Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul 10 368 10105 9954 2024-11-22T14:54:55Z Song GK 9 10105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{lc:{{{1|}}}}} | afro-asiatik | afrasiatik | afroasiatik = /**/#faecc8 | algik | algonkian = lightskyblue | altaik = yellowgreen | american | american (areal) = /**/#c0dde6 | andamanese = /**/#c99fee | australian | australian (areal) = /**/#eba9ee | austroasiatik | austro-asiatik = lightcoral | austronesia = pink | caucasian | caucasian (areal) = lightgreen | conlang | artificial | constructed | constructed language = /**/#114057 | creole | mixed | pidgin | creole/pidgin/mixed = tan | dravidian = mediumspringgreen | eskimo-aleut | eskimo–aleut | eskaleut = lightcyan | hmong-mien | miao-yao | hmong–mien | miao–yao = /**/#f2ceee | indo-eropah= /**/#c9ffd9 | isolate | language isolate | gray | grey | #dddddd = /**/#dddddd | khoisan | khoisan (areal) = goldenrod | na-dene | na-dené | dene-yeniseian | dené-yeniseian | na–dene | na–dené | dene–yeniseian | dené–yeniseian = /**/#99ddff | niger-congo | niger–congo = /**/#ffddaa | nilo-saharan | nilo-saharan? = gold | palaeosiberian | palaeo-siberian | paleosiberian | paleo-siberian | palaeosiberian (areal) = darkseagreen | papuan | papuan (areal) = /**/#fd79da | sign | sign language = silver | sino-tibet = salmon | kra-dai | kadai | kradai | tai-kadai | kra–dai | tai–kadai = lavender | uralik = /**/#a8fe74 | uto-aztecan | utoaztecan = /**/#80bfff | unclassified | superfamily = white | #default =<!--blank--> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> s1uxmyb3kidvrya7ytyep9ff2wxll2v 0 1196 10107 8073 2024-11-22T15:07:16Z Song GK 9 10107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = '''Orang Bahau'''<br /><small>Dayak Bahau</small> |image = [[Fail:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Maskerdans tijdens de zaaifeesten van de Bahau Dajaks Boven-Mahakam TMnr 60001698.jpg|300px]] |caption = Bala petanda ngena [[Hudoq]] mantaika tanda tuping maya gawai nabur bansa Dayak Bahau, Mahakam Ulu, urung taun 1898-1900 |population = 22,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/10567/ID |title=Bahau in Indonesia |publisher=[[Joshua Project]] |access-date=2016-01-05}}</ref> |popplace = {{Flag|Indonesia}} ([[Kalimantan Timur]]) |langs = [[Jaku Bahau]], [[Jaku Indonesia]] |rels = Bungan (Pengarap lama),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/bungan|language=en|title=Bungan|publisher=Oxford University|access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref> [[Kristian]] |related = [[Kayan]], [[Kenyah]] }} '''Bahau''' nya siti pampang raban bansa [[Dayak]] ke diau ba Kabupaten Kutai Barat (9.3%),<ref>{{Cite book|author=Michaela Haug|title=Poverty and Decentralisation in East Kalimantan: The Impact of Regional Autonomy on Dayak Benuaq Wellbeing|year=2015|publisher=Centaurus Verlag & Media KG|isbn=978-3-8255-0770-1}}</ref> Kalimantan Timur, [[Indonesia]]. Sida ulih ditemu ba kandang menua:- * Long Iram, Kabupaten Kutai Barat<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jérôme Rousseau|title=Central Borneo: A Bibliography, Volume 38|journal=The Sarawak Museum Journal |issue=Special Issue|year=1988|publisher=Sarawak Museum|issn=0375-3050|page=103}}</ref> * Long Bagun, Kabupaten Kutai Barat<ref name="GTEK2">{{Cite book|contribution=Yayasan Lestari Zamrud Nusantara Press|title=Guide to East Kalimantan, Volume 2|year=1974|publisher=Badan Pengembangan Pariwisata Daerah Kalimantan Timur|page=73}}</ref> * Long Pahangai, Kabupaten Mahakam Ulu<ref name="GTEK2"/> == Malin == a6oi3s1j5e90b69hf2plb72b83nt0we 0 1361 10112 4157 2024-11-22T22:32:33Z Song GK 9 10112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Engkuli | fossil_range = Early [[Pleistocene]] to recent | image = borneo_clouded_leopard.jpg | image_caption = A [[Bornean clouded leopard]], lower [[Sungai Kinabatangan]], [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]] | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn |title=''Neofelis diardi'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Hearn, A. |author2=Ross, J. |author3=Brodie, J. |author4=Cheyne, S. |author5=Haidir, I. A. |author6=Loken, B. |author7=Mathai, J. |author8=Wilting, A. |author9=McCarthy, J. |year=2016 |page=e.T136603A97212874 |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/> | taxon = Neofelis diardi | authority = ([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1823) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = * ''[[Neofelis diardi diardi|N. d. diardi]]'' {{Small|([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1823)}}<br/> * ''[[Neofelis diardi borneensis|N. d. borneensis]]'' {{Small|Wilting, Christiansen, Kitchener, Kemp, Ambu and Fickel, 2007}} | range_map = Sunda-Clouded-leopard_distribution.jpg | range_map_caption = Distribution of Sunda clouded leopard, 2016<ref name=iucn/> }} '''Engkuli''' (tauka: macan dahan Sunda, nama saintifik: ''Neofelis diardi''[1]) ianya siti bansa jelu mayau ti ngembuan pemesai sedang-sedang ti tau ditemu ba Pulau [[Borneo]] , [[Sumatera]] sereta Kepulauan Batu ba Kepulauan Melayu. Tabung Hidupan Liar Sedunia (WWF) meri nama jelu engkuli dalam 14 Mac 2007 [2][3]. Taja pan bala raban ahli sains udah nemu jelu engkuli sigi udah bisi ari pun abad ke-19, ia semina diangkat nyadi spesies baru ba taun 2006, sepengudah ti lama dikumbai subspesies engkuli Dahan tanah besar (Neofelis nebulosa) [2][4]. WWF madahka Dr. Stephen O'Brien ari Institut Barah Kebangsaan A.S. bisi nyebut, "Pansik pemutus pelajar genetik enggau silik nunjukka engkuli tau dikumbai spesies ti kediri ari spesies harimau lain" [5]. Dalam tahun 2008, IUCN madahka spesies engkuli tu antara spesies ti makin punas, enggau penyampau engkuli besai ti dalam 10,000 iku sereta majak punas. == Penteba == Engkuli tu spesies mayau pemadu besai ti bisi ba pulau Borneo, pemerat ia kira-kira dalam 12 ngagai 25kg (26 ngagai 55 lb). Pemanjai ngeli taring ia dalam 2 inchi (5.1 cm), ti tau dikira antara ngeli pemadu panjai antara spesies mayau-mayau lain. Pemanjai iku ia tau tumbuh sama panjai enggau pemanjai tubuh ia, nambahka agi keseimbangannya. Corak bulu engkuli betompok-tompok serta hujung ia petang. Taja pan jelu Engkuli sigi udah ditemu bala raban saintis ari pun abad ke-19, tang Engkuli tu dikumbai spesies ia empu dalam tahun 2006, sebedau nya Engkuli dikumbai nyadi subspesies harimau dahan (''Neofelis nebulosa''). 