Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.28 first-letter Midia Ihü kárírí Okwu Ọbanife Okwu ọbanife Wikipedia Okwu Wikipedia Usòrò Okwu usòrò MidiaWiki Okwu MidiaWiki Àtụ Okwu àtụ Nkwadọ Okwu nkwadọ Òtù Okwu òtù TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1491 193506 186382 2024-10-29T12:55:51Z ایوان آنمار آنئورین 21709 wikiquote 193506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Chinua Achebe - Buffalo 25Sep2008 crop.jpg|right|thumb|Chinua Achebe (2008)]] '''Chinụa Achebe''' {{Audio|Ig-Chinua Achebe.ogg|Audio}}(site n'aha a gụrụ ya '''Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe'''; 16 Nọvemba 1930 – 21 Maachị 2013) bụ onye Igbo a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke iri na isii n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1930 n'obodo Ogidi nke dị n'ala [[Naigeria|Naijiria]]. Ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ a na-akpọ ''[[:en:Things_Fall_Apart|Things Fall Apart]]''. E si n'akwụkwọ ahụ mara aha ya nke ukwuu n'ụwa nile.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/23/world/africa/chinua-achebe-nigerian-writer-dies-at-82.html?_r=0 ''Chinua Achebe, African Literary Titan, Dies at 82''], The New York Times, 22 Maachị 2013, asụsụ békè, looked up on 25 Maachị 2016.</ref> [[File:Chinua Achebe, 1966 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chinua Achebe, 1966]] == Ihe Gbasara Achebe == [[Usòrò:Nigeria linguistical map 1979.svg|thumb]] Chinụa Achebe, onye nke nne na nna ya kpọrọ Albert Chinụalụmọgu Achebe, gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nta nke ndị uka, gakwaa Government College [[Umuahia|n'Umuahia]]. Ọ mechara gakwaa mahadum nke [[Ibadan]] ''University of Ibadan'', [[Ȯra Ọyọ]] ''(Oyo State)'' ebe ọ gụrụ [[Asụsụ Inglish|asụsụ békè']] site n'afọ 1948 ruo afọ 1953. Ka ọ gụchara akwụkwọ nke mahadum, ọ rụtụkwara ọrụ n'ụlọakwụkwọ dị iche iche nakwa n'ụlọọrụ mgbasa ozi. Site na 1958 ruo 1966, Chinụa Achebe bụ onye nhazi na-ahụ maka ''[[Afrika|African]] Writers Series''. Mgbe Achebe dere ''Things Fall Apart'', akwụkwo ahu rere nke ukwuu, mkpụrụ nde iri. A tụgharịkwaala akwụkwụ a n'olu asụsụ iri ise. Chinụa Achebe rụkwara ọrụ onye ''diplomat'' n'ọchịchị nke [[Biafra]] site na 1967. Mana site na 1967 ruo 1981, ọ kụzikwara na mahadum dị iche iche n'ala Naijiria, ma bụrụkwa onye nhazi maka akwụkwọ edemede nke a na-akpọ ''Okike''. N'afọ 1981, Chinụa Achebe sokwa na ndị bidoro ''Otu Ndi Odee Nke Naijiria'', nke a na-akpọ ''Association of Nigerian Authors''. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ onye isi were ruo 1986. A bịa n'etiti ''Ndị Nka'', yaa bụ ndị na-ede edemede nke ''Modern African Literature'', ihe a na-akpọ Chinụa Achebe bụ ''Nna''. N'afọ 2002 ka e nyere ya ''Peace Prize'' nke ''[[Jemani|German]] Book Trade''. A makwa Chinua Achebe dị ka onye na-enweghi onye e ji atụnyere ya maka ịmalite edemede n'asụsụ ''bekee' n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ n'ala Afrịka. Ọ luru nwanyi; aha nwunye ya bụrụ Christiana Chinwe Okoli. == Ihe Ndị O Dere == [[File:Things Fall Apart books 02.jpg|thumb|270px|''Things Fall Apart'', Anchor trade paperback cover.]] === Novels === {| |width="300" valign="top"| * ''[[Things Fall Apart]]<ref>http://uzomediangr.wordpress.com/tag/book/ </ref>'', 1958 * ''[[No Longer at Ease]]'', 1960 * ''[[Arrow of God]]'', 1964 * ''[[A Man of the People]]'', 1966 |width="top"| * ''[[Chike and the River]]'', 1966 * ''[[Anthills of the Savannah]]'', 1988 * ''[[There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra]]'', 2012 |} === Short Stories === * [[Usòrò:University of Ibadan gate.jpg|thumb]][[Usòrò:ASC Leiden - NSAG - van Dis 5 - 024 - A city roundabout with a modernistic fountain and a huge pool - Lagos, Nigeria - February 14, 1962.tiff|thumb]]''[[The Sacrificial Egg and Other Stories]]'', 1962 * ''[[Civil Peace]]'', 1971 * ''[[Girls at War and Other Stories]]'', 1973 * ''[[African Short Stories]]'' (editor, with C.L. Innes), 1985 * ''[[Heinemann Book of Contemporary African Short Stories]]'' (editor, with C.L. Innes), 1992 === Poetry === * ''[[Beware, Soul-Brother, and Other Poems]]'', 1971 published in the US as *''[[Christmas at Biafra, and Other Poems]]'', 1973 * ''[[Don't let him die: An anthology of memorial poems for Christopher Okigbo]]'' (editor, with Dubem Okafor), 1978 * ''[[Another Africa]]'', 1998 * ''[[Collected Poems (Chinua Achebe)|Collected Poems]]'', 2004 * ''[[Refugee Mother And Child]] === Essays, Criticism and Political Commentary === {| |width="300" valign="top"| * ''[[The Novelist as Teacher]]'', 1965 * ''[[An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"]]'', 1975 * ''[[Morning Yet on Creation Day]]'', 1975 |width="top"| * ''[[The Trouble With Nigeria]]'', 1984 * ''[[Hopes and Impediments]]'', 1988 * ''[[Home and Exile]]'', 2000 |} === Children's Books === {| |width="300" valign="top"| * '' [[Dead Men's Path]]'', 1972 * ''[[How the Leopard Got His Claws]]'' (with John Iroaganachi), 1972 |width="top"| * ''[[Marriage Is A Private Affair]]'' * ''[[The Flute]]'', 1975 * ''[[The Drum (novel)|The Drum]]'', 1978 |} == Ihe Ndị O Meriri == * 1972 ''Commonwealth Poetry Prize'' * 1987 ''Nigerian National Merit Award'' * 2002 ''Peace Prize of the German Book Trade'' * 2007 ''Man Booker International Prize'' == Lekwazie ndi nke ozo bụ ndi édémédé akwụkwọ == * [[Helon Habila]] * [[Ndi Afrika nke Amerika]] * [[Adaora Lily Ulasi]] * [[Lola Shoneyin]] * [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] * [[Ndị Igbo]] == Atụmatụ n'aga n'ezi== <!-- external links --> * [http://www.economist.com/news/obituary/21574453-chinua-achebe-africas-greatest-storyteller-died-march-21st-aged-82-chinua-achebe ''Chinua Achebe, Africa’s greatest storyteller, died on March 21st, aged 82''], The Economist, asụsụ békè, looked up on 25 Maachị 2016. == References == <references /> {{wikiquote}} {{commons|Category:Chinua Achebe|Chinua Achebe}} [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo|Achebe]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria|Achebe]] [[Òtù:Ndi Afrika nke Amerika|Achebe]] 3rzbheuh337mpd7kuhbjc3vyv1hoi3e 0 7950 193526 148745 2024-10-29T17:24:55Z ~2024-7914 21715 193526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dora Nkem Akunyili''' (A mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị nke iri na anọ n'ọnwa nke asaa n'afọ̀ 1954. Ya anwụọ n'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa nke isii n'afọ̀ 2014). Ọ bụbu nnukwu onyeisi ntụziaka (nke a na-akpọ daịrekụtọ jenaralụ n'asụsụ Bekee) n'ụlọ-ọru [[National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control|NAFDAC]] na-ahụ na a na-emepụta nakwa na-ekekesa ọgwụ, ihe ọńụńụ na ihe oriri n'ụdị kwesịrị ekwesị. Akunyili bụkwara mịnịsịta hụrụ maka mgbasa ozi n'ala [[Nigeria|Naịjiria]] site na-afọ̀ 2008 ruo 2010. Ọ bụ onye maara ka esi emepụta ọgwụ, onye ndi Bekee na-akpọ famasisiti, nakwa onye ọrụ gọọmentị amà ama na mbà ụwa. O nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye maka ezigbo ọrụ ya site n'aka ndị 'pharmacology', 'public health' na '[[Human rights defender|human rights]]' doro anya.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} Akunyili dọrọ ndọrọ-ndọrọ ịbụ onye omebe iwu dịka sinetọ n'ụlọ ọgbakọ ndị omebe iwu Naịjiria na-anọchite anya andị Anambra Central n'okpuru [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] n'ọnwa nke anọ n'afọ̀ 2011, mana  Chris Ngige nke [[Action Congress|ACN]] meriri ya. Ozugbo, o zigaara ndị Independent National Electoral Commission akwụkwọ ịgbagha ndapụta ndọrọ-ndọrọ ahụ̀.<ref name="Nation20110428">{{cite news|last=Onu|first=Nwanosike|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/2011/index.php/news/4382-how-ngige-floored-akunyili-in-anambra-central.html|title=How Ngige floored Akunyili in Anambra Central|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=28 April 2011|accessdate=27 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502015547/http://www.thenationonlineng.net:80/2011/index.php/news/4382-how-ngige-floored-akunyili-in-anambra-central.html|archivedate=2 May 2011|df=dmy}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke asaa nọnwa nke isii n'afọ̀ 2014 ka Akunyili nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ nọ n'India, site n'ọrìa kansa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=66780|title=Dora Akunyili, former NAFDAC DG dies at 59|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref> == Ọchichi ya na NAFDAC == Na nsote nghoputa ya dika onye Ntuziaka ofis ndi NAFDAC nile n'onwa ano na-afo 2001, Akunyili mere ya ihe di mkpa ikpochapụ ọgwụ ndi na-adighi mma 'counterfeit drugs' na nri ndi n'adighi mma n'ahụ 'unsafe food'.<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite web|url=http://www.kwenu.com/achebe/2006/22dora_akunyili.htm|title=Account Suspended|publisher=Kwenu.com|date=|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref>  Tupu ya arigoro n'ọkwa ya na NAFDAC, ogwu na nri adịgboroja juru n'ala Naijiria n'enweghi onye mezi ya. O wutere ya nke nnukwu na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyi obodo ya na-aṅụ ọgwụ adịgboroja yiri nke bụ ezi ya maka oria iba '[[Iba|malaria]]' na 'tuberculosis' ."<ref name="One woman">{{cite web|last=Frenkiel|first=Olenka|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/this_world/4656627.stm|title=Programmes &#124; This World &#124; One woman's war with fake drugs|publisher=BBC News|date=12 July 2005|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> Na-agbanyeghi na enwere ọtụtuihe ize ndụ na mkpebi ya ikpochapụ ogwu adịgboroja, otinyere ndụ ya n'ọgwụ. Tinyere n'onwetara ọtụtu ihe inwe na mba ụwa."<ref name="Ene2">{{cite web|url=http://www.kwenu.com/moesmemo/moe2004/dora_danger.htm|title=Dora Akunyili and the dungeon of danger|publisher=Web.archive.org|date=|accessdate=24 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507083714/http://www.kwenu.com/moesmemo/moe2004/dora_danger.htm|archivedate=7 May 2006}}</ref> Professor (Odoziaku.) Dora Nkem Akunyili, onye rigoro n'ọkwa na-abali 12 n'ọnwa anọ na -afọ dika onye Ntụziaka ndi National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), bụ 'Pharmacist', 'Pharmacologist', 'Erudite Scholar', Seasoned Administrator', nakwa 'visionary leader'. Ọ bụkwara 'Senior Lecturer na Consultant Pharmacologist' na College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN), Enugu Campus, tupu Ọ bụrụ onye isi ndi NAFDAC. A mụrụ ya na [[Makurdi]], [[Ȯra Benue|Benue State]], mana otoro na Nanka alụọ ya n'Agulu, ha abụọ di na Anambra State nke Naijiria. Agụm Akwụkwọ ya bidoro mgbe ọgafere ule 'First School Leaving Certificate' nweta Distinction na St. Patrick's Primary School, Isuofia, Anambra State na-afo 1966, na West African School Certificate (WASC) with Grade I Distinction na-afo 1973 na 'Queen of the Rosary Secondary School, Nsukka', nke di na mba Naijiria. Mpụta asambodo First School Leaving Certificate na WASC mere ya enweta agụm akwụkwọ n'efu nke 'Eastern Nigerian Government Post Primary Scholarship' na '[https://web.archive.org/web/20210505132822/https://soulwritempire.com/highest-paid-government-funded-scholarships-in-the-world-2021-2022/ Federal Government of Nigeria Undergraduate Scholarship]'. O nwetara Digirii nke mbụ ya na Pharmacy B.Pharm (Hons) na-afọ 1978 na PhD ya na-afọ 1985 na UNN. Professor Akunyili bụ Post-Doctorate Fellow nke ndi 'University of London' nakwa 'Fellow nke West African Post-Graduate College of Pharmacists'. I ji kwadebe ya maka ọkwa nlekọta ya, enyere ya nkwado Computer Education Programme nke WHO/UNDP/World Bank kwadoro nakwa Senior Management skills Course in RIPA, London, n'afọ 1994 na 1998. Akunyili nwetara ọtụtụ nkwado n'efu. Akunyili bidoro Ọrụ ya dika onye mmepụta ọgwụ n'afọ 1978 rute 1981, na University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu, Tupu ya agawa n'ogba Agụmakwụkwọ dika Graduate Assistant (Research Fellow) na Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNN site na 1982 ruo 1986. N'usoro ndi Mahadum, onwere ọtụtụ ọganihu site na Lecturer I na 1986 tupu emee ya Senior Lecturer na 1990. Ezigara ya College of Medicine, UNN na 1992, ebe emere ya Consultant Pharmacologist na 1996, ọkwa ọnọro ruo abali iri abụọ n'ọnwa anọ n'afọ 2001. N'ihi  ịhụnanya ya n'ebe ndi eto-eto di, ọ bụkwara onye nkụzi ọkara oge na West African Postgraduate College of Pharmacists Lagos, Nigeria na-afọ 1992–1995. A kwadoro Akunyili maka ọkwa ndụti ya na NAFDAC site na ọrụ afọ anọ ya dika onye ode-akwụkwọ na Petroleum Special Trust Fund (PTF), na ahazi ọrụ na steeti ise ndi di n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na-ala Naijiria (Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu na Imo States). Ọrụkwara dika onye Nlekọta na Ọrụ Ubi nakwa otu onye ndi Caretaker Committee nke Local Government, Anaocha Local Government Area di na Anambra State site 1994 ruo1996.Site na 1992 ruo 1994, Akunyili rụrụ dika otu onye State's Hospitals Management Board nakwa State Advisory Council for Women Commission nke di na Anambra State of Nigeria. Dika ọkà mmụta sayensị, owepụtara karia Akwụkwọ Research 20 n'ọtụtụ Local and International Scientific Conferences, tinyekwara ibipụta otu akwụkwọ na ihe edide 18. O lekọtara ndi Ogo Doktorate na Masters na Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka na U.N.N. nke di na Naijiria. Ọbụna dị ka onye Ntuziaka ndi NAFDAC, Dr. Akunyili wepụtara oge ilekota ndi ụmụakwụkwọ postgraduate na College of Medicine UNN. Ọ bụkwa Chief Examiner in Pharmacology ndi 3rd M.B.B.S College of Medicine, Abia State University Uturu, Naijiria. Akunyili bụkwara ọtụ onye ndi Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN) ebe ọrụrụ dika: * PSN Education Committee as Secretary, 1994–2000 * Organizing Committee for Enugu State PSN Annual Conference as Secretary, 1995 * Nigerian Association of Academic Pharmacists as National Asst. Secretary, 1990–94 * Association of Lady Pharmacists as National Vice-President, 1992–95, National ''Ex Officio'' Member 1995–2000 and President of Enugu State branch, 1992–98. Ọ bụkwara otu onye ndi okachamara ndi ọzọ di na Naijiria dika: Nigerian Society for Pharmacology, West African Society for Pharmacology, International Union of Pharmacology na International Pharmaceutical Federation. Akunyili nwekara ọtụtụ okwa na University of Nigeria Nsukka Senate dika:  * Senate Careers Board Committee – Member 1986–93 * Board of Institute for Development Studies-Member, 1986–93 * Senate Representative for Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1990–92 * Staff Welfare Committee for Academic Staff Union of Universities, Nigeria – Member, 1991–93 * Investigation Committee on Alleged Examination Malpractice in Drama 202 Re: Ugwuja C., 86/49917 of Sub-Department Dramatic Arts, UNN – Secretary, 1991–92. Akunyili’s high sense of responsibility led to her being made a member of the following Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Committees (UNN), 1986–92: * Medicinal Plant Committee * Examination Committee * Continuing Education Committee * Publications and Colloquial Committee * Committee on Specialization Courses for Pharmacists * Consultancy Management Board. Akunyili bụkwa onye ụka Katọlik nke di ya bụ Dr J. C. Akunyili, of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu ruo ọnwụ ya. Ha nwere ụmụ isii. Omume ntụrụndụ ya bụ igụ akwụkwọ nakwa ide akwụkwọ. Ndi oke isi si mba di iche iche nke tinyere Onye isi-ala [[Goodluck Jonathan]] na onye isi-ala nke gara-aga General Yakubu Gowon biara Olili ya nke emere n'abali iri abụọ n'asaa na iri abụọ n'asatọ. Akunyili was laid to rest at Agulu in Anambra state.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=79929|work=The Sun|title=Prof Akunyili’s final journey home: Day Agulu people, other Nigerians were united in grief|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> == Inwe ya == Ụfọdụ inwe ndi Prof. Akunyili nwetara na ndụ ya bụ: * Time Magazine Award 2006 ("One of the eighteen heroes of our time"), Time Magazine Inc. * Person of the Year 2005 Award – '''Silverbird Communications Ltd''', Lagos, 5 January 2006 * Award of Excellence – Integrated World Services (IWS), Decemb2005 * Award of Excellence – Advocacy for Democracy Dividends International, Lagos, 17 December 2005 * Meritorious Award 2005 – St. Michael's Military Catholic Church, Apapa, [[Lagos]], 4 December 2005 * African Virtuous and Entrepreneurial Women Merit Award 2005 – African Biographical Network, Dec. 2005 * Award for the Best Government Parastatal – National Association of Nigerian Students (NANS), December 2005 * An Icon of Excellence Award – The African Cultural Institute and Zenith Bank Plc,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zenithbank.com/|title=zenithbank.com|publisher=zenithbank.com|date=31 December 2012|accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> 8 December 2005 * 2005 Grassroots Human Rights Campaigner Award London-based Human Rights Defense Organization, 8 December 2005 * Most Innovative Director Award Federal Government College, Ijanikin, Lagos, October 2005.<ref name="DORA">{{cite web|url=http://www.nafdacnigeria.org/dg.html|title=Nafdacnigeria.org|publisher=Nafdacnigeria.org|date=|accessdate=24 January 2014|archivedate=30 June 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630231848/http://www.nafdacnigeria.org/dg.html}}</ref> * Integrity Award 2003 – Transparency International.<ref name="Integrity Award">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075415/http://www.transparency.org/publications/newsletter/2006/november_2006/spotlight] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930075415/http://www.transparency.org/publications/newsletter/2006/november_2006/spotlight|date=30 September 2007}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118190808/http://www.9jagist.com/sad-news-prof-dora-akunyili-has-passed-on-dead/ Sad news!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160118190808/http://www.9jagist.com/sad-news-prof-dora-akunyili-has-passed-on-dead/ "Prof. Dora Akunyili has passed on"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184821/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=2982 Dr. (Mrs.) Dora Nkem Akunyili] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1318_africa_radio_aw/page18.shtml BBC World Service Special] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/2005_49_fri_03.shtml BBC ''Woman's Hour''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190306091307/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Akunyili_speech.pdf Address by Dora Akunyili at The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Washington, D.C: USA: "Women Leadership in Emerging Democracy – My NAFDAC Experience"] {{DEFAULTSORT:Akunyili, Dora}} [[Category:Wikipedia Igbo Women Edit-a-thon]] 8l3fm5100k9o2l5c91lkxdw8v8w871j 0 10780 193548 125251 2024-10-29T22:32:21Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:DogYearPaperCutting.jpg|thumb|Nka ịcha akwụkwọ nke ndị China]] Ịcha akwụkwọ bụ [[Ǹkà|nka]] nke a na eji akwụkwọ emepụta ihe dị iche iche. Nkà ahụ agbasala n'ụzọ pụrụ iche n'ụwa niile n'ụdị omenala dị iche iche. Otu ihe dị iche nke ọtụtụ omenala kwekọrọ na nke a n'ahụkarị bụ na a na-eji otu mpempe akwụkwọ eme ihe nka megide iji ọtụtụ ibe akwụkwọ achịkọtara ọnụ. == Ntọala == Nka ịcha akwụkwọ pụtara n'oge usoro ndị eze Han na narị afọ nke anọ AD mgbe onye ọrụ gọọmentị China, Cai Lun chepụtara akwụkwọ na AD otu narị na ise.<ref name="History of Sekishu Washi">{{Cite web|author=Washi|first=Sekishu|title=History of Sekishu Washi|url=http://www.sekishu.jp/en/history/index.html|accessdate=9 March 2017|archivedate=12 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312064649/http://www.sekishu.jp/en/history/index.html}}</ref> ihe nka ịcha akwụkwọ nke kacha ochie nke dị ugbu a bụ nke akwụkwọ achara ọdị okirikiri na usoro na usoro. Emere ihe nka ahụ na narị afọ nke isii n'oge ọchịchị ndị eze isii. Achọtara ihe nka ịcha akwụkwọ ahụ na Xinjiang, China..<ref name="Sullivan">{{Cite book|first=Michael|author=Sullivan|title=Art and Artists of Twentieth-Century China.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scYyWIY4Sv0C&pg=PA150|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-07556-6}}</ref> A nọgidere na -eme ịkpụcha ma ịcha akwụkwọ n'oge usoro ndị eze Song na Tang dị ka ụdị ihe ịchọ mma a ma ama.<ref name="Sullivan" /> [[Usòrò:Aleksis Kivi silhouette.png|thumb|Onyonyo - nka nke ịcha akwụkwọ eserese mmadụ site na akwụkwọ ojii]] Ka ọ na-eru narị afọ nke asatọ ma ọ bụ nke itoolu, akụkọ kọrọ na ịcha na ịkpụcha akwụkwọ pụtara na mpaghara West Asia na [[Turkéy|Turkey]] na narị afọ nke iri na isii. Ọmụma imepụta akwụkwọ eruteghị Europe ruo na narị afọ nke iri na atọ. Nke a meree eji ghọta na nka ịcha ma ịkpụcha akwụkwọ rutere ebe ahụ mgbe nke ahụ gasị. Dịka na ọmụmaatụ na obodo Switzerland na Germany, ọ bụ na narị afọ nke iri na isii ka ebidoro nka ịcha na ịkpụcha akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ scherenschnitte (leekwa onyinyo ). == Na Chaịna == Jianzhi (剪紙), bụ ụdị omenala ịcha na ịkpụcha akwụkwọ n'ime [[China]] ọ malitekwara site ịcha n'ịkpụcha ihe eji achọ mma China ma emesịa mewe ya ka ọ bụrụ nka ọdịnala n'onwe ya. Emeela Jianzhi na China kemgbe opekata mpe narị afọ nke isii AD. Jianzhi nwere ọtụtụ ojiji dị iche iche na ọdịbendị China, ọfọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na egosi naanị maka ahụike, ọganihu ma ọ bụ ebumnuche ịchọ mma. Uhie bụ ụcha nke a na -ejikarị eme ihe. Mbipụta ịcha n'ịkpụcha nke Jianzhi na enwekarị nkwanye ugwu siri ike na egosi mkpụrụedemede China na-anọchite anya akara kpakpando na anụmanụ ndị China. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists, nke a chịkọtara n'afọ 2009<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinese paper-cut|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00219|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> ghọtara, gbakwụnyere ịkpụcha na ịcha akwụkwọ China wee depụta ya n'ihi na ọ nwere akụkọ ihe karịrị puku afọ ise ma na-anọchite anya ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị nke ndị mmadụ na China niile. Na China enwerekwa ihe nkiri ahụ akpọrọ ''Songs of War'' nke ejiri ụdị teknụzụ eji eme ihe nke na-agagharị mee na ngwa akpọrọ Blender. Mbipụta ịkpụcha na ịcha akwụkwọ na ụzọ ọgbara ọhụrụ etolitela ma bụrụ nka na ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa eji akpata ego. Ịcha na ịkpụcha akwụkwọ ka na-ewu ewu na China nke oge a, ọkachasị n'oge mmemme pụrụ iche dịka Afọ Ọhụrụ China ma ọ bụ agbamakwụkwọ. <ref name="folklorepaper">{{Cite book|title=Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ea65pD9YyzkC&pg=PA285|chapter=Paper Cutting|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-241-8}}</ref> == Na Japan == Na obodo [[Japan]] a na-akpọ nka ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ Kirie ma ọ bụ Kirigami (nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị ịkpụ ma ọ bụ ibe foto). Ekwuru na ọmalitere mgbe narị isii na iri AD mgbe Doncho, onye mọnk Buddha si Korea wetara akwụkwọ Tesuki Washi, nke e mepụtara na China. Na oge ahụ akwụkwọ eji azụ ahịa nke ndị Japan ji aka mee na site na narị asatọ AD nka ha enweghị atụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacobi|first=Nancy|title=About Washi|url=http://www.japanesepaperplace.com/abt-japanese-paper/about-washi.htm|accessdate=9 March 2017|archivedate=1 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601111156/http://www.japanesepaperplace.com/abt-japanese-paper/about-washi.htm}}</ref> Ịba ụba nke washi ndị Japan pụtara na ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ na mpụta dị ka Kamikiri (ịkpụpụta akwụkwọ na Edo Japan) mepere n'ike n'ike. Akwụkwọ a na-ejikarị n'ụwa niile taa maka nka ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ, ijikọ akwụkwọ, teepu na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ abụghị Tesuki washi kama ọ bụ akwụkwọ nke onye Japan Sekishu washi, mepụtara mgbe narị asatọ AD na mpaghara Sekishu (nke dị na Iwami, Japan na oge a) <ref name="History of Sekishu Washi"/> nke ndị UNESCO wepụtara dị ka Ngwongwo omenala a na-apughi imetụ aka (ma ọ bụ Intangible Cultural property na bekee) na afọ 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Japanese Washi Paper|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00219|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=16 October 2011}}</ref> Mbipụta nka ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ na -aga n'ihu taa na Japan n'ụdị dị ugbu a dị ka nka eserese, nrụnye ihe na ịkpụ ihe ọkpụkpụ eji akwụkwọ eme. == Na Indonesia == Ndị omenkà ọdịnala China metụtara nka ọdịnala nke ndị Indoneshia. Batik bụ nka ọdịnala Indoneshia ya na ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ. A na ahazi Batik na ụzọ dị iche iji kpughee nkọwa dị mgbagwoju anya nke nka ahụ. == Na obodo Filipino == Ọtụtụ ọrụ aka ndị Philippine bu nke a na-eji ịcha akwụkwọ eme. N'oge ekeresimesi ndị Filipino, na oge mmeme ''parol'' (ụdị oriọna ọkụ ọdịnala ha) a na eji akwụkwọ nke achara-acha chọọ oriọna ọkụ mma n'ụdị nke dị iche iche dị ka iji ya see okooko osisi n'ihu, pom-pons na "ọdụ" kpakpando nke ana etinye cha na oriọna ọkụ ahụ. Enwekwara nka nke ''pabalát (ọbọp),'' ebe a na -eji akwụkwọ nka nke achara-acha nwere agba dị iche iche nke ejiri mkpa wee bee were ezigbo nlezianya kpụchie ihe ndị dị iche iche di ka swiiti nke ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke omenala. A na eji kwa akwụkwọ nka nke achara-acha na n'emepụta banderitas (bunting) nke eji achọ ebe a na eme ihe mmeme mma. Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ akwụkwọ mpempe achara-acha sara mbara ma ọ bụ nke dị warara nke a na etinye n'okporo ụzọ n'oge mmeme. == Na India == Sanjhi bụ aha India maka nka ịcha na ịkpụ akwụkwọ. A na -etinyekarị mpempe akwụkwọ achara-acha nke jupụtara na agba n'ala iji mee Rangoli . == Na etiti Ndị Juu == [[Usòrò:Mizrah.jpg|thumb|Ịcha na ịkpụ akwụkwọ ụdị nka ndị Juu]] Ịcha na ịkpụ akwụkwọ abụwo ụdị nka ndị Juu na eme kemgbe ụwa emepechabeghị emepe, nke jikọtara na omenala na emumeha dị iche iche, oge ha ji enwe ezumike na omume ndụ ezinụlọ. Akwụkwọ achara-acha nke edoziri-edozi gunyere ''ketubot'' (nkwekọrịta alụmdi na nwunye), ''Mizrahs'', na ihe ịchọ mma n'oge ememme dị iche iche. Otu akụkọ na-akọ banyere Rabbi Shem-Tov ben Yitzhak ben Ardutiel, onye mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ink oji eme edemede ya ajụwo oyi, gara n'ihu na-ede ihe odide ahụ site na ịbe mkpụrụedemede n'ime akwụkwọ. N'ihe dị ka narị afọ nke iri na asaa, nka ịcha na ịkpụ akwụkwọ aghọọla ụdị ihe ama-ama nke na ewu-ewu maka ịchọ mma na obere eserese ihe okpukpe dịka ''Mizrachs'' na Shavuot. Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nka nke ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ ka ndị Juu si eme ya naghachiri azụ n'Izrel. Taa, a na''-''ejikarị ya eme maka mizrachs na ''ketubot''. == Na Mexico == Papel picado bụ aha ndị [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] na akpọ nka ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ. A na eji mkpa ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nke dị nkọ acha akwụkwọ n'adịghị arọ na usoro dị mgbagwoju anya; a na -ejikarị usoro a emepụta ọkọlọtọ nke achọrọ mma. == Na obodo ndị Slavic == A na -akpọ ọmarịcha nka ịkpụ na ịcha akwụkwọ nke ụdị ndị Slavic nke na ewu ewu na Belarus, Poland, na Ukraine Wycinanki ([vɨt͡ɕiˈnaŋkʲi]) na Poland ma ọ bụ Vytynanky (Витина́нки) na obodo Ukraine ma ọ bụ Vycinanki (Выцінанкі) na Belarus. Okoko osisi na ebumnuche ezumike na -abụkarị isiokwu nke ọrụ nka ndị a na enwu gbaa. {{Circular reference|date=November 2017}} == Na Sweden == Ekeresimesi bụ mgbe ndị obodo Sweden na eji ụdị akwụkwọ achara-acha dị iche iche eme okooko osisi na ihe dị ọzọ na egosi mmeme ahụ gunyere ndị ejiri ekechi swiiti a na-akpọ crackers, <ref>{{Cite book|title=Swedish Christmas in America|author=Astrim, Catarina Lundgren|isbn=978-9178431779|url=http://beekman1802.com/swedish-christmas-crackers/}}</ref> na Ljuskrona nke ejiri akwụkwọ achara-acha ekpuchi, nke a na etinye na ụlọ ndị Sweden na Swedish-America na oge mmeme Ekeresimesi. == Swizaland == Enwere ọdịnala na Switzerland nke na egosi ịcha akwụkwọ, ọkachasị na Pays-d'Enhaut . == Ndị ọzọ == Silhouette ma ọ bụ onyonyo bụkwa ihe enwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ nka nke ịcha akwụkwọ ihe ndepụta ma ọ bụ eserese mmadụ site na akwụkwọ ojii. Ndị na-acha akwụkwọ n'oge a na-esokarị otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ụdị "ọdịnala" edepụtara n'elu, ebe ndị ọzọ amalitela ịgbasa nka n'ime ụdị, ebumnuche na atụmatụ dị iche iche. A na ejikọkwa imepụta nka ịcha akwụkwọ n'oge a na nka nke stencil, nke ya onwe ya na esite na usoro ejiri na eme eserese graffiti. Ojiji ejiri stencil nke aka na nka grafiti enwetawo nlebara anya mba ụwa n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya n'ihi ihe nka nke onye na-ese ihe bụ Banksy . == Ndị amara-amara na nka ịcha akwụkwọ == * Joanna Koerten (1650 - 1715) onye na -ese ihe onyonyo Dutch * Adele Schopenhauer (1797-1849), onye edemede German, onye na-ese ihe, na nwanne onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Arthur Schopenhauer * Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), onye edemede Danish na onye na-ese akwụkwọ * Henry Matisse (1869-1954), onye French na-ese ihe, onye nyochara ihe osise na nka ịcha akwụkwọ . * Lotte Reiniger (1899–1981), onye German na-ese ihe onyonyo * Jeanette Kuvin Oren (amụrụ 1961), onye Amerika na -ese akwụkwọ akụkọ * Kara Walker (amụrụ 1969), onye na -ese ihe n'Afrịka na Amerika nke oge a * Lane Twitchell (amụrụ 1967), onye na -ese ihe nkiri America n'oge a * Nahoko Kojima (amụrụ 1981), onye nka na ebipụta akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke Japan, ma na emepụta ihe dị ice iche site na akwụkwọ. * Nikki McClure, onye merika na ese ihe nka ịcha akwụkwọ akụkọ * William Schaff (amụrụ 1973), onye na -ese ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ America; ọrụ ya na mkpuchi album "Enwere m oke anya" nke Okkervil River mere . * Rob Ryan, onye Britain na -ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe nkiri * Barbara Earl Thomas (b. 1948), onye America na ese ihe nkiri, onye edemede, na onye nchịkwa nka dabere na Seattle. * Parth Kothekar (amụrụ 1992), onye na -ese ihe osise si Ahmedabad, India. == Hụkwa == * Chad (akwụkwọ), fọdụụrụ iberibe iberibe. * Mpempe akwụkwọ China * Mbipụta akwụkwọ China * Ihe osise akwukwọ * Scherenschnitte * Silhouette * Vytynanky (Wycinanki) * Origami * Kirigami == Ihe edeturu ==  {{Reflist|30em}} p6blyzai2zweu72e0ts2ctcvof0pwjw 0 11015 193533 83052 2024-10-29T22:21:41Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vinette Ebrahim''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụo na otu nke ọnwa [[February|Febrụwarị]],na 1957) bụ [[South Africa|ome ihe nkiri na odee nke South Africa]] amaara maka ọrụ ya dịka Charmaine Meintjies na SABC 2 soap opera ''7de Laan .'' <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Vinette Ebrahim: Bio|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1535|work=TVSA|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanne nwanyị ome ihe nkiri bụ Vincent Ebrahim . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kumars King of Small Screen|work=The Mercury (South Africa)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=21 March 2009}}</ref> == Mmalite Ndụ == Ebrahim bụ nwanne nwanyị onye na-eme ihe nkiri South Africa-British bụ Vincent Ebrahim. <ref name="brother">{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Robyn|title=Kumars' Dad in New 'Material'|work=The Argus (Cape Town)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> Nwanne-ya nwoke, ji afọ isi wee tọta ya we kpọ aha-ya Ebrahim. <ref name="brother" /> Nna Ebrahim rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi na Woodstock, nke dị na Cape Town, South Africa, onye bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ode akwụkwọ na onye nduzi. <ref name="brother">{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Robyn|title=Kumars' Dad in New 'Material'|work=The Argus (Cape Town)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, ọ kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Coventry, England, maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye njikwa nkwago. <ref name="brother" /> Ezinụlọ ahụ mesịrị laghachite South Africa. <ref name="brother" /> == Ọrụ == Ebrahim ekwuola na ọ mụtara ime ihe nkiri "na odụrụkọ" na Cape Town, ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-enyee aka na nkwago ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ihe nkiri. <ref name="brother">{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Robyn|title=Kumars' Dad in New 'Material'|work=The Argus (Cape Town)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> Ebrahim rụrụ ọrụ kasị nke Charmaine Beukes Meintjies na telivishọn soap opera nke South Africa ''7de Laan'' kemgbe 2000. <ref name="TVSA">{{Cite web|title=Vinette Ebrahim: Bio|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=1535|work=TVSA|accessdate=8 September 2017}}</ref> Ebrahim egosịpụtala n'ụlọ ihe nkiri na n'ememme ihe nkiri na South Africa dum, gụnyere Suidoosterfees <ref>{{Cite news|author=Khan|first=Atiyyah|title=Suidoosterfees Celebrates People of Our City|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/suidoosterfees-celebrates-people-of-our-city-2016039|accessdate=9 September 2017|work=Cape Argus|publisher=Independent Newspapers|date=30 April 2016}}</ref> na Klein Karoo Nasionale Kunstefees . <ref name="kknk">{{Cite news|title=KKNK - Soul Food for Theatregoers|work=Cape Argus|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=23 May 2007}}</ref> N'ememme Klein Karoo na 2007, ọ rụrụ na mmepụta asụsụ Afrikaans nke ihe omume Athol Fugard, ''Boesman en Lena'' . <ref name="kknk" /> Ọ natara awọd Kanna nke nwanyị ihe nkiri kacha mma bụ Best Actress maka ọrụ ya dị ka Lena. <ref name="Naledi2013">{{Cite news|author=de Beer|first=Diane|title=Stars Shine Bright at Theatre Awards|work=Pretoria News|publisher=Independent Newspapers|date=18 March 2014}}</ref> Na 2013 Naledi Theater Awards, Ebrahim meriri nturu ugo maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma na ihe omume dị ka onye (Nwanyị) ọrụ ya kacha maka Naam ''/ Name bụ Ellen Pakkies.'' <ref name="Naledi2013" /> Ihe omume a a na-akọ akụkọ ndụ n'ezie nke otu nwanyị South Africa nke a mara ikpe igbu nwa ya nwoke iñụ ọgwụ ike maarala ahụ mgbe o nwela ntachi obi na mmegbu ọtụtụ afọ. <ref name="maxlola" /> Ebrahim edela ọtụtụ ihe omume, gụnyere ''Die Ongelooflike Reis van Max en Lola,'' ọrụ nwere agwa abụọ ya na onye na-ede ihe omume nke South Africa na onye ntụzi Hugo Taljaard dere. <ref name="maxlola">{{Cite news|title=Max and Lola in Charming Two-Hander|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/local/stars-shine-bright-at-theatre-awards-1663106|accessdate=8 September 2017|work=Cape Times (South Africa)|publisher=Independent Newspapers|date=16 January 2015}}</ref> Ebrahim kwadoro ihe omume a n'akụkụ enyi ogologo oge ya na onye ome ihe nkiri South Africa bụ Chris van Niekerk nwere. <ref name="friendship">{{Cite news|title=Age-Old Forbidden Friendship Laid Bare|work=Cape Argus|publisher=Independent Newspapers|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> N'ime ihe omume na ndụ n'ezie,bụ enyi dị n'etiti nwoke na-acha ọcha na nwanyị nwere agba nọgidere na-adị, ọbụna site n'oge Apartheid . <ref name="friendship" /> Ebrahim ekwuola na n'oge Apartheid, Van Niekerk ga-aga otu sinima, ebe ọ na-aga ọzọ, na "mgbe ahụ, anyị ga-ezukọta ọnụ mee ihe nkiri ''stukkies".'' <ref name="friendship" /> N'mmemme Klein Karoo na 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ''Invisible,'' ihe omume ọzọ o dere na Bekee na Afrikaans. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Giveaway|work=Weekend Argus (Cape Town)|publisher=Independent Online|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> Na ''Invisible'', ọ gosipụtara otu nwanyị na-enweghị ebe obibi nke bụbu onye bi na Cape Town District nke isii . <ref name="kleinculture">{{Cite news|title=Culture in the Klein Karoo|work=Cape Times (South Africa)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> Ebrahim mekwara ihe ngosi otu nwanyị gbasara ndụ ya, ''Praat Die Storie Smaak Kry (Let's Spice It Up)'', nke o megoro n'asụsụ Afrikaans na bekee na South Africa niile dịka akụkụ nke mmemme ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị mba . <ref name="womensday">{{Cite news|author=Muston|first=Leon|title=Vinette Brings Women's Day Show to Bay|work=The Herald (South Africa)|publisher=BDFM Publishers|date=7 August 2009}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2019, a mara ọkwa na Ebrahim ga-ahapụ ọrụ abụọ ya nke Charmaine na nwanne ya nwanyị ọjọọ Vivian n'ihi na "akụkọ niile dị mkpa na Charmaine na Vivian agwụla". <ref name="laansend">{{Cite web|title=It's the end of the Laan for twin sisters Charmaine and Vivian|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/user/blogs/viewblogpost.aspx?blogpostid=50921|work=TVSA: South Africa's TV Website|publisher=TVSA|accessdate=19 November 2019}}</ref> Ebrahim kwụsịrị nsonye afọ [[iri na iteghete]] ya n'ihe nkiri ahụ n'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Octoba 2019. <ref name="laansend" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ e bipụtara na magazin South Africa nụ ''Kuier,'' Ebrahim kwuru na a manyere ya ịhapụ ''7de Laan.'' <ref name="slams">{{Cite news|title=Vinette Ebrahim slams '7de Laan' after forced exit|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/daars-n-krisis-vinette-ebrahim-slams-7de-laan-after-charmaines-forced-exit-20191030|accessdate=19 December 2019|work=Channel 24|publisher=24.com|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> O kwuru na ya echerela ụzọ ọpụpụ ya ruo oge ụfọdụ, na ọ rụrụ ụka na o nweghị ọgwụgwọ akụkọ maka agwa Charmaine ọzọ. <ref name="slams" /> N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Nọvemba 2019, Ebrahim malitere ọrụ ngosi onye ọbịa izu isii na rival South Africa, ''Binnelanders .'' <ref name="slams">{{Cite news|title=Vinette Ebrahim slams '7de Laan' after forced exit|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/TV/News/daars-n-krisis-vinette-ebrahim-slams-7de-laan-after-charmaines-forced-exit-20191030|accessdate=19 December 2019|work=Channel 24|publisher=24.com|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == A họpụtara Ebrahim maka ma nweta ọtụtụ onyinye maka ọrụ nka ya. * N'afọ 2007, Ebrahim nwetara ihe nrite Kanna nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma maka arụmọrụ ya na ''Boesman en Lena'' na mmemme nka Klein Karoo. <ref name="kanna">{{Cite news|author=De Beer|first=Diane|title=KKnK Honours the Best with Kanna Awards|work=The Star (Johannesburg)|publisher=Independent News and Media|date=15 May 2007}}</ref> * Na 2008, Ebrahim nwetara ihe nrite Rapport/City Press Prestige Award maka ntinye aka ya na nka. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ncaca|first=Nhlanhla|title=Prestige Awards to Honour Top Female Achievers|work=City Press (South Africa)|date=14 September 2008}}</ref> * N'afọ 2013, Ebrahim meriri ihe nrite Naledi Theater Award maka ezi arụmọrụ ya na ngosipụta àgwà nwanyị kacha na àgwà ọrụ na ihe omume My Naam/Name is Ellen''Pakkies.'' == Esemokwu == Ebrahim dọtara nkatọ sitere n'aka ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ na mbido January 2015 mgbe o kwuchara okwu na ndetu Facebook site n'aka Onye ọcha bụ onye mgbachi the nyere ndị ka ibe ha akpọrọ Supremacist Sunette Bridges, bụ nke Bridges rụrụ asị banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ka ebubo nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndịọcha egburu na 2014. Bridges kwukwara na mwakpo/ igbu ọchụ bụ ndị "ndị isi ojii" mere ya ,bụ nke bụ adị na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Okwu Ebrahim na ndetu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke Facebook mere ka nke ahụ pụta ìhè  ma dọtiaa okwu na ndị [[Ndia|India]] na ndị ojii South Africa nwetara ọkwa dị elu nke mpụ ime ihe ike na nkezi (na igbu ọchụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ọcha ma ọ bụ onye otu ezinụlọ ha bụ naanị pacenti efu n'ụma atọ nke igbu ọchụ niile e dekọrọ na South Africa n'afọ ahụ) n'afọ ahụ. 2014. Ebrahim mekwara ka ozizi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke e ji wuo njirimara Afrikaan na enweghị mmasị nke ndị Afrikaan idoziharị mmehie ha mejọrọ South Africa na ndị obodo ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netwerk24.com/nuus/2015-01-03-sepiester-looi-sunette-bridges-oor-ras|title=Sepiester looi Sunette Bridges oor ras|author=van der Merwe|first=Jana|date=3 January 2015|work=|publisher=Netwerk 24|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> Nke a kpalitere nnukwu mkpagbu ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na soshal midia. Nkwụghachi azụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ a butere ọtụtụ ndị Afrikaan gosipụtara isi okwu Ebrahim, site n'ikwu okwu mkparị megide onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ebe ndị Afrikaan ndị ọzọ họọrọ iji ohere a enyere ha site na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụdị site n'ịgbalị ''ịwepu 7de Laan'' na mbọ ichetara Ebrahim ọnọdụ ya n'ime ndị isi ọchịchị nke ndị ọcha site n'ịnapụ ya ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/western-cape/local-celebs-in-racist-spat-1.1801229#.VKpqyyuUcqI|title=Local celebs in racist spat|author=Adams|first=Marvin|date=5 January 2015|work=|publisher=iol News|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> == Nrụtụaka ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm1420042}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] imbvy16onjvrnwg6tjcb23yv30rwgnh 0 13292 193545 90640 2024-10-29T22:30:41Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Madagascar]] bụ mba isi iyi maka ụmụnwanyị na ụmụaka a na-atụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ, ọkachasị ọnọdụ nke ọrụ mmanye na ịgba akwụna mmanye. E mere atụmatụ na ụmụnwanyị Malagasy 6,000 na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ na [[Lebanon]], na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta na Kuwait. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụnwanyị ndị a si n'ime ime obodo ma na-agụghị akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ na-agụghị akwụkwọ nke ọma, na-eme ka ha nwekwuo nsogbu maka aghụghọ na mmegbu n'aka ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ. Ozi zuru ezu banyere ọnọdụ ọrụ mmanye na mmegbu ndị ọzọ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ Malagasy na Lebanon pụtara ìhè n'afọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa na-alaghachi mba Madagascar kọrọ ọnọdụ ọrụ siri ike, ime ihe ike, iyi egwu mmekọahụ na mwakpo, njide n'ụlọ, ịnara akwụkwọ njem, na igbochi ụgwọ ọrụ. A kọrọ ọnwụ mmadụ asatọ n'etiti ndị a n'afọ 2009.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> Ụmụaka, ọtụtụ n'ime ha si n'ime ime obodo, na-adabere n'ọnọdụ nke ịgba ohu n'ụlọ, mmegbu mmekọahụ azụmahịa, na ọrụ mmanye na Ngwuputa, ịkụ azụ, na ọrụ ugbo n'ime mba ahụ. Ọtụtụ ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka na-eme site na itinye aka nke ndị ezinụlọ, mana ndị enyi, ndị na-ahụ maka njem, ndị nduzi njem, na ndị ọrụ ụlọ nkwari akụ na-emekwa ka ụmụaka bụrụ ohu. Nsogbu njem mmekọahụ ụmụaka dị n'obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, gụnyere Tamatave, Nosy Be, na Diego Suarez, yana isi obodo Antananarivo; a na-ewe ụfọdụ ụmụaka maka ọrụ n'isi obodo ahụ site na iji ọrụ aghụghọ dị ka ndị na-eje ozi na ndị na-eje ozi tupu a manyere ha n'ahịa mmekọahụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Isi mmalite nke ndị njem nleta mmekọahụ ụmụaka bụ mba France, [[Jémanị|Germany]], na [[Switzerland]]. Ndị nne na nna na-ere ụmụagbọghọ n'alụmdi na nwunye, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ obere oge, ọtụtụ mgbe maka nnukwu ego.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> Gọọmentị Madagascar anaghị agbaso ụkpụrụ kacha nta maka iwepụ ịtụ mgbere ahịa; Otú ọ dị, ọ na-eme mgbalị dị ukwuu ime nke ahụ. Kemgbe okpuru ọchịchị nke ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, ịlụso ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ọgụ enwetabeghị nlebara anya na [[Madagascar]]; ilekwasị anya na nso nso a na mmetọ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ na mba Lebanon emebeghị ka gọọmentị nwee mmeghachi omume ọ bụla maka nsogbu ahụ. Mgbalị gọọmentị na-emegide ịtụ mgbere ahịa ezughi oke ma belata n'ime afọ ahụ - ọkachasị n'akụkụ ikpe ndị omekome na-atụ mgbere ahịa, ịchọpụta na ichebe ndị metụtara, na ime ka ọha na eze mara nsogbu ahụ - ebe njupụta nke ndị isi na-etinye aka na ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ bịara pụta ìhè. Enweghị ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike ụlọ ọrụ, na ọzụzụ dị mkpa nọgidere bụrụ ihe mgbochi dị ukwuu iji meziwanye arụmọrụ mgbochi ịzụ ahịa, ọkachasị na-emetụta ịdị irè nke ọrụ ndị mmanye iwu; gọọmentị enweghi ike inyocha ma ọ bụ kpee ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa ikpe n'afọ 2009. Ya mere, e debere Madagascar na Tier 2 Watch List.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ US State Department na-enyocha ma na-alụso ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ ọgụ tinyere mba ahụ na "Tier 2 Watchlist" n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm|archivedate=2017-06-28|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements|work=www.state.gov|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> == Mkpesa == Mgbalị ndị mmanye iwu nke gọọmentị Malagasy na-emegide ịtụ mgbere ahịa belatara kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ebe ọ na-akọghị nyocha ma ọ bụ ikpe nke ndị omekome na-azụ ahịa. Iwu mgbochi ịtụ mgbere ahịa No. 2007-038 machibidoro ụdị ọ bụla nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-enye naanị ntaramahụhụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ; ndị a sitere na afọ abụọ ruo mkpọrọ ndụ, ntaramahụhụ ndị siri ike ma kwekọọ na ndị e nyere maka mpụ ndị ọzọ dị egwu, dị ka ndina n'ike. Nkeji edemede 262 nke Iwu Ọrụ na-eme ka ịzụ ahịa ndị ọrụ bụrụ mpụ, nke ọ na-enye ntaramahụhụ na-ezughị oke nke mkpọrọ otu afọ ruo afọ atọ. Iwu 2007-563 machibidoro ma nye obere ntaramahụhụ nke mkpọrọ afọ abụọ maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ịzụ ahịa ụmụaka, gụnyere ịgba akwụna, ịgba ohu n'ụlọ, na ọrụ mmanye. Gọọmentị ejighị iwu ya megide ịtụ mgbere ahịa taa ndị na-atụ mgbere ahịa ahụhụ. Nhazi na-adịghị mma n'etiti ndị ozi, enweghị ịkekọrịta data n'etiti ndị isi na mpaghara na ọkwa mba, na enweghị iwu onye isi ala na-edepụta ma na-enye iwu ka e jiri ya na ọkwa mpaghara gbochiri mmejuputa iwu ahụ. Gọọmentị enyochaghị ma ọ bụ kpee ikpe maka ọrụ mmanye n'oge akụkọ ahụ.