{Lang|ar|بوراك}}). Sau da yawa ana cika shi da kwai da ganye ko tuna, harissa da zaitun kuma wani lokacin ana ba da shi a cikin pita. Wannan kuma an san shi da ''boreeka'' . Har ila yau, ya yadu a Gabashin Aljeriya a cikin biranen [[Annaba]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Costantina]]. Ana yin burodi na Brik ta hanyar buga gurasar gurasar mai manne a kan wani wuri mai zafi wanda ba a manne ba a cikin da'irori masu yawa don samar da girman da ake so kuma an dafa shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana kiran takalman gurasar brik malsouka ko warka. Kayan cikawa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tuna, nama mai laushi, kwai, kaza, ko Ankovies da aka yi wa ado da harissa, capers, ko [[cuku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does BRIK mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/BRIK |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.definitions.net}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na yanki da shirye-shirye == Kodayake asalin abinci yana da wuyar ganowa kai tsaye, ya samo asali ne aƙalla shekaru 500 da suka gabata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=Introducing brik, the Tunisian pastry you've probably eaten but never made |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/07/11/introducing-brik-tunisian-pastry-youve-probably-eaten-never-made |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga asalinsa ba a bayyana ba, ba a san shi da suna ɗaya ba; a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya har ma a yanzu, ana iya kiran abincin da aka fi sani da bric, börek, burek, warqa ko malsouka . <ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kowane brik - ba tare da la'akari da abin da ake kira ba - sun haɗa da ɓawon burodi mai zurfi da sunadarai (kamar tuna ko kwai) da ke cikin murfin, kamar na Faransanci na yau da kullun da aka sani da brik a l'oeuf .<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Global Cuisine 2: Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia |journal=National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation - Foundation of Restaurant Management and Culinary Arts |volume=2nd Edition}}</ref> Don shirya Brik na gargajiya na Tunisiya, dole ne mutum ya ninka burodi na waje zuwa siffofi na triangle, ya cika sinadaran da aka gauraya a cikin murfin, sannan ya dumama su a cikin kwanon dafa abinci na minti biyu zuwa uku a kowane gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2017 |title=Tunisian brik with parsley and egg |url=https://www.ourtunisiantable.com/home/2017/6/17/tunisian-brik-with-egg |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Our Tunisian Table |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya == Manazarta == qzp0haglpow4u5mdztl8fdra7s3nbpi 542900 542899 2024-11-20T04:44:40Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542900 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Brik</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Brikdish.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abinci mai alaƙa[[List of cuisines|Abincin abinci]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Aljeriya * Libya * Tunisian </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su | class="infobox-data ingredient" |Kwai, burodi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[commons:Category:Briks|Kafofin watsa labarai: Brik]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} '''Brik''' (/briːk/ BREEK; {{Lang|ar|بريك}}) ko ''burek'' shine nau'in arewacin Afirka na borek, burodi na malsouka wanda aka fi soya sosai. Mafi sanannun sigar ita ce kwai, kwai gaba ɗaya a cikin aljihun burodi mai triangular tare da [[albasa]], tuna, harissa da parsley. Tare da siffar da ta ɗan bambanta, amma tare da sinadaran iri ɗaya da hanyar shirya, an san ''brik'' a Aljeriya da Libya da ''bourek'' ({{Lang|ar|بوراك}}). Sau da yawa ana cika shi da kwai da ganye ko tuna, harissa da zaitun kuma wani lokacin ana ba da shi a cikin pita. Wannan kuma an san shi da ''boreeka'' . Har ila yau, ya yadu a Gabashin Aljeriya a cikin biranen [[Annaba]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Costantina]]. Ana yin burodi na Brik ta hanyar buga gurasar gurasar mai manne a kan wani wuri mai zafi wanda ba a manne ba a cikin da'irori masu yawa don samar da girman da ake so kuma an dafa shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana kiran takalman gurasar brik malsouka ko warka. Kayan cikawa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tuna, nama mai laushi, kwai, kaza, ko Ankovies da aka yi wa ado da harissa, capers, ko [[cuku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does BRIK mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/BRIK |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.definitions.net}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na yanki da shirye-shirye == Kodayake asalin abinci yana da wuyar ganowa kai tsaye, ya samo asali ne aƙalla shekaru 500 da suka gabata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=Introducing brik, the Tunisian pastry you've probably eaten but never made |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/07/11/introducing-brik-tunisian-pastry-youve-probably-eaten-never-made |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga asalinsa ba a bayyana ba, ba a san shi da suna ɗaya ba; a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya har ma a yanzu, ana iya kiran abincin da aka fi sani da bric, börek, burek, warqa ko malsouka . <ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kowane brik - ba tare da la'akari da abin da ake kira ba - sun haɗa da ɓawon burodi mai zurfi da sunadarai (kamar tuna ko kwai) da ke cikin murfin, kamar na Faransanci na yau da kullun da aka sani da brik a l'oeuf .<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Global Cuisine 2: Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia |journal=National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation - Foundation of Restaurant Management and Culinary Arts |volume=2nd Edition}}</ref> Don shirya Brik na gargajiya na Tunisiya, dole ne mutum ya ninka burodi na waje zuwa siffofi na triangle, ya cika sinadaran da aka gauraya a cikin murfin, sannan ya dumama su a cikin kwanon dafa abinci na minti biyu zuwa uku a kowane gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2017 |title=Tunisian brik with parsley and egg |url=https://www.ourtunisiantable.com/home/2017/6/17/tunisian-brik-with-egg |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Our Tunisian Table |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya == Manazarta == lsz50uw2l0tcogfmpmf03ob6i8vbfnd 542901 542900 2024-11-20T04:45:13Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Brik</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Brikdish.jpg|frameless]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abinci mai alaƙa[[List of cuisines|Abincin abinci]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Aljeriya * Libya * Tunisian </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su | class="infobox-data ingredient" |Kwai, burodi |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[commons:Category:Briks|Kafofin watsa labarai: Brik]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} '''Brik''' (/briːk/ BREEK; {{Lang|ar|بريك}}) ko ''burek'' shine nau'in arewacin Afirka na borek, burodi na malsouka wanda aka fi soya sosai. Mafi sanannun sigar ita ce kwai, kwai gaba ɗaya a cikin aljihun burodi mai triangular tare da [[albasa]], tuna, harissa da parsley. Tare da siffar da ta ɗan bambanta, amma tare da sinadaran iri ɗaya da hanyar shirya, an san ''brik'' a Aljeriya da Libya da ''bourek'' ({{Lang|ar|بوراك}}). Sau da yawa ana cika shi da kwai da ganye ko tuna, harissa da zaitun kuma wani lokacin ana ba da shi a cikin pita. Wannan kuma an san shi da ''boreeka'' . Har ila yau, ya yadu a Gabashin Aljeriya a cikin biranen [[Annaba]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Costantina]]. Ana yin burodi na Brik ta hanyar buga gurasar gurasar mai manne a kan wani wuri mai zafi wanda ba a manne ba a cikin da'irori masu yawa don samar da girman da ake so kuma an dafa shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana kiran takalman gurasar brik malsouka ko warka. Kayan cikawa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tuna, nama mai laushi, kwai, kaza, ko Ankovies da aka yi wa ado da harissa, capers, ko [[cuku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does BRIK mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/BRIK |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.definitions.net}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na yanki da shirye-shirye == Kodayake asalin abinci yana da wuyar ganowa kai tsaye, ya samo asali ne aƙalla shekaru 500 da suka gabata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=Introducing brik, the Tunisian pastry you've probably eaten but never made |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/07/11/introducing-brik-tunisian-pastry-youve-probably-eaten-never-made |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga asalinsa ba a bayyana ba, ba a san shi da suna ɗaya ba; a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya har ma a yanzu, ana iya kiran abincin da aka fi sani da bric, börek, burek, warqa ko malsouka . <ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kowane brik - ba tare da la'akari da abin da ake kira ba - sun haɗa da ɓawon burodi mai zurfi da sunadarai (kamar tuna ko kwai) da ke cikin murfin, kamar na Faransanci na yau da kullun da aka sani da brik a l'oeuf .<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Global Cuisine 2: Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia |journal=National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation - Foundation of Restaurant Management and Culinary Arts |volume=2nd Edition}}</ref> Don shirya Brik na gargajiya na Tunisiya, dole ne mutum ya ninka burodi na waje zuwa siffofi na triangle, ya cika sinadaran da aka gauraya a cikin murfin, sannan ya dumama su a cikin kwanon dafa abinci na minti biyu zuwa uku a kowane gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2017 |title=Tunisian brik with parsley and egg |url=https://www.ourtunisiantable.com/home/2017/6/17/tunisian-brik-with-egg |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Our Tunisian Table |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya == Manazarta == jdmpcwez2h6s5ci0s86ox5i59g83yah 542902 542901 2024-11-20T04:46:10Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brik''' (/briːk/ BREEK; {{Lang|ar|بريك}}) ko ''burek'' shine nau'in arewacin Afirka na borek, burodi na malsouka wanda aka fi soya sosai. Mafi sanannun sigar ita ce kwai, kwai gaba ɗaya a cikin aljihun burodi mai triangular tare da [[albasa]], tuna, harissa da parsley. Tare da siffar da ta ɗan bambanta, amma tare da sinadaran iri ɗaya da hanyar shirya, an san ''brik'' a Aljeriya da Libya da ''bourek'' ({{Lang|ar|بوراك}}). Sau da yawa ana cika shi da kwai da ganye ko tuna, harissa da zaitun kuma wani lokacin ana ba da shi a cikin pita. Wannan kuma an san shi da ''boreeka'' . Har ila yau, ya yadu a Gabashin Aljeriya a cikin biranen [[Annaba]] da [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Costantina]]. Ana yin burodi na Brik ta hanyar buga gurasar gurasar mai manne a kan wani wuri mai zafi wanda ba a manne ba a cikin da'irori masu yawa don samar da girman da ake so kuma an dafa shi na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Ana kiran takalman gurasar brik malsouka ko warka. Kayan cikawa na yau da kullun sun haɗa da tuna, nama mai laushi, kwai, kaza, ko Ankovies da aka yi wa ado da harissa, capers, ko [[cuku]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=What does BRIK mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/BRIK |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.definitions.net}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance na yanki da shirye-shirye == Kodayake asalin abinci yana da wuyar ganowa kai tsaye, ya samo asali ne aƙalla shekaru 500 da suka gabata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-11 |title=Introducing brik, the Tunisian pastry you've probably eaten but never made |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2021/07/11/introducing-brik-tunisian-pastry-youve-probably-eaten-never-made |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Food |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga asalinsa ba a bayyana ba, ba a san shi da suna ɗaya ba; a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya har ma a yanzu, ana iya kiran abincin da aka fi sani da bric, börek, burek, warqa ko malsouka . <ref name=":0" /> Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su a cikin kowane brik - ba tare da la'akari da abin da ake kira ba - sun haɗa da ɓawon burodi mai zurfi da sunadarai (kamar tuna ko kwai) da ke cikin murfin, kamar na Faransanci na yau da kullun da aka sani da brik a l'oeuf .<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Global Cuisine 2: Europe, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, and Asia |journal=National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation - Foundation of Restaurant Management and Culinary Arts |volume=2nd Edition}}</ref> Don shirya Brik na gargajiya na Tunisiya, dole ne mutum ya ninka burodi na waje zuwa siffofi na triangle, ya cika sinadaran da aka gauraya a cikin murfin, sannan ya dumama su a cikin kwanon dafa abinci na minti biyu zuwa uku a kowane gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2017 |title=Tunisian brik with parsley and egg |url=https://www.ourtunisiantable.com/home/2017/6/17/tunisian-brik-with-egg |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Our Tunisian Table |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba sauran bayanai == * Jerin abincin Gabas ta Tsakiya == Manazarta == beb0ty167fee1slp2zo88zw6nj2i87k 0 87690 542903 2024-11-20T04:51:19Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258242942|Chakhchoukha]]" 542903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Chakhchoukha|image=Algerian Chakhchoukha.jpg|caption=}} [[Fayil:Chakhchoukhah.jpg|thumb|Chicken chakhchoukha]] [[Fayil:شخشوخة_بسكرية.jpg|thumb|Aljeriya Chakhchoukha na Biskra]] '''Chakhshukha''' ko '''chekhechoukha''' (Arabic) abinci ne na gargajiya na Aljeriya wanda aka yi da tsagewa ko mirgine na gurasar semolina da aka dafa wanda ake ba da shi a cikin sauce na tumatir. Abincin ya kunshi ƙananan rougag (ƙananan gurasa mai laushi) da aka gauraya da ''marka'', stew tumatir. Ana yin abincin ne ta hanyar tafasa gurasar semolina a cikin ruwan gishiri har sai an dafa shi sannan a mirgine shi cikin ƙananan ƙwallo ko kuma a fashe shi cikin ƙananan raguwa. Sauce na tushen tumatir don chakhchoukha yawanci ana yin sa ne daga cakuda albasa, tafarnuwa, tumatir, da kayan yaji kamar cumin, paprika, da harissa. Ana ƙara gurasar semolina a cikin sauce kuma a dafa shi har sai ya shawo kan dandano na sauce kuma ya ɗan taushi. Sau da yawa ana ba da Chakhchoukha tare da nama, kamar ɗan rago ko naman sa, wanda aka dafa shi daban sannan a kara shi da abincin tare da chickpeas ko wasu kayan lambu kamar carot ko turnips.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Cuisines traditionnelles d'Algérie: l'art d'accommoder l'histoire et la géographie |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/ame/17/2/ame170204.xml |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2022.170204 |issn=1746-0719 |s2cid=252963908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana yin amfani da abincin da sabbin ganye kamar su parsley ko cilantro kuma ana ba da shi tare da burodi a gefe. == Bambance-bambance == Chakhchoukha dfer da chakhchoukhi beskria nau'ikan chakhchoikha ne daban-daban guda biyu waɗanda suka shahara a cikin abincin Aljeriya, musamman a Gabashin Aljeriya Ga manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin su: '''Chakhshukhet dfer:''': Wannan nau'in chakhchoukha ana yin shi da gurasar burodi, maimakon gurasar semolina. Ana tsoma burodi a cikin sauce na tumatir wanda aka ɗanɗano da kayan yaji, man shanu da ganye. Sau da yawa ana ba da abincin tare da nama, kamar ɗan rago ko naman sa, kuma wani lokacin ya haɗa da kayan lambu kamar chickpeas da karoshi. Wannan chakhchoukha na musamman ne na yankin [[Constantine, Aljeriya|Constantine]] . '''Chakhchoukha biskria:''' Wannan chakhchoukhi yawanci ana yin sa ne ta hanyar tsagewa ko yanka ƙananan gurasa mai laushi, mai laushi kuma ya ba su abinci a cikin soya mai ƙanshi wanda aka dafa shi da chickpeas da kayan lambu. Duk da yake ɗan rago shine nama da aka fi so a cikin wannan abincin, ana iya amfani da naman sa ko kaza. Wannan chakhchoukha na musamman ne na yankin Biskra . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-23 |title=Algerian Thin Flatbread Pieces with Meat Sauce - Chakhchoukha |url=https://www.myexcellentdegustations.com/algerian-thin-flatbread-with-meat-sauce-chakhchoukha/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=My Excellent Degustations |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayyanawa == Chakhchoukha asalin abinci ne na Chaoui wanda yanzu ya kai ga wasu sassan [[Aljeriya]]. Kalmar ''chakhchoukha'' ta fito ne daga ''tacherchert'', "rugujewa" ko "ƙetare cikin ƙananan ɓangarori" a cikin [[Yaren Shawiya|Harshen Chaouia]]. Ana jin daɗin Chakhchoukha a lokuta daban-daban, musamman a lokacin [[Maulidi|Mouloud]], Achoura, da Sabuwar Shekara ta Amazigh da ake kira "Yennayer. " Wannan bikin ya haɗa da sassa biyu: da maraice, wanda aka sani da "Laadjouza", inda ake cin abinci da aka bushe don nuna ƙarshen shekarar da ta gabata, kuma rana mai zuwa, farkon sabuwar shekara, lokacin da ake jin daɗin jita-jita tare da sauce, tare da kowane yanki yana da nasa bambancin kayan lambu da ƙwai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2022-12-01 |title=Cuisines traditionnelles d'Algérie: l'art d'accommoder l'histoire et la géographie |url=https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/ame/17/2/ame170204.xml |journal=Anthropology of the Middle East |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=48–63 |doi=10.3167/ame.2022.170204 |issn=1746-0719 |s2cid=252963908 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == Ana yin rougag ko gurasa mai laushi tare da semolina mai kyau ''Ruwa'', bayan yin burodi, ana tsage shi da hannu zuwa ƙananan ɓangarori.Lokacin cin abinci a cikin faranti, ana sanya kusan hannaye biyu a cikin farantin sannan a zuba sauce ko stew a saman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-18 |title=🇩🇿 Thin Round Flatbread - Rougag or Trid Sheets |url=https://www.myexcellentdegustations.com/rougag-or-trid-sheets/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=My Excellent Degustations |language=en-US}}</ref> ''marka'' ko stew ya ƙunshi Ɗan rago da aka dafa tare da kayan yaji, [[Tumatir]], [[albasa]] da aka yanka da wake. Sau da yawa ana ƙara [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]], zucchini, [[Karas|karoshi]] da albasa a cikin cakuda dangane da lokacin, yankin da iyali. Babban kayan yaji da aka yi amfani da su don stew sune bushewar ja chillies, caraway, Ras el hanout, baƙar fata da cumin. Akwai bambancin wannan abincin a Batna da garuruwan da ke kusa, kamar Barika, M'Sila da Biskra, wanda ke amfani da nau'in burodi daban. == Duba sauran bayanai == * List of Middle Eastern dishes * Algerian cuisine * Torta de gazpacho, a similar Spanish dish both in its appearance and origin. * List of African dishes == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i64977mj4qmxerfubfq9vvpgy9oass6 0 87691 542906 2024-11-20T05:01:22Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1254868607|Qurabiya]]" 542906 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Fayil:Ghribia_algérienne.jpg|right|thumb|Gishiri na Ghribia, [[Aljeriya]]]] [[Fayil:Kurabiyes_in_the_form_of_medialuna.jpg|thumb|''Qurabiya'' mai siffar karami]] ''''''Gurbiya'''''' (Arabic) kuma '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', '''ghoriba''', '''ghribia''', '''ghraïba''', gurabija, '''Griyyaba,''',, '''kurabiye''', ko ko '''kourabiedes''' (Greek) da sauran maganganu da furci da yawa, irin kek ne na gajeren burodi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds na ƙasa. Ana samun nau'ikan a yawancin abinci na Larabawa, Balkan da Ottoman, tare da nau'ikan daban-daban da girke-girke. Suna kama da polvorones daga [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stephanie |date=5 August 2012 |title=Lost and loving it in Morocco |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/world/lost-and-loving-it-in-morocco/story-e6frfhdo-1226442356260 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[Herald Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kragen |first=Pam |date=19 March 2013 |title=Cookbook a love letter to Morocco |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/19/moroccan-cookbook-infused-with-memories/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[U-T San Diego]]}}</ref> A cikin Maghreb da Masar, galibi ana ba da su tare da shayi na Libya, Kofi na Larabci ko shayi na mint na Maghrebi. == Tarihi == An ba da girke-girke don gajeren burodi mai kama da ghorayebah amma ba tare da almond ba, wanda ake kira a cikin Larabci khushkanānaj gharīb (kookie mai ban sha'awa), a cikin littafin dafa abinci na Larabci na farko da aka sani, Kitab al-Ṭabīīīī . [1] Kurabiye ya bayyana a cikin Abincin Ottoman a karni na 15. Akwai muhawara game da asalin kalmomin. Wasu ba su ba da wata asali ga kalmar ''kurabiye'' ta Turkawa ba sai Turkawa, wasu kuma sun ba da Larabci ko Farisa. Daga cikin wasu, masanin ilimin harsuna Sevan Nişanyan ya ba da asalin Larabci, a cikin littafinsa na 2009 na ƙamus na Turkiyya, daga ''{{Transl|ar|ġurayb}}'' ko ''{{Transl|ar|ğarîb}}'' (exotic). Koyaya, ya zuwa 2019, ƙamus na kan layi na Nişanyan yanzu yana ba da farkon sanannun yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Turkanci kamar ƙarshen karni na 17, wanda ya samo asali daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulābiya}}'' [[Farisawa|na Farisa]], kuki da aka yi da ruwan fure, daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulāb}}'', mai alaƙa da furanni. Ya lura cewa kalmomin Larabci na Siriya ''{{Transl|ar|ġurābiye}} / {{Transl|ar|ġuraybiye}}'' wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga Turkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Kurabiye |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye |access-date=2019-01-04 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == === Crimea === Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye, qurabye, къурабье, къурабие Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi a cikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. An gama "khurabye" gaba ɗaya tare da sukari mai foda a kowane bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Кхураб'є |url=https://yizhakultura.com/material/20230105_1852 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=yizhakultura.com}}</ref> === Albania === [https://www.myalbanianfood.com/recipe/albanian-kurabie/] ''Gurabija'' === Aljeriya === ''Ghribia'' (Algerian Arabic) * ''Ghribia'' tare da almond * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanutsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * ''Ghribia'' tare da walnuts * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios === Armenia === ashi kamar burodi, kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. An fi cinye shi a lokacin Easter, Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya, an kara karin sinadaran, kamar ƙwai, cinnamon, da walnuts. === Bulgaria === Kurabii, sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki da yawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu, kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "maslenki". === Girka da Cyprus === [[Fayil:Kourabiedes_platter_2008_01_08.jpg|thumb|''Kourabiedes'', Girka]] Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin ana yin su da brandy, yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka, ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Clove|ƙusa]]Kirsimeti tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi guda ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls, sannan a dafa su har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi, suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' sananne ne ga lokatai na musamman, kamar Kirsimeti ko baftisma. Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya, dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana ba da su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. === Iran === [[Fayil:Təbriz_qurabiyəsi_2.jpg|thumb|Iran Azerbaijani ''Yurabiya'' daga [[Tabriz]]]] A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari, farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana ba da shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Box_of_Qurabiya_by_Nobari_Confectionary_(Tehran,_Iran).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Akwatin qurabiya na Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran) ]] Bambance-bambance ciki har da: <ref>{{Cite journal |title=حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية |journal=مجلس النشر العلمي، جامعة الكويت |volume=Issues 317-321 |pages=118}}</ref> * Ghoriba tare da Cardamom * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da saffron === Gabatarwa === * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da ruwan RoseRuwa mai ruwan hoda === Libya === Ghraïba Fassarar Larabci na Libya * Ghoriba tare da peanuts * Ghoriba tare da almond * Ghoriba tare da walnuts === Maroko === Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb, shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari, suna ba da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba an yi shi ne daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, an yi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * Ghoriba bahla * Ghoriba dyal zite * Ghoriba mramla === Saudi Arabia === Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic), bambance-bambance sun hada da: * Ghurēba tare da pistachio * Ghurēba tare da almond * Ghurēba tare da cardamom === Turkiyya === [[Fayil:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi, Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya, ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. == Duba sauran bayani ==   * [[Almond Biscuit|Kaki na almond]] * Wani kurabiyesi * Hallongrotta * Kukis na Kavala Almond * Murabbalı mecidiye * Nankhatai * Osmania Biscuit * Alamun * Ruwan wuta * İzmir Bomb Kurabiye * Bethmännchen * Şekerpare * Jerin abincin almond * Jerin gajeren burodi da kukis == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4obenmrh00hfv6yjvsyqa5pw16xj7pr 542907 542906 2024-11-20T05:01:49Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Fayil:Ghribia_algérienne.jpg|right|thumb|Gishiri na Ghribia, [[Aljeriya]]]] [[Fayil:Kurabiyes_in_the_form_of_medialuna.jpg|thumb|''Qurabiya'' mai siffar karami]] ''''''Gurbiya'''''' (Arabic) kuma '''ghraybe''', '''ghorayeba''', '''ghoriba''', '''ghribia''', '''ghraïba''', gurabija, '''Griyyaba,''',, '''kurabiye''', ko ko '''kourabiedes''' (Greek) da sauran maganganu da furci da yawa, irin kek ne na gajeren burodi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds na ƙasa. Ana samun nau'ikan a yawancin abinci na Larabawa, Balkan da Ottoman, tare da nau'ikan daban-daban da girke-girke. Suna kama da polvorones daga [[Andalusia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Stephanie |date=5 August 2012 |title=Lost and loving it in Morocco |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/travel/world/lost-and-loving-it-in-morocco/story-e6frfhdo-1226442356260 |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[Herald Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kragen |first=Pam |date=19 March 2013 |title=Cookbook a love letter to Morocco |url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2013/mar/19/moroccan-cookbook-infused-with-memories/ |access-date=1 April 2015 |website=[[U-T San Diego]]}}</ref> A cikin Maghreb da Masar, galibi ana ba da su tare da shayi na Libya, Kofi na Larabci ko shayi na mint na Maghrebi. == Tarihi == An ba da girke-girke don gajeren burodi mai kama da ghorayebah amma ba tare da almond ba, wanda ake kira a cikin Larabci khushkanānaj gharīb (kookie mai ban sha'awa), a cikin littafin dafa abinci na Larabci na farko da aka sani, Kitab al-Ṭabīīīī . [1] Kurabiye ya bayyana a cikin Abincin Ottoman a karni na 15. Akwai muhawara game da asalin kalmomin. Wasu ba su ba da wata asali ga kalmar ''kurabiye'' ta Turkawa ba sai Turkawa, wasu kuma sun ba da Larabci ko Farisa. Daga cikin wasu, masanin ilimin harsuna Sevan Nişanyan ya ba da asalin Larabci, a cikin littafinsa na 2009 na ƙamus na Turkiyya, daga ''{{Transl|ar|ġurayb}}'' ko ''{{Transl|ar|ğarîb}}'' (exotic). Koyaya, ya zuwa 2019, ƙamus na kan layi na Nişanyan yanzu yana ba da farkon sanannun yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Turkanci kamar ƙarshen karni na 17, wanda ya samo asali daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulābiya}}'' [[Farisawa|na Farisa]], kuki da aka yi da ruwan fure, daga ''{{Transl|fa|gulāb}}'', mai alaƙa da furanni. Ya lura cewa kalmomin Larabci na Siriya ''{{Transl|ar|ġurābiye}} / {{Transl|ar|ġuraybiye}}'' wataƙila sun samo asali ne daga Turkawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nişanyan |first=Sevan |title=Kurabiye |url=http://nisanyansozluk.com/?k=kurabiye |access-date=2019-01-04 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük}}</ref> == Bambancin yanki == === Crimea === Tatars na Crimea (mutane na Crimea) suna kiran kukis "khurabie" (qurabiye, qurabye, къурабье, къурабие Tatar na Crimea "kurabye" yana da siffofi da yawa, amma a zahiri yana kama da rhombus, ko haɗuwa da rhombuses biyu ko uku don samar da furen, ko kuma an yanke shi a cikin siffar crescent. Tatars na Crimea suna shirya kurabye kamar haka: ana gauraya sukari mai foda da ghee, sannan kuma ana ƙara gari. An gama "khurabye" gaba ɗaya tare da sukari mai foda a kowane bangare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Кхураб'є |url=https://yizhakultura.com/material/20230105_1852 |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=yizhakultura.com}}</ref> === Albania === [https://www.myalbanianfood.com/recipe/albanian-kurabie/] ''Gurabija'' === Aljeriya === ''Ghribia'' (Algerian Arabic) * ''Ghribia'' tare da almond * ''Ghribia'' tare da peanutsƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta * ''Ghribia'' tare da walnuts * ''Ghribia'' tare da Pistachios === Armenia === ashi kamar burodi, kunnen alkama, ko takalmin doki wanda ke nuna lafiya, wadata, da wadata. An fi cinye shi a lokacin Easter, Kirsimeti da bukukuwan sabuwar shekara. Daga baya, an kara karin sinadaran, kamar ƙwai, cinnamon, da walnuts. === Bulgaria === Kurabii, sunan abincin Bulgarian da nau'ikan kuki da yawa, sanannen nau'ikan mai dadi. Musamman a lokacin hutu, kuma jams iri-iri da aka samar ta hanyar sabuwar shekara tare da kukis mai sukari da aka yi wa ado da siffofi masu kyau ana kiransu "maslenki". === Girka da Cyprus === [[Fayil:Kourabiedes_platter_2008_01_08.jpg|thumb|''Kourabiedes'', Girka]] Fassarar Girkanci, wanda ake kira "'''''''kourabiethes'''''''" {{Lang|el|κουραμπιές}} ko "kourabethes" (Girkanci: ckbando), yayi kama da gajeren gurasa mai sauƙi, yawanci ana yin shi da almonds. ''Kourabiedes'' wani lokacin ana yin su da brandy, yawanci Metaxa, don dandano, kodayake vanilla, mastika ko ruwan fure suma sanannu ne. A wasu yankuna na Girka, ana yin ado da ''kourabiedes'' na [[Clove|ƙusa]]Kirsimeti tare da ƙuƙwalwar ƙanshi guda ɗaya da aka saka a cikin kowane kuki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sam Sotiropoulos |date=2009-12-23 |title=Greek Food Recipes and Reflections, Toronto, Ontario, Canada |url=http://greekgourmand.blogspot.com/2009/12/kourabiedes.html |access-date=2014-03-16 |publisher=Greekgourmand.blogspot.