20c4k0oe1ooswq3gqbsw9wecflefdw9 0 1776 10099 8426 2024-11-22T14:29:09Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Methodist]] ke [[Metodis]]: Tajuk salah eja: Pemendar sepil tajuk 8426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Methodist''', nya siti takang ari [[Tradisyen Kristian|tradisyen]] [[Kristian]] [[Protestan]] ti asal, doktrin enggau adat bepun ari pengidup enggau ajar [[John Wesley]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Strong |first=Douglas M. |title=The Cambridge Companion to American Protestantism |chapter=Wesleyan-Methodist and Holiness Traditions |date=2022 |pages=435–460 |doi=10.1017/9781108756297.024 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-american-protestantism/wesleyanmethodist-and-holiness-traditions/CABD49951AA714BEC7C7AAE121416947 |access-date=2024-04-11 |isbn=978-1-108-48532-6}}. "Methodism – the Christian tradition that traces its heritage to John Wesley"</ref> [[George Whitefield]] enggau menyadi John, [[Charles Wesley]] mega nyadi ketuai tumu ti signifikan dalam gerak balas nya. Sida diberi nama ''Methodist'' ketegal "chara metodik sida bejalaika pengarap Kristian sida".<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=Methodist Church|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=12 July 2011|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Garrison1908">{{Cite book |first1=Stephen O. |last1= Garrison |author1link=Stephen O. Garrison |title=Probationer's Handbook |date=1908 |publisher=Eaton and Mains |pages=21, 41 |language=English}}</ref> Metodisme bepun ari pengawa ngangkatka baru dalam [[Anglikan]] bepun ari [[Gerija England]] dalam abad ke-18 lalu nyadi denominasyen kediri pengudah pemati Wesley. Pengawa tu ngerembai ngagai serata [[Empayar British]], [[Amerika Serikat]] enggau menua bukai ketegal pengawa misionari ti ransing,<ref name="Missionary Work">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog |title=American Methodism |publisher=S. S. Scranton & Company |year=1867 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog/page/n42 29] |quote=But the most-noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit, and its organized, effective missionary work. It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements. From its origin, Methodism has been characterized for its zeal in propagandism. It has always been missionary. |access-date=18 October 2007}}</ref> lalu kemaya hari tu bisi urung 80 juta iku orang ke megai pengarap tu ba serata dunya.<ref name="adherents">{{Cite web |title=Member Churches |url=http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/ |publisher=World Methodist Council |access-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303123750/http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Penerang == <references /> 1xzshj4n9uky27ie3yj463fn4sv3uej 10101 10099 2024-11-22T14:29:31Z Song GK 9 10101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Metodis''', nya siti takang ari [[Tradisyen Kristian|tradisyen]] [[Kristian]] [[Protestan]] ti asal, doktrin enggau adat bepun ari pengidup enggau ajar [[John Wesley]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Strong |first=Douglas M. |title=The Cambridge Companion to American Protestantism |chapter=Wesleyan-Methodist and Holiness Traditions |date=2022 |pages=435–460 |doi=10.1017/9781108756297.024 |chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-american-protestantism/wesleyanmethodist-and-holiness-traditions/CABD49951AA714BEC7C7AAE121416947 |access-date=2024-04-11 |isbn=978-1-108-48532-6}}. "Methodism – the Christian tradition that traces its heritage to John Wesley"</ref> [[George Whitefield]] enggau menyadi John, [[Charles Wesley]] mega nyadi ketuai tumu ti signifikan dalam gerak balas nya. Sida diberi nama ''Methodist'' ketegal "chara metodik sida bejalaika pengarap Kristian sida".<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|title=Methodist Church|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/methodist_1.shtml|publisher=BBC|date=12 July 2011|access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Garrison1908">{{Cite book |first1=Stephen O. |last1= Garrison |author1link=Stephen O. Garrison |title=Probationer's Handbook |date=1908 |publisher=Eaton and Mains |pages=21, 41 |language=English}}</ref> Metodisme bepun ari pengawa ngangkatka baru dalam [[Anglikan]] bepun ari [[Gerija England]] dalam abad ke-18 lalu nyadi denominasyen kediri pengudah pemati Wesley. Pengawa tu ngerembai ngagai serata [[Empayar British]], [[Amerika Serikat]] enggau menua bukai ketegal pengawa misionari ti ransing,<ref name="Missionary Work">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog |title=American Methodism |publisher=S. S. Scranton & Company |year=1867 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanmethodi00scudgoog/page/n42 29] |quote=But the most-noticeable feature of British Methodism is its missionary spirit, and its organized, effective missionary work. It takes the lead of all other denominations in missionary movements. From its origin, Methodism has been characterized for its zeal in propagandism. It has always been missionary. |access-date=18 October 2007}}</ref> lalu kemaya hari tu bisi urung 80 juta iku orang ke megai pengarap tu ba serata dunya.<ref name="adherents">{{Cite web |title=Member Churches |url=http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/ |publisher=World Methodist Council |access-date=17 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303123750/http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> == Penerang == <references /> mivad3t3axyp961h4975g10b1mccrpb 0 2254 10098 10077 2024-11-22T12:58:43Z Cerevisae 18 10098 wikitext text/x-wiki Pengarap [[Islam]] ngerembai ngagai Kepulauan Melayu ba pun abad keempat belas.