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> Gọọmentị Madagascar kwụsịrị ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-etinye aka na ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ n'afọ ahụ, mana agbanyeghị nkwa ya ime nyocha nke azụmahịa ndị a. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2009, gọọmentị guzobere mmachibido iziga ndị ọrụ na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], mana e mezughị ya nke ọma, ikekwe n'ihi njikọ aka nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị dị elu; a kọrọ na ndị ọrụ obodo na Mịnịstrị nke Ọrụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri. A na-akọkwa na ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na-enyere ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ikikere aka inweta akwụkwọ njem aghụghọ. Ihe akaebe na-egosi na e nwekwara njikọ aka gọọmentị na-enye ohere ka ndị na-agba akwụna ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ, ọkachasị na Nosy Be. Ndị uwe ojii obodo nọgidere na-ala azụ ịchụso ịzụ ahịa mmekọahụ ụmụaka na mpụ njem mmekọahụ ụmụaka, ikekwe n'ihi nrụrụ aka siri ike, nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị obodo, ma ọ bụ egwu nke ihe omume mba ụwa. Gọọmentị emeghị ihe ọ bụla megide njikọ aka gọọmentị na ịtụ mgbere ahịa mmadụ n'oge akụkọ ahụ.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> == Nchedo == Gọọmentị mba Malagasy mere mgbalị na-adịghị ike iji hụ na e nyere ndị metụtara ohere ịnweta ọrụ dị mkpa ma ọ naghị arụ ọrụ mmemme enyemaka ndị metụtara ya. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-azụ ahịa a chọpụtara n'afọ 2009 bụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ NGO na-elekọta aka. [[Madagascar]] enweghị usoro iji chọpụta ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ na-akpọga ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta. Otú ọ dị, Mịnịstrị nke Ahụike nke mpaghara Child Rights Protection Networks - nke toro site na mmekorita ya na UNICEF iji tinye obodo 761 n'afọ 2009 - kpọkọtara ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ndị mmanye iwu, na NGO iji mejupụta ọrụ a. Netwọk ndị a haziri ọrụ nchedo ụmụaka, chọpụta ma kọọ ikpe mmetọ, ma nyere ụfọdụ ndị na-azụ ahịa aka ịnweta ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na iwu. A kpọchiri ndị si mba Lebanọn lọta ozugbo n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche ma ghara inye ha ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ma ọ bụ iwu kwesịrị ekwesị. Onye nnọchi anya na-asọpụrụ Madagascar na Beirut mere obere mgbalị iji soro ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ma kpọga ndị mba Malagasy metụtara n'ụlọ ọrụ NGO dị na Beirut. Gọọmentị zigara onye ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya ya na Paris gaa Beirut iji mee nnyocha banyere mmetọ nke ndị ọrụ ụlọ Malagasy na Lebanon, mana ha emeghị ihe iji malite mmekọrịta mba abụọ na Gọọmentị Lebanon gbasara nchedo na ọgwụgwọ iwu maka ndị ọrụ a na-emegbu emegbu. Gọọmentị enyeghị ndị na-azụ ahịa ntaramahụhụ maka omume iwu na-akwadoghị mere kpọmkwem n'ihi ịzụ ahịa ha, mana egosighi ihe akaebe na ọ gbara ha ume inye aka na nyocha na ikpe nke ndị na-erigbu ha. Gọọmentị enyeghị ụzọ iwu ọzọ iji wepụ ndị ahụ metụtara na mba ebe ha ga-eche ihe isi ike ma ọ bụ ntaramahụhụ ihu.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> == Mgbochi == Mgbalị gọọmentị iji gbochie ịtụ mgbere ahịa belatara n'afọ ahụ, ọkachasị na mpaghara mmata ọha na eze. Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mgbochi ịzụ ahịa nke onye isi ala kwụsịrị ịrụ ọrụ na mbido afọ 2009. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị nke Antananarivo nke dị na Manjary Soa Center wepụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka a na-amaghị ama site na ụdị ọrụ ụmụaka kachasị njọ ma nye ha agụmakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọzụzụ ọrụ aka. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ọzọ mepere na Toliara na Toamasina n'afọ 2009 ma bụrụ naanị mmemme gọọmentị kwadoro n'ụzọ zuru ezu iji lụso ọrụ ụmụaka ọgụ. Ọ bụ ezie na Kọmitii mpaghara itoolu na-alụso ọrụ ụmụaka ọgụ rụrụ ọrụ iji mụbaa nhazi n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, NGO, na ILO / IPEC n'okpuru usoro nke National Action Plan for the Fight Against Child Labor, ndị nyocha ọrụ ụmụaka ise nke Ministry of Labor ezughị iji kpuchie ebe karịrị Antananarivo ma ọ bụ na ngalaba akụ na ụba na-enweghị usoro. Mịnịstrị ahụ emeghị nyocha ọrụ ụmụaka na-eme mkpesa ma ghara inye ozi ọ bụla gbasara ọrụ ụmụaka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, kpughere n'oge nyocha mgbe niile. Gọọmentị gara n'ihu na-ekesa ndị njem mba ụwa na-abata akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ nta omenala nke nwere ịdọ aka ná ntị zuru ezu banyere ihe ga-esi na njem mmekọahụ ụmụaka pụta. N'afọ 2009, gọọmentị boro onye mba [[France]] ebubo ndina n'ike na nrụrụ aka nke nwatakịrị mgbe ọ kwụrụ ụgwọ maka mmekọahụ ya na ọtụtụ ụmụagbọghọ.<ref name="dos">"Madagascar". [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618114845/http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm ''Trafficking in Persons Report 2010'']. [[U.S. Department of State]] (June 14, 2010). {{PD-notice}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Ihe ruuru mmadụ na Madagascar == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} mgfed0788b8pnnt16pwofub4w50k41v 0 14068 193550 88313 2024-10-29T22:33:13Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Earl Tywone Stevens Jr'''. (amụrụ n'ubochí iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, n'afọ 1988), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya bụ '''Droop-E''', bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na onye na-emepụta ihe. Ọ bụ nwa Bay Area rapper E-40. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Droop-E Earl Tywone Stevens Jr. n'ọnwa Februari n'ubochí irí na asatọ, n'afọ 1988 na Vallejo, [[California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repertoire.bmi.com/Search/Catalog?num=uffMw%252fjArWkB3LTtiDbCQA%253d%253d&cae=%252bFI1AdMRqzkzEjiaOmpoFQ%253d%253d&partType=WriterList&search=%7B%22Main_Search_Text%22%3A%22earl%20tywone%20stevens%22%2C%22Sub_Search_Text%22%3A%22%22%2C%22Main_Search%22%3A%22Writer%2FComposer%22%2C%22Sub_Search%22%3Anull%2C%22Search_Type%22%3A%22all%22%2C%22View_Count%22%3A20%2C%22Page_Number%22%3A0%2C%22Part_Type%22%3Anull%2C%22Part_Id%22%3Anull%2C%22Part_Id_Sub%22%3Anull%2C%22Part_Name%22%3Anull%2C%22Part_Cae%22%3Anull%2C%22Original_Search%22%3Anull%2C%22DisclaimerViewed%22%3Anull%7D&resetPageNumber=True&partIdSub=YO0HedHMatLb45JzS23DVw%253d%253d|title=Stevens, Earl Tywone Jr.|publisher=BMI|accessdate=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=E-40|url=https://www.facebook.com/e40/photos/a.191154917049/10153346447862050/|title=Happy birthday to my first born Droop E Thefedifetcher One of the most solid dudes I know!|publisher=Facebook|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=January 14, 2021}}</ref><ref name="first family">{{Cite web|author=Caramanica|first=Jon|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/2006/03/26/arts/music/26cara.html|title=The First Family of Hyphy Pops a Collar (What'd They Say?)|work=The New York Times|date=March 26, 2006|accessdate=January 14, 2021|quote=Early next month, Droop-E, 18, will release his first proper album...}}</ref><ref name="born to rap" /> Ezinụlọ ya nwere ndị na-eti egwu gụnyere nna E-40, ụmụ nwanne nna ya B-Legit na Turf Talk, ya na nwanne nna ya D-Shot, Mugzi na nwanne nne ya Suga-T. Ngosipụta ndekọ izizi ya bịara ógè ọ dị afọ ise mgbe e gosipụtara ya na "Ajụjụ" na E-40's ''Federal'' album.<ref name="born to rap">{{Cite news|first=Marian|author=Liu|title=Born to Rap: Droop-E is an Original, Say Hip-Hop Celebrity Relatives|date=May 3, 2006|work=San Jose Mercury News|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/entertainment/special_packages/hiphop/14482188.htm}}</ref> Ọ gbakwara egwu "It's All Bad" site na abọm E-40 nke afọ 1995 In a Major Way (nke akpọrọ Lil E), na-eṅomi ụdị nna ya. Mmepụta izizi ya bụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise maka egwu Turf Talk "In The Heart Of The ''Ghetto''" na nchịkọta Mack 10 nke afọ 2003, Ghetto, Gutter & Gangster .<ref>{{Cite news|first=Garrett|author=Caples|title=Say 'Bay': Behind the New Bay sound of local hip-hop: NorCal producers|date=July 6, 2005|publisher=San Francisco Bay Guardian|url=http://www.sfbg.com/39/40/noise_new_bay_hiphop.html|accessdate=January 14, 2021}}</ref> == Single == * "Super Sic Wit It" - Mistah F.A.B. * "Get On My Hype" - Messy Marv * "Out Here" - Droop-E & B-Slimm (Feat. Mistah F.A.B.) * "Don't Let The Glasses Fool Ya" - B-Slimm * "3 Freaks (Droop-E Remix) - DJ Shadow * "Go Ignant" - The Mossie (Feat. E-40) * "Nice Girl (Remix)" - Droop-E (Feat. E-40) * "Bay" - Nelly == Discography == === Albọm Studio === * 2017: Echiche Trillionaire * 2019: Droopiter === EPs === * 2010: BLVCK Diamond Life * 2013: Agụụ na ịdị umeala n'obi === Mmekọrịta === * 2006 Droop-E & B-Slimm - The Fedi Fetcher & The Money Stretcher * 2016 AMTHST (Droop-E, Nite Jewel & Batmanonthebeatz) - Euphoria EP === Ngosipụta Ndị ọbịa === * 2016 07. "Sick Out Here" (na E-40) na The D-Boy Diary: Book 2 === Single === * E-40 & Too Short ft. Wiz Khalifa - Say I - History: Function Music (2012) * E-40 & Too Short - We Are Pioneers - History: Mob Music (2012) * E-40 & Too Short - Whip Out - History: Mob Music (2012) * E-40 & Too Short - Ride With Me - History: Mob Music (2012) * E-40 - Fast Lane - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. Gangsta Boo - Ka anyị - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. Big Omeezy - Bust Moves - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. B-Legit - Can You Feel It? - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. J Banks - Gịnị Bụ Ya Gafere? - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. Raheem DeVaughn, Laroo T.H.H., Mugzi, Work Dirty, & Decadez - Rollin' - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 1" (2012) * E-40 ft. JT the Bigga Figga & Cellski - With The - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 2" (2012) * E-40 - This Hard - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 2" (2012) * E-40 ft. Andre Nickatina - Memory Lane - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 2" (2012) * E-40 ft. Kendrick Lamar - Catch a Fade - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3" (2012) * E-40 ft. Kaveo - It's Curtains - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3" (2012) * E-40 ft. Cousin Fik- Get Loose - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3" (2012) * E-40 - Sidewalk Memorial - "The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3" (2012) * E-40 ft. Too Short- Over Here—The Block Brochure: Welcome to the Soil 3' [bonus track] (2012) * E-40 - Mr. Flamboyant 2K11 --"Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift" (2011) * E-40 dt. Decadez - Stay Gone - "Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift" (2011) * E-40 - Ike gwụrụ ire [[Yola]] "Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift" (2011) * E-40 - I Am Your "Revenue Retrievin': Overtime Shift" (2011) * E-40 - Barbarian "Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift" (2011) * E-40 ft. Turf Talk, Cousin Fik & Stressmatic - Back & Forth "Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift" (2011) * E-40 - Bad Bitch "Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift" (2011) * E-40 - Takin' Em Back "Revenue Retrievin': Graveyard Shift" (2011) * E-40 - Back in Business "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Understandz Me "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - The Art of Story Tellin' "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Got It "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Outta Control ft. Dem Hoodstarz & Mistah F.A.B. "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Ya Suppose To "Revenue Retrievin': Day Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Gosi m ihe ị na-arụ ọrụ na ft. Too $hort "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - How I'm Feeling Right Now "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Ọ bụ Gangsta ft. Messy Marv & The Jacka "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Na-etinye abalị ft. Droop-E, The DB'z, Laroo, na B-Slimm "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - A zụrụ ya ịga ft. Laroo, The DB'z & Mac Shawn 100 "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Ahhhh Sh*t! "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Power Up ft. San Quinn & Keak da Sneak "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Nlebara anya ft. Dru Down, Suga Free & Stompdown "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Let Go & Let God ft. Lenny Williams "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Streets Keep Callin' Me ft. Krizz Kaliko & B-Slimm "Revenue Retrievin': Night Shift" (2010) * E-40 - Move Mean ft. J-Diggs & Big Rich "Revenue Retrievin'": Night Shift" (2010) * - Nelly Bay - "Brass Knuckles"[Universal Records] (2008) * E-40 - Poor Mans Hydraulics - "The Ball Street Journal" (2008) [Warner] * E-40 - Got Rich Twice - "The Ball Street Journal" (2008)[Warner] * E-40 - I Can Sell It - "The Ball Street Journal" (2008)[Warner] * The Umbrella - Can't Slow Down - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Money Aint Trippin- "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - My Whoofers - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Kush Burn - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Hold Yo Stack Up - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Showin Out - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Yay Up - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - I Do Me - "Sick Wid It Machine"(2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Where My Neighborhood - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - How I Live - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - Real Talk - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * The Umbrella - It's All About The Money - "Sick Wid It Machine"(4/15/2008)[Sick Wid It Records/Koch] * E-40 - Pharmaceuticals Outro "Breakin' News" (7/1/2003) [Jive Records] * E-40 ft. Turf Talk- Sick Wid It II "My Ghetto Report Card" (3/14/2006) [Warner Bros. Ndekọ] * YukMouth - East Oakland - "Million Dollar Mouthpiece" (2008) [Rap-A-Lot] * Too $hort ft. E-40, Dolla Will na Mistah F.A.B. - I Want Your Girl - "Up All Night" (8/29/2006) [Jive Records] * DJ Shadow ft. Keak Da Sneak, Mistah F.A.B. Turf Talk, Droop-E - 4 freaks (3 freaks Remix--"The Outsider" (9/19/2006)[Universal] * MTV My Block The Bay Show Scoring (3/5/2006) [MTV] * Turf Talk ft. E-40 na B-Legit- Doe Boy - "West Coast Vaccine"(June/5/2007) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk -Broke N*ggas - "West Coast Vaccine"(June/5/2007)[Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk ft. E-40 -Popo's - "West Coast Vaccine"(June/5/2007)[Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk ft. E-40 -Stop Sitchin' - "West Coast Vaccine"(June/5/2007)[Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk ft. Freeway -Minnie Minnie - "West Coast Vaccine"(June/5/2007) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - Sav Out-- "The Street Novelist" (9/14/2004) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - Do The Robot- "The Street Novelist" (9/14/2004) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - In The Heart of The Ghetto- "The Street Novelist" (9/14/2004) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk ft. E-40 na Mike Marshall- Celebrate- "The Street Novelist" (9/14/2004) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - Turf Talk Iz Back - "Turf Talk Brings The Hood" (3/29/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - Real Hood-- "Turf Talk Brings The Hood" (3/29/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Turf Talk - Gangsta Shit - "Murder Dog Celebrates 10 years" (11/16/2004) * Mistah F.A.B. ft. Turf Talk & E-40 - Super Sic Wit It-- "Son of A Pimp" (5/17/2005) [Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo] * Ya Boy feat. E-40 na Turf Talk - We So Cold- "Rookie of the Year" (8/23/2005) [Done Deal Ent.] * Ya Boy feat. Clyde Carson- Fly As This- "Rookie of the year" (8/23/2005) [Done Deal Ent.] * Ya Boy - Not For Free - "Rookie of the year" (8/23/2005) [Done Deal Ent.] * PSD Messy Marv Keak Da Sneak—Cus, Cus-- "Da Bidness" (2/13/2007)[SMC/Universal] * PSD Messy Marv Keak Da Sneak—Gumbo Pot-- "Da Bidness" (2/13/2007)[SMC/Universal] * PSD Messy Marv Keak Da Sneak—Fakin' It Ain't Cool-- "Da Bidness" (2/13/2007)[SMC/Universal] * PSD Messy Marv Keak Da Sneak—Burdens of His Youth-- "Da Bidness" (2/13/2007)[SMC/Universal] * PSD Keak Da Sneak, & Mistah F.A.B. - Show Me The Deer Foot-- "Da Bidness" (2/13/2007)[SMC/Universal] * PSD Keak Da Sneak, & Mistah F.A.B. - Show Me The Deer Foot-- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Mossie, E-40, Turf Talk & The Federation - Go Ignat- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Sky Balla - Young Rich Kid - "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Dem Hoodstarz, Turf Talk & E-40 - Bull Shit-- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Team - Smoke Wit Me - "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Mac Mall - Slobber- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The DB'z - Get Busy- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * A2ThaK, Young Dru & Lay Low - Break U Down- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Bavgate - On The Radio- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Big Rich ft. Ya Boy- Meet The Dealers- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Money Gang - Back In Effect- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * Mac Shawn, Little Bruce, Turf Talk & J-Minix - Bay Business- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Factorz - In My Hood- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid [Sick Wid It Records]It Records] * The DB'z ft. E-40 - No Trouble- "The Bay Bridges Compilation" (9/13/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Federation ft. Rick Rock na Laroo - Skirt On - "Laroo na Doonie Purple Comp.." (11/15/2005) [Timeless Ent.] * Messy Marv - Can't Nobody - "DisoBAYish" (3/09/2004) [SMC/Universal] * Messy Marv - Get On My Hype-- "Bandannas, Tattoos & Tongue Rings"1/25/2005)[SMC Universal] * The Mossie ft. Mistah F.A.B. - Throw it up-- "Soil Savy" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Mossie ft. Droop-E, B-Slimm, and Keak- I'm Crazy- "Soil Savy" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Mossie ft. E-40 - Drankin.. na Smokin..- "Soil Savy" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Mossie - Hella Thick- "Soil Savy" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Mossie, E-40, Turf Talk & The Federation - Go Ignat- "Soil Savy" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * Celly Cel & E-40 - Don't Want None-- "The Sick Wid It Umbrella 'Fedi Fetchin'"(3/29/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The Factors - We Aint Listenin-- "The Sick Wid It Umbrella 'Fedi Fetchin'"(3/29/2005) [Sick Wid It Records] * The DB..z - Off Safety-- "Speakin' Mannish" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The DB..z - ft. Turf Talk Go Hard- "Speakin' Mannish" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The DB'z ft. E-40 - Stewy- "Speakin' Mannish" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * The DB..z ft. Droop-E na B-Slimm - Bloow- "Speakin' Mannish" (2/21/2006) [Sick Wid It Records] * Big Rich ft. Ya Boy- Meet The Dealers- "Block tested Hood Approved" (10/3/2006)[Koch] * Dem Hoodstarz - Bull Bhyt - "Band-Aide and Scoot" (9/12/2006) [SMC/Universal] * Dem Hoodstarz - Ugh-- "Band-Aide and Scoot" (9/12/2006) [SMC/Universal] * Dem Hoodstarz - You Know-- "Band-Aide and Scoot" (9/12/2006) [SMC/Universal] * J-Diggs ft. E-40, Turf Talk, Little Bruce- Do Sumthin' - "California Livin pt.2" (8/23/2005) [Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo] * J Nash ft. Mistah F.A.B., Clyde Carson- "Beat That" (2006) [Fa'eva Afta Ent] * Killa Keise - "My Block" (2006) [SMC/Universal] * Mark Price ft. Clyde Carson - "Just Lose it" (2006) * Mike Marshall ft. E-40 - "Ịgbalị ịhapụ ihe" (2006) * Blu Chip - Get Retarded (2006) * Messy Marv - Get On My Hype (Remix) (2006) * DJ Crook ft. E-40, Keak da Sneak & Turf Talk - Flamboastin.. "Tha Stompilation" (2006) * Mistah F.A.B. - Metros & Chirpers (2005) * Vital ft. E-40 & Mac Dre - Let yourself Go (2004) [Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ajụjụ ọnụ == * XXL Magazine: Droop-E, “Sade’s Lyrics is Like Rap. It's Real Sh#t You Can Feel.” (Ọkt, 2010) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] q2u6dvgion85219d50zciqocn4fknrx 0 16872 193505 193503 2024-10-29T12:53:02Z ایوان آنمار آنئورین 21709 October 29, 2024 193505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hassan Youssef''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na 14 Eprel 1939 wee nwụọ October 29, 2024) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Radware Captcha Page|url=https://validate.perfdrive.com/?ssa=d030fa8b-230e-41f6-b503-30078816e237&ssb=45287274598&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skynewsarabia.com%2Fvarieties%2F1751176-%25D9%2588%25D9%2581%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2581%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A8%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%25818a-%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25B3%25D9%2581-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1-%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B2-90-%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%258B&ssi=75de45b8-cf43-49e1-b214-b188059f417c&ssk=botmanager_support@radware.com&ssm=36714892048261989138938412512885&ssn=3d4df0c61199264ce7d086395aaa643a28226f86708b-8167-4961-9b3ff7&sso=5029121a-1273e8bf740f6dd571ee443cb5a89238c39dfdb42960f5bc&ssp=98156589711730276568173028966946807&ssq=07351530629882375537406297901696354184832&ssr=MjYyMDowOjg2MTozOjIwODo4MDoxNTQ6NzU=&sst=Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/110.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Citoid/WMF (mailto:noc@wikimedia.org)&ssu=&ssv=&ssw=&ssx=eyJyZCI6InNreW5ld3NhcmFiaWEuY29tIiwidXpteCI6IjdmOTAwMGEzNjU1YjhjLWViOTYtNDYzZi05OWU2LTg3MTBlNzA1NTllYjEtMTczMDIwNjI5NzY5MTM5Mi00MjM3YjEyYjA4MTE2MmJjMTMiLCJfX3V6bWYiOiI3ZjYwMDBjODZjNDdjZS0wMGJlLTQ3ZmEtYTZkMi03MzgyNjNmNzUxMzYxNzMwMjA2Mjk3NjkxMzkyLWE1MzE0NjA1NWIzMzU2NzUxMyJ9|work=validate.perfdrive.com|accessdate=2024-10-29|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=توفي الفنان حسن يوسف فی 29 أكتوبر عام 2024 يبلغ عمرة 90 عام حتي وفاته|url=https://shufunews.com/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D9%81%DB%8C-29-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-2024-%D9%8A%D8%A8/|work=Shufu News|date=2024-10-29|accessdate=2024-10-29|language=ar}}</ref>bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi. Ọ rụrụ ọtụtụ ihe nkiri kemgbe afọ 1960 ma gosipụta na ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt a ma ama Soad Hosny mere ihe nkiri iri na ise nke niile nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ (ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ dị na YouTube). O mekwara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri n'afọ ndi 1980 gụnyere ''Dalia onye Egypt'' na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt a ma ama Salah Zulfikar na onye na'eme ihe nkiri Madiha Salem dịka Dalia. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri a ma ama ''Layaly El Helmeya'' n'etiti afọ 1980. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Shams al-Baroudi kemgbe afọ 1970. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, gụnyere nwa nwoke, Omar H. Youssef. Na Julaị 11, 2011, n'okporo ụzọ dị n'etiti Cairo na Alexandria, otu ìgwè ndị omempụ wakporo Hassan. Hassan kwuru na ndị na-eme mgbanwe kwesịrị inyere aka chebe ụzọ karịa ime ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ise na-eme ihe nkiri na Egypt nke a na-asọpụrụ na 20th National Cinema Festival nke emere n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2016 na Egypt.<ref>"[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/245118/Arts--Culture/Film/Egypts-th-National-Cinema-Festival-announces-honou.aspx Egypt's 20th National Cinema Festival announces honourees]." Ahram Online, October 3, 2016.</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ |- |1 |1961 |''Fi baitina rajul'' | |- |2 |1966 |''Thalath Losoos'' | |- |3 |1968 |''Hekayet thalass banat'' | |- |4 |1971 |''Rehla Laziza'' | |- |5 |1971 |''Khamsa share' al-habaib' '' | |- |6 |1973 |''Al-mokhadeun'' | |- |} === Ihe nkiri telivishọn === {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ |- |1 |1982 |''Dalia onye Ijipt'' | |- |2 |1985 |''Layaly El Helmeya'' | |} == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * {{IMDb name|0950350}} * "[http://www.elcinema.com/en/news/nw678920646/ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Shams al-Baroudy wepụtara nkwupụta banyere di ya] na-eme egwuregwu Hassan Youssif". (Archive) Elcinema.com. DAMLAG S.A.E. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rzeixymecc4f2vr682zkoo3fd3kwcj0 0 17474 193538 89876 2024-10-29T22:25:34Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Malaika''' Favorite (amụrụ n'afọ 1949) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nkírí na onye edemede nke a pụrụ ịchọta ọrụ nka ya na nnukwu nchịkọta na US. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa na mmanụ, acrylic, na watercolor ma mee nnwale na ákwà a pịrị apị na okwu edere dị ka akụkụ ọzọ nke ederede ihe osise.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://malaikafavorite.artspan.com/home|title=Birds on a Wire|author=Favorite|first=Malaika|date=|work=malaikafavorite.artspan.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.batonrougegallery.org/malaika-favorite/|title=Malaika Favorite|work=Baton Rouge Gallery|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.savannahtribune.com/articles/beach-institute-presents-nothing-is-as-it-seems-works-by-malaika-favorite/|title=Beach Institute Presents: Nothing Is As It Seems, Works by Malaika Favorite|date=2010-02-03|work=The Savannah Tribune|accessdate=2018-02-18|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe osise ya na ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-akpali akpali sitere n'akụkọ ihe méré eme nke onwé ya dịka ọ si n'ụwa ka ukwuu.<ref name=":0" /> == Oge ọ malitere == Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu, nke Amos Favorite, Sr. na Rosemary Favorite. N'afọ ndị 1960 ọ sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị [[Ascension Island|Ascension]] Parish na Geismar, Louisiana, mgbè ọ ghọrọ ónyé Africa America mbụ gárá ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.weeklycitizen.com/article/20120927/NEWS/120929873|title=EA celebrates its history Friday night|author=Riviere|first=Kyle|date=September 27, 2012|work=Gonzales Weekly Citizen|accessdate=2018-02-18|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Favorite nwetara nzèrè B.A na MFA ya na nka dị mma na Mahadum Steeti Louisiana ebe ọrụ mbụ ya pụtara. A na-egosipụta ọrụ nka ya na Art: African American nke Samella Lewis, Black Art na Louisiana nke Bernardine B. Proctor na St. James Guide to Black Artists, nke Thomas Riggs dezigharịrị ma nwee ike ịchọta ya na nchịkọta ndị a: Absolut Vodka, Morris Museum of Art, Augusta GA, Louisiana State University Print Collection, Baton Rouge, LA, Alexandria Museum of Art. Alexandria, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta GA, Hartsfield International Airport, Atlanta GA. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, Cincinnati Recreation [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], Rosel Fann. O nwekwara mgbidi n'èzí na Auburn Ave na Atlanta na White St. na Atlanta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xanadugallery.com/2013/Artists/ArtistPage.php?ArtistID=532|title=Malaika Favorite - Xanadu Gallery Artist|author=|first=|date=|work=Xanadu Gallery|accessdate=2018-02-18}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.batonrougegallery.org/malaika-favorite/|title=Malaika Favorite|work=Baton Rouge Gallery|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-02-18}}</ref> == Onyinye na onyinye == * Onyinye Puffin Foundation, 2008 * Onyinye Porter Fleming Foundation, 2007 * Georgia Council For The Arts, 1992 * Onyinye pụrụ iche màkà ịdị mma na nka, Delta Sigma Theta sorority, 1987 * Fulbright-Hays ọmụmụ njem, Art of India, 1978. * African American Institute, 1975. == Otu onye na-egosi == * Columbia Theological Seminary, Decatur GA. March - April 2000 * Camille Love Gallery, Atlanta GA Jenụwarị 1996 * Stephens College, Davis Art Gallery, Columbia Missouri, November 1993 * Augusta College, Augusta GA, February 1993 * Paine College, Augusta GA, Jenụwarị 1993 * Galerie Melancon, Lake Charles LA, February 1990 * Posselt Baker Gallery, New Orleans LA, November 1989, 1986, 1985, 1984 * South Shore Bank, Chicago Illinois, February 1989 * Zigler Museum, Jennings LA, August 1988 * Baton Rouge Gallery LA, June 1988. == Ndị isi na-anakọta ihe == * Chọọchị Katọlik St. Margaret (Lake Charles, Louisiana) * Morris Museum of Art (Augusta, Georgia) * Louisiana State University Print Collection (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) * Alexandria Museum of Art (Alexandria, Louisiana) * National Ecumenical Museum of Art (St. Louis, Missouri) * Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Lucey Laney Walker (Augusta, Georgia) * River Road African American Museum (Burnside, Louisiana) * Ụlọ ọrụ Coca-Cola (Atlanta, Georgia) * Ụlọ ọrụ iwu King & Spalding (Atlanta, Georgia) * Absolut Vodka (New York, New York) * Hartsfield Jackson Atlanta International Airport (Atlanta, Georgia) * Harriett G. Damell Senior Multipurpose Facility (Atlanta, Georgia) * National Underground Railroad Freedom Center (Cincinnati, Ohio) * West End Mall (Atlanta, Georgia) * 150 Franklin Street Gallery (Harrisonburg, Virginia) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lewis, Samella, Art: African American. [[California]]: University of California Press; 1 mbipụta, 1994. * Proctor, Bernardine B, Black Art na Louisiana, Center for Louisiana Studies, Mahadum nke Southwestern Louisiana, 1989. * Riggs, Thomas (Editor), James Guide to Black Artists, Michigan na New York: St. ''James'' Press na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 1997. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.jmu.edu/forbescenter/events/2014/09/15-malaika-favorite.shtml|title=Furious Flower: The Art of Malaika Favorite, September 15 - October 3, Lisanby Museum - Festival Conference & Student Center|work=James Madison University|accessdate=2018-02-18}} * {{Cite news|url=http://www.savannahtribune.com/articles/beach-institute-presents-nothing-is-as-it-seems-works-by-malaika-favorite/|title=Beach Institute Presents: Nothing Is As It Seems, Works by Malaika Favorite|date=2010-02-03|work=The Savannah Tribune|accessdate=2018-02-18|language=en-US}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cj6i3tc16o01m7bovx94rpbz2iavy4s 0 17536 193535 95234 2024-10-29T22:23:11Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Lockett''' (1965-1998) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nkírí, na-ejikọta ihe osise na ihe atọ. Ónyé isi na-eduzi ihe osise nke Lockett bụ ónyé na-ese ihe Thornton Dial, nwa nwanne ya.<ref>Herman, Bernard L. 2016. ''Once Something Has Lived It Can Never Really Die: Ronald Lockettʹs Creative Journey''. In Bernard L. Herman, editor, ''Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett'', 1-22. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</ref> N'ịkọwa ọrụ ya, Holland dere banyéré mmetụta nke ojii n'ihe gbasara HIV / AIDS, ndụ LGBT, ịhụ mba n'anya, na mmetụta agbụrụ nke okwu ndị dị ka "onye si n'èzí," "onye nkuzi onwé ya," na "ndị mmadụ" na nka America.<ref>Holland, Sharon Patricia. 2016. Quotidian Remains. Bernard L. Herman, editor, ''Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett'', 33-44. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ackland Art Museum, na The American Folk Art Museum.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/12/arts/design/in-sheet-metal-and-scraps-ronald-lockett-evokes-struggle-and-survival.html|title=In Sheet Metal and Scraps, Ronald Lockett Evokes Struggle and Survival|author=Johnson|first=Ken|date=2016-08-11|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-06-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rawvision.com/news/ronald-lockett-ackland-art-museum|title=Ronald Lockett at Ackland Art Museum {{!}} Raw Vision Magazine|work=rawvision.com|accessdate=2019-06-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/312948/choosing-between-a-folk-artists-story-and-his-work/|title=Choosing Between a Folk Artist's Story and His Work|date=2016-09-13|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-14}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Lockett ma zụlite ya na mpaghara Pipe Shop nke Bessemer, [[Alabama]]. Site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, Lockett maara na ọ chọrọ ịbụ ónyé na-ese ihe, ọ tolitere n'okpuru ónyé nduzi ụgbọ mmiri nke nwanne nna ya na ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí, Thornton Dial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://selftaughtgenius.org/artworks/fever-within-ronald-lockett|title=Fever Within, Ronald Lockett|author=United|first=Brooklyn|work=Self-Taught Genius|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-14}}</ref> Lockett bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise, ụmụ nwoke anọ na otu nwa nwanyị, nke Betty na "Short" Lockett mụrụ. Nna ya, nke a maara dị ka "Short" ma ọ bụ "Little Bud", hapụrụ Betty na ụmụ ha mgbè Lockett bụ nwata. Betty nwèrè nsogbụ nke ọrịa uche mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, nke na-enye ya nsogbu ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'etiti afọ 1990.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett|title=Ronald Lockett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-06-10}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ịda ogbenye zuru ebe nile, machismo zuru ebe nile na ohere dị nta nke ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe na Bessemer, Lockett emebeghị azụmahịa. A chụpụrụ ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba site n'aka ndị ọgbọ ya na ndị nwéré ike ịbụ ndị nduzi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett|title=Ronald Lockett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-06-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett "Ronald Lockett | Souls Grown Deep Foundation"]. ''www.soulsgrowndeep.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ya na nné ya bìrì ruo mgbè ọ nwụrụ, wee nọrọ n'ụlọ ya ruo mgbè ọ nwụsịrị obéré oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị. Ụmụnne ya mèrè ihe dị iche iche, ụfọdụ sonyeere ndị agha mmiri na ndị mmanye iwu, ebe onye ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ na mpụ ugboro ugboro.<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == N'ịbụ onye tozuru oke mgbè òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ gasịrị, ma nwụọ tupu akwụkwọ akụkọ nke narị afọ nke irí abụọ na otu, Lockett tọrọ n'ọgba aghara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọrụ ya na-egosi ọgụ na pọgatrị n'otu ógè nke ịzụlite nwoke ojii na 1980s n'ime ime obodo Alabama. N'ile nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Thornton Dial, na-alụ ọgụ na ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a na akụkọ ihe méré eme nke America, dị ka agha Iraq na ịgba ohu nke America, Lockett wetakwara ọnọdụ nke ya n'akụkọ ihe méré eme n'ọrụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett|title=Ronald Lockett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-06-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett "Ronald Lockett | Souls Grown Deep Foundation"]. ''www.soulsgrowndeep.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ka nne ya na-anọpụ iche, na nje HIV ya méré ka ọ butere ọrịa ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ dị mfe, ọrụ ya gbanwere ọzọ na nchịkọta mgbasa ozi. N'ịgbaso omume nné ya (na ndị nnà nnà ya) nke patch-work quilting, ọ malitere ijikọta ihe dị iche iche na-emepụta ihe siri ike, na-ere ure, ihe eji akwa akwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/653740|work=www.metmuseum.org|accessdate=2019-06-14}}</ref> Ọrụ ole na ole ikpeazụ ya bụ ihe osise gbara ọchịchịrị, nke na-echetara ọnwụ nne ya na Princess Diana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett|title=Ronald Lockett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-06-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett "Ronald Lockett | Souls Grown Deep Foundation"]. ''www.soulsgrowndeep.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Lockett nwụrụ na 1998 site na oyi [[Iba|ịba]] n'ahụ metụtara HIV.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett|title=Ronald Lockett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-06-10}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett "Ronald Lockett | Souls Grown Deep Foundation"]. ''www.soulsgrowndeep.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nchịkọta ahọpụtara == Metropolitan Museum of Art Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà nke Minneapolis == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ ndị dị mkpa == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Na-agafe Buck: Mmụta nke Ronald Lockett. Na Bernard L. Herman, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett, 61-74. Chapel Hill: Mahadum nke [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] Press. * Jentleson, Katherine L. na Thomas J. Lax. 2016. Curating Lockett: Akụkọ ihe ngosi na Ọrụ Abụọ. Na Bernard L. Herman, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett, 45-60. Chapel Hill: Mahadum nke North Carolina Press. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nnyocha nke Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett. Journal of Folklore Research <nowiki>http://www.jfr.indiana.edu/review.php?id=2061</nowiki>. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Omenala Omenala, Ikike Ikike, na Njikọ nke Mgbanwe Omume. Na Bernard L. Herman, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Fever Within: The Art of Ronald Lockett, 23-32. Chapel Hill: Mahadum nke North Carolina Press. == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.visualaids.org/artists/detail/ronald-lockett * http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/ronald-lockett 1cyogpin5rnxpmgbbq1z2r50w5sa45r 0 17565 193543 81662 2024-10-29T22:28:06Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Bishop_Jermain_Loguen_1835.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Bishop Jermain Wesley Loguen (1835) nke William Simpson sere]] William H. Simpson (c.1818 1872) bụ ónyé Africa America na-ese ihe na ónyé na-ahụ màkà ikike ọbọdọ na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, nke a maara màkà foto ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Irvine|first=Betty Jo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH2RAAAAIAAJ|title=Fine Arts and the Black American, Issue 6|date=1969|publisher=Indiana University Libraries|isbn=|location=|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == A mụrụ William Simpson c.1818 na Buffalo, New York n'ezinụlọ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=October 31, 2011|title=Simpson, William H.|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00204445|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00204445}}</ref> Ọ mụtara ihe na onye na-ese foto na ónyé na'ihe osise nke British Neoclassical, Matthew Henry Wilson (1814-1892).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=William Wells|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AJYLAAAAIAAJ|title=The Rising Son: Or, The Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race|publisher=A. G. Brown|year=1874|isbn=978-0-598-57805-1|series=The Basic Afro-American Reprint Library|location=Boston, MA|pages=478–480|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1854, Simpson kwagara Boston ébé a maara ya màkà ihe osise ya.<ref name=":0" /> A maara ya màkà foto ya nke Jermain Wesley Loguen, ónyé bụbu ohu nke ghọrọ bishọp nke African Methodist Episcopal Church na New York.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe ndị ọzọ nke ihe osise ya gụnyere Caroline Loguen, nwunye Jermain Loguen; Charles Sumner, ónyé abolitionist na onye ọchịchị; na John T. Hilton, ónyé abolationist, ónyé édémédé, na ónyé ọchụnta ego.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Dickason Cederholm|first=Theresa|url=http://archive.org/details/afroamericanarti00cede_0|title=Afro-American Artists: A Bio-Bibliographical Directory|publisher=Trustees of the Boston Public Library|others=Boston Public Library|year=1973|isbn=978-0-89073-007-2|location=Boston, MA|pages=258}}</ref> Mgbè 1866 gasịrị, Simpson laghachiri Buffalo, New York, ma biri n'akụkụ ugwu nke United States na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Samella S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wEKXZ0Fo-IUC|title=African American Art and Artists|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-520-23935-7|location=Berkeley, California|pages=20–21|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ ónyé na-ekwu okwu megide ịgba ohu ma sonye na Underground Railroad.<ref name=":1" /> Ụdị ihe osise ya na ịma mma ya nwèrè mmetụta nke ihe osise Europe, nke bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ahụ màkà ndị na-ese ihe America.<ref name=":1" /> Otú ọ dị n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ ndị America na-ese ihe n'oge ya, Simpson dere ndụ ndị isi Africa America mbụ.<ref name=":1" /> A na-etinye ọrụ ya na nchịkọta ihe ngosi ọha na eze gụnyere na Howard University Gallery ot Art, na Frick Collection na ọbá akwụkwọ nka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=October 31, 2011|title=Simpson, William H.|url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00204445|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=Benezit Dictionary of Artists|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00204445}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"><span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.oxfordartonline.com/benezit/view/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.001.0001/acref-9780199773787-e-00204445 "Simpson, William H."]</span>. ''Benezit Dictionary of Artists''. Oxford University Press. October 31, 2011. [[Doi (ihe e ji amata ya)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00204445|10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00204445]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Dickason Cederholm|first=Theresa|url=http://archive.org/details/afroamericanarti00cede_0|title=Afro-American Artists: A Bio-Bibliographical Directory|publisher=Trustees of the Boston Public Library|others=Boston Public Library|year=1973|isbn=978-0-89073-007-2|location=Boston, MA|pages=258}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDickason_Cederholm1973">Dickason Cederholm, Theresa (1973). [[iarchive:afroamericanarti00cede_0|''Afro-American Artists: A Bio-Bibliographical Directory'']]. Boston Public Library. Boston, MA: Trustees of the Boston Public Library. p.&nbsp;258. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-89073-007-2|<bdi>978-0-89073-007-2</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri African-American == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Brown|first=William Wells|title=The Rising Sun, or the Antecedents and Advancement of the Colored Race|publisher=A. G. Brown|year=1874|isbn=9780598578051|series=The Basic Afro-American Reprint Library|location=Boston, MA|pages=478–480}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} lfnic0rvqiz1244ykrttdnf4uf268gk 0 21214 193528 191022 2024-10-29T19:23:34Z ~2024-7972 21718 193528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Belgian World War Memorial stone (Leuven).jpg|thumb|World War II]] Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ ma ọ bụ Agha Ụwa '''Nke Abụọ''', nke a na-akpọkarị WWII ma ọ bụ '''WW2''', bụ '''agha ụwa''' nke were site na 1939 ruo 1945. Ọ gụnyere ọtụtụ mba ụwa gụnyere ike niile dị ukwuu na-emegide njikọ agha abụọ: ndị Allies na ndị Axis. Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bụ agha zuru oke nke metụtara ihe karịrị 100 nde ndị ọrụ si ihe karịrị mba 30. Ndị isi sonyere n'agha ahụ tụbara ikike akụ na ụba, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na nke sayensị ha niile n'azụ mbọ agha ahụ, na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nkịtị na ndị agha ghara ịdị. Ụgbọelu rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na esemokwu ahụ, na-eme ka bọmbụ dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na itinye naanị ngwá agha nuklia abụọ e ji mee ihe n'agha. Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ bụ agha kachasị njọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ; ọ kpatara ọnwụ nde mmadụ 70 ruo 85, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ n'etiti ndị nkịtị. Ọtụtụ iri nde mmadụ nwụrụ n'ihi mgbukpọ agbụrụ (gụnyere Oké Mgbukpọ), agụụ, ogbugbu, na ọrịa. N'ihi mmeri Axis, e weghaara [[Jémanị|Germany]] na [[Japan]], a na-emekwa ụlọ ikpe mpụ agha megide ndị isi Germany na Japan. Japan, bụ́ nke zubere ịchị Eshia na [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Pacific]], busoro Republic of China agha na 1937. Na December 1941, Japan wakporo ókèala America na Britain site n'iwegide ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na Central Pacific n'otu oge, gụnyere mwakpo a na-ebuso ógbè America na Britain agha. Ụgbọ mmiri US na Pearl Harbor nke mere ka United States kwuwapụta agha megide Japan. Ndị ikike Axis Europe kwusara agha na United States n'ịdị n'otu. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Japan weghaara ọtụtụ n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific, ma ọganihu ya kwụsịrị na 1942 mgbe ọ nwụsịrị Agha Midway dị egwu; ka e mesịrị, e meriri Germany na Ịtali na North Africa nakwa na Stalingrad na Soviet Union. Ihe ndọghachi azụ ndị dị mkpa na 1943-gụnyere usoro mmeri German na Eastern Front, mwakpo ndị jikọrọ aka nke Sicily na ala Ịtali, na mmegide niile na Pacific—na-efu Axis ike n'uche ha wee manye ha ịlaghachi azụ azụ n'ihu niile. Na 1944, ndị Western Allies wakporo France nke German weghaara, ebe Soviet Union nwetaghachiri mfu ókèala ya wee tụgharịa gaa Germany na ndị ha na ya jikọrọ aka. N'ime 1944 na 1945, Japan nwere mgbanwe mgbanwe na mpaghara Eshia, ebe ndị Allies gwụchara ndị agha mmiri Japan ma weghara isi agwaetiti ọdịda anyanwụ Pacific. 545hjq8qqpuo91lsdc6aspz9pol2thv 0 21855 193540 100706 2024-10-29T22:26:51Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193540 wikitext text/x-wiki Judeo-Berber ma ọ bụ Judeo-Amazigh (Asụsụ Berber: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ tamazight n wudayen, Hibru: ברברי יהודית omenala ndị Juu na obodo Berberitly dị iche iche na mpaghara Berberitly dị iche iche na mpaghara Berberitly dị iche iche. mbụ na [[Algeria]]. Judeo-Berber bụ (ma ọ bụ bụ) asụsụ kọntaktị; mbụ asụsụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Judeo-Arabic. (E nwekwara ndị Juu na-asụ Berber dị ka asụsụ mbụ ha, ma ọ bụghị ụdị ndị Juu dị iche iche.) Ndị ọkà okwu kwagara [[Israel]] na 1950 na 1960. Ọ bụ ezie na Tamazight na-asụ n'otu n'otu na ọtụtụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ (Galand-Pernet et al. 1970:14), a na-amata ụdị ndị a site n'iji okwu mbinye ego Hibru na ịkpọ š as s (dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Arabic nke Moroccan Juu). ). rjezindr6c80k4gl1x87hvodxa7yoz7 0 21948 193542 100823 2024-10-29T22:27:36Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193542 wikitext text/x-wiki Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] and Orange County, [[California]]. They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church. Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with "What a Beautiful Name" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US. The band has some notable members, including Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. 5csedbuzb8tolfnnajr9a8cr5po9evs 0 22329 193534 138124 2024-10-29T22:22:30Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Helena Cobban onye''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1952) bụ onye edemede na onye nchọpụta na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na Middle East, usoro mba ụwa, na ikpe ziri ezi. Ọ bụ onye isi na-abụghị onye bi na Washington DC-based Center for International Policy. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, Just World Books na onye isi isi oche nke obere ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị uru, Just World Educational. Ebe ọ na-enye aka n'ọrụ ya niile n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ma dee akwụkwọ asaa, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ edemede ya n'afọ 2019. == Ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Abingdon, England n'afọ 1952 nye James Cobban na Lorna Mary Cobban, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Queen Anne's School, Caversham na St Hugh's College, Oxford, ebe ọ natara BA (Hons) na Philosophy na Economics na 1973. E nyere ya MA site na Oxford n'afọ 1981. Site n'afọ 1974 ruo afọ 1981, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ''onye'' na-ede akụkọ na Beirut maka ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ gụnyere The Christian Science Monitor, ''Middle East International'', ''The Sunday Times'', ABC News, na BBC. N'afọ 1982, ọ kwagara na United States iji nweta mkpakọrịta nyocha na Harvard University Center for International Affairs, ebe o dere akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation . E bipụtara ya n'asụsụ Bekee n'afọ 1984, a sụgharịrị ya n'asụ Arabic na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ, ma ka na-ebipụta ya. Kemgbe ahụ, o bipụtara akwụkwọ isii ọzọ: atọ ndị ọzọ gbasara ajụjụ gbasara agha na udo nke Middle East, na atọ gbasara okwu mba ụwa ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ ya nke asaa, Re-engage! E bipụtara ''American'' and the World After Bush na 2008. Rep. Lee H. Hamilton, onye isi oche nke Iraq Study Group, kọwara ya dị ka, "Onye na-akpali akpali, nke na-akpata echiche, na nke dị mfe site n'aka onye nta akụkọ a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke ukwuu banyere otu anyị niile, dị ka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, nwere ike isi mee ihe iji nyere mba anyị na ụwa anyị aka. " O nyekwara isiakwụkwọ na ihe dị ka akwụkwọ ndị ọkà mmụta 20 nke ndị ọzọ dezigharịrị. Site n'afọ 1991 ruo afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye isi nke ọrụ Middle East na Search for Common Ground, na Washington, DC. Site n' afọ 1990 ruo afọ 2007, Cobban nyere kọlụm oge niile na nsogbu ụwa na The Christian Science Monitor, ma site n'afọ 1993 ruo afọ 2006 o nyere kọlụlụm dị iche na asụsụ Arabic nke mba ụwa ''Al-Hayat''. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2003, ọ malitere ibipụta "Just World News", blọọgụ gbasara nsogbu ''ụwa nke'' nwetara ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na mba ụwa ma depụta ya na Le Monde diplomatique na ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na Boston Review, ebe o bipụtara edemede banyere nsogbu ndị Palestine na [[Israel]], Iraq, na ajụjụ ikpe ziri ezi mgbe esemokwu gasịrị. Na ngwụcha afọ 2000 ọ nyere aka na nyocha akụkọ kwa izu banyere mmepe Middle East na Inter Press Service ma nye onyinye oge na ForeignPolicy.com na The Christian Science Monitor. Na Machị afọ 2010, o guzobere "Just World Books" . N'ime afọ asatọ sochirinụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bipụtara aha iri atọ na asatọ mbụ na Middle East na nsogbu mba ndị ọzọ. Na mbido afọ 2018, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ banyere n'ịnye utu aha ọhụrụ ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-edebe utu aha ndị dị ugbu a na mbipụta ma na-ere ikike enyemaka maka ha. Cobban wee nwekwuo oge na-agba ọsọ Just World Educational, nke ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2019, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ edemede ya. Ọ bụ onye otu Charlottesville Friends Meeting na Charlottesille, Virginia. Cobban bụbu onye otu International Institute for Strategic Studies, ma nọrọ na Middle East Advisory Committee of Human Rights Watch. N'afọ 2007 ọ bụ "Enyi na Washington" na Kọmitii Ndị Enyi na Iwu Mba. Ọ lụrụ William B. Quandt, onye bụ Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., Prọfesọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadum Virginia. == Enyemaka na ọmụmụ Middle East == Site na akụkọ ya na ọrụ nyocha ya, Cobban enyela aka dị ịrịba ama na ọmụmụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Palestine, ime udo nke Israel-Palestine, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], ime udo Israel-Syria, agha US na Iraq, na ọmụmụ sara mbara nke Middle East. === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Palestine === Maka akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1984 The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics ọ gbara ọtụtụ ndị guzobere na ndị isi nke PLO ajụjụ ọnụ ma jiri ọtụtụ ihe mbụ anakọtara n'oge ọrụ akụkọ ya na Beirut na ngwụcha afọ 1970. N'akwụkwọ ahụ, o kwubiri na etiti nke mmegharị mba Palestine na-agbanwe n'ebe ndị Palestine bi n'ime ala nna ha nọ, nchọpụta nke gosipụtara na ọ bụ eziokwu mgbe Intifada Mbụ malitere na 1987. A katọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke ukwuu na nyocha nke Daniel Pipes dere maka ''Washington Post''.<ref>Pipes, Daniel, [http://www.danielpipes.org/16/the-palestinian-liberation-organisation-people-power ''The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power and Politics'' by Helena Cobban, and ''The PLO in Lebanon: Selected Documents'', by Raphael Israeli], reviewed in ''The Washington Post'' (25 March 1984). Retrieved 8 September 2009.</ref> N'agbata afọ 1984 na afọ 2000, Cobban bipụtara ọtụtụ isiokwu na isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ gbasara ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Palestine. Kemgbe afọ 2001 o bipụtara ọtụtụ edemede ogologo banyere isiokwu ahụ na Boston Review, gụnyere edemede abụọ gbasara Hamas nke sitere na mkparịta ụka mbụ ya na ndị isi Hamas, gụnyere Khaled Meshaal na Ismail Haniyeh. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2009, ọ gbara Meshaal ajụjụ ọnụ ọzọ, ebe o kwuru, "Agwara m na m na-anabata steeti Palestine ma ọ bụrụ na Israel na-alaghachi na akara tupu afọ 1967. Nke ahụ anaghị akagbu eziokwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Israel bi na 1948, mana Hamas na akụkụ ndị ọzọ niile anabatala ngwọta a nke steeti Palestine na akara 1967. === Ime udo na Palestine === O dere ọtụtụ isiokwu, isi akwụkwọ, na blọọgụ banyere nsogbu dị n'ọhịa a, na-arụ ụka karịsịa na United States na ndị ọzọ na-akwado mmekọrịta udo kwesịrị ilekwasị anya ngwa ngwa iji nweta nkwekọrịta udo ikpeazụ kama igbu oge na isi obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-achụ nkwekọrịta nwa oge. Nke a gụnyere ịma aka ịdabere na usoro nkwekọrịta tupu nkwekọrịta ntụkwasị obi dị ka Dennis Ross na ndị ọzọ kwadoro. Cobban enyerela aka iduzi, ma ọ bụ sonye na, ọtụtụ mmemme nkwurịta okwu Track II n'etiti ndị Israel na ndị Palestine ma mepụta nyocha ụfọdụ gbasara uru na ọnyà nke mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ. N'afọ 2009 na 2010 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Council for the National Interest.<ref name="CNI appointment">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnionline.org/helena-cobban-named-cnicnif-executive-director/|title=Helena Cobban named CNI/CNIF Executive Director|publisher=CNI|accessdate=21 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024083919/http://www.cnionline.org/helena-cobban-named-cnicnif-executive-director/|archivedate=24 October 2009}} </ref> === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lebanọn === N'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1985, ọ nyochara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Lebanọn dị ka nsonaazụ mmekọrịta dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ndị mmadụ dị iche iche nke mba ahụ, nke ọ kewara dabere na nyocha nke Fuad Khuri "òtù" na "ndị pere mpe". Akwụkwọ ahụ, nke wuru na akụkọ dị ukwuu n'ala, chọpụtara ma nyochaa ịrị elu nke obodo Shiite nke mba ahụ na-anọghị n'obodo. O mere ọtụtụ njem akụkọ laghachi na Lebanọn mgbe afọ 1999 gasịrị, ma bipụta akụkọ abụọ a ma ama banyere ịrị elu nke Hezbollah. === Ime udo na Siria na Israel === Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1991 nyochara njikọ nke mmekọrịta Siria na Israel na nchegbu zuru oke nke Agha Nzuzo. Zbigniew Brzezinski kọwara ya dị ka "nnukwu nghọta na nke dị jụụ nke nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya n'ezie". N'akwụkwọ edemede nke afọ 1997, ọ malitere ile anya na nkwekọrịta udo na-amị mkpụrụ nke na-eme n'ụzọ a kemgbe Nzukọ Madrid nke afọ 1991.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QcyOLsRjOvkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Helena+Cobban&ei=v5CWSqDrNIPCMqKNkdcH&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''Syria and the Peace: A Good Chance Missed''] (7 July 1997).</ref> Ọ gbasaa ọrụ ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2000, nke Raymond Hinnebusch kọwara dị ka "A ga-agụ maka onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị na Middle East ma ọ bụ usoro nke mkparịta ụka udo n'ozuzu".<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Israeli-Syrian Peace Talks|work=USIP Press Bookstore|url=http://bookstore.usip.org/books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=51293|accessdate=2021-01-18}}</ref> == Enyemaka na ọmụmụ ikpe ziri ezi nke mgbanwe == Akwụkwọ Cobban dere n'afọ 2006 bụ ''Amnesty'' after Atrocity?: Healing Nations after Genocide and War Crimes nyochara nsonaazụ ya dịka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si dị iche iche nke South Africa, Rwanda, na Mozambique mere na mbido ruo n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, ka ha na-anwa ịnagide ihe nketa dị egwu nke arụrụala mere n'oge mbụ nke agha obodo na ime ihe ike. Nke a bụ otu n'ime mgbalị mbụ iji nabata usoro bara uru maka ihe ịma aka nke ikpe ziri ezi, isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta mbụ bịakwutere n'ụzọ siri ike. FtOtu n'ime nchọpụta ya a ma ama bụ na nkezi ego nke ịnwale onye na-eme ihe na ICTR bụ $ 42.3 nde, ebe nkezi ego maka nhazi onye ọ bụla a na-ebo ebubo na Kọmitii Eziokwu na Mmekọrịta nke South Africa bụ $ 4,290 na ego nke ịhapụ na ịlaghachi n'ime ọha mmadụ onye ọ bụla bụbu onye agha obodo site na agha obodo na South Africa na Mozambique ọtụtụ n'ime ha mere ihe ike dị n'okpuru $ 1,100.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paradigm Publishers-Ferienwohnungen & Unterkünfte in Rom|work=Paradigm Publishers-Ferienwohnungen & Unterkünfte in Rom|url=http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=143456|accessdate=2021-01-18}}.</ref> N'oge na mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na nyocha akwụkwọ na mba atọ ọ mụrụ; na International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, International Criminal Tribune for former Yugoslavia; na Northern Uganda. O bipụtara ihe odide na edemede na-atụgharị uche site na ọtụtụ n'ime njem ndị a na blọọgụ "Just World News" ya na blọọlụ Transitional Justice Forum nke e mepụtara n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. == Hụkwa == == Akwụkwọ == * The Palestinian Liberation Organisation: People, Power, and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1984 * The Making of Modern Lebanon, [[London]]: Hutchinson, na Boulder, Co: Westview, 1985 * ''[[iarchive:superpowerss00cobb|Ike Ukwu na esemokwu Siria na Israel]]'', Praeger, 1991 * The Moral Architecture of World Peace: Nobel Laureates Nkwurịta ọdịnihu anyị zuru ụwa ọnụ, University Press of Virginia, 2000 * The Israel-Syria Peace Talks: 1991X96 and Beyond E debere ya na ''<span data-ve-ignore="true">7 Nọvemba 2009 na</span>'' Wayback Machine, US Institute of Peace, 2000''[[Category:Webarchive template wayback links]]'' * ''[http://www.paradigmpublishers.com/Books/BookDetail.aspx?productID=143456 Amnesty mgbe Atrocity gasịrị?]'': Healing Nations mgbe Genocide na War Crimes, Paradigm, 2006 * ''Ịlụso ya ọgụ ọzọ! America na Ụwa Mgbe Bush gasịrị''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ; na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ * {{Cite book|editor=Abrams|title=THE IRAQ WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES: Thoughts of Nobel Peace Laureates and Eminent Scholars|publisher=World Scientific|year=2003|isbn=978-981-238-588-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Bergen, Kathy|title=When the Rain Returns:Toward Justice and Reconciliation in Palestine and Israel|publisher=[[American Friends Service Committee]]|location=Philadelphia|year=2007|isbn=0-910082-47-2}} == Ndemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.justworldnews.org "Just World News" blog] * "Fair Policy, Fair Discussion" blog na CNI Foundation * Archive nke nyocha kwa izu nke akụkọ Middle East, na Inter Press Service [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide] * [http://helenacobban.org/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ onwe onye] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030524014550/http://www.bostonreview.net/ ''Ntụle Boston''] * [http://tj-forum.org/ Blog nke Transitional Justice Forum] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0719vae00z6opzef0dv6ct8uigg8xaw 0 24310 193553 109065 2024-10-29T22:34:43Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193553 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emma Lewis Lipps''' (abalị asatọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1919 rue n'abalị [[iri na iteghete]] nke ọnwa Julaị afọ 1996) bụ onye American botanist, onye na-anakọta botany, na prọfesọ nke biology na sayensị ụwa na Shorter College, Rome. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na nchọpụta na ịmụ ihe atụ nke Pleistocene vertebrates site na Marshall Forest na Floyd County na Ladd's Quarry na Bartow County. O soro dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na bibliographies banyere nchọpụta ya, gụnyere The vascular flora of the Marshall Forest, Rome, Georgia na A Devonian fauna from the Frog Mountain Sandstone, Floyd County, Georgia.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|year=1996|title=The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology - News Bulletin|url=https://www.rosemonteis.us/sites/default/files/references/svp-1996.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Rosemonte EIS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Berta|first=Annalisa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y237DwAAQBAJ|title=Rebels, Scholars, Explorers: Women in Vertebrate Paleontology|date=2020-10-27|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-1-4214-3971-6|language=en}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Lipps n'abali asatọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1919 na Alexandria, Virginia, nke William Lewis Lipps na Emma Ashton Truslow Lipps.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps papers|url=https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=sclfind.libs.uga.edu}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ bachelọ ya na Wesleyan College na 1940 na nzere masta na Mahadum Emory na 1943. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD na botany na Mahadum [[Tennessee]] na 1966. A kpọrọ akwụkwọ edemede ya Plant communities of a part of Floyd County, Georgia-karịsịa Marshall Forest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/ "Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps papers|url=https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=sclfind.libs.uga.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default "Emma Lewis Lipps papers"]. ''sclfind.libs.uga.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Lipps malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Georgia School of Medicine na 1940, ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Wesleyan. N'afọ 1943, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ malitere ịkụzi na Agnes Scott College. Ọ sonyeere Shorter College (nke bụzi Shorter University) dị ka onye nkuzi na ngalaba nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na 1945 ebe ọ nọrọ afọ 44 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/ "Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps papers|url=https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=sclfind.libs.uga.edu}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sclfind.libs.uga.edu/sclfind/view?docId=ead/ms3247.xml;query=;brand=default "Emma Lewis Lipps papers"]. ''sclfind.libs.uga.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Shorter, Lipps na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya jiri Marshall Forest dị ka ụlọ nyocha ha maka ọmụmụ ihe. National Council of State Garden Clubs sọpụrụ afọ 25 nke ọrụ ya na Marshall Forest na 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Walker|first=Doug|title=Historic Marshall Forest could benefit from controlled burn|url=https://www.northwestgeorgianews.com/rome/news/local/historic-marshall-forest-could-benefit-from-controlled-burn/article_a43a932a-ec31-11e9-94b5-f79b4b4b1a97.html|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Northwest Georgia News|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/ "Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Lipps rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ paleontological na Georgia, ọkachasị na Ladd's Quarry maka nchọpụta, na ọmụmụ nke Pleistocene vertebrae. O tinyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ya si na Shorter College ka ha rụọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị a nke mere ka ọtụtụ ihe nlele nke Devonian na anụmanụ na fossils e nyere Smithsonian.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamoka|date=2021-07-13|title=A Fossil Passenger Pigeon From Georgia|url=https://lamokaledger.com/a-fossil-passenger-pigeon-from-georgia/|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Lamoka Ledger|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Unknown|date=December 1967|title=Paleobiologists Clayton E. Ray and G. Arthur Cooper|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_372192|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Smithsonian Institution Archives|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=6 June 1968|title=Ga. Fossil Find Is Scientific 'Building Block'|pages=4|work=The Smithsonian Torch|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/sites/default/files/pdfs/torch/Torch%201968/SIA_000371_1968_06.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref> N'oge a, ya na Clayton Ray dere akwụkwọ dị mkpa na 1966, ya na Al Holman na-amụ ya na oge afọ 1980s, yana akwụkwọ edemede ya na Bob Purdy na Bob Martin n'afo 1988.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|year=1996|title=The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology - News Bulletin|url=https://www.rosemonteis.us/sites/default/files/references/svp-1996.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Rosemonte EIS}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.rosemonteis.us/sites/default/files/references/svp-1996.pdf "The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology - News Bulletin"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Rosemonte EIS''. 1996. p.&nbsp;72<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden|url=https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/|accessdate=2022-10-19|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://ncbg.unc.edu/2022/05/31/emma-lewis-lipps/ "Emma Lewis Lipps - North Carolina Botanical Garden"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-19</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-02|title=Tellus in Search of Past Paleontologists|url=https://patch.com/georgia/cartersville/tellus-in-search-of-past-paleontologists|accessdate=2022-10-19|work=Cartersville, GA Patch|language=en}}</ref> Mahadum Shorter guzobere Lewis Lipps Ecology Lectureship n'afo 1991 iji kwurịta nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke oge a. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ Lipps, Dr. Hal R. De Selm nyere okwu mmeghe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Shorter University - Academic Catalog|url=https://www.shorter.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018-2019-Catalog-PDF.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-19}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Lipps, E. L. (1949). ''Investigation of the effect of niacin on populations of the Mainx strain Euglena gracilis Klebs.'' (Doctoral dissertation, Emory University). * Lipps, E.L.&nbsp;(1966).&nbsp;''Plant communities of a portion of Flloyd County, Georgia — Especially the Marshall Forest''.&nbsp;Doctoral Thesis, University of Tennessee. * Lipps, E. L. and H. R. De Selm.&nbsp;(1969).&nbsp;''The vascular flora of the Marshall Forest, Rome, Georgia''.&nbsp;Castanea 34 (4):&nbsp; 414-432. * Lipps, E. L., Purdy, R. W., & Martin, R. A. (1988). ''An annotated bibliography of the Pleistocene vertebrates of Georgia.'' ''Georgia Journal of Science'', ''25'', 113-119. == Edemsibia == [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1919]] [[Òtù:Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1996]] ctkuhoe4pewr0gcqq97bxjr626dfamd 0 25827 193527 189489 2024-10-29T17:44:23Z ~2024-7972 21718 /* Njide na njide */ link 193527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ogaga Ifowodo''' (amụrụ ya na Mee 14, 1966) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, ọkà mmụta, onye na-ede uri, onye na'akwụkwọ akụkọ / onye na-akọwa ihe gbasara ọha na eze na [[Ndị Naijiria|onye]] na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. E nyere ya onyinye PEN / Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award nke afọ 1998, e nyere ndị edemede “n’ebe ọ bụla n’ụwa bụ́ ndị jiworo obi ike lụọ ọgụ n’agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ihu maka ikike ikwu okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.barbaragoldsmith.com/newsletter.htm?newsletter=|title=PEN – Barbara Goldsmith|work=www.barbaragoldsmith.com|accessdate=2017-12-17|archivedate=2012-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720235231/http://www.barbaragoldsmith.com/newsletter.htm?newsletter=}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ ya == A mụrụ Ifowodo na Oleh, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]] State nke Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DELSU hosts Ifowodo in a poetry reading, interactive session May 8|url=https://guardian.ng/art/delsu-hosts-ifowodo-in-a-poetry-reading-interactive-session-may-8/|date=2019-05-02|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027101330/https://guardian.ng/art/delsu-hosts-ifowodo-in-a-poetry-reading-interactive-session-may-8/}}</ref> Ọ gara Federal Government College, [[Warri]], maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|Mahadum]] Benin ebe o nwetara LL.B n'afọ 1989. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'ụlọikpe n'afọ 1991 ma rụọ ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Naịjirịa Civil Liberties Organization (CLO).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abuja Literary Society hosts Ogaga Ifowodo to a reading from 'A Good Mourning,' his new book of poems short-listed for the NLNG Nigeria Literature Prize|url=https://www.chidoonumah.com/abuja-literary-society-hosts-ogaga-ifowodo-to-a-reading-from-a-good-mourning-his-new-book-of-poems-short-listed-for-the-nlng-nigeria-literature-prize/|author=Onumah|first=Chido|date=2017-09-29|work=Chidoonumah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> Ọ gakwara Mahadum Cornell, ebe o nwetara PhD ya n'afọ 2008.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://pen.org/advocacy-case/ogaga-ifowodo/|title=Ogaga Ifowodo – PEN America|work=PEN America|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwekwara Master of Fine Art (MFA) na uri, na PhD na Bekee (ọmụmụ akwụkwọ / ọdịbendị) site na Mahadum Cornell, [[Nú Yọk|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/profile/Ogaga-Ifowodo.html|title=Ogaga Ifowodo|work=www.nigeriavillagesquare.com|language=en-gb|accessdate=2017-12-17|archivedate=2017-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225221226/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/profile/Ogaga-Ifowodo.html}}</ref> Ọ kụziri uri na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Texas State, San Marcos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://synchchaos.com/an-interview-with-writer-professor-dr-ogaga-ifowodo/|title=An Interview with Writer-Professor, Dr. Ogaga Ifowodo – SYNCHRONIZED CHAOS.|work=synchchaos.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> A sụgharịrị ọrụ ya n'asụsụ German, Dutch, Romanian, Turkish na Italian. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna maka gọọmentị Naijiria site na'afọ 2016 ruo afọ 2019. Ọ ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ngalaba na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ iwu ugbu a na Naịjirịa. == Ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ == Ifowodo bụ onye a ma ama na-ede uri na onye edemede. O bipụtara isiokwu na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ niile dị na Naịjirịa. O dere kọlụm "For Crying Out LOUD!" na Vanguard ruo Julaị 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/category/columns/for-crying-out-loud/page/2/|title=For Crying Out Loud Archives – Page 2 of 7 – Vanguard News|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-03-20}}</ref> O bipụtakwala akwụkwọ uri anọ na uri ya ka ebipụtala nke ọma n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala na akwụkwọ akụkọ n'ofe ụwa, gụnyere olu sitere n'akụkụ niile: uri nwere ndetu na ihe omume, mgbakwunye akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Times Times, Poetry International, Massachusetts Review, Crazyhorse. , The Dalhousie Review, Atlanta Review, Mantis, Drumvoices Revue, na Migrations (ihe odide Afro-Italian nke Wole Soyinka họpụtara maka Ememme Black Heritage na Lagos).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title='For me, to truly admire a poet, I've to be envious of him or her'|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/for-me-to-truly-admire-a-poet-ive-to-be-envious-of-him-or-her/|date=2019-07-27|work=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> == Njide na njide == N'afọ 1997, mgbe ọ na-alọta site na nzukọ ndị isi ọchịchị Commonwealth na Edinburgh, [[Scotland]], ọchịchị ndị agha nke ọchịchị [[Sani Abacha]] jidere Ifowodo maka ịkpọ oku maka mmachi siri ike megide ọchịchị aka ike.<ref name="auto1"/> A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ, ya na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ndị edemede, na ndị nta akụkọ, gụnyere ndị enyi ya na onye edemede Akin Adesokan na Babafemi Ojudu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/ogaga-ifowodo-slipping-a-stone-in-the-sling-of-prose-and-poetry/|title=Ogaga Ifowodo: Slipping a Stone in the Sling of Prose and Poetry - AfricanWriter.com|date=January 19, 2016|work=AfricanWriter.com|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/a-witness-to-these-times-the-akin-adesokan-interview/|title=A Witness to these Times...The Akin Adesokan Interview - AfricanWriter.com|date=May 6, 2007|work=AfricanWriter.com|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ dịghị mgbe nwara ma ọ bụ tọhapụrụ ya ruo 1998, na-esochi mkpọsa nke Naijiria na mba ụwa na-ede akwụkwọ na ndị otu ode akwụkwọ. Enyere ya PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award, onyinye nturu ugo n'efu nke mba Netherlands nke sitere na Poets of All Nations wee nabata ya dika onye otu ugwu nke PEN Centers nke Germany, United States, na Canada. E bipụtara ''ihe'' ndị si n'ihe ndekọ ncheta ya na ''Gathering Seaweed'': African Prison Writing (Heinemann), na New Writing 14 (Granta), na akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanguard nke Naijiria, na African-Writing.com.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.african-writing.com/aug/ogaga.htm|title=African Writing; Essays; Ogaga Ifowodo; The Travel Commissar|work=www.african-writing.com|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2014, Ifowodo si na United States laghachi Naịjirịa ebe o mere ọmụmụ postgraduate ma kụzie ruo afọ iri na atọ. Ọ chọrọ nhọpụta nke All Progressive Party maka oche na House of Representatives mana, n'ihi enweghị ego zuru oke, ọ gafere primaries. Ọ gbalịrị n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ịnakọta nde naira iri ise na asaa maka itinye ego ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APC aspirant, Ifowodo, who begged for campaign funding loses Reps bid - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/172947-apc-aspirant-ifowodo-begged-campaign-funding-loses-reps-bid.html|date=2014-12-10|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, a họpụtara Ifowodo na Ngalaba Ndị Nlekọta nke Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/rumbles-in-niger-delta-over-nddc-board-nominees/|title=Rumbles in Niger Delta over NDDC board nominees|work=guardian.ng|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2021-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008104119/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/rumbles-in-niger-delta-over-nddc-board-nominees/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti maka Delta State ruo afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isoko nation hosts Ogaga Ifowodo - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/south-south-regional/217675-isoko-nation-hosts-ogaga-ifowodo.html|date=2016-12-11|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/172947-apc-aspirant-ifowodo-begged-campaign-funding-loses-reps-bid.html|title=APC aspirant, Ifowodo, who begged for campaign funding loses Reps bid – Premium Times Nigeria|date=December 10, 2014|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Nchịkọta nke uri == === ''Obodo na Abụ Ndị Ọzọ'' === Nchịkọta mbụ nke uri Ifowodo, Homeland and Other Poems ka Kraft Books bipụtara na 1998; mbipụta nke abụọ ka Africa World Press bipụtara na 2008. Ọ dị peeji 69 n'ogologo, nchịkọta "nke edere na (ma na-adabere na) oge agha nke Nigeria ... na-akọwa ọnọdụ nlelị nke obodo Naijiria n'oge oge a na-ekwu.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africaworldpressbooks.com/homeland-and-other-poems-by-ogaga-ifowodo/|title=HOMELAND and Other Poems, by Ogaga Ifowodo|work=Africa World Press & The Red Sea Press|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-LoLAQAAMAAJ|title=Homeland and other poems|author=Ifowodo|first=Ogaga|date=1998|publisher=Africa World Press|isbn=9781592215942|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sueddie.wordpress.com/2010/08/16/a-review-of-ogaga-ifowodo%E2%80%99s-homeland-and-other-poems/|title=A REVIEW OF OGAGA IFOWODO'S HOMELAND AND OTHER POEMS|date=August 16, 2010|work=Su'eddie in Life n' Literature|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka ihe odide, ọ meriri Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Poetry Prize n'afọ 1993.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blankpoetry.wordpress.com/2011/09/14/profile-ogaga-ifowodo/|title=PROFILE: Ogaga Ifowodo|date=September 14, 2011|work=Blank POETRY|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_PMDQAAQBAJ&q=ana+1993+ifowodo&pg=PA2|title=Fate and Faith|author=Tunde|first=Adeniran|date=December 19, 2016|publisher=Kraft Books|isbn=9789789183265|language=en}}</ref> === ''Madiba'' === A kpọrọ nchịkọta nke abụọ nke Ifowodo ''Madiba'' ma Africa World Press bipụtara ya. Ọ dị peeji iri itoolu n'ogologo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabinews.com/book-review-madiba/|title=Book Review: Madiba - Sabi News|work=www.sabinews.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> N'ime ya, Ifowodo "na-ejide egwu, olileanya dara ada na enweghị olileanya nke ọgbọ a". Nchịkọta ahụ meriri ihe nrite uri ANA / Cadbury n'afọ 2003.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chidoonumah.com/abuja-literary-society-hosts-ogaga-ifowodo-to-a-reading-from-a-good-mourning-his-new-book-of-poems-short-listed-for-the-nlng-nigeria-literature-prize/#|title=Abuja Literary Society hosts Ogaga Ifowodo to a reading from 'A Good Mourning,' his new book of poems short-listed for the NLNG Nigeria Literature Prize {{!}} Chidoonumah.com|work=www.chidoonumah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> === ''Lamp Mmanụ'' === Nchịkọta nke atọ nke Ifowodo, The Oil ''Lamp'', bụ nke Africa World Press bipụtara n'afọ 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.betterworldbooks.com/product/detail/the-oil-lamp-159221360X|title=New & Used Books from Better World Books {{!}} Buy Cheap Used Books Online|author=Books|first=Better World|work=Better World Books|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-oil-lamp-poems-by-ogaga-ifowodo/|title=THE OIL LAMP: Poems, by Ogaga Ifowodo|work=Africa World Press & The Red Sea Press|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> A kọwara ya dị ka "nkwado itinye aka na arụmụka Niger Delta".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200602130713.html|title=Nigeria: The Oil Lamp Is a Deliberate Intervention on Niger Delta Debate|author=Nwachukwu|first=McPhilips|date=February 13, 2006|work=Vanguard (Lagos)|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> Ọ meriri Ihe nrite 2005 maka ANA/Gabriel Okara.<ref name="auto2"/> === ''Ịkwa Ụba Dị Mma'' === N'afọ 2016, Ifowodo wepụtara nchịkọta abụ nke anọ ya nke akpọrọ A Good Mourning (Parrésia Publishers). Ọ bụ ọrụ nwere abụ iri abuo na isii karịa peeji 78. A na-eto ya dị ka "ọrụ nke "àgwà na-abanye n'ihu," na "ihe ijuanya a maara nke ọma... Eziokwu nke olu na ụda nke na-emetụta ahịrị ọ bụla, bụ ihe dị ukwuu ma na-adịgide adịgide nke e ji mee uri. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/artsbooks/244217-memory-trauma-ogaga-ifowodos-good-mourning.html|title=Memory and Trauma in Ogaga Ifowodo's "A Good Mourning" – Premium Times Nigeria|date=September 26, 2017|work=Premium Times Nigeria|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-GB}}</ref> A Good Mourning, onye edemede ahụ na-ekwu, bụ echiche uri ya banyere "mmekọrịta nke ihe ọjọọ", ọkachasị ihe na-emebi uche nke ndị mmadụ kpatara site na mwepụ nke ntuli aka June 12, 1993 "site n'aka General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], onye ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha. "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/my-poetry-is-a-reflection-on-the-intimacy-of-evil-ogaga-ifowodo.html|title=My Poetry is a Reflection on the Intimacy of Evil|author=Ibrahim|first=Abubakar Adam|date=October 8, 2017|work=Daily Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ktravula.com/2017/10/no-serious-writer-i-know-writes-for-a-prize-interview-with-ogaga-ifowodo/|title="No Serious Writer I Know Writes for a Prize" {{!}} Interview with Ogaga Ifowodo (video)|date=October 3, 2017|work=ktravula – a travelogue!|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/ifowodo-poets-must-seek-other-modes-to-empower-their-vision/|title=Ifowodo: Poets must seek other modes to empower their vision|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://okadabooks.com/book/about/a_good_mourning/15663|title=A Good Mourning – Ogaga Ifowodo|author=Ifowodo|first=Ogaga|work=okadabooks.com|accessdate=2017-12-17|archivedate=2017-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114082255/http://okadabooks.com/book/about/a_good_mourning/15663}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/i-interrogate-the-banality-of-life/|title=THREE POETS ON THE CUSP OF $100,000 FORTUNE {{!}} The Sun News|work=sunnewsonline.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-12-17}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, edepụtara A Good Mourning maka Nigeria Prize for Literature, yana ọrụ iri ndị ọzọ nke ndị edemede Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/07/2017-nlng-prize-literature-longlist/|title=The 2017 NLNG Prize for Literature Longlist|date=July 24, 2017|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://olisa.tv/2017/07/nlng-longlist-nigeria-literature-prize/|title=NLNG Announces Longlist for 2017 Nigeria Literature Prize|date=July 22, 2017|work=Olisa Blogazine|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/art/11-poets-vie-for-100000-nlng-sponsored-literature-prize/|title=11 poets vie for $100,000 NLNG-sponsored literature prize|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'otu afọ ahụ, edepụtara ya, tinyere Tanure Ojaide's Songs of Myself na Ikeogu Oke's The Heresiad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/08/2017-nlng-prize-shortlist/?relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_origin=31333&relatedposts_position=0|title=Tanure Ojaide, Ogaga Ifowodo and Ikeogu Oke Shortlisted for the 2017 NLNG Prize|date=August 30, 2017|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Oke meriri ihe nrite ahụ, nke ruru Narị puku dollar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/10/ikeogu-oke-awarded-2017-nlng-prize-poetry-collection-heresiad/?relatedposts_hit=1&relatedposts_origin=32121&relatedposts_position=0|title=Ikeogu Oke Awarded the 2017 NLNG Prize for His Poetry Collection The Heresiad|date=October 9, 2017|work=Brittle Paper|accessdate=2017-12-17|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe Onyinye na mkpakọrịta ==   * Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) Ihe nrite maka uri (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogaga Ifowodo|url=https://pen.org/advocacy-case/ogaga-ifowodo/|date=2017-05-24|work=PEN America|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> * Ihe nrite uri ANA/Cadbury (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Port Harcourt Literary Society To Host Internationally Acclaimed Poet At February Open Mic Night|url=http://phliterarysociety.org/2020/02/20/port-harcourt-literary-society-to-host-internationally-acclaimed-poet-at-february-open-mic-night/|author=pls|date=2020-02-20|work=Port Harcourt Literary Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2020-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427193635/http://phliterarysociety.org/2020/02/20/port-harcourt-literary-society-to-host-internationally-acclaimed-poet-at-february-open-mic-night/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite ANA/Gabriel Okara Poetry (2005)<ref name="auto"/> * Ụlọ ọrụ PEN nke USA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogaga Ifowodo|url=http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/profile/Ogaga-Ifowodo.html|work=www.nigeriavillagesquare.com|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2020-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216155117/http://www.nigeriavillagesquare.com/profile/Ogaga-Ifowodo.html}}</ref> * Heinrich Böll Foundation (Honorary fellow).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Goldsmith - PEN AMERICAN CENTER|url=http://www.barbaragoldsmith.com/newsletter.htm|work=www.barbaragoldsmith.com|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2020-06-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601175410/http://www.barbaragoldsmith.com/newsletter.htm}}</ref> * Ihe omume edemede nke Iowa (onye ibe).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogaga Ifowodo: Slipping a Stone in the Sling of Prose and Poetry|url=https://www.africanwriter.com/ogaga-ifowodo-slipping-a-stone-in-the-sling-of-prose-and-poetry/|author=Okoli|first=Naza Amaeze|date=2016-01-19|work=AfricanWriter.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> * New Word Award of Poets of All Nations nke dị na Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OGAGA IFOWODO IS GUEST POET FOR PORT HARCOURT LITERARY SOCIETY OPEC MIC EVENT, FEB 28 – Amunnadi|url=https://flashpointnews.com/2020/02/25/ogaga-ifowodo-is-guest-poet-for-port-harcourt-literary-society-opec-mic-event-feb-28-amu-nnadi/|author=flashpointnews|date=2020-02-25|work=Flash Point News|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225142709/https://flashpointnews.com/2020/02/25/ogaga-ifowodo-is-guest-poet-for-port-harcourt-literary-society-opec-mic-event-feb-28-amu-nnadi/}}</ref> * PEN USA Barbara Goldsmith Freedom-to-Write Award (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|title=PEN/Barbara Goldsmith Freedom to Write Award|url=https://pen.org/penbarbara-goldsmith-freedom-to-write-award/|date=2018-03-19|work=PEN America|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> * Ndị otu nsọpụrụ nke PEN Centres nke USA, Germany, Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=4th Anniversary Issue: Sentinel Poetry Online #49 -contributors|url=http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/1206/contributors.html|work=www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk|accessdate=2020-05-27|archivedate=2021-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008110847/http://www.sentinelpoetry.org.uk/1206/contributors.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s1jpgws4rs3jhs9tculqtxqur51f2tg 0 25963 193532 112098 2024-10-29T22:21:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Hagfish na-agbasa ma ọ bụ New Zealand hagfish (''Eptatretus cirrhatus'') bụ hagfish a na-ahụ gburugburu New Zealand na Chatham Islands yana gburugburu ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na omimi n'etiti 1 na 900 mita. == Nkọwa == ''Eptatretus cirrhatus'' nwere ahụ yiri eel na enweghị azụ azụ, ọdụ dị ka paddle ma na-abụkarị ntụ-acha nchara nchara na acha pinki ma ọ bụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ.<ref>(Ministry of Fisheries, 2011)</ref> Dị ka ọ dị na hagfish ndị ọzọ niile, Ọhụrụ zealand nwere okpokoro isi mana enweghị agbà ma ọ bụ ezigbo ogidi ọkpụkpụ azụ, kama ọ nwere ọkpụkpụ nke cartilage.<ref>(Encyclopedia of Britannica, 2011)</ref> Ọnụ dị gburugburu nke hagfish nwere barbels isii, n'elu nke ahụ bụ ụzọ imi ha pụrụ iche ma n'ime ọnụ bụ efere ezé nwere ahịrị ezé na-ejide ezé n'azụ na n'ihu n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla. [1] Ọ nwere akpa mkpịsị aka asaa [2] ma na emepụta ahịrị n'akụkụ abụọ dị ala nke ahụ ya bụ oghere nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na acha ọcha ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ịpụta ihe na adị ka snot nke na agbasa mgbe ọ na emetụta mmiri oké osimiri.<ref>(Bray, n.d.</ref> Ụmụaka na acha ọkụ. == Nkesa == === Ebe okike zuru ụwa ọnụ === A na ahụkarị hagfish gburugburu ụwa na mmiri dị n'okpuru 22 ogo Celsius. [1] E. cirrhatus nwere ihe dị iche iche nke gụnyere ọdịda anyanwụ Pasifik ma gbasaa n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia site na Queensland ruo Tasmania yana New Zealand dum site na North Cape ruo Ọnyà Shelf na gburugburu Chatham Islands. [2]<ref>(Fishbase, 2017)</ref> === Ebe dị iche iche na New Zealand === A na ahụ E. cirrhatus n'akụkụ osimiri nke Ọhụrụ Zealand na shelf na ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri na ahụkarị na Kaikoura. A na ahụkwa ya n'elu ugwu na n'akụkụ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri. Ebe ha dị na Ọhụrụ Zealand gụnyere Chatham Islands.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The fishes of New Zealand|author=Roberts|first=Clive|publisher=Te Papa Press|year=2015|isbn=9780994104168|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=27|oclc=908128805}}</ref> === Ebe obibi ndị a na-ahọrọ === Ọhụrụ Zealand hagfish bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'akụkụ osimiri niile, na omimi dị n'etiti 1m na 900m. Hagfish bụ ihe a na ahụkarị n'etiti 90 na 700m.<ref>(Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014)</ref> "Ụdị Hagfish niile a maara na ebi na nso nso na ala, ma ọ bụ na-ezu ike na substrate ma ọ bụ bi n'ọgba". [1] == Usoro ndụ / phenology == N'ime nnyocha e mere n'oge ọmụmụ, ọ nweghị ihe na egosi na ''Eptatretus cirrhatus'' na-amụ nwa n'oge niile ma ọ bụ n'oge dị ka ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnukwu àkwá na ụmụ nwanyị postovulatory hụrụ n'oge nile nke ọmụmụ ahụ. A tụrụ aro na a na-eche na nwanyị mbụ na-amụ nwa na-eme mgbe ogologo ya dị n'etiti 412mm -534mm, ebe a na-atụ anya na ụmụ nwoke agaghị eto ruo mgbe ha dị ihe dị ka 585mm n'ogologo. A ghọtabeghị ọtụtụ ihe banyere oge ime nke ''Eptatretus cirrhatus'' mana ha achọpụtala ọnụego ọmụmụ dị ala na eme ya mere nsogbu nwere ike ibilite site na ịkụ azụ azụmahịa, [1] ọ bụ ezie na ha nọ ugbu a na 'nchegbu dị ala'. IUCN Ọ nwere ike iwe ihe ruru afọ 2 ma ọ bụ 3 mgbe ọ tozuru maka hagfish iji mepụta naanị àkwá 20 na 30. Ọganihu embryo dị nwayọ na mmalite mmalite na etolite naanị ọnwa 7 na ụdị ụfọdụ nke hagfish.