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' ana siffanta su ko dai a cikin crescents ko balls, sannan a dafa su har zuwa dan kadan zinariya. Yawancin lokaci ana mirgine su cikin sukari yayin da suke da zafi, suna samar da man shanu mai sukari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Irene's Kourabiedes (Kourabiethes) (Greek Butter Cookies) |url=http://thursdayfordinner.com/2009/01/irenes-kourabiedes-greek-butter-cookies |access-date=2015-02-27 |publisher=Thursdayfordinner.com}}</ref> ''Kourabiedes'' sananne ne ga lokatai na musamman, kamar Kirsimeti ko baftisma. Kalmar Helenanci "{{Transl|el|kourabiedes}}" ta fito ne daga kalmar Turkiyya ''kurabiye'', wanda ke da alaƙa da qurabiya, dangin kukis na Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Cyprus, ana ba da su a matsayin kyauta ga masu halartar bikin aure bayan bikin. === Iran === [[Fayil:Təbriz_qurabiyəsi_2.jpg|thumb|Iran Azerbaijani ''Yurabiya'' daga [[Tabriz]]]] A [[Tabriz]], ana yin Qurabiyas da garin almond, sukari, farin kwai, vanilla, margarine da kuma murfin da aka niƙa da almond. Ana ba da shi da kansa ko tare da shayi, al'ada ana sanya shi a saman shayi don sa ya zama mai laushi kafin cin abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-16 |title=GHORABIEH TABRIZ قرابیه تبریز |url=https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/,%20https://persianmama.com/ghorabieh/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qurabiya ( Ghorabiye ) |url=https://tishineh.com/touritem/323/Qurabiya-(-Ghorabiye-) |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Tishineh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2022-06-01 |title=Best Persian Desserts and Sweets to Try in Iran |url=https://legendaryiran.com/blog/best-persian-desserts-and-sweets-to-try-in-iran/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Legendaryiran |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:A_Box_of_Qurabiya_by_Nobari_Confectionary_(Tehran,_Iran).jpg|thumb|240x240px|Akwatin qurabiya na Nobari Confectionary (Tehran, Iran) ]] Bambance-bambance ciki har da: <ref>{{Cite journal |title=حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية |journal=مجلس النشر العلمي، جامعة الكويت |volume=Issues 317-321 |pages=118}}</ref> * Ghoriba tare da Cardamom * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da saffron === Gabatarwa === * Ghoriba tare da pistachio * Ghoriba tare da ruwan RoseRuwa mai ruwan hoda === Libya === Ghraïba Fassarar Larabci na Libya * Ghoriba tare da peanuts * Ghoriba tare da almond * Ghoriba tare da walnuts === Maroko === Ghoriba (Moroccan Arabic: {{Lang|ary|غْرِيبَة}}) a Maroko da sauran sassan Maghreb, shahararrun kukis galibi suna amfani da semolina maimakon fararen gari, suna ba da ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. asalin Ghriba an yi shi ne daga gari kuma an ɗanɗano shi da lemun tsami ko orange zest da cinnamon, ana yawan ba da wannan zaki a jam'iyyun, tare da shayi ko kofi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |title=15 favorite Moroccan culinary specialties |url=https://www.mortraveling.com/2022/04/15-favorite-moroccan-culinary.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Mlouwza, an yi shi da almond da sukari da aka ɗanɗano da ruwan orange * Ghoriba bahla * Ghoriba dyal zite * Ghoriba mramla === Saudi Arabia === Ghurēba / Ghrēba (Arabic), bambance-bambance sun hada da: * Ghurēba tare da pistachio * Ghurēba tare da almond * Ghurēba tare da cardamom === Turkiyya === [[Fayil:Acibadem_Kurabiyesi.jpg|thumb|Acıbadem kurabiyesi, Turkiyya]] Ana amfani da kalmar ''kurabiye'' don nunawa ga biscuits iri-iri a Turkiyya, ba lallai ba ne na cikin gida, kodayake ana yin nau'ikan ''kurabiye'' daban-daban na gida; gami da necessitatbadem kurabiyesi da un kurabiyesi. == Duba sauran bayani ==   * [[Almond Biscuit|Kaki na almond]] * Wani kurabiyesi * Hallongrotta * Kukis na Kavala Almond * Murabbalı mecidiye * Nankhatai * Osmania Biscuit * Alamun * Ruwan wuta * İzmir Bomb Kurabiye * Bethmännchen * Şekerpare * Jerin abincin almond * Jerin gajeren burodi da kukis == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 07x56qr22o6qg6xr40f1c7ah5wp5tdt 0 87692 542908 2024-11-20T05:11:36Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221955993|Hmiss]]" 542908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Algerian Hmiss|image=hmisalgerien.jpg|caption=Algerian hmiss served with kesra bread}} [[Fayil:Hmisss.jpg|thumb|Saladi na Aljeriya]] '''Hmiss''' (Arabic) ko ifelfel, ma'ana "chilli pepper" a cikin Kabylia, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gast |first=M. |date=1996-08-01 |title=Épices et condiments |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2160 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=17 |pages=2651–2655 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2160 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>Berkaï, Abdelaziz. {{Lang|fr|"L'intérêt du corpus et une idée de sa constitution en lexicographie amazighe".}} ''Iles d imesli'' 5 (2013): 281–293.</ref> ko '''felfla''' da '''Chlita''' a yankin [[Oran]], salatin gargajiya ne na Aljeriya da aka yi da albasa da tumatir, an yanka shi, an gauraya shi kuma an ɗanɗana shi da man zaitun. Kalmar "hmiss" tana nufin sauté a cikin Derja na Aljeriya, saboda dole ne a sautéd kayan lambu bayan gasa.<ref>Bouksani, Louisa (1989). {{Lang|fr|Gastronomie Algérienne}}. Alger, Ed. Jefal</ref> A shekara ta 1975, mai dafa abinci na Faransa kuma marubucin Marcell Boulestin ya lakafta Hmiss a cikin littafinsa na 'Boulestin's Round-the-year Cookbook' kawai a matsayin salatin Aljeriya. == Bayyanawa == Hmiss yana shirye a ko'ina a Aljeriya, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance daga yanki zuwa wani. Don haka, a gabashin Aljeriya, ana shirya shi da tafarnuwa, tumatir da gasa. Ana dafa shi ta hanyar saka tafarnuwa, tumatir da aka yanka da mai a cikin kwanon rufi na 'yan mintoci kaɗan, ƙara albasa kuma murkushe komai a cikin katako na katako (meras). Ana ba da shi a kan farantin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dumplingsandmore |date=2020-03-23 |title=Hmiss – salade de poivrons et tomates grillés – Recette algérienne |url=https://dumplingsandmore.fr/post/hmis-salade-de-poivrons-et-tomates-grilles-recette-algerienne/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Dumplings & More |language=fr}}</ref> Wannan shigarwa tana tare da aghroum ko burodi na kesra. A Kabylia, ana shirya shi da kayan lambu iri ɗaya, sannan a ɗanɗana shi da man zaitun, wani lokacin ana ƙara ƙwai da aka buga a ƙarshen, a gauraye kuma a bar su don dafa a hankali. A [[Tlemcen]], an shirya shi da man zaitun, albasa, tumatir, tafarnuwa, ƙwai, coriander kuma an ɗanɗano shi da caraway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-15 |title=Hmiss (Algerian Roasted Red Pepper Dip) |url=https://www.internationalcuisine.com/hmiss/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=International Cuisine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarah |date=2016-06-09 |title=hmiss sétifien ou salade de poivron |url=https://lesucresale-doumsouhaib.com/hmiss-setifien-ou-salade-de-poivron/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Le Sucré Salé d'Oum Souhaib |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=2016-06-12 |title=Felfla (Hmiss) |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-felfla-hmiss/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=196 flavors |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 196sdslbomg3b33v8wym9kp9mqo854x 542909 542908 2024-11-20T05:12:03Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Algerian Hmiss|image=hmisalgerien.jpg|caption=Algerian hmiss served with kesra bread}} [[Fayil:Hmisss.jpg|thumb|Saladi na Aljeriya]] '''Hmiss''' (Arabic) ko ifelfel, ma'ana "chilli pepper" a cikin Kabylia, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gast |first=M. |date=1996-08-01 |title=Épices et condiments |url=https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2160 |journal=Encyclopédie berbère |language=fr |issue=17 |pages=2651–2655 |doi=10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2160 |issn=1015-7344 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>Berkaï, Abdelaziz. {{Lang|fr|"L'intérêt du corpus et une idée de sa constitution en lexicographie amazighe".}} ''Iles d imesli'' 5 (2013): 281–293.</ref> ko '''felfla''' da '''Chlita''' a yankin [[Oran]], salatin gargajiya ne na Aljeriya da aka yi da albasa da tumatir, an yanka shi, an gauraya shi kuma an ɗanɗana shi da man zaitun. Kalmar "hmiss" tana nufin sauté a cikin Derja na Aljeriya, saboda dole ne a sautéd kayan lambu bayan gasa.<ref>Bouksani, Louisa (1989). {{Lang|fr|Gastronomie Algérienne}}. Alger, Ed. Jefal</ref> A shekara ta 1975, mai dafa abinci na Faransa kuma marubucin Marcell Boulestin ya lakafta Hmiss a cikin littafinsa na 'Boulestin's Round-the-year Cookbook' kawai a matsayin salatin Aljeriya. == Bayyanawa == Hmiss yana shirye a ko'ina a Aljeriya, tare da ƙananan bambance-bambance daga yanki zuwa wani. Don haka, a gabashin Aljeriya, ana shirya shi da tafarnuwa, tumatir da gasa. Ana dafa shi ta hanyar saka tafarnuwa, tumatir da aka yanka da mai a cikin kwanon rufi na 'yan mintoci kaɗan, ƙara albasa kuma murkushe komai a cikin katako na katako (meras). Ana ba da shi a kan farantin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dumplingsandmore |date=2020-03-23 |title=Hmiss – salade de poivrons et tomates grillés – Recette algérienne |url=https://dumplingsandmore.fr/post/hmis-salade-de-poivrons-et-tomates-grilles-recette-algerienne/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Dumplings & More |language=fr}}</ref> Wannan shigarwa tana tare da aghroum ko burodi na kesra. A Kabylia, ana shirya shi da kayan lambu iri ɗaya, sannan a ɗanɗana shi da man zaitun, wani lokacin ana ƙara ƙwai da aka buga a ƙarshen, a gauraye kuma a bar su don dafa a hankali. A [[Tlemcen]], an shirya shi da man zaitun, albasa, tumatir, tafarnuwa, ƙwai, coriander kuma an ɗanɗano shi da caraway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-15 |title=Hmiss (Algerian Roasted Red Pepper Dip) |url=https://www.internationalcuisine.com/hmiss/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=International Cuisine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarah |date=2016-06-09 |title=hmiss sétifien ou salade de poivron |url=https://lesucresale-doumsouhaib.com/hmiss-setifien-ou-salade-de-poivron/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Le Sucré Salé d'Oum Souhaib |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Benayoun |first=Mike |date=2016-06-12 |title=Felfla (Hmiss) |url=https://www.196flavors.com/algeria-felfla-hmiss/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=196 flavors |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> czp8nkgsa819bnt5yecme6btd1bf02i 0 87693 542911 2024-11-20T05:15:18Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256274497|Kesra (bread)]]" 542911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Algerian kesra|image=Khobz_Kesra_algérien.jpg|caption=}} '''Kesra''' (Arabic) burodi ne na gargajiya na Aljeriya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2001 |title=Alger telle qu'en elle-même |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-la-pensee-de-midi-2001-1-page-45.htm |journal=La Pensee de Midi |language=fr |volume=4 |issue=1 |issn=1621-5338}}</ref> wanda aka yi da semolina (alkama ko wani lokacin [[sha'ir]]). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BENAYOUN |first=JOËLLE ALLOUCHE |date=1983 |title=Les pratiques culinaires: lieux de mémoire, facteur d'identité |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41285309 |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |volume=49 |issue=9/12 |pages=615–637 |issn=0033-9792 |jstor=41285309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Servier |first=Jean |date=1951 |title=Les rites du labour en Algérie |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1951_num_21_2_1836 |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=175–196 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1951.1836}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana dafa shi a kan tajine mai laushi a kan zafi mai zafi. Ana iya cin wannan burodi mai zafi ko sanyi, da kansa ko yadawa (tare da man shanu, jam, zuma, da dai sauransu), an cika shi ko an tsoma shi cikin man zaitun, tare da tajine, tare da nau'ikan cuku daban-daban, da dai dai sauransu. Ana iya ba da shi tare da madara mai yisti (leben) ko madara mai laushi (raib). Ana shirya Kesra tare da semolina, mai ko man shanu mai narkewa, gishiri, da ruwan dumi, mai yiwuwa tare da, dangane da yankin, yisti mai yin burodi, tsaba nigella, ruwan fure. bishiyar lemu, da sauransu. Ana yin Kesra a duk faɗin Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gast |first=Marceau |date=1990 |title=L'école nomade au Hoggar : une drôle d'histoire |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1990_num_57_1_2359 |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=105 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1990.2359}}</ref> Ana kiranta khobz el ftir a cikin Algiers, aɣrum n tajin a cikin Kabylia, da arekhsas ko arekhsis a cikin yankin Aurès. == Asalin == QqGishiri na gargajiya tare da bambance-bambance da yawa a Arewacin Afirka, Scipio Emilian ya bayyana ta hanyar Appian [[Masinissa|Massinissa]] yana cinye shi bayan yaƙin da aka yi da Carthaginians.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}Sunan kesra ya fito ne daga tushen Larabci wanda ke nufin "ƙetare", mai yiwuwa saboda ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta al'ada ta karye (ƙetare) da hannu a cikin ɓangarori maimakon a yanke shi da wuka. == Manazarta == c66eysq8oif6ai2bzwo3714f42iuass 542912 542911 2024-11-20T05:15:50Z Ibrahim Sani Mustapha 15405 542912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox food|name=Algerian kesra|image=Khobz_Kesra_algérien.jpg|caption=}} '''Kesra''' (Arabic) burodi ne na gargajiya na Aljeriya <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boumedine |first=Rachid Sidi |date=2001 |title=Alger telle qu'en elle-même |url=https://www.cairn.info/revue-la-pensee-de-midi-2001-1-page-45.htm |journal=La Pensee de Midi |language=fr |volume=4 |issue=1 |issn=1621-5338}}</ref> wanda aka yi da semolina (alkama ko wani lokacin [[sha'ir]]). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=BENAYOUN |first=JOËLLE ALLOUCHE |date=1983 |title=Les pratiques culinaires: lieux de mémoire, facteur d'identité |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41285309 |journal=La Rassegna Mensile di Israel |volume=49 |issue=9/12 |pages=615–637 |issn=0033-9792 |jstor=41285309}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Servier |first=Jean |date=1951 |title=Les rites du labour en Algérie |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1951_num_21_2_1836 |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=175–196 |doi=10.3406/jafr.1951.1836}}</ref> Yawancin lokaci ana dafa shi a kan tajine mai laushi a kan zafi mai zafi. Ana iya cin wannan burodi mai zafi ko sanyi, da kansa ko yadawa (tare da man shanu, jam, zuma, da dai sauransu), an cika shi ko an tsoma shi cikin man zaitun, tare da tajine, tare da nau'ikan cuku daban-daban, da dai dai sauransu. Ana iya ba da shi tare da madara mai yisti (leben) ko madara mai laushi (raib). Ana shirya Kesra tare da semolina, mai ko man shanu mai narkewa, gishiri, da ruwan dumi, mai yiwuwa tare da, dangane da yankin, yisti mai yin burodi, tsaba nigella, ruwan fure. bishiyar lemu, da sauransu. Ana yin Kesra a duk faɗin Aljeriya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gast |first=Marceau |date=1990 |title=L'école nomade au Hoggar : une drôle d'histoire |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0997-1327_1990_num_57_1_2359 |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=105 |doi=10.3406/remmm.1990.2359}}</ref> Ana kiranta khobz el ftir a cikin Algiers, aɣrum n tajin a cikin Kabylia, da arekhsas ko arekhsis a cikin yankin Aurès. == Asalin == QqGishiri na gargajiya tare da bambance-bambance da yawa a Arewacin Afirka, Scipio Emilian ya bayyana ta hanyar Appian [[Masinissa|Massinissa]] yana cinye shi bayan yaƙin da aka yi da Carthaginians.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2022}}Sunan kesra ya fito ne daga tushen Larabci wanda ke nufin "ƙetare", mai yiwuwa saboda ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa ta al'ada ta karye (ƙetare) da hannu a cikin ɓangarori maimakon a yanke shi da wuka. == Manazarta == jjydamgd58sc41byrckc16k64eesece 0 87694 542916 2024-11-20T05:37:28Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1232435656|Andy Worthington]]" 542916 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Andy Worthington''' masanin tarihin ne na kasar Burtaniya ne, ɗan jarida mai bincike, kuma darektan fim.<ref name="AW-website-About"> {{Cite web |last=Andy Worthington |title=About me |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |archive-date=6 May 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |website=andyworthington.co.uk |publisher=self-published}} </ref>Ya wallafa littattafai uku, biyu a kan Stonehenge da daya a kan yaki da ta'addanci, an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa kuma ya shirya fina-finai. An buga labaran Worthington a cikin The New York Times, ''[[The Guardian]]'', The Huffington Post, ''AlterNet'', ''ZNet'', Future of Freedom Foundation da [[Amnesty International]], da kuma Al Jazeera na [[Qatar]]. Ya bayyana a talabijin tare da gidan talabijin na [[Iran]] A shekara ta 2008, ya fara rubuta labarai ga Cageprisoners, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Bincike a watan Yunin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2013 |title=Video: Andy Worthington Discusses the Guantánamo Hunger Strike on Press TV |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2013/03/22/video-andy-worthington-discusses-the-guantanamo-hunger-strike-on-press-tv/ |access-date=April 13, 2021 |website=andyworthington.co.uk}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Cageprisoners: People |url=http://www.cageprisoners.com/about-us/people |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616131120/http://www.cageprisoners.com/about-us/people |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=[[Cageprisoners]]}} </ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da bayar da rahoto == Littattafansa biyu na farko sune: Stonehenge: Celebration & Subversion da The Battle of the Beanfield . Littafin farko ya shafi bukukuwan zamani a tsohuwar shafin astronomical, da kuma fassarori daban-daban na masu bikin zamani. Littafin na biyu ya shafi babban rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda da masu bikin sabon zamani da ke tafiya zuwa Stonehenge a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1985. Littafin Worthington na uku shine The Guantanamo Files: Labaran masu tsare 774 a gidan yarin Amurka. Bayan bugawa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, Worthington ya wallafa labaran da ke kara bayanan da ke cikin littafinsa, don bin diddigin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru. Michelle Shephard, marubucin Guantanamo's Child, lokacin da yake taƙaita wasu littattafai game da Guantánamo, ya bayyana littafinsa kamar haka: "Wataƙila littafi mafi mahimmanci don rufe babban hoton Guantánamu", duk da cewa "bai taɓa zuwa Guantáname Bay ba. " Stephen Grey, yana rubutu a cikin New Statesman, ya kira littafin "... wani abu mai iko, mai mahimmanci kuma mai tsawo na bincike". A shekara ta 2008, ya rubuta rubutun "Guantanamo Scandal" don Microsoft Encarta .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2009, Worthington da Polly Nash sun hada kai da Outside the Law: Stories from Guantanamo, wani shirin fim na minti 75 game da fursunonin Guantánamo. Fim din yana mai da hankali kan shari'o'in ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya Moazzam Begg, da Omar Deghayes da Shaker Aamer, mazauna doka na Burtaniya. Baya ga ganawa da Begg da Deghayes, akwai ganawa da lauyoyi Clive Stafford Smith da Tom Wilner, da Worthington da kansa. A shekara ta 2009, Worthington ya buga abin da aka bayyana a matsayin jerin sunayen da aka fi sani da duk wadanda aka tsare a Guantánamo.A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, ya wallafa jerin sunayen farko na fursunonin Bagram. Worthington ya fito da yawa a rediyo da talabijin a matsayin mai sharhi a kan Guantánamo tun lokacin da aka buga littafinsa na uku.<ref name="AW-website-About"> {{Cite web |last=Andy Worthington |title=About me |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |archive-date=6 May 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |website=andyworthington.co.uk |publisher=self-published}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAndy_Worthington">Andy Worthington. [https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ "About me"]. ''andyworthington.co.uk''. self-published. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ Archived] from the original on 6 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite> </ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2009, Worthington ya bayyana sabon bayani game da mutuwar [[Ibn al-shaikh al-albi|Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi]] tsohon fursunonin fatalwa na Amurka wanda ya mutu a kurkukun Libya. Ya bayyana musamman kurkuku da aka tsare al Libi, da kuma hanyoyin da masu tambayoyinsa suka yi amfani da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]]. Worthington ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon wanda aka tsare a Guantánamo, mazaunin Burtaniya, kuma ɗan ƙasar Libya Omar Deghayes shine alakarsa da wata tushe a cikin Libya wacce ta yi magana da Al Libi kafin mutuwarsa.<ref name="ThePublicRecord2009-06-16" /> A shekara ta 2010, an soki [[Amnesty International]] saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da Cageprisoners 'Moazzam Begg ta [[Gita Sahgal]], tsohon shugaban Gender Unit. Worthington ya kare Amnesty International da Begg, yana mai da hankali ga Islamophobia. Ya ce, "Na san daga kwarewar kaina cewa Moazzam Begg ba mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne. Mun haɗu a lokuta da yawa, mun yi tattaunawa mai tsawo da yawa, kuma sun raba dandamali tare a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=Andy |date=10 February 2010 |title=Defending Moazzam Begg and Amnesty International |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2010/02/10/defending-moazzam-begg-and-amnesty-international/ |access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ya ce Gulab == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington Andy Worthington] a cikin Huffington Post''Jaridar Huffington Post'' * [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/andyworthington Andy Worthington] a ''[[The Guardian|guardian.co.uk]]'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qbzt728wtfcuvcwpm2nq18zc68l65kl 542917 542916 2024-11-20T05:38:18Z Smshika 14840 542917 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Andy Worthington''' masanin tarihin ne na kasar Burtaniya ne, ɗan jarida mai bincike, kuma darektan fim.<ref name="AW-website-About"> {{Cite web |last=Andy Worthington |title=About me |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |archive-date=6 May 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |website=andyworthington.co.uk |publisher=self-published}} </ref>Ya wallafa littattafai uku, biyu a kan Stonehenge da daya a kan yaki da ta'addanci, an buga su a cikin wallafe-wallafe da yawa kuma ya shirya fina-finai. An buga labaran Worthington a cikin The New York Times, ''[[The Guardian]]'', The Huffington Post, ''AlterNet'', ''ZNet'', Future of Freedom Foundation da [[Amnesty International]], da kuma Al Jazeera na [[Qatar]]. Ya bayyana a talabijin tare da gidan talabijin na [[Iran]] A shekara ta 2008, ya fara rubuta labarai ga Cageprisoners, kuma ya zama Babban Mai Bincike a watan Yunin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 22, 2013 |title=Video: Andy Worthington Discusses the Guantánamo Hunger Strike on Press TV |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2013/03/22/video-andy-worthington-discusses-the-guantanamo-hunger-strike-on-press-tv/ |access-date=April 13, 2021 |website=andyworthington.co.uk}}</ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Cageprisoners: People |url=http://www.cageprisoners.com/about-us/people |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616131120/http://www.cageprisoners.com/about-us/people |archive-date=16 June 2011 |access-date=10 July 2011 |publisher=[[Cageprisoners]]}} </ref> == Rubuce-rubuce da bayar da rahoto == Littattafansa biyu na farko sune: Stonehenge: Celebration & Subversion da The Battle of the Beanfield . Littafin farko ya shafi bukukuwan zamani a tsohuwar shafin astronomical, da kuma fassarori daban-daban na masu bikin zamani. Littafin na biyu ya shafi babban rikici tsakanin 'yan sanda da masu bikin sabon zamani da ke tafiya zuwa Stonehenge a ranar 1 ga Yuni 1985. Littafin Worthington na uku shine The Guantanamo Files: Labaran masu tsare 774 a gidan yarin Amurka. Bayan bugawa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007, Worthington ya wallafa labaran da ke kara bayanan da ke cikin littafinsa, don bin diddigin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru. Michelle Shephard, marubucin Guantanamo's Child, lokacin da yake taƙaita wasu littattafai game da Guantánamo, ya bayyana littafinsa kamar haka: "Wataƙila littafi mafi mahimmanci don rufe babban hoton Guantánamu", duk da cewa "bai taɓa zuwa Guantáname Bay ba. " Stephen Grey, yana rubutu a cikin New Statesman, ya kira littafin "... wani abu mai iko, mai mahimmanci kuma mai tsawo na bincike". A shekara ta 2008, ya rubuta rubutun "Guantanamo Scandal" don Microsoft Encarta .  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A shekara ta 2009, Worthington da Polly Nash sun hada kai da Outside the Law: Stories from Guantanamo, wani shirin fim na minti 75 game da fursunonin Guantánamo. Fim din yana mai da hankali kan shari'o'in ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya Moazzam Begg, da Omar Deghayes da Shaker Aamer, mazauna doka na Burtaniya. Baya ga ganawa da Begg da Deghayes, akwai ganawa da lauyoyi Clive Stafford Smith da Tom Wilner, da Worthington da kansa. A shekara ta 2009, Worthington ya buga abin da aka bayyana a matsayin jerin sunayen da aka fi sani da duk wadanda aka tsare a Guantánamo.A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, ya wallafa jerin sunayen farko na fursunonin Bagram. Worthington ya fito da yawa a rediyo da talabijin a matsayin mai sharhi a kan Guantánamo tun lokacin da aka buga littafinsa na uku.<ref name="AW-website-About"> {{Cite web |last=Andy Worthington |title=About me |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ |archive-date=6 May 2008 |access-date=19 April 2008 |website=andyworthington.co.uk |publisher=self-published}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAndy_Worthington">Andy Worthington. [https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ "About me"]. ''andyworthington.co.uk''. self-published. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506181046/http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/about-me/ Archived] from the original on 6 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite> </ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2009, Worthington ya bayyana sabon bayani game da mutuwar [[Ibn al-shaikh al-albi|Ibn al-Shaykh al-Libi]] tsohon fursunonin fatalwa na Amurka wanda ya mutu a kurkukun Libya. Ya bayyana musamman kurkuku da aka tsare al Libi, da kuma hanyoyin da masu tambayoyinsa suka yi amfani da [[Gallazawa|azabtarwa]]. Worthington ya ba da rahoton cewa tsohon wanda aka tsare a Guantánamo, mazaunin Burtaniya, kuma ɗan ƙasar Libya Omar Deghayes shine alakarsa da wata tushe a cikin Libya wacce ta yi magana da Al Libi kafin mutuwarsa.<ref name="ThePublicRecord2009-06-16" /> A shekara ta 2010, an soki [[Amnesty International]] saboda haɗin gwiwa tare da Cageprisoners 'Moazzam Begg ta [[Gita Sahgal]], tsohon shugaban Gender Unit. Worthington ya kare Amnesty International da Begg, yana mai da hankali ga Islamophobia. Ya ce, "Na san daga kwarewar kaina cewa Moazzam Begg ba mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ba ne. Mun haɗu a lokuta da yawa, mun yi tattaunawa mai tsawo da yawa, kuma sun raba dandamali tare a abubuwan da suka faru da yawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=Andy |date=10 February 2010 |title=Defending Moazzam Begg and Amnesty International |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2010/02/10/defending-moazzam-begg-and-amnesty-international/ |access-date=April 13, 2021}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Ya ce Gulab == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington Andy Worthington] a cikin Huffington Post''Jaridar Huffington Post'' * [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/andyworthington Andy Worthington] a ''[[The Guardian|guardian.co.uk]]'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o850lca41rbd6qa736fljhprs2fdvzs 0 87695 542918 2024-11-20T05:43:18Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Graham''' (Mawaƙin Ba'amurke), marubuci ɗan Amurka kuma mawaƙi David Graham (marubuci) (1919-1994), alƙalami sunan marubuci ɗan Burtaniya Robert Hale. David Graham(masanin Kanada), manajan ilimi na Kanada kuma masanin tarihin adabi David Crockett Graham (1884-1961), ministan Baptist na Amurka da ilimin lissafi. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham tw9a1rd2feo41mtqh6x69z3k411dwvc 542919 542918 2024-11-20T05:44:25Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Graham''' (Mawaƙin Ba'amurke), marubuci ɗan Amurka kuma mawaƙi David Graham (marubuci) (1919-1994), alƙalami sunan marubuci ɗan Burtaniya Robert Hale. David Graham(masanin Kanada), manajan ilimi na Kanada kuma masanin tarihin adabi. David Crockett Graham (1884-1961), ministan Baptist na Amurka da ilimin lissafi. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Graham 2ygnqxvaz233nwxymwmhsz22kcwkt8q 0 87696 542921 2024-11-20T05:47:11Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nicholas George Gravenites''' (Oktoba 2, 1938 - Satumba 18, 2024) ɗan Amurka blues, rock da mawaƙin jama'a, mawaƙa, kuma mawaƙin guitar, wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa tare da Flag Electric (a matsayin mawaƙin jagoransu), Janis Joplin, Mike Bloomfield, da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri da yawa da daidaikun mutanen tsara waɗanda suka fito daga 1960s da 1970s. Wani lokaci ya yi a karkashin sunan mataki Nick "The Greek" Gravenites da Gravy. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gravenites d1i1hg23hdirinkj4t6a8n4tmwwv72m 542922 542921 2024-11-20T05:48:08Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nicholas George Gravenites''' (Oktoba 2, 1938 - Satumba 18, 2024) ɗan Amurka blues, rock da mawaƙin jama'a, mawaƙa, kuma mawaƙin guitar, wanda aka fi sani da aikinsa tare da Flag Electric (a matsayin mawaƙin jagoransu), Janis Joplin, Mike Bloomfield, da ƙungiyoyi masu tasiri da yawa da daidaikun mutanen tsara waɗanda suka fito daga 1960s da 1970s. Wani lokaci ya yi a karkashin sunan mataki Nick "The Greek" Gravenites da Gravy. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Gravenites 4u85r6ux1zwgl87ka5xlez01elepxpe 0 87697 542923 2024-11-20T05:52:24Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nelson Richard DeMille''' (Agusta 23, 1943 - Satumba 17, 2024) marubucin Ba'amurke ne na kasada da litattafai masu ban sha'awa. Littattafansa sun haɗa da tsibirin Plum, Makarantar Charm, da 'Yar Janar. DeMille kuma ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunayen alkalami Jack Cannon, Kurt Ladner, Ellen Kay, da Brad Matthews. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_DeMille lmcramw9jstiec70ed4ryiucjqyfg33 542926 542923 2024-11-20T05:53:20Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Nelson Richard DeMille''' (Agusta 23, 1943 - Satumba 17, 2024) marubucin Ba'amurke ne na kasada da litattafai masu ban sha'awa. Littattafansa sun haɗa da tsibirin Plum, Makarantar Charm, da 'Yar Janar. DeMille kuma ya rubuta a ƙarƙashin sunayen alkalami Jack Cannon, Kurt Ladner, Ellen Kay,da Brad Matthews. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_DeMille lzj6kp1h7r7ot5o5im84k5mcs0y7wkb 0 87698 542924 2024-11-20T05:52:26Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253906184|Sami al-Hajj]]" 542924 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sami Mohy El Din Muhammed Al Hajj''' (Arabic), aka '''Sami Al-Haj''' (an haife shie a [[Khartoum]], kasar Sudan, 15 ga Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan jaridar kasar Sudan ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta Al Jazeera . A shekara ta 2001, yayin da yake kan hanyar yin aikin kyamara don cibiyar sadarwa a [[Afghanistan]], Sojojin Pakistan sun kama shi <ref name="Rsf17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> kuma sun tsare shi a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay a [[Cuba]] sama da shekaru shida. Bayan an sake shi, al-Hajj ya rubuta littafi mai taken ''Fursunoni 345''. <ref name="DoDList2"> {{Cite web |last=OARDEC |author-link=OARDEC |date=May 15, 2006 |title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 |url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |access-date=September 29, 2007 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> An sake shi ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008. Daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya kaddamar da shari'a a kan [[George W. Bush]] . An nuna shari'ar Al Hajj a cikin wani shirin da ake kira ''Fursunoni 345'' ta hanyar mai gabatar da Al Jazeera Ahmad Ibrahim . == Tarihi == An kama Al Hajj a [[Pakistan]] a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2001. Yana kan hanyarsa ta yin aiki a Afghanistan a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga Al Jazeera kuma yana da takardar izini. An tsare shi a matsayin "maƙiyi" a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay, tare da Guantanamo Internment Serial Number 345, kuma shi ne kawai ɗan jarida da za a gudanar a Guantanamo. Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam na Burtaniya Clive Stafford Smith ya wakilci al-Hajj, kuma ya sami damar ziyartar shi a shekara ta 2005. A cewar Stafford Smith, Al Hajj ya "yi wahalar mummunar cin zarafi - cin zarafin jima'i da tsanantawa ta addini" kuma an yi masa duka, ya bar "babban rauni" a fuskarsa. Stafford Smith ya kuma ce Al Hajj ya ga "[[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da sojoji na Amurka a Afghanistan ke zubar da shi a cikin bayan gida" da kuma "an rubuta abubuwan da ba su dace ba a kan littafin Musulmi mai tsarki".<ref name="english.aljazeera.net">{{Cite web |last=Salih |first=Roshan Muhammed |date=June 22, 2005 |title=Aljazeera Guantanamo inmate 'abused' |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/06/200849132624603963.html |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2005, Stafford Smith ya ce, a lokacin (125 na 130) tambayoyin, jami'an Amurka sun tambayi Al Hajj game da ko Al Jazeera ta kasance gaba ga [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="NewAge061113">{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2006 |title=More news is good news |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/nov/13/edit.html#2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230154701/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/nov/13/edit.html#2 |archive-date=December 30, 2010 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=New Age}}</ref> Stafford Smith ya bayyana game da abokin ciniki cewa: {{Blockquote|He is completely innocent. He is about as much of a terrorist as my granddad. The only reason he has been treated like he has is because he is an Al Jazeera journalist. The Americans have tried to make him an informant with the goal of getting him to say that Al Jazeera is linked to Al Qaida.<ref name="english.aljazeera.net"/>}} Al Jazeera ya amsa cewa Al Hajj ya ba da rahoton fasfo dinsa da aka sace a Sudan a 1999, kuma duk abin da aka yi da fasfo bayan wannan ranar mai yiwuwa aikin ɓarayi ne.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A lokacin da Al Hajj ke cikin bauta, Reporters Without Borders sun nuna damuwa akai-akai game da tsare shi, suna ambaton Al Hajj a cikin shekara-shekara Worldwide Press Freedom Index, kuma sun kaddamar da takarda don a sake shi.<ref name="Rsf17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html "Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Rsf17971">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Call for Al Jazeera cameraman's release from Guantanamo on fifth anniversary of arrival of first detainees |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308111428/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17971 |archive-date=March 8, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf20344">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Call for Al Jazeera cameraman's release from Guantanamo on fifth anniversary of arrival of first detainees |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20344 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023248/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20344 |archive-date=March 5, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf639">{{Cite web |title=North Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea the worst violators of press freedom: France, the United States and Japan slip further Mauritania and Haiti gain much ground |url=http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306210631/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf19079">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj petition |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19079 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309114045/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19079 |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2007, Al Hajj da wasu fursunoni da yawa sun shiga yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da maganin da suka yi a Guantanamo, <ref name="cpj.org">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2007 |title=In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> lokacin da Al Hajj ya rasa fiye da fam 55. A mayar da martani ga yajin aikin yunwa, an tilasta Al Hajj da sauran fursunoni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2007 |title=Guantanamo Bay: Al-Jazeera cameraman force-fed during hunger strike |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/03/guantanamo-bay-aljazeera-cameraman-forcefed-during.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> Yunkurin yunwa na Al Hajj ya dauki kwanaki 438 har sai an sake shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2008.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Lokacin da Alan Johnston, tsohon wakilin Gaza na BBC, ya sace shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 2007 a Birnin Gaza da 'yan bindiga daga Sojojin Islama kuma aka tsare shi na kwanaki 113, Sami Al Hajj ya roki masu kama Johnston da su bar ɗan jarida ya tafi. Bayan da aka sake shi, Johnston ya yi irin wannan roƙo don sakin Al Hajj, wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ke gudanarwa a Guantanamo . == Tambaya == A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2007, jaridar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', ta fara buga wasu sassan daga littafin Clive Stafford Smith, Bad Men: Guantanamo Bay and the Secret Prisons . A cewar Stafford Smith: {{Blockquote|Against the background of this campaign against al-Jazeera, what I learned about Sami's ongoing interrogation in Guantanamo was disturbing. In the first 100-plus sessions, the US military never posed a question about the allegations against him, as they were only interested in turning him into an informant against al-Jazeera. He had to ask them to interrogate him about what he was supposed to have done wrong.}} == Lafiya da yajin aikin yunwa == A shekara ta 1998, an kula da Al Hajj don ciwon daji na makogwaro kuma ya ba da umarnin maganin rigakafin cutar kansa wanda zai sha kowace rana har zuwa sauran rayuwarsa.<ref name="sadasolidarity.net">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo |url=http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf |website=sadasolidarity.net}}</ref> A cikin wasiƙu daga sansanin tsare-tsare, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hukumomi sun hana shi waɗannan magunguna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campagna |first=Joel |date=October 3, 2006 |title=Sami al-Haj: The Enemy? |url=http://www.cpj.org/reports/2006/10/prisoner.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun "ki samar masa da goyon baya ga gwiwarsa saboda wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarfe kuma an rarraba shi a matsayin barazanar tsaro".<ref name="sadasolidarity.net">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo |url=http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf |website=sadasolidarity.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf "Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Al Hajj ta shiga yajin aikin yunwa.<ref name="cpj.org">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2007 |title=In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php "In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health"]. </cite></ref> Gidan yanar gizon Al Jazeera ya buga bukatun da suka hada da: * Hakkin fursunoni su yi addininsu kyauta kuma ba tare da tilastawa ba. * Yin amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva don kula da fursunonin Guantanamo. * Saki wasu fursunoni daga tsare-tsare, kuma musamman daya Shakir Amer wanda ke ci gaba da warewa tun watan Satumbar 2005. * Gudanar da cikakken bincike mai kyau game da mutuwar fursunoni uku da suka mutu a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006. * An sake shi ko kuma an yi masa shari'a ta kotun tarayya ta Amurka. Zachary Katznelson, babban lauyan Reprieve, ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta London da ke wakiltar Al Hajj, ya ziyarci mai ɗaukar hoto a Guantanamo Bay a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu. Jami'an sojan Amurka sun ki tabbatar da ko Al Hajj na daga cikin fursunoni 12 da aka tsare a yajin aikin yunwa a lokacin.<ref name="Ibex">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2007 |title=Imprisoned Al-Jazeera cameraman allegedly on hunger strike; health deteriorating |url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/81448 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=[[International Freedom of Expression eXchange]]}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Clive Stafford Smith ya gaya wa Reporters Without Borders cewa ya gano cewa lafiyar Al Hajj ta kara tabarbarewa tun ziyararsa ta ƙarshe.<ref name="RWBorders23363"> {{Cite web |date=August 22, 2007 |title=Sudanese cameraman Sami Al-Haj in critical condition in Guantanamo |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826191906/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23363 |archive-date=August 26, 2007 |access-date=August 23, 2007 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>Ya ce Al Hajj ya fi rauni, kuma a bayyane yake yana da matsala wajen mai da hankali. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2007, Clive Stafford ya ce Al Hajj ya mai da hankali kan damuwa cewa zai zama fursuna na gaba da zai mutu kuma ya rasa ikonsa na magana da Turanci. A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2007, Al Jazeera ta ba da rahoton cewa Al Hajj yana fama da baƙin ciki kuma ya rasa sha'awar rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Hajj 'Suffering From Depression' |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AE290F88-4501-4E8C-825B-B264DF7B7218.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320111126/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AE290F88-4501-4E8C-825B-B264DF7B7218.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2008 |website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2007, Al Hajj ya rasa fiye da fam 55 tun lokacin da ya fara yajin aikin yunwa a watan Janairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fears grow for hunger strike journalist held in Guantanamo |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=39128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155525/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=39128 |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |website=Press Gazette}}</ref> == Fayil ɗin fursunoni na Guantanamo == A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011, an ɓoye wani fayil na sirri game da tsare-tsaren Al Hajj na Guantanamo.<ref name="journalism.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=25 April 2011 |title=Al Jazeera journalist's six years in Guantánamo due in part to role at network |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/al-jazeera-journalist-s-six-years-in-guant-namo-due-in-part-to-role-at-network/s2/a543834/ |access-date=November 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Journalism.co.uk]]}}</ref> Fayil ɗin, mai kwanan wata 4 ga Afrilu 2008, ya bayyana Al Hajj a matsayin mai tsare-tsare mai haɗari tare da "dangantaka kai tsaye da [[Al-Qaeda]], al-Haramayn ba-kungiyar gwamnati ba (NGO) da jagorancin [[Taliban|Taleban]]". A cewar fayil ɗin, Al Hajj "ya yarda da jigilar kayayyaki da ɗaukar kuɗi zuwa Chechnya" amma "ba ya zuwa game da ayyukansa na tallafawa kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ruwaito". Fayil ɗin ya ce ya kasance "mai hankali kada ya haɗa kansa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ko kuma yana da wata ma'amala da masu tsattsan baya bayan yin hira a matsayin ɗan jarida".<ref name="journalism.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=25 April 2011 |title=Al Jazeera journalist's six years in Guantánamo due in part to role at network |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/al-jazeera-journalist-s-six-years-in-guant-namo-due-in-part-to-role-at-network/s2/a543834/ |access-date=November 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Journalism.co.uk]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGunter2011">Gunter, Joel (25 April 2011). </cite></ref> Daga cikin dalilan da suka sa Al Hajj ya koma wurin, fayil ɗin ya lissafa: {{Blockquote|To provide information on ... the al-Jazeera News Network's training program, telecommunications equipment, and newsgathering operations in Chechnya, Kosovo, and Afghanistan, including the network's acquisition of a video of UBL [Usama Bin Laden] and a subsequent interview with UBL.<ref name="journalism.co.uk" />}} == Bincike daga hukumomin Amurka == === Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki === Stafford Smith ya taƙaita zarge-zargen daga Kotun Binciken Yanayin Al Hajj: <ref name="RWBorders17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119044858/http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17217 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> {{Blockquote|...that he had allegedly run a website that supported terrorism, that he had trafficked in arms, that he entered Afghanistan illegally in October 2001 while US air strikes were under way, and that he interviewed [[Osama bin Laden]].}} A cewar Al Jazeera, hukumomin Amurka sun lakafta Al Hajj a matsayin "maƙiyi" kuma sun sanar da tuhume-tuhume da yawa a kansa, ciki har da: Ahmad Ibrahim, abokin aiki na Al Hajj wanda ya rubuta shari'arsa a cikin shirin Prisoner 345, ya musanta waɗannan zarge-zargen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Guantanamo detainee |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/10/20084101331752184.html |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa na gaba === A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an ba da rahoton cewa ci gaba da tsare Al Hajj ta sake dubawa ta kwamitin sake dubawa na gudanarwa. Al Hajj ba ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni tamanin da aka ba da shawarar a wannan zagaye na Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa don saki ko canja wuri ba. Abokan aikinsa a Al Jazeera sun ce "tsare-tsarensa shine cin zarafin Amurka na gidan talabijin na Larabci wanda ya daɗe yana fusata jami'an Amurka. " [[Lamis Andoni]], mai sharhi na Gabas ta Tsakiya na Al Jazeèra, ya ce game da fashewar bam na Nuwamba 2001 da Afrilu 2003 na ofisoshin Al Jazeira: "Lokacin da aka yi niyya sau ɗaya, zai iya zama kuskure, amma idan aka jefa bam sau biyu, wani abu ne". Darakta na Joint Intelligence Group, Paul Rester, ya ce: "Ina la'akari da bayanin da muka samu daga gare shi don amfani", kodayake ya ki bayar da duk wani tabbaci ga wannan da'awar. A lokacin sauraron kwamitin gudanarwa na farko, Al Hajj ya ce zai ƙi amsa zarge-zargen, bisa ga shawarar shari'a. Koyaya, lauyan Al Hajj, Clive Stafford Smith, ya ce: * Al Hajj ba mai aikawa da kudi ba ne, amma: "...shi da matarsa sun taɓa ɗaukar $ 220,000 daga Qatar zuwa Azerbaijan don shugabansu a kamfanin abin sha - kuma ... har ma ya bayyana kuɗin ga kwastomomi. " * Al Hajj ya sadu da Mamdouh Mahmud Salim sau ɗaya "yayinda yake aiki ga kamfanin abin sha ... lokacin da aka aiko shi don karɓar shi a filin jirgin sama a Qatar a shekarar 1998. A lokacin tafiyar, biyun sun tattauna makarantu da gidaje. " == Tattaunawar saki da saki == [[Fayil:Sami_al-Hajj.png|right|thumb|al-Hajj a taron Binciken Bincike na Duniya na 2008.]] A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana game da shari'ar Al Hajj: <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2007 |title=Status of Guantanamo Detainee Asim al-Haj (Taken Question) |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/aug/91137.htm |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=U.S. State Department Archive 2001-2009}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Asim al-Haj (aka Sami el Hadj) is being detained at Guantanamo Bay as an enemy combatant in the armed conflict with al Qaida, the Taliban, and their affiliates and supporters. Consistent with the law of armed conflict, the United States is entitled to hold enemy combatants until the end of hostilities, to prevent them from returning to the battlefield. Mr. el Hadj has been found to be an enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal. Under the [[Detainee Treatment Act]], Mr. el Hadj, like all detainees at Guantanamo, has the right to challenge that determination in U.S. federal court. The United States does not want to detain anyone any longer than is necessary. Mr. el Hadj's detention is reviewed at least annually by an Administrative Review Board to evaluate the need for his continued detention, including an assessment of the threat he poses to the United States and its allies. Through that process, the Deputy Secretary of Defense has so far determined that he should remain detained at Guantanamo Bay. We defer to Department of Defense on any additional questions about the scheduling of detainees' Administrative Review Boards and other details about this process. We will not put detainees or our operations at risk by discussing the possibility of transfers or releases before they take place.}} A wannan rana, [[Ali Sadiq]], jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sudan, ya ce: {{Blockquote|Last month, we received a memorandum from the US administration to the effect that they are considering Al Hajj's case and will hand down a final decision this month ... Based on this memo, we confirmed to the US administration in writing that Sami al-Hajj is an average Sudanese citizen with no extreme religious affiliations, he practices the religion like all other Sudanese citizens, and that in case he is released he will under no circumstances pose any threat to US security.}} An saki Sami Al Hajj a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2008 daga Guantanamo Bay kuma ya tashi zuwa Sudan. Ya isa babban birnin Sudan [[Khartoum]] a cikin jirgin sojan Amurka da sassafe na Jumma'a, 2 ga Mayu. Al Jazeera ya nuna hoton da aka kai shi asibiti a kan shimfiɗa, yana da rauni amma yana murmushi kuma yana kewaye da masu fatan alheri. == Bayan Bayar Guantánamo == Bayan an sake shi, al-Hajj ya sanar da niyyarsa ta gurfanar da George W Bush da sauran shugabannin da ke da hannu a tsare shi a Guantanamo Bay . Ya kafa Cibiyar Shari'a ta Guantánamo a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ƙoƙarin. A wata hira da ta yi daga baya, ya yi iƙirarin cewa kungiyar ba ta sami goyon baya daga waje ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azfar |date=2014-10-29 |title=Exclusive: Moazzam Begg interviews Sami El-Haj, former Guantanamo inmate and cameraman for Al Jazeera |url=https://www.cage.ngo/exclusive-moazzam-begg-interviews-sami-el-haj-former-guantanamo-inmate-and-cameraman-al-jaze |access-date=2020-02-27 |website=CAGE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya koma aiki ga Al Jazeera bayan an sake shi, yana jagorantar sabon sashi wanda ke rufe 'yancin jama'a da' yancin ɗan adam. == Wasika ta buɗe zuwa ga Shugaba Biden == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, New York Review of Books ta wallafa wata wasika daga al-Hajj, da wasu mutane shida da aka tsare a Guantanamo, ga sabon Shugaba [[Joe Biden|Biden]], yana roƙon shi ya rufe sansanin tsare-tsare. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin yunwa * Gudanar da karfi a Guantanamo == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c2birjsjeg9k4r175itbrag80j8hcs6 542925 542924 2024-11-20T05:53:08Z Smshika 14840 542925 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} '''Sami Mohy El Din Muhammed Al Hajj''' (Arabic), aka '''Sami Al-Haj''' (an haife shie a [[Khartoum]], kasar Sudan, 15 ga Fabrairu, 1969) ɗan jaridar kasar Sudan ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta Al Jazeera . A shekara ta 2001, yayin da yake kan hanyar yin aikin kyamara don cibiyar sadarwa a [[Afghanistan]], Sojojin Pakistan sun kama shi <ref name="Rsf17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> kuma sun tsare shi a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay a [[Cuba]] sama da shekaru shida. Bayan an sake shi, al-Hajj ya rubuta littafi mai taken ''Fursunoni 345''. <ref name="DoDList2"> {{Cite web |last=OARDEC |author-link=OARDEC |date=May 15, 2006 |title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 |url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |access-date=September 29, 2007 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> An sake shi ba tare da tuhuma ba a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2008. Daga baya ya yi ƙoƙari ya kaddamar da shari'a a kan [[George W. Bush]] . An nuna shari'ar Al Hajj a cikin wani shirin da ake kira ''Fursunoni 345'' ta hanyar mai gabatar da Al Jazeera Ahmad Ibrahim . == Tarihi == An kama Al Hajj a [[Pakistan]] a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2001. Yana kan hanyarsa ta yin aiki a Afghanistan a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga Al Jazeera kuma yana da takardar izini. An tsare shi a matsayin "maƙiyi" a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay, tare da Guantanamo Internment Serial Number 345, kuma shi ne kawai ɗan jarida da za a gudanar a Guantanamo. Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam na Burtaniya Clive Stafford Smith ya wakilci al-Hajj, kuma ya sami damar ziyartar shi a shekara ta 2005. A cewar Stafford Smith, Al Hajj ya "yi wahalar mummunar cin zarafi - cin zarafin jima'i da tsanantawa ta addini" kuma an yi masa duka, ya bar "babban rauni" a fuskarsa. Stafford Smith ya kuma ce Al Hajj ya ga "[[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] da sojoji na Amurka a Afghanistan ke zubar da shi a cikin bayan gida" da kuma "an rubuta abubuwan da ba su dace ba a kan littafin Musulmi mai tsarki".<ref name="english.aljazeera.net">{{Cite web |last=Salih |first=Roshan Muhammed |date=June 22, 2005 |title=Aljazeera Guantanamo inmate 'abused' |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2005/06/200849132624603963.html |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2005, Stafford Smith ya ce, a lokacin (125 na 130) tambayoyin, jami'an Amurka sun tambayi Al Hajj game da ko Al Jazeera ta kasance gaba ga [[al-Qaeda]].<ref name="NewAge061113">{{Cite web |date=November 13, 2006 |title=More news is good news |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2006/nov/13/edit.html#2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230154701/http://www.newagebd.com/2006/nov/13/edit.html#2 |archive-date=December 30, 2010 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=New Age}}</ref> Stafford Smith ya bayyana game da abokin ciniki cewa: {{Blockquote|He is completely innocent. He is about as much of a terrorist as my granddad. The only reason he has been treated like he has is because he is an Al Jazeera journalist. The Americans have tried to make him an informant with the goal of getting him to say that Al Jazeera is linked to Al Qaida.<ref name="english.aljazeera.net"/>}} Al Jazeera ya amsa cewa Al Hajj ya ba da rahoton fasfo dinsa da aka sace a Sudan a 1999, kuma duk abin da aka yi da fasfo bayan wannan ranar mai yiwuwa aikin ɓarayi ne.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2011}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A lokacin da Al Hajj ke cikin bauta, Reporters Without Borders sun nuna damuwa akai-akai game da tsare shi, suna ambaton Al Hajj a cikin shekara-shekara Worldwide Press Freedom Index, kuma sun kaddamar da takarda don a sake shi.<ref name="Rsf17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html |archive-date=April 2, 2012 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402021036/http://en.rsf.org/united-states-call-for-sami-al-haj-s-release-19-04-2006,17217.html "Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information"]. </cite></ref><ref name="Rsf17971">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Call for Al Jazeera cameraman's release from Guantanamo on fifth anniversary of arrival of first detainees |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17971 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308111428/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17971 |archive-date=March 8, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf20344">{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Call for Al Jazeera cameraman's release from Guantanamo on fifth anniversary of arrival of first detainees |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20344 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305023248/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20344 |archive-date=March 5, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf639">{{Cite web |title=North Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea the worst violators of press freedom: France, the United States and Japan slip further Mauritania and Haiti gain much ground |url=http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306210631/http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 |archive-date=March 6, 2009 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref><ref name="Rsf19079">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj petition |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19079 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309114045/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=19079 |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=Reporters Without Borders}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2007, Al Hajj da wasu fursunoni da yawa sun shiga yajin aikin yunwa don nuna rashin amincewa da maganin da suka yi a Guantanamo, <ref name="cpj.org">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2007 |title=In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}</ref> lokacin da Al Hajj ya rasa fiye da fam 55. A mayar da martani ga yajin aikin yunwa, an tilasta Al Hajj da sauran fursunoni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2007 |title=Guantanamo Bay: Al-Jazeera cameraman force-fed during hunger strike |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/03/guantanamo-bay-aljazeera-cameraman-forcefed-during.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> Yunkurin yunwa na Al Hajj ya dauki kwanaki 438 har sai an sake shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2008.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Lokacin da Alan Johnston, tsohon wakilin Gaza na BBC, ya sace shi a ranar 12 ga Maris 2007 a Birnin Gaza da 'yan bindiga daga Sojojin Islama kuma aka tsare shi na kwanaki 113, Sami Al Hajj ya roki masu kama Johnston da su bar ɗan jarida ya tafi. Bayan da aka sake shi, Johnston ya yi irin wannan roƙo don sakin Al Hajj, wanda Gwamnatin Amurka ke gudanarwa a Guantanamo . == Tambaya == A ranar 20 ga Afrilu 2007, jaridar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', ta fara buga wasu sassan daga littafin Clive Stafford Smith, Bad Men: Guantanamo Bay and the Secret Prisons . A cewar Stafford Smith: {{Blockquote|Against the background of this campaign against al-Jazeera, what I learned about Sami's ongoing interrogation in Guantanamo was disturbing. In the first 100-plus sessions, the US military never posed a question about the allegations against him, as they were only interested in turning him into an informant against al-Jazeera. He had to ask them to interrogate him about what he was supposed to have done wrong.}} == Lafiya da yajin aikin yunwa == A shekara ta 1998, an kula da Al Hajj don ciwon daji na makogwaro kuma ya ba da umarnin maganin rigakafin cutar kansa wanda zai sha kowace rana har zuwa sauran rayuwarsa.<ref name="sadasolidarity.net">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo |url=http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf |website=sadasolidarity.net}}</ref> A cikin wasiƙu daga sansanin tsare-tsare, ya yi iƙirarin cewa hukumomi sun hana shi waɗannan magunguna.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campagna |first=Joel |date=October 3, 2006 |title=Sami al-Haj: The Enemy? |url=http://www.cpj.org/reports/2006/10/prisoner.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Committee to Protect Journalists}}</ref> An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa hukumomi sun "ki samar masa da goyon baya ga gwiwarsa saboda wannan ya ƙunshi ƙarfe kuma an rarraba shi a matsayin barazanar tsaro".<ref name="sadasolidarity.net">{{Cite web |title=Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo |url=http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf |website=sadasolidarity.net}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sadasolidarity.net/sada/european/Sami%20Book.pdf "Sami Al Haj And the tragedy of Guantanamo"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, Al Hajj ta shiga yajin aikin yunwa.<ref name="cpj.org">{{Cite web |date=February 28, 2007 |title=In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health |url=http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cpj.org/2007/02/in-us-concern-about-jailed-aljazeera-cameramans-he.php "In U.S., concern about jailed Al-Jazeera cameraman's health"]. </cite></ref> Gidan yanar gizon Al Jazeera ya buga bukatun da suka hada da: * Hakkin fursunoni su yi addininsu kyauta kuma ba tare da tilastawa ba. * Yin amfani da Yarjejeniyar Geneva don kula da fursunonin Guantanamo. * Saki wasu fursunoni daga tsare-tsare, kuma musamman daya Shakir Amer wanda ke ci gaba da warewa tun watan Satumbar 2005. * Gudanar da cikakken bincike mai kyau game da mutuwar fursunoni uku da suka mutu a watan Yunin shekara ta 2006. * An sake shi ko kuma an yi masa shari'a ta kotun tarayya ta Amurka. Zachary Katznelson, babban lauyan Reprieve, ƙungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta London da ke wakiltar Al Hajj, ya ziyarci mai ɗaukar hoto a Guantanamo Bay a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu. Jami'an sojan Amurka sun ki tabbatar da ko Al Hajj na daga cikin fursunoni 12 da aka tsare a yajin aikin yunwa a lokacin.<ref name="Ibex">{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2007 |title=Imprisoned Al-Jazeera cameraman allegedly on hunger strike; health deteriorating |url=http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/81448 |access-date=March 7, 2007 |website=[[International Freedom of Expression eXchange]]}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Clive Stafford Smith ya gaya wa Reporters Without Borders cewa ya gano cewa lafiyar Al Hajj ta kara tabarbarewa tun ziyararsa ta ƙarshe.<ref name="RWBorders23363"> {{Cite web |date=August 22, 2007 |title=Sudanese cameraman Sami Al-Haj in critical condition in Guantanamo |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23363 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070826191906/http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=23363 |archive-date=August 26, 2007 |access-date=August 23, 2007 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref>Ya ce Al Hajj ya fi rauni, kuma a bayyane yake yana da matsala wajen mai da hankali. A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2007, Clive Stafford ya ce Al Hajj ya mai da hankali kan damuwa cewa zai zama fursuna na gaba da zai mutu kuma ya rasa ikonsa na magana da Turanci. A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2007, Al Jazeera ta ba da rahoton cewa Al Hajj yana fama da baƙin ciki kuma ya rasa sha'awar rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Al-Hajj 'Suffering From Depression' |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AE290F88-4501-4E8C-825B-B264DF7B7218.