<ref name="Abidin 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Abidin |first=Zamri Zainal |last2=Asillam |first2=Mhd Fairos |last3=Koay |first3=Jun Yi |date=2020-10-14 |title=Expanding astronomy research in Malaysia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-01230-x |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1115–1117 |doi=10.1038/s41550-020-01230-x |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> Syeikh Abdullah Fahim bisi siku ulama Islam Malaysia ngaitka sembah Islam enggau astronomi. Bala ketuai Malaya bisi berunding iya pasal pengawa milih haribulan Hari Merdeka menua Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ba tahun 1957 bepelasarka perati astronomi iya.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Jabatan Pembangunan Islam (JAKIM), ngira jam matahari datai ba baruh sukut lekukan 19° enggau 20° baruh ufuk dikena nentuka jam berengkah sembiang.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Mazlan Othman nyadi pakar astrofizik keterubah di Malaysia, udah bulih PhD iya dalam taun 1981. Mazlan nempa Bagian Pelajar Sains Angkasa (BAKSA) ba Jabatan Menteri Besai Malaysia. BAKSA udah nya nyadi kaban Gerempung Astronomi Antarabansa (IAU). BAKSA udah nya nyadi Ejensi Angkasa Nasional (NSA) ba taun 2002 enggau nyadi Ejensi Angkasa Malaysia (MYSA) ba taun 2019.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/><ref>[https://eprints.um.edu.my/9094/1/All.pdf Astronomy Education Awareness in Malaysia] Dikeluarka ari Universiti Malaya. Diarkib maya ba [https://web.archive.org/web/20240605054331/https://eprints.um.edu.my/9094/1/All.pdf 5 Jun 2024]</ref> Dalam taun 1990-an, perintah Malaysia meri kelala program [[astronomi]] nanam penyedar mensia mayuh nuju astronomi.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Planetarium Nasional ditumbuhka dalam taun 1994. Universiti Malaya udah nya berengkah ba pansik bintang binari, bulan sabit, evolusyen bintang enggau astrofizik nuklear.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Palan Pengamat Nasional Langkawi (LNO) ditumbuhka dalam taun 2006. Iya nyadi palan latih besai ungkup bala astronomi Malaysia sereta palan kerejasama enggau menua bukai ba pansik astronomi optik. Teleskop optik reflektor Ritchey-Chrétien udah dipasang ba LNO. Iya ngembuan diameter 0.51 meter enggau kamera perengka ke digabung enggau cas (CCD). LNO ngembuan median meda 0.8 arcsecond ba taun 2014 enggau penerang langit ti baruh (magnitud visual 18.6), nya palan ti engkeman endur masang teleskop ke baka nya.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> LNO ngaga katalog fenomena astronomi khatulistiwa sereta matau objek ti tau mai penusah semak bumi (NEO).<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> ==Penerang== {{reflist}} evpys35h5nvzx4b7xftabpfoiqn1otf 10113 10098 2024-11-23T01:20:53Z Cerevisae 18 10113 wikitext text/x-wiki Pengarap [[Islam]] ngerembai ngagai Kepulauan Melayu ba pun abad keempat belas.<ref name="Abidin 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Abidin |first=Zamri Zainal |last2=Asillam |first2=Mhd Fairos |last3=Koay |first3=Jun Yi |date=2020-10-14 |title=Expanding astronomy research in Malaysia |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-01230-x |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=4 |issue=12 |pages=1115–1117 |doi=10.1038/s41550-020-01230-x |issn=2397-3366}}</ref> Syeikh Abdullah Fahim bisi siku ulama Islam Malaysia ngaitka sembah Islam enggau astronomi. Bala ketuai Malaya bisi berunding iya pasal pengawa milih haribulan Hari Merdeka menua Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ba tahun 1957 bepelasarka perati astronomi iya.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Jabatan Pembangunan Islam (JAKIM), ngira jam matahari datai ba baruh sukut lekukan 19° enggau 20° baruh ufuk dikena nentuka jam berengkah sembiang.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Mazlan Othman nyadi pakar astrofizik keterubah di Malaysia, udah bulih PhD iya dalam taun 1981. Mazlan nempa Bagian Pelajar Sains Angkasa (BAKSA) ba Jabatan Menteri Besai Malaysia. BAKSA udah nya nyadi kaban Gerempung Astronomi Antarabansa (IAU). BAKSA udah nya nyadi Ejensi Angkasa Nasional (NSA) ba taun 2002 enggau nyadi Ejensi Angkasa Malaysia (MYSA) ba taun 2019.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/><ref>[https://eprints.um.edu.my/9094/1/All.pdf Astronomy Education Awareness in Malaysia] Dikeluarka ari Universiti Malaya. Diarkib maya ba [https://web.archive.org/web/20240605054331/https://eprints.um.edu.my/9094/1/All.pdf 5 Jun 2024]</ref> Dalam taun 1990-an, perintah Malaysia meri kelala program [[astronomi]] nanam penyedar mensia mayuh nuju astronomi.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Planetarium Nasional ditumbuhka dalam taun 1994. Universiti Malaya udah nya berengkah ba pansik bintang binari, bulan sabit, evolusyen bintang enggau astrofizik nuklear.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Palan Pengamat Nasional Langkawi (LNO) ditumbuhka dalam taun 2006. Iya nyadi palan latih besai ungkup bala astronomi Malaysia sereta palan kerejasama enggau menua bukai ba pansik astronomi optik. Teleskop optik reflektor Ritchey-Chrétien udah dipasang ba LNO. Iya ngembuan diameter 0.51 meter enggau kamera perengka ke digabung enggau cas (CCD). LNO ngembuan median meda 0.8 arcsecond ba taun 2014 enggau penerang langit ti baruh (magnitud visual 18.6), nya palan ti engkeman endur masang teleskop ke baka nya.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> LNO ngaga katalog fenomena astronomi khatulistiwa sereta matau objek ti tau mai penusah semak bumi (NEO).<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> Sistem teleskop solar matau aktiviti matahari ba tiga gelombang iya nya cahaya putih, Kalsium K enggau garis alfa Hidrogen. Rangkaian magnetometer bepelasarka tanah mantu matau plasma angin solar maya ribut geomagnetik.