<ref>(Ministry for Primary Industries, 2014)</ref> "A na ahụ ovary n'akụkụ ihu nke gonad, a na-ahụkwa testicles n'akụkụ azụ. "<ref>(Reyes, n.d.</ref> Reyes na egosi na nsonaazụ anọ nwere ike ime n'oge mmepe nke na ekpebi okike nke mmadụ.<ref>(Reyes, n.d.</ref> Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ nke dị n'ihu na-etolite mgbe ahụ onye ahụ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụrụ na akụkụ azụ na eto eto onye ahụ bụ nwoke. Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha etolite, onye ahụ ga abụ onye na adịghị amị. Ọ bụrụ na onye ahụ mepụta ma mgbe ahụ onye ahụ na aghọ hermaphrodite, a na eme nnyocha ugbu a iji chọpụta ebe a ga ewere hermaphrotites dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. [citation needed] == Nri na nri == E. cirrhatus bụ ndị na eri nri n'ala ma amaara na ha na eri anụ ha site n'ime n'èzí. [1] Ihe oriri ha na abụkarị anụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha na'azụkwa anụmanụ dị ndụ. Hagfish na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na emegharị ihe oriri dị n'ime ozu ndị na abanye n'ala oké osimiri.<ref>(IUCN, 2011)</ref> Dị ka hagfish fọrọ nke nta ka ha kpuru ìsì ma e wezụga maka mmetụta ha na ìhè, ha na adabere na barbels 6 na ahụ anya nke gbara ọnụ ha gburugburu iji chọta ụzọ ha n'ala oké osimiri na ụzọ imi ha pụrụ iche iji nụ anụ ha. [1] Hagfish nwere efere ezé pụrụ iche n'ime ọnụ ha na ahịrị ezé na ejide ezé n'azụ na n'ihu n'akụkụ ọ bụla. Ezé ezé a na-agbakọta n'akụkụ abụọ na enyere aka na mmegharị hagfish na eji eri anụ ha. Ezé ezé ahụ na apụta ma na agbakọta n'anụ anụ ahụ wee laghachi n'ọnụ hagfish. [1] Ọ nwekwara ike iji slime ya mee ka anụ oriri ya ghara ịba ọwụwa ọ bụ ezie na a na ejikarị nke a eme ihe dị ka ihe nchebe megide ndị na eri ibe ha. [2] Oge onye na eri anụ jidere hagfish ọ ga eme ka ọ pụọ n'oghere ya, na eme ka onye na egbu egbu ghara ịba ahụ. Mmiri ahụ na ekpuchi gills ma ya mere na egbochi ọnụego nke onye na-eri ibe ya nwere ike ịba mmiri iji na eku ume. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ekwere na E. cirrhatus bụ onye na-eri ihe na onye na-enye nri. Otú ọ dị, a ghọtara na ike ndị mmadụ chọrọ buru oke ibu iji chekwaa naanị ha. [1] Nnyocha e mere n'ime afọ iri gara aga gosiri na hagfish nwere ike ma na-achụ nta. E. cirrhatus na-eri nri na ọkwa nke atọ (ọkwa atọ n'elu ndị na-emepụta ihe). [1] Nri ahụ bụ ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche na enweghị azụ ma na agụnye crabs, shrimps, akụm na azụ ọkpụkpụ. Mgbe ọ na achụ nta, hagfish na achọta ọgba nke anụ oriri nwere ike ibi. Mgbe ahụ, ọ na-abanye n'ọgba ma kwenyere na ọ na-ejide anụ oriri ahụ. A na eche mgbe ahụ na hagfish nwere ike igbu anụ oriri ya site na imepụta ihe karịrị akarị. Iji wepụ anụ oriri site na ọgba ahụ, E. cirrhatus na ejikọta onwe ya n'ime eriri nke na-eme ka ebe dị n'elu mmiri na emetụ n'ala oké osimiri ma na arụ ọrụ dị ka na eme iji dọrọ anụ oriri ahụ. [citation needed] == Anụ ndị na-eri ibe ha, nje na ọrịa == E. cirrhatus na-ewepụta ihe na-egbochi ndị na-eri ibe ha. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara n'ime mmiri na sharks yana nnukwu azụ na-achụ Hagfish. Otú ọ dị, hagfish na-alụso anụ oriri a ọgụ na slime ha na-ewepụta. Mgbe anụ na-eri ibe ya jidere ya, slime jupụtara n'ọnụ na oghere ntutu isi. Ihe ndị a na-akpali mmeghachi omume na-egbu egbu n'ime anụ na-eri ibe ya, si otú a na amanye ha ịhapụ hagfish. Nke a na egbochi mwakpo ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ma enwere ihe na egbu egbu n'ime slime na mmetụta ọzọ nke a nwere na anụ na eri ibe ya. [1] Ụmụ anụmanụ na enye nwa ara na octopuses enweghị gills nke slime nwere ike ijide. A na-eme slime a na oghere dị n'akụkụ hagfish ma nwee eriri protein. A na-agbanye ha mgbe ha dị na mkpụrụ ndụ, mana mgbe a tọhapụrụ ha, ọ na emeghachi omume na mmiri [[Ńnú|nnu]] ma gbasaa. Nke a bụ ihe na eme ka slime jupụta n'ọnụ. [1] Mgbapụta nke slime yiri ka ọ nweghị mmetụta ọ bụla na E. cirrhatus, ka ọ na-aga n'ihu na-eri nri n'agbanyeghị mwakpo. A na ewere nke a dị ka omume a na adịghị ahụkebe dịka n'ọtụtụ anụmanụ ha ga enwekwu nche maka ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime ma ọ bụ n'ụdị ndị na eme ihere, na agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ zoo n'ihe ize ndụ. Hagfish na anọgide na eri nri na enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla n'omume ọzọ na enye uru mgbanwe dịka kama iji ike na efe efe, dị ndụ nwere ike inweta ike site na nri ya. [citation needed] O kwere omume na slime nke hagfish na-emepụta nwere ike, dị ka n'ụdị ndị ọzọ gbanwere, dị ka nchebe megide pathogens na parasaiti. == Ojiji omenala == A na-ewere hagfish dị ka nri dị ụtọ na Korea na [[Japan]]. Nke a emeela ka obere azụ na Ọhụrụ Zealand iji nye ahịa a. A na eji akpụkpọ ahụ emepụta akpụkpọ anụ eel. [1] Ụlọ ọrụ a enweghị ụkpụrụ dị iche na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe a na-amaghị ama gbasara ndụ ndụ hagfish. O siri ike ịchịkwa mgbe a na-amaghị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya yana uto na ọnụego ọmụmụ. [1] Nke a na eme ka ụlọ ọrụ na adịgide adịgide bụrụ ihe a na enyo enyo ma mee ka ọtụtụ nnyocha banyere ọmụmụ hagfish. Mana n'ihi omimi nke ụdị a bi na ihe isi ike n'ịhụ omume ha enwetala obere ihe ọmụma. == Ojiji ndị ọzọ == Ọrụ nyocha nke Biometrics achụwo itinye protein fiber n'ime hagfish slime. Douglas Fudge, onye isi nke Mahadum nke Guelph hagfish slime research team, kwuru na mgbe akpịrị kpọrọ nkụ, eriri dị n'ime slime na-adị ka silk: dị ezigbo arọ ma sie ike. (Fudge nọ ugbu a na Mahadum Chapman.) "Hagfish slime nwere akụkụ abụọ: mucus na obere eriri, ihe dị ka 15cm n'ogologo ma naanị micron n'obosara. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaufman|first=Rachel|title=Hagfish Slime Could Be Eco-Friendly Fabric|url=https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/04/22/hagfish-slime-could-be-eco-friendly-fabric/|work=National Geographic Society Newsroom|date=22 April 2014}}</ref> Fiber ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe okike, nke a na-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ na nke a na'adịghị eme ka ọ dịghachi ọhụrụ, nke sitere na mmanụ ala, dị ka naịlọn na spandex. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye wepụtara protein iji mee ihe na-esi n'ụdọ hagfish, Fudge na ndị otu ya na-atụ aro na n'ọdịnihu, protein ndị a ga-ewepụta ma mee ka ha bụrụ uwe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka uwe egwuregwu; ma ọ bụ n'ihi ike ha, ọbụna uwe na-eguzogide mgbọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rothschild|first=Anna|title=Hagfish Slime Fashion|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/nature/hagfish-slime-fashion.html|work=NOVA|date=July 16, 2015}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e kwuru == {{Reflist|2}} == Ihe odide == *   * Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Eptatretus cirrhatus" in FishBase. January 2006 version. * Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William ''Collins'' Publishers Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand 1982) * Ministry of Fisheries, "New Zealand Fishes. Onye nduzi n'ọhịa maka ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị na ala na etiti mmiri. " (Ministry of Fisheries., 1(68), 34., 2011) ISSN 1176-9440 * Encyclopedia of Britannica. (24 Mee 2011). Azụ Hagfish E nwetara ya na <nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/animal/hagfish</nowiki> * {{Cite journal|author=Zintzen|first=Vincent|title=Review and phylogeny of the New Zealand hagfishes (Myxiniformes: Myxinidae), with a description of three new species|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|date=June 2015|volume=174|issue=2|pages=363–393|doi=10.1111/zoj.12239}} * Bray, D. (onye a mụrụ) Eptatretus cirrhatus. E nwetara ya na <nowiki>http://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1999#summary</nowiki> * {{Cite journal|author=Powell|first=Mickie L|title=Current Knowledge of Hagfish Reproduction: Implications for Fisheries Management|journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology|date=1 January 2005|volume=45|issue=1|pages=158–165|doi=10.1093/icb/45.1.158|pmid=21676757}} * {{Cite book|title=Proposed Introduction of the Common Hagfish (''Eptatretus cirrhatus'') into the Quota Management System on 1 October 2014|isbn=978-0-478-43732-4|date=July 2014|url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/3544/send}} * {{Cite journal|author=Martini|first=Frederic H.|title=Morphometics and Gonadal Development of the Hagfish Eptatretus cirrhatus in New Zealand|journal=PLOS ONE|date=8 November 2013|volume=8|issue=11|pages=e78740|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078740|pmid=24250811}} * Reyes, R. B. (onye a mụrụỌ dị iche iche Eptatretus cirrhatus nchịkọta peeji. E nwetara ya na 2017, site na <nowiki>http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Eptatretus-cirrhatus.html</nowiki> * {{Cite journal|author=Knight|first=K.|title=Adhesive constrains hagfish thread skeins|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|date=17 April 2014|volume=217|issue=8|pages=1199–1200|doi=10.1242/jeb.105841}} * IUCN (2011, July). Enweghị obi ụtọ nke ndị na-ezu ahụ: akụkọ ọjọọ maka gburugburu mmiri. E nwetara ya na <nowiki>http://www.iucnredlist.org/news/hagfishpaper</nowiki> * {{Cite journal|author=Holmes|first=William M.|title=Three-Dimensional Structure of the Nasal Passageway of a Hagfish and its Implications for Olfaction|journal=The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology|date=June 2011|volume=294|issue=6|pages=1045–1056|doi=10.1002/ar.21382|pmid=21538925|url=http://opus.bath.ac.uk/24626/1/Cox_Anatomical%2DRecord_2011_194_6_1045.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=A. J.|title=Morphology and kinematics of feeding in hagfish: possible functional advantages of jaws|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|date=15 November 2007|volume=210|issue=22|pages=3897–3909|doi=10.1242/jeb.006940|pmid=17981857}} * {{Cite journal|author=Lim|first=Jeanette|title=Hagfish slime ecomechanics: testing the gill-clogging hypothesis|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|date=15 February 2006|volume=209|issue=4|pages=702–710|doi=10.1242/jeb.02067|pmid=16449564}} * {{Cite journal|author=Zintzen|first=V|title=Hagfish feeding habits along a depth gradient inferred from stable isotopes|journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series|date=27 June 2013|volume=485|pages=223–234|doi=10.3354/meps10341}} (Ihe ọmụma na ntụaka ndị ọzọ) * {{Cite journal|author=Zintzen|first=Vincent|title=Hagfish predatory behaviour and slime defence mechanism|journal=Scientific Reports|date=27 October 2011|volume=1|issue=1|pages=131|doi=10.1038/srep00131|pmid=22355648}} * {{Cite journal|author=Winegard|first=Timothy|title=Coiling and maturation of a high-performance fibre in hagfish slime gland thread cells|journal=Nature Communications|date=4 April 2014|volume=5|issue=1|pages=3534|doi=10.1038/ncomms4534|pmid=24698953}} * {{Cite news|title=Hagfish Slime Could Provide Fibers for Future Eco-Friendly Clothes|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2013-03-14/hagfish-slime-could-provide-fibers-future-eco-friendly-clothes|work=Public Radio International}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Eptatretus cirrhatus at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hr86zwhs9qj5zjksbd2igjoumct0g9l 0 26299 193531 123938 2024-10-29T22:20:47Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193531 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Ewaste-pile.jpg|thumb|Ngwá ọrụ eletrọniki na-adịghị mma na nke na-adịghịzi adị]] Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-akọwa ngwa eletriki ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị tụfuru atụfu. A na-akpọkarị ya dị ka ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị ihe mkpofu (WEEE) ma ọ bụ elektrọnik ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ (EOL). Ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe bụ nke a kara aka maka nrụzigharị, ijikwa ya, resa, recycling recycling site na mgbake ihe, ma ọ bụ mkpofu ka a na-ewerekwa dị ka ihe mkpofu. Nhazi ezighi ezi nke e-ifufe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe nwere ike bute nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Nri na-eto eto nke ngwa ngwa eletrọnịkị n'ihi mgbanwe dijitalụ na ihe ọhụrụ dị na sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, dị ka bitcoin, ebutela nsogbu na ihe ize ndụ e-n'efu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke e-ifufu bụ n'ihi mwepụta ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ugboro ugboro yana ịzụrụ ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị (EEE) na-adịghị mkpa, okirikiri ọhụrụ dị mkpirikpi na ọnụego mweghachi dị ala, yana mbelata nkezi ogologo ndụ kọmputa. Ngwa eletrọnịkị ihe mkpofu, dị ka CPUs, nwere ihe ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ dị ka lead, cadmium, beryllium, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi ire ọkụ. Imegharị na mkpofu e-ifufe nwere ike itinye nnukwu ihe egwu na ahụike ndị ọrụ na obodo ha. == Nkọwa ==   A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị mgbe a tụfuru ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị ka njedebe nke ndụ bara uru. Mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke nkà na ụzụ na ọha mmadụ na-eri nri na-ebute n'ichepụta nnukwu ego e-ifufe.   Ndị a na-agụnye ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe bụ nke a kara aka maka ijigharị, resa, ịzọpụta, nrụgharị, ma ọ bụ mkpofu yana ihe eji arụ ọrụ (elektrọnịkị na-arụ ọrụ na nrụzi) na akụrụngwa nke abụọ (ọla kọpa, nchara, plastik, ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya). A na-edobe okwu a bụ "ihe mkpofu" maka ihe fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ ihe nke onye zụrụ ya tụfuru kama ịmegharị ya, gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ na iji ya eme ihe na imegharị ihe, n'ihi na a na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa (ọ dị mma, nke a na-emegharị, na nke na-adịghị emezigharị). Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado amụma ọha na-etinye okwu ahụ bụ "e-waste" na "e-scrap" n'ụzọ sara mbara iji tinye aka na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa niile. A na-ewere tubes ray cathode (CRTs) dị ka otu n'ime ụdị kachasị sie ike iji megharịa. Ngwaahịa dị n'ụdị ọ bụla dịgasị iche na profaịlụ ogologo ndụ, mmetụta na ụzọ nchịkọta, n'etiti ndịiche ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka 70% nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Ndị CRT nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ndu na phosphor (ka a ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na phosphorus), nke abụọ dị mkpa maka ngosi. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States (EPA) gụnyere ndị nlekota CRT tụfuru n'ụdị ya nke "ihe mkpofu ụlọ dị ize ndụ" mana na-ewere CRT ndị ewepụtala maka ule dị ka ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na a tụfuru ha, na-akwakọba, ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'enweghị nchebe site na ihu igwe na mmebi ọzọ. Ngwaọrụ CRT ndị a na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti DLP Rear Projection TV, ha abụọ nwere usoro ịmegharị ihe dị iche n'ihi ihe eji eme ya. EU na obodo ndị otu ya na-arụ usoro site na European Waste katalọgụ (EWC) - Ntuziaka European Council, nke a sụgharịrị n'ime "iwu obodo ndị otu". Na UK, nke a bụ n'ụdị ndepụta ntụzịaka mkpofu. Agbanyeghị, ndepụta ahụ (na EWC) na-enye nkọwa sara mbara (EWC Code 16 02 13*) nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị dị ize ndụ, na-achọ “ndị na-ahụ maka mkpofu” iji were Usoro iwu mkpofu egwu (Annex 1A, Annex 1B) maka nkọwa a nụchara anụcha. Ngwa ndị dị na mkpofu na-achọkwa ntule site na nchikota nke Annex II na Annex III, na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ọzọ ịchọpụta ma mkpofu ọ dị ize ndụ. Mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkọwa "ngwaahịa" na "ihe mkpofu" nke eletrọnịkị. A na-ebo ụfọdụ ndị na-ebupụ mbupụ ebubo na ha kpachaara anya hapụ ngwa ndị siri ike iji megharịa, ndị na-adịghị adị, ma ọ bụ ndị anaghị arụzi arụkwaghị ọrụ gwakọtara n'ọtụtụ ngwa ọrụ (n'agbanyeghị na nke a nwekwara ike ịbịa site n'amaghị ama, ma ọ bụ iji zere usoro ọgwụgwọ dị oke ọnụ). Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nwere ike gbasaa nkọwa nke ngwa elektrọnịkị "ihe mkpofu" iji chebe ahịa ụlọ site na ngwa nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ. Ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ihe mkpofu kọmputa na-arụ ọrụ na kọmputa (laptọọpụ na-arụ ọrụ na reusable, desktọpụ, na ihe ndị dị ka RAM) nwere ike inye aka kwụọ ụgwọ njem maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-abaghị uru karịa ihe a ga-enweta na ngwaọrụ ngosi, nke nwere obere ihe. (ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma) uru mkpofu. Otu akụkọ 2011, "Ghana E-waste Country Assessment", chọpụtara na n'ime tọn eletrọnịkị 215,000 ebubata na Ghana, 30% bụ nke ọhụrụ yana 70% jiri. N'ime ngwaahịa eji eme ihe, ọmụmụ ahụ kwubiri na 15% ejighị ya mee ihe ma kpochapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya. Nke a dị iche na nkwupụta ebipụtara mana enweghị nkwenye na 80% nke mbubata na Ghana na-agba ọkụ n'ọnọdụ ochie. == Ọnụ ọgụgụ == [[Usòrò:Brokencircuitboard2011.jpg|thumb|Iberibe bọọdụ circuit a tụfuru atụfu.]] A na-ewere e-ifufe dị ka "iyi iyi na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ụwa" yana nde tọn 44.7 emepụtara na 2016 - nke ya na ụlọ elu Eiffel 4500. N'afọ 2018, a kọrọ ihe dị ka nde tọn 50 nke e-waste, yabụ aha 'tsunami nke e-waste' nke UN nyere. Ọnụ ahịa ya dịkarịa ala ijeri $62.5 kwa afọ. Mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na teknụzụ, mgbanwe na mgbasa ozi (teepu, sọftụwia, MP3), ọnụ ahịa na-ada ada, na oge a na-eme atụmatụ agaghị eme ya emewo ka mjupụta eletrọnịkị na-eto ngwa ngwa na gburugburu ụwa. Ngwọta teknụzụ dị, mana n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ dị mkpa ka emejuputa usoro iwu, mkpokọta, ngwa agha na ọrụ ndị ọzọ tupu etinyere usoro teknụzụ. Ngosipụta nkeji (CRT, LCD, LED Monitors), processors (CPU, GPU, ma ọ bụ APU ibe), ebe nchekwa (DRAM ma ọ bụ SRAM), na ihe ọdịyo nwere ndụ bara uru dị iche iche. Ndị na-eme nhazi na-abụkarị oge ochie (site na ngwanrọ anaghịzi emeziwanye ya) ma yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ "e-waste" ebe a na-edochi akụkụ ngosi mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị mbọ nrụzi, n'ihi mgbanwe nke mba bara ọgaranya agụụ maka teknụzụ ngosi ọhụrụ. . Enwere ike idozi nsogbu a site na iji ekwentị modular (dị ka echiche ekwentịbloks). Ụdị ekwentị ndị a na-adịte aka ma nwee nkà na ụzụ iji gbanwee akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ekwentị na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Inwe ike iji dochie naanị akụkụ ekwentị mebiri emebi ga-ebelata ihe mkpofu. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn 50 nke e-ifu ihe kwa afọ. USA na-atụfu kọmputa nde 30 kwa afọ yana a na-atụfukwa ekwentị 100 million na Europe kwa afọ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị 15-20% nke e-n'efu ka a na-emegharịgharị, ihe ndị ọzọ n'ime ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị a na-abanye ozugbo n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ndị na-ere ọkụ. [[Usòrò:Electronic_waste_at_Agbogbloshie,_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki na Agbogbloshie, [[Ghana]]]] N'afọ 2006, United Nations mere atụmatụ na ego mkpofu eletrọnịkị zuru ụwa ọnụ a na-atụfu kwa afọ bụ nde metric ton 50. Dịka akụkọ UNEP siri kwuo nke akpọrọ, "Recycling - from e-waste to Resources," ọnụ ọgụgụ e-ifufu a na-emepụta - gụnyere ekwentị mkpanaaka na kọmputa - nwere ike ịrị elu ihe ruru pasenti 500 n'ime afọ iri na-abịanụ na mba ụfọdụ. dị ka [[Ndia|India]]. United States bụ onye isi ụwa na-emepụta ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, na-atụfu ihe dị ka nde tọn atọ kwa afọ. China ewepụtala ihe dị ka nde tọn 2.3 (atụmatụ 2010) n'ime ụlọ, nke abụọ na United States. Na, n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro mbubata e-ifufe, China ka bụ nnukwu ebe mkpofu e-n'efu maka mba ndị mepere emepe. [[Usòrò:Cracked_iPhone.jpg|thumb|iPhone nwere ihuenyo mebiri emebi]] Society taa na-agbagharị gburugburu nkà na ụzụ na site na mkpa mgbe nile maka Kacha ọhụrụ na kasị elu-tech ngwaahịa anyị na-atụnye na a uka ego nke e-ifufe. Kemgbe e mepụtara iPhone, ekwentị aghọọla isi mmalite nke ngwaahịa e-wepụ . Ihe mkpofu ọkụ eletrik nwere ihe dị ize ndụ mana ọ nwekwara ihe bara uru na ụkọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ruru 60 na ngwa elektrọn siri ike. Ntụkwasị nke ọla n'ime ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-adịkarị elu karịa ihe a na-ahụkarị, dị ka ọla kọpa, aluminium, iron, gold, silver, na palladium. Dị ka nke 2013, Apple erewo ihe karịrị 796 nde iDevices (iPod, iPhone, iPad). Ụlọ ọrụ ekwentị na-eme ka ekwentị ndị a na-emeghị ka ọ dịgide ka ndị ahịa wee zụta ekwentị ọhụrụ. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ngwaahịa ndị a ogologo ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi na ha maara na ndị na-azụ ahịa ga-achọ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ ma zụta ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha emee ya. Na United States, e mere atụmatụ na 70% nke ọla dị arọ na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-abịa site na ngwa eletrọnịkị a tụfuru. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nkwekọrịta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ndị a tụfuru atụfu na-abawanye, enwere nghọtahie dị ukwuu banyere ihe ize ndụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere scrap ụgbọ ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ), na esemokwu siri ike ma ibelata ahia na ngwá electronic eji eme ihe ga-eme ka ọnọdụ dịkwuo mma, ma ọ bụ mee ka ha ka njọ. Dị ka otu akụkọ dị na Motherboard si kwuo, mbọ iji gbochie ahia a achụpụla ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama n'usoro ọkọnọ, na-ebute nsonaazụ na-atụghị anya ya. === E-waste data 2016 === Na 2016, Eshia bụ ókèala nwere oke e-ifufe (18.2 Mt), yana Europe (12.3 metric ton), America (11.3 metric ton), Africa (2.2 metric ton), na Oceania (0.7 metric ton). tọn). Nke kacha nta n'ihe gbasara mkpokọta e-ifufu e-mere, Oceania bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta e-waste kwa onye ọ bụla (17.3 kg/onye bi), na-enwechaghị 6% nke e-ifufu e kwuru ka a na-achịkọta ma megharịa ya. Europe bụ nke abụọ na-emepụta ihe e-ifufe n'otu nwa amaala, yana nkezi nke 16.6 kg/onye bi; Otú ọ dị, Europe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbakọ kasị elu (35%). America na-ewepụta 11.6 kg/onye bi na ya na-arịọ naanị 17% nke ihe mkpofu e-mere na mpaghara, nke dabara na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche na Eshia (15%). Agbanyeghị, Eshia na-ewepụta e-ifufe dị ole na ole maka nwa amaala (4,2 kg/onye bi). Africa na-ewepụta naanị 1.9 kg/onye bi, yana ozi nwere oke dị na pasentị mkpokọta ya. Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-enye ndakpọ mpaghara maka Africa, America, Asia, Europe, na Oceania. Ihe omume a na-egositụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ntakịrị nke jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ e-ifufe n'ozuzu ya mere na mba 41 nwere data e-ifufe onye nchịkwa. Maka mba 16 ndị ọzọ, a nakọtara mpịakọta e-n'efu site na nyocha na nyocha. Amabeghị ihe ga-esi na nnukwu ihe mkpofu e-efu (34.1 metrik tọn) pụta. N'ime obodo ebe enweghị iwu E-waste nke mba na nkwụnye, e-ifufu nwere ike ịtụgharị dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ mkpofu n'ozuzu. Nke a juputara n'ala ma ọ bụ megharịa ya, yana igwe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iberibe plastik. Enwere nkwekọrịta dị ukwuu na nsị adịghị adọta ya, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara na-adịghị ahọrọ ha chọrọ ma gbanwee na-enweghị nchebe nke ọma na ndị ọrụ mgbe ha na-ekpochapụ mmetọ ahụ na e-ifufe. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na mkpofu e-e-na-arị elu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mba na-eto eto na-anakwere ụkpụrụ e-ifufe. Iwu nchịkwa e- mkpofu mba na-emechi 66% nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ịrị elu site na 44% nke ruru na 2014. === E-waste data 2019 === N'afọ 2019, ewepụtara nnukwu ihe e-ifufe (53.6 Mt, yana nkezi 7.3 kg kwa onye ọ bụla) n'ụwa niile. A na-atụ anya na nke a ga-abawanye ruo 74 Mt site na 2030. Eshia ka na-anọgide na-enye aka na nnukwu ihe mkpofu eletrik na 24.9 Mt, America (13.1 Mt), Europe (12 Mt), na Africa na Oceania na 2.9 Mt. na 0.7 Mt, n'otu n'otu. N'ọgbọ onye ọ bụla, Europe ji 16.2 kg buru ụzọ, na Oceania bụ igwe ọkụ nke abụọ kachasị na 16.1 kg, yana America sochiri ya. Afrịka bụ kacha nta na-emepụta e-ifufe n'otu onye na 2.5 kg. Banyere nchịkọta na imegharị ihe mkpofu ndị a, kọntinent nke Europe bụ nke mbụ (42.5%), na Asia bịara nke abụọ (11.7%). Amerika na Oceania na-esote (9.4% na 8.8% n'otu n'otu), Africa na-esokwa n'azụ na 0.9%. N'ime tọn 53.6 Metric ton ewepụtara e-wefu n'ụwa niile, mkpokọta na imegharị ihe edebere nke ọma bụ 9.3%, na akara aka nke 44.3% ka bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, ebe ọ nọ na mmetụta ya na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche nke ụwa. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mba ndị nwere iwu e-n'efu nke mba, ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ amụma, amụbaala kemgbe 2014, site na 61 ruo 78. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe mkpofu azụmahịa na ụlọ na-enweghị akwụkwọ na-ejikọta ya na iyi ndị ọzọ nke mkpofu dị ka plastik na metal n'efu, na-egosi. na enwere ike ịmegharị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emegharị ngwa ngwa, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị dị ala na-enweghị mmetọ na iweghachi ihe niile a na-ewere na ọ bara uru. === E-waste data 2021 === N'afọ 2021, a na-emepụta ihe ruru 57.4 Mt nke e-ifufe n'ụwa niile. Dị ka atụmatụ e mere na Europe si kwuo, bụ́ ebe a kasị mụọ nsogbu ahụ, 11 n’ime ihe elektrọnik 72 dị n’ezigbo ezinụlọ adịghịzi eji ma ọ bụ agbajikwa. Kwa afọ maka nwa amaala, a na-echekwa 4 ruo 5 kg ọzọ nke ngwaahịa eletriki na eletrọnịkị na-ejighị ya na Europe tupu atụfuo ya. N'afọ 2021, a na-anakọta ma megharịa ihe na-erughị pasenti 20 nke ihe mkpofu e-efu. === E-waste data 2022 === Na 2022, ịrị elu nke 3.4% e mere atụmatụ nke emepụtara e-ifufu n'ụwa nile, na-akụta 59.4Mt, nke mere ngụkọta e-ife ihe n'ụwa na 2022 bụ n'elu 347 Mt. The transboundary eruba nke e-ifufu enwetawo nlebara anya site na. ọha na eze n'ihi na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nchegbu akụkọ, ma zuru ụwa ọnụ ọmụmụ na mpịakọta na trading ụzọ ka emebebeghị. Dị ka Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor si kwuo, 5.1 Mt (ma ọ bụ ntakịrị n'okpuru 10% nke 53.6 Mt nke e-waste zuru ụwa ọnụ) gafere oke mba ụwa na 2019. Ọmụmụ a na-ekewa mmegharị nke e-waste n'ime usoro nchịkwa na nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa ma na-ewere ya. n'ime akaụntụ ma mpaghara ịnata na izipu ka o wee ghọta nke ọma ihe mmegharị ahụ dị. N'ime 5.1 Mt, 1.8 Mt nke mmegharị njem na-ezigara n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na-achịkwa, ebe 3.3 Mt nke transboundary ije na-ebufe n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'ihi na eji EEE ma ọ bụ e-ifufe nwere ike ịgba ume mmegharị iwu na-akwadoghị ma nye ihe ize ndụ maka nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke e. -ihe mkpofu. == Usoro iwu nke ihe E-waste == European Union (EU) ekwupụtala okwu gbasara mkpofu eletrọnịkị site n'iwebata iwu abụọ. Nke mbụ, iwu Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) malitere na 2003. [1] Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ntuziaka a bụ ịhazi na kpalie ịmegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na ijikwa ọzọ na steeti ndị otu n'oge ahụ. E degharịrị ya na 2008, na-amalite na 2014.[2] Ọzọkwa, EU emejuputala ntuziaka maka mmachi nke iji ụfọdụ ihe dị ize ndụ na ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị sitere na 2003.[3] E degharịrị akwụkwọ a na 2012.[4] Mgbe a bịara na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Balkan, North Macedonia anabatala Iwu na Batrị na Accumulators na 2010, na-esote Iwu maka Management nke eletriki na ngwá electronic na 2012. [[Serbia]] na-achịkwa njikwa nke mmiri mkpofu pụrụ iche, gụnyere ihe mkpofu electronic, site na National Usoro njikwa mkpofu (2010-2019).[5] Montenegro nakweere iwu nkwekọrịta gbasara mkpofu eletrọnịkị nwere ebumnuche ịnakọta 4 kg nke ihe mkpofu a kwa afọ maka onye ọ bụla ruo 2020.[6] Usoro iwu nke Albania gbadoro ụkwụ na ntinye aka na mkpofu sitere na ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị sitere na 2011 nke gbadoro ụkwụ na nhazi nke ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị. N'ụzọ megidere nke a, Bosnia na Herzegovina ka na-efu iwu na-achịkwa mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Dị ka Ọktoba 2019, mba 78 n'ụwa niile eguzobela ma ọ bụ amụma, iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ akọwapụtara iji chịkwaa e-ifufe. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ihe doro anya na mba na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ahụ. Mpaghara dị ka Eshia na Africa na-enwe atumatu na-akwadoghị n'ụzọ iwu kama ọ bụ naanị mmemme. N'ihi ya, nke a na-abụ ihe ịma aka na atumatu njikwa ihe mkpofu e-e-shịhịa enwebeghị nke ọma site na mba ụwa niile. === Solving the e-waste Problem (StEP) initiative === Ịdozi Nsogbu E-n'efu bụ òtù ndị otu nke bụ akụkụ nke Mahadum United Nations ma kee ya iji mepụta ngwọta iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ihe mkpofu electronic. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị egwuregwu a ma ama na ngalaba mmepụta, reuse na recycling of Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE), ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị NGO yana òtù UN na-agụta onwe ha n'etiti ndị òtù ya. STEP na-akwado mmekorita nke ndị niile metụtara ya na e-ifufe, na-emesi ike n'ụzọ zuru oke, sayensị ma dị irè maka nsogbu ahụ.: === Ngwá ọrụ eletrik na eletrọniki mkpofu === European Commission (EC) nke EU ewepụtala [[:en:Waste_electrical_and_electronic_equipment|waste electrical and electronic equipment]] (WEEE) dị ka ihe mkpofu sitere na ngwaọrụ eletrik na ngwa ụlọ dị ka friji, igwe onyonyo, na ekwentị mkpanaaka na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2005, EU kwuru na mkpofu ruru nde tọn itoolu na n'afọ 2020 na-eme atụmatụ imefusị nde tọn 12. Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị a nwere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejirighị ya nke ọma, nwere ike mebie emebi gburugburu ebe obibi anyị ma bute nsogbu ahụike na-egbu egbu. Ịtụfu ihe ndị a na-achọ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na akụrụngwa ejirikwa nke ọma. Ọ bụghị naanị mkpofu, imepụta ụdị ihe ndị a chọrọ nnukwu akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike (aluminom, ọla edo, ọla kọpa na silicon, wdg), na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na mmetọ. N'ịtụle mmetụta nke ihe WEEE na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị, iwu EU emeela iwu abụọ: 1. WEEE Ntuziaka; 2. Ntuziaka RoHS: Ntuziaka maka ojiji na mgbochi nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'imepụta ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị ndị a. Ntuziaka WEEE: Edere ntuziaka a na February 2003, na-elekwasị anya na ịmegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Ntuziaka a nyere ndị na-azụ ahịa ọtụtụ atụmatụ nchịkọta mkpofu eletrọnịkị n'efu (Ntuziaka 2002/96/EC [1]). EC degharịrị ntuziaka a na Disemba 2008, ebe ọ bụ na nke a abụrụla iyi mkpofu na-eto ngwa ngwa. N'August 2012, ewepụtara ntuziaka WEEE iji dozie ọnọdụ nke ịchịkwa mkpofu eletrọnịkị na nke a etinyere na 14 February 2014 (Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU [2]). Na 18 Eprel 2017, EC nakweere ụkpụrụ nkịtị nke ime nyocha na itinye iwu ọhụrụ iji nyochaa ọnụọgụ WEEE. Ọ na-achọ ka obodo ọ bụla so na-enyocha ma kọọ data ahịa mba ha. - Annex III na ntuziaka WEEE (Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU): Nyochagharị oge maka nchịkọta mkpofu na ịtọpụta ebumnuche onye ọ bụla Iwu WEEE: - Na 4 Julaị 2012, EC weputara iwu na WEEE (Directive 2012/19/EU [1]). Iji matakwuo maka ọganihu na-eme n'ịnabata Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU (Ọganihu [2]). - Na 15 February 2014, EC degharịrị ntuziaka. Iji matakwuo maka ntuziaka ochie 2002/96/EC. Ntuziaka RoHS: N'afọ 2003, EC abụghị naanị mejuputa iwu gbasara nchịkọta mkpofu kamakwa maka iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ (Cadmium, mercury, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, polybrominated biphenyls, lead na polybrominated diphenyl ethers) ejiri mee ihe na mmepụta nke ngwá electronic na eletrik. ( Ntuziaka RoHS 2002/95/EC [1]). Emegharịrị ntuziaka a ọzọ na Disemba 2008 ma emesia ọzọ na Jenụwarị 2013 (RoHS recast Directive 2011/65/EU [2]). N'afọ 2017, EC emeela mgbanwe na ntuziaka dị ugbu a na-atụle ntule mmetụta [3] wee nabata na atụmatụ iwu ọhụrụ [4] (RoHS 2 scope review [5]). Na 21 Nọvemba 2017, European Parliament na Council ebipụtala iwu a na-emezigharị ntuziaka RoHS 2 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha [6]. === Iwu European Commission banyere batrị na batrị (Ntụziaka Batrị) === Kwa afọ, EU na-akọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 800 000 nke batrị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, batrị mmepụta ihe nke gburugburu 190 000 tọn na batrị ndị ahịa gburugburu 160 000 tọn na-abanye na mpaghara Europe. Batrị ndị a bụ otu n'ime ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị na ngwa ụlọ yana ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nwere batrị na ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị. Ihe dị mkpa ị ga-eleba anya na ya bụ ka esi achịkọta ihe mkpofu batrị a ma megharịa ya nke ọma, nke na-akpata nsonaazụ na-ebute ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na-ahapụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri mmiri. N'ozuzu, enwere ike ịmegharị ọtụtụ akụkụ nke batrị ndị a na mkpokọta / capacitors na-ahapụghị ihe ndị a dị ize ndụ a tọhapụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na-emerụ ihe onwunwe anyị. EC ewepụtala ntụzịaka ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa ihe mkpofu sitere na batrị na akwakọba ihe akpọrọ 'Batteries Directive'[1] na-achọ imeziwanye usoro ịchịkọta na imegharị ihe mkpofu batrị na ịchịkwa mmetụta nsị batrị na gburugburu anyị. Ntuziaka a na-ejikwa ma na-achịkwa ahịa dị n'ime site na itinye usoro achọrọ. Ntuziaka a na-amachibido mmepụta na ire ahịa batrị na ihe mkpokọ nke nwere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi, siri ike ịnakọta na megharịa ha. Ntuziaka batrị [2] lekwasịrị anya na nchịkọta, imegharị ihe na ihe omume imegharị batrị na ndị na-akwakọba, na-akwadokwa akara nke batrị ndị na-anọpụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na 10 Disemba 2020, EC ewepụtala iwu ọhụrụ (Iwu Batrị [3]) na mkpofu batrị nke na-achọ ijide n'aka na batrị na-abanye n'ahịa Europe bụ nke a na-emegharịgharị, na-adigide na nke na-adịghị ize ndụ (Ntọhapụ pịa [4]). Iwu: N'afọ 2006, EC nakweere ntuziaka batrị wee degharịa ya na 2013. - Na 6 Septemba 2006, European Parliament na European Council ewepụtala ntuziaka maka mkpofu sitere na batrị na ndị na-akwakọba (Ntuziaka 2006/66/EC [1]) . - Nchịkọta nke Iwu batrị na ndị na-akpakọba ihe Nyochaa ntuziaka 2006/66/EC (ntụziaka batrị): Ntuziaka ntụgharị nwere ike dabere na usoro nyocha [1], n'ịtụle eziokwu nke mmụba nke ojiji batrị na mmụba nke teknụzụ nkwukọrịta dị iche iche, ngwa ụlọ na ndị ọzọ. obere ngwaahịa ndị nwere batrị. Mmụba nke ọchịchọ nke ume ọhụrụ na imegharị ngwaahịa a edugawokwa n'atụmatụ 'European Battery Alliance (EBA)' nke na-ezube ilekọta ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa zuru oke nke mmepụta batrị na ndị na-akwakọbawanye n'ime Europe n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ a. . Agbanyeghi na nnabata nke usoro nleba anya [2] anabatara nke ọma, nchegbu ole na ole bilitere karịsịa ijikwa na nyochaa ojiji nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'imepụta batrị, nchịkọta ihe mkpofu batrị, imegharị ihe mkpofu batrị n'ime ntuziaka. Usoro nleba anya enyela ezigbo nsonaazụ na mpaghara dị ka ịchịkwa mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ịbawanye mmata nke imegharị ihe, batrị ndị a na-emegharịgharị na imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ahịa dị n'ime. Agbanyeghị, enwere oke ole na ole na mmejuputa iwu batrị n'usoro ịchịkọta mkpofu batrị na iweghachite ihe ndị enwere ike iji n'aka ha. Usoro nyocha na-eme ka ìhè dị na ọdịiche dị na usoro a nke mmejuputa iwu na imekọ ihe ọnụ na nkà na ụzụ na usoro na ụzọ ọhụrụ iji mee ihe na-eme ka ọ sie ike karị iji mejuputa na ntụziaka a na-ejigide nguzozi na ọganihu nkà na ụzụ. Iwu na ntuziaka EC emeela ka usoro nleba anya nwee mmetụta n'ụzọ dị mma. Ntinye aka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-etinye aka na usoro nleba anya bụ ndị a na-akpọ ma rịọ ka ha nye echiche na echiche ha iji meziwanye usoro nyocha na nchịkọta ozi. Na 14 Maachị 2018, ndị na-eme ihe na ndị otu ahụ sonyere inye ozi gbasara ihe ha chọpụtara, kwado na ịbawanye usoro nke Evaluation Roadmap. === Ntuziaka European Union maka e-waste === European Union (EU) ekwupụtala okwu e-ifufu site n'ịnara ọtụtụ ntụziaka. N'afọ 2011, e mere mgbanwe na ntuziaka 2003 2002/95/EC gbasara mmachi nke iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ eme atụmatụ na nhazi usoro na EEE. N'ime ntuziaka 2011, 2011/65/EU ekwuru ya dị ka ihe mkpali maka mmachi ndị ọzọ gbasara iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na nhazi na imepụta ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị na eletriki n'ihi na enwere ọdịiche nke iwu EU Member State na mkpa bilitere iji wepụta iwu iji chebe ahụike mmadụ yana maka mgbake na mkpofu WEEE na gburugburu ebe obibi. (2011/65/EU, (2)) Ntuziaka ahụ depụtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere mmachi. Ntuziaka na-ekwu na amachibidoro ihe maka oke itinye uche n'ụkpụrụ anabatara site n'ịdị arọ n'ihe ejikọtara ọnụ bụ ndị a: ndu ​​(0.1%); mercury (0.1%), cadmium (0.1%), chromium hexavalent (0.1%), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (0.1%) na polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (0.1 %). Ọ bụrụ na nkà na ụzụ ga-ekwe omume na nnọchi dị, a chọrọ iji nnọchi. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe nkwụsị na ikpe nke ngbanwe agaghị ekwe omume site na echiche sayensị na nkà na ụzụ. Nkwenye na oge nke nnọchi kwesịrị iburu n'uche na enwere onye nnọchi na mmetụta akụ na ụba nke onye nnọchi anya. (2011/65/EU, (18)) Ntuziaka EU 2012/19/EU na-achịkwa WEEE ma debe usoro iji chekwaa gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ site na igbochi ma ọ bụ ibelata mmetụta nke ọgbọ na njikwa nke mkpofu WEEE. (2012/19/EU, (1)) Ntuziaka ahụ na-ewe ụzọ dị iche iche maka imepụta ngwaahịa EEE. Ọ na-ekwu na Nkeji edemede 4 na mba ndị otu nọ n'okpuru mmachi ime ngwa ngwa ụdị ụdị na usoro nrụpụta yana imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-emegharị ihe iji mee ka ọ dị mfe iji, ịkwasa na mgbake nke WEEE, akụkụ ya, na ihe onwunwe. (2012/19/EU, (4)) Mba ndị otu kwesịrị ịmepụta usoro iji jide n'aka na ndị na-emepụta EEE na-eji eco-design, nke pụtara na a na-eji ụdị mmepụta ihe nke na-agaghị egbochi ọzọ iji WEEE eme ihe. Ntuziaka ahụ na-enyekwa ndị otu mba ọrụ ịhụ na mkpokọta na njem dị iche iche nke WEEE dị iche iche. Nkeji edemede 8 na-akọwapụta ihe achọrọ maka ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke WEEE. Isi kacha nta nke ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke achọrọ maka WEEE ọ bụla bụ iwepụ mmiri mmiri niile. A na-ahụ ebumnuche mgbake ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a. N'okpuru Ndepụta I nke Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU, ụdị nke EEE kpuchiri dị ka ndị a: # Ngwa ụlọ buru ibu # Obere ngwa ụlọ # IT na akụrụngwa nkwukọrịta # Akụrụngwa ndị ahịa na ogwe fotovoltaic # Ngwa ọkụ # Ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị (ewezuga ngwa ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ buru ibu) # Egwuregwu ụmụaka, ihe ntụrụndụ na akụrụngwa egwuregwu # Ngwa ahụike (ewezuga ngwaahịa niile etinyere na butere ọrịa) # Ngwa nlekota na njikwa # Ndị na-ekesa akpaaka Obere mgbake mgbaru ọsọ a kpọtụrụ aha na Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU malite na 15 Ọgọst 2018: WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 1 ma ọ bụ 10 nke Ndepụta I - 85% ga-agbake, na 80% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya; WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 3 ma ọ bụ 4 nke Ndepụta I - 80% ga-eweghachi, na 70% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya; WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 ma ọ bụ 9 nke Ndepụta I -75% ga-agbake, na 55% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya; Maka gas na oriọna ndị a na-ewepụ, 80% ga-emegharị. Na 2021, European Commission tụpụtara mmejuputa ụkpụrụ - maka iterations nke USB-C - nke ngwaahịa chaja ekwentị mgbe ha nyechara ọmụmụ nyocha mmetụta abụọ na nyocha nyocha teknụzụ. Iwu dị ka nke a nwere ike ibelata ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị site na obere ma dị oke mkpa yana, na nke a, na-abawanye mmekọrịta nke ngwaọrụ, nkwekọ na ịdị mma maka ndị na-azụ ahịa ka ha na-ebelata mkpa akụrụngwa na enweghị ọrụ. [Ihe mgbakwunye (s) ndị ọzọ chọrọ] Enyere iwu ndị a na June 2022, na-enye iwu ka ekwentị niile erere na EU nwee ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB-C na njedebe 2024. === Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa === Otu akụkọ sitere n'aka otu United Nations Environment Management Group depụtara isi usoro na nkwekọrịta nke otu dị iche iche n'ụwa niile na mbọ iji jikwaa na ịchịkwa e-ifufe. Enwere ike weghachite nkọwa gbasara amụma na njikọ dị n'okpuru. * [[Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka igbochi mmetọ site na|Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile maka Mgbochi Mmetọ]] sitere n'Ụgbọ Mmiri (MARPOL) (73/78/97)<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)|url=http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622034749/http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx|archivedate=22 June 2015|accessdate=17 January 2022|work=www.imo.org}}</ref> * Nkwekọrịta Basel maka Nchịkwa nke Mgbasawanye nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ize Ndụ na Nchịkwa Ha (1989)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Convention|first=Basel|date=22 March 1989|title=Basel Convention > The Convention > Overview|url=http://www.basel.int/TheConvention/Overview/tabid/1271/Default.aspx|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=Basel Convention Home Page}}</ref> * Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances (1989)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer|url=https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=Ozone Secretariat}}</ref> * International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention on Chemicals, gbasara nchekwa n'iji kemịkal n'ọrụ (1990)<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 June 1990|title=Convention C170 – Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No. 170)|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C170|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=International Labour Organization}}</ref> * [https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0266 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Council Decision Waste Agreement (1992)] * [https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-convention/what-is-the-united-nations-framework-convention-on-climate-change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1994)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150826233746/http://www.who.int/ipcs/iccm4/en/ Nzukọ Mba Nile na Nchịkwa Chemicals (ICCM) (1995)] * [http://www.pic.int/ Nkwekọrịta Rotterdam na Usoro nkwenye a maara tupu oge eruo maka ụfọdụ kemịkal na ọgwụ ahụhụ na azụmaahịa mba ụwa (1998)] * [[Mgbakọ Stockholm maka mmetọ Organic na-adịgide adịgide|Nkwekọrịta Stockholm maka ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị na]] - adịghị adịgide adịgide (2001)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Convention|first=Stockholm|date=19 February 2021|title=Home page|url=http://chm.pops.int/|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=Stockholm Convention}}</ref> * [https://www.who.int/about/governance/world-health-assembly Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO), Mkpebi Nzukọ Ahụike Ụwa (2006 2010).] * Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (2009) E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [[Mgbakọ Minamata na Mercury|Nzukọ Minamata]] na Mercury (2013)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mercury|first=Minamata Convention on|title=Minamata Convention on Mercury > Home|url=http://www.mercuryconvention.org/Home/tabid/3360/language/en-US/Default.aspx|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=Minamata Convention on Mercury > Home}}</ref> * Paris Climate Agreement (2015) n'okpuru United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Paris Agreement|url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement/the-paris-agreement|accessdate=23 March 2021|work=unfccc.int}}</ref> * [https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/LDCs/Pages/Connect-2020-Agenda.aspx Jikọọ 2020 Agenda maka Global Telecommunication/ICT Development (2014)] == Nsogbu azụmahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ == [[Usòrò:Ewaste-crtkid.jpg|thumb|A na-ebupụkarị ihe mkpofu eletrọniki na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.]] [[Usòrò:Batteries_comparison_4,5_D_C_AA_AAA_AAAA_A23_9V_CR2032_LR44_matchstick-1.jpeg|thumb|4.5-volt, D, C, AA, AAA, AAAA, A23, 9-volt, CR2032, na mkpụrụ ndụ LR44 niile nwere ike imegharị n'ọtụtụ mba.]] [[Usòrò:Agbogbloshie.JPG|thumb|Ebe E-waste nke Agbogbloshie, Ghana, ebe a na-ere ihe mkpofu eletrọniki ọkụ ma gbasaa ya n'enweghị nchekwa ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi.]] Otu echiche bụ na ịba ụba iwu nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na nchegbu maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba okike na-eme ka akụ na ụba na-akụda mmụọ iji wepụ ihe fọdụrụ tupu ebupụ ya. Ndị nkatọ nke azụmaahịa na ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe na-ekwusi ike na ọ ka dị mfe maka ndị na-ere ahịa na-akpọ onwe ha ndị na-emegharị ihe na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, dị ka China, India na akụkụ Africa, si otú a na-ezere mmefu nke iwepu ihe dị ka ihe ọjọọ cathode ray tubes. nhazi nke dị oke ọnụ ma sie ike). Mba ndị na-emepe emepe aghọọla ebe a na-ekpofu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-anata e-ife mba ọzọ na-aga n'ihu n'ịrụzi na imegharị ngwa ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, 90% nke e-n'efu kwụsịrị na mkpofu na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na 2003. Ndị na-akwado azụmahịa mba ụwa na-atụ aka na ọganihu nke mmemme ahia ziri ezi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe imekọ ihe ọnụ emewo ka ịmepụta ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee ike iweta nkà na ụzụ dị ọnụ ala na mba ndị ọzọ. ebe nrụzi na nrụzigharị ọnụego dị elu. Ndị na-agbachitere ahia na ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe na-ekwu na a na-ewepụta ọla n'ebe ndị na-amaghị nwoke na-egwuputa ihe gaa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. A na-ewere imegharị ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha, ọla edo, na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị a tụfuru ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi karịa igwu ala. Ha kwukwara na ịrụzi na iji kọmpụta na telivishọn eme ihe abụrụla “ihe a na-ahụ anya furu efu” na mba ndị ka baa ọgaranya nakwa na nrụzigharị abụrụla ụzọ e si ebute mmepe. South Korea, Taiwan, na ndịda China niile nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịchọta "ọnụ ahịa ejigidere" n'ahịa eji eme ihe, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ eguzobela ụlọ ọrụ ijeri dollar na-arụzigharị katrij ink eji eme ihe, igwefoto eji otu eme ihe, na CRT na-arụ ọrụ. Ndozigharị abụrụla ihe iyi egwu nye nrụpụta guzobere, yana nchekwa dị mfe na-akọwa nkatọ ụfọdụ nke azụmaahịa ahụ. Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka "Ndị na-eme ihe mkpofu" nke Vance Packard kọwara ụfọdụ nkatọ mbupụ nke ngwaahịa na-arụ ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmachibido iwu ibubata laptọọpụ Pentium 4 na-arụ ọrụ anwalela na China, ma ọ bụ mmachibido iwu mbupụ nke ngwa ngwa na-arụ ọrụ eletrik nke [[Japan]]. Ndị na-emegide mbupụ ngwa elektrọnik nke njupụta na-arụ ụka na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ dị ala, ọrụ dị ọnụ ala, na uru dị oke ọnụ nke akụrụngwa enwetara na-eduga na mbufe ihe omume na-ebute mmetọ, dị ka ịgbaze waya ọla kọpa. A na-ezigakarị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na mba dị iche iche dị n'Africa na Eshia dịka China, Malaysia, India na Kenya maka nhazi, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. A na-ebufe ọtụtụ kọmpụta ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe dị ka "ebe a na-ekpofu ihe maka e-waste". N'ihi na United States akwadobeghị Mgbakọ Basel ma ọ bụ Ndozigharị Mgbochi ya, yana iwu gọọmentị etiti ole na ole na-amachibido mbupụ ihe mkpofu nsị, Basel Action Network na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka 80% nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-eduzi iji megharịa na US adịghị enweta ya. emegharịrị ebe ahụ ma ọlị, mana a na-etinye ya n'ụgbọ mmiri na-ebuga ya na mba ndị dị ka China. A na-arụrịta ụka na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị ka ikwubiga okwu ókè nke EPA, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, na World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association. Nnyocha nke onwe nke Mahadum steeti Arizona gosipụtara na 87-88% nke kọmputa eji ebubata enweghị uru dị elu karịa uru kacha mma nke ihe mejupụtara ha nwere, yana na "azụmahịa gọọmentị na kọmputa njedebe nke ndụ bụ nke a na-eduzi ya. megharia ihe megidere imegharị ihe." === Azụmaahịa === [[Usòrò:Day_6_Warehouse_(25890985098)_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akpa ekwentị mkpanaaka na Agbogbloshie, Ghana.]] Ndị na-akwado ahia ahụ na-ekwu na uto nke ịnweta ịntanetị bụ njikọ siri ike na ahia karịa ịda ogbenye. Haiti dara ogbenye na nso ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri New York karịa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, mana a na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị ka ukwuu site na New York gaa Eshia karịa na Haiti. Ọtụtụ puku ndị ikom, ndị inyom, na ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na-ejigharị, nrụzigharị, nrụzi, na nrụpụta ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na-ada ada na mba ndị mepere emepe. Ịhapụ mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ịnweta ngwá electronic eji eme ihe nwere ike ịgọnarị ha ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide, ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala, na ịntanetị, ma ọ bụ ịmanye ha ka ha na ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa na-adịchaghị mma. N'ime usoro isiokwu asaa maka The Atlantic, onye nta akụkọ na Shanghai bụ Adam Minter na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nrụzi na nkewa nkewa kọmpụta ndị a dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide. Ndị na-emegide azụmaahịa a na-arụ ụka na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-eji ụzọ ndị na-emerụ ahụ ma na-emebi emebi. Ụzọ dị mma na nke juru ebe niile bụ nanị ịtụba ngwá ọrụ n'ime ọkụ mepere emepe, iji gbazee plastik na ịgbanyụ ọla ndị na-adịghị oké ọnụ ahịa. Nke a na-ahapụ carcinogens na neurotoxins n'ime ikuku, na-enye aka na acrid, smog na-adịgide adịgide. Uzuzu ọjọọ ndị a gụnyere dioxins na furans. Enwere ike ịtụfu ihe mkpofu ọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ime ọwa mmiri ma ọ bụ ụzọ mmiri na-enye oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri mpaghara. Na June 2008, otu akpa ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, nke a ga-esi na Port of Oakland dị na US gaa na Sanshui District dị na China, bụ Greenpeace jidere na Hong Kong. E welitere nchegbu banyere mbupụ ihe mkpofu electronic n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na India, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, na Nigeria. Nchoputa nke oru ngo Countering WEEE Illegal Trade (CWIT) mere, nke European Commission kwadoro, choputara na na Europe nani 35% (3.3 million ton) nke ihe mkpofu e-e-e-tufuru na 2012 kwụsịrị na ego egosiri n'ihu ọha. nke usoro nchịkọta na imegharị ihe. 65% nke ọzọ (nde tọn 6.15) bụ ma: * Ebupụrụ (otu nde tọn 1.5), * Emegharịrị n'okpuru ọnọdụ anaghị akwado ya na Europe (nde 3.15), * Echekwara maka akụkụ bara uru (ton 750,000), ma ọ bụ * Naanị tụba ya n'ụlọ mkpofu (ton 750,000). === Guiyu === Guiyu na mpaghara Guangdong nke China bụ nnukwu obodo na-ahazi ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. A na-akpọkarị ya "isi obodo e-efu nke ụwa." Omenala, Guiyu bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo; Otú ọ dị, n'etiti 1990s ọ ghọrọ ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 75% nke ezinụlọ obodo yana ndị ọrụ 100,000 na-akwaga mba ọzọ. Ọtụtụ puku ụlọ ọrụ n'otu n'otu na-ewe ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ ka ha na-atụtụ eriri, pịnye ibe n'ime bọọdụ sekit, na-egwe ihe kọmpụta rọba n'ime irighiri ihe, na itinye bọọdụ sekit n'ime bat acid iji gbazee ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa. Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ịwepụ ihe mkpuchi na wiring niile na mbọ iji wepụta obere waya ọla kọpa. Ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ịkwasa, na mkpofu ebutewo ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala, mmetọ ikuku, na mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụ site na mwepụ ozugbo ma ọ bụ site na mmiri ozuzo (karịsịa nso ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri), yana nsogbu ahụike gụnyere nchekwa nchekwa ọrụ na mmetụta ahụike n'etiti ndị na-etinye aka ozugbo na n'ụzọ doro anya, n'ihi usoro nke nhazi ihe mkpofu. Isii n'ime ọtụtụ obodo ndị dị na Guiyu bụ ọkachamara n'ịkwasa bọọdụ sekit, asaa na-arụgharị plastik na ígwè, na abụọ na-arụzi waya na eriri USB. Greenpeace, otu gburugburu gburugburu, uzuzu, ala, sedimenti osimiri, na mmiri ala na Guiyu. Ha chọtara nnukwu ọla dị arọ na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'ebe abụọ ahụ. Lai Yun, onye mgbasa ozi maka otu ahụ hụrụ "ihe karịrị ọla ndị na-egbu egbu 10, dị ka lead, mercury, na cadmium." Guiyu bụ naanị otu ihe atụ nke mkpofu dijitalụ mana enwere ike ịhụ ebe ndị yiri ya n'ofe ụwa na Nigeria, Ghana na India. === Ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-waste ndị ọzọ === [[Usòrò:TV_and_Computer_Monitor_Recycling_Pen_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1025508.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Otu ụyọkọ TV na ndị na-enyocha kọmputa a tụfuru atụfu.]] O yikarịrị ka Guiyu bụ otu n'ime saịtị e-n'efu kacha ochie na nke kachasị na ụwa; Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ saịtị n'ụwa nile, gụnyere India, Ghana (Agbogbloshie), Nigeria, na Philippines. Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọmụmụ na-akọwa ọkwa mkpughe na ndị ọrụ e-ekpofu, obodo, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị obodo na ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na Delhi, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke India, na-ekpochapụ ngwá ọrụ kọmputa a tụfuru ma na-eji ụzọ ndị na-egbu egbu na-ewepụ ọla ndị dị ala. Bangalore, nke dị na ndịda India, bụ nke a na-akpọkarị "Silicon Valley of India" ma nwee ngalaba na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na-eto eto. Nnyocha e mere chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ e-ifufe n'ime ime obodo nwere ọkwa dị elu nke V, Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn, Tl, na Pb karịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe. === Cryptocurrency e-waste === Ngwuputa Bitcoin nyekwara aka n'ịba ụba n'efu na eletrọnịkị. Enwere ike iji Bitcoin na ego crypto ndị ọzọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ịkọ nkọ. Per de Vries & Stoll na akwụkwọ akụkọ Resources, Conservation and Recycling, nkezi azụmahịa bitcoin na-ewepụta gram 272 nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị wee mepụta ihe mkpofu ihe ruru nde gram 112.5 na 2020 naanị. Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-egosi na netwọk bitcoin na-atụfu ihe dị ka "obere IT na ngwá ọrụ nkwukọrịta nke obodo dịka Netherlands na-emepụta," na-agbakọta ruo 30.7 metric kiloton kwa afọ. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Bitcoin na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu ya karịrị nke ndị isi ego dị ka VISA, nke na-emepụta gram 40 nke mkpofu maka azụmahịa 100,000 ọ bụla. Isi ihe na-echegbu onwe ya bụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ bitcoin nke na-ebute ọkwa dị elu nke ihe mkpofu e. Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a na ụkpụrụ ihe akaebe nke ọrụ bitcoin na-eji ebe ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-enweta ego dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ maka ịbụ onye mbụ na-edepụta hashes nke na-ede blọk ya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=de Vries|first=Alex|date=17 April 2019|title=Renewable Energy Will Not Solve Bitcoin's Sustainability Problem|journal=Joule|language=en|volume=3|issue=4|pages=893–898|doi=10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.007|issn=2542-4351}}</ref> N'ihi nke a, a na-agba ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ala ume ka ha na ibe ha na-asọ mpi iji kọwaa hash mbụ.<ref name=":8" /> Otú ọ dị, ịgbakọ hashes ndị a chọrọ nnukwu ike kọmpụta nke, n'ụzọ dị irè, na-akpali ndị na-egwupụta ihe iji nweta rigs nwere ike nhazi kachasị elu. N'ime mgbalị iji mezuo nke a, ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-eme ka ike nhazi dị n'ime rigs ha site n'ịzụta chips kọmputa dị elu.<ref name=":8" /> Dị ka iwu Koomey si kwuo, ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ibe kọmputa na-amụba okpukpu abụọ kwa afọ 1.5, nke pụtara na a na-akpali ndị na-egwuputa ihe ịzụrụ ibe ọhụrụ iji soro ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-asọ mpi n'agbanyeghị na ibe ndị ochie ka na-arụ ọrụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-atụfukwa ibe ha n'oge tupu oge a n'ihi uru. Agbanyeghị, nke a na-eduga n'ịkwalite n'efu, n'ihi na enweghị ike ijikwa ma ọ bụ megharịa sekit agbakwunyere ngwa ngwa (ASIC chips). Imirikiti ibe kọmputa eji m bitcoin m bụ ASIC ibe, nke naanị ọrụ ya bụ nke m bitcoin, na-eme ka ha ghara ịba uru maka ego crypto ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ na teknụzụ ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere, a ga-atụfu ibe ASIC oge ochie ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ike ịmegharị ha. Nsogbu e-waste bitcoin na-akawanye njọ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ mba na ụlọ ọrụ enweghị mmemme ịmegharị ihe maka ibe ASIC. Ịmepụta akụrụngwa eji emegharị ihe maka ngwungwu bitcoin nwere ike ịba uru, n'agbanyeghị, ebe ọ bụ na aluminom na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ na ihe mkpuchi ígwè na ibe ASIC nwere ike ịmegharị ya na nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ a dabara na Bitmain, onye na-emepụta bitcoin, nke na-enweghị akụrụngwa ugbu a iji megharịa ihe mkpofu site na ngwuputa bitcoin. Na-enweghị mmemme dị otú ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe mkpofu bitcoin na-ejedebe na mkpofu yana 83.6% nke mkpokọta e-ekpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ụka maka ịhapụ ihe ngosi-nke-ọrụ kpamkpam na-akwado nke ihe akaebe. Ihe nlereanya a na-ahọrọ otu onye na-egwuputa ihe iji kwado azụmahịa ndị dị na blockchain, kama inwe ndị na-egwuputa ihe niile na-asọ mpi maka ya. Na enweghị asọmpi, ọsọ nhazi nke igwe ndị na-egwuputa ihe agaghị adị mkpa. Enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ ọ bụla iji kwado blockchain, yabụ na agaghị enwe mkpali iji ibe ASIC na-eji otu eme ihe ma ọ bụ na-azụta nke ọhụrụ na ịtụfu nke ochie. == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:0ld_keyboards.JPG|thumb|Old keyboards and a mouse.]] Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere mmetọ eletrọnịkị na-arị elu na USA kpughere na nkezi ihuenyo kọmputa nwere paụnd ise ruo asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke na-anọchi anya pasent 40 nke ụzọ niile dị na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na US. Ihe nsị ndị a niile na-adịgide adịgide, nsị bioaccumulative (PBT) nke na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mgbe a na-akpọ kọmputa ọkụ, tinye ya n'ime ala ma ọ bụ gbazee. Mkpọsa uzuzu, gas, na ihe ndị na-ekesa ihe na-abanye n'ikuku, mwepu nke ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ime mmiri na usoro ikpofu mmiri, na ikpofu ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na-ebute mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Usoro nke ịkwatu na ikpofu ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe butere ọtụtụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka egosiri na eserese. Ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri na nke ikuku na-ejedebe na mmiri, mmiri ala, ala, na ikuku na ya mere n'ime ala na anụ mmiri - ma anụ ụlọ na anụ ọhịa, na ihe ọkụkụ nke ma anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-eri, na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. Otu nnyocha banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na Guiyu, China chọpụtara ihe ndị a:<ref name="Sthiannopkao S 2012">{{Cite journal|author=Sthiannopkao|first=Suthipong|year=2013|title=Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=463–464|pages=1147–1153|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.088|pmid=22858354}}</ref> * Dioxins ikuku bụ otu ụdị a hụrụ na okpukpu 100 nke a tụrụ na mbụ * Ọnọdụ nke carcinogens na ọdọ mmiri ọbọgwụ na ubi osikapa karịrị ụkpụrụ mba ụwa maka mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na cadmium, ọla kọpa, nickel, na ọkwa ọta na ubi osiki karịrị ụkpụrụ mba niile * Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị arọ a hụrụ n'ájá okporo ụzọ na-ebute ihe karịrị okpukpu 300 karịa nke ájá okporo ụzọ obodo na ọla kọpa ihe karịrị 100 ugboro Mpaghara Agbogbloshie dị na Ghana, bụ́ ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 40,000 bi, na-enye ihe atụ nke otú mmetọ e-ekpofu pụrụ isi metụta ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị nile bi. Na mpaghara a—otu n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ihe na-ekpofu e-ifufe na ebe a na-ahazi ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị n'Africa—a na-ebubata ihe dị ka tọn 215,000 nke ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị e ji azụ ahịa, bụ́ isi sitere n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, kwa afọ. N'ihi na mpaghara a nwere nnukwu ndakọrịta n'etiti mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa na ebe obibi, Pure Earth (nke bụbu Blacksmith Institute) ahọpụtala Agbogbloshie dị ka otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu nsi iri kacha njọ n'ụwa (Blacksmith Institute 2013).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heacock Michelle|date=1 May 2016|title=E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=124|issue=5|pages=550–555|doi=10.1289/ehp.1509699|pmid=26418733}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere dị iche na ebe a na-ekpofu e-waste na Agbogbloshie, Ghana hụrụ ọnụnọ ọkwa dị elu ruru 18,125 ppm n'ime ala. Ụkpụrụ EPA US maka ndu n'ime ala na mpaghara egwuregwu bụ 400 ppm na 1200 ppm maka mpaghara anaghị egwu egwu. Ndị na-ahụ maka mkpofu na Agbogbloshie e-waste a na-ekpofu ọkụ mgbe niile na-ere ngwa eletrọnịkị na wires akpaaka maka mgbake ọla kọpa, na-ewepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka lead, dioxins na furans na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta dị ka Brett Robinson, bụ́ prọfesọ nke sayensị ala na nke anụ ahụ na Mahadum Lincoln dị na New Zealand, dọrọ aka ná ntị na usoro ikuku na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ China na-achụsasị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na-ewepụta site n'ikuku ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ofe Pearl River Delta Region, ebe nde mmadụ 45 nwere. N'ụzọ dị otú a, kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu sitere na e-ifufe na-abanye na "ụzọ nri ala-ihe ọkụkụ," otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị mkpa maka ikpughe ọla dị arọ na ụmụ mmadụ. Kemịkalụ ndị a anaghị adị ndụ - ha na-adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ruo ogologo oge, na-abawanye ohere ikpughe. N'ógbè ọrụ ugbo nke Chachoengsao, nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Bangkok, ndị obodo ahụ tụfuru isi mmiri ha n'ihi mkpofu e-n'efu. A gbanwere ogige akpu na ngwụcha afọ 2017, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ China dị nso malitere ibubata ihe e-ifufe ndị mba ọzọ dị ka kọmpụta ndị e gwepịara egwepịa, bọọdụ sekit na eriri maka imegharị igwe eletrọnịkị maka akụrụngwa ọla bara uru dị ka ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha na ọla edo. Mana ihe ndị ahụ nwekwara lead, cadmium na mercury, nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'oge nhazi. Ewezuga inwe mmetụta nke nkụda mmụọ n'ihi uzuzu ọjọọ na-esi n'oge nhazi, otu onye obodo kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emetọwokwa mmiri ya. "Mgbe mmiri na-ezo, mmiri ahụ gafere n'ime ikpo ihe mkpofu wee gafere n'ụlọ anyị wee banye n'ime ala na mmiri. Nnwale mmiri mere na mpaghara ahụ site n'aka òtù gburugburu ebe obibi Earth na ndị ọchịchị obodo ha abụọ chọpụtara nsí ígwè, manganese. Lead, nickel na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ arsenic na cadmium. "Ndị obodo hụrụ mgbe ha na-eji mmiri si na olulu mmiri na-emighị eme ihe, enwere ụfọdụ mmepe nke ọrịa anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì ọjọọ," onye guzobere Ụwa, Penchom Saetang kwuru. "Nke a bụ ihe akaebe. , na ọ bụ eziokwu, dị ka ndị obodo na-enyo enyo, e nwere nsogbu na-eme isi iyi mmiri ha." {| class="wikitable" |+Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nhazi nke ihe mkpofu eletrọniki dị iche iche<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wath|first=Sushant B.|year=2011|title=E-waste scenario in India, its management and implications|url=http://neeri.csircentral.net/384/1/EMAS_Publication.pdf|journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment|volume=172|issue=1–4|pages=249–262|doi=10.1007/s10661-010-1331-9|pmid=20151189}}</ref> !Ihe E-waste Component !Usoro A Na-eji !Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi |- |Cathode ray tubes (nke a na-eji na TV, monitors kọmputa, ATM, kamera vidiyo, na ndị ọzọ) |Ịgbaji na iwepụ yoke, mgbe ahụ ị tụfuo |Lead, barium na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma wepụta phosphor na-egbu egbu |- |Mbadamba circuit e biri ebi (ihe oyiyi dị n'azụ tebụl bụ efere dị nro nke a na-etinye chips na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya) |De-soldering na iwepu chips kọmputa; mepee ọkụ ọkụ na acid baths iji wepụ ọla mgbe ewepụrụ chips. |Mmiri na-esi n'ime osimiri na-ewepụta ájá iko, tin, ọta, brominated dioxin, beryllium cadmium, na mercury |- |Chips na ihe ndị ọzọ e ji ọlaedo mee |Ihichapụ kemịkal site na iji nitric na hydrochloric acid na ọkụ nke chips |PAHs, ọla dị arọ, brominated flame retardants na-abanye kpọmkwem n'ime osimiri na-eme ka acid dị n'ime azụ na osisi. Tin na lead mmetọ nke elu na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Mmiri ikuku nke brominated dioxins, ígwè dị arọ, na PAHs |- |Plastic sitere na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, mkpịsị aka, monitors, wdg. |Mgbaze na obere oge ịgbaze iji mee ihe ọzọ |Mpụta nke brominated dioxins, ígwè dị arọ, na hydrocarbons |- |Wires kọmputa |Ịkpọ ọkụ na ịpụchasị iji wepụ ọla kọpa |A tọhapụrụ PAHs n'ime ikuku, mmiri, na ala. |} Dabere na afọ na ụdị nke ihe a tụfuru, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke e-waste nwere ike ịdị iche. Ọtụtụ e-nfusị bụ ngwakọta nke ọla dị ka Cu, Al na Fe. Enwere ike ijikọ ha na, kpuchie ma ọ bụ gwakọta ha na ụdị plastik na seramiki dị iche iche. E-waste nwere mmetụta jọgburu onwe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ọ dị mkpa iji tụfuo ya na ụlọ ọrụ R2 na-akwado imegharị ihe. == Nnyocha == Na Mee 2020, e mere ọmụmụ sayensị na China nke nyochara ihe omume na nkesa nke ọdịnala na klas nke mmetọ, gụnyere chlorinated, brominated, na ngwakọta halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PDDD/Fs, PXDD) / Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) na polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) na ala site na ebe mkpofu e-n'efu na Hangzhou (nke na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 2009 ma nwee ikike ọgwụgwọ nke 19.6 Wt/ a). Ọ bụ ezie na ebe ọmụmụ ihe nwere naanị otu ebe a na-emepụta ihe, mpaghara mmepụta ihe sara mbara nwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbake na igwe na-emegharị ya yana okporo ụzọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ebe a na-eji ngwaọrụ nkịtị na nke dị arọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ogige organic halogenated HOC bụ 0.1-1.5 km site na isi mmalite yana ọkwa HOC n'ozuzu achọpụtara dị obere karịa nke a kọrọ n'ụwa niile. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara ihe ndị nchọpụta dọrọ aka ná ntị, i. e. n'okporo ụzọ awara awara nwere okporo ụzọ siri ike, ọkachasị ndị na-enye ụgbọ ala mmanụ dizel, ikuku na-ekpochapụ bụ isi iyi dioxins buru ibu karịa isi mmalite. Mgbe a na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike nke ogige kemịkalụ, ọkachasị PBDD/Fs na PXDD/Fs, a ga-eburu n'uche ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ala na ogologo oge ihu igwe dị ka mmiri ozuzo na ihu igwe. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji wulite nghọta na ụzọ maka ịlele mmetụta e-waste. == Nchebe ozi == Akụrụngwa nhazi data atụfuru ka nwere ike ịnwe data enwere ike ịgụ nke enwere ike iche na ọ dị mkpa maka ndị ọrụ mbụ nke ngwaọrụ ahụ. Atụmatụ mwegharị maka akụrụngwa dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkwado nchekwa ozi site n'ịhụ na agbasoro usoro kwesịrị ekwesị iji hichapụ ozi dị nro. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye usoro dị ka nhazigharị nke mgbasa ozi nchekwa na iji data na-enweghị usoro idegharị iji mee ka data ghara ị nwetaghachi, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mbibi anụ ahụ nke mgbasa ozi site n'ichichi na ọkụ iji hụ na ekpochapụla data niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọtụtụ sistemụ arụmọrụ ihichapụ faịlụ ka nwere ike ịhapụ faịlụ data anụ ahụ na mgbasa ozi, na-enye ohere iweghachite data site na usoro oge niile. == Ime ihe ọzọ == [[Usòrò:Recycling_Computers.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A na-etinye ndị nlekota kọmputa n'ime obere mkpokoro na pallets osisi maka imegharị ma mechaa kechie ha.]] Imegharị ihe bụ ihe dị mkpa nke njikwa e-waste. A na-eme ya nke ọma, ọ kwesịrị ibelata ntapu nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-alụ ọgụ megide ike ọgwụgwụ nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọchịchị obodo na site na agụmakwụkwọ obodo kwadoro ya. Ihe na-erughị 20% nke e-waste ka a na-emegharị ya nke ọma, yana 80% na-ejedebe na mkpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya - ọtụtụ n'ime ya site na aka na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, na-ekpughe ndị ọrụ na ihe ize ndụ na carcinogenic dị ka mercury, lead na cadmium. A na-enwekarị ụzọ atọ e si ewepụta ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, ya bụ hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, na hydro-pyrometallurgical ụzọ. Ụzọ nke ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ ndị a nwere uru na ọghọm ya yana mmepụta nke nsị nsị. Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka ndị bụ isi bụ imegharị bọọdụ sekit ndị e biri ebi site na ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. The sekit mbadamba nwere ndị dị otú ahụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa ọla dị ka gold, ọlaọcha, platinum, wdg na ndị dị otú ahụ isi ọla dị ka ọla kọpa, ígwè, aluminum, wdg Otu ụzọ e-n'efu na-esichara bụ site agbaze sekit mbadamba, ọkụ cable sheathing naghachi ọla kọpa waya na. oghere acid emeghe maka ikewa ọla ndị bara uru. Usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ nbibi na nkewa, mana ịrụgharị ya dị obere. A mụọla ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị ka mbibi nke cryogenic maka imegharị bọọdụ sekit e biri ebi, a ka na-enyochakwa ụzọ ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Ịtụfu ma ọ bụ iji ngwa eletrọnịkị nke ọma mee ihe nke ọma nwere ike inye aka gbochie nsogbu ahụ́ ike, ibelata ikuku ikuku griin, na imepụta ọrụ. === Mgbalị ndị na-eme ka ndị ahịa mara === [[Usòrò:Day_7_-_8_Promoting_Recycling_in_Villages_(26034094638).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa ozi iji kwalite imegharị ihe mkpofu Elecktronik na Ghana.]] Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States na-agba ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị ume ka ha bụrụ ndị asambodo site n'igosipụta onye nyocha nke ndị ọzọ nwere onwe ya na ha na-agbaso ụkpụrụ akọwapụtara iji megharịa na jikwaa eletrọnịkị n'enweghị nsogbu. Nke a kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji hụ na a na-edobe ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị elu. Asambodo abụọ maka ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị dị ugbu a ma ndị EPA kwadoro ya. A na-agba ndị ahịa ume ka ha họrọ ndị nrụpụta eletrọnịkị agbaziri agbaziri. Imegharị ihe eletrọnịkị nke kwesịrị ekwesị na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ, na-abawanye ojiji nke akụrụngwa enwere ike iji ya na nke emezigharịrị ma belata ojiji ike ma na-echekwa oke ego. Mmemme asambodo abụọ EPA kwadoro bụ Omume Recyclers Responsible Recyclers (R2) na E-Stewards. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị enwetara ikike na-ahụ na ha na-emezu ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike nke na-ebuli iji megharịa na imegharị ihe, na-ebelata ikpughe na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, hụ na njikwa ihe dị mma ma chọọ mbibi nke data niile ejiri na eletrọnịkị. Ndị na-emegharị ihe eletrọnịkị enwetara egosila site na nyocha na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na ha na-aga n'ihu na-agbaso ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu ma na-ejikwa ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe n'enweghị nsogbu. Ozugbo enwetara asambodo, a na-edobe onye na-emegharị ihe n'ụkpụrụ a ka ọ dị site na nleba anya na-aga n'ihu site n'aka otu na-ahụ maka asambodo nọọrọ onwe ya. Otu bọọdụ asambodo na-akwado ma na-ahụ maka ndị otu na-agba akaebe iji hụ na ha rụzuru ọrụ dị iche iche ma tozuo oke inyocha na inye asambodo.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2013|title=E-cycling certification|url=http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/certification.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130412042126/http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/ecycling/certification.htm|archivedate=12 April 2013|publisher=Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-ere ahịa na United States na-enye ohere maka ndị na-azụ ahịa imegharị ngwa ngwa eletrọnịkị tụfuru. Na US, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) na-agba ndị na-azụ ahịa ume ka ha tufuo ngwa elektrọnik nke njedebe nke ọma site n'aka onye na-achọgharị ya. Ndepụta a gụnyere naanị mmemme ndị nrụpụta na ndị na-ere ahịa na-eji ụkpụrụ siri ike yana ebe ndị ọzọ enwetara ikike imegharị ihe, iji nye ndị na-azụ ahịa mmesi obi ike na a ga-emegharị ngwaahịa ha n'enweghị nsogbu na ezi uche. Nnyocha nke CEA achọpụtala na pasent 58 nke ndị na-azụ ahịa maara ebe ha ga-ebu ngwá electronic na njedebe ndụ, ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị ga-amasịkwa ịhụ ọkwa nke mmata ahụ. Ndị na-emepụta ngwá electronic na ndị na-ere ahịa na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ karịa 5,000 ebe a na-emegharị ihe na mba niile ma ṅụọ iyi na ha ga-emegharị otu ijeri pound kwa afọ site na 2016, mmụba dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ 300 nde pound a na-emegharị na 2010. The Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Electronic Challenge bụ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kere na 2012. Ndị na-eso ihe ịma aka ahụ bụ ndị na-emepụta ngwá electronic na ndị na-ere ahịa eletrọnịkị. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị a na-anakọta ngwa elektrọnik na njedebe nke ndụ (EOL) n'ebe dị iche iche wee ziga ha na onye nrụpụta ikike nke ndị ọzọ nwere ikike. Ndị sonyere mmemme ahụ na-enwe ike ịkwalite ọha na eze ma kọọ 100% maka imegharị ihe maka ụlọ ọrụ ha. Eletrọnịkị TakeBack Coalition (ETBC) bụ mgbasa ozi ezubere iche ichedo ahụike mmadụ yana ịmachi mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ebe a na-emepụta, jiri, na tụfuo ya. ETBC bu n'obi itinye ọrụ maka mkpofu ngwaahịa teknụzụ n'ahụ ndị na-emepụta eletrọnịkị na ndị nwe ika, nke kachasị site na nkwalite obodo na atụmatụ mmanye iwu. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ maka nrụpụta ndị ahịa yana ndepụta nke ndị na-emegharịgharị ihe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na enweela nnukwu uru site na ịrị elu nke mweghachi na mkpofu nke ndị na-emepụta na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-emepụta, dị ka ihe bara uru a na-enweta ma na-ewepụ ya na nsị na nsị, a ka nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu dị ugbu a na usoro EPR gụnyere "otu esi eme ka ọ dị mma. mmanye nke ụkpụrụ imegharị ihe, ihe a ga-eme gbasara mkpofu na uru net dị mma, yana ọrụ asọmpi," (Kunz et al.). Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe na-ekwenye na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ọkwa dị elu nke ịza ajụjụ na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma iji melite usoro nke imegharị ihe n'ebe ọ bụla, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke mkpofu bụ ohere karịa ọdịda ebe ọ na-enye anyị ohere ịmepụta usoro dị mma. Iji mee ka asọmpi imegharị ihe na-adịkwu ọnụ ahịa, ndị na-emepụta ihe kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ike dị elu maka asọmpi n'ihi na ọ na-enye ha ohere inwe ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ịhọrọ maka imegharị ihe e-waste. Mmemme Recycler nke eletrọnịkị akwụkwọ ikike maka ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị bụ ọkọlọtọ sistemu njikwa agbakwunyere jikọtara ọnụ nke na-etinye isi ọrụ yana ihe ndozi na-aga n'ihu maka ịdịmma, gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike na arụmọrụ nchekwa. Njikọ nke Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition na-akwalite ahụike mmadụ ma na-edozi nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na nsị na teknụzụ. World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a.org) bụ ọgbakọ raara onwe ya nye iji kwalite ogo elektrọnịk ebupụ, na-agba ume ụkpụrụ nrụpụta ka mma na mba ndị na-ebubata, na imeziwanye omume site na ụkpụrụ “Fair Trade”. Take Back My TV bụ oru ngo nke The Electronics TakeBack Coalition na akara ule ndị na-emepụta telivishọn iji chọpụta ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ, n'echiche nke otu, na ndị na-adịghị. Enweela mbọ iji mee ka mmata maka ọnọdụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke ịkwatu e-waste n'ụlọ mkpọrọ America. Ndị otu Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, ndị na-akwado ikike ndị mkpọrọ, na ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi wepụtara akụkọ Sweatshops na-egbu egbu nke na-akọwa otú e si eji ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-edozi e-waste, na-ebute nsonaazụ ahụike n'etiti ndị ọrụ. Ndị otu a na-ekwu na, ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ mkpọrọ enweghị ụkpụrụ nchekwa zuru oke, ndị mkpọrọ na-ekpochapụ ngwaahịa ndị ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ adịghị mma na nke adịghị mma. === Usoro nhazi === [[Usòrò:Recycling_lead_in_a_lead-acid_battery_recovery_facility.jpg|thumb|Iweghachi ntutu site na batrị.]] N'ọtụtụ mba ndị mepere emepe, nhazi ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-ebu ụzọ gụpụsịa akụrụngwa n'akụkụ dị iche iche (obere okpokolo agba, ọkụ eletrik, bọọdụ sekit, plastik), na-ejikarị aka eme ihe, mana ọ na-esiwanye ike site na ngwa nbibi akpaghị aka. Otu ihe atụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị NADIN dị na Novi Iskar, Bulgaria—ebe kasị ukwuu n’ụdị ya n’Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe. Uru nke usoro a bụ ikike nke onye ọrụ mmadụ ịmata na ịchekwa akụkụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na nke nwere ike ịrụzi, gụnyere chips, transistor, RAM, wdg. Ihe ọghọm bụ na ọrụ ahụ dị ọnụ ala na mba ndị nwere ụkpụrụ ahụike na nchekwa dị ala. N'ime usoro ọzọ buru ibu, hopper na-ebufe ihe maka ịkpụchasị n'ime igwe na-enweghị ọkaibe, yana igwe nyocha na granulating iji kewapụta akụkụ nke metal na rọba, nke a na-eresị ndị na-agbaze ma ọ bụ ndị na-emegharị plastik. A na-emechi igwe eji emegharị ihe dị otú ahụ ma jiri usoro nchịkọta uzuzu rụọ ọrụ. Ndị nchacha na enyo na-ejide ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emepụta. A na-eji igwe magnetik, ikuku mmiri na trommel rụọ ọrụ iji kewaa iko, rọba na ferrous na ọla ndị na-abụghị nke igwe, nke enwere ike kewapụkwa ọzọ na smelter. Ọla kọpa, ọla edo, palladium, ọlaọcha na gbamgbam bụ ọla bara uru a na-eresị ndị na-akpụ ihe maka imegharị ihe. A na-ejide anwụrụ ọkụ na gas dị ize ndụ, tinye ya ma gwọọ ya iji belata ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụzọ ndị a na-enye ohere maka ịweghachi ihe niile bara uru ihe eji arụ ọrụ kọmputa. Onye njikwa ihe nrụpụta ngwaahịa Hewlett-Packard Renee St. Denis na-akọwa usoro ya dị ka: “Anyị na-ebugharị ha site na nnukwu shredders dị ihe dị ka mita 30 n'ogologo na ọ na-akụrisị ihe niile n'ime iberibe ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ. nnukwu, ọ siri ike iwepụ data ahụ." Osisi eletrọnịkị dị mma na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na-ejikọta mkpochapụ maka mgbake akụrụngwa yana nhazi ọnụ ahịa bara uru nke nnukwu mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Ejigharị ya bụ nhọrọ ọzọ maka imegharị ihe n'ihi na ọ na-agbatị ndụ ngwaọrụ. Ngwa ka na-achọ imegharị ihe emechaa, mana site n'ikwe ka ndị ọzọ zụta ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe, enwere ike yigharịrị imegharị ihe wee nweta uru site na iji ngwaọrụ. Na mbido Nọvemba 2021, steeti US nke Georgia kwupụtara njikọ aka ya na Igneo Teknụzụ iji wuo nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta eletrọnịkị $85 nde na Port of Savannah. Ihe oru ngo a ga-elekwasị anya na ihe dị ala, ngwa plastik-dị arọ na mmiri mkpofu na-eji ọtụtụ shredders na oven na-eji teknụzụ pyrolysis. === Uru nke imegharị ihe === Ịmegharị akụrụngwa sitere na ngwa eletrọnịkị oge ndụ bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị dị irè maka nsogbu e-ifufu na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị nwere ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọla ndị enwere ike nwetaghachi maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu. Site n'ịkwasa na inye ohere ijikwa ya eme ihe, a na-echekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike na-emebibeghị ma na-ezere mmetọ ikuku na mmiri nke na-ebute ihe egwu. Na mgbakwunye, imegharị ihe na-ebelata oke ikuku ikuku griin haus na-akpata site n'ichepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Uru ọzọ nke imegharị ihe e-ifufe bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nwere ike ịmegharị ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ. Ihe ndị nwere ike ịmegharịgharị gụnyere "ferrous (nke dabeere na ígwè) na ọla ndị na-abụghị ígwè, iko, na ụdị plastik dị iche iche." "Ọla ndị na-abụghị igwe, ọkachasị aluminom na ọla kọpa nwere ike ịgbaze ma rụkwaa ya ọzọ. Enwere ike ijikwa ọla ndị dị ka ígwè na ígwè." N'ihi mmụba na-ewu ewu na nso nso a na mbipụta 3D, emebere ụfọdụ ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D (FDM dị iche iche) iji mepụta ihe mkpofu nke enwere ike ịmegharị ngwa ngwa nke na-ebelata oke mmetọ na-emerụ ahụ na ikuku. Enwere ike iji plastik ngafe sitere na ngwa nbipute ndị a na-apụta dị ka ngwaahịa sitere na ya iji mepụta ihe okike ọhụrụ 3D. A na-agbatịkwu uru nke imegharị ihe mgbe ejiri ụzọ eji emegharị ihe. Na U.S., ọrụ imegharị ihe na-achọ ibelata ihe egwu dị n'ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe igwe eletrọnịkị tụfuru ma kwatuo nwere ike ịmepụta. Ịmegharị ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka usoro nchịkwa kachasị mma nke ngwá electronic na-emegharị, ahụike na nchekwa ndị ọrụ, na nlebara anya maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara na mba ọzọ. Na Europe, a na-eweghachi ọla ndị a rụgharịrị arụgharị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị sitere na obere ọnụ ahịa. Site na usoro eji emegharị ihe, a kwalila ndị na-emepụta ihe na Japan ime ka ngwaahịa ha dịgidere. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka imegharị ngwaahịa nke ha, nke a nyere ndị nrụpụta ọrụ chọrọ ka ọtụtụ ndị rụgharịa akụrụngwa ha. N'ihi ya, ndị na-emepụta ihe na Japan nwere nhọrọ agbakwunyere iji ree ọla ndị a na-emegharịgharị. Ijikwa e-ifufe na-ezighi ezi na-ebute mfu dị ukwuu nke ụkọ akụrụngwa bara uru, dị ka ọla edo, platinum, cobalt na ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa. Ihe ruru 7% nke ọla edo ụwa nwere ike ịdị ugbu a na e-waste, yana ọla edo 100 karịa n'otu tọn e-ifufe karịa otu tọn ọla edo. == Nrụzi dị ka usoro mbelata ihe mkpofu == Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche isi kwụsị ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-esite na mwegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Otu n'ime ihe na-eme ka nsogbu e-waste ka njọ bụ mbelata ndụ nke ọtụtụ ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị. Enwere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ (karịsịa) maka omume a. N'otu aka ahụ, ọchịchọ ndị ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ọnụ ala na-emegide ịdịmma ngwaahịa ma na-ebute ndụ ngwaahịa dị mkpụmkpụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-emepụta ihe na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-akwado usoro nkwalite oge niile, ma nwee ike manye ya n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro nnweta akụkụ ahụ mapụtara, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọrụ na mmelite ngwanrọ, ma ọ bụ site n'oge akwadoro. Enweghị afọ ojuju ndị ahịa na ọnọdụ a emeela ka mmegharị mmezi na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adị n'ọkwa obodo dị ka site na ịrụzi cafės ma ọ bụ "mmegharị malitegharịa" nke ọrụ Malitegharịa ekwentị kwalitere. Ikike imezi ihe bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebute ụzọ na US site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị afọ ojuju maka enweghị ozi ọrụ, ngwa ọrụ pụrụ iche na akụkụ mapụtara maka igwe ọgbara ọhụrụ ha. Mana mmegharị ahụ gafere ngwa ọrụ ugbo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nhọrọ nrụzi mmachi nke Apple nyere na-abata maka nkatọ. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-enwekarị nchegbu nchekwa nke sitere na nrụzi na mgbanwe na-akwadoghị. Ụzọ dị mfe iji belata akara ụkwụ eletrọnịkị bụ ire ma ọ bụ inye onyinye eletrọnịkị ngwa kama ịtụfu ya. Ihe mkpofu e-ekpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-aghọwanye ihe ize ndụ, karịsịa ka oke ụda e-waste na-abawanye. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ụdị dị ka Apple, Samsung, na ndị ọzọ amalitela inye ndị ahịa nhọrọ iji megharịa ngwá electronic ochie. Imegharị ihe na-enye ohere ka ejigharịa akụkụ eletrọnịkị dị oke ọnụ n'ime. Nke a nwere ike ịchekwa ike dị ukwuu ma belata mkpa nke igwupụta akụrụngwa agbakwunyere, ma ọ bụ imepụta ihe ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịhụ mmemme imegharị eletrọnịkị n'ime mpaghara n'ọtụtụ ebe yana nchọta ịntanetị dị mfe; ọmụmaatụ, site na ịchọ "recycle electronics" yana obodo ma ọ bụ aha mpaghara. Ọrụ igwe ojii egosila na ọ bara uru na ịchekwa data, nke a na-enweta ya site na ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa na-enweghị mkpa iburu ngwaọrụ nchekwa. Nchekwa igwe ojii na-enyekwa ohere maka nchekwa buru ibu, na ọnụ ala dị ala. Nke a na-enye ịdị mma, ebe ọ na-ebelata mkpa maka nrụpụta ngwaọrụ nchekwa ọhụrụ, si otú a na-egbochi ọnụọgụ e-waste. == Nchịkọta ihe mkpofu eletrọniki == Ahịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ngwaahịa eletrik dị iche iche. Iji kewaa ngwaahịa ndị a, ọ dị mkpa ịkekọta ha n'ime ụdị ezi uche na nke bara uru. Nhazi nke ngwaahịa nwere ike inye aka chọpụta usoro a ga-eji maka mkpofu ngwaahịa. Ime nkewa, n'ozuzu, na-enyere aka ịkọwa e-n'efu. Nkewa akọwapụtabeghị nkọwa pụrụ iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe ha anaghị etinye ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa ekwesịghị ịchịkọta nke ukwuu n'ihi mba dị iche iche na nkọwa. Sistemu UNU-KEYs na-esochi koodu nkwekọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ (HS). Ọ bụ nhọpụta mba ụwa nke bụ usoro agbakwunyere iji nye ohere ịhazi ihe ndabere maka ebumnuche omenala. == Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki == [[Usòrò:Button_cells_and_9v_cells_(3).png|thumb|Ọtụtụ nha nke bọtịnụ na mkpụrụ ego mkpụrụ ego na batrị 2 9v dị ka ntụnyere nha. A na-emegharị ha niile n'ọtụtụ mba ebe ọ bụ na ha na-enwekarị ọta, mercury na cadmium.]] Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ kọmpụta mee ihe n'ịchịkọta ngwaahịa kọmputa ọhụrụ, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ọla nke enwere ike ijikwa ya na ngwa ndị dị iche iche dị ka ihe owuwu, ngwa ngwa, na ihe ịchọ mma. Ihe ndị a na-achọta n'ọtụtụ buru ibu gụnyere epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), plastik thermosetting, lead, tin, copper, silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron, na aluminum. Ihe ndị a na-achọta na obere ego gụnyere cadmium, mercury, na thallium. Ihe ndị a na-achọta na ọnụọgụ gụnyere americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, ọlaọcha. Tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, na yttrium. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwá electronic niile nwere lead na tin (dị ka ihe na-ere) na ọla kọpa (dị ka waya na egwu sekit bọọdụ e biri ebi), n'agbanyeghị na ojiji nke enweghị ndu na-agbasa ngwa ngwa. Ndị a bụ ngwa nkịtị: === Dị ize ndụ === [[Usòrò:Recyclers_with_old_computers_São_Paulo_March_2012.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-emegharị ihe n'okporo ámá dị na São Paulo, Brazil na kọmputa ochie]] {| class="wikitable" |+Hazardous waste material from e-waste !E-waste Component !Electric Appliances in which they are found !Adverse Health Effects |- |Americium |The radioactive source in smoke alarms. |It is known to be carcinogenic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Americium, Radioactive|url=http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7383|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012185429/https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+7383|archivedate=12 October 2016|work=TOXNET Toxicology Data Network}}</ref> |- |Lead |Solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,<ref name="sb">{{Cite news|author=Morgan, Russell|date=21 August 2006|title=Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers|publisher=SmartBiz|url=http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58|accessdate=17 March 2009}}</ref> but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead. |Adverse effects of lead exposure include impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct problems, and lower IQ.<ref name="chen" /> These effects are most damaging to children whose developing nervous systems are very susceptible to damage caused by lead, cadmium, and mercury.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=Aimin|date=1 April 2011|title=Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: an emerging health concern|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119|issue=4|pages=431–438|doi=10.1289/ehp.1002452|issn=1552-9924|pmid=21081302}}</ref> |- |Mercury |Found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2013|title=Question 8|url=http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/comp-dic/lca-sum/ques8.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326214824/http://www.epa.gov/dfe/pubs/comp-dic/lca-sum/ques8.pdf|archivedate=26 March 2009}}</ref> and ccfl backlights in flat screen monitors. |Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal deficits in motor function, attention, and verbal domains.