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320111126/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AE290F88-4501-4E8C-825B-B264DF7B7218.htm |archive-date=March 20, 2008 |website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Oktoba 2007, Al Hajj ya rasa fiye da fam 55 tun lokacin da ya fara yajin aikin yunwa a watan Janairu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fears grow for hunger strike journalist held in Guantanamo |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=39128 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207155525/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=39128 |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |website=Press Gazette}}</ref> == Fayil ɗin fursunoni na Guantanamo == A ranar 26 ga Afrilu 2011, an ɓoye wani fayil na sirri game da tsare-tsaren Al Hajj na Guantanamo.<ref name="journalism.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=25 April 2011 |title=Al Jazeera journalist's six years in Guantánamo due in part to role at network |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/al-jazeera-journalist-s-six-years-in-guant-namo-due-in-part-to-role-at-network/s2/a543834/ |access-date=November 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Journalism.co.uk]]}}</ref> Fayil ɗin, mai kwanan wata 4 ga Afrilu 2008, ya bayyana Al Hajj a matsayin mai tsare-tsare mai haɗari tare da "dangantaka kai tsaye da [[Al-Qaeda]], al-Haramayn ba-kungiyar gwamnati ba (NGO) da jagorancin [[Taliban|Taleban]]". A cewar fayil ɗin, Al Hajj "ya yarda da jigilar kayayyaki da ɗaukar kuɗi zuwa Chechnya" amma "ba ya zuwa game da ayyukansa na tallafawa kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar yadda wasu kafofin suka ruwaito". Fayil ɗin ya ce ya kasance "mai hankali kada ya haɗa kansa a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, ko kuma yana da wata ma'amala da masu tsattsan baya bayan yin hira a matsayin ɗan jarida".<ref name="journalism.co.uk">{{Cite web |last=Gunter |first=Joel |date=25 April 2011 |title=Al Jazeera journalist's six years in Guantánamo due in part to role at network |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/al-jazeera-journalist-s-six-years-in-guant-namo-due-in-part-to-role-at-network/s2/a543834/ |access-date=November 18, 2015 |publisher=[[Journalism.co.uk]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGunter2011">Gunter, Joel (25 April 2011). </cite></ref> Daga cikin dalilan da suka sa Al Hajj ya koma wurin, fayil ɗin ya lissafa: {{Blockquote|To provide information on ... the al-Jazeera News Network's training program, telecommunications equipment, and newsgathering operations in Chechnya, Kosovo, and Afghanistan, including the network's acquisition of a video of UBL [Usama Bin Laden] and a subsequent interview with UBL.<ref name="journalism.co.uk" />}} == Bincike daga hukumomin Amurka == === Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki === Stafford Smith ya taƙaita zarge-zargen daga Kotun Binciken Yanayin Al Hajj: <ref name="RWBorders17217">{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2006 |title=Call for Sami Al-Haj's release from Guantanamo after lawyer provides new information |url=http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17217 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119044858/http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17217 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |website=[[Reporters Without Borders]]}}</ref> {{Blockquote|...that he had allegedly run a website that supported terrorism, that he had trafficked in arms, that he entered Afghanistan illegally in October 2001 while US air strikes were under way, and that he interviewed [[Osama bin Laden]].}} A cewar Al Jazeera, hukumomin Amurka sun lakafta Al Hajj a matsayin "maƙiyi" kuma sun sanar da tuhume-tuhume da yawa a kansa, ciki har da: Ahmad Ibrahim, abokin aiki na Al Hajj wanda ya rubuta shari'arsa a cikin shirin Prisoner 345, ya musanta waɗannan zarge-zargen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Guantanamo detainee |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/archive/2006/10/20084101331752184.html |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> === Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa na gaba === A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007, an ba da rahoton cewa ci gaba da tsare Al Hajj ta sake dubawa ta kwamitin sake dubawa na gudanarwa. Al Hajj ba ɗaya daga cikin fursunoni tamanin da aka ba da shawarar a wannan zagaye na Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa don saki ko canja wuri ba. Abokan aikinsa a Al Jazeera sun ce "tsare-tsarensa shine cin zarafin Amurka na gidan talabijin na Larabci wanda ya daɗe yana fusata jami'an Amurka. " [[Lamis Andoni]], mai sharhi na Gabas ta Tsakiya na Al Jazeèra, ya ce game da fashewar bam na Nuwamba 2001 da Afrilu 2003 na ofisoshin Al Jazeira: "Lokacin da aka yi niyya sau ɗaya, zai iya zama kuskure, amma idan aka jefa bam sau biyu, wani abu ne". Darakta na Joint Intelligence Group, Paul Rester, ya ce: "Ina la'akari da bayanin da muka samu daga gare shi don amfani", kodayake ya ki bayar da duk wani tabbaci ga wannan da'awar. A lokacin sauraron kwamitin gudanarwa na farko, Al Hajj ya ce zai ƙi amsa zarge-zargen, bisa ga shawarar shari'a. Koyaya, lauyan Al Hajj, Clive Stafford Smith, ya ce: * Al Hajj ba mai aikawa da kudi ba ne, amma: "...shi da matarsa sun taɓa ɗaukar $ 220,000 daga Qatar zuwa Azerbaijan don shugabansu a kamfanin abin sha - kuma ... har ma ya bayyana kuɗin ga kwastomomi. " * Al Hajj ya sadu da Mamdouh Mahmud Salim sau ɗaya "yayinda yake aiki ga kamfanin abin sha ... lokacin da aka aiko shi don karɓar shi a filin jirgin sama a Qatar a shekarar 1998. A lokacin tafiyar, biyun sun tattauna makarantu da gidaje. " == Tattaunawar saki da saki == [[Fayil:Sami_al-Hajj.png|right|thumb|al-Hajj a taron Binciken Bincike na Duniya na 2008.]] A ranar 15 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana game da shari'ar Al Hajj: <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 15, 2007 |title=Status of Guantanamo Detainee Asim al-Haj (Taken Question) |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/aug/91137.htm |access-date=November 18, 2015 |website=U.S. State Department Archive 2001-2009}}</ref> {{Blockquote|Asim al-Haj (aka Sami el Hadj) is being detained at Guantanamo Bay as an enemy combatant in the armed conflict with al Qaida, the Taliban, and their affiliates and supporters. Consistent with the law of armed conflict, the United States is entitled to hold enemy combatants until the end of hostilities, to prevent them from returning to the battlefield. Mr. el Hadj has been found to be an enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal. Under the [[Detainee Treatment Act]], Mr. el Hadj, like all detainees at Guantanamo, has the right to challenge that determination in U.S. federal court. The United States does not want to detain anyone any longer than is necessary. Mr. el Hadj's detention is reviewed at least annually by an Administrative Review Board to evaluate the need for his continued detention, including an assessment of the threat he poses to the United States and its allies. Through that process, the Deputy Secretary of Defense has so far determined that he should remain detained at Guantanamo Bay. We defer to Department of Defense on any additional questions about the scheduling of detainees' Administrative Review Boards and other details about this process. We will not put detainees or our operations at risk by discussing the possibility of transfers or releases before they take place.}} A wannan rana, [[Ali Sadiq]], jami'in Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sudan, ya ce: {{Blockquote|Last month, we received a memorandum from the US administration to the effect that they are considering Al Hajj's case and will hand down a final decision this month ... Based on this memo, we confirmed to the US administration in writing that Sami al-Hajj is an average Sudanese citizen with no extreme religious affiliations, he practices the religion like all other Sudanese citizens, and that in case he is released he will under no circumstances pose any threat to US security.}} An saki Sami Al Hajj a ranar 1 ga Mayu 2008 daga Guantanamo Bay kuma ya tashi zuwa Sudan. Ya isa babban birnin Sudan [[Khartoum]] a cikin jirgin sojan Amurka da sassafe na Jumma'a, 2 ga Mayu. Al Jazeera ya nuna hoton da aka kai shi asibiti a kan shimfiɗa, yana da rauni amma yana murmushi kuma yana kewaye da masu fatan alheri. == Bayan Bayar Guantánamo == Bayan an sake shi, al-Hajj ya sanar da niyyarsa ta gurfanar da George W Bush da sauran shugabannin da ke da hannu a tsare shi a Guantanamo Bay . Ya kafa Cibiyar Shari'a ta Guantánamo a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan ƙoƙarin. A wata hira da ta yi daga baya, ya yi iƙirarin cewa kungiyar ba ta sami goyon baya daga waje ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azfar |date=2014-10-29 |title=Exclusive: Moazzam Begg interviews Sami El-Haj, former Guantanamo inmate and cameraman for Al Jazeera |url=https://www.cage.ngo/exclusive-moazzam-begg-interviews-sami-el-haj-former-guantanamo-inmate-and-cameraman-al-jaze |access-date=2020-02-27 |website=CAGE |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya koma aiki ga Al Jazeera bayan an sake shi, yana jagorantar sabon sashi wanda ke rufe 'yancin jama'a da' yancin ɗan adam. == Wasika ta buɗe zuwa ga Shugaba Biden == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, New York Review of Books ta wallafa wata wasika daga al-Hajj, da wasu mutane shida da aka tsare a Guantanamo, ga sabon Shugaba [[Joe Biden|Biden]], yana roƙon shi ya rufe sansanin tsare-tsare. == Dubi kuma == * Yunkurin yunwa * Gudanar da karfi a Guantanamo == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jpunygwoj69uou26xu6i99czzimvmjz 0 87699 542927 2024-11-20T05:55:33Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} John David Souther (Nuwamba 2, 1945 - Satumba 17, 2024) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance "babban injiniyan sauti na Kudancin California kuma babban tasiri a kan tsararrun mawaƙa". Souther ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da Linda Ronstadt ya rubuta da kuma wasu daga cikin manyan hits na Eagles, ciki har da "Mafi kyawun Ƙaunata", "Wanda ya shafa na Ƙauna", "Ciwon Zuciya To Daren Yau" da "Sabon Yaro a Gari". "Yaya Dogon", wanda ya bayyana akan Dogon Titin Eagles Daga Edeni, ya fito ne daga kundi na farko na solo na Kudu. Ya yi wakoki guda biyu da aka buga a cikin aikinsa na solo: "Kai kaɗai ne kawai" (1979) da "Garin ta" (1981), duet tare da James Taylor. Ya ɗan ɗanyi aikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya fito a talabijin da fina-finai. Ya buga wasa da Eagles a rangadin bankwana da suka yi a shekarar 2008. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Souther 80n0i9iof3tlvfoculz6b4edra434rc 542928 542927 2024-11-20T05:56:28Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} John David Souther (Nuwamba 2, 1945 - Satumba 17, 2024) mawaƙin Ba'amurke ne, marubuci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance "babban injiniyan sauti na Kudancin California kuma babban tasiri a kan tsararrun mawaƙa". Souther ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta waƙoƙin da Linda Ronstadt ya rubuta da kuma wasu daga cikin manyan hits na Eagles, ciki har da "Mafi kyawun Ƙaunata", "Wanda ya shafa na Ƙauna", "Ciwon Zuciya To Daren Yau" da "Sabon Yaro a Gari". "Yaya Dogon", wanda ya bayyana akan Dogon Titin Eagles Daga Edeni, ya fito ne daga kundi na farko na solo na Kudu. Ya yi wakoki guda biyu da aka buga a cikin aikinsa na solo: "Kai kaɗai ne kawai" (1979) da "Garin ta" (1981), duet tare da James Taylor. Ya ɗan ɗanyi aikin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya fito a talabijin da fina-finai. Ya buga wasa da Eagles a rangadin bankwana da suka yi a shekarar 2008. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JD_Souther nvuhahkkl6phr8s0743k4junp9v03gh 0 87700 542929 2024-11-20T05:56:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 542929 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irewole Samuel Oni''', wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki, Wole Oni haifaffen Najeriya ne mawallafin waƙa, mawaƙin Jazz, kuma mai shirya waƙa.<ref>"Sam Okenye hosts listening party for 'A New Dawn' album". vanguardngr.com. September 2, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na Zaman Lafiya, kuma Kamfanin Yamaha Yamaha Gulf FZE ya amince da shi a matsayin mai zane na farko da Yamaha ya sanya hannu a duk fadin Afirka.<ref>Segun Adebayo (March 14, 2021). "My Encounter With God Inspired My New Single —Bunmi Sunkanmi". tribuneonlineng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021</ref><ref>Ayodele (April 28, 2017). "Nigerian producer, Wole Oni becomes first to get Yamaha endorsement in Africa". punchng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Shi mamba ne a kungiyar Jazz ta Legas. Yana da aure da ’ya’ya duk da cewa ba ya son tattauna aurensa a bainar jama’a. == Rayuwa da Aiki == An haife shi a Akure, jihar Ondo ta Najeriya, Wole ya kammala karatunsa na jami'ar Legas inda ya karanta kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Shi ne marubuci kuma mai shirya wakoki irin su Cover me Lord da waƙar Kirsimeti mai suna Ku zo mu yi masa sujada.<ref>Seyi Sokoya (June 6, 2018). "New Video: TY Bello feat. Wole Oni, PSQ & George – Freedom (Spontaneous Worship)". bellanaija.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Wole ya samar da fitattun wakoki kamar Igwe ta Midnight Crew, Kosobabire na Folake Umosen, Ijoba Orun, Kolebaje, Halleluyah na Lara George, da sauran su da yawa.<ref>Seyi Sokoya (June 15, 2016). "Listen to the Jazz Vesion of Midnight Crew's "Igwe" by Wole Oni featuring Mike Aremu & Victor Ademofe". bellanaija.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021</ref><ref>Seyi Sokoya (October 27, 2019). "Frank Edwards, Wole Oni, others for Minister Emma's Amazing Grace concert". tribuneonlineng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref><ref>Seyi Sokoya (October 19, 2012). "Lara George is African queen of gospel music". vanguardngr.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zanen Jazz, ya yi rawar gani a fitattun kide-kiden Jazz da Rock a UAE, Amurka, Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Burtaniya, da sauran wurare.<ref>"Sam Okenye drops new album 'A New Dawn'". sunnewsonline.com. August 21, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Wole shine Shugaba na Instinct Productions da Wole Oni Music Productions (WOMP).<ref>Geraldine Akutu (October 20, 2019). "Abidemi In Lagos for Iseoluwa Concert". guardian.ng. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Ya yi rawar gani a taron shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta halarta.<ref>"Nigeria: Wole Oni - I Always Dreamt of Playing Piano to a White Audience". allafrica.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.</ref> Wole ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin aikinsa tsawon shekaru. Daga cikin fitattun waɗancan sun haɗa da: GMA UK Award ga mafi kyawun furodusa a Afirka 2013, 2014, 2015, Kora lambar yabo 2004, Kyautar Bishara ta ƙasa da sauran su.<ref>Wole Oni, Multi-Award Winning Producer And Jazz Musician". naijagospel.org.</ref><ref>"Popular Music Producer, WOLE ONI". citypeopleonline.com. Retrieved March 18, 2019</ref> == Manazarta == 3asdgch6qe3t6snhf46kkwqn3oxdwd4 542930 542929 2024-11-20T05:57:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 542930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irewole Samuel Oni''', wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki, Wole Oni haifaffen Najeriya ne mawallafin waƙa, mawaƙin Jazz, kuma mai shirya waƙa.<ref>"Sam Okenye hosts listening party for 'A New Dawn' album". vanguardngr.com. September 2, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Shi jakadan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ne na Zaman Lafiya, kuma Kamfanin Yamaha Yamaha Gulf FZE ya amince da shi a matsayin mai zane na farko da Yamaha ya sanya hannu a duk fadin Afirka.<ref>Segun Adebayo (March 14, 2021). "My Encounter With God Inspired My New Single —Bunmi Sunkanmi". tribuneonlineng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021</ref><ref>Ayodele (April 28, 2017). "Nigerian producer, Wole Oni becomes first to get Yamaha endorsement in Africa". punchng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Shi mamba ne a kungiyar Jazz ta Legas. Yana da aure da ’ya’ya duk da cewa ba ya son tattauna aurensa a bainar jama’a. == Rayuwa da Aiki == An haife shi a Akure, jihar Ondo ta Najeriya, Wole ya kammala karatunsa na jami'ar Legas inda ya karanta kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Shi ne marubuci kuma mai shirya wakoki irin su Cover me Lord da waƙar Kirsimeti mai suna Ku zo mu yi masa sujada.<ref>Seyi Sokoya (June 6, 2018). "New Video: TY Bello feat. Wole Oni, PSQ & George – Freedom (Spontaneous Worship)". bellanaija.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Wole ya samar da fitattun wakoki kamar Igwe ta Midnight Crew, Kosobabire na Folake Umosen, Ijoba Orun, Kolebaje, Halleluyah na Lara George, da sauran su da yawa.<ref>Seyi Sokoya (June 15, 2016). "Listen to the Jazz Vesion of Midnight Crew's "Igwe" by Wole Oni featuring Mike Aremu & Victor Ademofe". bellanaija.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021</ref><ref>Seyi Sokoya (October 27, 2019). "Frank Edwards, Wole Oni, others for Minister Emma's Amazing Grace concert". tribuneonlineng.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref><ref>Seyi Sokoya (October 19, 2012). "Lara George is African queen of gospel music". vanguardngr.com. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> A matsayinsa na mai zanen Jazz, ya yi rawar gani a fitattun kide-kiden Jazz da Rock a UAE, Amurka, Ireland, Afirka ta Kudu, Burtaniya, da sauran wurare.<ref>"Sam Okenye drops new album 'A New Dawn'". sunnewsonline.com. August 21, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Wole shine Shugaba na Instinct Productions da Wole Oni Music Productions (WOMP).<ref>Geraldine Akutu (October 20, 2019). "Abidemi In Lagos for Iseoluwa Concert". guardian.ng. Retrieved November 30, 2021.</ref> Ya yi rawar gani a taron shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth da Sarauniya Elizabeth ta halarta.<ref>"Nigeria: Wole Oni - I Always Dreamt of Playing Piano to a White Audience". allafrica.com. Retrieved May 16, 2015.</ref> Wole ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa a cikin aikinsa tsawon shekaru. Daga cikin fitattun waɗancan sun haɗa da: GMA UK Award ga mafi kyawun furodusa a Afirka 2013, 2014, 2015, Kora lambar yabo 2004, Kyautar Bishara ta ƙasa da sauran su.<ref>Wole Oni, Multi-Award Winning Producer And Jazz Musician". naijagospel.org.</ref><ref>"Popular Music Producer, WOLE ONI". citypeopleonline.com. Retrieved March 18, 2019</ref> == Manazarta == p4is2vv7y0j99xzalf5muobe8r1iiat 0 87701 542931 2024-11-20T05:59:25Z Abusule dankofa 24259 Sabuwar kirkira 542931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Elias Khoury (Larabci: إلياس خوري; 12 Yuli 1948 - 15 Satumba 2024) marubuci ne ɗan Labanon kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da Falasɗinawa. An fassara litattafan litattafansa da sukar adabi zuwa harsuna da dama. A shekara ta 2000, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Falasdinu saboda littafinsa na Ƙofar Rana, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Al Awais don rubuta almara a cikin 2007. Khoury ya kuma rubuta wasanni uku da wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu.[citation need] Daga 1993 zuwa 2009, Khoury ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Al-Mulhaq, karin al'adun mako-mako na jaridar al-Nahar ta Lebanon. ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Khoury i9zly2i7fpax9ic0ds1dggpiraoep55 542932 542931 2024-11-20T06:00:36Z Abusule dankofa 24259 542932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Elias Khoury (Larabci: إلياس خوري; 12 Yuli 1948 - 15 Satumba 2024) marubuci ne ɗan Labanon kuma mai fafutukar tabbatar da Falasɗinawa. An fassara litattafan litattafansa da sukar adabi zuwa harsuna da dama. A shekara ta 2000, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Falasdinu saboda littafinsa na Ƙofar Rana, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Al Awais don rubuta almara a cikin 2007. Khoury ya kuma rubuta wasanni uku da wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu.[citation need] Daga 1993 zuwa 2009, Khoury ya yi aiki a matsayin editan Al-Mulhaq, karin al'adun mako-mako na jaridar al-Nahar ta Lebanon ==MANAZARTA== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Khoury mc1kvdrx87jttgsta0jmupvmbgotcox 0 87702 542933 2024-11-20T06:17:15Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 542933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bamidele Olatunbosun Sosimi''' (an haife shi 22 ga Fabrairu 1963) wanda aka fi sani da Dele Sosimi, mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya ne ɗan Burtaniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sosimi a Hackney, London, Ingila. Aikinsa ya fara ne lokacin da ya shiga Masar ta Fela Anikulapo-Kuti 80 (1979–86). Daga nan Sosimi ya kirkiro kungiyar Positive Force tare da Femi Kuti, wanda ya yi wasa tare da shi daga 1986 zuwa 1994. A duka mawakan biyu ya kasance mai buga madannai, sannan daraktan kide-kide da ke kula da sake tsara kade-kade da shirya waka da daukar mawaka da horar da sabbin mawaka. Dangane da Afrobeat, waƙar Dele haɗaɗɗi ne na hadaddun ramukan funk, kiɗan gargajiya na Najeriya, kaɗe-kaɗe na Afirka, da ke ƙarƙashin ƙaho na jazz da solos na wasu kayan kida, da kuma waƙa ta rhythmical. Ana iya jin aikinsa na madannai a kan albam da yawa na Fela,<ref>Power Show, Original Sufferhead, MOP 1 (Movement of the People), Authority Stealing, Army Arrangement, ITT (International Thief Thief), and Teacher Don't Teach Me Nonsense</ref> da kuma wasu daga cikin na Femi.<ref>No Cause for Alarm and Mind Your Own Business</ref> Dele kuma ya yi sau da yawa tare da Tony Allen. Bayan kundi na farko na solo na Turbulent Times,<ref>"Amplified Online - Best DJ equipment tips and guides". Amplified Online. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2018</ref> an gayyace shi don zaɓar waƙoƙin don tarin 3-CD "Essential Afrobeat" (Universal, 2004). Shi ne furodusa kuma marubucin "Calabash Volume 1: Afrobeat Poems" na Ikwunga,<ref>"Ikwunga website". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> the Afrobeat Poet (2004). Shi mamba ne na tsakiya na aikin Wahala.<ref>featured on Puma's 2006 Soccer World Cup Compilation CD</ref> Ya kuma fito a kan kundin rapper na Biritaniya TY Kusa<ref>Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> kuma an nuna shi "Turbulent Times" akan The Afrobeat Sudan Aid Project (2006).<ref>Howard Male, "Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra, Purcell Room", The Arts Desk, 14 September 2009.</ref><ref>"Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> Mujallar Songlines ta bayyana a matsayin "Wani tsari mai ban sha'awa daga shugaban Afrobeat na London". Ayyukansa sun hada da Montreux Jazz Festival, Joe Zawinul's Birdland (Vienna) da Treibhaus (Innsbruck), Paradiso da Bimhuis a Amsterdam, Oerol Festival a Terschelling, kuma a cikin Netherlands, Ollin Kan Festival (Mexico City), Kanada Afrobeat Summit (Calgary). , Kanada), Sensommer Int Musikkfestival (Oslo, Norway), Musicas Do Mar<ref>"Featured Content on Myspace". Myspace.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</ref> da Festival Musicas do Mundo (Portugal), Festival Art des Ville - Arts des Champs (Faransa) da kuma London African Music Festival, Hot Club a Lyon da Cave à Musique a Mâcon (Faransa).<ref>"FELA TRIBUTE: Dele Sosimi + Hotclub Afrobeat Orchestra + Babaliah au Hot Club de Lyon et à la Cave à Musique de Mâcon". Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine Palmwine Records</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2010, an nada Sosimi mai ba da shawara kan kiɗan Afrobeat don samar da Fela! a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Landan, wanda kuma a cikinsa yake buga madannai. Wanda yake zaune a Landan, Sosimi malami ne kuma malami a cikin Afrobeat (ta hanyar Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Foundation, kuma a matsayin malami mai ziyara a cikin Kiɗa da Media, Jami'ar London Metropolitan). Yana yin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku - ƙungiyar Orchestra na Afrobeat guda 15 (wanda ke nuna ɓangaren ƙaho guda biyar da raye-raye), rukuni guda shida zuwa tara (tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi akai-akai) ko uku/quartet (tare da bass da ganguna/percussion). Babban rukuni na mawakan Sosimi shine Femi Elias (bass), Kunle Olofinjana (ganguna), Phil Dawson (gitar rhythm), Maurizio Ravalico (percussion), Justin Thurgur (trombone), Tom Allan (trumpet) da Eric Rohner (Tenor saxophone) . == Zane-zane == gd7r6ls2qg6da9kjsfgjphe5j43r1s9 542934 542933 2024-11-20T06:19:05Z Pharouqenr 25549 542934 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bamidele Olatunbosun Sosimi''' (an haife shi 22 ga Fabrairu 1963) wanda aka fi sani da Dele Sosimi, mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya ne ɗan Burtaniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sosimi a Hackney, London, Ingila. Aikinsa ya fara ne lokacin da ya shiga Masar ta Fela Anikulapo-Kuti 80 (1979–86). Daga nan Sosimi ya kirkiro kungiyar Positive Force tare da Femi Kuti, wanda ya yi wasa tare da shi daga 1986 zuwa 1994. A duka mawakan biyu ya kasance mai buga madannai, sannan daraktan kide-kide da ke kula da sake tsara kade-kade da shirya waka da daukar mawaka da horar da sabbin mawaka. Dangane da Afrobeat, waƙar Dele haɗaɗɗi ne na hadaddun ramukan funk, kiɗan gargajiya na Najeriya, kaɗe-kaɗe na Afirka, da ke ƙarƙashin ƙaho na jazz da solos na wasu kayan kida, da kuma waƙa ta rhythmical. Ana iya jin aikinsa na madannai a kan albam da yawa na Fela,<ref>Power Show, Original Sufferhead, MOP 1 (Movement of the People), Authority Stealing, Army Arrangement, ITT (International Thief Thief), and Teacher Don't Teach Me Nonsense</ref> da kuma wasu daga cikin na Femi.<ref>No Cause for Alarm and Mind Your Own Business</ref> Dele kuma ya yi sau da yawa tare da Tony Allen. Bayan kundi na farko na solo na Turbulent Times,<ref>"Amplified Online - Best DJ equipment tips and guides". Amplified Online. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2018</ref> an gayyace shi don zaɓar waƙoƙin don tarin 3-CD "Essential Afrobeat" (Universal, 2004). Shi ne furodusa kuma marubucin "Calabash Volume 1: Afrobeat Poems" na Ikwunga,<ref>"Ikwunga website". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> the Afrobeat Poet (2004). Shi mamba ne na tsakiya na aikin Wahala.<ref>featured on Puma's 2006 Soccer World Cup Compilation CD</ref> Ya kuma fito a kan kundin rapper na Biritaniya TY Kusa<ref>Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> kuma an nuna shi "Turbulent Times" akan The Afrobeat Sudan Aid Project (2006).<ref>Howard Male, "Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra, Purcell Room", The Arts Desk, 14 September 2009.</ref><ref>"Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> Mujallar Songlines ta bayyana a matsayin "Wani tsari mai ban sha'awa daga shugaban Afrobeat na London". Ayyukansa sun hada da Montreux Jazz Festival, Joe Zawinul's Birdland (Vienna) da Treibhaus (Innsbruck), Paradiso da Bimhuis a Amsterdam, Oerol Festival a Terschelling, kuma a cikin Netherlands, Ollin Kan Festival (Mexico City), Kanada Afrobeat Summit (Calgary). , Kanada), Sensommer Int Musikkfestival (Oslo, Norway), Musicas Do Mar<ref>"Featured Content on Myspace". Myspace.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</ref> da Festival Musicas do Mundo (Portugal), Festival Art des Ville - Arts des Champs (Faransa) da kuma London African Music Festival, Hot Club a Lyon da Cave à Musique a Mâcon (Faransa).<ref>"FELA TRIBUTE: Dele Sosimi + Hotclub Afrobeat Orchestra + Babaliah au Hot Club de Lyon et à la Cave à Musique de Mâcon". Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine Palmwine Records</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2010, an nada Sosimi mai ba da shawara kan kiɗan Afrobeat don samar da Fela! a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Landan, wanda kuma a cikinsa yake buga madannai. Wanda yake zaune a Landan, Sosimi malami ne kuma malami a cikin Afrobeat (ta hanyar Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Foundation, kuma a matsayin malami mai ziyara a cikin Kiɗa da Media, Jami'ar London Metropolitan). Yana yin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku - ƙungiyar Orchestra na Afrobeat guda 15 (wanda ke nuna ɓangaren ƙaho guda biyar da raye-raye), rukuni guda shida zuwa tara (tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi akai-akai) ko uku/quartet (tare da bass da ganguna/percussion). Babban rukuni na mawakan Sosimi shine Femi Elias (bass), Kunle Olofinjana (ganguna), Phil Dawson (gitar rhythm), Maurizio Ravalico (percussion), Justin Thurgur (trombone), Tom Allan (trumpet) da Eric Rohner (Tenor saxophone) . == Zane-zane == ; Studio albums * ''Turbulent Times'' (2002) * ''Identity'' (2007) * ''You No Fit Touch Am'' (2015) * ''Cubafrobeat'' (with Lokkhi Terra) (2018) * ''Take to the Streets'' (with Eparapo) (2023) ; Remix albums * ''You No Fit Touch Am In Dub'' (with Prince Fatty and Nostalgia 77) (2016) ; EPs * ''Too Much Information (Remixes)'' (2015) * ''You No Fit Touch Am Retouched'' (2015) * ''You No Fit Touch Am Retouched 2'' (2017) * ''State of Play'' (with Medlar) (2022) * ''The Confluence'' (with The Estuary 21) (2023) ; Singles * "Too Much Information" (2013) * "Sanctuary" (2014) * "Full Moon" (2020) == Manazarta == 5c1qqb1zsaacme07g6tsgb4lfuj26ys 542935 542934 2024-11-20T06:19:46Z Pharouqenr 25549 542935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bamidele Olatunbosun Sosimi''' (an haife shi 22 ga Fabrairu 1963) wanda aka fi sani da Dele Sosimi, mawaƙin ɗan Najeriya ne ɗan Burtaniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sosimi a Hackney, London, Ingila. Aikinsa ya fara ne lokacin da ya shiga Masar ta Fela Anikulapo-Kuti 80 (1979–86). Daga nan Sosimi ya kirkiro kungiyar Positive Force tare da Femi Kuti, wanda ya yi wasa tare da shi daga 1986 zuwa 1994. A duka mawakan biyu ya kasance mai buga madannai, sannan daraktan kide-kide da ke kula da sake tsara kade-kade da shirya waka da daukar mawaka da horar da sabbin mawaka. Dangane da Afrobeat, waƙar Dele haɗaɗɗi ne na hadaddun ramukan funk, kiɗan gargajiya na Najeriya, kaɗe-kaɗe na Afirka, da ke ƙarƙashin ƙaho na jazz da solos na wasu kayan kida, da kuma waƙa ta rhythmical. Ana iya jin aikinsa na madannai a kan albam da yawa na Fela,<ref>Power Show, Original Sufferhead, MOP 1 (Movement of the People), Authority Stealing, Army Arrangement, ITT (International Thief Thief), and Teacher Don't Teach Me Nonsense</ref> da kuma wasu daga cikin na Femi.<ref>No Cause for Alarm and Mind Your Own Business</ref> Dele kuma ya yi sau da yawa tare da Tony Allen. Bayan kundi na farko na solo na Turbulent Times,<ref>"Amplified Online - Best DJ equipment tips and guides". Amplified Online. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2018</ref> an gayyace shi don zaɓar waƙoƙin don tarin 3-CD "Essential Afrobeat" (Universal, 2004). Shi ne furodusa kuma marubucin "Calabash Volume 1: Afrobeat Poems" na Ikwunga,<ref>"Ikwunga website". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref> the Afrobeat Poet (2004). Shi mamba ne na tsakiya na aikin Wahala.<ref>featured on Puma's 2006 Soccer World Cup Compilation CD</ref> Ya kuma fito a kan kundin rapper na Biritaniya TY Kusa<ref>Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> kuma an nuna shi "Turbulent Times" akan The Afrobeat Sudan Aid Project (2006).<ref>Howard Male, "Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Orchestra, Purcell Room", The Arts Desk, 14 September 2009.</ref><ref>"Ejazznews". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2 July 2020</ref> Mujallar Songlines ta bayyana a matsayin "Wani tsari mai ban sha'awa daga shugaban Afrobeat na London". Ayyukansa sun hada da Montreux Jazz Festival, Joe Zawinul's Birdland (Vienna) da Treibhaus (Innsbruck), Paradiso da Bimhuis a Amsterdam, Oerol Festival a Terschelling, kuma a cikin Netherlands, Ollin Kan Festival (Mexico City), Kanada Afrobeat Summit (Calgary). , Kanada), Sensommer Int Musikkfestival (Oslo, Norway), Musicas Do Mar<ref>"Featured Content on Myspace". Myspace.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2018.</ref> da Festival Musicas do Mundo (Portugal), Festival Art des Ville - Arts des Champs (Faransa) da kuma London African Music Festival, Hot Club a Lyon da Cave à Musique a Mâcon (Faransa).