<ref name="Abidin 2020"/> ==Penerang== {{reflist}} e97sxg9zsvcx3zia3i7a1sc5a9x3iun 0 2310 10104 9289 2024-11-22T14:54:12Z Song GK 9 10104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Cree | nativename = {{lang|crk-Cans|ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ}}, {{lang|crk-Latn|nēhiyawēwin}} (Emperan)<br />{{lang|cwd-Cans|ᓃᐦᐃᖬᐑᐏᐣ}}, {{lang|cwd-Latn|nīhithawīwin}} (Kampung)<br />{{lang|csw-Cans|ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐌᐎᐣ}}, {{lang|csw-Latn|nêhinawêwin}} (Swampy B)<br />{{lang|csw-Cans|ᐃᓂᓃᒧᐎᓐ}}, {{lang|csw-Latn|ininîmowin}} (Swampy T)<br />{{lang|crl-Cans|ᐃᔨᓂᐤ ᐊᔭᒥᐎᓐ}}, {{lang|crl-Latn|Iyiniu-Ayamiwin}} (Timur Laut)<br />{{lang|crj-Cans|ᐄᔨᔫ ᐊᔨᒨᓐ}}, {{lang|crj-Latn|Iyiyiu-Ayamiwin}} (Tenggara) | states = [[Kanada]]; [[Amerika Serikat]] ([[Montana]]) | ethnicity = [[Cree]] | speakers = {{sigfig|96,360|2}},<!--incl. 100 in US--> 27% ari raban bansa | date = 2016 | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/lang/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=41&Geo=01 |title=Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census – Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data |publisher=[[Canada Statistics]] |access-date=2017-11-22|date=2017-08-02 }}</ref> | speakers2 = (nyengkaum [[Jaku Montagnais|Montagnais]]–[[Jaku Naskapi|Naskapi]] enggau [[Jaku Atikamekw|Atikamekw]]) | familycolor = Algik | fam1 = [[Jaku-jaku Algik|Algik]] | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Algonquian|Algonquian]] | fam3 = Cree-[[Innu-aimun|Montagnais]]-[[Naskapi language|Naskapi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |title=Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi |date=2022-05-24 |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last1=Hammarström |first1=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015114502/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1271 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian}}</ref> | script = [[Urup Latin|Latin]], Silabik jaku asal Kanada ([[Urup Cree|Cree]]) | nation = {{Flag|Northwest Territories}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf |title=Official Languages of the Northwest Territories |publisher=[[Northwest Territories Language Commissioner]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323114247/http://www.nwtlanguagescommissioner.ca/pdf/Official_Languages_Map.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2012 }} (map)</ref> | minority = {{plainlist| *{{flag|Alberta}}{{fact|date=February 2021}} *{{flag|Manitoba}}{{fact|date=February 2021}} *{{flag|Ontario}}{{fact|date=February 2021}} *{{flag|Quebec}}{{fact|date=February 2021}} *{{flag|Saskatchewan}}}}{{fact|date=February 2021}} | iso1 = cr | iso2 = cre | iso3 = cre | lc1 = crk | ld1 = [[Plains Cree language|Plains Cree]] | lc2 = cwd | ld2 = [[Woods Cree language|Woods Cree]] | lc3 = csw | ld3 = [[Swampy Cree language|Swampy Cree]] | lc4 = crm | ld4 = [[Moose Cree language|Moose Cree]] | lc5 = crl | ld5 = [[Northern East Cree language|Northern East Cree]] | lc6 = crj | ld6 = [[Southern East Cree language|Southern East Cree]] | lc7 = nsk | ld7 = [[Naskapi language|Naskapi]]<!--nsk, moe and atj don't belong to the Cree macrolanguage per SIL--> | lc8 = moe | ld8 = [[Montagnais language|Montagnais]] | lc9 = atj | ld9 = [[Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]] | map = | mapcaption = A rough map of Cree dialect areas | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|Enam iti dialek jaku Cree diklasifikasyenka nyadi Rawan ulih [[Atlas Jaku Dunya ti deka Punas]] [[UNESCO]].}} | notice = IPA | glotto = cree1271 | glottoname = Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi | glotto2 = cree1272 | glottorefname2 = Cree | image = Cree_map_simple.svg | imagecaption = Agih kelia pejaku Cree }} {{Contains special characters|Canadian}} '''Jaku Cree''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|iː}}; dikelala mega enggau nama Jaku Cree–[[Montagnais language|Montagnais]]–[[Naskapi language|Naskapi]]) iya nya kontinum dialek jaku Algonquian ti disebut urung 86,475 iku orang asal di serata Kanada dalam taun 2021,<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2023-03-29 |title=Indigenous languages in Canada, 2021 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/11-627-m/11-627-m2023029-eng.htm |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> ari [[Northwest Territories]] nyentukka [[Alberta]] ngagai [[Labrador]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/secretariat-des-langues-autochtones/official-languages-overview|title=Education, Culture, and Employment|website=Government of the Northwest Territories|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-date=July 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727215340/https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/secretariat-des-langues-autochtones/official-languages-overview|url-status=dead}}</ref> Enti dianggap siti jaku, jaku tu nyadi jaku asal ke pemadu mayuh orang ngena ba Kanada.<ref name=":5" /> Semina pelilih menua ke bisi sebarang status rasmi jaku Cree iya nya ba Northwest Territories, begulai enggau lapan jaku asal bukai.<ref name="lang"/> Dia, jaku Cree tebal agi dikena ba Fort Smith enggau Sungai Hay.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories |title=2016–2017 annual report on official languages |url=https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/sites/www.ece.gov.nt.ca/files/resources/english_version.2016-2017_ol_ar.pdf }}</ref> == Penatai enggau agih == Jaku Cree dipelabaka berengkah nyadi dialek jaku Proto-Algonquian ke dikena entara 2,500 ngagai 3,000 taun ke udah ba menua asal Algonquian, kandang endur ke bedau ditetapka ke dipelabaka semak enggau Tasik Besai. Orang ke bejaku ngena jaku proto-Cree dipelabaka udah mindah ke utara, lalu ngelimpangka diri enggau chukup jampat ngagai dua raban ke bebida ba tiap-tiap tisi James Bay. Raban timur udah nya berengkah ngelimpangka diri ngagai dialek ti bebida, lalu raban barat nyangka pechah nyadi dialek ti bebida jauh udah nya.<ref>Rhodes and Todd, "Subarctic Algonquian Languages" in ''Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic'', p. 60</ref> Udah tu tusah bendar deka ngaga penerang ti terang pasal baka ni raban ti bebida nya mansutka diri sereta mindah kin-kitu, laban nadai kereja betulis dalam jaku-jaku ti tau dibandingka, lalu penerang ti digaga orang Eropah enda sistematik; pia mega, orang Algonquian ngembuan tradisyen dua jaku lalu indah terus ngambi jaku baru ari orang ke berimbai pendiau.