<ref name="chen">{{Cite journal|author=Chen|first=A.|year=2011|title=Developmental Neurotoxicants in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=119|issue=4|pages=431–438|doi=10.1289/ehp.1002452|pmid=21081302}}</ref> Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, and slower growth and development. |- |Cadmium |Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the EU except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry. |The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cadmium (Cd) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects|url=http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cd.htm#ixzz1MpuZHWfr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515101400/http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cd.htm#ixzz1MpuZHWfr|archivedate=15 May 2014|accessdate=2 June 2014|publisher=Lenntech.com}}</ref> Cadmium is also associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children.<ref name="chen" /> |- |Hexavalent chromium |Used in metal coatings to protect from corrosion. |A known carcinogen after occupational inhalation exposure.<ref name="chen" /> There is also evidence of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of some chemicals, which have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, cause cell membrane lesion, cause DNA single-strand breaks, and elevate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels.<ref name="liulin2">{{Cite journal|author=Wang Liulin|year=2011|title=The cytotoxic and genetoxic effects of dust and soil samples from E-waste recycling area on L02 cells|journal=Toxicology and Industrial Health|volume=27|issue=9|pages=831–839|doi=10.1177/0748233711399313|pmid=21421680}}</ref> |- |Sulfur |Found in lead-acid batteries. |Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released into the environment, it can create sulfuric acid through sulfur dioxide. |- |Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) |Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE. |Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Birnbaum|first=LS|date=2004|title=Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern?|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=112|issue=1|pages=9–17|doi=10.1289/ehp.6559|pmid=14698924}}</ref> Environmental effects: similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were banned during the 1980s. |- |Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) |Used as an antistatic additive in industrial applications and found in electronics, also found in non-stick cookware (PTFE). PFOAs are formed synthetically through environmental degradation. |Studies in mice have found the following health effects: Hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hormonal effects and carcinogenic effects. Studies have found increased maternal PFOA levels to be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and stillbirth. Increased maternal levels of PFOA are also associated with decreases in mean gestational age (preterm birth), mean birth weight (low birth weight), mean birth length (small for gestational age), and mean APGAR score.<ref name="wu">{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=K.|year=2012|title=Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes|journal=Environment International|volume=41|pages=1–8|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.018|pmid=22820015}}</ref> |- |Beryllium oxide |Filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,<ref name="apmag">{{Cite journal|author=Becker, Greg|date=July 2005|title=Thermal conductivity in advanced chips: Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages|url=http://www.apmag.com/|journal=Advanced Packaging|pages=2–4|accessdate=4 March 2008}}</ref> magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers. |Occupational exposures associated with lung cancer, other common adverse health effects are beryllium sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, and acute beryllium disease.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Effects|url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190831/https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/beryllium/healtheffects.html|archivedate=12 October 2016|accessdate=30 October 2016|publisher=United States Department of Labor}}</ref> |- |Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) |Commonly found in electronics and is typically used as insulation for electrical cables.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why BFRs and PVC should be phased out of electronic devices|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/archive-international/en/campaigns/detox/electronics/the-e-waste-problem/what-s-in-electronic-devices/bfr-pvc-toxic/}}</ref> |In the manufacturing phase, toxic and hazardous raw material, including dioxins are released. PVC such as chlorine tend to bioaccumulate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flame retardants & PVC in electronics|url=http://www.electronicstakeback.com/toxics-in-electronics/flame-retardants-pvc-and-electronics/}}</ref> Over time, the compounds that contain chlorine can become pollutants in the air, water, and soil. This poses a problem as human and animals can ingest them. Additionally, exposure to toxins can result in reproductive and developmental health effects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)|url=https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=84|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2018-07-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710150733/https://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/text_version/chemicals.php?id=84}}</ref> |} === N'ozuzu ya, ọ bụghị ihe ize ndụ === [[Usòrò:Repurposed_Imac.JPG|thumb|iMac G4 nke e weghachiri n'ime oriọna (nke e sere na Mac Classic na Motorola MicroTAC).]] {| class="wikitable" |+Ijikọghachi ihe mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OMS|date=10 November 2014|title=Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Waste – Guide for Industrial Waste Management|url=https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-topic/regulatory-and-guidance-information-topic-waste#solid|work=www.epa.gov|language=en}}</ref> !Akụkụ E-waste !Usoro eji eme ihe |- |Aluminium |Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa eletrọniki niile na-eji ihe karịrị watts ole na ole nke ike (heatsinks), ICs, electrolytic capacitors. |- |Copper |waya ọla kọpa, egwu bọọdụ circuit e biri ebi, ICs, ihe ndị na-eduga. |- |Germanium<ref name="Klaus">{{Cite book|author=Hieronymi|first=Klaus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4VMKs95U5YC&q=germanium+e+waste&pg=PA53|title=E-Waste Management: From Waste to Resource|date=14 June 2012|isbn=978-1-136-29911-7}}</ref> |1950s na 1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors). |- |Ọlaedo |Njikọ njikọ, karịsịa na ngwá ọrụ kọmputa. |- |Lithium |Batrị lithium-ion. |- |Nickel |Batrị Nickel-cadmium |- |Silicon |Glass, transistors, ICs, bọọdụ circuit e biri ebi. |- |Tin |Solder, coatings on component leads. |- |Zinc |Plate maka akụkụ ígwè. |} == Ahụike na nchekwa mmadụ == === Ndị bi nso ebe a na-emegharị ihe === Ndị bi na gburugburu ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe, ọ bụrụgodị na ha etinyeghị aka n'ọrụ imegharị ihe e-ifufe, nwekwara ike iche ihu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nri, mmiri, na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke e-waste kpatara, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịkpọtụrụ ngwa ngwa. iji e-emebi ikuku, mmiri, ala, uzuzu na isi nri. Na mkpokọta, enwere ụzọ mkpughe atọ bụ isi: ikuku ume, ingestion, na kọntaktị anụ ahụ. Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi na gburugburu ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe nwere oke ọla dị arọ kwa ụbọchị yana ibu ahụ dị njọ karị. Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nwere ike ịgụnye ahụike uche, arụrụ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, na mmebi ahụike anụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ndị bi na mpaghara njikwa. Nkwụsị DNA nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ngbanwe na-ezighi ezi wee si otú a na-eme mgbanwe, yana bute ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụrụ na mmebi ahụ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-egbochi akpụ. ==== Mmetụta tupu amụọ nwa na ahụike ụmụ ọhụrụ ==== Ikpughe n'afọ ime na e-ifufe achọpụtala na ọ nwere mmetụta dị njọ na ibu ahụ mmadụ nke mmetọ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Na Guiyu, otu n'ime ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na China, achọpụtara na mmụba ụdọ ọbara nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-esonye na ntinye aka nke ndị nne na nna na usoro imegharị ihe mkpofu, yana ogologo oge ndị nne nọrọ na ya. Guiyu na n'ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ n'oge ime ime. E wezụga nke ahụ, a chọtara metallothionein placental dị elu (obere protein nke na-egosi ikpughe ọla ndị na-egbu egbu) n'etiti ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ sitere na Guiyu n'ihi mkpughe Cd, ebe ọkwa Cd dị elu na ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ Guiyu metụtara itinye aka na imegharị ihe mkpofu nke ha. nne na nna. Mkpughe PFOA dị elu nke ndị nne na Guiyu metụtara mmetụta ọjọọ na uto nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ na ikike dị na mpaghara a. Mkpughe nke ime nwa na imegharị ihe e-waste n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya nwekwara ike iduga n'ọtụtụ nsogbu ọmụmụ (ịmụ nwa, obere arọ ọmụmụ, obere Apgar, wdg) na mmetụta dị ogologo oge dịka nsogbu omume na mmụta nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na ndụ ha n'ọdịnihu. ==== Ụmụaka ==== Ụmụaka na-enwe mmetụta karịsịa maka ikpughe ihe mkpofu elektronik n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, dị ka obere nha ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke metabolism dị elu, ebe elu ka ukwuu n'ihe metụtara ibu ha, na ọtụtụ ụzọ mkpughe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, dermal, aka na-ọnụ, na ọnụ). were-n'ụlọ ikpughe). A tụrụ ha ka ha nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike oge 8 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye na-arụgharị ihe mkpofu e-waste. Nnyocha achọpụtala ọkwa dị elu ọbara dị elu (BLL) na ọkwa cadmium ọbara (BCL) nke ụmụaka bi na ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bi na mpaghara nchịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na nkezi BLL na Guiyu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro 1.5 ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke dị na saịtị nchịkwa (15.3 ug/dL tụnyere 9.9 ug/dL), ebe CDC nke United States ewepụtala ọkwa ntụaka maka ọbara. na-edu na 5 ug/dL. Achọtara ntụ ọka kacha elu n'ime ụmụaka ndị nne na nna nke ogbako ha gbasara bọọdụ sekit na nke kacha ala so na ndị megharịrị rọba. Ikpughe na e-ifufe nwere ike ịkpatara ụmụaka nsogbu ahụike siri ike. Ikpughe ụmụaka na neurotoxins mmepe nke nwere na e-ifufe dị ka lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel na PBDE nwere ike iduga n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ala IQ, arụ ọrụ ụbụrụ na-adịghị mma, ikpughe na carcinogens mmadụ mara na mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. N'ime afọ ụfọdụ, achọpụtala ọrụ ngụgụ na-ebelata nke ụmụaka n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ chọpụtakwara mkpakọrịta dị n'etiti mkpughe e-ifu ụmụaka na enweghị coagulation, ụkọ ịnụ ihe, na mbelata ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi ọrịa na mpaghara e-n'efu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikpughe nickel n'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị gbara afọ 8-9 n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe e-e-na-eduga n'ịbelata ikike dị mkpa nke mmanye, mbelata na ọrụ catalase na mmụba dị ukwuu na ihe omume superoxide dismutase na ọkwa malondialdehyde. === Ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ihe e-waste === Ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya na njikwa na-ezighi ezi nke e-nfu na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọrịa na-efe efe na nke ụlọ ọgwụ emeela ka enwekwu nchegbu banyere ihe egwu e-ifufe nwere ike ime na ahụike mmadụ, karịsịa na mba ndị na-emepe emepe dị ka India na China. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe gbasara ihe egwu ahụike, ọkụ na-emeghe nke mbadamba waya ebipụtara na-abawanye mkpokọta dioxins na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nsí ndị a na-ebute ọrịa cancer ka ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eku ume. Ọla ndị na-egbu egbu na nsi nwekwara ike ịbanye n'ọbara n'oge a na-ewepụta akwụkwọ ntuziaka na nchịkọta nke obere ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ndị ọrụ na-anọgidekwa na-ekpughere kemịkal na-egbu egbu na uzuzu nke acid gbadoro anya nke ukwuu. Ịweghachite ọla kọpa resalable site n'ọkụ wires ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpata nsogbu akwara ozi, na nnukwu ikpughe na cadmium, nke dị na semiconductor na mgbawa resistors, nwere ike imebi akụrụ na imeju ma mee ka ọkpụkpụ pụta. Ogologo oge ikpughe odu ndu na bọọdụ sekit ndị e biri ebi na kọmputa na ihe onyonyo nwere ike imebi sistemu ụjọ etiti na nke dị n'akụkụ na akụrụ, ụmụaka na-enwekwa ike ịnweta mmetụta ndị a na-emerụ ahụ. Nlekọta nchekwa na ahụike na-arụ ọrụ (OSHA) achịkọtala ọtụtụ ihe egwu nchekwa nwere ike ime nke ndị ọrụ nrụgharịgharị n'ozuzu ha, dị ka ihe egwu etipịa, ike dị ize ndụ ewepụtara, na ọla ndị na-egbu egbu. {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara imegharị ihe n'ozuzu<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Recycling {{!}} Consumer Electronics|url=https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/recycling/recycling_consumer_electronics.html|accessdate=24 November 2018|work=www.osha.gov|language=EN-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Electronic Waste Recycling: Working Safely|url=https://www.cdph.ca.gov/Programs/CCDPHP/DEODC/OHB/HESIS/CDPH%20Document%20Library/eWaste.pdf}}</ref> !Ihe ize ndụ !Nkọwa zuru ezu |- |Slips, njem, na ọdịda |Ha nwere ike ime mgbe ị na-anakọta ma na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu e-we. |- |Ihe ize ndụ ndị na-emebi ihe |Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ijide ma ọ bụ kpochapụ site na igwe ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu e. Enwere ike inwe ihe mberede okporo ụzọ mgbe ị na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu e-we. Iji igwe nwere akụkụ na-agagharị agagharị, dị ka conveyors na igwe na-agbagharị nwekwara ike ịkpata ihe mberede, na-eduga na amputations, mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ aka. |- |Ike dị ize ndụ a tọhapụrụ |Mmalite igwe na-atụghị anya ya nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nye ndị ọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ime n'oge nrụnye, mmezi, ma ọ bụ nrụzi nke igwe, ngwá ọrụ, usoro, ma ọ dị ka usoro. |- |Ọkpụkpụ na ọkpụkpụ |Aka ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ anya nwere ike ime mgbe ị na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu e-nke nwere ọnụ dị nkọ. |- |Ụda |Ịrụ ọrụ oge mgbakwunye na nso mkpọtụ dị elu site na igwu egwu, ịkụ ọkpọ, na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime nnukwu mkpọtụ na-eduga na ntị chiri. |- |Chemicals na-egbu egbu (mkpịsị) |Ịkpọ e-waste ọkụ iji wepụ ọla na-ewepụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu (dịka. PAHs, lead) site na e-waste gaa na ikuku, nke ndị ọrụ nwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ rie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na kemịkal na-egbu egbu. |} OSHA achọkwala ụfọdụ kemịkalụ nke ngwá electronic nke nwere ike imerụ ndị ọrụ e-recycling, dị ka ọdu, mercury, PCBs, asbestos, refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs), na ihe radioactive. E wezụga nke ahụ, na United States, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ize ndụ kemịkal ndị nwere oke i ike ọrụ (OELs) nke OSHA, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), na American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ebe. {| class="wikitable" |+Ogologo ikpughe ọrụ (OELs) nke ụfọdụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ !Kemịkal ndị dị ize ndụ !OELs (mg/m^3) !Ụdị OELs |- |Onye ndu (Pb) |0.05<ref>{{Cite web|title=OSHA Occupational Chemical Database {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=500|accessdate=13 December 2018|work=www.osha.gov}}</ref> |NIOSH na-atụ aro oke ikpughe (REL), oge arọ (TWA) |- |Mercury (Hg) |0.05<ref>{{Cite web|title=OSHA Occupational Chemical Database {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=504|accessdate=13 December 2018|work=www.osha.gov}}</ref> |NiOSh REL, TWA |- |Cadmium (Cd) |0.005<ref>{{Cite web|title=OSHA Occupational Chemical Database {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=532|accessdate=13 December 2018|work=www.osha.gov}}</ref> |OSHA kwere omume ikpughe oke (PEL), TWA |- |Chromium Hexavalent |0.005<ref>{{Cite web|title=OSHA Occupational Chemical Database {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=537|accessdate=13 December 2018|work=www.osha.gov}}</ref> |Ọ dị n'okpuru ala |- |Sulfer dioxide |5<ref>{{Cite web|title=OSHA Occupational Chemical Database {{!}} Occupational Safety and Health Administration|url=https://www.osha.gov/chemicaldata/chemResult.html?recNo=549|accessdate=13 December 2018|work=www.osha.gov}}</ref> |NiOSh REL, TWA |} Maka nkọwa zuru ezu nke mmetụta ahụike nke ihe ize ndụ kemịkal ndị a, lee kwa ihe mkpofu eletrọniki # Ihe mkpofu eletrik. ==== Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ejighị n'aka na ndị a na'ụzọ iwu kwadoro ==== Ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na-adịghị ahụkebe na-ezo aka na obere ụlọ ọrụ ịmegharị ihe e-ifufe nwere ole na ole (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla) usoro akpaaka na ngwa nchebe onwe (PPE). N'aka nke ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ezo aka na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling mgbe niile na-edozi ihe sitere na e-ifufe na igwe akpaaka na ọrụ aka, ebe njikwa mmetọ na PPE na-emekarị. Mgbe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na-ekpochapụ ihe e-ifufe iji dozie ihe, wee kesaa ya na ngalaba mgbagharị ọzọ nke mgbada iji nwetaghachi ihe ndị dị ka rọba na ọla. Mmetụta ahụike nke ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkịtị na-atụ anya ịdị iche na oke. Nnyocha e mere na saịtị atọ a na-emegharị ihe na China na-atụ aro na ihe egwu ahụike nke ndị ọrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na Jiangsu na Shanghai dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị e-recycling na Guiyu. Ụzọ ochie nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ ụlọ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngalaba na-adịghị ahụkebe) na-eji iji nwetaghachi, megharịa, na imegharị ihe e-ifufu na-ekpughe ndị ọrụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu. A na-eji usoro ndị dị ka ihe ndị na-ekpochapụ ihe, nhazi kemịkalụ mmiri, na ọkụ ọkụ na-ebute mkpughe na iku ume nke kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ. Akụrụngwa nchekwa dị ka uwe aka, ihe mkpuchi ihu, na ndị na-ekuku ikuku bụ ihe amabeghị, ndị ọrụ na-enwekarị echiche nke ihe ha na-eme. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ gbasara imegharị ihe e-waste na India, a nakọtara ihe nlele ntutu site n'aka ndị ọrụ n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-waste na ebe e-waste recycling slum community (ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ) na Bangalore. Ọkwa nke V, Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn, Tl, na Pb dị elu karịa n'ime ndị ọrụ na ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu e-n'efu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ e-ifufe n'ime ime obodo. Agbanyeghị, ọkwa Co, Ag, Cd na Hg dị elu nke ukwuu na ndị ọrụ ime obodo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ọbụna n'ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling, ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịnweta mmetọ gabigara ókè. Nnyocha e mere na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na France na Sweden chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ na-emebiga ihe ókè (tụnyere ụkpụrụ nduzi ọrụ akwadoro) na-edu, cadmium, mercury na ụfọdụ ọla ndị ọzọ, yana BFR, PCBs, dioxin na furans. A na-ekpughekwa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ na-ere ọkụ karịa ndị otu ntụaka. ==== Njikwa ihe ize ndụ ==== Maka ahụike na nchekwa ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ihe mkpofu, ma ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ ma ndị ọrụ kwesịrị ime ihe. A na-egosi aro maka ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ e-waste nke Ngalaba Ahụike Ọha California nyere na eserese ahụ. {| class="wikitable" |+Safety suggestion for e-waste recycling facilities employers and workers<ref name=":4"/> !Hazards !What must employers do !What should workers do |- |General |Actions include: # Determine the hazards in the workplace and take actions to control them; # Check and make correction to the workplace condition regularly; # Supply safe tools and PPE to workers; # Provide workers with training about hazards and safe work practice; # A written document about injury and illness prevention. |Suggestions include: # Wear PPE when working; # Talk with employers about ways to improve working conditions; # Report anything unsafe in the workplace to employers; # Share experience of how to work safely with new workers. |- |Dust |Actions include: # Offer a clean eating area, cleaning area and supplies, uniforms and shoes, and lockers for clean clothes to the workers; # Provide tools to dismantle the e-waste. If the dust contains lead or cadmium: # Measure the dust, lead and cadmium level in the air; # Provide cleaning facilities such as wet mops and vacuums; # Provide exhaust ventilation. If it is still not sufficient to reduce the dust, provide workers with respirators; # Provide workers with blood lead testing when lead level is not less than 30&nbsp;mg/m3. |Protective measures include: # Clean the workplace regularly, and do not eat or smoke when dealing with e-waste; # Do not use brooms to clean the workplace since brooms can raise dust; # Before going home, shower, change into clean clothes, and separate the dirty work clothes and clean clothes; # Test the blood lead, even if the employers do not provide it; # Use respirator, check for leaks every time before use, always keep it on your face in the respirator use area, and clean it properly after use. |- |Cuts and lacerations |Protective equipment such as gloves, masks and eye protection equipments should be provided to workers |When dealing with glass or shredding materials, protect the hands and arms using special gloves and oversleeves. |- |Noise |Actions include: # Measure the noise in the workplace, and use engineering controls when levels exceed the exposure limit; # Reduce the vibration of the working desk by rubber matting; # Provide workers with earmuffs when necessary. |Wear the hearing protection all the time when working. Ask for the employer about the noise monitoring results. Test the hearing ability. |- |Lifting injuries |Provide facilities to lift or move the e-waste and adjustable work tables. |When handling e-waste, try to decrease the load per time. Try to get help from other workers when lifting heavy or big things. |} == Hụkwa == * Ọganihu nke ngwaahịa n'afọ 2000 * Ịmegharị Kọmputa * Ọlaedo e gwupụtara * eDay * Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki na Japan * Kọmputa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Ijikọghachi ekwentị mkpanaaka * Mpempe akwụkwọ data nchekwa ihe onwunwe * Polychlorinated biphenyls * Nkọwa azụ * Okporo ụzọ Redio '''Iwu na mgbakọ:''' * Basel Action Network (BAN) * [[Mgbakọ Basel]] * China RoHS * Ndị na-ahụ maka e- * Mmachibido Iwu nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ize Ndụ (RoHS) * Ụkpụrụ Soesterberg * Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI) * Ntuziaka Ngwá Ọrụ Eletrik na Electronic ; <nowiki>Nzukọ:</nowiki> * Njikọ Nchịkọta Ihe onwunwe na Nchebe Ozi (ADISA)<ref>{{Cite web|title=ADISA website|url=http://www.adisa.org.uk/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529211740/http://www.adisa.org.uk/|archivedate=29 May 2015|accessdate=9 May 2015|publisher=[[Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance]]}}</ref> * Mkpịsị aka * iFixit * International Network for Environmental Compromance and Enforcement * Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI) * Idozi Nsogbu E-waste * Òtù Ụwa Na-eji, Nrụzi na Nrụzigharị Ihe '''Nchebe:''' * Ihichapụ data '''Ọchịagha:''' * Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na-ere ahịa * Ihe mkpofu * [[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu]] == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cll5bojwoq5niurfvduw8995cs2z3us 0 26303 193552 124635 2024-10-29T22:34:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193552 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Share_of_deaths_from_indoor_air_pollution,_OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Nkewa nke ndị nwụrụ site na mba site na mmetọ ikuku n'ụlọ na 2017.]] '''Mmetọ ikuku n'ụlọ''' bụ ụdị dị ịrịba ama nke mmetọ ikuku n"ime ụlọ nke na-emetụta usoro isi nri na usoro okpomọkụ eji eme ihe na mba ndị na-emepe emepe.<ref name="WHO2018">{{Cite web|title=Household air pollution and health|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health|work=who.int|accessdate=16 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> Ebe ọ bụ na a na-eji mmanụ dị ndụ eme ọtụtụ nri, n'ụdị [[Ńkú|osisi]], icheku ọkụ, nsị, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ, n'ime ụlọ nke na-enweghị ikuku kwesịrị ekwesị, ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike ihu. N'ozuzu, nsogbu a na-emetụta ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ atọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-eme atụmatụ na mmetọ metụtara nri na-akpata ọnwụ nde mmadụ 3.8 kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2018|title=Household air pollution and health: fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health|accessdate=2020-11-21|work=WHO|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha Global Burden of Disease mere atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ na 2017 na nde 1.6.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|date=2019|title=Access to Energy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death|journal=Our World in Data|accessdate=1 April 2021}}</ref> Nsogbu a nwere njikọ chiri anya na ịda ogbenye na nri. Anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọkụ siri ike nke ụlọ na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ọkụ na-ezughị ezu, gụnyere ma ihe dị mma na ihe siri ike (dịka, PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), na ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku. Ngwọta ndị dabeere na teknụzụ maka nsogbu a na-elekwasị anya n'inye ihe oriri ka mma ọ bụ ezie na mgbanwe omume nwekwara ike ịdị mkpa. == Nkọwa nsogbu na ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ == [[Usòrò:Cooking_Stoves,_Tigray_(14425218394).jpg|thumb|Stovu ọkụ ọdịnala, na-akpata mmetọ ikuku ụlọ.]] Ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ atọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-adabere na mmanụ ala, n'ụdị [[Ńkú|osisi]], icheku ọkụ, nsị, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ, dị ka nri ụlọ ha na mmanụ ọkụ. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-esi nri n'ime ụlọ n'ebe ikuku na-adịghị mma, ọtụtụ nde mmadụ, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-eche nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike ihu. Isi ihe na-akpata mmetọ ime ụlọ gụnyere ọkụ na ihe owuwu.<ref name="IJCM">{{Cite journal|author=Kankaria|first=A|date=October 2014|title=Indoor air pollution in India: implications on health and its control.|journal=Indian Journal of Community Medicine|volume=39|issue=4|pages=203–7|doi=10.4103/0970-0218.143019|pmid=25364142}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, e kwuru na ọnwụ nde mmadụ anọ na pụkụ narị atọ sitere na IAP na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na 2012, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ha niile nọ na mba ndị dị ala na ndị dị n'etiti. Mpaghara ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nwetara ihe karịrị ọnwụ otu nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị isii na ịrị itoolu eb mpaghara Western Pacific nwetara ọnwụ otu nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị isii na ịrị abụọ . Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwụ pụkụ narị isii na-eme n'Africa, pụkụ narị abụọ na mpaghara Eastern Mediterranean, pụkụ ịrị itoolu na itoolu na Europe na pụkụ ịrị asatọ na otu na Amerịka. Ọnwụ pụkụ ịrị na itoolu fọdụrụnụ na-ewere ọnọdụ na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị elu.<ref name="WHO1">{{Cite web|date=2014-03-24|title=Burden of disease from Indoor Air Pollution for 2012|url=https://www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/FINAL_HAP_AAP_BoD_24March2014.pdf?ua=1|accessdate=2014-03-28|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Ọbụlagodi na ọnụego ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ biomass na-agbada, akụ a na-ebelata agaghị aga n'ihu na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke nwere ike tinye gburugburu n'ihe egwu ka ukwuu. N'ime ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga, enweela ọtụtụ nchọpụta na-enyocha mmetọ ikuku nke ezinaụlọ ọdịnala na-emepụta maka ikpo ọkụ, ọkụ, na isi nri na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. O doro anya ugbu a na, n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ọkụ n'ime ụlọ nke mmanụ ọkụ siri ike (biomass, coal, wdg) site na adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-emekarị ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ nke ọma, ngwaọrụ combustion na-ebute elu elu na mmetọ ikuku nke ezinụlọ. Nke a bụ n'ihi adịghị mma combustion nke ngwaọrụ combustion na ọdịdị elu nke ikuku. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ahapụkarị ha ozugbo n'ime ebe obibi.<ref name="Long et al., 2014">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150403085138/http://cornerstonemag.net/evolution-of-cleaner-solid-fuel-combustion/], Long, C., Valberg, P., 2014. Evolution of Cleaner Solid Fuel Combustion, Cornerstone, https://web.archive.org/web/20150403085138/http://cornerstonemag.net/evolution-of-cleaner-solid-fuel-combustion/</ref> Anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọkụ siri ike nke ụlọ na-enwekarị ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ọkụ na-ezughị ezu, gụnyere ma ihe dị mma na ihe siri ike (dịka, PM2.5, PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), na ọtụtụ ihe na-emetọ ikuku (dịka formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, benzene, acetaldehyde, acrolein, phenols, pyrene, benzopyrene, benzo(a) cresene, dibenzopyrenes, dibenzocarenes, dibesbesbes).<ref name="Long et al., 2014" /> N'ime ite ọkụ siri ike, a na-agbanwe ihe dị ka pasent isii ruo pasent ịrị abụọ nke mmanụ siri ike ka ọ bụrụ ikuku na-egbu egbu (site na oke). A na-ekpebi ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi na ihe ndị dị ka ụdị mmanụ na mmiri dị n'ime, ụdị stove na ọrụ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ.<ref name="Long et al., 2014" /> Na Jenụwarị 2023, e bipụtara ụzọ isi meziwanye mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ mgbe ị na-eji stove gas, nke jikọtara ya na ohere dị ukwuu nke ụkwara ume ọkụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nwere ike, na The New York Times.<ref name="NYT-20230113">{{Cite news|author=Blum|first=Dani|title=Gas Stoves Are Tied to Health Concerns. Here's How to Lower Your Risk.- Emissions from gas stoves have been connected to an increased risk for childhood asthma, among other things. You can mitigate the effects with a few simple steps.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/11/well/live/gas-stoves-health-risks.html|date=January 11, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=January 13, 2023}}</ref> == Mmetụta ahụike == A na-elekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ ọnụọgụ na mpaghara iku ume nke ihe particulate (PM) na carbon monoxide (CO), nke bụ isi ngwaahịa nke ọkụ na-ezughị ezu ma a na-ewere ya na ọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ ahụike. A na-akọ mgbe niile na ọkwa PM2.5 nke ime ụlọ dị n'agbata ọtụtụ narị na ọtụtụ puku micrograms kwa cubic mita (μg / m3). N'otu aka ahụ, a tụọla ọkwa CO dị elu dị ka ọtụtụ narị ruo karịa 1000 milligrams kwa cubic mita (mg / m3). Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya nke ezinụlọ otu narị na iri isii na atọ dị n'ime ime obodo abụọ nke China kọrọ na ọnụọgụ PM2.5 dị n'ụlọ nke 276 μg / m3 (ngwakọta nke ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, gụnyere osisi, ụtaba, na ọka), 327 μg / mm3 (osisi), 144 μg /m3 (coal anwụrụ ọkụ), na 96 μg / M3 (co na-enweghị anwụrụ ọkụ) maka ụlọ na-eji ụdị mmanụ dị iche iche na nhazi stove (dịka, ikuku, ikuku, a na-ebugharị, ọkụ, ikuku).<ref name="Long et al., 2014"/> Ime obodo Kenya abụwo ebe a na-arụ ọrụ nyocha dị iche iche iji chọpụta ike nke ikuku na-emekarị site na iji mmanụ biomass, ọkachasị osisi, nsị, na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụ. Anwụrụ ọkụ bụ nsonaazụ nke ọkụ na-ezughị ezu nke mmanụ siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-ekpughe ruo awa asaa kwa ụbọchị na gburugburu mechiri emechi.<ref name="PASmoke2">[http://practicalaction.org/?id=smoke_report_2 Smoke's increasing cloud across the globe], ''Practical Action'', accessed 5 May 2007.</ref> Mgbasa ikuku ndị a dịgasị iche site n'ụbọchị ruo n'ụbọchị, oge ruo n'oge yana mgbanwe nke ikuku na-aga n'ime ebe obibi. Ikpughe n'ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye karịrị ọkwa nchekwa a nabatara site na otu narị ugboro karịa.<ref name="PASmoke2" /> N'ihi na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Kenya na-eji ọkụ nkume atọ, onye kachasị njọ, otu kilogram nke osisi na-ere ọkụ na-emepụta obere anwụrụ ọkụ nke nwere ike igbochi ma kpasuo ụzọ bronchial iwe. Anwụrụ ọkụ ahụ nwekwara gas dị iche iche na-egbu egbu dị ka aldehydes, benzene, na carbon monoxide. Ikpughe IAP site na ọkụ nke mmanụ siri ike, na ogo dịgasị iche iche nke ihe akaebe, dị ka ihe na-akpata ọtụtụ ọrịa.<ref name="WHO1"/> Ọrịa iku ume dị ala (ALRI) na ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala (COPD) bụ isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa na ọnwụ site na anwụrụ ọkụ. A na-enyo cataracts na ìsì, ọrịa kansa akpa ume, ụkwara nta, ịmụ nwa n'oge na ịdị arọ dị ala nke ịmụ nwa enyo na ọ bụ IAP kpatara ya. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2020, ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ abụọ na pụkụ narị isii<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=October 2020|title=Access to clean cooking – SDG7: Data and Projections – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections/access-to-clean-cooking|access-date=2021-03-31|website=IEA|language=en-GB}}</ref> na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-adabere na mmanụ ọkụ na-emetọ biomass dị ka osisi, nsị akọrọ, kol, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ọkụ maka isi nri, nke na-ebute mmetọ ikuku na-emerụ ụlọ ma na-enyekwa aka nke ukwuu na mmetọ ikuku n'èzí.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2018|title=Household air pollution and health: fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health|access-date=2020-11-21|website=WHO|language=en}}</ref> Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) na-eme atụmatụ na mmetọ ndị metụtara isi nri na-akpata ọnwụ nde mmadụ atọ na pụkụ narị asatọ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2018|title=Household air pollution and health: fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health|access-date=2020-11-21|website=WHO|language=en}}</ref> Nnyocha nke Global Burden of Disease mere atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2017 rụrụ otú nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị isii.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|last2=Roser|first2=Max|date=2019|title=Access to Energy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution#indoor-air-pollution-is-one-of-the-leading-risk-factors-for-premature-death|access-date=1 April 2021|journal=Our World in Data|quote="According to the Global Burden of Disease study 1.6 million people died prematurely in 2017 as a result of indoor air pollution ... But it's worth noting that the WHO publishes a substantially larger number of indoor air pollution deaths.."}}</ref> N'ebe a na-esi nri ọdịnala, anwụrụ ọkụ na-esikarị n'ime ụlọ pụta kama isi n'igwe anwụrụ ọkụ pụta. Anwụrụ ọkụ siri ike nwere ọtụtụ puku ihe, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-emerụ ahụ ike mmadụ. Ihe kacha aghọta nke ọma maka ihe ndị a bụ carbon monoxide (CO); obere ihe dị mkpa; nitrous oxide; sọlfọ oxides; ihe dị iche iche nke ogige ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, gụnyere formaldehyde, benzene na 1,3-butadiene; na ogige aromatic polycyclic, dị ka benzo-a-pyrene, nke a na-eche na ọ nwere nsonaazụ ahụike dị mkpụmkpụ na ogologo oge.<ref name=":10">Peabody, J. W., Riddell, T. J., Smith, K. R., Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Gong, J., ... & Sinton, J. E. (2005). Indoor air pollution in rural China: cooking fuels, stoves, and health status. Archives of environmental & occupational health, 60(2), 86-95.</ref> Ngosipụta na mmetọ ikuku nke ezinụlọ (HAP) fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke ihe ize ndụ nke oyi oyi ụmụaka ma na-akpata pasent ịrị anọ na ise nke ọnwụ oyi n'ahụ ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise. Ihe akaebe na-apụta na-egosi na HAP bụkwa ihe dị ize ndụ maka cataracts, isi ihe na-akpata kpuru ìsì na mba ndị na-akpata obere ego, na ịdị arọ ịmụ nwa. Iji ọkụ mepere emepe ma ọ bụ stovu na-adịghị mma isi nri bụ ihe kacha ebute ọkụ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite web|title=Burns|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs365/en/|website=World Health Organization|access-date=1 August 2017|date=September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721132816/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs365/en/|archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ === Ụmụ nwanyịabụọ a pụkụ narị isii nagbọghọ na-ahụ maka ịnakọta nkụ maka isi nri n'ọtụtụ ezinụlọ, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. Ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ bụkwa ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-anwụ site na mmetọ ikuku ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Alexander|first=Donee A.|title=Pregnancy Outcomes and Ethanol Cook Stove Intervention: A Randomized-Controlled Trial in Ibadan, Nigeria|journal=Environment International|date=2018|volume=111|pages=152–163|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2017.11.021|pmid=29216559}}</ref> Iji ethanola dochie ite ọkụ kerosene / ọkụ ọkụ ọdịnala na Naịjirịa egosila iji belata nsonaazụ immmadụ atọ na pụkụ e ime ọj e na HAP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children|url=https://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404041214/http://www.who.int/indoorair/publications/burning-opportunities/en/|archivedate=4 April 2016|work=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ihe == [[Usòrò:Solar-Panel-Cooker-in-front-of-hut.jpg|thumb| Ndị na-esi nri anyanwụ na-eji ìhè anyandị ka isi iyi ike maka isi nri n'èzí.]] === Ntinye aka n'oge mbụ === N'ụzọ dị mwute, ịchọta ihe ngwọta dị ọnụ ala iji dozie ọtụtụ mmetụta nke IAP na-eme ka ọkụ dịkwuo mma, na-ebelata anwụrụ ọkụ, na-emeziwanye nchekwa na ibelata ọrụ, na-ebilata ụgwọ mmanụ, na ilekwasị anya na nkwado na-adịgide adịgide bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ ọganihu na-aga n'ihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Indoor air pollution, health and economic well-being|journal=S.A.P.I.EN.S|volume=1|issue=1|year=2008|url=http://sapiens.revues.org/index130.html}}</ref> Mgbalị iji melite stovu nri n'oge gara aga, malite na 1950s, bụ isi ebumnuche iji belata mgbukpọ ọhịa na-enweghị nchegbu maka IAP, ọ bụ ezie na ịdị irè nke mgbalị ndị a iji chekwaa nkụ bụ arụmụka. Mgbalị dị iche iche nwere nsonaazụ dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ atụmatụ stove ka mma na Kenya belatara ikuku na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri ma mepụta CO2 na SO2 dị elu. Ọ na-esiri ike imepụta mmiri ozuzo iji wepụ anwụrụ ọkụ ma bụrụ nke na-adịghị ike. === Ihe ịga nke ọma ka mma === Ihe omume emelitere ugbu a, gụnyere mkpuchi anwụrụ ọkụ nke na-arụ ọrụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka anwụrụ ọkụ, iji wepụ anwụrụ ọkụ, mana achọpụtara na ọ na-ebelata ọkwa IAP nke ọma karịa ụlọ ndị na-adabere naanị na windo maka ikuku. Akụkụ ụfọdụ nke stovu emere ọhụrụ gụnyere chaimni, ịgbachinye ọkụ ka ọ na-edobe okpomọkụ, imepụta ihe njide ka ọ na-ebufe ọkụ, ihe mgbochi iji chịkwaa ikuku ikuku, ntinye seramiiki iji belata ọnwụ ọkụ, na sistem ọtụtụ ite iji kwe ka esi nri ọtụtụ. efere. A maara stoovu ugbu a dị ka otu n'ime ụzọ dị ọnụ ala iji nweta ebumnuche jikọtara ọnụ nke ibelata ibu ọrụ ahụike nke IAP na n'ebe ụfọdụ na-ebelata nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi site na owuwe ihe ubi biomass.<ref name="Kammen1">[http://rael.berkeley.edu/old-site/Kammen-GatesGrandChal-stoves.doc Healthy Stoves and Fuels for Developing Nations and the Global Environment], Kammen, D. 2003. Accessed 12 May 2007.</ref> Ihe ịga nke ọma ụfọdụ na ntinye nke ntinye aka, gụnyere stovu nri ka mma, enwetala n'ihi usoro interdisciplinary nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị metụtara ya. Ọrụ ndị a achọpụtala na a ghaghị idozi nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba dị mkpa iji hụ na mmemme ntinye aka ga-aga nke ọma. Ọtụtụ nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya na-egosi na stovu ka mma abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ iji chekwaa mmanụ. === Nhọrọ ike na-adịgide adịgide === Nnukwu ọkụ ọkụ nke biomass ga-ekwe omume naanị ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya n'ụzọ na-adigide. Nchegbu ahụ bụ ihe kachasị mkpa maka ịmaliteghachi isi mmalite mmanụ ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-anọgide na-adị ogologo oge. Mgbalị na ngwọta na-adigide na Kenya nwere ike ịgụnye ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ike (osisi na osisi) nke ga-enyekwara ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akpata ego. Ngwọta a ga-aba uru n'ala ubi ma ọ bụ ala ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke nwere ike ibute mbuze na idei mmiri dịka usoro mgbọrọgwụ na ahịhịa akwụkwọ ga-eme ka ala kwụsie ike. Nhọpụta nke ọma nke ụdị ndị na-emegharị ahụ ga-adịgidere nke ọma n'ihi na nkwụsi ike nke ala adịghị emebi n'ihi ịkọ na ịkọ ihe. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ na-ele ihe ngwọta a anya dị ka ụzọ ha ga-esi na-emekwu ihe n'oké ọhịa, ma site n'iji nlezianya na-elekọta ihe onwunwe ọhịa nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngwọta dị mma. Enwere ike ịlele mmanụ ọkụ na teknụzụ stovu esi nri n'ihe abụọ: nrụpụta ike na ikuku n'ime ezinụlọ. Ọkụ ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nwere ike imeziwanye nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi ruo n'ókè ọbụna na mmanụ na-adịghị ọcha (dị ka nkụ na biomass). Dị ka otu nnyocha na-atụnyere gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe, na aku na uba ndụ okirikiri mmetụta nke esi nri mmanụ ụgbọala, na ndị ọzọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma stovu "ihe ndị ọzọ nke kpo oku uru nke mmanụ ụgbọala na-converted n'ime bara uru isi nri ume na ya mere obere mmanụ ụgbọala ga-emepụta, ebu, na-esure ka. wepụta otu ego nri".<ref name="cleancookstoves.org">{{Cite web|title=Comparative Analysis of Fuels for Cooking|url=http://cleancookstoves.org/resources/502.html.|publisher=Global Alliance for Clean Cook Stoves}}</ref> Nhọrọ ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide na-agụnye mmiri na gas fuel nke a na-agba ọkụ na stovu na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ethanol nke sitere na cellulosic / ihe oriri na-abụghị nri (osisi, ihe fọdụrụ n'ọrụ ugbo) nwere mmetụta ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ethanol nke e mepụtara site na shuga na ihe starch. LPG, ọ bụ ezie na e ji mmanụ ala na-adịghị emezigharị eme ya, ka nwere mmetụta ahụike dị ala karịa mmanụ ọdịnala ya mere ọ bụghị ihe ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-emepụta mmetụta dị ala karịa ọkụ ọdịnala.<ref name="cleancookstoves.org"/> == Ihe ịma aka == === Nkwado === Enwere azụmahịa n'etiti arụmọrụ na nkwado n'akụkụ nnyefe nke stovu na ahịa mmanụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mmepe nke stovu nri nke na-eji ihe ndị dị mma na ihe ndị dị ọcha na-eme ka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma, mgbe mgbe nke a abụghị ihe ngwọta dị irè n'ihi ihe mgbochi iji gbasaa mmepụta na ojiji nke mmanụ ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ekwu na stovu eletrik dị ka 'dị ọcha' na-enweghị ikuku na biomass n'ụlọ.