<ref>"FELA TRIBUTE: Dele Sosimi + Hotclub Afrobeat Orchestra + Babaliah au Hot Club de Lyon et à la Cave à Musique de Mâcon". Archived 2011-08-24 at the Wayback Machine Palmwine Records</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2010, an nada Sosimi mai ba da shawara kan kiɗan Afrobeat don samar da Fela! a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa da ke Landan, wanda kuma a cikinsa yake buga madannai. Wanda yake zaune a Landan, Sosimi malami ne kuma malami a cikin Afrobeat (ta hanyar Dele Sosimi Afrobeat Foundation, kuma a matsayin malami mai ziyara a cikin Kiɗa da Media, Jami'ar London Metropolitan). Yana yin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan guda uku - ƙungiyar Orchestra na Afrobeat guda 15 (wanda ke nuna ɓangaren ƙaho guda biyar da raye-raye), rukuni guda shida zuwa tara (tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi akai-akai) ko uku/quartet (tare da bass da ganguna/percussion). Babban rukuni na mawakan Sosimi shine Femi Elias (bass), Kunle Olofinjana (ganguna), Phil Dawson (gitar rhythm), Maurizio Ravalico (percussion), Justin Thurgur (trombone), Tom Allan (trumpet) da Eric Rohner (Tenor saxophone) . == Zane-zane == ; Studio albums * ''Turbulent Times'' (2002) * ''Identity'' (2007) * ''You No Fit Touch Am'' (2015) * ''Cubafrobeat'' (with Lokkhi Terra) (2018) * ''Take to the Streets'' (with Eparapo) (2023) ; Remix albums * ''You No Fit Touch Am In Dub'' (with Prince Fatty and Nostalgia 77) (2016) ; EPs * ''Too Much Information (Remixes)'' (2015) * ''You No Fit Touch Am Retouched'' (2015) * ''You No Fit Touch Am Retouched 2'' (2017) * ''State of Play'' (with Medlar) (2022) * ''The Confluence'' (with The Estuary 21) (2023) ; Singles * "Too Much Information" (2013) * "Sanctuary" (2014) * "Full Moon" (2020) == Manazarta == fwpvrln3j0ohvepnmor2rl7bkz18x4z 0 87703 542950 2024-11-20T07:16:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 542950 wikitext text/x-wiki Olanrewaju Ogunmefun, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Vector, mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma mawaki. Ya fito da kundi na studio guda uku, gami da Yanayin Mamaki da Zuwa na Biyu (2012).<ref>Onos. "BN Bytes: The "Second Coming" of Vector! View the Ace Lyricist's Sophomore Album Art & Tracklist". BellaNaija. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> A cikin tsammanin kundi na studio na biyu, ya fitar da wani cakudewar kaset mai suna Bar Racks.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:DOWNLOAD Vector's Bar-Racks (MixTape) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> Lafíaji, album ɗin sa na uku ya fito ne a cikin Disamba 2016. Ya kuma fitar da wani mixtape a cikin Oktoba 2018, The Rap Dialogue, a ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruhin hip-hop na Najeriya. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, album ɗinsa na huɗu na studio, Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya zuwa Gano Kai, an sake shi. Shi ne muryar da ke bayan tallace-tallacen Sprite da ake watsawa a gidajen rediyo a fadin Najeriya tun 2009.<ref>"Vector debuts". Vanguard News. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Ya kuma kasance yana da "Rap mafi dadewa a Najeriya"<ref>Haliwud (22 August 2015). "Vector Sets New Record For Longest Freestyle by an African Rapper". Information Nigeria. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ya sanya hannu kan wani kamfani na haɗin gwiwa tare da Starstruck Management Inc da Ƙirƙirar Rukunin Kiɗa don sakin ayyukansa na 4th Studio Extended wasan mai taken "Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya Zuwa Gano Kai"<ref>"VIBES BEFORE TESLIM: A Journey To Self Discovery by Vector". Apple Music. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> An haifi Lanre ne a jihar Legas, dan asalin jihar Ogun, shi ne na hudu a cikin yara biyar. Ya yi karatu a Najeriya inda ya yi makarantar Command Children School, Ijebu Ode Grammar School, Government College Victoria Island da Saint Gregory's College Ikoyi Lagos. A shekarar 1994 ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa hip-hop a matakin karami. A cikin 1999, ya kafa wani duo mai suna Badder Boiz, waɗanda suka rubuta nasu waƙoƙin kuma a cikin wannan shekarar sun ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai uku<ref>"Olanrewaju Ogunmefun". ''museumstuff.com''. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref>. Sun yi rikodin demo na farko a cikin 1999 kuma sun halarci nunin baiwa. Vector yana tafiya ta hanyar emcee. A matsayin rukuni na uku, wanda ya ƙunshi Vector, Krystal & Blaze, sun kasance tare har zuwa 2004 lokacin da Krystal ya tafi saboda bambance-bambancen da ba a daidaita ba. Sannan ya halarci Jami’ar Legas, inda ya kammala a shekarar 2008 da digirin farko a fannin falsafa<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Vector (notjustOk Hype) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref>. == Aiki == Vector ya fito da waƙar sa ta farko ta hukuma ta "Kilode" don kundi na Yanayin Mamaki a cikin Fabrairu 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Daga baya ya fitar da bidiyon wannan waƙar a watan Yuni 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk"</ref> Wakarsa ta biyu a hukumance ita ce "Mary Jane" wacce aka saki a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Mary Jane –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> An fitar da kundin a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2010, wanda Eloka "Culture" Oligbo ya shirya. Ya ƙunshi 2 Face Idibia, General Pype,<ref>"神州斗地主-官网首页"</ref> Chuddy K, Ade Piper, Emmsong, Sista Soul kuma tare da samarwa daga H-Code, Sam Klef, Da Piano, J-Smith, Xela Xelz da Vibez Production. Ya fitar da bidiyon wakar "Get Down" mai dauke da 2Face Idibia a watan Yunin 2011<ref>New Video: Vector – 'Get Down' ft 2face · Soundcity". soundcity.tv. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.</ref>. A lambar yabo ta Bidiyon Waka ta Najeriya 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin "Best Mainstream Hip Hop Video"<ref>Nigerian Music Video Awards Releases 2011 Nominees list". LadybrilleNigeria. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> An zabe shi a lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2010 don "Kyakkyawan Haɗin kai Tare da Vocals" tare da waƙar "Champion" wanda Janar Pype ya gabatar da shi a ciki.<ref>"Nigeria Entertainment Awards Nominees: DA GRIN, Genevieve Nnaji, Obi Asika, Stephanie Okereke, Deola Sagoe, MI, Omawumi". LadybrilleNigeria. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> == Jayayya == Mawaƙin Najeriya Reminisce ya yi rikodin waƙar diss<ref>"Hip-Hop Feud: Reminisce Battles Vector | Nigerian Entertainment Today". thenetng.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.</ref> "ATA (Street Kitchen Reply)" tare da layin, "V-E menene shit ki lo'n je be. Shebi iwo lo rap ju shit o ma pe'n nbe" in reply to Vector's aya a kan Sauce Kid's "KitcheStreet" in da Vector ya ce "For all those boys wey dey show. Ti e ba fe ma form pe eyin lata ani tumatir to zan zo."<ref>"Redirecting". popoffcentral.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Bayan wannan abin da ya faru Vector ya amsa da waƙar "Distractions (Reminisce Diss)", wanda ya fito da ita tare da mashahurin mawaƙin A-Q.<ref>"凯时国际欧洲杯,凯时共赢共欢,凯时娱人生就是博,凯时kb88可来就送38"</ref> Vector ya buge shi da layin, "Cos ka bleach fatar jikinka ba yana nufin kai waye ba, Pig. Ni ne tushe kuma ma'aikatana su kasance masu ƙarfi, ba za ka iya zama mafi kyawun dalilin da kake da waƙa ɗaya ba" da "Kuma ni "Na yi oh, kuma yana da jama'a, amma ku, rayuwar ku kamar bidiyonku ne, ƙananan kasafin kuɗi." Purge" (wanda ke nuna Vader da Payper) da kuma #JudasTheRat wanda ya kasance martani ga M.I's #ThaViper. A cikin 2020, Vector da Jude "M.I" Abaga da alama sun yi nasara a yakin su lokacin da suka hadu a kashi na uku da na karshe na "The Conversation", jerin shirye-shiryen Hennessy Nigeria dangane da hamayya tsakanin M.I da Vector, duo sun hadu da fuska. -gaba da tattaunawa akan abinda ya wakana a tsakaninsu. Dukansu rap ɗin sun yi magana game da abin da ya haifar da naman sa da tunanin juna. M.I ya ce yana da ra'ayin cewa Vector kawai ba ya son sa, yayin da Vector ya ce ya yi imani M.I mai wayo ne kuma mayaudari ne. Lokacin da mai tambayoyin ya tambaye shi ko akwai yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa, Vector ya amsa: "Idan wannan makamashi yana da tsabta, to babu yadda zan iya ganin haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa"<ref>""The Conversation" Hennessy Nigeria, Youtube"</ref> == Zane-zane == Studio Albums == Manazarta == fez3bghv2h7qc31lxsaemtbgtdzdz5m 542951 542950 2024-11-20T07:17:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Zane-zane */ 542951 wikitext text/x-wiki Olanrewaju Ogunmefun, wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Vector, mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma mawaki. Ya fito da kundi na studio guda uku, gami da Yanayin Mamaki da Zuwa na Biyu (2012).<ref>Onos. "BN Bytes: The "Second Coming" of Vector! View the Ace Lyricist's Sophomore Album Art & Tracklist". BellaNaija. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> A cikin tsammanin kundi na studio na biyu, ya fitar da wani cakudewar kaset mai suna Bar Racks.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:DOWNLOAD Vector's Bar-Racks (MixTape) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> Lafíaji, album ɗin sa na uku ya fito ne a cikin Disamba 2016. Ya kuma fitar da wani mixtape a cikin Oktoba 2018, The Rap Dialogue, a ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruhin hip-hop na Najeriya. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, album ɗinsa na huɗu na studio, Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya zuwa Gano Kai, an sake shi. Shi ne muryar da ke bayan tallace-tallacen Sprite da ake watsawa a gidajen rediyo a fadin Najeriya tun 2009.<ref>"Vector debuts". Vanguard News. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Ya kuma kasance yana da "Rap mafi dadewa a Najeriya"<ref>Haliwud (22 August 2015). "Vector Sets New Record For Longest Freestyle by an African Rapper". Information Nigeria. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ya sanya hannu kan wani kamfani na haɗin gwiwa tare da Starstruck Management Inc da Ƙirƙirar Rukunin Kiɗa don sakin ayyukansa na 4th Studio Extended wasan mai taken "Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya Zuwa Gano Kai"<ref>"VIBES BEFORE TESLIM: A Journey To Self Discovery by Vector". Apple Music. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> An haifi Lanre ne a jihar Legas, dan asalin jihar Ogun, shi ne na hudu a cikin yara biyar. Ya yi karatu a Najeriya inda ya yi makarantar Command Children School, Ijebu Ode Grammar School, Government College Victoria Island da Saint Gregory's College Ikoyi Lagos. A shekarar 1994 ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa hip-hop a matakin karami. A cikin 1999, ya kafa wani duo mai suna Badder Boiz, waɗanda suka rubuta nasu waƙoƙin kuma a cikin wannan shekarar sun ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai uku<ref>"Olanrewaju Ogunmefun". ''museumstuff.com''. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref>. Sun yi rikodin demo na farko a cikin 1999 kuma sun halarci nunin baiwa. Vector yana tafiya ta hanyar emcee. A matsayin rukuni na uku, wanda ya ƙunshi Vector, Krystal & Blaze, sun kasance tare har zuwa 2004 lokacin da Krystal ya tafi saboda bambance-bambancen da ba a daidaita ba. Sannan ya halarci Jami’ar Legas, inda ya kammala a shekarar 2008 da digirin farko a fannin falsafa<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Vector (notjustOk Hype) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref>. == Aiki == Vector ya fito da waƙar sa ta farko ta hukuma ta "Kilode" don kundi na Yanayin Mamaki a cikin Fabrairu 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Daga baya ya fitar da bidiyon wannan waƙar a watan Yuni 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk"</ref> Wakarsa ta biyu a hukumance ita ce "Mary Jane" wacce aka saki a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Mary Jane –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> An fitar da kundin a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2010, wanda Eloka "Culture" Oligbo ya shirya. Ya ƙunshi 2 Face Idibia, General Pype,<ref>"神州斗地主-官网首页"</ref> Chuddy K, Ade Piper, Emmsong, Sista Soul kuma tare da samarwa daga H-Code, Sam Klef, Da Piano, J-Smith, Xela Xelz da Vibez Production. Ya fitar da bidiyon wakar "Get Down" mai dauke da 2Face Idibia a watan Yunin 2011<ref>New Video: Vector – 'Get Down' ft 2face · Soundcity". soundcity.tv. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.</ref>. A lambar yabo ta Bidiyon Waka ta Najeriya 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin "Best Mainstream Hip Hop Video"<ref>Nigerian Music Video Awards Releases 2011 Nominees list". LadybrilleNigeria. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> An zabe shi a lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2010 don "Kyakkyawan Haɗin kai Tare da Vocals" tare da waƙar "Champion" wanda Janar Pype ya gabatar da shi a ciki.<ref>"Nigeria Entertainment Awards Nominees: DA GRIN, Genevieve Nnaji, Obi Asika, Stephanie Okereke, Deola Sagoe, MI, Omawumi". LadybrilleNigeria. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> == Jayayya == Mawaƙin Najeriya Reminisce ya yi rikodin waƙar diss<ref>"Hip-Hop Feud: Reminisce Battles Vector | Nigerian Entertainment Today". thenetng.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.</ref> "ATA (Street Kitchen Reply)" tare da layin, "V-E menene shit ki lo'n je be. Shebi iwo lo rap ju shit o ma pe'n nbe" in reply to Vector's aya a kan Sauce Kid's "KitcheStreet" in da Vector ya ce "For all those boys wey dey show. Ti e ba fe ma form pe eyin lata ani tumatir to zan zo."<ref>"Redirecting". popoffcentral.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Bayan wannan abin da ya faru Vector ya amsa da waƙar "Distractions (Reminisce Diss)", wanda ya fito da ita tare da mashahurin mawaƙin A-Q.<ref>"凯时国际欧洲杯,凯时共赢共欢,凯时娱人生就是博,凯时kb88可来就送38"</ref> Vector ya buge shi da layin, "Cos ka bleach fatar jikinka ba yana nufin kai waye ba, Pig. Ni ne tushe kuma ma'aikatana su kasance masu ƙarfi, ba za ka iya zama mafi kyawun dalilin da kake da waƙa ɗaya ba" da "Kuma ni "Na yi oh, kuma yana da jama'a, amma ku, rayuwar ku kamar bidiyonku ne, ƙananan kasafin kuɗi." Purge" (wanda ke nuna Vader da Payper) da kuma #JudasTheRat wanda ya kasance martani ga M.I's #ThaViper. A cikin 2020, Vector da Jude "M.I" Abaga da alama sun yi nasara a yakin su lokacin da suka hadu a kashi na uku da na karshe na "The Conversation", jerin shirye-shiryen Hennessy Nigeria dangane da hamayya tsakanin M.I da Vector, duo sun hadu da fuska. -gaba da tattaunawa akan abinda ya wakana a tsakaninsu. Dukansu rap ɗin sun yi magana game da abin da ya haifar da naman sa da tunanin juna. M.I ya ce yana da ra'ayin cewa Vector kawai ba ya son sa, yayin da Vector ya ce ya yi imani M.I mai wayo ne kuma mayaudari ne. Lokacin da mai tambayoyin ya tambaye shi ko akwai yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa, Vector ya amsa: "Idan wannan makamashi yana da tsabta, to babu yadda zan iya ganin haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa"<ref>""The Conversation" Hennessy Nigeria, Youtube"</ref> == Zane-zane == Studio Albums * ''State of Surprise'' (2010) * ''The Second Coming'' (2012) * ''Lafíaji'' (2016) * ''Vibes Before Teslim: A Journey To Self-Discovery'' (2019) * ''Teslìm: The Energy Still Lives in Me'' (2022) === Mixtapes === [edit source] * ''Bar-Racks The Mixtape'' (2012) * ''A7'' (2014) ==== Extended plays ==== [edit source] * ''The Rap Dialogue'' (2018) * ''The African Mind'' (2020) ==== Collaborative albums ==== [edit source] * ''Crossroads EP ( With Masterkraft ) (2020'' == Manazarta == idwt2omroqhjm1px1dvgiq52rtw52mx 542952 542951 2024-11-20T07:18:00Z Pharouqenr 25549 542952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olanrewaju Ogunmefun''', wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Vector, mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma mawaki. Ya fito da kundi na studio guda uku, gami da Yanayin Mamaki da Zuwa na Biyu (2012).<ref>Onos. "BN Bytes: The "Second Coming" of Vector! View the Ace Lyricist's Sophomore Album Art & Tracklist". BellaNaija. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> A cikin tsammanin kundi na studio na biyu, ya fitar da wani cakudewar kaset mai suna Bar Racks.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:DOWNLOAD Vector's Bar-Racks (MixTape) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> Lafíaji, album ɗin sa na uku ya fito ne a cikin Disamba 2016. Ya kuma fitar da wani mixtape a cikin Oktoba 2018, The Rap Dialogue, a ƙoƙarin kiyaye ruhin hip-hop na Najeriya. A cikin Nuwamba 2019, album ɗinsa na huɗu na studio, Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya zuwa Gano Kai, an sake shi. Shi ne muryar da ke bayan tallace-tallacen Sprite da ake watsawa a gidajen rediyo a fadin Najeriya tun 2009.<ref>"Vector debuts". Vanguard News. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Ya kuma kasance yana da "Rap mafi dadewa a Najeriya"<ref>Haliwud (22 August 2015). "Vector Sets New Record For Longest Freestyle by an African Rapper". Information Nigeria. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> A cikin Nuwamba 2019, ya sanya hannu kan wani kamfani na haɗin gwiwa tare da Starstruck Management Inc da Ƙirƙirar Rukunin Kiɗa don sakin ayyukansa na 4th Studio Extended wasan mai taken "Vibes Kafin Teslim: Tafiya Zuwa Gano Kai"<ref>"VIBES BEFORE TESLIM: A Journey To Self Discovery by Vector". Apple Music. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</ref> An haifi Lanre ne a jihar Legas, dan asalin jihar Ogun, shi ne na hudu a cikin yara biyar. Ya yi karatu a Najeriya inda ya yi makarantar Command Children School, Ijebu Ode Grammar School, Government College Victoria Island da Saint Gregory's College Ikoyi Lagos. A shekarar 1994 ya fara tafiyarsa zuwa hip-hop a matakin karami. A cikin 1999, ya kafa wani duo mai suna Badder Boiz, waɗanda suka rubuta nasu waƙoƙin kuma a cikin wannan shekarar sun ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai uku<ref>"Olanrewaju Ogunmefun". ''museumstuff.com''. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref>. Sun yi rikodin demo na farko a cikin 1999 kuma sun halarci nunin baiwa. Vector yana tafiya ta hanyar emcee. A matsayin rukuni na uku, wanda ya ƙunshi Vector, Krystal & Blaze, sun kasance tare har zuwa 2004 lokacin da Krystal ya tafi saboda bambance-bambancen da ba a daidaita ba. Sannan ya halarci Jami’ar Legas, inda ya kammala a shekarar 2008 da digirin farko a fannin falsafa<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Vector (notjustOk Hype) –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref>. == Aiki == Vector ya fito da waƙar sa ta farko ta hukuma ta "Kilode" don kundi na Yanayin Mamaki a cikin Fabrairu 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Daga baya ya fitar da bidiyon wannan waƙar a watan Yuni 2010.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:VIDEO: Vector – Kilode ft Emmsong –notjustOk"</ref> Wakarsa ta biyu a hukumance ita ce "Mary Jane" wacce aka saki a watan Afrilu na wannan shekarar.<ref>"DOWNLOAD:Premiere: Vector – Mary Jane –notjustOk". notjustOk. Retrieved 3 February 2016</ref> An fitar da kundin a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2010, wanda Eloka "Culture" Oligbo ya shirya. Ya ƙunshi 2 Face Idibia, General Pype,<ref>"神州斗地主-官网首页"</ref> Chuddy K, Ade Piper, Emmsong, Sista Soul kuma tare da samarwa daga H-Code, Sam Klef, Da Piano, J-Smith, Xela Xelz da Vibez Production. Ya fitar da bidiyon wakar "Get Down" mai dauke da 2Face Idibia a watan Yunin 2011<ref>New Video: Vector – 'Get Down' ft 2face · Soundcity". soundcity.tv. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011.</ref>. A lambar yabo ta Bidiyon Waka ta Najeriya 2011, an zabe shi a matsayin "Best Mainstream Hip Hop Video"<ref>Nigerian Music Video Awards Releases 2011 Nominees list". LadybrilleNigeria. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> An zabe shi a lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2010 don "Kyakkyawan Haɗin kai Tare da Vocals" tare da waƙar "Champion" wanda Janar Pype ya gabatar da shi a ciki.<ref>"Nigeria Entertainment Awards Nominees: DA GRIN, Genevieve Nnaji, Obi Asika, Stephanie Okereke, Deola Sagoe, MI, Omawumi". LadybrilleNigeria. 8 July 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> == Jayayya == Mawaƙin Najeriya Reminisce ya yi rikodin waƙar diss<ref>"Hip-Hop Feud: Reminisce Battles Vector | Nigerian Entertainment Today". thenetng.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012.</ref> "ATA (Street Kitchen Reply)" tare da layin, "V-E menene shit ki lo'n je be. Shebi iwo lo rap ju shit o ma pe'n nbe" in reply to Vector's aya a kan Sauce Kid's "KitcheStreet" in da Vector ya ce "For all those boys wey dey show. Ti e ba fe ma form pe eyin lata ani tumatir to zan zo."<ref>"Redirecting". popoffcentral.blogspot.com. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</ref> Bayan wannan abin da ya faru Vector ya amsa da waƙar "Distractions (Reminisce Diss)", wanda ya fito da ita tare da mashahurin mawaƙin A-Q.<ref>"凯时国际欧洲杯,凯时共赢共欢,凯时娱人生就是博,凯时kb88可来就送38"</ref> Vector ya buge shi da layin, "Cos ka bleach fatar jikinka ba yana nufin kai waye ba, Pig. Ni ne tushe kuma ma'aikatana su kasance masu ƙarfi, ba za ka iya zama mafi kyawun dalilin da kake da waƙa ɗaya ba" da "Kuma ni "Na yi oh, kuma yana da jama'a, amma ku, rayuwar ku kamar bidiyonku ne, ƙananan kasafin kuɗi." Purge" (wanda ke nuna Vader da Payper) da kuma #JudasTheRat wanda ya kasance martani ga M.I's #ThaViper. A cikin 2020, Vector da Jude "M.I" Abaga da alama sun yi nasara a yakin su lokacin da suka hadu a kashi na uku da na karshe na "The Conversation", jerin shirye-shiryen Hennessy Nigeria dangane da hamayya tsakanin M.I da Vector, duo sun hadu da fuska. -gaba da tattaunawa akan abinda ya wakana a tsakaninsu. Dukansu rap ɗin sun yi magana game da abin da ya haifar da naman sa da tunanin juna. M.I ya ce yana da ra'ayin cewa Vector kawai ba ya son sa, yayin da Vector ya ce ya yi imani M.I mai wayo ne kuma mayaudari ne. Lokacin da mai tambayoyin ya tambaye shi ko akwai yiwuwar haɗin gwiwa, Vector ya amsa: "Idan wannan makamashi yana da tsabta, to babu yadda zan iya ganin haɗin gwiwa yana faruwa"<ref>""The Conversation" Hennessy Nigeria, Youtube"</ref> == Zane-zane == Studio Albums * ''State of Surprise'' (2010) * ''The Second Coming'' (2012) * ''Lafíaji'' (2016) * ''Vibes Before Teslim: A Journey To Self-Discovery'' (2019) * ''Teslìm: The Energy Still Lives in Me'' (2022) === Mixtapes === [edit source] * ''Bar-Racks The Mixtape'' (2012) * ''A7'' (2014) ==== Extended plays ==== [edit source] * ''The Rap Dialogue'' (2018) * ''The African Mind'' (2020) ==== Collaborative albums ==== [edit source] * ''Crossroads EP ( With Masterkraft ) (2020'' == Manazarta == sm4vf0rvrb31nc4fwkhudpl0xgwc4su 0 87704 542953 2024-11-20T07:41:21Z Abdultambura18 32142 Kirkirar Mukala 542953 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Réunion ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanki na Réunion, tsibirin Faransa, kuma FIFA bata san da ita ba. Sun buga wasannin kasa da kasa da Masar da Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe da Uganda da kuma Mauritius. Akwai gasar lig din mata mai mataki biyu a kasar, inda ake samun ci gaba da faduwa tsakanin kowace kungiya. == Tarihi == FIFA ba ta amince da tawagar kasar ba.<ref name=":0">Duret, Sébastien (5 November 2003). "South Africa – Women – International Results". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2000, sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Sun cancanci ta hanyar doke tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Masar 5–4 a jimillar (ci 4–3 a gida da kuma buga wasan waje da ci 1–1).<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2012.</ref> Wasan farko a gasar karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 0–3 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a Vosloorus. Wasan na biyu da suka buga shi ne rashin nasara da ci 1-2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Zimbabwe. Wasansu na karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 1–2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Uganda. Sun gama karshe a rukuninsu.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>"Teams – African Women Championship 2010 – CAF". Cafonline.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> Mambobin kungiyar da suka taka leda a gasar sun hada da Carole Keita, Lise May Ouledi, Tania Nice, Laurianne Boyer, Claure Lebon, Kelly Bello, Marie Therese Fanovana, Prisca Maraguet, Cathy Chateauroux, Nadege Grosmane, Martine Turpin, Rachelle Lecoutre, Florence Mussard. . Patrick Honorine ne ya jagoranci kungiyar.<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> Har zuwa yau, wannan ita ce gasa ɗaya tilo a cikin CAF wacce Réunion ta shiga kuma ta cancanta. A cikin Yuli 2011, akwai shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin gasar COSAFA Mata a Réunion.<ref>"Cosafa Archive 2010". Cosafa.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> <ref>"Malawi women's team readies for COSAFA Championship, news, football". Star Africa. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> A ƙarshe an gudanar da gasar a Zimbabwe kuma Réunion ba ta shiga ba.<ref>"Cosafa Competitions". COSAFA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2012, Réunion sun rubuta babbar nasarar su zuwa yau, inda suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Mauritius, waɗanda ke buga wasansu na farko na duniya.<ref>"Une goutte dans l'ocйan indien – Journal de l'оle de la Rйunion". Clicanoo.re. Retrieved 16 June 2012</ref> s3tbmukg5t43imycepxc0rc9d91mdx5 542955 542953 2024-11-20T07:42:10Z Abdultambura18 32142 Saka sashe 542955 wikitext text/x-wiki Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Réunion ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanki na Réunion, tsibirin Faransa, kuma FIFA bata san da ita ba. Sun buga wasannin kasa da kasa da Masar da Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe da Uganda da kuma Mauritius. Akwai gasar lig din mata mai mataki biyu a kasar, inda ake samun ci gaba da faduwa tsakanin kowace kungiya. == Tarihi == FIFA ba ta amince da tawagar kasar ba.<ref name=":0">Duret, Sébastien (5 November 2003). "South Africa – Women – International Results". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2000, sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Sun cancanci ta hanyar doke tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Masar 5–4 a jimillar (ci 4–3 a gida da kuma buga wasan waje da ci 1–1).<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2012.</ref> Wasan farko a gasar karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 0–3 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a Vosloorus. Wasan na biyu da suka buga shi ne rashin nasara da ci 1-2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Zimbabwe. Wasansu na karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 1–2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Uganda. Sun gama karshe a rukuninsu.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>"Teams – African Women Championship 2010 – CAF". Cafonline.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> Mambobin kungiyar da suka taka leda a gasar sun hada da Carole Keita, Lise May Ouledi, Tania Nice, Laurianne Boyer, Claure Lebon, Kelly Bello, Marie Therese Fanovana, Prisca Maraguet, Cathy Chateauroux, Nadege Grosmane, Martine Turpin, Rachelle Lecoutre, Florence Mussard. . Patrick Honorine ne ya jagoranci kungiyar.<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> Har zuwa yau, wannan ita ce gasa ɗaya tilo a cikin CAF wacce Réunion ta shiga kuma ta cancanta. A cikin Yuli 2011, akwai shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin gasar COSAFA Mata a Réunion.<ref>"Cosafa Archive 2010". Cosafa.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> <ref>"Malawi women's team readies for COSAFA Championship, news, football". Star Africa. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> A ƙarshe an gudanar da gasar a Zimbabwe kuma Réunion ba ta shiga ba.<ref>"Cosafa Competitions". COSAFA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2012, Réunion sun rubuta babbar nasarar su zuwa yau, inda suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Mauritius, waɗanda ke buga wasansu na farko na duniya.<ref>"Une goutte dans l'ocйan indien – Journal de l'оle de la Rйunion". Clicanoo.re. Retrieved 16 June 2012</ref> == Manazarta == 13pxg2z5j5zy89u9psf5idem08a2ubp 542956 542955 2024-11-20T07:43:23Z Abdultambura18 32142 542956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Réunion ita ce ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta yanki na Réunion, tsibirin Faransa, kuma FIFA bata san da ita ba. Sun buga wasannin kasa da kasa da Masar da Afirka ta Kudu da Zimbabwe da Uganda da kuma Mauritius. Akwai gasar lig din mata mai mataki biyu a kasar, inda ake samun ci gaba da faduwa tsakanin kowace kungiya. == Tarihi == FIFA ba ta amince da tawagar kasar ba.<ref name=":0">Duret, Sébastien (5 November 2003). "South Africa – Women – International Results". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> A shekara ta 2000, sun halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka. Sun cancanci ta hanyar doke tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Masar 5–4 a jimillar (ci 4–3 a gida da kuma buga wasan waje da ci 1–1).<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2012.</ref> Wasan farko a gasar karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 0–3 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Afirka ta Kudu a Vosloorus. Wasan na biyu da suka buga shi ne rashin nasara da ci 1-2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasar Zimbabwe. Wasansu na karshe shine rashin nasara da ci 1–2 a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Uganda. Sun gama karshe a rukuninsu.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>"Teams – African Women Championship 2010 – CAF". Cafonline.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> Mambobin kungiyar da suka taka leda a gasar sun hada da Carole Keita, Lise May Ouledi, Tania Nice, Laurianne Boyer, Claure Lebon, Kelly Bello, Marie Therese Fanovana, Prisca Maraguet, Cathy Chateauroux, Nadege Grosmane, Martine Turpin, Rachelle Lecoutre, Florence Mussard. . Patrick Honorine ne ya jagoranci kungiyar.<ref>"Africa – Women's Championship 2000". RSSSF. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> Har zuwa yau, wannan ita ce gasa ɗaya tilo a cikin CAF wacce Réunion ta shiga kuma ta cancanta. A cikin Yuli 2011, akwai shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin gasar COSAFA Mata a Réunion.<ref>"Cosafa Archive 2010". Cosafa.com. Retrieved 1 June 2012.</ref> <ref>"Malawi women's team readies for COSAFA Championship, news, football". Star Africa. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</ref> A ƙarshe an gudanar da gasar a Zimbabwe kuma Réunion ba ta shiga ba.<ref>"Cosafa Competitions". COSAFA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2012</ref> A ranar 3 ga Yuni 2012, Réunion sun rubuta babbar nasarar su zuwa yau, inda suka yi nasara da ci 3-0 a kan Mauritius, waɗanda ke buga wasansu na farko na duniya.<ref>"Une goutte dans l'ocйan indien – Journal de l'оle de la Rйunion". Clicanoo.re. Retrieved 16 June 2012</ref> == Manazarta == 735euj5y7kvry9cg4vmrgyx9r3z3taq 0 87705 542958 2024-11-20T07:47:21Z Pharouqenr 25549 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 542958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raoul John Njeng-Njeng''' (an Haife shi 1 ga Afrilu 1991), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Skales (waɗanda ake kira Neman Ilimin Samun Manyan Ƙwarewar Kasuwanci), mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma marubuci. Ya koma Legas kuma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da Empire Mates Entertainment (E.M.E) a shekarar 2009<ref>"Skale's Biography & Updated profile – Latest Albums & Songs of Skales – Recent Pictures & Videos of Skale". Pulse. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref>. A shekarar 2000, ya fara rubuta wakokin rap a Kaduna, Najeriya. A tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2008, ya tafi Jos don yin aiki tare da Jesse Jagz da Jeremiah Gyang. A shekarar 2008, ya shiga gasar Neman Zain Tru kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Wakarsa ta farko mai suna "Must Shine" ta samu kuri'u da dama a tashoshin Rhythm FM dake Legas, Jos da Abuja.