<ref>Rhodes and Todd, 60–61</ref> Penemu tradisional entara bala antropolog enggau sejarawan dagang bulu abad ke-20 madahka bansa Cree Kampung Barat enggau Cree Emperan (lalu ketegal nya dialek sida) enda ngelimpangka diri ari bansa Cree bukai sebedau taun 1670, lebuh bansa Cree ngerembai ari menua asal sida semak James . Teluk ketegal akses ngagai senyata api Eropah. Enti dibida, James Smith ari Muzium Orang India Amerika madahka, dalam taun 1987, pemerat bukti arkeologi enggau jaku ngengkahka bansa Cree jauh ke barat baka Wilayah Sungai Peace Alberta sebedau kaul Eropah.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=James G. E. |title=the Western Woods Cree: anthropological myth and historical reality |journal=American Ethnologist |date=August 1987 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=434–448 |doi=10.1525/ae.1987.14.3.02a00020 }}</ref> ==Fonologi== Jadual tu ngayanka fonem konsonan ti tau nyadi dalam jaku Cree tauka siti ari bansa iya. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Fonem konsonan ! ![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] ![[Dental consonant|Dental]] ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] ![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]] ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant|Velar]] ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |- ![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} {{angbr|m}} | | {{IPAlink|n}} {{angbr|n/ñ/ń}} | | | | |- ![[Plosive]] | {{IPAlink|p}} {{angbr|p}} | {{IPAlink|t}} {{angbr|t}} | {{IPAlink|t͡s}}~{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|c}} | {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} {{angbr|ch/tc/č}} | | {{IPAlink|k}} {{angbr|k}} | |- ![[Fricative]] | | {{IPAlink|ð}} {{angbr|th}} | {{IPAlink|s}}~{{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|s}} | {{IPAlink|ʃ}} {{angbr|sh/c/š}} | | | {{IPAlink|h}} {{angbr|h}} |- ![[Approximant]] | | | {{IPAlink|ɹ}} {{angbr|r}} | | {{IPAlink|j}} {{angbr|y/i/ý}} | {{IPAlink|w}} {{angbr|w}} | |- ![[lateral consonant|Lateral]] | | | {{IPAlink|l}} {{angbr|l}} | | | | |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Vokal ! ! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]] ! colspan="2" | [[Central vowel|Central]] ! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPAlink|ɪ}} {{angbr|i}} | {{IPAlink|iː}} {{angbr|ii/ī/î}} | | | rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|o}}~{{IPAlink|ʊ}} {{angbr|u\o}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|oː}}~{{IPAlink|uː}} {{angbr|uu/ū/û \ ō/ô}} |- ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | | {{IPAlink|eː}} {{angbr|e/ē/ê}} | {{IPAlink|ə}} {{angbr|a}} | |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | | | | {{IPAlink|aː}} {{angbr|aa/ā/â}} | colspan="2" | |} ==Sistem urup== [[File:Winnipeg Forks - Trilingual Plaque.jpg|thumb|Trilingual plaque in English, French and Cree]] Dialek-dialek Cree, kelimpah ari ke dikena ba timur [[Quebec]] enggau [[Labrador]], ditulis ngena chara tradisional ngena silabik Cree, siti varian ari silabik Aborigin Kanada, tang tau ditulis ngena [[urup Latin]] mega. Kededua sistem urup tu ngayanka jaku nya ari sukut fonetik. Jaku Cree selalu ditulis ari kiba ke kanan mendatar.<ref name="Ager">{{Cite web|title=Ager, Simon: Omniglot, Cree Syllabary|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cree.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117194347/http://www.omniglot.com/writing/cree.htm|archive-date=2012-01-17|access-date=2011-12-05}}</ref> Dialek ti pemadu timur ditulis ngena skrip Latin eksklusif. Dialek jaku Plains Cree, Woods Cree, enggau Swampy Cree barat ngena silabik Cree Barat lalu dialek Swampy Cree timur, Cree Timur, Moose Cree, enggau Naskapi ngena silabik Cree Timur. === Silabik === Dalam silabik Cree, tiap iti simbol, ti ngayanka konsonan, ulih ditulis empat chara, tiap iti arah ngayanka vokal ti setipak enggau iya.<ref name="Ager" /> Sekeda dialek jaku Cree bisi nyentuk ngagai tujuh iti vokal, nya alai diakritik tambah diengkah pengudah suku kata kena ngayanka vokal ke setipak. Final ngayanka konsonan ti bediri kediri.<ref name="Ager" /> Jaku Cree mega bisi dua iti semivokal. Semivokal nya tau nitihka konsonan bukai tauka kediri empu dalam leka jaku.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Meet Cree : a guide to the Cree language|last=Christoph.|first=Wolfart, H.|date=1981|publisher=University of Alberta Press|others=Carroll, Janet F.|isbn=0888640730|edition=New and completely rev.|location=Edmonton|oclc=8925218}}</ref> Jadual di baruh tu nunjukka silabari dialek Cree Timur enggau Barat: {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" | Silibari dialek Cree Timur |- ! rowspan=2|Initial ! colspan="7" | Vowels ! rowspan=2|Final |- ! width="40" | ê ! width="40" | i ! width="40" | o ! width="40" | a ! width="40" | î ! width="40" | ô ! width="40" | â |- ! | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐋ | |- ! p | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᐲ | ᐴ | ᐹ | ᑉ |- ! t | ᑌ | ᑎ | ᑐ | ᑕ | ᑏ | ᑑ | ᑖ | ᑦ |- ! k | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᑮ | ᑰ | ᑳ | ᒃ |- ! c | ᒉ | ᒋ | ᒍ | ᒐ | ᒌ | ᒎ | ᒑ | ᒡ |- ! m | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᒦ | ᒨ | ᒫ | ᒻ |- ! n | ᓀ | ᓂ | ᓄ | ᓇ | ᓃ | ᓅ | ᓈ | ᓐ |- ! s | ᓭ | ᓯ | ᓱ | ᓴ | ᓰ | ᓲ | ᓵ | ᔅ |- ! sh | ᔐ | ᔑ | ᔓ | ᔕ | ᔒ | ᔔ | ᔖ | ᔥ |- ! y | ᔦ | ᔨ | ᔪ | ᔭ | ᔩ | ᔫ | ᔮ | ᔾ (^ᐤ) |- ! l | ᓓ | ᓕ | ᓗ | ᓚ | ᓖ | ᓘ | ᓛ | ᓪ |- ! r* | ᕃ | ᕆ | ᕈ | ᕋ | ᕇ | ᕉ | ᕌ | ᕐ |- ! v*, f* | ᕓ | ᕕ | ᕗ | ᕙ | ᕖ | ᕘ | ᕚ | ᕝ |- ! th* | ᕞ | ᕠ | ᕤ | ᕦ | ᕢ | ᕥ | ᕧ | ᕪ |- ! w | ᐌ | ᐎ | ᐒ | ᐗ | ᐐ | ᐔ | ᐙ | ᐤ |- ! h | ᐦᐁ | ᐦᐃ | ᐦᐅ | ᐦᐊ | ᐦᐄ | ᐦᐆ | ᐦᐋ | ᐦ |- | colspan=9 | * Used only in foreign sounds |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="9" | Silibari dialek Cree Barat |- ! rowspan=2|Initial ! colspan="7" | Vowels ! rowspan=2|Final |- ! width="40" | ê ! width="40" | i ! width="40" | o ! width="40" | a ! width="40" | î ! width="40" | ô ! width="40" | â |- ! | ᐁ | ᐃ | ᐅ | ᐊ | ᐄ | ᐆ | ᐋ | |- ! p | ᐯ | ᐱ | ᐳ | ᐸ | ᐲ | ᐴ | ᐹ | ᑊ |- ! t | ᑌ | ᑎ | ᑐ | ᑕ | ᑏ | ᑑ | ᑖ | ᐟ |- ! k | ᑫ | ᑭ | ᑯ | ᑲ | ᑮ | ᑰ | ᑳ | ᐠ |- ! c | ᒉ | ᒋ | ᒍ | ᒐ | ᒌ | ᒎ | ᒑ | ᐨ |- ! m | ᒣ | ᒥ | ᒧ | ᒪ | ᒦ | ᒨ | ᒫ | ᒼ |- ! n | ᓀ | ᓂ | ᓄ | ᓇ | ᓃ | ᓅ | ᓈ | ᐣ |- ! s | ᓭ | ᓯ | ᓱ | ᓴ | ᓰ | ᓲ | ᓵ | ᐢ |- ! y | ᔦ | ᔨ | ᔪ | ᔭ | ᔩ | ᔫ | ᔮ | ᐩ (ᐝ) |- ! th | ᖧ | ᖨ | ᖪ | ᖬ | ᖩ | ᖫ | ᖭ | ^‡ |- ! w | ᐍ | ᐏ | ᐓ | ᐘ | ᐑ | ᐕ | ᐚ | ᐤ |- ! h | ᐦᐁ | ᐦᐃ | ᐦᐅ | ᐦᐊ | ᐦᐄ | ᐦᐆ | ᐦᐋ | ᐦ |- ! hk | | | | | | | | ᕽ |- ! l | colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | ᓬ |- ! r | colspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | ᕒ |} == Pemunas jaku == Doug Cuthand madahka tiga kebuah jaku Cree lenyau ba mayuh orang ke bejaku dalam timpuh abad kesembilan belas enggau dua puluh.