<ref name="openknowledge.worldbank.org">{{Cite journal|title=Clean and Improved Cooking in Sub-Saharan Africa|date=November 2014|url=http://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/22521}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-adịghị mma ka dị na mpaghara ndị dị nso na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ ka na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike, ebe mmepụta ọkụ eletrik na [[Ndia|India]] na China (mba ndị na-adabere na coal maka mmepụta ọkụ) ka na-ebute nnukwu ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ naanị ezinụlọ ndị jikọtara na grid eletrik na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara ga-enwe ike ịnweta ọkụ eletrik maka iji ike ụlọ, si otú a wepụ nnukwu obodo ime obodo. === Ihe Ọchịchọ === N'akụkụ ihe a na-achọ, ihe ịma aka dị n'ihe gbasara ịmepụta ọnọdụ na-enye ohere maka ịnweta stovu esi nri. Ịbanye usoro mgbanwe omume na-emetụ n'ahụ omenala (BCT) n'ime ntinye aka dị mkpa iji kwalite mgbanwe omume buru ibu, dịka a tụlere n'okpuru. Akụkụ ọzọ machibidoro stovu esi nri nke na-agụnyeghị ezigbo ihe nna nna bụ ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke stovu emelitere. Ndị na-eri ihe n'okpuru pyramid na-akpata ego na-abụkarị ndị a na-achụso njedebe nke teknụzụ ndị a emelitere, mana n'ihi enweghị nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ ikewapụ onwe ha, ha enweghị ohere ịnweta ụdị ego nke ndị ahịa na kredit. Mmụba ọhụrụ na ụdị azụmaahịa na mmụba nke ụlọ ọrụ obere ego (MFI) na-edozi okwu ndị a - agbanyeghị, MFI na-eche ihe ịma aka nke ịbawanye elu. === Ntinye aka gọọmentị === Nyere ihe mpụga na-adịghị mma jikọtara ya na teknụzụ stovu esi nri adịghị ọcha - mmetụta ọjọọ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ; enweghị nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi; na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa ndị metụtara HAP - enwere ikpe siri ike maka ntinye aka gọọmentị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ụdị ntinye aka nwere ike ịbụ enyemaka ozugbo jikọtara ya na mmetụta ahụike na ihu igwe - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ego enyemaka ezubere iche maka ahịa carbon. Ịnye ngwa ahịa ọha dị ka agụmakwụkwọ ndị ahịa, ịnweta ego ndị ahịa ga-abụkwa ntinye aka bara uru. Enyemaka maka itinye ego na R&D maka teknụzụ dị ọcha na mmanụ ọkụ, yana maka mmejuputa ụkpụrụ ntọala na usoro nnwale maka ịdị ọcha na arụmọrụ (nakwa inye ọdịmma ọha na eze), dị mkpa iji mepụta usoro ọkọnọ dị irè na nke na-adigide. [[Usòrò:Market_for_improved_stove_use.png|thumb|Mmetụta dị mma site na iji stovu eme ihe ka mma, na-eme ka ntinye aka mpụga dị mma]] == Ọganihu maka ite nri ka mma == E nweela ọganihu dị ịrịba ama na ngwọta nri na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (ụlọ nri ka mma), dị ka Wonderbag, nke nwekwara ike belata ihe mmanụ dị mkpa maka nri ụlọ. Ọganihu na teknụzụ emeela ka o kwe omume iji ihe ngwọta nri na-adịgide adịgide na mmanụ ọdịnala, dị ka BioLite Home Stove, stove biomass nke na-ebelata mmanụ ụgbọala site na 50% na ikuku site na 95%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BioLite Home Stove|url=https://global.bioliteenergy.com/products/homestove|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2022-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328052726/https://global.bioliteenergy.com/products/homestove}}</ref> Ihe ọhụrụ na ụdị azụmaahịa emeela ka ndị na-eweta stove na-esi nri "melite nke ukwuu ma ndị na-emepụta ma ndị na'azụ ahịa, ka ha na-enweta ọkwa dị elu nke ahụike na uru gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref name="openknowledge.worldbank.org"/> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Inyeneri bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka uru na [[Rwanda]] nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka 'ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmanụ na-esi nri'. Ihe nlereanya ya na-edozi ọtụtụ nsogbu na nkwenye stove nke ọma gụnyere ọnụahịa stove dị elu, ọchịchọ ndị na-azụ ahịa ijikọta ihe ngwọta nri ọhụrụ na nke ochie, na enweghị ike azụmahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị a. Tụkwasị na nke a, ihe ọhụrụ na teknụzụ mkpanaka enyerela ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka PayGo Energy na Kenya na KopaGas na [[Tanzania]] aka imeri ihe mgbochi ọnụahịa nke ndị na-azụ ahịa na-enweta ego dị ala na-eche ihu, gụnyere ọnụahịa dị elu nke stovu na enweghị ike ịzụta mmanụ na obere (ụdị ntaramahụhụ ịda ogbenye). MFIs amalitela ilekwasị anya na ịnweta ike dị ọcha, dịka a hụrụ ya na ihe ịga nke ọma nke USAID-kwado Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renewable Energy Microfinance and Microenterprise Program (REMMP)|url=http://arcfinance.org/projects/remmp/}}</ref> A ghaghị ịgbalite mbọ mba na mba ụwa iji kwalite ihe ngwọta dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge maka ọtụtụ nde ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ndị na-ata ahụhụ site na ịda ogbenye na ọrịa n'ihi mmetọ ikuku nke ime ụlọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ebu amụma na kọntinent Africa ga-abụ ndị mbụ ga-enweta mmetụta nke okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ ebe ịda ogbenye zuru oke ga-etinye ọtụtụ nde mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ ọzọ n'ihi oke ikike ha nwere ime mgbanwe. Ike dị ukwuu maka Afrịka na-adịgide adịgide yana ntinye aka n'ime na n'èzí mpaghara. Ka oyi baa bụ nke mbụ na-egbu ụmụaka n'ụwa na mmetọ ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ bụ ihe dị egwu dị egwu maka oyi oyi siri ike. Otu ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ wepụtara 2 Nọvemba kwa afọ ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị oyi mba ụwa iji mee ka a mara maka ọrịa na ihe kpatara ya. == Ntinye aka agụmakwụkwọ na usoro mgbanwe omume == Ntinye aka nke agụmakwụkwọ nwere ike inye aka n'ibelata ikpughe anwụrụ ọkụ site n'itinye usoro mgbanwe omume nke ndị mmadụ n'ihe egwu na-agba ume ka ha gbanwee omume ndụ na omenala nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ibelata ikpughe na IAP. Mgbanwe omume bụ otu akụkụ nke na-emetụta ọchịchọ nke nwere ike nweta site na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ọha na eze ezubere iche, bụ nke na-abụkarị ụdị abụọ: ma ọ bụ mgbasa ozi-ahịa ma ọ bụ ụzọ a na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa mpaghara na ezinụlọ nke na-eji ihe ngosi na-esochi nleta. Nnyocha na-egosi na mkpọsa mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-eme ka mmadụ mata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ ikuku nke ezinụlọ, mana ọ naghị enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzụta stovu ka mma. A ghaghị imepụta ihe ndị a na ihe ọmụma na "mkpa na mmasị ndị na-azụ ahịa dị mgbagwoju anya ma nwee mmetụta nke ọtụtụ ihe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke chọrọ nghọta miri emi nke ọdịbendị, na-agafe teknụzụ na akụ na ụba".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bishop|first=S|title=Social marketing in India: lessons learned from efforts to foster demand for cleaner cookstoves|url=https://www.shellfoundation.org/ShellFoundation.org_new/media/Shell-Foundation-Reports/shell_founation_social_marketing_in_india.pdf|publisher=London: Shell Foundation; 2014|accessdate=2023-05-10|archivedate=2018-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820195345/http://www.shellfoundation.org/ShellFoundation.org_new/media/Shell-Foundation-Reports/shell_founation_social_marketing_in_india.pdf}}</ref> Ihe ndị a gụnyere nsogbu intra-gender, mkpa mmetụta, mkpa ọdịbendị nke nri, na nkwenkwe okpukpe na ọdịbendị. Ihe akaebe nke otu ntinye aka gọọmentị gara nke ọma bụ nke China kpughere, bụ ndị, n'etiti afọ 1980 na 1995, gbasara nde otu narị na iri asaa na abụọ ka mma. Mgbalị a gosipụtara ihe ịga nke ọma karị n'ihi itinye ndị ọrụ mpaghara, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-etinye aka na imewe na ọrụ ubi. == Ntinye aka maka ụmụaka == Ụmụaka ruru afọ ise na-etinye 90% nke oge ha n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mukesh Dherani|title=Indoor air pollution from unprocessed solid fuel use and pneumonia risk in children aged under five years: a systematic review and meta-analysis no.5 Genebra|journal=Bull World Health Organ|volume=86|issue=1|date=May 2008|pages=321–416|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/86/5/07-044529-ab/en/index.html}}</ref> N'ụwa niile, 50% nke ọnwụ oyi bara ya n'ahụ n'etiti ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise bụ n'ihi ihe ndị na-esi na mmetọ ikuku ime ụlọ na-ekuru.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zheng, Li|title=Evaluation of exposure reduction to indoor air pollution in stove intervention projects in Peru by urinary biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites|journal=Environment International|volume=37|issue=7|pages=1157–1163|date=October 2011|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2011.03.024|pmid=21524795|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1258921}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụlọ gburugburu ụwa na-eji mmanụ siri ike maka isi nri. Mmanụ ndị a na-ewepụta nnukwu carbon monoxide na ezigbo ihe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fullerton, DG.|title=Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world.|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=102|issue=9|pages=843–851|date=September 2008|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.05.028|pmid=18639310}}</ref> Ihe ndị a na-akpasu iwe mgbe a na-ekuru ha nwere ike ịkpata ọnọdụ akpa ume dị iche iche site na ọrịa kansa epithelial nke akpa ume ma ọ bụ ọrịa akpa ume siri ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rudan, I.|title=Global estimate of the incidence of clinical pneumonia among children under five years of age|journal=Bull World Health Organ|volume=82|issue=12|year=2004|url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0042-96862004001200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en}}</ref> == Ihe atụ mba == === Kenya === Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004, Kenya egosila na ọ dị njikere ịme nsogbu ike biomass na nghọta na ojiji nwere njikọ na mmetọ ikuku ime ụlọ na mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Atụmatụ sitere na United Nations Development Programme gụnyere iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ nke ga-emeso naanị ike biomass site n'ịmepụta ntuziaka iwu gbasara nkụ ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide, icheku ọkụ, na biomass nke oge a dị ka mmanụ dị ọcha na ifufe, anyanwụ, na obere mmiri. Ihe ngwọta dị mkpirikpi na-adabere na iji ike eme ihe n'ụlọ nke ọma site na stovu nri ka mma nke na-enye nhọrọ dị ọnụ ala n'ọdịnihu dị nso karịa mgbanwe zuru oke na mmanụ na-adịghị ike. Ihe ngwọta ogologo oge na-adabere na mgbanwe gaa na mmanụ dị ọcha nke oge a na isi mmalite ike ọzọ n'ime iwu mba ụwa na nke mba na atụmatụ akụ na ụba. Nkwado gọọmentị maka ngwọta ogologo oge nwere ike ime dịka mbọ ndị a na-agba ugbu a na [[Zambia]] iji mepụta iwu iji kwalite biofuels. Kenya bụ onye ndu ụwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro ike anyanwụ arụnyere kwa onye (ma ọ bụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke watts agbakwunyere). A na-ere ihe karịrị obere panel anyanwụ pụkụ ịrị atọ nke ọ bụla na-emepụta 12 ruo 30 watts, na Kenya kwa afọ. Maka itinye ego nke ihe dị ka otu narị dọla maka panel na wiring, enwere ike iji usoro PV kwụọ ụgwọ batrị ụgbọ ala, nke nwere ike inye ike iji gbaa oriọna fluorescent ma ọ bụ obere telivishọn maka awa ole na ole n'ụbọchị. Ọtụtụ ndị Kenya na-eji ike anyanwụ eme ihe kwa afọ karịa ijikọ na grid eletrik nke mba ahụ.<ref>[http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/2006/Kammen-SciAm-Renewables-9-06.pdf The Rise of Renewable Energy]</ref> Ozi ndị na-esonụ na-anọchite anya otu ntinye aka na-aga nke ọma nke a maara dị ka Kenya Smoke and Health Project (1998 – 2001) nke metụtara ezinụlọ iri ise dị n'ime ime obodo na mpaghara abụọ dị iche iche, Kajiado na West Kenya.<ref name="SPpdf1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044827/http://practicalaction.org/docs/advocacy/Smoke_Project.pdf Kenya Smoke and Health Project], ITDG. 1998-2001. Accessed 5 May 2007.</ref> A họọrọ mpaghara ndị a n'ihi ihu igwe dị iche iche, ala, na [[Culture|ọdịbendị]]. Ntinye aka obodo bụ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka ọrụ a ma n'ihi ya, ndị metụtara gosipụtara nsonaazụ karịrị atụmanya ha. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị dị n'ógbè ahụ na, n'ihe banyere ọrụ ahụ na West Kenya, ụmụ nwoke na-etinye aka. Site na itinye ndị ọrụ njedebe, ọrụ ahụ mere ka a nabata ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ma mepụta uru ọzọ nke inye ego mpaghara. A tụlere ma gbasaa ihe atọ dị mkpa; ikuku site n'ịbawanye windo ma ọ bụ imeghe oghere, ịgbakwunye anwụrụ ọkụ n'elu [[Upesi stove|ebe a na-esi nri]], ma ọ bụ nhọrọ nke itinye ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ka mma dị ka ihe na-ese nri Upesi. Smoke hoods bụ ihe ndị kwụụrụ onwe ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka flues ma ọ bụ anwụrụ ọkụ na mgbalị ha iji wepụta anwụrụ ọkụ n'ụlọ. Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe n'elu ọkụ ọkụ ọdịnala na nyocha a gosipụtara na ha na-enye aka na ọkwa dị ala nke IAP. A na-eji akwụkwọ manila siri ike eme ụdị okpu anwụrụ ọkụ ma nyefee ya na mpempe akwụkwọ galvanized dị arọ ma mepụta ya n'ógbè. Nke a mere ka ohere ọrụ ọzọ maka ndị omenkà a zụrụ site na ọrụ ahụ. Ọ bụ Practical Action na ndị mmekọ East Africa mepụtara ite ọkụ nke Upesi, nke e ji ụrọ na ọkụ mee iji jiri osisi na ihe mkpofu ugbo. N'ihi na e mepụtara stovu a ma gbanwee ya maka mkpa obodo ọ mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe mmeri. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-ebelata ojiji nke nkụ site na ihe dịka ọkara, ma belata ikpughe anwụrụ ọkụ n'ụlọ, ọ na-enyekwa ụmụ nwanyị obodo ike site n'ịmepụta ọrụ dịka ha bụ ndị na-eme ma na-ere stovu. Ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-enweta ọzụzụ teknụzụ na mmepụta na ahịa ma na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ka mma n'ihi iwebata stove a ka mma. A ghọtara uru dị iche iche gụnyere ahụike ka mma; akụkụ kachasị mkpa maka onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị obodo ahụ. Ndị mmadụ kọrọ obere okpomọkụ dị n'ime na-enye ohere maka ụra ka mma, obere isi ọwụwa na obere ike ọgwụgwụ, obere ihe mgbu anya na ụkwara na isi ọwụụ. Nchebe mụbara n'ihi anwụrụ ọkụ na-egbochi ewu na ụmụaka ịdaba n'ime ọkụ na obere mmetọ anwụrụ ọkụ, yana agwọ na ụmụ oke anaghị abanye n'ụlọ. Windows nyere ohere maka ikike ile ehi anya n'ime ụlọ, yana belata mkpa kerosene n'ihi ọkụ dị n'ime. N'ozuzu, gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ime ụlọ ka mma nke ukwuu site na ihe dị iche iche dị mfe nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe na-enweghị isi n'ụlọ ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a. Ìhè dị n'ime ụlọ ka ukwuu na-enyekwa ohere maka ụmụ nwanyị ka ha nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na windo mgbe ihu igwe anaghị ekwe ka ọrụ a rụọ ọrụ n'èzí. Ụmụaka na-erite uru site na ọkụ dị ukwuu maka ọrụ ụlọ. Mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya malitere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi ọrụ ahụ, ụmụ nwoke kwadoro atụmatụ ndị nwunye ha nke ọma mgbe nsonaazụ ahụ baara ha uru. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbalị mbụ iji melite stovu nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, mgbalị ndị dị ugbu a na-aga nke ọma karị n'ihi nkwenye na ihe onwunwe [[ike na-adịgide adịgide]] dị n'ụlọ bụ "ihe dị mkpa iji belata ịda ogbenye na agụụ, imeziwanye ahụike... na imeziwanye ndụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka" Ihe mgbaru ọsọ kachasị mma n'oge dị mkpirikpi iji belata ogbenye n'ime ime obodo bụ inye ndị obodo ihe ngwọta dị ọnụ ala na nke a na-anabata.<ref name="SPpdf1"/> Ọ bụghị naanị na stovu nwere ike inye aka na ntinye aka a, mana iji mmanụ dị ọcha ga-enyekwa uru ndị ọzọ. === Guatemala === Ọrụ ndị yiri nke a ka mma na-eme ka ọ dị mma egosila na ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke ụwa. A chọpụtara na stovu ndị ka mma arụnyere dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha Randomized Exposure nke Pollution Indoors and Respiratory Effects (RESPIRE) na Guatemala dị mma maka ndị mmadụ ma na-emepụta uru ahụike dị ukwuu maka ndị nne na ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Randomized exposure study of pollution indoors and respiratory effects (RESPIRE)|url=http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/guat/page.asp?id=15|work=Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610004318/http://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/guat/page.asp?id=15|archivedate=10 June 2007}}</ref> Ndị nne nọ n'òtù ahụ nwere ọbara mgbali elu dị ala na mbelata nke nsogbu anya na azụ mgbu.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2007|title=Chimney stove intervention to reduce long-term wood smoke exposure lowers blood pressure among Guatemalan women|journal=Environ. Health Perspect.|volume=115|issue=7|pages=996–1001|doi=10.1289/ehp.9888|pmid=17637912}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2007|title=Eye discomfort, headache and back pain among Mayan Guatemalan women taking part in a randomised stove intervention trial|journal=J Epidemiol Community Health|volume=61|issue=1|pages=74–9|doi=10.1136/jech.2006.043133|pmid=17183019}}</ref> A chọpụtakwara na ezinụlọ ndị na-etinye aka nwere ọkwa dị ala nke obere ụmụ irighiri ihe na carbon monoxide.<ref> {{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Impact of improved stoves, house construction and child location on levels of indoor air pollution exposure in young Guatemalan children|journal=J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol|volume=14|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S26–33|doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500355|pmid=15118742}} </ref> Ụmụaka nọ n'ezinụlọ ndị a nwekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụkwara ume ọkụ dị ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2004|title=Childhood asthma and indoor woodsmoke from cooking in Guatemala|journal=J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol|volume=14|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S110–7|doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500365|pmid=15118752}}</ref> Ihe omume nnwale mbụ a aghọwo CRECER (Chronic Respiratory Effects of Early Childhood Exposure to Respirable Particulate Matter), nke ga-anwa iso ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ ntinye aka ruo ogologo oge iji chọpụta ma stovu ndị ka mma na-enyekwa aka na ahụike ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ. === India === Ihe omume mba na Chulhas ka mma na India enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgba ume iji stovu ka mma n'etiti ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Malite n'etiti afọ 1980, mmemme a na-enye nkwado iji gbaa ezinụlọ ume ịzụta chulhas na-adịte aka ma tinye anwụrụ ọkụ. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2005 gosiri na a na-ejikọta stovu nwere anwụrụ ọkụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke cataracts n'ime ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2005|title=Case-control study of indoor cooking smoke exposure and cataract in Nepal and India|journal=Int J Epidemiol|volume=34|issue=3|pages=709–10|doi=10.1093/ije/dyi077|pmid=15833790}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ozi ndị dịnụ sitere na India bụ ihe gbasara nsogbu ahụ ma enwere obere data dị site na nnwale ntinye aka. === China === China enweela ihe ịga nke ọma karịsịa n'ịgba ume iji stovu ka mma, na ọtụtụ narị nde stovu arụnyere kemgbe mmalite nke ọrụ ahụ na mmalite afọ 1980. Gọọmentị kpachapụrụ anya lekwasị anya n'ezinụlọ ndị ogbenye, n'ime ime obodo, na ngwụcha afọ 1990, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 75% nke ezinụlọ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere "kitchen ka mma". Nnyocha 2007 nke ezinụlọ pụkụ atọ na narị ise gosipụtara ọganihu na ikuku ime ụlọ n'ime ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị a na-ahụ site na obere obere ihe na carbon monoxide na ikuku ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=Household CO and PM measured as part of a review of China's National Improved Stove Program|journal=Indoor Air|volume=17|issue=3|pages=189–203|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00465.x|pmid=17542832}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ na China gụnyere itinye aka n'ụzọ buru ibu, mana a kwadoro ọnụahịa nke stovu nke ukwuu ka a maghị ma enwere ike imegharị ihe ịga nke ọma ya. == Hụkwa == * Ịda ogbenye nke ike na ịsị nri * Envirofit * Guatemala Stove Project * Stoovu rọket * Igwe eletrik n'ime ime obodo * Sick building Syndrome * Ike a na-agbanwe agbanwe na China == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.who.int/indoorair/en/ World Health Organization Page on Indoor Air Pollution] * [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/13/AR2007091301663.html Washington Post Isiokwu banyere Mmetọ ikuku n'ime ụlọ n'Eshia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103162022/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36052 Akụkọ IPS banyere ọnụahịa nke IAP maka ahụike ụmụ nwanyị] * [http://www.practicalaction.org/?id=smoke_index& Ihe Ndị A Na-eme] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410171209/http://www.worldpneumoniaday.org/ 2 Nọvemba bụ Ụbọchị Ọbara Ọbara Ụwa] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230424190044/https://www.nnbnetworks.com/2022/06/hair-loss-and-air-pollution-l-air.html Mmetọ ikuku na ntutu isi furu efu] {{Natural resources}} [[Òtù:Mmetọ ikuku]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 47fqace3hj0s1wq4hymvt2lj7rcub4m 0 26494 193566 113029 2024-10-30T02:07:42Z Varlaam 1952 193566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:WondersoftheInvisibleWorld-1693.jpg|thumb|''The Wonders of the Invisible World'' (1693)]] '''''The Wonders of the Invisible World''''' bụ akwụkwọ Cotton Mather dere ma bipụta kwa na arọ 1693. A kpọrọ ya, Observations As well Historical as Theological, on the Nature, the Number, and the Operations of the Devils. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuchitere ọnụ ọrụ Mather na ịchụ nta mmụọ e mere na Salem, Massachusetts. Ọ kwadoro nkwenye na amoosu bụ ike anwansi ọjọọ. Mather hụrụ ndị amoosu dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke ekwensu n'ọgụ Setan iji "meghe ubi a dara ogbenye, ógbè Puritan", na ikpe ndị amosu ikpe dị iche iche dị Ka ụzọ isi nweta ngọzi Chineke maka óụ̀ ahụ. Arụmụka ya sitere na ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]]'' nke Joseph Glanvill.<ref>Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav (editors) Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431-3.</ref> Otu akwụkwọ Glanvill dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ a na-akpo Mather mgbe ọ nwụrụ. == Nchịkọta == A mụrụ Cotton Mather na afọ 1663. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ gbasoro nzọụkwụ nna ya, ghọọ pastọ nke Chọọchị nke Abụọ nke Boston. Ọ gara n'ihu n"ọrụ a site na afọ 1685 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1728.<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}</ref> Mather malitere site na nkọwa nke otu ndị Chineke si ebi n'ókèala ekwensu. Ọ tụlere atụmatụ ekwensu iji kwatuo ubi ndị ụka na ụka site n'enyemaka nke ndị amoosu. ".''..Ndị agha ekwensu na-awakpo n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ebe bụ etiti, na mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa mbụ nke ebe obibi anyị nke ndị England...''<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mather malitere ikpe ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ ga-akọ ha dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otu n'ime ikpe ndị a gụnyere bụ nke Martha Carrier, onye bụ "[onye] nkwupụta nke ndị amoosu, na nke ụmụ ya n"etiti ndị ọzọ, o kwenyere na ekwensu kwere ya nkwa na ọ ga-abụ Eze Nwanyị nke Ndị Hibru. " Mather nyere akaebe megide Martha carrier. ihe niile mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ikpe mara <ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == Akwụkwọ Mather kpaliri aha nke abọm nke afọ 2006 Last Days of Wonder nke otu ndị egwu dị na obodo [[Chicago]] bụ The Handsome Family; onye na-ede abụ Rennie Sparks kwuru na ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụma na'okpuru elu ihe" masịrị ya.<ref name="avclub-interview">{{Cite news|author=Bahn|first=Christopher|title=Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family|work=A.V. Club|date=8 February 2006|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/interview-brett-and-rennie-sparks-of-the-handsome--16496|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == ** [[:en:Salem_Witch_Trials|Salem Witch Trials]] ** [[:en:Puritans|Puritanism]] == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Bur4Nar.html Ihe ịtụnanya nke Ụwa A Na-adịghị A]'' Mmetụta na Etext. * The Wonders of the Invisible World(1693 mbipụta) na PDF format. * The Wonders of the Invisible World public domain audiobook at LibriVox == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] 2xvlltp7hgi2zuciu22lzo1ghti9gmh 193567 193566 2024-10-30T02:08:35Z Varlaam 1952 /* Hụkwa */ 193567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:WondersoftheInvisibleWorld-1693.jpg|thumb|''The Wonders of the Invisible World'' (1693)]] '''''The Wonders of the Invisible World''''' bụ akwụkwọ Cotton Mather dere ma bipụta kwa na arọ 1693. A kpọrọ ya, Observations As well Historical as Theological, on the Nature, the Number, and the Operations of the Devils. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuchitere ọnụ ọrụ Mather na ịchụ nta mmụọ e mere na Salem, Massachusetts. Ọ kwadoro nkwenye na amoosu bụ ike anwansi ọjọọ. Mather hụrụ ndị amoosu dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke ekwensu n'ọgụ Setan iji "meghe ubi a dara ogbenye, ógbè Puritan", na ikpe ndị amosu ikpe dị iche iche dị Ka ụzọ isi nweta ngọzi Chineke maka óụ̀ ahụ. Arụmụka ya sitere na ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]]'' nke Joseph Glanvill.<ref>Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav (editors) Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431-3.</ref> Otu akwụkwọ Glanvill dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ a na-akpo Mather mgbe ọ nwụrụ. == Nchịkọta == A mụrụ Cotton Mather na afọ 1663. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ gbasoro nzọụkwụ nna ya, ghọọ pastọ nke Chọọchị nke Abụọ nke Boston. Ọ gara n'ihu n"ọrụ a site na afọ 1685 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1728.<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}</ref> Mather malitere site na nkọwa nke otu ndị Chineke si ebi n'ókèala ekwensu. Ọ tụlere atụmatụ ekwensu iji kwatuo ubi ndị ụka na ụka site n'enyemaka nke ndị amoosu. ".''..Ndị agha ekwensu na-awakpo n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ebe bụ etiti, na mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa mbụ nke ebe obibi anyị nke ndị England...''<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mather malitere ikpe ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ ga-akọ ha dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otu n'ime ikpe ndị a gụnyere bụ nke Martha Carrier, onye bụ "[onye] nkwupụta nke ndị amoosu, na nke ụmụ ya n"etiti ndị ọzọ, o kwenyere na ekwensu kwere ya nkwa na ọ ga-abụ Eze Nwanyị nke Ndị Hibru. " Mather nyere akaebe megide Martha carrier. ihe niile mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ikpe mara <ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == Akwụkwọ Mather kpaliri aha nke abọm nke afọ 2006 Last Days of Wonder nke otu ndị egwu dị na obodo [[Chicago]] bụ The Handsome Family; onye na-ede abụ Rennie Sparks kwuru na ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụma na'okpuru elu ihe" masịrị ya.<ref name="avclub-interview">{{Cite news|author=Bahn|first=Christopher|title=Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family|work=A.V. Club|date=8 February 2006|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/interview-brett-and-rennie-sparks-of-the-handsome--16496|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[:en:Salem_Witch_Trials|Salem Witch Trials]] * [[:en:Puritans|Puritanism]] == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Bur4Nar.html Ihe ịtụnanya nke Ụwa A Na-adịghị A]'' Mmetụta na Etext. * The Wonders of the Invisible World(1693 mbipụta) na PDF format. * The Wonders of the Invisible World public domain audiobook at LibriVox == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] jxnsys9l3rtasl0talts0mucagfi2eg 193568 193567 2024-10-30T02:08:57Z Varlaam 1952 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 193568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:WondersoftheInvisibleWorld-1693.jpg|thumb|''The Wonders of the Invisible World'' (1693)]] '''''The Wonders of the Invisible World''''' bụ akwụkwọ Cotton Mather dere ma bipụta kwa na arọ 1693. A kpọrọ ya, Observations As well Historical as Theological, on the Nature, the Number, and the Operations of the Devils. Akwụkwọ ahụ kwuchitere ọnụ ọrụ Mather na ịchụ nta mmụọ e mere na Salem, Massachusetts. Ọ kwadoro nkwenye na amoosu bụ ike anwansi ọjọọ. Mather hụrụ ndị amoosu dị ka ngwá ọrụ nke ekwensu n'ọgụ Setan iji "meghe ubi a dara ogbenye, ógbè Puritan", na ikpe ndị amosu ikpe dị iche iche dị Ka ụzọ isi nweta ngọzi Chineke maka óụ̀ ahụ. Arụmụka ya sitere na ''[[Saducismus Triumphatus]]'' nke Joseph Glanvill.<ref>Ankarloo, Bengt and Henningsen, Gustav (editors) Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries (1990). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 431-3.</ref> Otu akwụkwọ Glanvill dị n'ọbá akwụkwọ a na-akpo Mather mgbe ọ nwụrụ. == Nchịkọta == A mụrụ Cotton Mather na afọ 1663. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard, ọ gbasoro nzọụkwụ nna ya, ghọọ pastọ nke Chọọchị nke Abụọ nke Boston. Ọ gara n'ihu n"ọrụ a site na afọ 1685 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na afọ 1728.<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}</ref> Mather malitere site na nkọwa nke otu ndị Chineke si ebi n'ókèala ekwensu. Ọ tụlere atụmatụ ekwensu iji kwatuo ubi ndị ụka na ụka site n'enyemaka nke ndị amoosu. ".''..Ndị agha ekwensu na-awakpo n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ebe bụ etiti, na mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa mbụ nke ebe obibi anyị nke ndị England...''<ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mather malitere ikpe ahụ site n'ikwu na ọ ga-akọ ha dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. Otu n'ime ikpe ndị a gụnyere bụ nke Martha Carrier, onye bụ "[onye] nkwupụta nke ndị amoosu, na nke ụmụ ya n"etiti ndị ọzọ, o kwenyere na ekwensu kwere ya nkwa na ọ ga-abụ Eze Nwanyị nke Ndị Hibru. " Mather nyere akaebe megide Martha carrier. ihe niile mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ikpe mara <ref name="norton">{{Cite book|editor=Baym|title=The Norton Anthology: American Literature|year=2007|edition=7|isbn=978-0393929935}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBaymFranklinGuraKrupat2007">Baym, Nina; Franklin, Wayne; Gura, Philip F.; Krupat, Arnold; Levine, Robert S., eds. (2007). ''The Norton Anthology: American Literature''. Vol.&nbsp;A. (7&nbsp;ed.). p.&nbsp;309. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-03929935|<bdi>978-0393929935</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == Akwụkwọ Mather kpaliri aha nke abọm nke afọ 2006 Last Days of Wonder nke otu ndị egwu dị na obodo [[Chicago]] bụ The Handsome Family; onye na-ede abụ Rennie Sparks kwuru na ihe ọ kpọrọ "ụma na'okpuru elu ihe" masịrị ya.<ref name="avclub-interview">{{Cite news|author=Bahn|first=Christopher|title=Interview: Brett and Rennie Sparks of The Handsome Family|work=A.V. Club|date=8 February 2006|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/interview-brett-and-rennie-sparks-of-the-handsome--16496|accessdate=28 April 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[:en:Salem_Witch_Trials|Salem Witch Trials]] * [[:en:Puritans|Puritanism]] == Njikọ mpụga == * ''[http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Bur4Nar.html Ihe ịtụnanya nke Ụwa A Na-adịghị A]'' Mmetụta na Etext. * The Wonders of the Invisible World (1693 mbipụta) na PDF format. * The Wonders of the Invisible World public domain audiobook at LibriVox == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] 2dxd9zxzplki0zlla25acc603fwxb3i 0 27003 193541 143405 2024-10-29T22:27:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ide mmiri nke Mozambique''' nke afọ 2000 bụ ọdachi na-emere onwe ya nke mere n'ọnwa Febụwarị na-ọnwa Maachị 2000. Nnukwu ide mmiri sitere na nnukwu mmiri ozuzo nke Cyclone Leon-Eline kpatara nke were izu anọ ma mee ka ọtụtụ ndị ghara inwe ebe obibi. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 800 nwụrụ, ọ metụtara 1400 km2 nke ala a na-akọ ugbo na 20,000 ehi na nri furu efu. Ọ bụ idei mmiri kachasị njọ na [[Mozambique]] n'ime afọ 50. Gọọmentị Mozambique kesara nde dọla iri na ise nye ụmụ amaala ya iji kọwaa mmebi ihe onwunwe na mfu ego. == Akụkọ ihu igwe == N'ọnwa Ọktoba na Nọvemba nke afọ 1999, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo metụtara Mozambique, oge nnukwu mmiri ozuzo sochiri n'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2000.<ref name="great">{{Cite book|title=Mozambique & the Great Flood of 2000|publisher=Indianan University Press|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWqjGAzoALYC&pg=PR16|author=Frances Christie and Joseph Halon|isbn=0-253-33978-2}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọnwa Jenụwarị 2000, mmiri ozuzo ahụ mere ka osimiri Incomati, Umbeluzi, na Limpopo gafee osimiri ha, na-ekpuchi akụkụ nke isi obodo Maputo.<ref>{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2000-01-26|title=Mozambique - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 1|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-10-07|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-1}}</ref> Na Chókwè, Osimiri Limpopo ruru ọkwa nke 6 m (20 ) na Jenụwarị 24, okpukpu abụọ nke ọkwa ya.<ref name="pana124">{{Cite news|date=2000-01-24|title=Mozambique: Limpopo Flood Reaches Chokwe|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-limpopo-flood-reaches-chokwe}}</ref> Ebe ụfọdụ nwetara mmiri ozuzo ruru otu afọ n'ime izu abụọ.<ref name="dr218">{{Cite news|work=Disaster Relief|date=2000-02-18|title=Tropical storm threatens flood-ravaged Mozambique|accessdate=2014-09-01|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/tropical-storm-threatens-flood-ravaged-mozambique}}</ref> A na-ewere idei mmiri ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ nke kachasị njọ na-emetụta mba ndị ahụ kemgbe 1951. Ide mmiri malitere ịgbada na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị n'oge Cyclone Eline rutere n'ala.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-02-21|accessdate=2014-09-03|title=Cyclone reaches Mozambique's southern Inhambane province|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/cyclone-reaches-mozambiques-southern-inhambane-province}}</ref> Eline bụ oké ifufe na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-adịte aka nke kụrụ nso Beira na oke ike na Febụwarị 22. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2000, a na-ewere ọnọdụ ahụ dị ka ọdachi kachasị njọ na mba ahụ n'ime otu narị afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|work=US Fund for UNICEF|date=2000-02-29|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=Mozambique floods situation report 29 Feb 2000|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-situation-report-29-feb-2000}}</ref> == Mmetụta == Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị, idei mmiri ahụ emeela ka [[Iba|ịba]] na [[afọ ọsịsa]] rịa elu. Idei mmiri mebiri inye mmiri na okporo ụzọ kpuchiri, ebe ụzọ awara awara si n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda bepụrụ n'ebe atọ.<ref name="pana124">{{Cite news|date=2000-01-24|title=Mozambique: Limpopo Flood Reaches Chokwe|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-limpopo-flood-reaches-chokwe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-02-06|title=Floods Cut Main Highway In Three Places|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=ReliefWeb|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/floods-cut-main-highway-three-places}}</ref> Mmiri rikpuru ebe ndị dị n'ọtụtụ ebe, nke chụpụrụ ihe dị ka mmadụ 220,000, ma gbuo ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ 150 tupu Eline awakpo.<ref name="dr218">{{Cite news|work=Disaster Relief|date=2000-02-18|title=Tropical storm threatens flood-ravaged Mozambique|accessdate=2014-09-01|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/tropical-storm-threatens-flood-ravaged-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Emelia Sithole|date=2000-02-23|title=Mozambique's Chissano urges post-cyclone aid|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-04|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambiques-chissano-urges-post-cyclone-aid}}</ref> Mgbakọ nke idei mmiri bu ụzọ na Eline mere ka ihe dị ka mmadụ 463,000 chụpụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ebe obibi, tinye kwara ụmụ aka46,000 dị afọ ise maọbu n'eri beghi.<ref name="ocha317">{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2000-03-17|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|title=Mozambique: Ross Mountain praised media's role and international solidarity floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-ross-mountain-praised-medias-role-and-international-solidarity}}</ref><ref name="stc37">{{Cite web|work=Save the Children|date=2000-03-07|title=Mozambique Emergency Bulletin 3: 07 Mar 2000|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-emergency-bulletin-3-07-mar-2000}}</ref> N'ozuzu, idei mmiri gara aga na Eline kpatara ihe dị ka ọnwụ 700, ọkara na Chokwe. na mmebi e mere atụmatụ na $ 500 nde (2000 USD).<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-04-03|title=Mozambique's flood death toll rises to nearly 700|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-29|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambiques-flood-death-toll-rises-nearly-700}}</ref><ref name="report" /> Oké ifufe na idei mmiri ahụ mebiri ọtụtụ ọganihu akụ na ụba Mozambique mere n'afọ ndị 1990s kemgbe njedebe nke agha obodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Trócaire|date=2000-02-24|title=Trocaire launches appeal for Mozambique flood victims|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/trocaire-launches-appeal-mozambique-flood-victims}}</ref> == Ihe si na ya pụta == Tupu Eline abịarute, gọọmentị Mozambique rịọrọ ndị mba ụwa maka enyemaka maka nzaghachi idei mmiri ahụ, mba na-amalite inye enyemaka. Onye isi ala Mozambique n'oge ahụ, Joaquim Chissano, rịọrọ maka enyemaka ọzọ mgbe Eline wakporo, na-arịọ maka $ 65 nde maka ma nrụzigharị na enyemaka mberede, ma mesịa mụbaa arịrịọ ahụ ruo $ 160 nde.<ref name="dr223">{{Cite news|author=Cynthia Long|date=2000-02-23|title=Mozambique to appeal for aid in wake of Cyclone Eline|work=Disaster Relief|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-9}}</ref><ref name="net">{{Cite web|work=Government of the Netherlands|date=2000-02-24|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-04|title=The Netherlands gives 7 million guilders in aid to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/netherlands-gives-7-million-guilders-aid-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|date=2000-03-22|title=Mozambique - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 20|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-20}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Machị 17, mba dị iche iche ekwewo nkwa nde $ 119 na Mozambique.<ref name="ocha317">{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2000-03-17|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|title=Mozambique: Ross Mountain praised media's role and international solidarity floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-ross-mountain-praised-medias-role-and-international-solidarity}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Maachị 4, tọn 39.6 nke ngwongwo enyemaka dị iche iche rutere mba ahụ, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ jupụta obere ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị na Maputo.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-04|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|title=Mozambique Shudders Over Another Cyclone|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-shudders-over-another-cyclone}}</ref><ref name="reut37">{{Cite news|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|date=2000-03-07|title=Too much, Too late: Aid now pours into Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/too-much-too-late-aid-now-pours-mozambique}}</ref> Gọọmentị [[Netherlands]] nyere guilders nde 5 (US $ 2.2 nde) na mba ahụ, na-esote onyinye mbụ nke ihe dị ka guilders Nde 2 (US $ 871,000).<ref name="net">{{Cite web|work=Government of the Netherlands|date=2000-02-24|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-04|title=The Netherlands gives 7 million guilders in aid to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/netherlands-gives-7-million-guilders-aid-mozambique}}</ref> Gọọmentị Ịtali wepụtara ijeri lira iri, ọkara nke maka enyemaka mberede ozugbo, na Denmark wepụtara € 2.68 nde euro.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Government of Italy|date=2000-02-25|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|title=Italy: 10 billion liras earmarked to assist Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/italy-10-billion-liras-earmarked-assist-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-01|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-09|title=Denmark allocates emergency flood aid to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/denmark-allocates-emergency-flood-aid-mozambique}}</ref> Sweden zigara 10 nde krona na Ireland € 507,000 na World Food Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Government of Sweden|date=2000-02-28|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|title=Decision on extra money for Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/decision-extra-money-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-02-28|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|title=Ireland to send half million euros to flood-hit Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/ireland-send-half-million-euros-flood-hit-mozambique}}</ref> Portugal wetara tọn enyemaka iri anọ, gụnyere nri, ọgwụ, ụlọikwuu, na ụgbọ mmiri, na Red Cross nke Spain zitere ụgbọ elu enyemaka abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-02-28|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|title=Portugal sends 40 tonnes of aid for flood-hit Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/portugal-sends-40-tonnes-aid-flood-hit-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=Cruz Roja Española|date=2000-03-01|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-09|title=Mozambique: Cruz Roja Española ha recaudado más de 100 millones de pesetas en cuatro días|language=Spanish|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-cruz-roja-espa%C3%B1ola-ha-recaudado-m%C3%A1s-de-100-millones-de-pesetas-en}}</ref> Canada nyere ihe dị ka $ 11.6 nde (CAD) na Mozambique, ebe United States nyere $ 7 nde nri site na Agency for International Development, akụkụ nke onyinye $ 50 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Canadian International Development Agency|date=2000-03-08|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-20|title=Maria Minna Announces Additional $10 Million for Flood Victims in Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/maria-minna-announces-additional-10-million-flood-victims-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=United States Agency for International Development|date=2000-02-29|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=USAID Provide 7 Million Food Aid to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/usaid-provide-7-million-food-aid-mozambique}}</ref><ref name="jim">{{Cite news|author=Jim Garamone|work=American Forces Press Service|date=2000-03-27|accessdate=2014-09-12|title=U.S. Military Relief Effort in Mozambique Winds Down|url=http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=44985}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka European Community Humanitarian nyere € 25 nde na mbido ọnwa Maachị.<ref>{{Cite web|work=European Commission Humanitarian Aid department|date=2000-03-03|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|title=European Commissioner Poul Nielson announces more than 25 Million Euro in aid for victims of the Mozambican floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/european-commissioner-poul-nielson-announces-more-25-million-euro-aid-victims}}</ref> [[Botswana]] nyere P23 nde pula (BWP, US $ 5 nde), Mauritius nyekwara ihe dị ka $ 100,000 (USD).<ref name="pana229">{{Cite news|date=2000-02-29|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=Botswana Comes To The Rescue Of Zimbabwe, Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/botswana-comes-rescue-zimbabwe-mozambique}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-02|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-11|title=Mauritius offers 100,000 dollars to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mauritius-offers-100000-dollars-mozambique}}</ref> Mba Ghana ji ụgbọelu na-eri nri na uwe ruru $ 100,000 gaa Mozambique.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-03|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|title=Ghana donates to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/ghana-donates-mozambique}}</ref> [[Ostraliya|Australia]] nyekwara mba ahụ $ 1 nde, Saudi Arabia jikwa ụgbọelu abụọ nyere aka.<ref name="aaid">{{Cite web|work=Australian Agency for International Development|date=2000-03-04|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|title=Australian Assistance for Mozambique Floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/australian-assistance-mozambique-floods-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-05|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|title=Saudi Arabia, Kuwait to send aid to Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/saudi-arabia-kuwait-send-aid-mozambique}}</ref> Nchegbu Worldwide nyere $ 650,000 (USD) na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Concern Worldwide|date=2000-02-28|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|title=Concern: 300,000 people affected by floods in Mozambique|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/concern-300000-people-affected-floods-mozambique}}</ref> Médecins Sans Frontières zigara ndị ọrụ mmadụ ise na Buzi iji nyere ndị bi na ya aka.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Médecins Sans Frontières|date=2000-02-29|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=Inondations - Médecins du Monde envoie une équipe d'urgence au Mozambique|language=French|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/inondations-m%C3%A9decins-du-monde-envoie-une-%C3%A9quipe-durgence-au-mozambique}}</ref> Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation zigara $ 350,000 na CARE na mbido Machị.