<ref>"Skales Biography "Raoul John Njeng-Njeng" (Nigerian Music Artist)". Nigerianmusicnetwork. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref> Skales ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha da yawa, gami da Akon, ELDee, Tekno, Harmonize, Jeremiah Gyang, Banky W., da Knighthouse. Shahararrun wakokinsa sun hada da "Shake Body", "Mukulu", "Kersimesi", "Komole", "Babyna", "Take Care of Me" da "Denge Pose". Bayan barin E.M.E a cikin Mayu 2014, ya kafa alamar rikodin kiɗan OHK mai zaman kanta. An fitar da kundinsa na farko na studio Man of the Year a cikin 2015.<ref>Akan, Joey (20 February 2015). "Singer soon to release album, 'Man of the year'". Pulse. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</ref> An haifi Raoul John Njeng-Njeng dan asalin jihar Edo kuma ya girma a jihar Kaduna.<ref>Ayomide, O Tayo (9 September 2017). "Singer says he and Wizkid not friends". Pulseng. Retrieved 9 September 2017</ref> Ya girma a gida mai uwa daya uba daya tare da mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta yi ayyuka marasa kyau don renonsa. Skales ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗa yayin da yake halartar kantin kaset na mahaifiyarsa akai-akai.<ref>Adeniran, Bisola (15 August 2012). ""My mother sold sugarcane and bread to give me the best" – EME Rapper, Skales". Daily Post Newspaper. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> Ya sadu da furodusa Jeremiah Gyang da Jesse Jagz yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Jos (Unijos). Ya halarci gasar Neman Zain Tru a lokacin da yake Unijos kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Skales ya bar Unijos a karamar shekararsa kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Lead City, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin sarrafa ofis da fasaha. Waƙarsa ta farko "Dole ne Shine" an sake shi zuwa babban yabo. A wata hira da jaridar This Day a shekara ta 2013, Skales ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai nishadantarwa wanda wakokinsa ke tasiri ga muhallinsa.<ref>Young, Karen Eloke (19 May 2013). "Skales... Just A Moment". This Day. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Sakin sa na 2009 "Jagorar Grammy" ya samu wahayi daga Kanye West's "Jesus Walks". Abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin sun taimaka wajen daidaita yanayin waƙar, wanda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don ƙarfafa kai.<ref>Okon, Anna (20 October 2013). "I run from female fans – Skales". Punch. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"I do not envy Wizkid –Skales". Daily Times of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> == '''2009–14: Nishadin Empire Mates''' == Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da E.M.E bayan ya gana da Banky W. a shekarar 2009. Ya fitar da wakokin “Mukulu” da “Kersimesi” a lokaci guda. Duk wakokin biyu Sarz ne ya shirya kuma aka fitar da su a karkashin kaya. Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar ta ƙarshe Clarence Peters ce ta jagoranta kuma an loda shi zuwa YouTube akan 28 Nuwamba 2011.<ref>Boafo, Nana (24 November 2011). "E.M.E RAP STAR SKALES UNVEILS TWO NEW SINGLES "MUKULU" & "KERESIMESI" …. Videos to be released soon". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> Skales yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka akan kundi na farko na EME, Empire Mates State of Mind (2012). Ya yi aiki tare da Banky W., Wizkid, Shaydee, Niyola da DJ Xclusive a kan biyar daga cikin guda bakwai na album. Har ila yau, ya zagaya da wasu ayyukan da aka ambata a kan yawon shakatawa na EME, wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Yuli kuma ya ƙare a kan 2 Satumba 2012. Ayyukan E.M.E da aka yi a birane daban-daban, ciki har da Houston, Dallas, Toronto, Vancouver, New York City, Providence , Calgary, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., da Chicago.<ref>Dayo, Alayande. "Banky W, Wizkid, Skales, Others Kick Off EME US Tour". The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Empire Mates Entertainment take on America". MTV Base. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref> Skales ya goyi bayan Wizkid a rangadin da ya yi a Landan a shekarar 2012.<ref>Onos, O (4 June 2012). "BN Bytes: The EME – Wizkid UK Takeover | Watch Day 2, 3 & 4 of Wizkid's UK Tour Diary". Bellanaija. Retrieved 30 June 2013</ref> A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2013, ya yi a bugu na 2013 na Felabration, wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe ga Fela Kuti.<ref>"(VIDEO) : Wizkid, Skales, Sean Tizzle, Orezi Perform @ FELABRATION 2013". wadupnaija.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2014, jaridar Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa Skales ya bar E.M.E bayan karewar kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Mahukuntan E.M.E sun yi imanin cewa ba sa samun lada don saka hannun jari a cikinsa kuma sun ki sabunta kwangilarsa.<ref>"Nigeria: Why EME, Skales Parted Ways !". allAfrica.com. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref><ref>Mgbolu, Charles (21 February 2014). "Skales leaves E.M.E". Vanguard. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> == '''Wallafa Wakar Ohk''' == A cikin Mayu 2014, Skales ya kafa lakabin rikodin nasa, kiɗan OHK. Lakabin gida ne ga furodusa Drey Beatz kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu ma'aikatan kiɗa a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2014, Skales ya fito da waƙar "Shake Body" da Jay Pizzle ya samar a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga kundi na farko na studio na Man of the Year. Bidiyon waƙar da ke rakiyar an ɗora shi zuwa YouTube a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2014. Skales ya inganta waƙar ta hanyar sanar da gasar bidiyo na Shake Body.<ref>"Skales sets up record label". The Nigerian Tribune. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Timaya's Dem Mama Records bayan tafiyarsa daga E.M.E. A cikin Fabrairu 2014, Skales ya karyata rahotannin kuma ya ce bai sanya hannu tare da Dem Mama Records ba.<ref>Opeoluwani, Akintayo (22 February 2014). "Skales Denies Rumour Reports". Daily Times of Nigeria. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Skales denies signing with Timaya's Dem Mama Records". thenet.ng. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014</ref> == Rayuwar gida == A watan Disambar 2011, Skales ya yi hatsarin mota a hanyar Lekki-Epe Expressway. Motar da yake ciki ta ruga da wani rami ta yi ta hargitse. Hadarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutum daya sannan uku sun jikkata.<ref>Akintayo, Opeoluwani (30 December 2011). "EME's Skales escapes death". Vanguard. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Ya kasance cikin wasu mashahurai da yawa kamar Davido, da ɗan wasan Super Eagles John Ogu don sukar Desmond Elliot saboda tura dokar kafofin sada zumunta a watan Oktoba 2020.<ref>Davido, Skales, others blast Desmond Elliot over social media regulation". Vanguard News. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref> A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2021, Skales ya ba da sanarwar alƙawarin sa da budurwarsa akan Instagram.<ref>Ajanma, Soomto (15 March 2021). "Skales Engages Girlfriend". bellanaija.com. Soomtee. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</ref> == Zane-zane == == Manazarta == 334ohdvnvf4q87tjv54tn320j8zonh7 542959 542958 2024-11-20T07:48:34Z Pharouqenr 25549 /* Zane-zane */ 542959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Raoul John Njeng-Njeng''' (an Haife shi 1 ga Afrilu 1991), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Skales (waɗanda ake kira Neman Ilimin Samun Manyan Ƙwarewar Kasuwanci), mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma marubuci. Ya koma Legas kuma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da Empire Mates Entertainment (E.M.E) a shekarar 2009<ref>"Skale's Biography & Updated profile – Latest Albums & Songs of Skales – Recent Pictures & Videos of Skale". Pulse. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref>. A shekarar 2000, ya fara rubuta wakokin rap a Kaduna, Najeriya. A tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2008, ya tafi Jos don yin aiki tare da Jesse Jagz da Jeremiah Gyang. A shekarar 2008, ya shiga gasar Neman Zain Tru kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Wakarsa ta farko mai suna "Must Shine" ta samu kuri'u da dama a tashoshin Rhythm FM dake Legas, Jos da Abuja.<ref>"Skales Biography "Raoul John Njeng-Njeng" (Nigerian Music Artist)". Nigerianmusicnetwork. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref> Skales ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha da yawa, gami da Akon, ELDee, Tekno, Harmonize, Jeremiah Gyang, Banky W., da Knighthouse. Shahararrun wakokinsa sun hada da "Shake Body", "Mukulu", "Kersimesi", "Komole", "Babyna", "Take Care of Me" da "Denge Pose". Bayan barin E.M.E a cikin Mayu 2014, ya kafa alamar rikodin kiɗan OHK mai zaman kanta. An fitar da kundinsa na farko na studio Man of the Year a cikin 2015.<ref>Akan, Joey (20 February 2015). "Singer soon to release album, 'Man of the year'". Pulse. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</ref> An haifi Raoul John Njeng-Njeng dan asalin jihar Edo kuma ya girma a jihar Kaduna.<ref>Ayomide, O Tayo (9 September 2017). "Singer says he and Wizkid not friends". Pulseng. Retrieved 9 September 2017</ref> Ya girma a gida mai uwa daya uba daya tare da mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta yi ayyuka marasa kyau don renonsa. Skales ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗa yayin da yake halartar kantin kaset na mahaifiyarsa akai-akai.<ref>Adeniran, Bisola (15 August 2012). ""My mother sold sugarcane and bread to give me the best" – EME Rapper, Skales". Daily Post Newspaper. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> Ya sadu da furodusa Jeremiah Gyang da Jesse Jagz yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Jos (Unijos). Ya halarci gasar Neman Zain Tru a lokacin da yake Unijos kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Skales ya bar Unijos a karamar shekararsa kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Lead City, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin sarrafa ofis da fasaha. Waƙarsa ta farko "Dole ne Shine" an sake shi zuwa babban yabo. A wata hira da jaridar This Day a shekara ta 2013, Skales ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai nishadantarwa wanda wakokinsa ke tasiri ga muhallinsa.<ref>Young, Karen Eloke (19 May 2013). "Skales... Just A Moment". This Day. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Sakin sa na 2009 "Jagorar Grammy" ya samu wahayi daga Kanye West's "Jesus Walks". Abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin sun taimaka wajen daidaita yanayin waƙar, wanda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don ƙarfafa kai.<ref>Okon, Anna (20 October 2013). "I run from female fans – Skales". Punch. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"I do not envy Wizkid –Skales". Daily Times of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> == '''2009–14: Nishadin Empire Mates''' == Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da E.M.E bayan ya gana da Banky W. a shekarar 2009. Ya fitar da wakokin “Mukulu” da “Kersimesi” a lokaci guda. Duk wakokin biyu Sarz ne ya shirya kuma aka fitar da su a karkashin kaya. Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar ta ƙarshe Clarence Peters ce ta jagoranta kuma an loda shi zuwa YouTube akan 28 Nuwamba 2011.<ref>Boafo, Nana (24 November 2011). "E.M.E RAP STAR SKALES UNVEILS TWO NEW SINGLES "MUKULU" & "KERESIMESI" …. Videos to be released soon". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> Skales yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka akan kundi na farko na EME, Empire Mates State of Mind (2012). Ya yi aiki tare da Banky W., Wizkid, Shaydee, Niyola da DJ Xclusive a kan biyar daga cikin guda bakwai na album. Har ila yau, ya zagaya da wasu ayyukan da aka ambata a kan yawon shakatawa na EME, wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Yuli kuma ya ƙare a kan 2 Satumba 2012. Ayyukan E.M.E da aka yi a birane daban-daban, ciki har da Houston, Dallas, Toronto, Vancouver, New York City, Providence , Calgary, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., da Chicago.<ref>Dayo, Alayande. "Banky W, Wizkid, Skales, Others Kick Off EME US Tour". The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Empire Mates Entertainment take on America". MTV Base. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref> Skales ya goyi bayan Wizkid a rangadin da ya yi a Landan a shekarar 2012.<ref>Onos, O (4 June 2012). "BN Bytes: The EME – Wizkid UK Takeover | Watch Day 2, 3 & 4 of Wizkid's UK Tour Diary". Bellanaija. Retrieved 30 June 2013</ref> A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2013, ya yi a bugu na 2013 na Felabration, wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe ga Fela Kuti.<ref>"(VIDEO) : Wizkid, Skales, Sean Tizzle, Orezi Perform @ FELABRATION 2013". wadupnaija.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2014, jaridar Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa Skales ya bar E.M.E bayan karewar kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Mahukuntan E.M.E sun yi imanin cewa ba sa samun lada don saka hannun jari a cikinsa kuma sun ki sabunta kwangilarsa.<ref>"Nigeria: Why EME, Skales Parted Ways !". allAfrica.com. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref><ref>Mgbolu, Charles (21 February 2014). "Skales leaves E.M.E". Vanguard. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> == '''Wallafa Wakar Ohk''' == A cikin Mayu 2014, Skales ya kafa lakabin rikodin nasa, kiɗan OHK. Lakabin gida ne ga furodusa Drey Beatz kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu ma'aikatan kiɗa a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2014, Skales ya fito da waƙar "Shake Body" da Jay Pizzle ya samar a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga kundi na farko na studio na Man of the Year. Bidiyon waƙar da ke rakiyar an ɗora shi zuwa YouTube a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2014. Skales ya inganta waƙar ta hanyar sanar da gasar bidiyo na Shake Body.<ref>"Skales sets up record label". The Nigerian Tribune. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Timaya's Dem Mama Records bayan tafiyarsa daga E.M.E. A cikin Fabrairu 2014, Skales ya karyata rahotannin kuma ya ce bai sanya hannu tare da Dem Mama Records ba.<ref>Opeoluwani, Akintayo (22 February 2014). "Skales Denies Rumour Reports". Daily Times of Nigeria. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Skales denies signing with Timaya's Dem Mama Records". thenet.ng. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014</ref> == Rayuwar gida == A watan Disambar 2011, Skales ya yi hatsarin mota a hanyar Lekki-Epe Expressway. Motar da yake ciki ta ruga da wani rami ta yi ta hargitse. Hadarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutum daya sannan uku sun jikkata.<ref>Akintayo, Opeoluwani (30 December 2011). "EME's Skales escapes death". Vanguard. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Ya kasance cikin wasu mashahurai da yawa kamar Davido, da ɗan wasan Super Eagles John Ogu don sukar Desmond Elliot saboda tura dokar kafofin sada zumunta a watan Oktoba 2020.<ref>Davido, Skales, others blast Desmond Elliot over social media regulation". Vanguard News. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref> A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2021, Skales ya ba da sanarwar alƙawarin sa da budurwarsa akan Instagram.<ref>Ajanma, Soomto (15 March 2021). "Skales Engages Girlfriend". bellanaija.com. Soomtee. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</ref> == Zane-zane == === Studio albums === [edit source] * ''Man of the Year'' (2015) * ''The Never Say Never Guy'' (2017) * ''Mr Love'' (2018) * ''Sweet Distractions'' (2022) === EPs === [edit source] * ''Healing Process'' (2020) * ''Proof of Life'' (2023) === Compilation albums === [edit source] * ''Empire Mates State of Mind'' (2012) === Collaborative albums === [edit source] * ''Volumes'' (with Jay Pizzle) (2024) === Selected singles === == Manazarta == lfefivloy7p9h2a2amdz7qv5ud3tlpo 542960 542959 2024-11-20T07:52:14Z Pharouqenr 25549 542960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Raoul John Njeng-Njeng''' (an Haife shi 1 ga Afrilu 1991), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa Skales (waɗanda ake kira Neman Ilimin Samun Manyan Ƙwarewar Kasuwanci), mawakin Najeriya ne, mawaki kuma marubuci. Ya koma Legas kuma ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da Empire Mates Entertainment (E.M.E) a shekarar 2009<ref>"Skale's Biography & Updated profile – Latest Albums & Songs of Skales – Recent Pictures & Videos of Skale". Pulse. 11 March 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref>. A shekarar 2000, ya fara rubuta wakokin rap a Kaduna, Najeriya. A tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2008, ya tafi Jos don yin aiki tare da Jesse Jagz da Jeremiah Gyang. A shekarar 2008, ya shiga gasar Neman Zain Tru kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Wakarsa ta farko mai suna "Must Shine" ta samu kuri'u da dama a tashoshin Rhythm FM dake Legas, Jos da Abuja.<ref>"Skales Biography "Raoul John Njeng-Njeng" (Nigerian Music Artist)". Nigerianmusicnetwork. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</ref> Skales ya yi aiki tare da masu fasaha da yawa, gami da Akon, ELDee, Tekno, Harmonize, Jeremiah Gyang, Banky W., da Knighthouse. Shahararrun wakokinsa sun hada da "Shake Body", "Mukulu", "Kersimesi", "Komole", "Babyna", "Take Care of Me" da "Denge Pose". Bayan barin E.M.E a cikin Mayu 2014, ya kafa alamar rikodin kiɗan OHK mai zaman kanta. An fitar da kundinsa na farko na studio Man of the Year a cikin 2015.<ref>Akan, Joey (20 February 2015). "Singer soon to release album, 'Man of the year'". Pulse. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</ref> An haifi Raoul John Njeng-Njeng dan asalin jihar Edo kuma ya girma a jihar Kaduna.<ref>Ayomide, O Tayo (9 September 2017). "Singer says he and Wizkid not friends". Pulseng. Retrieved 9 September 2017</ref> Ya girma a gida mai uwa daya uba daya tare da mahaifiyarsa, wadda ta yi ayyuka marasa kyau don renonsa. Skales ya zama mai sha'awar kiɗa yayin da yake halartar kantin kaset na mahaifiyarsa akai-akai.<ref>Adeniran, Bisola (15 August 2012). ""My mother sold sugarcane and bread to give me the best" – EME Rapper, Skales". Daily Post Newspaper. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> Ya sadu da furodusa Jeremiah Gyang da Jesse Jagz yayin da yake halartar Jami'ar Jos (Unijos). Ya halarci gasar Neman Zain Tru a lokacin da yake Unijos kuma ya lashe yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya a gasar. Skales ya bar Unijos a karamar shekararsa kuma ya halarci Jami'ar Lead City, inda ya kammala karatun digiri a fannin sarrafa ofis da fasaha. Waƙarsa ta farko "Dole ne Shine" an sake shi zuwa babban yabo. A wata hira da jaridar This Day a shekara ta 2013, Skales ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai nishadantarwa wanda wakokinsa ke tasiri ga muhallinsa.<ref>Young, Karen Eloke (19 May 2013). "Skales... Just A Moment". This Day. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Sakin sa na 2009 "Jagorar Grammy" ya samu wahayi daga Kanye West's "Jesus Walks". Abubuwan da ya faru a lokacin sun taimaka wajen daidaita yanayin waƙar, wanda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa don ƙarfafa kai.<ref>Okon, Anna (20 October 2013). "I run from female fans – Skales". Punch. Archived from the original on 14 April 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"I do not envy Wizkid –Skales". Daily Times of Nigeria. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> == '''2009–14: Nishadin Empire Mates''' == Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodi da E.M.E bayan ya gana da Banky W. a shekarar 2009. Ya fitar da wakokin “Mukulu” da “Kersimesi” a lokaci guda. Duk wakokin biyu Sarz ne ya shirya kuma aka fitar da su a karkashin kaya. Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar ta ƙarshe Clarence Peters ce ta jagoranta kuma an loda shi zuwa YouTube akan 28 Nuwamba 2011.<ref>Boafo, Nana (24 November 2011). "E.M.E RAP STAR SKALES UNVEILS TWO NEW SINGLES "MUKULU" & "KERESIMESI" …. Videos to be released soon". Modern Ghana. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014</ref> Skales yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyuka akan kundi na farko na EME, Empire Mates State of Mind (2012). Ya yi aiki tare da Banky W., Wizkid, Shaydee, Niyola da DJ Xclusive a kan biyar daga cikin guda bakwai na album. Har ila yau, ya zagaya da wasu ayyukan da aka ambata a kan yawon shakatawa na EME, wanda ya fara a ranar 4 ga Yuli kuma ya ƙare a kan 2 Satumba 2012. Ayyukan E.M.E da aka yi a birane daban-daban, ciki har da Houston, Dallas, Toronto, Vancouver, New York City, Providence , Calgary, Atlanta, Washington, D.C., da Chicago.<ref>Dayo, Alayande. "Banky W, Wizkid, Skales, Others Kick Off EME US Tour". The Nigerian Voice. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref><ref>"Empire Mates Entertainment take on America". MTV Base. 10 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2014.</ref> Skales ya goyi bayan Wizkid a rangadin da ya yi a Landan a shekarar 2012.<ref>Onos, O (4 June 2012). "BN Bytes: The EME – Wizkid UK Takeover | Watch Day 2, 3 & 4 of Wizkid's UK Tour Diary". Bellanaija. Retrieved 30 June 2013</ref> A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2013, ya yi a bugu na 2013 na Felabration, wasan kwaikwayo na shekara-shekara da aka keɓe ga Fela Kuti.<ref>"(VIDEO) : Wizkid, Skales, Sean Tizzle, Orezi Perform @ FELABRATION 2013". wadupnaija.com. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2013.</ref> A cikin Fabrairu 2014, jaridar Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa Skales ya bar E.M.E bayan karewar kwantiragin shekaru hudu. Mahukuntan E.M.E sun yi imanin cewa ba sa samun lada don saka hannun jari a cikinsa kuma sun ki sabunta kwangilarsa.<ref>"Nigeria: Why EME, Skales Parted Ways !". allAfrica.com. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref><ref>Mgbolu, Charles (21 February 2014). "Skales leaves E.M.E". Vanguard. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> == '''Wallafa Wakar Ohk''' == A cikin Mayu 2014, Skales ya kafa lakabin rikodin nasa, kiɗan OHK. Lakabin gida ne ga furodusa Drey Beatz kuma yana da alaƙa da wasu ma'aikatan kiɗa a cikin Najeriya. A ranar 6 ga Mayu 2014, Skales ya fito da waƙar "Shake Body" da Jay Pizzle ya samar a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga kundi na farko na studio na Man of the Year. Bidiyon waƙar da ke rakiyar an ɗora shi zuwa YouTube a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2014. Skales ya inganta waƙar ta hanyar sanar da gasar bidiyo na Shake Body.<ref>"Skales sets up record label". The Nigerian Tribune. 9 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa Skales ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin tare da Timaya's Dem Mama Records bayan tafiyarsa daga E.M.E. A cikin Fabrairu 2014, Skales ya karyata rahotannin kuma ya ce bai sanya hannu tare da Dem Mama Records ba.<ref>Opeoluwani, Akintayo (22 February 2014). "Skales Denies Rumour Reports". Daily Times of Nigeria. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Skales denies signing with Timaya's Dem Mama Records". thenet.ng. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014</ref> == Rayuwar gida == A watan Disambar 2011, Skales ya yi hatsarin mota a hanyar Lekki-Epe Expressway. Motar da yake ciki ta ruga da wani rami ta yi ta hargitse. Hadarin ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutum daya sannan uku sun jikkata.<ref>Akintayo, Opeoluwani (30 December 2011). "EME's Skales escapes death". Vanguard. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref><ref>"Nigerian Hip Hop: New Kids On The Block". P.M. News. 9 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2014.</ref> Ya kasance cikin wasu mashahurai da yawa kamar Davido, da ɗan wasan Super Eagles John Ogu don sukar Desmond Elliot saboda tura dokar kafofin sada zumunta a watan Oktoba 2020.<ref>Davido, Skales, others blast Desmond Elliot over social media regulation". Vanguard News. 29 October 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref> A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2021, Skales ya ba da sanarwar alƙawarin sa da budurwarsa akan Instagram.<ref>Ajanma, Soomto (15 March 2021). "Skales Engages Girlfriend". bellanaija.com. Soomtee. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</ref> == Zane-zane == === Studio albums === [edit source] * ''Man of the Year'' (2015) * ''The Never Say Never Guy'' (2017) * ''Mr Love'' (2018) * ''Sweet Distractions'' (2022) === EPs === [edit source] * ''Healing Process'' (2020) * ''Proof of Life'' (2023) === Compilation albums === [edit source] * ''Empire Mates State of Mind'' (2012) === Collaborative albums === [edit source] * ''Volumes'' (with Jay Pizzle) (2024) === Selected singles === == Manazarta == 5ax3jad9q80o0sv7ongm8ffe6yoq43x 0 87706 542961 2024-11-20T07:53:05Z Abdultambura18 32142 Kirkirar Mukala 542961 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> orx975t4w762tsu0mrtl0l1vxdxn5b0 542962 542961 2024-11-20T07:53:38Z Abdultambura18 32142 Saka sashe 542962 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == ketge787t6fju8hro8kql3mrv561k2p 542965 542962 2024-11-20T07:56:48Z Abdultambura18 32142 542965 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> Gidan kayan tarihi na fadar Republican ya ɗauki sunansa daga fadar Jamhuriyar saboda yawancin abubuwan mallakarsa da abubuwan baje kolin na Fadar Republican ne, kuma wurin da yake cikin katangar fadar da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga fadar ta fuskar gudanarwa da kulawa kamar yadda yake cikin fadar Republican. An bude gidan tarihi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999, kuma yana daya daga cikin sassa uku na rukunin da aka bude wa jama'a, ciki har da dakin karatu da masallacin <ref>Coghlan, Nicholas (2005). Far in the Waste Sudan: On Assignment in Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2935-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> <ref>"القصر الجمهوري السوداني... موقع أثري يلخص تاريخ البلاد". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023</ref> == Manazarta == t1vzb54udyxopom4f1bsvgmbxopei59 542968 542965 2024-11-20T07:57:40Z Abdultambura18 32142 Saka sashe 542968 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> Gidan kayan tarihi na fadar Republican ya ɗauki sunansa daga fadar Jamhuriyar saboda yawancin abubuwan mallakarsa da abubuwan baje kolin na Fadar Republican ne, kuma wurin da yake cikin katangar fadar da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga fadar ta fuskar gudanarwa da kulawa kamar yadda yake cikin fadar Republican. An bude gidan tarihi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999, kuma yana daya daga cikin sassa uku na rukunin da aka bude wa jama'a, ciki har da dakin karatu da masallacin <ref>Coghlan, Nicholas (2005). Far in the Waste Sudan: On Assignment in Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2935-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> <ref>"القصر الجمهوري السوداني... موقع أثري يلخص تاريخ البلاد". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023</ref> == Tarihi == == Manazarta == 4xcr2v83od6kkplz309yl60d8j9z663 542972 542968 2024-11-20T08:00:56Z Abdultambura18 32142 Gyara sashe 542972 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> Gidan kayan tarihi na fadar Republican ya ɗauki sunansa daga fadar Jamhuriyar saboda yawancin abubuwan mallakarsa da abubuwan baje kolin na Fadar Republican ne, kuma wurin da yake cikin katangar fadar da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga fadar ta fuskar gudanarwa da kulawa kamar yadda yake cikin fadar Republican. An bude gidan tarihi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999, kuma yana daya daga cikin sassa uku na rukunin da aka bude wa jama'a, ciki har da dakin karatu da masallacin <ref>Coghlan, Nicholas (2005). Far in the Waste Sudan: On Assignment in Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2935-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> <ref>"القصر الجمهوري السوداني... موقع أثري يلخص تاريخ البلاد". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023</ref> == Tarihi == Gidan kayan tarihi da kansa abin tunawa ne na tarihi. Ya taba zama babban cocin Anglican.<ref>Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 116. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84162-114-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> Babban gwamnan Biritaniya Reginald Wingate ne ya ba da umarnin Cathedral na All Saints kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1912.<ref>صباح العربية| جولة داخل القصر الجمهوري في السودان, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 27 April 2023</ref> Cathedral, wanda ke da salon gine-ginen Byzantine wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan nunin sa, an kuma buɗe shi a cikin 1912.<ref>متحف القصر الجمهوري بالخرطوم.. مقتنيات تاريخية وأثرية متعددة | #نوافذ, archived from the original on 5 May 2023, retrieved 24 May 2023</ref> == Manazarta == fkh3ofmlcj8u9nxl9814i8yjg957c3b 542974 542972 2024-11-20T08:03:31Z Abdultambura18 32142 Saka hoto 542974 wikitext text/x-wiki Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> Gidan kayan tarihi na fadar Republican ya ɗauki sunansa daga fadar Jamhuriyar saboda yawancin abubuwan mallakarsa da abubuwan baje kolin na Fadar Republican ne, kuma wurin da yake cikin katangar fadar da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga fadar ta fuskar gudanarwa da kulawa kamar yadda yake cikin fadar Republican. An bude gidan tarihi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999, kuma yana daya daga cikin sassa uku na rukunin da aka bude wa jama'a, ciki har da dakin karatu da masallacin <ref>Coghlan, Nicholas (2005). Far in the Waste Sudan: On Assignment in Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2935-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> <ref>"القصر الجمهوري السوداني... موقع أثري يلخص تاريخ البلاد". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Saints' Anglican Cathedral Khartoum.jpg|thumb]] Gidan kayan tarihi da kansa abin tunawa ne na tarihi. Ya taba zama babban cocin Anglican.<ref>Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 116. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84162-114-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> Babban gwamnan Biritaniya Reginald Wingate ne ya ba da umarnin Cathedral na All Saints kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1912.<ref>صباح العربية| جولة داخل القصر الجمهوري في السودان, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 27 April 2023</ref> Cathedral, wanda ke da salon gine-ginen Byzantine wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan nunin sa, an kuma buɗe shi a cikin 1912.<ref>متحف القصر الجمهوري بالخرطوم.. مقتنيات تاريخية وأثرية متعددة | #نوافذ, archived from the original on 5 May 2023, retrieved 24 May 2023</ref> == Manazarta == tln0r8xtypx6a8se3wl4a556h858htx 542975 542974 2024-11-20T08:04:36Z Abdultambura18 32142 542975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Gidan tarihin fadar Jamhuriyar Jama'a Gidan tarihin wani yanki ne na ginin Fadar Jamhuriya, wurin zama na gwamnati a Sudan a lokuta masu yawa na tarihin Sudan ta zamani. Gidan kayan gargajiya wani babban coci ne wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1912 kuma an rufe shi a cikin 1971 don sake fasalinsa kuma ya buɗe wa jama'a azaman gidan kayan gargajiya a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999. == Wuri == Ginin gidan kayan tarihi yana cikin Khartoum, a gefen kudu maso gabashin ginin Tsohon Fadar Republican da kudu maso gabas na Fadar Sabuwar Republican. Ginin yana kallon titin Jami'a daura da gine-ginen Ma'aikatar Kasuwancin Waje, da Lambunan Shahidai.<ref name=":0">"متحف القصر » رئاسة الجمهورية - القصر الجمهوري". www.presidency.gov.sd. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.</ref> Jimlar yanki na gidan kayan gargajiya yana da murabba'in murabba'in mita 7160. Babban ginin gidan kayan gargajiya yana da fadin murabba'in mita 853, tsawonsa ya kai mita 50.3 da fadin mita 13.8. Tsayin ginin yana da mita 13 daga waje, da kuma mita 10.3 a ciki.