<ref name=":0">Cuthand, D. (2007). ''Askiwina: A Cree world''. Regina: Coteau Books.</ref> Keterubah, sekula kediaman nerenakka runding ti bepilih mata ti madahka jaku sida nya baruh. Lebuh nembiak agi bejaku ngena jaku asal sida ba rumah, pengawa belajar sida ngetu ba sekula. Lebuh sida pansut ari sekula kediaman nyadi orang besai tuai, sida pulai ke rumah lalu leka jaku enggau penemu jaku sida nadai nyengkaum konsep tauka tukuh ti deka dikembuan siku orang ti udah besai tuai ti bejaku ti bedau dibai ngagai sekula kediaman. Cuthand mega madahka, pengelenyau jaku Cree tau dikaitka enggau pemindah ruang bilik asal jauh ari rizab nya, enggau sukarela tauka enda. Suah mega, bala tuai ditinggalka ba rizab.<ref name=":0" /> Tu mechahka arus penemu jaku entara rebak tradisional ari orang tuai ngagai nembiak. Poin ketiga Cuthand<ref name=":0" /> bepenemu iya nya pengelenyau jaku Cree diterima bala orang ke bejaku. Apai indai badu agi ngajar anak sida ngena jaku asal sida ketegal pechaya, pengawa nya ulih nulung anak sida bulih pemujur ba ekonomi tauka nyeliahka diri ari diskriminasyen. ==Status jaku== [[File:Mistassini roadsign.jpg|thumb|Tanda ngetu Quebec dalam jaku Cree, English enggau Peranchis]] Status sosial enggau undang-undang bansa Cree bebida ba serata menua Kanada. Jaku Cree nya siti ari sebelas jaku rasmi menua [[Northwest Territories]], tang semina disebut sekeda orang dia ba kandang endur ngelingi mengeri Fort Smith.<ref name="lang">[http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf Northwest Territories Official Languages Act, 1988] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324202430/http://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/PDF/ACTS/Official_Languages.pdf |date=March 24, 2009}} (as amended 1988, 1991–1992, 2003)</ref> Jaku tu mega siti ari dua jaku besai perintah pelilih menua Eeyou Istchee James Bay di Utara Quebec, lalu jaku Perancis ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gcc.ca/pdf/LEG000000024.pdf |title=Agreement on Governance in the Eeyou Istchee James Bay Territory Between the Crees of Eeyou Istchee and the Gouvernement du Québec, 2012 |access-date=2012-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011045759/http://www.gcc.ca/pdf/LEG000000024.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Robert Falcon Ouellette, Seiku Kaban Parlimen Cree, bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti beguna amat dalam ngelakuka jaku Bansa Asal kelebih agi jaku Cree dalam Parlimen Kanada enggau Dewan Rakyat Kanada. Iya nyadika instrumen ngulihka pemendar sepenemu ari semua parti politik ngubah atur ti bediri ngambika ngemendarka jaku Bansa Asal disebut dalam Dewan Rakyat, enggau servis nyalin penuh disediaka. Ubah ti besejarah tu ngasuh Ouellette ulih mantaika jaku dalam jaku Cree enggau interpretasyen ti disukung pendidik jaku Kevin Lewis, nyadika tanda keterubah iya ngena jaku Bansa Asal ba Dewan Rakyat kena 28 Januari 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.revparlcan.ca/en/honouring-indigenous-languages-within-parliament/ | title=Honouring Indigenous Languages within Parliament – Canadian Parliamentary Review – la Revue parlementaire canadienne | date=8 August 2019 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4901314/indigenous-winnipeg-mp-delivers-historic-speech-in-house-of-commons/ | title=Indigenous Winnipeg MP delivers speech in Cree in House of Commons - Winnipeg &#124; Globalnews.ca }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/27/canada-native-languages-parliament-indigenous | title=Sound of native languages in parliament to mark win for indigenous Canadians | newspaper=The Guardian | date=27 January 2019 | last1=Cecco | first1=Leyland }}</ref> Nangkanka nya, Bill C-91, iya nya Akta Jaku Asal ti dikemendarka dalam taun 2019, digaga dikena nyukung sereta ngidupka baru jaku Asal di serata menua Kanada. Undang-undang tu, ngembuan tuju deka ngambi pulai, ngidupka baru, sereta ngetanka jaku Asal nengah belanja ti meruan sereta numbuhka Opis Pesuruhjaya Jaku Asal. Ouellette nyadi pengerusi kaukus Bansa Asal ba Dewan Rakyat lalu mantu nentuka iya dikemendarka sebedau pengawa bepilih taun 2019.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.parl.ca/documentviewer/en/42-1/bill/c-91/royal-assent | title=Government Bill (House of Commons) C-91 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Indigenous Languages Act - Parliament of Canada }}</ref> <ref>https://lop.parl.ca/staticfiles/PublicWebsite/Home/ResearchPublications/HillStudies/PDF/2015-131-E.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref> <ref>https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2019CanLIIDocs3786#!fragment/zoupio-_Toc3Page3/BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoAvbRABwEtsBaAfX2zgGYAFMAc0I4BKADTJspQhACKiQrgCe0AORLhEQmFwIZcxSrUatIAMp5SAIUUAlAKIAZGwDUAggDkAwjeGkwAI2ik7IKCQA {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-education/news-all/meet-robert-falcon-ouellette-veteran-former-parliamentarian-and-professor#:~:text=Professor%20Ouellette%20holds%20a%20doctorate,Chair%20of%20the%20Indigenous%20Caucus | title=Meet Robert-Falcon Ouellette: Veteran, former parliamentarian, and professor }}</ref> ==Malin== <references/> lzf8w5lz67lnmnyh0hlzy1byidqp3xv 0 2417 10114 9625 2024-11-23T06:05:15Z Cerevisae 18 10114 wikitext text/x-wiki Ekonomi hidrogen iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (steam methane reforming). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} ==Penerang== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] qzv8re22cuv9w7khmk05l84o0il2iq2 10115 10114 2024-11-23T06:42:04Z Cerevisae 18 10115 wikitext text/x-wiki Ekonomi hidrogen iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (steam methane reforming). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} ==Sarawak== Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> ==Penerang== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] 78qhg2hgr91p5976yc2nxmcsj14x6i6 0 2697 10100 2024-11-22T14:29:09Z Song GK 9 Song GK telah memindahkan laman [[Methodist]] ke [[Metodis]]: Tajuk salah eja: Pemendar sepil tajuk 10100 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[Metodis]] ipyv6agq5m4civnhyqvxzt1d45akz1j 0 2698 10102 2024-11-22T14:44:45Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1236642159|Abai language]] " 10102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Abai | altname = Abai Tubu–Abai Sembuak | nativename = | states = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Borneo]] | ethnicity = | speakers = ? | date = | ref = | familycolor = Austronesia | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] | fam4 = [[Jaku-jaku Sabah Barat Daya|Sabah Barat Daya]] | fam5 = [[Jaku-jaku Murutik|Murutik]] | iso3 = none }} '''Jaku Abai''' nya siti jaku Murutik ari [[Borneo]] dikena orang Abai ba kampung Sembuak enggau Tubu. ''Ethnologue'' kala silap nglasifikasyen jaku tu baruh [[Jaku Lun Bawang|jaku Putoh]].<ref>{{Cite journal}}</ref> == Malin == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] nfohg9attiq1s2nr778oj3dul3vrc8k 10103 10102 2024-11-22T14:46:16Z Song GK 9 10103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Abai | altname = Abai Tubu–Abai Sembuak | nativename = | states = [[Indonesia]] | region = [[Borneo]] | ethnicity = | speakers = ? | date = | ref = | familycolor = Austronesia | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] | fam4 = [[Jaku-jaku Sabah Barat Daya|Sabah Barat Daya]] | fam5 = [[Jaku-jaku Murutik|Murutik]] | iso3 = none }} '''Jaku Abai''' nya siti jaku Murutik ari [[Borneo]] dikena orang Abai ba kampung Sembuak enggau Tubu. ''Ethnologue'' kala silap nglasifikasyen jaku tu baruh [[Jaku Lun Bawang|jaku Putoh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lobel |first=Jason William |date=2013 |title=Southwest sabah revisited |url=http://jasonlobel.com/52-1-Lobel-SouthwestSabahRevisited-OLJune2013-36to68.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=36–68 |jstor=43286760 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226063415/http://jasonlobel.com/52-1-Lobel-SouthwestSabahRevisited-OLJune2013-36to68.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-26}}</ref> ==Malin== {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] 9wln3kokeov3hbg225trpx2pj99ozpf 0 2699 10106 2024-11-22T15:02:48Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256653231|Bahau language]] " 10106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Bahau | altname = Kajan | nativename = | states = [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]] | region = [[Borneo]] | ethnicity = [[Bahau]] | speakers = 19,000 | date = 2007 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Austronesia | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara Besai|Borneo Utara Besai]] ? | fam4 = [[Jaku-jaku Kayan–Murik|Kayanik]] | fam5 = [[Jaku Kayan|Kayan]]–[[Jaku Kayan Murik|Murik]] | fam6 = [[Jaku Kayan|Kayan]] | iso3 = bhv }} '''Jaku Bahau''' (Kajan) nya siti jaku Kayanik ti dikena ba pulau [[Borneo]]. == Lambar web bukai == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] gxcsil3ffe9q2hq693xv99lqc9qfemt 0 2700 10108 2024-11-22T22:15:54Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox language |name=Bonggi |states=[[Malaysia]] |region=[[Sabah]] |ethnicity=1,400 (1990)<ref name=e18/> |speakers=? |date= |ref = e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] |fam3=[[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] |fam4=[[Jaku-jaku Sabah Timur Laut|Sabah Timur Laut]] |iso3=bdg |glotto=bong1289 |glottorefname=Bonggi |pushpin_map =Borneo#Malaysia |pushpin_map_caption = Endur Pulau Banggi, alai jaku Bongg...' 10108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Bonggi |states=[[Malaysia]] |region=[[Sabah]] |ethnicity=1,400 (1990)<ref name=e18/> |speakers=? |date= |ref = e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] |fam3=[[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] |fam4=[[Jaku-jaku Sabah Timur Laut|Sabah Timur Laut]] |iso3=bdg |glotto=bong1289 |glottorefname=Bonggi |pushpin_map =Borneo#Malaysia |pushpin_map_caption = Endur Pulau Banggi, alai jaku Bonggi dikena |coordinates = {{coord|7|15|0|N|117|10|0|E}} }} '''Jaku Bonggi''' (Banggi) nya siti ari [[jaku-jaku Austronesia]] ti dikena orang Bonggi ke diau ba [[Pulau Banggi]], ba utara [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. ==Orthografi== ===Vokal enggau diftong=== * a – {{IPA|[a/ã/ə̃]}}, {{IPA|[ə]}} enda ditekan * e – {{IPA|[e/ə]}} * i – {{IPA|[i/ɪ]}} * o – {{IPA|[o/ɔ/ɔ̃]}} * u – {{IPA|[u/ʊ]}} * aa – {{IPA|[aː]}} * ee – {{IPA|[eː]}} * ii – {{IPA|[iː]}} * oo – {{IPA|[ɔː]}} * uu – {{IPA|[uː]}} * ai – {{IPA|[aj/ai]}} * ou – {{IPA|[ou]}} ===Konsonan=== * b – {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[β]}} entara vokal, {{IPA|[bʷ/βʷ]}} sebedau u * d – {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[dʲ]}} sebedau i * f – {{IPA|[f]}} * g – {{IPA|[g]}}, {{IPA|[gʷ]}} sebedau u * h – {{IPA|[k/h]}}, {{IPA|[hʲ]}} sebedau i, {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ba ujung leka jaku * j – {{IPA|[j/d͡ʒ]}} * k – {{IPA|[k/k']}} * l – {{IPA|[l]}}, {{IPA|[lʲ]}} sebedau i * m – {{IPA|[m/mʷ]}} * n – {{IPA|[n/dn/n]}} * ng – {{IPA|[ŋ]}} * p – {{IPA|[p/ɸ/ɸʷ]}} * r – {{IPA|[ɾ/r]}} * s – {{IPA|[s]}} * t – {{IPA|[t/t']}} * w – {{IPA|[w]}} * y – {{IPA|[j]}} Ba ujung leka jaku, k, p, enggau t enda dipansutka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonggi language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bonggi.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> ==Malin== {{Reflist}} ==Bacha ke silik agi== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Boutin |first=Michael E. |title=Aspect in Bonggi |date=1994 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectinbonggi00bout/mode/2up |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}} {{refend}} nztoslgp32uheng7wk7ayfieyof2nuq 10109 10108 2024-11-22T22:16:48Z Song GK 9 10109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Bonggi |states=[[Malaysia]] |region=[[Sabah]] |ethnicity=1,400 (1990)<ref name=e18/> |speakers=? |date= |ref = e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] |fam3=[[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] |fam4=[[Jaku-jaku Sabah Timur Laut|Sabah Timur Laut]] |iso3=bdg |glotto=bong1289 |glottorefname=Bonggi |pushpin_map =Borneo#Malaysia |pushpin_map_caption = Endur Pulau Banggi, alai jaku Bonggi dikena |coordinates = {{coord|7|15|0|N|117|10|0|E}} }} '''Jaku Bonggi''' (Banggi) nya siti ari [[jaku-jaku Austronesia]] ti dikena orang Bonggi ke diau ba [[Pulau Banggi]], ba utara [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. ==Orthografi== ===Vokal enggau diftong=== * a – {{IPA|[a/ã/ə̃]}}, {{IPA|[ə]}} enda ditekan * e – {{IPA|[e/ə]}} * i – {{IPA|[i/ɪ]}} * o – {{IPA|[o/ɔ/ɔ̃]}} * u – {{IPA|[u/ʊ]}} * aa – {{IPA|[aː]}} * ee – {{IPA|[eː]}} * ii – {{IPA|[iː]}} * oo – {{IPA|[ɔː]}} * uu – {{IPA|[uː]}} * ai – {{IPA|[aj/ai]}} * ou – {{IPA|[ou]}} ===Konsonan=== * b – {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[β]}} entara vokal, {{IPA|[bʷ/βʷ]}} sebedau u * d – {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[dʲ]}} sebedau i * f – {{IPA|[f]}} * g – {{IPA|[g]}}, {{IPA|[gʷ]}} sebedau u * h – {{IPA|[k/h]}}, {{IPA|[hʲ]}} sebedau i, {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ba ujung leka jaku * j – {{IPA|[j/d͡ʒ]}} * k – {{IPA|[k/k']}} * l – {{IPA|[l]}}, {{IPA|[lʲ]}} sebedau i * m – {{IPA|[m/mʷ]}} * n – {{IPA|[n/dn/n]}} * ng – {{IPA|[ŋ]}} * p – {{IPA|[p/ɸ/ɸʷ]}} * r – {{IPA|[ɾ/r]}} * s – {{IPA|[s]}} * t – {{IPA|[t/t']}} * w – {{IPA|[w]}} * y – {{IPA|[j]}} Ba ujung leka jaku, k, p, enggau t enda dipansutka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonggi language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bonggi.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> ==Malin== {{Reflist}} ==Bacha ke silik agi== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Boutin |first=Michael E. |title=Aspect in Bonggi |date=1994 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectinbonggi00bout/mode/2up |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Jaku-jaku ba Malaysia]] kiv6p0glnqdmzkbvolo9eiegc43bp17 10110 10109 2024-11-22T22:17:18Z Song GK 9 10110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Bonggi |states=[[Malaysia]] |region=[[Sabah]] |ethnicity=1,400 (1990)<ref name=e18/> |speakers=? |date= |ref = e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] |fam3=[[Jaku-jaku Borneo Utara|Borneo Utara]] |fam4=[[Jaku-jaku Sabah Timur Laut|Sabah Timur Laut]] |iso3=bdg |glotto=bong1289 |glottorefname=Bonggi |pushpin_map =Borneo#Malaysia |pushpin_map_caption = Endur Pulau Banggi, alai jaku Bonggi dikena |coordinates = {{coord|7|15|0|N|117|10|0|E}} }} '''Jaku Bonggi''' (Banggi) nya siti ari [[jaku-jaku Austronesia]] ti dikena orang Bonggi ke diau ba [[Pulau Banggi]], ba utara [[Sabah]], [[Malaysia]]. ==Orthografi== ===Vokal enggau diftong=== * a – {{IPA|[a/ã/ə̃]}}, {{IPA|[ə]}} enda ditekan * e – {{IPA|[e/ə]}} * i – {{IPA|[i/ɪ]}} * o – {{IPA|[o/ɔ/ɔ̃]}} * u – {{IPA|[u/ʊ]}} * aa – {{IPA|[aː]}} * ee – {{IPA|[eː]}} * ii – {{IPA|[iː]}} * oo – {{IPA|[ɔː]}} * uu – {{IPA|[uː]}} * ai – {{IPA|[aj/ai]}} * ou – {{IPA|[ou]}} ===Konsonan=== * b – {{IPA|[b]}}, {{IPA|[β]}} entara vokal, {{IPA|[bʷ/βʷ]}} sebedau u * d – {{IPA|[d]}}, {{IPA|[dʲ]}} sebedau i * f – {{IPA|[f]}} * g – {{IPA|[g]}}, {{IPA|[gʷ]}} sebedau u * h – {{IPA|[k/h]}}, {{IPA|[hʲ]}} sebedau i, {{IPA|[ʔ]}} ba ujung leka jaku * j – {{IPA|[j/d͡ʒ]}} * k – {{IPA|[k/k']}} * l – {{IPA|[l]}}, {{IPA|[lʲ]}} sebedau i * m – {{IPA|[m/mʷ]}} * n – {{IPA|[n/dn/n]}} * ng – {{IPA|[ŋ]}} * p – {{IPA|[p/ɸ/ɸʷ]}} * r – {{IPA|[ɾ/r]}} * s – {{IPA|[s]}} * t – {{IPA|[t/t']}} * w – {{IPA|[w]}} * y – {{IPA|[j]}} Ba ujung leka jaku, k, p, enggau t enda dipansutka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bonggi language |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/bonggi.htm |website=Omniglot |access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> ==Malin== {{Reflist}} ==Bacha ke silik agi== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Boutin |first=Michael E. |title=Aspect in Bonggi |date=1994 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Florida |url=https://archive.org/details/aspectinbonggi00bout/mode/2up |via=the [[Internet Archive]]}} {{refend}} [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] 57ggfio8wfx7p6nefynjdour6auucun 0 2701 10111 2024-11-22T22:27:04Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1137666580|Cheq Wong language]] " 10111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Cheq Wong | altname = Ceq Wong, Chewong | states = [[Malaysia]] | region = [[Semenanjung Malaysia]] | speakers = 460 | date = 2008 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Austroasiatik | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Jahaik|Jahaik]] | iso3 = cwg }} [[Fail:SemaiMap.png|thumb|Siti kar etnografik Semenanjung Tanah Melayu mandangka alai bansa Cheq Wong people diau (chura gadung).]] '''Jaku Cheq Wong''' (Ceq Wong, Chewong) nya siti ari jaku-jaku Austroasiatik dikena bansa Cheq Wong ari Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Jaku tu baruh sub-pampang Utara ari pampang jaku-jaku Asli. Kelia, jaku-jaku Asli Utara dilabel Jahaik. == Malin == {{Reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi ==   == Lambar web ke bukai == * [http://wold.clld.org/vocabulary/26 Kruspe, N. (2009). Ceq Wong vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database (WOLD). Munich: Max Planck Digital Library] * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6702-D@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6702-D@view]] Ceq Wong in RWAAI Digital Archive * ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0208 Ceq Wong (and Mah Meri) language documentation materials] [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] m7dv78s5uzhk8lamttfvprhbw2wma2h