<ref name=":0" /> Gidan kayan tarihi na fadar Republican ya ɗauki sunansa daga fadar Jamhuriyar saboda yawancin abubuwan mallakarsa da abubuwan baje kolin na Fadar Republican ne, kuma wurin da yake cikin katangar fadar da kuma ƙarƙashinsa ga fadar ta fuskar gudanarwa da kulawa kamar yadda yake cikin fadar Republican. An bude gidan tarihi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1999, kuma yana daya daga cikin sassa uku na rukunin da aka bude wa jama'a, ciki har da dakin karatu da masallacin <ref>Coghlan, Nicholas (2005). Far in the Waste Sudan: On Assignment in Africa. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2935-9</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> <ref>"القصر الجمهوري السوداني... موقع أثري يلخص تاريخ البلاد". اندبندنت عربية (in Arabic). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 9 May 2023</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Saints' Anglican Cathedral Khartoum.jpg|thumb]] Gidan kayan tarihi da kansa abin tunawa ne na tarihi. Ya taba zama babban cocin Anglican.<ref>Clammer, Paul (2005). Sudan. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 116. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-84162-114-2</nowiki>. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.</ref> Babban gwamnan Biritaniya Reginald Wingate ne ya ba da umarnin Cathedral na All Saints kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1912.<ref>صباح العربية| جولة داخل القصر الجمهوري في السودان, archived from the original on 26 May 2023, retrieved 27 April 2023</ref> Cathedral, wanda ke da salon gine-ginen Byzantine wanda ya haɗa da abubuwan nunin sa, an kuma buɗe shi a cikin 1912.<ref>متحف القصر الجمهوري بالخرطوم.. مقتنيات تاريخية وأثرية متعددة | #نوافذ, archived from the original on 5 May 2023, retrieved 24 May 2023</ref> == Manazarta == 22j33h00rutp9wxsemdjlckuyy2m035 2 87707 542994 2024-11-20T09:22:17Z Fattycid 32365 Sabon shafi: Ni Ɗan Najeriya[[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90x90px]]Ne{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5|en-4|ha-N}} Sahabi Muh'd Hassan, sunan amfani a wiki '''Fattycid''' Ni mutum ne mai sha'awar Bincike da kuma Yanar Gizo. Na ci karo da Wikipedia a dalilin bincike na kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu bada gudunmawa na sa kai a cikin Wikipedia dama sauran Ƴan uwan Wikipedia. Ni likita ne mai bincike da aka buga a halin yanzu a Indiya a baya ina cikin Habasha. Ni Wikipedian ne wanda ke ba da gudumma... 542994 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni Ɗan Najeriya[[File:Animated-Flag-Nigeria.gif|90x90px]]Ne{{#Babel:ha|en-gb-4|ha-5|en-4|ha-N}} Sahabi Muh'd Hassan, sunan amfani a wiki '''Fattycid''' Ni mutum ne mai sha'awar Bincike da kuma Yanar Gizo. Na ci karo da Wikipedia a dalilin bincike na kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu bada gudunmawa na sa kai a cikin Wikipedia dama sauran Ƴan uwan Wikipedia. Ni likita ne mai bincike da aka buga a halin yanzu a Indiya a baya ina cikin Habasha. Ni Wikipedian ne wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga hausa wikipedia ta hanyar yin shafukan shahararrun likitocin Indiya ko masana falsafa da kungiyoyi. gji255vlwgc4hx8kof56o1jojykfevs 0 87708 542996 2024-11-20T09:52:41Z Muxammeel-Emdee 32298 Kirkirar sabuwar mukala 542996 wikitext text/x-wiki Garkuwa da mutane shi ne sacewa da tsare mutum ba bisa ka'ida ba ba tare da son ransu ba. Yawanci ana yin garkuwa da mutane amma ba lallai ba ne a yi amfani da karfi ko tsoro, amma har yanzu ana yin garkuwa da mutum ne idan da yaudara aka kama mutum a tsare. Dole ne a sami motsi, duk da haka, ba kawai ɗaurin ƙarya ba. Satar yaro ana kiransa satar yara, wanda wani bangare ne na doka. Ana iya yin satar mutane don neman fansa<ref>" </ref> a musanya don sakin wanda aka azabtar, ko don wasu dalilai na doka. Satar mutane na iya kasancewa tare da rauni a jiki, wanda ke ɗaga laifin zuwa ga satar mutane.<ref>"Definition of kidnapping". 2017. ''Sources:'' Cornell University Law School.Cambridge English Dictionary. English Oxford Living Dictionaries. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.</ref> == Dalilai == Satar mutane na iya faruwa saboda dalilai daban-daban, tare da dalilan aikata laifin sun bambanta musamman dangane da wanda ya aikata. '''FANSA''' Satar mutum, galibi babba, don neman kudin fansa abu ne da ya zama sanadin satar mutane.Ana amfani da wannan hanyar da farko ta manyan kungiyoyi, kamar kungiyoyin masu laifi, kungiyoyin ta'addanci, ko kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya.<ref>Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". ''International Studies Quarterly''. '''68''' (2). doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.</ref><ref>Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". ''American Political Science Review''. '''116''' (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.</ref> ana yin hakan ne don ƙarfafa kuɗi, tare da adadin kuɗin da ya bambanta dangane da wanda aka azabtar ko kuma hanyar yin garkuwa da su. An kiyasta cewa kungiyoyin na Mexico sun yi garkuwa da dala miliyan 250 daga bakin haure na Amurka ta tsakiya.<ref>Stargardter, Gabriel; Gardner, Simon. "Mexican Gangs Could Be Making Up To $250 Million A Year By Abusing And Extorting Migrants". ''Business Insider''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</ref> A cewar wani bincike na shekara ta 2022 da masanin kimiyyar siyasa Danielle Gilbert ya yi, kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai a Kolombiya suna yin garkuwa da mutane a matsayin hanyar kula da tsarin biyan haraji na kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai. Ƙungiyoyin suna ɗaukar fansa na garkuwa da mutane don ladabtar da masu gujewa biyan haraji da kuma zaburar da mazauna wurin kada su yi shirka<ref>Gilbert, Danielle (November 2022). "The Logic of Kidnapping in Civil War: Evidence from Colombia". ''American Political Science Review''. '''116''' (4): 1226–1241. doi:10.1017/S0003055422000041. ISSN 0003-0554.</ref>. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2024 ya yi nuni da cewa kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya sun fi yin garkuwa da mutane “a karkashin sharudda biyu: don samar da tallafi da dawo da karfin ciniki lokacin da kungiyoyi ke fama da asarar soji a fagen fama da kuma tilasta yin biyayya da nuna karfi lokacin da kungiyoyi ke fuskantar gasa ta tashin hankali daga sauran wadanda ba masu aikin gwamnati.”<ref>Welsh, Blair (2024). "Taking Civilians: Terrorist Kidnapping in Civil War". ''International Studies Quarterly''. '''68''' (2). doi:10.1093/isq/sqae074. ISSN 0020-8833.</ref> An gano satar mutane a matsayin wata hanyar da aka san ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci suna samun kuɗi.<ref>Perri, Frank S.; Lichtenwald, Terrance G.; MacKenzie, Paula M. (2009). "Evil Twins: The Crime-Terror Nexus" (PDF). ''Forensic Examiner''. pp. 16–29.</ref> gaggawa hanya ce ta sace-sacen da ake amfani da ita a wasu ƙasashe, musamman daga Latin Amurka,<ref>Garcia Jr; Juan A. "Express kidnappings". Thepanamanews.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2006.</ref> inda ake buƙatar ƙaramin kuɗin fansa, wanda kamfani ko dangi za su iya biya cikin sauƙi. Haka kuma ana amfani da sace-sacen jama’a na gaggawa don neman kudin fansa nan take inda ake kai wanda aka kashen zuwa na’urar ATM sannan a tilasta wa wanda ya sace kudin. Satar Tiger na faruwa ne a lokacin da aka sace mutum, kuma wanda ya kama shi ya tilasta musu aikata laifi kamar fashi ko kisa. Ana yin garkuwa da wanda aka yi garkuwa da shi har sai an biya bukatar mai garkuwar. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga al'adar lura da ta gabata, kamar yadda damisa ke yi a lokacin da yake neman ganima. Wannan wata hanya ce wacce Rundunar Sojojin Republican ta Real Irish da Ci gaba da Sojojin Irish Republican suka yi amfani da. Satar mutane ta zahiri wani nau'i ne na satar mutane da ya taso a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Sabanin nau'ikan sace-sacen da aka yi a baya, sace-sacen mutane na zahiri ba ya haɗa da wanda aka azabtar da kowane iri. Wannan zamba ta ƙunshi tsarin kiran mutane da yawa ta wayar tarho tare da sanya su yarda cewa mai kiran yana da ƙaunataccen wanda aka azabtar, kamar yaro, don samun saurin fansa daga wanda aka azabtar. A baya waɗannan kiran da aka yi amfani da su don shafar al'ummomin Mutanen Espanya a manyan biranen, kamar Los Angeles ko Houston. Har zuwa kusan 2015 lokacin da aka fara aika kiran zuwa masu magana da Ingilishi kuma. An gano kusan mutane 80 da abin ya shafa sun fado saboda wannan zamba, tare da asarar kusan dala 100,000. Yayin da yawancin masu aikata wannan zamba za a iya danganta su zuwa Mexico, wani misali ya faru a Houston, Texas. An samu Yanette Rodriguez Acosta da laifin karbar wadanda abin ya shafa a kan makudan kudade, wadanda za ta karba a wani wuri mai nisa.<ref>"Virtual Kidnapping: A New Twist on a Frightening Scam". ''fbi.gov''. 16 October 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</ref> An yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru bakwai a gidan yari, tare da karin shekaru uku na kulawa bayan an sake ta.<ref>"Southern District of Texas | Texas Woman Sentenced in Virtual Kidnapping Extortion Scheme | United States Department of Justice". ''www.justice.gov''. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 13 October2024.</ref> A da, da kuma a halin yanzu a wasu sassan duniya (kamar kudancin Sudan), yin garkuwa da mutane wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samun bayi da kudi ta hanyar kudin fansa. A cikin karni na 19, yin garkuwa da mutane ta hanyar shanghaiing (ko "matsa lamba") maza sun ba da jiragen ruwa na 'yan kasuwa tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, waɗanda shari'a ta ɗauka cewa aikin da ba shi da 'yanci.<ref>"Shanghaiing - FoundSF". ''www.foundsf.org''. Retrieved 21 March 2024.</ref> '''YAN FASHIN TEKU''' Ana ci gaba da samun karuwar garkuwa da mutane a kan manyan tekuna dangane da satar fasaha. An ba da rahoton cewa an yi garkuwa da ma'aikatan jirgin 661 tare da yin garkuwa da 12 a cikin watanni tara na farkon shekarar 2009.<ref>"Unprecedented increase in Somali pirate activity". Commercial Crime Services. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</ref> Cibiyar ba da rahoto kan fashin teku ta IMB ta ce an yi garkuwa da ma’aikatan jirgin 141 sannan an yi garkuwa da 83 a shekarar 2018.<ref>"IMB piracy report 2018: attacks multiply in the Gulf of Guinea". Commercial Crime Services. 16 January 2019.</ref> == Manazarta == 4plxuqxiks9k5wrgr6skq0fbfv0kxnq 0 87709 543003 2024-11-20T10:22:36Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1216411616|Mosa Zi Zemmori]]" 543003 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mosa Zi Zemmori,''' ɗan ƙasar [[Beljik|Belgian]] ne wanda aka tsare shi a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo wani gidan yari na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a [[Cuba]]. Lambar ID din da aka tsare shi a Guantanamo ta kasance, 270. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba da rahoton cewa ranar haihuwarsa ita ce 3 ga Yuli 1978, a Wilrijk, [[Beljik|Belgium]].An mayar da shi Belgium a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005. Lokacin da aka kama shi an bayyana shi a matsayin Maroko, ko Belgian, daga Maroko, kodayake DoD ta ce an haife shi a Belgium. == Rayuwa == Rahotanni na manema labarai suna tabbatar da cewa an tsare Zemmori yayin da yake [[Kandahar]], a kudancin Afghanistan. Amma zarge-zargen hukuma na DoD a kan Zemmori sun yarda cewa an tsare shi a Pakistan, bayan ya mika kansa ga jami'an Pakistan.Wadannan takardun sun ce an tura shi gidan yari a Kandahar. == Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa == Wadanda aka tsare su wanda Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki ta lakafta su "maƙiyan abokan gaba" an tsara su don sauraron Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa na shekara-shekara. Wadannan sauraron an tsara su ne don tantance barazanar da wanda aka tsare zai iya kawowa idan aka sake shi ko aka canja shi, da kuma ko akwai wasu dalilai da suka tabbatar da ci gaba da tsare shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Annual Administrative Review Boards for Enemy Combatants Held at Guantanamo Attributable to Senior Defense Officials |url=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3902 |access-date=November 12, 2010}}</ref> == Komawa == An mayar da Zemmori zuwa Belgium a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005, tare da [[Mohammed Nimr al-Sammak|Mesut Sen]] .''Reuters'' ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Belgium ne suka tsare shi, na ɗan lokaci. == Kamawar Yuli 2015 == 'Yan sanda a [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun ba da rahoton cewa a watan Yulin 2015, an kama mutane biyar da ake zargi da makirci a cikin fashi da makami wanda aka yi niyyar tara kudade don tallafawa daukar ma'aikata a Siriya, biyar sun hada da Zemmori da tsohon fursuna na Guantanamo na biyu. An kama su ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 2015 amma ba a bayar da rahoton su a cikin manema labarai masu magana da Ingilishi ba har zuwa 24 ga watan Yunin. ''[[The Guardian]]'' da ''Reuters'' dukansu sun bayyana Zemmori a matsayin ɗan Belgium mai shekaru 37 na asalin Maroko. ''[[CNN]]'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan ƙasar Morocco da aka haifa a Antwerp". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, an wanke Zemmori da sauran tsohon fursunonin Guantanamo daga tuhumar da ake yi wa makirci.<ref name="AW3911">{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=Andy |date=September 3, 2011 |title=WikiLeaks and the Guantánamo Prisoners Released After the Tribunals, 2004 to 2005 (Part Two of Five) section: Mosa Zi Zemmori (ISN 270, Belgium) Released April 2005 |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2011/09/03/wikileaks-and-the-guantanamo-prisoners-released-after-the-tribunals-2004-to-2005-part-two-of-five/ |access-date=3 July 2017 |publisher=andyworthington.com}}</ref> == Wasika ta buɗe zuwa ga Shugaba Biden == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021 New York Review of Books ta buga wata wasika daga Zemmori, da wasu mutane shida da aka tsare a Guantanamo, ga sabon Shugaba [[Joe Biden|Biden]], yana rokonsa ya rufe sansanin tsare-tsare. == Dubi kuma == * Rahotanni na Seton Hall == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}}{{WoTPrisoners|state=collapsed}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] anlzk77inllcgpo5h5rf6boicttu7zx 543004 543003 2024-11-20T10:23:36Z Smshika 14840 543004 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Mosa Zi Zemmori,''' ɗan ƙasar [[Beljik|Belgian]] ne wanda aka tsare shi a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo wani gidan yari na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], a [[Cuba]]. Lambar ID din da aka tsare shi a Guantanamo ta kasance, 270. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ba da rahoton cewa ranar haihuwarsa ita ce 3 ga Yuli 1978, a Wilrijk, [[Beljik|Belgium]].An mayar da shi Belgium a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005. Lokacin da aka kama shi an bayyana shi a matsayin Maroko, ko Belgian, daga Maroko, kodayake DoD ta ce an haife shi a Belgium. == Rayuwa == Rahotanni na manema labarai suna tabbatar da cewa an tsare Zemmori yayin da yake [[Kandahar]], a kudancin Afghanistan. Amma zarge-zargen hukuma na DoD a kan Zemmori sun yarda cewa an tsare shi a Pakistan, bayan ya mika kansa ga jami'an Pakistan.Wadannan takardun sun ce an tura shi gidan yari a Kandahar. == Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa == Wadanda aka tsare su wanda Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki ta lakafta su "maƙiyan abokan gaba" an tsara su don sauraron Kwamitin Binciken Gudanarwa na shekara-shekara. Wadannan sauraron an tsara su ne don tantance barazanar da wanda aka tsare zai iya kawowa idan aka sake shi ko aka canja shi, da kuma ko akwai wasu dalilai da suka tabbatar da ci gaba da tsare shi.<ref> {{Cite web |date=March 6, 2007 |title=Annual Administrative Review Boards for Enemy Combatants Held at Guantanamo Attributable to Senior Defense Officials |url=http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3902 |access-date=November 12, 2010}}</ref> == Komawa == An mayar da Zemmori zuwa Belgium a ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2005, tare da [[Mohammed Nimr al-Sammak|Mesut Sen]] .''Reuters'' ta ba da rahoton cewa hukumomin Belgium ne suka tsare shi, na ɗan lokaci. == Kamawar Yuli 2015 == 'Yan sanda a [[Beljik|Belgium]] sun ba da rahoton cewa a watan Yulin 2015, an kama mutane biyar da ake zargi da makirci a cikin fashi da makami wanda aka yi niyyar tara kudade don tallafawa daukar ma'aikata a Siriya, biyar sun hada da Zemmori da tsohon fursuna na Guantanamo na biyu. An kama su ne a ranar 22 ga watan Yulin 2015 amma ba a bayar da rahoton su a cikin manema labarai masu magana da Ingilishi ba har zuwa 24 ga watan Yunin. ''[[The Guardian]]'' da ''Reuters'' dukansu sun bayyana Zemmori a matsayin ɗan Belgium mai shekaru 37 na asalin Maroko. ''[[CNN]]'' ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ɗan ƙasar Morocco da aka haifa a Antwerp". A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009, an wanke Zemmori da sauran tsohon fursunonin Guantanamo daga tuhumar da ake yi wa makirci.<ref name="AW3911">{{Cite web |last=Worthington |first=Andy |date=September 3, 2011 |title=WikiLeaks and the Guantánamo Prisoners Released After the Tribunals, 2004 to 2005 (Part Two of Five) section: Mosa Zi Zemmori (ISN 270, Belgium) Released April 2005 |url=https://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2011/09/03/wikileaks-and-the-guantanamo-prisoners-released-after-the-tribunals-2004-to-2005-part-two-of-five/ |access-date=3 July 2017 |publisher=andyworthington.com}}</ref> == Wasika ta buɗe zuwa ga Shugaba Biden == A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021 New York Review of Books ta buga wata wasika daga Zemmori, da wasu mutane shida da aka tsare a Guantanamo, ga sabon Shugaba [[Joe Biden|Biden]], yana rokonsa ya rufe sansanin tsare-tsare. == Dubi kuma == * Rahotanni na Seton Hall == manazarta == {{Reflist|2}}{{WoTPrisoners|state=collapsed}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] n8zlky2nzhmlm70hdvoij8m7p8zszvo 0 87710 543013 2024-11-20T10:52:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1183707929|Golden Pyramid Award]]" 543013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kyautar Pyramid na Zinariya''' ita ce kyauta mafi girma ga mafi kyawun fina-finai a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa na bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na birnin Alkahira, wanda ake gudanarwa kowace shekara a [[Kairo|birnin Alkahira]] na [[Misra|ƙasar Masar]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards – Cairo International Film Festival |url=https://www.ciff.org.eg/awards/ |access-date=2019-10-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2mfsym5t0l7e54asheqrtftzvm4vj6z 0 87711 543014 2024-11-20T11:07:21Z Fateekachan 23120 Ƙirƙira ta hanyar buɗe sashe daga shafi "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257434399|Black tea]]" 543014 wikitext text/x-wiki Bakar shayi (kuma a zahiri an fassara shi azaman '''jan [[shayi]]''' daga harsuna daban-daban na Gabashin Asiya) wani nau'in shayi ne wanda ya fi tsami fiye da Oolong, rawaya, fari, da koren shayi. Bakar shayi yana da ƙarfi da dandano fiye da sauran shayi. Ana amfani da manyan nau'ikan guda biyu - ƙananan shuke-shuke na kasar Sin (''C. ''Sinensis''&nbsp;'' var.''C. sinensis&nbsp;''), wanda aka yi amfani da shi don yawancin sauran nau'ikan shayi, da kuma babban shuke-shuke na Assamese (C. senensis var. ''assamica''), wanda aka saba amfani dashi don shayi baƙar fata, kodayake a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an samar da wasu shayi masu kore da fari. Da farko ya samo asali ne a kasar Sin, sunan abin sha akwai ''Hong Cha'' saboda launi na ganyen da aka yi da oxidized lokacin da aka sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata.:{{Rp|127}} A yau, abin sha ya yadu a duk Gabas da Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, duka a cikin amfani da girbi, gami da China, Japan, Koriya, da Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nanien |first=Yuniar |last2=Aria |first2=Cindyara |last3=Sri |first3=Haryati |date=14 November 2019 |title=Important to learn about Indonesian tea diversity: Expert |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/136588/important-to-learn-about-indonesian-tea-diversity-expert |access-date=15 October 2021 |website=en.antaranews.com |publisher=Antara News}}</ref> Duk da yake shayi mai kore yawanci yana rasa dandano a cikin shekara guda, baƙar shayi yana riƙe da dandano na shekaru da yawa. ijw9ctznkaeuxelk97ehqu2dl4pztq8 0 87712 543015 2024-11-20T11:10:32Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1245419864|Mohammed el Gharani]]" 543015 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mohammed el Gharani''' ɗan ƙasar [[Cadi|Chadi]] ne kuma ɗan asalin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] an haife shi a shekara ta 1986, a [[Madinah|Madina]] . Ya kasance daya daga cikin matasa da aka tsare na tsawon shekaru bakwai a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay inda suka kiyasta shekarunsa zuwa 15-16, kodayake Al Jazeera ya ba da rahoton cewa shekarunsa ya kasance 14 a lokacin da aka kama shi. <ref name="DoDList2"> {{Cite web |last=OARDEC |author-link=OARDEC |date=May 15, 2006 |title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 |url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |access-date=2007-09-29 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Clive Stafford Smith ya gano el Gharani a matsayin daya daga cikin yara maza goma sha biyu da aka tsare a cikin ɓangaren manya na kurkuku. Jaridar Independent ta ce an zargi el Gharani da yin makirci da Abu Qatada, a [[Landan]], a 1999 - lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, yana zaune tare da iyayensa, a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. An tsare shi na tsawon shekaru bakwai a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Richard J. Leon ya ba da umarnin sakin el Gharani saboda shaidar cewa shi abokin gaba ne ya fi iyakance ga maganganun wasu fursunoni biyu waɗanda ma'aikatan gwamnatin Amurka suka yi tambaya game da amincinsu. Lauyan El Gharani Zachary Katznelson ya ce bayan hukuncin "Alkalin Leon ya yi adalci a yau. Wannan yaro ne mara laifi lokacin da aka kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Pakistan kuma bai kamata ya kasance a kurkuku ba da farko. " == Tarihi == Bayan iyayensa sun yi hijira daga Chadi, an haifi Mohammed kuma ya girma a Saudi Arabia. A nan ne aka nuna masa wariya a matsayin dan kasar Chadi, kuma an hana shi zuwa makaranta. Sakamakon haka, ya tafi [[Pakistan]] don nazarin Turanci da nazarin kwamfuta. A Pakistan ne [[Hukumar yan sanda ta pakistan|'Yan sanda na Pakistan]] suka kama shi, kuma suka ba da shi ga sojojin Amurka.<ref name="reprieve.org">{{Cite web |title=Mohammed el Gharani - Reprieve US |url=http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005180738/http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |archive-date=2015-10-05 |access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Bayan wannan, an kai Mohammed zuwa sansanin sojan saman Bagram na Amurka a [[Afghanistan]]. A nan an yi iƙirarin cewa an tsare shi tsirara na kwanaki, kuma an yi masa cin zarafin launin fata.<ref name="reprieve.org">{{Cite web |title=Mohammed el Gharani - Reprieve US |url=http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005180738/http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |archive-date=2015-10-05 |access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Bayan an tsare shi a Bagram na watanni biyu, an tura Mohammed zuwa Guantanamo Bay inda ya kasance na tsawon shekaru bakwai da rabi. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2009 tare da taimakon lauyoyin Reprieve, Mohammed ya sami umarnin kotu don a sake shi. Daga baya aka sake shi kuma ya koma Chadi.<ref name="reprieve.org" /> == Binciken Boston Globe == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2006, jaridar ''Boston Globe'' ta ba da rahoton binciken da suka yi don gwada amincin zarge-zargen da aka yi wa fursunonin Guantanamo. El Gharani na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka tsare waɗanda suka bayyana. Jaridar Globe ta ruwaito cewa an yi zargin El Gharani ya kasance wani ɓangare na tantanin halitta, a London, karkashin jagorancin Abu Qatada, c. 1998 - lokacin da yake dan shekara 11 ko 12. A cewar Globe:<blockquote>[[Chito Peppler]], mai magana da yawun Pentagon, ya ce ranar da aka ambata lokacin da 'Abu Qatada ya zama mai aiki.' Ya ci gaba da cewa yana yiwuwa el Gharani ya kasance wani ɓangare na tantanin kafin a kama shi yana da shekaru 14.</blockquote>Lauyan El Gharani, Clive Stafford Smith ya nuna cewa El Gharini bai taba tafiya zuwa Ingila ba. Smith ya kuma ba da misali game da yadda zarge-zarge suka taso a kan El Gharani saboda rashin masu fassara na DoD. A cikin yaren El Gharani na Larabci, "zalati" yana nufin "tomato". A cikin yaren mai fassara na Larabci, "zalati" yana nufin "kudi". Mai fassararsa ya tambayi Al Gharani inda zai je neman kudi, ya koma gida, kuma Al Gharan ya lissafa duk shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi inda zai iya siyan tumatir. == Tambayoyi game da kashe kansa na Yuni 10th 2006 == Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ruwaito, a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2006, cewa fursunoni uku sun kashe kansu. Kwamandan sansanin, Admiral Harry Harris, ya kira kashe kansa, "aikin yaƙi mara daidaituwa". Ɗaya daga cikin martani na hukumomin sansanin game da kashe kansa shine su kwace dukkan takardun su, har ma da sadarwa ta sirri tare da lauyoyin su. Rashin da aka samu daga hukumomin sansanin ya haifar da jita-jita cewa hukumomin sansanonin suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa lauyoyin fursunoni sun yi makirci da wadanda aka tsare don shirya kashe kansu. Hukumomin sansanin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta ɗaya daga cikin bayanan kashe kansa a kan takardu da hukumomin sansanin suka ba da damar lauyoyin fursunoni. Jaridar ''Washington Post'' ta ba da rahoton cewa lauyan da hukumomin sansanin suka mayar da hankali ga zargin su shine Clive Stafford Smith . Stafford Smith ya ba da rahoton cewa abokin ciniki Mohammed el Gharani, ɗaya daga cikin ƙarami daga cikin waɗanda aka tsare a Guantanamo, an yi masa tambayoyi sosai yana ƙoƙarin kafa alaƙa tsakanin shi da kashe kansa.<ref name="SeattlePI06025">[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1102AP_Guantanamo_Suicides.html Lawyer for detainees speaks on suicides]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', September 25, 2006</ref> A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press Stafford Smith ya rubuta:<blockquote>Mai tambayoyin ya ce na gaya wa abokan cinikin na su kashe kansu, kuma an ba da labari ga maza uku da suka kashe kansu.</blockquote>A cewar Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Stafford Smith ya yi iƙirarin cewa: "...sojoji sun yi barazanar ƙaura da el-Gharani zuwa sansanin 5, wurin tsaro mafi girma, idan bai haɗa Stafford Smith a cikin kashe kansa ba. " <ref name="SeattlePI06025">[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1102AP_Guantanamo_Suicides.html Lawyer for detainees speaks on suicides]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', September 25, 2006</ref> Masanin tarihi [[Andy Worthington]], wanda ya ba da rahoto a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2008, a cikin Lebanon Daily Star, ya bayyana azabtarwa da rahotanni na Gharani ke fuskanta, ciki har da: * Rashin barci; * yana da sigari a jikinsa; * da aka jefa masa ruwan sanyi mai sanyi. * An dakatar da shi da hannunsa, tare da ƙafafunsa da ke rataye daga ƙasa, na dogon lokaci; * samun soja yana riƙe da azzakari a hannunsa, riƙe takalma guda biyu, kuma yana barazanar yanke shi. == Rubutun habeas corpus == A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Richard Leon ya ba da umarnin a saki el Gharani. Leon ya yi watsi da duk zargin da Amurka ta yi cewa an lura da el Gharani a Afghanistan, saboda babu wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan su - ban da zargi daga wasu fursunoni biyu - fursunoni wadanda ya yi tambaya game da amincinsu. == Kira na farko == An ba Muhammad el Gharani damar kiran waya ta farko a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2009. Ya kira tsohon fursuna, kwanan nan aka saki dan jaridar Al Jazeera [[Sami al-Hajj|Sami Al Hajji]]. Ya gaya wa Al Hajj cewa yanayin ya kara muni bayan zaben Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]]. El Gharani ya koma Chadi kasa da watanni biyu bayan kiran, a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2009. == Komawa Chadi == A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2009, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ba da rahoton cewa sun "maido" wani fursuna na Iraqi da wani fursuna daga Guantanamo zuwa kasashensu. [[Andy Worthington]], marubucin The Guantanamo Files, ya ba da rahoton cewa el Gharani har yanzu ba shi da 'yanci bayan dawowarsa, yayin da jami'an tsaro na Chadi suka tsare shi, wadanda suka bayyana wannan tsare a matsayin tsari. ''Reuters'' ta ba da rahoton cewa Kwamandan Jeffrey Gordon ya ci gaba da dagewa cewa el Gharani ya tsufa fiye da yadda ya ce. ''BBC'' ta ba da rahoton cewa bayan ya dawo Chadi, el Gharani bai iya karɓar takardun shaida na hukuma ba, saboda jami'an Chadi ba su da tabbacin cewa shi ɗan ƙasa ne. Sun ba da rahoton cewa tun lokacin da el Gharani ya girma a Saudi Arabia ba zai iya magana da wasu 'yan Chadi a cikin yarensu ba. Saudi Arabia, tun daga shekara ta 2009, ta ki yarda El Gharani ya dawo ya kasance tare da iyayensa. == Ayyuka tare da Laurie Anderson == Avant Garde mawaƙi Laurie Anderson ya haɗa kai da el Gharani a cikin wani aiki mai suna ''Habeas Corpus'', bisa ga rayuwarsa. El Gharani ba zai iya tafiya zuwa Amurka ba, don haka sa hannu ta hanyar telepresence. Anderson ya yaba da bayanin el Gharani game da kwarewarsa. == Littattafai da Littafin Comic == [[Jérôme Tubiana|Jerome Tubiana]] ya buga labarin daga ra'ayin el Gharani. An daidaita wannan zuwa wani littafi mai hoto wanda {{Interlanguage link|Alexandre Franc|fr}} ya zana a ƙarƙashin taken Guantánamo Kid [fr] . An saki wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Turanci, Faransanci da Jamusanci (Dargaud) kuma [[Amnesty International]] ta amince da shi. * [[Guantánamo Kid]], labarin gaskiya na Mohammed El-Gharani - Jérôme Tubiana & Alexandre Franc, SelfMadeHero 2019,   == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175334/http://wikileaks.ch/gitmo/prisoner/269.html Mohammed el Gharani's Guantanamo tsare kimantawa ta hanyar Wikileaks] * [http://boingboing.net/2011/12/14/memoir-of-a-child-kidnapped-to.html Tarihin wani yaro da aka sace zuwa Guantanamo Bay, an azabtar da shi na tsawon shekaru shida, kuma an sake shi] * [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=9366291 Tsohon wanda aka tsare a Gitmo yana gwagwarmaya don gina rayuwa a Chadi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090717093134/http://vodpod.com/watch/1821558-freed-inmate-recounts-guantanamo-horror-27-jun-09 Mohammed El-Gharani, ƙaramin fursuna na Guantánamo, yana magana da al-Jazeera - bidiyo] *   * [http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/11/200911591532756392.html Yanayin Guantanamo 'ya lalace' - English.aljazeera.net] * An saki Fursunoni mafi ƙanƙanta na Guantánamo zuwa Chad [[Andy Worthington]] 11 ga Yuni, 2009 * Alkalin Alkalin Sakiyar Yaron da aka manta da shi na Guantánamo [[Andy Worthington]] Janairu 15, 2009 * [http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/leon-ruling-1-14-08.pdf Ra'ayin Alkalin Richard Leon wanda ba a bayyana shi ba] * 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Habeas Ayyuka: Kotunan Tarayya' Tabbatar da Ikon Gudanar da Shari'o'in Guantánamo (2010) [mafiyewar dindindin ]{{Dead link|date=November 2017|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] feuoivsrfn3zcbsw6c1sqgkrkp2an1q 543016 543015 2024-11-20T11:11:03Z Smshika 14840 543016 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} '''Mohammed el Gharani''' ɗan ƙasar [[Cadi|Chadi]] ne kuma ɗan asalin [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] an haife shi a shekara ta 1986, a [[Madinah|Madina]] . Ya kasance daya daga cikin matasa da aka tsare na tsawon shekaru bakwai a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay inda suka kiyasta shekarunsa zuwa 15-16, kodayake Al Jazeera ya ba da rahoton cewa shekarunsa ya kasance 14 a lokacin da aka kama shi. <ref name="DoDList2"> {{Cite web |last=OARDEC |author-link=OARDEC |date=May 15, 2006 |title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006 |url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |access-date=2007-09-29 |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]}}</ref> Lauyan kare hakkin dan adam Clive Stafford Smith ya gano el Gharani a matsayin daya daga cikin yara maza goma sha biyu da aka tsare a cikin ɓangaren manya na kurkuku. Jaridar Independent ta ce an zargi el Gharani da yin makirci da Abu Qatada, a [[Landan]], a 1999 - lokacin da yake dan shekara 12, yana zaune tare da iyayensa, a [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]]. An tsare shi na tsawon shekaru bakwai a sansanin tsare-tsare na Guantanamo Bay na [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]]. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Alkalin Gundumar Amurka Richard J. Leon ya ba da umarnin sakin el Gharani saboda shaidar cewa shi abokin gaba ne ya fi iyakance ga maganganun wasu fursunoni biyu waɗanda ma'aikatan gwamnatin Amurka suka yi tambaya game da amincinsu. Lauyan El Gharani Zachary Katznelson ya ce bayan hukuncin "Alkalin Leon ya yi adalci a yau. Wannan yaro ne mara laifi lokacin da aka kama shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Pakistan kuma bai kamata ya kasance a kurkuku ba da farko. " == Tarihi == Bayan iyayensa sun yi hijira daga Chadi, an haifi Mohammed kuma ya girma a Saudi Arabia. A nan ne aka nuna masa wariya a matsayin dan kasar Chadi, kuma an hana shi zuwa makaranta. Sakamakon haka, ya tafi [[Pakistan]] don nazarin Turanci da nazarin kwamfuta. A Pakistan ne [[Hukumar yan sanda ta pakistan|'Yan sanda na Pakistan]] suka kama shi, kuma suka ba da shi ga sojojin Amurka.<ref name="reprieve.org">{{Cite web |title=Mohammed el Gharani - Reprieve US |url=http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005180738/http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |archive-date=2015-10-05 |access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Bayan wannan, an kai Mohammed zuwa sansanin sojan saman Bagram na Amurka a [[Afghanistan]]. A nan an yi iƙirarin cewa an tsare shi tsirara na kwanaki, kuma an yi masa cin zarafin launin fata.<ref name="reprieve.org">{{Cite web |title=Mohammed el Gharani - Reprieve US |url=http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005180738/http://www.reprieve.org/mohammed-el-gharani.html |archive-date=2015-10-05 |access-date=2015-09-18}}</ref> Bayan an tsare shi a Bagram na watanni biyu, an tura Mohammed zuwa Guantanamo Bay inda ya kasance na tsawon shekaru bakwai da rabi. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2009 tare da taimakon lauyoyin Reprieve, Mohammed ya sami umarnin kotu don a sake shi. Daga baya aka sake shi kuma ya koma Chadi.<ref name="reprieve.org" /> == Binciken Boston Globe == {{Reflist|2}} A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2006, jaridar ''Boston Globe'' ta ba da rahoton binciken da suka yi don gwada amincin zarge-zargen da aka yi wa fursunonin Guantanamo. El Gharani na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka tsare waɗanda suka bayyana. Jaridar Globe ta ruwaito cewa an yi zargin El Gharani ya kasance wani ɓangare na tantanin halitta, a London, karkashin jagorancin Abu Qatada, c. 1998 - lokacin da yake dan shekara 11 ko 12. A cewar Globe:<blockquote>[[Chito Peppler]], mai magana da yawun Pentagon, ya ce ranar da aka ambata lokacin da 'Abu Qatada ya zama mai aiki.' Ya ci gaba da cewa yana yiwuwa el Gharani ya kasance wani ɓangare na tantanin kafin a kama shi yana da shekaru 14.</blockquote>Lauyan El Gharani, Clive Stafford Smith ya nuna cewa El Gharini bai taba tafiya zuwa Ingila ba. Smith ya kuma ba da misali game da yadda zarge-zarge suka taso a kan El Gharani saboda rashin masu fassara na DoD. A cikin yaren El Gharani na Larabci, "zalati" yana nufin "tomato". A cikin yaren mai fassara na Larabci, "zalati" yana nufin "kudi". Mai fassararsa ya tambayi Al Gharani inda zai je neman kudi, ya koma gida, kuma Al Gharan ya lissafa duk shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi inda zai iya siyan tumatir. == Tambayoyi game da kashe kansa na Yuni 10th 2006 == Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ruwaito, a ranar 10 ga Yuni, 2006, cewa fursunoni uku sun kashe kansu. Kwamandan sansanin, Admiral Harry Harris, ya kira kashe kansa, "aikin yaƙi mara daidaituwa". Ɗaya daga cikin martani na hukumomin sansanin game da kashe kansa shine su kwace dukkan takardun su, har ma da sadarwa ta sirri tare da lauyoyin su. Rashin da aka samu daga hukumomin sansanin ya haifar da jita-jita cewa hukumomin sansanonin suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa lauyoyin fursunoni sun yi makirci da wadanda aka tsare don shirya kashe kansu. Hukumomin sansanin sun yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta ɗaya daga cikin bayanan kashe kansa a kan takardu da hukumomin sansanin suka ba da damar lauyoyin fursunoni. Jaridar ''Washington Post'' ta ba da rahoton cewa lauyan da hukumomin sansanin suka mayar da hankali ga zargin su shine Clive Stafford Smith . Stafford Smith ya ba da rahoton cewa abokin ciniki Mohammed el Gharani, ɗaya daga cikin ƙarami daga cikin waɗanda aka tsare a Guantanamo, an yi masa tambayoyi sosai yana ƙoƙarin kafa alaƙa tsakanin shi da kashe kansa.<ref name="SeattlePI06025">[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1102AP_Guantanamo_Suicides.html Lawyer for detainees speaks on suicides]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', September 25, 2006</ref> A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press Stafford Smith ya rubuta:<blockquote>Mai tambayoyin ya ce na gaya wa abokan cinikin na su kashe kansu, kuma an ba da labari ga maza uku da suka kashe kansu.</blockquote>A cewar Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Stafford Smith ya yi iƙirarin cewa: "...sojoji sun yi barazanar ƙaura da el-Gharani zuwa sansanin 5, wurin tsaro mafi girma, idan bai haɗa Stafford Smith a cikin kashe kansa ba. " <ref name="SeattlePI06025">[http://www.seattlepi.com/national/1102AP_Guantanamo_Suicides.html Lawyer for detainees speaks on suicides]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''[[Seattle Post-Intelligencer]]'', September 25, 2006</ref> Masanin tarihi [[Andy Worthington]], wanda ya ba da rahoto a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2008, a cikin Lebanon Daily Star, ya bayyana azabtarwa da rahotanni na Gharani ke fuskanta, ciki har da: * Rashin barci; * yana da sigari a jikinsa; * da aka jefa masa ruwan sanyi mai sanyi. * An dakatar da shi da hannunsa, tare da ƙafafunsa da ke rataye daga ƙasa, na dogon lokaci; * samun soja yana riƙe da azzakari a hannunsa, riƙe takalma guda biyu, kuma yana barazanar yanke shi. == Rubutun habeas corpus == A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Richard Leon ya ba da umarnin a saki el Gharani. Leon ya yi watsi da duk zargin da Amurka ta yi cewa an lura da el Gharani a Afghanistan, saboda babu wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan su - ban da zargi daga wasu fursunoni biyu - fursunoni wadanda ya yi tambaya game da amincinsu. == Kira na farko == An ba Muhammad el Gharani damar kiran waya ta farko a ranar 16 ga Afrilu, 2009. Ya kira tsohon fursuna, kwanan nan aka saki dan jaridar Al Jazeera [[Sami al-Hajj|Sami Al Hajji]]. Ya gaya wa Al Hajj cewa yanayin ya kara muni bayan zaben Shugaban Amurka [[Barack Obama]]. El Gharani ya koma Chadi kasa da watanni biyu bayan kiran, a ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2009. == Komawa Chadi == A ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2009, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta ba da rahoton cewa sun "maido" wani fursuna na Iraqi da wani fursuna daga Guantanamo zuwa kasashensu. [[Andy Worthington]], marubucin The Guantanamo Files, ya ba da rahoton cewa el Gharani har yanzu ba shi da 'yanci bayan dawowarsa, yayin da jami'an tsaro na Chadi suka tsare shi, wadanda suka bayyana wannan tsare a matsayin tsari. ''Reuters'' ta ba da rahoton cewa Kwamandan Jeffrey Gordon ya ci gaba da dagewa cewa el Gharani ya tsufa fiye da yadda ya ce. ''BBC'' ta ba da rahoton cewa bayan ya dawo Chadi, el Gharani bai iya karɓar takardun shaida na hukuma ba, saboda jami'an Chadi ba su da tabbacin cewa shi ɗan ƙasa ne. Sun ba da rahoton cewa tun lokacin da el Gharani ya girma a Saudi Arabia ba zai iya magana da wasu 'yan Chadi a cikin yarensu ba. Saudi Arabia, tun daga shekara ta 2009, ta ki yarda El Gharani ya dawo ya kasance tare da iyayensa. == Ayyuka tare da Laurie Anderson == Avant Garde mawaƙi Laurie Anderson ya haɗa kai da el Gharani a cikin wani aiki mai suna ''Habeas Corpus'', bisa ga rayuwarsa. El Gharani ba zai iya tafiya zuwa Amurka ba, don haka sa hannu ta hanyar telepresence. Anderson ya yaba da bayanin el Gharani game da kwarewarsa. == Littattafai da Littafin Comic == [[Jérôme Tubiana|Jerome Tubiana]] ya buga labarin daga ra'ayin el Gharani. An daidaita wannan zuwa wani littafi mai hoto wanda {{Interlanguage link|Alexandre Franc|fr}} ya zana a ƙarƙashin taken Guantánamo Kid [fr] . An saki wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Turanci, Faransanci da Jamusanci (Dargaud) kuma [[Amnesty International]] ta amince da shi. * [[Guantánamo Kid]], labarin gaskiya na Mohammed El-Gharani - Jérôme Tubiana & Alexandre Franc, SelfMadeHero 2019,   == manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140416175334/http://wikileaks.ch/gitmo/prisoner/269.html Mohammed el Gharani's Guantanamo tsare kimantawa ta hanyar Wikileaks] * [http://boingboing.net/2011/12/14/memoir-of-a-child-kidnapped-to.html Tarihin wani yaro da aka sace zuwa Guantanamo Bay, an azabtar da shi na tsawon shekaru shida, kuma an sake shi] * [https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=9366291 Tsohon wanda aka tsare a Gitmo yana gwagwarmaya don gina rayuwa a Chadi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090717093134/http://vodpod.com/watch/1821558-freed-inmate-recounts-guantanamo-horror-27-jun-09 Mohammed El-Gharani, ƙaramin fursuna na Guantánamo, yana magana da al-Jazeera - bidiyo] *   * [http://english.aljazeera.net/focus/2009/11/200911591532756392.html Yanayin Guantanamo 'ya lalace' - English.aljazeera.net] * An saki Fursunoni mafi ƙanƙanta na Guantánamo zuwa Chad [[Andy Worthington]] 11 ga Yuni, 2009 * Alkalin Alkalin Sakiyar Yaron da aka manta da shi na Guantánamo [[Andy Worthington]] Janairu 15, 2009 * [http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/leon-ruling-1-14-08.pdf Ra'ayin Alkalin Richard Leon wanda ba a bayyana shi ba] * 'Yancin Dan Adam na Farko; Habeas Ayyuka: Kotunan Tarayya' Tabbatar da Ikon Gudanar da Shari'o'in Guantánamo (2010) [mafiyewar dindindin ]{{Dead link|date=November 2017|fix-attempted=yes}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] spbwpd322zz2cubm6mqfn1eswvaczon 0 87713 543017 2024-11-20T11:15:48Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242234117|Taktouka]]" 543017 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taktouka''' (Arabic) abinci ne na gargajiya na Maroko mai ɗanɗano kuma an haɗa shi daga tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa, paprika da man zaitun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taktouka With Burrata and Lime-Parsley Oil Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1022638-taktouka-with-burrata-and-lime-parsley-oil |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=NYT Cooking |language=en-US}}</ref> Taktouka sanannen abinci ne kuma ana iya samunsa a gidajen cin abinci da yawa a sassa daban-daban na [[Maroko]]. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kalmar taktouka ta samo asali ne daga larabci taktak ma'ana niƙa. Ana yin Taktouka yawanci daga tumatir, barkono barkono, paprika, tafarnuwa, da kayan yaji iri-iri. Ana iya shirya ta ta hanyar niƙa dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata tare, ko kuma a yanka su ƙanana kuma yawanci yana ɗaukar minti 45 don shirya tasa. Ana amfani da Taktouka a duk lokutan shekara. Ana shirya shi a cikin wani nau'i na mezze, tare da sauran tasa. A gefe, ana iya ba da shi da ɗan dumi ko sanyi, kuma yawanci ana ci da burodi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourchouk |first=Zineb |title=Moroccan Recipes 101: Taktouka |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/334950/moroccan-recipes-101-taktouka |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Chermoula]] * Zaalouk * Shakshouka == Manazarta == Cairo International Women's Film FestivalTaktoukaCairo International Women's Film FestivalTaktoukaCairo International Women's Film Festival 9kieeco3cire9mdksz7rt0r191klirt 543018 543017 2024-11-20T11:16:18Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 /* Manazarta */ 543018 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taktouka''' (Arabic) abinci ne na gargajiya na Maroko mai ɗanɗano kuma an haɗa shi daga tumatir, albasa, tafarnuwa, paprika da man zaitun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taktouka With Burrata and Lime-Parsley Oil Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1022638-taktouka-with-burrata-and-lime-parsley-oil |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=NYT Cooking |language=en-US}}</ref> Taktouka sanannen abinci ne kuma ana iya samunsa a gidajen cin abinci da yawa a sassa daban-daban na [[Maroko]]. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Kalmar taktouka ta samo asali ne daga larabci taktak ma'ana niƙa. Ana yin Taktouka yawanci daga tumatir, barkono barkono, paprika, tafarnuwa, da kayan yaji iri-iri. Ana iya shirya ta ta hanyar niƙa dukkan abubuwan da ake buƙata tare, ko kuma a yanka su ƙanana kuma yawanci yana ɗaukar minti 45 don shirya tasa. Ana amfani da Taktouka a duk lokutan shekara. Ana shirya shi a cikin wani nau'i na mezze, tare da sauran tasa. A gefe, ana iya ba da shi da ɗan dumi ko sanyi, kuma yawanci ana ci da burodi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bourchouk |first=Zineb |title=Moroccan Recipes 101: Taktouka |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/334950/moroccan-recipes-101-taktouka |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Chermoula]] * Zaalouk * Shakshouka == Manazarta == iq46v1e7zwaw97zg9iykbt6915zzbnp 0 87714 543020 2024-11-20T11:21:42Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1237630108|Tajine mtewem]]" 543020 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tajine mtewem''', yawanci ana rage shi zuwa '''mtewem''' ([[Larabci]] : طاجين مثوم) abinci ne na Aljeriya na gargajiya, kuma musamman [[Aljir|Algerine]] (daga birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]). Ana yin shi da minced balls, naman [[Kaza|kaza ko]] naman rago, [[tafarnuwa]], chickpeas da almonds. Ana shirya miyar da albasa da aka daka da tafarnuwa da yawa ("mtewem" na nufin "tare da tafarnuwa") kuma ana dafa shi a tukunyar [[tajine]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=African cuisine: Algerian mtewem |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/en/kitchens-of-africa-the-algerian-mtewem/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=mtewem, cuisine algerienne المثوم |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-mtewem-cuisine-algerienne-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%88%d9%85.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harig Benmostefa |first=Fatima Zohra |date= |title=Lexique et identité culturelle de la gastronomie Algérienne d'expression française |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/226/9/1/187983 |journal=Aleph: Langues, Médias & Sociétés |via=Université Mohamed Ben Ahmed Oran2}}</ref> Kamar yawancin tasa na Aljeriya, yawanci ana ba da ita tare da ko dai fari ko ja mai miya mai yaji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chun |first=Hui-Jung |date=1996 |title=Food of Maghreb -Algerian food in particular- |url=https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO199603041539424.page |journal=Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture |language=Korean |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=660 |issn=1225-7060}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> Fayil:Mtewem.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem made with white sauce and served in a tajine pot| Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem da aka yi da farar miya da aka yi a tukunyar tajine Fayil:Mtewemsauce.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem served in a tajine pot in Algiers, Algeria.| Tajine mtewem ɗan Aljeriya na gargajiya yana aiki a cikin tukunyar tajine a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . </gallery> == Manazarta == ahll51ga4dcibbm06vo0hs9i9y4ujs5 543021 543020 2024-11-20T11:23:15Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tajine mtewem''', yawanci ana rage shi zuwa '''mtewem''' ([[Larabci]] : طاجين مثوم) abinci ne na Aljeriya na gargajiya, kuma musamman [[Aljir|Algerine]] (daga birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]).<ref>Bouksani, Louisa (1989). ''Gastronomie Algérienne''. Alger, Ed. Jefal. p. 135.</ref> Ana yin shi da minced balls, naman [[Kaza|kaza ko]] naman rago, [[tafarnuwa]], chickpeas da almonds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bouayed |first=Fatima-Zohra |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290460 |title=La cuisine algérienne |date=1983 |publisher=Messidor/Temps actuels |isbn=2-201-01648-8 |location=Paris |oclc=11290460}}</ref> Ana shirya miyar da albasa da aka daka da tafarnuwa da yawa ("mtewem" na nufin "tare da tafarnuwa") kuma ana dafa shi a tukunyar [[tajine]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=African cuisine: Algerian mtewem |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/en/kitchens-of-africa-the-algerian-mtewem/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=mtewem, cuisine algerienne المثوم |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-mtewem-cuisine-algerienne-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%88%d9%85.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harig Benmostefa |first=Fatima Zohra |date= |title=Lexique et identité culturelle de la gastronomie Algérienne d'expression française |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/226/9/1/187983 |journal=Aleph: Langues, Médias & Sociétés |via=Université Mohamed Ben Ahmed Oran2}}</ref> Kamar yawancin tasa na Aljeriya, yawanci ana ba da ita tare da ko dai fari ko ja mai miya mai yaji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chun |first=Hui-Jung |date=1996 |title=Food of Maghreb -Algerian food in particular- |url=https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO199603041539424.page |journal=Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture |language=Korean |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=660 |issn=1225-7060}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> Fayil:Mtewem.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem made with white sauce and served in a tajine pot| Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem da aka yi da farar miya da aka yi a tukunyar tajine Fayil:Mtewemsauce.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem served in a tajine pot in Algiers, Algeria.| Tajine mtewem ɗan Aljeriya na gargajiya yana aiki a cikin tukunyar tajine a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . </gallery> == Manazarta == aa4l3vrq7uibr72thd54syaag0p4n60 543022 543021 2024-11-20T11:24:12Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tajine mtewem''', yawanci ana rage shi zuwa '''mtewem''' ([[Larabci]] : طاجين مثوم) abinci ne na Aljeriya na gargajiya, kuma musamman [[Aljir|Algerine]] (daga birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]).<ref>Bouksani, Louisa (1989). ''Gastronomie Algérienne''. Alger, Ed. Jefal. p. 135.</ref> Ana yin shi da minced balls, naman [[Kaza|kaza ko]] naman rago, [[tafarnuwa]], chickpeas da almonds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bouayed |first=Fatima-Zohra |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11290460 |title=La cuisine algérienne |date=1983 |publisher=Messidor/Temps actuels |isbn=2-201-01648-8 |location=Paris |oclc=11290460}}</ref> Ana shirya miyar da albasa da aka daka da tafarnuwa da yawa ("mtewem" na nufin "tare da tafarnuwa") kuma ana dafa shi a tukunyar [[tajine]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=African cuisine: Algerian mtewem |url=https://lejournaldelafrique.com/en/kitchens-of-africa-the-algerian-mtewem/ |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Le Journal de l'Afrique |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-13 |title=mtewem, cuisine algerienne المثوم |url=https://www.amourdecuisine.fr/article-mtewem-cuisine-algerienne-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%88%d9%85.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=Amour de cuisine |language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harig Benmostefa |first=Fatima Zohra |date= |title=Lexique et identité culturelle de la gastronomie Algérienne d'expression française |url=https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/226/9/1/187983 |journal=Aleph: Langues, Médias & Sociétés |via=Université Mohamed Ben Ahmed Oran2}}</ref> Kamar yawancin tasa na Aljeriya, yawanci ana ba da ita tare da ko dai fari ko ja mai miya mai yaji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chun |first=Hui-Jung |date=1996 |title=Food of Maghreb -Algerian food in particular- |url=https://koreascience.kr/article/JAKO199603041539424.page |journal=Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture |language=Korean |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=660 |issn=1225-7060}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> Fayil:Mtewem.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem made with white sauce and served in a tajine pot| Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem da aka yi da farar miya da aka yi a tukunyar tajine Fayil:Mtewemsauce.jpg|alt=Traditional Algerian tajine mtewem served in a tajine pot in Algiers, Algeria.| Tajine mtewem ɗan Aljeriya na gargajiya yana aiki a cikin tukunyar tajine a [[Aljir|Algiers]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]] . </gallery> == Manazarta == mhklspln7grerxhtu9i0vd3c5mkt5yc 0 87715 543023 2024-11-20T11:31:52Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258139930|Malawah]]" 543023 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malawax''' (Somali: {{Lang|so|𐒐𐒖𐒄𐒝𐒄}}) kuma '''malawah''', pancake ne mai daɗi wanda ya samo asali daga [[Somaliya]]. Wani nau'in pancake ne da ake ci akai-akai a [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], sassan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Kenya]]. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Malawah pancake zaki ne mai girman faranti da ake ci don karin kumallo ko kuma a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kowane lokaci da rana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawah (Somali Sweet Pancakes) &#124; The Somali Kitchen |url=http://www.somalikitchen.com/malawah-somali-sweet-pancakes.html/ |website=www.somalikitchen.com}}</ref> Yana kama da ɗanɗano mai daɗi kuma ana ɗanɗana shi da cardamom. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ifrah F. |date=17 January 2024 |title=Malawax (Cardamom Crepe) Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1023357-malawax-cardamom-crepe |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[NYT Cooking]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == dr7fhrbq2t0qeahvy8xo588wuj0bkfp 543024 543023 2024-11-20T11:32:59Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543024 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Malawax''' (Somali: {{Lang|so|𐒐𐒖𐒄𐒝𐒄}}) kuma '''malawah''', pancake ne mai daɗi wanda ya samo asali daga [[Somaliya]].<ref name="Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalis'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 113.</ref> Wani nau'in pancake ne da ake ci akai-akai a [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], sassan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Kenya]].<ref name="Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalis'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 113.</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Malawah pancake zaki ne mai girman faranti da ake ci don karin kumallo ko kuma a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kowane lokaci da rana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawah (Somali Sweet Pancakes) &#124; The Somali Kitchen |url=http://www.somalikitchen.com/malawah-somali-sweet-pancakes.html/ |website=www.somalikitchen.com}}</ref> Yana kama da ɗanɗano mai daɗi kuma ana ɗanɗana shi da cardamom. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ifrah F. |date=17 January 2024 |title=Malawax (Cardamom Crepe) Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1023357-malawax-cardamom-crepe |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[NYT Cooking]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == iv1rq3ik3kifx1p1eqpib06p0aiufnz 543025 543024 2024-11-20T11:33:58Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malawax''' (Somali: {{Lang|so|𐒐𐒖𐒄𐒝𐒄}}) kuma '''malawah''', pancake ne mai daɗi wanda ya samo asali daga [[Somaliya]].<ref name="Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalis'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 113.</ref> Wani nau'in pancake ne da ake ci akai-akai a [[Somaliya|Somalia]], [[Jibuti (ƙasa)|Djibouti]], sassan [[Itofiya|Habasha]] da [[Kenya]].<ref name="Abdullahi">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, ''Culture and Customs of Somalis'', (Greenwood Press: 2001), p. 113.</ref> == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Malawah pancake zaki ne mai girman faranti da ake ci don karin kumallo ko kuma a matsayin abun ciye-ciye kowane lokaci da rana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malawah (Somali Sweet Pancakes) &#124; The Somali Kitchen |url=http://www.somalikitchen.com/malawah-somali-sweet-pancakes.html/ |website=www.somalikitchen.com}}</ref> Yana kama da ɗanɗano mai daɗi kuma ana ɗanɗana shi da cardamom. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Ifrah F. |date=17 January 2024 |title=Malawax (Cardamom Crepe) Recipe |url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1023357-malawax-cardamom-crepe |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=[[NYT Cooking]] |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == njg4e82azc2cs7w6g9ums1ohmqgb3fo 0 87716 543026 2024-11-20T11:39:21Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1251974739|Ogiri]]" 543026 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogiri''' kuma ana kiransa Ogiri Ijebu wani abun cine mai ɗanɗano da ake yi da ƴaƴan mai irin su [[Riɗi|sesame]] ko [[egusi]]. Tsarin da samfurin sun yi kama da [[Iru (abinci)|iru]] ko douchi. Kamshinsa yana kama da [[cuku]], miso, ko tofu mai ƙamshi. An fi sanin Ogiri a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]]. Ya shahara a tsakanin ƙabilar Yarbawa. Ogiri a cikin ƙabilar Ibo na Najeriya daban ne kuma yana kama da [[Iru (abinci)|Iru Pete]]. Yarbawa ne suka gano Ogiri. Ogiri da ake yi ta hanyar gargajiya ta yammacin Afirka ya ƙunshi: Egusi tsaba, tsaba, gishiri, da ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=OGIRI - Mami Kaday's Handmade Ogiri 300g &#124; eBay |url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/OGIRI-Mami-Kaday-s-Handmade-Ogiri-300g-/191703850954?hash=item2ca2709fca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002064624/http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/OGIRI-Mami-Kaday-s-Handmade-Ogiri-300g-/191703850954?hash=item2ca2709fca |archive-date=2015-10-02 |access-date=2015-09-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == svlbvuzmsckzcm39jq5f6urs37dtcoz 543027 543026 2024-11-20T11:40:24Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogiri''' kuma ana kiransa Ogiri Ijebu wani abun cine mai ɗanɗano da ake yi da ƴaƴan mai irin su [[Riɗi|sesame]] ko [[egusi]]. Tsarin da samfurin sun yi kama da [[Iru (abinci)|iru]] ko douchi. Kamshinsa yana kama da [[cuku]], miso, ko tofu mai ƙamshi.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steinkraus, Keith, author Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1063700107|title=Handbook of indigenous fermented foods|date=4 May 2018|publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-44251-0|oclc=1063700107}}</ref> An fi sanin Ogiri a [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka]]. Ya shahara a tsakanin ƙabilar Yarbawa. Ogiri a cikin ƙabilar Ibo na [[Najeriya]] daban ne kuma yana kama da [[Iru (abinci)|Iru Pete]]. Yarbawa ne suka gano Ogiri.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steinkraus, Keith, author Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1063700107|title=Handbook of indigenous fermented foods|date=4 May 2018|publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-351-44251-0|oclc=1063700107}}</ref> Ogiri da ake yi ta hanyar gargajiya ta yammacin Afirka ya ƙunshi: Egusi tsaba, tsaba, gishiri, da ruwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=OGIRI - Mami Kaday's Handmade Ogiri 300g &#124; eBay |url=http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/OGIRI-Mami-Kaday-s-Handmade-Ogiri-300g-/191703850954?hash=item2ca2709fca |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002064624/http://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/OGIRI-Mami-Kaday-s-Handmade-Ogiri-300g-/191703850954?hash=item2ca2709fca |archive-date=2015-10-02 |access-date=2015-09-30}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2l93tn6exz1up4iqzxv2f35o3yh69wf 0 87717 543029 2024-11-20T11:44:39Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1209267874|Matapa]]" 543029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Matapa''' wani [[Mozambique|abinci ne na Mozambique]] na yau da kullum, ana shirya shi da ƙananan ganyen [[rogo]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Oberholzer |first=Sanet |date=2023-11-30 |title=RECIPE {{!}} Matapa and prawns to get you in the mood for the holidays |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/2023-11-30-recipe--matapa-and-prawns-to-get-you-in-the-mood-for-the-holidays/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> wanda yawanci ana niƙawa a cikin wani babban turmi na katako.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}< kafin a dafa shi da tafarnuwa, albasa da madarar kwakwa. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin tasa ''na matapa'' sun haɗa da ƙwayayen cashew ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}< kaguwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odusanya |first=Yemisi |date=2018-07-14 |title=6 delicacies you must try in Mozambique |url=https://guardian.ng/features/6-delicacies-you-must-try-in-mozambique/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US}}</ref> ko ƙatantanwa. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == qxl4ck3s8soycd8yt08scak319cj1fe 543030 543029 2024-11-20T11:45:25Z Muhammad Idriss Criteria 15878 543030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matapa''' wani [[Mozambique|abinci ne na Mozambique]] na yau da kullum, ana shirya shi da ƙananan ganyen [[rogo]], <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Oberholzer |first=Sanet |date=2023-11-30 |title=RECIPE {{!}} Matapa and prawns to get you in the mood for the holidays |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/lifestyle/2023-11-30-recipe--matapa-and-prawns-to-get-you-in-the-mood-for-the-holidays/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> wanda yawanci ana niƙawa a cikin wani babban turmi na katako.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}< kafin a dafa shi da tafarnuwa, albasa da madarar kwakwa. <ref name=":0" /> Yawancin tasa ''na matapa'' sun haɗa da ƙwayayen cashew ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2024}}< kaguwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odusanya |first=Yemisi |date=2018-07-14 |title=6 delicacies you must try in Mozambique |url=https://guardian.ng/features/6-delicacies-you-must-try-in-mozambique/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US}}</ref> ko ƙatantanwa. <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == qqyfjtz2tu3zbjlpty7v5338plbglmj