<ref>{{Cite web|work=CARE|date=2000-03-07|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|title=CARE receives $350,000 grant from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for Mozambique aid|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/care-receives-350000-grant-bill-melinda-gates-foundation-mozambique-aid}}</ref> Site na Jubilee 2000, ọtụtụ mba ndị bara ọgaranya yigharịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ maka otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|work=IRIN|date=2000-03-16|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|title=Mozambique: Debt payments suspended|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-debt-payments-suspended}}</ref> United Kingdom kagburu ụgwọ nde $ 150 ya na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị, Italy kagburu ego nde $ 500 ya n'ọnwa Maachị.<ref>{{Cite web|work=IRIN|date=2000-02-29|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=Mozambique: Britain cancels debt in response to floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-britain-cancels-debt-response-floods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-02|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|title=Italy plans to cancel 500 mln dlrs of Mozambique's debt|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/italy-plans-cancel-500-mln-dlrs-mozambiques-debt}}</ref> Gọọmentị Mozambique jiri ụgbọ mmiri chụpụ ndị bi na mpaghara idei mmiri, na-eguzobe ogige 121 maka ndị na-apụ apụ.<ref name="ocha317">{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2000-03-17|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|title=Mozambique: Ross Mountain praised media's role and international solidarity floods|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-ross-mountain-praised-medias-role-and-international-solidarity}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mba ahụ nwere ikike pere mpe maka nnapụta zuru oke n'ihi helikopụta ezughi oke. South Africa zigara ụgbọelu na helikọpụta iri na abụọ iji rụọ ọrụ ọchụchọ na nnapụta, yana ịtọpụ nri.<ref name="afp229">{{Cite news|date=2000-02-29|title=More South African aircraft sent to aid flooded Mozambique|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-08|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/more-south-african-aircraft-sent-aid-flooded-mozambique}}</ref> Helikọpụta abụọ si Malawi, isii si United Kingdom, na iri si Germany nyeere ha aka.<ref name="mal">{{Cite news|work=Pan African News Agency|date=2000-02-26|title=Malawi Helicopters Assist Mozambican|author=Raphael Tenthani|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-06|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/malawi-helicopters-assist-mozambican-flood-victims}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=IRIN|date=2000-03-03|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-12|title=Mozambique: Demand for more disaster assistance|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-demand-more-disaster-assistance}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-02|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-12|title=Germany boosts Mozambique aid, Italian MPS want intervention|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/germany-boosts-mozambique-aid-italian-mps-want-intervention}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Maachị 7, ìgwè helikọpụta 29 napụtara mmadụ 14,204.<ref name="mg37">{{Cite news|author=Chris McGreal|work=Mail and Guardian|date=2000-03-07|title=Mozambique: Amid the filth, the first sign of disease|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-amid-filth-first-sign-disease}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|work=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs|date=2000-03-03|title=Mozambique - Floods OCHA Situation Report No. 13|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-18|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-ocha-situation-report-no-13}}</ref> Mmiri idei mmiri fọdụrụnụ nyere aka na ntiwapụ nke ịba na ọgbụgbọ na ọgbụrụ, na ọrịa ịba okpukpu anọ karịa ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-ahụkarị na-egbu ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 11.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Concern Worldwide|date=2000-03-01|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-09|title=Mozambique Floods: Concern expands emergency relief operation|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-floods-concern-expands-emergency-relief-operation-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=Mail and Guardian|date=2000-03-02|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-11|title=100 000 still trapped by waters and one million homeless|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/100-000-still-trapped-waters-and-one-million-homeless}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2000-03-28|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-22|title=Malaria kills 11 Mozambican flood survivors|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/malaria-kills-11-mozambican-flood-survivors}}</ref> Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Mozambique enwekwaghị mmiri dị ọcha, na-eme ka mmiri na-adịghị n'ahụ na ọrịa na-akwụsị.<ref>{{Cite news|work=Mail and Guardian|date=2000-03-07|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|title=Corpses in water deadly Moz hazard|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/corpses-water-deadly-moz-hazard}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, United Nations Mine Action Service gosipụtara nchegbu na idei mmiri ahụ gbanwere ebe ogbunigwe fọdụrụ site na agha obodo nke mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|work=United Nations Department of Public Information|date=2000-03-01|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-09|title=Mozambique: WFP to take food to families marooned on rooftops|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/mozambique-wfp-take-food-families-marooned-rooftops}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ihe fọdụrụ na Cyclone Gloria kwụsịrị ọrụ enyemaka n'ihi nnukwu mmiri ozuzo.<ref name="ReliefWeb">{{Cite web|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2000-03-10|accessdate=2014-07-23|title=WFP Emergency Report No. 10 of 2000|work=World Food Programme|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/wfp-emergency-report-no-10-2000}}</ref> Ndị bi ebe ahụ malitere ịlaghachi n'ụlọ na mbido Machị mgbe idei mmiri laghachiri.<ref name="msf34">{{Cite web|work=Médecins Sans Frontières|date=2000-03-04|title=People fleeing Chokwe in case of renewed flooding|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2014-09-19|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/mozambique/people-fleeing-chokwe-case-renewed-flooding}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == <references group="nb" responsive="1"></references> == Edensibịa == <references responsive="1"></references> 20bkcjkeqtz9ebecjdhd634farcg91z 0 27167 193536 113912 2024-10-29T22:24:36Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Qaderi (nke edekwara n'ụdị dị iche iche dị ka Qadri, Qadiri, Kadri, ma ọ bụ Quadri) bụ aha nna Arabic/Islam. Ejikọtara ya na onye nsọ Sufi Abdul Qadir Gilani ma ọ bụ Qadiriyya nke ya tọrọ ntọala.''' Ndị nwere aha a gụnyere: == Qaderi == * Habibullah Qaderi (amụrụya a aafọ 1961), Minista na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọjọọ n'Afghanistan * Nazem Qaderi, onye ọka iwu [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye omeiwu na minista gọọmentị * Shivan QaQaderio n(nwụrụa a'afọ 2005), onye Iran gburu * Qadri Jamil, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Siria, onye nchịkọta mgbasa ozi na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba * Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898 1910), onye ọkà mmụta Alakụba nke Pakistan * Altaf Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1976), onye nta akụkọ foto nke India * Arshadul Qadri (1925), onye India na-amụ banyere Alakụba nke jikọtara ya na òtù Barelvi * Mohammad Badshah Qadri (1903 Xi-1978), onye nsọ Sufi nke India si Raichur * Ibrahim Raza Khan (1907-1965), onye India na-amụ banyere [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na narị afọ nke 20 nke òtù Barelvi * Mahir ul Qadri (1906-1978), onye na-ede uri na Pakistan * Mir Suhail Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1989), onye na-ese ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke India * Mohiuddin Qadri Zore (1905-1962), onye India na-ede uri Urdu * Muhammad Ilyas Qadri, onye ọkà mmụta Pakistani nke òtù Sunni na Sufi na Islam * Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1951), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Pakistani, onye bụbu prọfesọ iwu na onye ọkà mmụta Sufi * Mushtaq Qadri (1966-2002), onye na-ede uri okpukpe (na'at khawan) * Nasreen Qadri, ugbu a Nasrin Kadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1986), onye [[Israel]] na-agụ egwu ọdịnala na pop nke Middle East na Mizrahi music * Sadikshah Qadri (1918-1978), onye nsọ Sufi nke India * Shah Inayat Qadiri * Shad Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1952), onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego Pakistani-Canada * Shahid Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1942), onye Bangladesh na-ede uri na onye edemede * Sohan Qadri (1932-2011), Danish yogi, onye na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe nke India * Sayed Mehboob Shah Qadri, onye India na-eme mgbanwe na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya * Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941 Xi 1993), onye otu Pakistani Council of Islamic Ideology na ọkà mmụta sayensị Islam * Umar Al-Qadri, ọkà mmụta Alakụba nke bi na Ireland * Sayyid Shamsullah Qadri (1885-1953), onye India ọkà mmụta, onye edemede na ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme * Sayyid Ahmedullah Qadri (1909-1985), onye nta akụkọ India, onye edemede, onye ntụgharị, onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Nasreen Qadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1986), onye na-agụ egwu Israel-Jewish * Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri, onye India na-amụ banyere Alakụba == Kadri == == Quadri == * Ameen Mian Qaudri (amụrụ n'afọ 1955), onye ndú ndị Sufi nke India * Syed Ahmed Pasha Quadri, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India * Samar Quadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1989), onye India na-eme egwuregwu cricket * Sayeed Quadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1960), onye India na-ede abụ na onye na-ede uri na Bollywood * Syed Ahmed Quadri, onye nchịkwa India na agụmakwụkwọ * Syed Asif Quadri, onye ọchụnta ego India * Syed Mohammad Sharfuddin Quadri (1901 2015), onye na-agba mbọ nnwere onwe India * Syed Shah Mohammed Quadri (amụrụ n'afọ 1938), onye bụbu onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India * Syed Quadri, onye India na-eme egwuregwu cricket * Zeishan Quadri, onye edemede India, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta 5p2emcolgmcb919xsxktglnkw63wt03 0 27295 193530 131350 2024-10-29T22:20:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Shepheards_hotel.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ụzọ Shepheard's Hotel, c. 1920s]] [[Usòrò:Johan_Adam_Rennebaum,_Architect_of_Shepheard's_Hotel.jpg|thumb|Johann Adam Rennebaum, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke Shepheard's Hotel]] Shepheard's Hotel bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kachasị na Cairo na otu n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ kachasị ewu ewu na ụwa site na etiti narị afọ nke 19 ruo mgbe mbibi ya na 1952 n'oge ọkụ Cairo. Afọ ise ka e bibichara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ, e wuru nke ọhụrụ dị nso ma kpọọ ya Shepheard Hotel. [[Usòrò:Ibrahim_Pasha_St,_Cairo,_Egypt,_1920s.png|thumb|Ụlọ nkwari akụ Shepheard, n'afọ ndị 1920]] [[Usòrò:Shepheards_Hotel_Floor_Plan.jpg|thumb|Johann Adam Rennebaum, Shepheard's Hotel, Ground Floor/ Mezzanine, 1891]] Samuel Shepheard hibere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na 1841 n'okpuru aha "Hotel des Anglais" (Bekee Hotel), [1] [2] ma emesịa degharịa aha ya "Shepheard's Hotel".[3] Shepheard, onye Bekee a kọwara n'otu oge dị ka "onye nkuzi achịcha achịcha na-enweghị isi",[4] sitere na Preston Capes, Northamptonshire. Ya na Mr. Hill, onye isi nchịkwa Mohammed Ali Pasha, nwere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ, ma gosi na ọ bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-eme nke ọma na onye ọchụnta ego. N'otu oge, mgbe ndị agha nọ n'ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ kwagara na Crimea na mberede, na-ahapụ ụgwọ ndị a na-akwụghị ụgwọ, Shepheard gara n'onwe ya na Sevastopol iji nweta ụgwọ.<ref name="Hotel Des Anglais and Debt Collection">{{Cite book|author=Denby|first=Elaine|title=Grand Hotels: Reality and Illusion|date=March 27, 2002|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=9781861891211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhLyGME7734C&dq=Shepheard&pg=PA186|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Elaine Denby - ''Grand Hotels: Reality & Illusion'' (New York: McGraw-Hill; London: Reaktion Books, 1998)</ref><ref>Michael Bird - ''Samuel Shepheard of Cairo: A Portrait'' (London: Michael Joseph, 1957)</ref>.<ref name="Helnan, guests, history">{{Cite book|author=Wharton|first=Annabel Jane|title=Building the Cold War: Hilton International Hotels and Modern Architecture|date=July 1, 2001|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226894195|pages=43, 211–220|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LKrB7njVSe0C&dq=Nina+Nelson+-+Shepheard%27s+Hotel&pg=PA212|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref>.<ref name="Hotel Des Anglais and Debt Collection" /> N'afọ 1845, Hill hapụrụ mmasị ya na họtel ahụ, Shepheard ghọkwara naanị onye nwe ya. Shepheard rere họtel ahụ na 1861 maka £ 10,000 nye onye na-elekọta họtel Bavaria Philip Zech (ma ọ bụ Zeck) wee laa ezumike nká na Eathorpe Hall, Eathorbe, Warwickshire, England.<ref name="History of ownership" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Ibrahim|first=Tarek|title=Shepheard's of Cairo. The Birth of the Oriental Grand Hotel|publisher=Reichert Verlag|year=2019|isbn=9783954903689|location=Wiesbaden|pages=20–21}}</ref> Richard Burton, ezigbo enyi Shepheard, hapụrụ nkọwa zuru ezu banyere àgwà mmesapụ aka ya na ọrụ na-aga nke ọma, na-akọwa ya dị ka "nwoke dị ịrịba ama n'ọtụtụ ihe, na ihe niile ihe nlereanya John Bull".<ref name="History of ownership">{{Cite book|author=Sattin|first=Anthony|title=Lifting the Veil: Two Centuries of Travellers, Traders and Tourists in Egypt|date=30 April 2011|publisher=Tauris Parke Paperbacks|isbn=9780857719966|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt8BAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shepheard%27s+Hotel+guests&pg=PA275|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Richard F. Burton, ''The Gold-Mines of Midian'' (C.Kegan Paul & Co, London, 1878), pp. 43-46</ref> A rụzigharịrị họtel ahụ na 1869 mgbe ọkụ gbara n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụlọ ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ iri ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, o doro anya na ụlọ mbụ ahụ bụ nke e dere; ka ọ bụrụ nke na-asọmpi, a ga-ewu ihe owuwu ọhụrụ ''ex novo''. Zech were ọrụ nke onye na-eto eto na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Nuremberg, Johann Adam Rennebaum, iji chepụta họtel n'otu ogige ahụ nke ga-akarị ndị bu ya ụzọ n'ibu na okomoko.<ref name=":0"/> Ihe owuwu ikpeazụ a, nke e wuchara na 1891, bụ ihe a ma ama na nke edere nke ọma nke họtel ahụ. N'afọ 1898, a gbakwunyere Arab Hall (nke Rennebaum mekwara) n'ogige etiti nke ụlọ ahụ, na mmụba ndị ọzọ mere na 1904, 1909 na 1927.<ref name=":0" /> Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ aha Rennebaum na akwụkwọ nke họtel ahụ nwere ike imetụta mgbalị ndị ọchịchị Britain na-eme mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị iji kpochapụ ihe ọ bụla metụtara mmetụta Germany na Ijipt.<ref name=":0" /> Onye nwe họtel ahụ gafere n'aka nwa nwanyị Zech na di ya, Maazị na Oriakụ. Kemmerich N'afọ 1896, ndị Kemmerichs rere họtel ahụ na Egyptian Hotels Ltd., ụlọ ọrụ Britain nke mechara nye ya Compagnie Internationaldes Grands Hôtels. Onye isi ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nke [[Switzerland]] bụ Karl (Charles) Baehler zụrụ ụlọ ọrụ a.<ref name=":0" /> Shepheard's Hotel bụ nke a ma ama maka ịdị ukwuu ya, maka ndị ọbịa ya, na dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị agha. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọgaranya ya, ya na ugegbe na-acha odo odo, kapet ndị Peshia, ogige, ala, na nnukwu ogidi granite yiri nke ụlọ nsọ ndị [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ijipt oge ochie]]. Ọ bụghị naanị ndị America na ndị isi French na ndị Britain na-agakarị American Bar ya. E nwere ịgba egwú abalị ebe ndị ikom na-eyi uwe agha na ndị inyom na-eyi akwa mgbede. "Okporo ogologo" ahụ na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị kansụl nke gọọmentị Gris na-agba ọsọ, Harold Macmillan dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na 21 Ọgọst 1944 na gọọmentị Greece na-agbapụ kwesịrị ịkwaga [[Italy|Ịtali]] iji gbanahụ "ọnọdụ na-egbu egbu nke aghụghọ nke na-achị na Cairo. Gọọmentị niile gara aga na-agba ọsọ agbaala n'ụlọ mmanya nke Shepheard.<ref>Clogg, Richard "The Greek Government-in-Exile 1941-4" pages 376-398 from ''The International History Review'', Volume 1, No. 3, July 1979 pages 378-379.</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1952, e bibiri họtel ahụ n'oge ọkụ ọkụ nke Cairo, oge ọgba aghara megide ndị Britain na ọgba agha obodo dị egwu nke dugara na Mgbanwe Ijipt nke afọ 1952.<ref name="WWI">{{Cite book|author=Woodward|first=David R.|title=Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East|date=December 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=9780813171449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uI5Osq9_WKkC&dq=Shepheard%27s+Hotel&pg=PA25|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref>Nina Nelson - ''Helnan Shepheard Hotel Cairo-Egypt'' (Cairo: Al Ahram, 1992)</ref> Họtel ahụ enweela ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa a ma ama. E gosipụtara ya na ihe nkiri Britain nke 1934 The Camels are Coming .<ref name="Camels are Coming Movie">{{Cite web|title=The Camels Are Coming (1934) Movie on Youtube|work=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDuABIATHrc|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723095723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDuABIATHrc|archivedate=2017-07-23|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref> Ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ bụ ebe ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị na ihe nkiri 1996 The English Patient mana ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri ahụ mere na The Grand Hotel des Bains na Venice Lido, Ịtali.<ref name="The English Patient">{{Cite web|title=The English Patient film locations|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/e/engpatient.html#.WDL1pn3zOio|work=Movie Locations|accessdate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318170548/http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/e/engpatient.html#.WDL1pn3zOio|archivedate=18 March 2016}}</ref> A na-eji họtel ahụ eme ihe dị ka isi ọrụ na usoro The Race Colonization nke Harry Turtledove, dị ka ebe dị na [[Agatha Christie|Agatha Christie's]] Crooked House, a kpọtụrụ ya aha na Death on the Nile na akụkọ mkpirikpi nke Anthony Trollope, An Unprotected Female at the Pyramids (1861).<ref name="preview of Colonization book">{{Cite web|author=Turtledove|first=Harry|title=Down to Earth - Colonization Book 2|url=http://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/81027/0/Turtledove_2_Down_to_Earth.html|work=e reading club|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="Crooked House">{{Cite book|author=Christie|first=Agatha|title=Crooked House|date=August 19, 2002|publisher=William Morrow Paperbacks|isbn=978-0062073532}}</ref><ref name="Book Unprotected Female">{{Cite book|author=Trollope|first=Anthony|title=An Unprotected Female at the Pyramids|date=1861|url=https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/t/trollope/anthony/tales/chapter7.html|accessdate=21 November 2016}}</ref> Ọ na-egosipụtakwa mgbe niile na akwụkwọ akụkọ Amelia Peabody nke Elizabeth Peters.<ref name="Peters2011">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Crocodile on the Sandbank|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2wcBQAAQBAJ|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-78033-446-2}}</ref><ref name="Peters2009">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Lion in the Valley: An Amelia Peabody Novel of Suspense|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1MuZLQNr64MC|date=17 March 2009|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-179837-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Peters|title=Seeing a Large Cat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOeoN6_AvmAC|date=29 November 2009|publisher=Grand Central Publishing|isbn=978-0-446-57119-7}}</ref> == Ụlọ oriri Shepheard nke Oge A == "Shepheard Hotel" nke oge a bụ nke Egyptian Hotels Ltd. wuru na 1957 na Garden City, Cairo, ihe dị ka 0.8 kilomita (0.50 mi) site na saịtị họtel mbụ. Ụlọ nkwari akụ ọhụrụ ahụ, na ala ọ guzo, bụ nke E.G.O.T.H. (Egyptian General Company for Tourism & Hotels). Ọ bụ Helnan International Hotels na-elekọta họtel ahụ ma mara ya dị ka Helnan Shepheard Hotel.<ref name="Helnan, guests, history"/> Na Septemba 29, 2009, a mara ọkwa na Rocco Forte Hotels ga-emezigharị ihe onwunwe ahụ kpamkpam ma meghee ya ọzọ n'okpuru njikwa nke ha na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hospitalitydesign.com/news/main/rocco-forte-signs-the-shepheard-hotel-in-cairo/|title=Rocco Forte Signs the Shepheard Hotel in Cairo}}</ref> Mgbanwe ahụ emeghị, ụlọ nkwari akụ ahụ mechikwara n'afọ 2014.<ref name="History">{{Cite web|title=Shepheard Hotel|url=http://www.egoth.com.eg/en/shepheard.htm|work=E.G.O.T.H.|accessdate=21 November 2016|archivedate=21 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165956/http://www.egoth.com.eg/en/shepheard.htm}}</ref> Na Machị 2020, E.G.O.T.H. bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na AlSharif Group Holding nke Saudi Arabia iji kwado mmepe na inye mmezigharị ahụ ruru nde $ 90.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Egypt partners with Saudi AlSharif to develop Shepheard Hotel|url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/business/story/Egypt_partners_with_Saudi_AlSharif_to_develop_Shepheard_Hotel-SNG_169498569|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=www.zawya.com|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a mara ọkwa na ahọpụtara Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na họtel ahụ a rụzigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-07|title=«قطاع الأعمال» تكشف خطة تطوير الفنادق القائمة التابعة واحياء التاريخية|url=https://amwalalghad.com/2021/02/07/قطاع-الأعمال-تكشف-خطة-تطوير-الفنادق/|accessdate=2021-02-11|work=أموال الغد|language=ar}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, e setịpụrụ ụbọchị mmeghe ọzọ maka afọ 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotelnewsresource.com/article120077.html|title=Mandarin Oriental Shepheard Cairo Hotel Announced for 2024}}</ref> == Hụkwa zie == *  Hotels portal == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Njiko mpụga == qo3m1txv0c9303owmronzjlotpnme94 0 28393 193537 123840 2024-10-29T22:25:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193537 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hormone''' (site na akụkụ Grik ὁρμῶν, "na-eme ka ọ na-agagharị") bụ klas nke mkpụrụ ndụ mgbaàmà na ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ nke a na-eziga n'akụkụ ndị dị anya site na usoro dị mgbagwoju anya iji chịkwaa physiology na omume.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology for a changing world, with physiology|isbn=9781464151132|edition=Second|location=New York, NY|oclc=884499940|date=2014-03-14}}</ref> A chọrọ hormone maka mmepe ziri ezi nke anụmanụ, [[osisi]] na fungus. N'ihi nkọwa sara mbara nke hormone (dị ka molekụl na-enye mgbaàmà nke na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ebe dị anya site na ebe mmepụta ya), enwere ike ịhazi ọtụtụ ụdị molekụl dị ka homonụl. N'etiti ihe ndị a pụrụ iwere dị ka homonụ, bụ eicosanoids (dịka prostaglandins na thromboxanes), steroid (dịka oestrogen na brassinosteroid), amino acid derivatives (dịka epinephrine na auxin), protein ma ọ bụ peptides (dịka insulin na CLE peptides), na gas (dịka ethylene na nitric oxide). A na-eji hormone eme ihe iji kwurịta okwu n'etiti akụkụ ahụ na anụ ahụ. N'ime anụ ndị nwere azụ, homonụ na-ahụ maka ịchịkwa usoro dịgasị iche iche nke ahụike na omume omume dịka ịgbari nri, metabolism, iku ume, nghọta mmetụta, ụra, nsị, inye nwa ara, nrụgide, uto na mmepe, mmegharị, ọmụmụ, na njikwa ọnọdụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach|year=2008|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521692014}}</ref><ref name="Project Muse 2010 pp. 152–155">{{Cite journal|title=''Hormones and Behaviour: A Psychological Approach'' (review)|journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|volume=53|issue=1|year=2010|issn=1529-8795|doi=10.1353/pbm.0.0141|pages=152–155|author=Claire l. Gibson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hormones|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hormones.html|work=MedlinePlus|publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine}}</ref> N'ime osisi, homonụ na-agbanwe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ niile nke mmepe, site na ntolite ruo na ịka nká.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hormone - The hormones of plants|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hormone|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri ogwu ahu na-emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị anya site na ijikọta na protein ndị na-anabata ihe na mkpụrụ ndụ a na-achọ, na-akpata mgbanwe na ọrụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Mgbe hormone na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ya, ọ na-eme ka ụzọ mgbaàmà nke na-emekarị ka transcription nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa rụọ ọrụ, na-akpata mmụba nke protein ndị a na-achọ. Hormones nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ na ụzọ ndị na-abụghị nke genomic nke na-ejikọta na mmetụta nke genomic.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=30 Years of the Mineralocorticoid Receptor: Nongenomic effects via the mineralocorticoid receptor|journal=The Journal of Endocrinology|volume=234|issue=1|pages=T107–T124|date=July 2017|pmid=28348113|doi=10.1530/JOE-16-0659}}</ref> Mmiri homonụ na-agbaze (dị ka peptide na amines) na-arụkarị ọrụ n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ site na ndị ozi nke abụọ. Hormone ndị na-agbaze abụba, (dị ka steroid) na-agafe n'ime plasma membranes nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ (ma cytoplasmic ma nuclear) iji rụọ ọrụ n'ime nucleus ha. Brassinosteroids, ụdị polyhydroxysteroids, bụ klas nke isii nke homonụ osisi ma nwee ike [[Iba|ịba]] uru dị ka ọgwụ na-alụso ọrịa kansa ọgụ maka akpụ na-emeghachi omume endocrine iji kpatara apoptosis ma belata uto osisi. N'agbanyeghị na ha na-agbaze abụba, ha ka na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ha n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=BRI1 is a critical component of a plasma-membrane receptor for plant steroids|journal=Nature|volume=410|issue=6826|pages=380–3|date=March 2001|pmid=11268216|doi=10.1038/35066597}}</ref> Na vertibrate, akpa endocrine ha mara anya nke oma banyere any aru nke hormones nzuzo na ime. Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to negative feedback regulation. For instance, high blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) promotes insulin synthesis. Insulin then acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain homeostasis, leading to reduced insulin levels. Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through the circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand-protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active. Other hormones, called prohormones, must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Miller|first=Benjamin Frank|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36465055|title=Miller-Keane Encyclopedia & dictionary of medicine, nursing & allied health.|date=1997|publisher=Saunders|others=Claire Brackman Keane|isbn=0-7216-6278-1|edition=6th|location=Philadelphia|oclc=36465055}}</ref> The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, typically via fenestrated capillaries, whereas the exocrine system secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts. Hormones with paracrine function diffuse through the interstitial spaces to nearby target tissue. Osisi enweghị akụkụ pụrụ iche maka mmepụta nke homonụ, ọ bụ ezie na enwere nkesa nke mmepụta homonụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-emepụta hormone auxin karịsịa na isi akwụkwọ ndị na-eto eto na n'ime osisi apical meristem. Enweghị gland ndị pụrụ iche pụtara na isi ebe mmepụta hormone nwere ike ịgbanwe n'oge ndụ nke osisi, ebe mmepụta na-adabere na afọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plant Hormones/Nutrition|url=https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTHORM.html#:~:text=They%20are%20produced%20in%20the,lighter%20side%20of%20the%20plant.|accessdate=2021-01-07|work=www2.estrellamountain.edu|archivedate=2021-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109180441/https://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookPLANTHORM.html#:~:text=They%20are%20produced%20in%20the,lighter%20side%20of%20the%20plant.}}</ref> == Nkwupụta na nchịkọta == Ihe mgbaàmà hormone na-agụnye usoro ndị a:<ref name="Nussey_Whitehead_2001">{{Cite book|title=Endocrinology: an integrated approach|year=2001|publisher=Bios Scientific Publ.|location=Oxford|isbn=978-1-85996-252-7|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22/}}</ref> # '''Biosynthesis''' nke otu hormone n'otu anụ ahụ. # '''Nchekwa na''' mmepụta nke hormone. # Mbupu nke hormone gaa na mkpụrụ ndụ (s) a chọrọ. # Nkwupụta nke hormone site na membrane cell ma ọ bụ intracellular receptor protein. # Ntinye na mmụba nke mgbaàmà homonụ natara site na usoro transduction mgbaàmà: Nke a na-eduga na nzaghachi mkpụrụ ndụ. Mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ nwere ike ịmata site na mkpụrụ ndụ mbụ na-emepụta hormone, na-eduga na mbelata na mmepụta hormone. Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke nzaghachi nzaghachi na-adịghị mma. # Mmebi nke hormone. A na-ahụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-emepụta hormone na gland endocrine, dị ka gland thyroid, ovaries, na testicles.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wisse|first=Brent|date=June 13, 2021|title=Endocrine glands|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/1093.htm|archivedate=|accessdate=November 18, 2021|work=MedlinePlus}}</ref> A na-eji exocytosis na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke mbugharị membrane eme ihe iji wepụta homonụ mgbe a na-egosi gland endocrine. Ihe nlereanya nke hierarchical bụ mmelite nke usoro mgbaàmà homonụ. Ndị na-anata mkpụrụ ndụ nke otu mgbaàmà homonụ nwere ike ịbụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ na-ebi n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke anụ ahụ, dịka ọ dị maka insulin, nke na-akpata mmetụta dịgasị iche iche nke usoro ahụike. Ụdị anụ ahụ dị iche iche nwekwara ike imeghachi omume n'ụzọ dị iche na otu mgbaàmà homonụ. [citation needed] == Nchọpụta == === Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849) === Arnold Adolph Berthold bụ onye [[Jémanị|Germany]] na-ahụ maka ahụike na anụmanụ, onye, na 1849, nwere ajụjụ banyere ọrụ nke testicles. Ọ chọpụtara na ụmụ oke ndị a na-akpụ akpụ na ha enweghị otu omume mmekọahụ dị ka ụmụ oke na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla. O kpebiri ịme nnwale na ụmụ oke nwoke iji nyochaa ihe omume a. O mere ka otu ìgwè ọkụkọ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ma hụ na ha nwere wattles na combs (akụkụ mmekọahụ nke abụọ), oke oke, na omume mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike. O nwekwara otu ìgwè nke e wepụrụ testicles ha, ma chọpụta na akụkụ ahụ ha nke abụọ na-ebelata n'ibu, nwere oke na-adịghị ike, enweghị mmasị mmekọahụ n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ, ọ bụghịkwa ndị na-eme ihe ike. Ọ ghọtara na akụkụ ahụ a dị mkpa maka omume ndị a, mana ọ maghị otú e si eme ya. Iji nwalee nke a, o wepụrụ otu testi ma tinye ya n'ime oghere afọ. Anụ ndị ahụ rụrụ ọrụ ma nwee ahụike dị mma. O nwere ike ịhụ na ebe akpịrị dị adịghị mkpa. Mgbe ahụ, ọ chọrọ ịhụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe nketa nke metụtara na testicles nke nyere ọrụ ndị a. O si n'anụ ọkụkọ ọzọ tinye otu testil n'ime anụ ọkụkọ na otu testil wepụrụ, ma hụ na ha nwere omume dị mma na ahụike. Berthold kpebiri na ebe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke testicles adịghị mkpa n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ahụ na omume mmekọahụ, mana na ụfọdụ kemịkal dị na testicles a na-ewepụta na-akpata ihe omume a. E mechara chọpụta na ihe a bụ hormone testosterone.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action|isbn=9783319446752|location=Cham|oclc=1021173479|date=2018}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Endocrine Physiology|date=2018|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781260019353|oclc=1034587285}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na Theory of Evolution, Charles Darwin nwekwara mmasị dị ukwuu na osisi. N'ime afọ 1870, ya na nwa ya nwoke Francis mụrụ mmegharị nke osisi na-aga n'ihu n'ìhè. Ha nwere ike igosi na a na-ahụ ìhè n'isi nke ogwe osisi (coleoptile), ebe nkwonkwo na-eme n'okpuru ogwe osisi ahụ. Ha tụrụ aro na 'ihe a na-ebufe' na-agwa ntụziaka nke ìhè site na ọnụ ruo n'ogwe. Echiche nke 'ihe a na-ebufe' bụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na osisi jụrụ na mbụ, mana ọrụ ha mechara duga na nchọpụta nke hormone mbụ nke osisi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Phototropism: bending towards enlightenment|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=18|issue=5|pages=1110–9|date=May 2006|pmid=16670442|doi=10.1105/tpc.105.039669}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch bụ Frits Warmolt Went na onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụma Russia bụ Nikolai Cholodny (na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ha) gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na nchịkọta asymmetric nke hormone na-eto eto bụ ihe kpatara mgbagwoju anya a. N'afọ 1933, Kögl, Haagen-Smit na Erxleben mechara wepụta hormone a ma nye ya aha 'auxin'.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Identity of auxin in normal urine|journal=Nature|volume=173|issue=4408|pages=776–7|date=April 1954|pmid=13165644|doi=10.1038/173776a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/173776a0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Understanding phototropism: from Darwin to today|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=60|issue=7|pages=1969–78|date=2009-05-01|pmid=19357428|doi=10.1093/jxb/erp113}}</ref> Onye dokinta mba British George Oliver na physiologist Edward Albert Schafer, onye profesor na mahadum college mba [[London]], kwekoritara na ihe ahu adrenal apitutara. Ha buru uzo biputa nchoputa abuo na mkpesa na 1894, mbiputa zuru oke soro ya na afo 1895. Na agbenyeghi na mgbe ufodu. Achoputara na afo q902 site na aka Bayliss na Starling. Oliver na Schafer bucha mmiputa adrenal nke bu adrenaline. a full publication followed in 1895.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Oliver|first=G|title=The physiological action of the suprarenal capsules|journal=Journal of Physiology|date=1894|volume=16|issue=3–4|pages=i-viii|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1894.sp000503|pmid=16992168}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Physiological Effects of Extracts of the Suprarenal Capsules|journal=The Journal of Physiology|volume=18|issue=3|pages=230–276|date=July 1895|pmid=16992252|doi=10.1113/jphysiol.1895.sp000564}}</ref> Though frequently falsely attributed to secretin, found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling, Oliver and Schäfer's adrenal extract containing adrenaline, the substance causing the physiological changes, was the first hormone to be discovered. The term hormone would later be coined by Starling.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=The Mechanism of Pancreatic Secretion|doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674366701.c111|title=Source Book in Chemistry, 1900–1950|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674366701|year=1968|pages=311–313}}</ref> === Bayliss na Starling (1902) === William Bayliss na Ernest Starling, onye na-ahụ maka ahụike na onye na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, chọrọ ịhụ ma usoro akwara nwere mmetụta na usoro mgbari nri. Ha maara na pancreas na-etinye aka na mmepụta nke mmiri na-agbari nri mgbe nri si n'[[afọ]] gaa na eriri afọ, nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ n'ihi usoro akwara. Ha bepụrụ akwara na pancreas n'ụdị anụmanụ wee chọpụta na ọ bụghị akwara na-achịkwa nsị sitere na pancreas. E kpebiri na ihe na-apụta site na eriri afọ gaa n'ọbara na-akpali pancreas ka ọ wepụta mmiri na-agbari nri. A kpọrọ nke a secretin: hormone. Mmetụta hormone na-adabere na ebe a tọhapụrụ ha, ebe enwere ike ịhapụ ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Endocrine physiology|date=2018|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=9781260019353|oclc=1034587285}}</ref> Ọ bụghị homonụ niile ka a na-ewepụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ ma banye n'ọbara ruo mgbe ọ na-ejikọta na onye na-anabata ihe na ebumnuche. Ụdị mgbaàmà hormone ndị bụ: {| class="wikitable" |+Ụdị mgbaàmà - Hormone !SN !Ụdị !Nkọwa |- |1 |Endocrine |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-achọ mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ime ọbara. |- |2 |Paracrine |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị dị nso ma ọ dịghị mkpa ịbanye na mgbasa ozi n'ozuzu. |- |3 |Autocrine |Ọ na-emetụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ nke mepụtara ya ma na-akpata mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. |- |4 |N'ime afọ |Ọ na-arụ ọrụ intracellular na mkpụrụ ndụ ndị mepụtara ya. |} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c3ebajlnq1zlsxbb6pyatmp88ymaxae 0 29193 193551 118274 2024-10-29T22:33:47Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193551 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Greenpeace''' bụ netwọk mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ kwụụrụ onwe ya, tọrọ ntọala na Canada na 1971 site n'aka Irving Stowe na Dorothy Stowe, ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi si United States. Greenpeace na-ekwu na ebumnuche ya bụ "ịhụ na ikike nke ụwa ịzụlite ndụ n'ụdị dị iche iche" ma gbado anya na mgbasa ozi ya na okwu zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka mgbanwe ihu igwe, igbutu osisi, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, ịzụ ahịa azụ ahịa, injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ihe mgbochi nuklia. Ọ na-eji ime ihe ozugbo, ime ihe ike, nyocha, na ecotage iji nweta ebumnobi ya. Netwọk ahụ nwere otu mba/mpaghara 26 nọọrọ onwe ha na mba 55 gafee Europe, America, Africa, Asia, [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na Pacific, yana otu nhazi, Greenpeace International, dabere na Amsterdam, Netherlands. netwọkụ ụwa niile anaghị anabata ego sitere n'aka gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-adabere na nde mmadụ atọ ndị na-akwado ya na onyinye ntọala. Greenpeace nwere ọkwa ndụmọdụ izugbe na United Nations Economic and Social Council ma bụrụ onye guzobere INGO Accountability Charter, otu mba ụwa na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-ezube ịkwalite aza ajụjụ na nghọta nke ndị otu na-abụghị gọọmentị. A maara Greenpeace maka omume ya kpọmkwem ma kọwaa ya dị ka otu n'ime òtù gburugburu ebe obibi a na-ahụ anya n'ụwa. O welitere ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọha, ma metụta ma ndị nkeonwe na nke ọha. Nzukọ ahụ anatala nkatọ; ọ bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe sitere n'aka ihe karịrị 100 Nobel laureates na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mgbasa ozi ya megide mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gbanwetụrụ (GMOs). Omume ozugbo nke otu a kpalitere omume iwu megide ndị na-akwado Greenpeace, dị ka nra na ahịrị ahịrị nkwusioru maka ibibi atụmatụ nnwale nke ọka wit gbanwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa yana, dịka gọọmentị Peruvian siri kwuo, na-emebi Lines Nazca, saịtị World Heritage World.<ref name="canberra">{{Cite news|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/act-news/gm-crop-destroyers-given-suspended-sentences-20121119-29l66.html|title=GM crop destroyers given suspended sentences|work=The Canberra Times|date=19 November 2012|accessdate=8 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="WSJ Nazca">{{Cite news|author=Kozak|first=Robert|date=14 December 2014|title=Peru Says Greenpeace Permanently Damaged Nazca Lines|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peru-says-greenpeace-permanently-damaged-nazca-lines-1418681478|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=3 February 2015}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Mmalite ya === [[Usòrò:AmchitkaAlaskaLoc.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe agwaetiti Amchitka dị na Alaska.]] [[Usòrò:1971-CANNIKIN-2.jpg|thumb|Ngwá ọrụ nuklia nke kpaliri okike nke Greenpeace ka a na-agbadata ya n'ime oghere ya maka ''Cannikin''.]] N'ọgwụgwụ 1960s, US zubere ule ngwa agha nuklia nke Cannikin n'ime agwaetiti Amchitka na-adịghị akwụsi ike na Alaska; atụmatụ ndị ahụ welitere nchegbu ụfọdụ maka ule na-ebute ala ọma jijiji na ịkpata mbufịt mbufịt. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 7,000 gbochiri Peace Arch Border Crossing n'etiti British Columbia na Washington, na-ebu akara na-agụ "Emela Wave. Ọ bụ gị kpatara ma ọ bụrụ na mmejọ anyị na-aga". na "Kwụsị Igbe M Emechabeghị." Mkpesa ahụ akwụsịghị US ịgbawa bọmbụ ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ tsunami gbasoro ule ahụ, mmegide ahụ toro mgbe US kwupụtara na ha ga-agbawa bọmbụ ugboro ise karịa nke mbụ. Otu n'ime ndị mmegide ahụ bụ Jim Bohlen, onye agha agha nke jerela ozi n'Òtù Ndị Agha Mmiri US, na Irving Stowe na Dorothy Stowe, ndị ghọrọ ndị Quakers n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Ha nwere nkụda mmụọ maka enweghị ọrụ nke Sierra Club Canada, nke ha bụ ndị otu ya. Site na Irving Stowe, Jim Bohlen mụtara maka ụdị nguzogide na-enweghị isi, "ịgba akaebe", ebe a na-eme mkpesa naanị site na ọnụnọ nkịtị. Nwunye Jim Bohlen Marie wepụtara echiche iji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Amchitka, nke sitere na njem mgbochi nuklia nke Albert Bigelow na 1958. Echiche ahụ kwụsịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ma jikọta ya na Sierra Club. Njikọ a enweghị mmasị na ọgbakọ Sierra Club na na 1970 e hiwere kọmitii Emela Wave maka ngagharị iwe ahụ. E nwere nzukọ mbụ n'ụlọ Shaughnessy nke Robert Hunter na nwunye ya Bobbi Hunter. E mesịa, ụlọ Stowe dị na 2775 Courtenay Street (Vancouver) ghọrọ isi ụlọ ọrụ. Dị ka Rex Weyler tinyere ya na usoro iheomume ya, Greenpeace, na 1969, Irving na Dorothy Stowe's "ụlọ dị jụụ na Courtenay Street ga-abụ n'oge na-adịghị anya isi ihe dị mkpa, mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ". Ụfọdụ n'ime ọgbakọ Greenpeace mbụ e nwere n'ebe ahụ. Emeghere ụlọ ọrụ mbụ n'ime ime ụlọ, n'ihu ụlọ ahịa dị na Cypress na West Broadway ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na Kitsilano, Vancouver. N'ime ọkara afọ Greenpeace kwabatara iji soro ndị Society na-akwalite nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi kesaa oghere ụlọ elu dị na 4th na Maple na Kitsilano. [[:en:Irving_Stowe|Irving Stowe]] haziri ihe egwu uru (nke [[:en:Joan_Baez|Joan Baez]] kwadoro) nke mere na 16 October 1970 na Pacific Coliseum na Vancouver. Egwuregwu ahụ mepụtara ntọala ego maka mkpọsa Greenpeace mbụ. Amchitka, ihe egwu 1970 eweputara Greenpeace nke Greenpeace bipụtara na Nọvemba 2009 na CD ma dịkwa ka nbudata mp3 site na webụsaịtị egwu Amchitka. N'iji ego a na-enweta na ihe nkiri ahụ, ndị Kọmiti Emela ka Ndị Na-efegharị efegharị na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri, Phyllis Cormack bụ nke John Cormack nwere ma na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri. A kpọgharịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ Greenpeace maka ngagharị iwe ahụ mgbe okwu onye na-akwado Bill Darnell chepụtara. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri zuru oke gụnyere: Captain John Cormack (onye nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ), Jim Bohlen, Bill Darnell, Patrick Moore, Dr Lyle Thurston, Dave Birmingham, Terry A. Simmons, Richard Fineberg, Robert Hunter (onye nta akụkọ), Ben Metcalfe (onye nta akụkọ), Bob Cummings (onye nta akụkọ) na Bob Keziere (onye na-ese foto). Na 15 Septemba 1971, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ rutere Amchitka ma chere ụgbọ mmiri nchekwa nke US Coast Confidence ihu nke manyere ndị na-eme ihe ike ịlaghachi azụ. N'ihi nke a na ihu igwe na-arịwanye elu nke ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kpebiri ịlaghachi na Canada nanị iji chọpụta na akụkọ banyere njem ha na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ nke ntụkwasị obi mere ka ọmịiko maka mkpesa ha. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Greenpeace gbalịrị iji ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ gaa ebe ule ahụ, ruo mgbe US gbawara bọmbụ ahụ. A katọrọ ule nuklia ahụ, US kpebiri na ha agaghị aga n'ihu na atụmatụ nnwale ha na Amchitka. ==== Ndị guzobere na oge ntọala nke Greenpeace ====   Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi Frank Zelko dere ụbọchị nguzobe nke "Emela kọmitii Wave" na 1969 na, dịka Jim Bohlen si kwuo, otu ahụ nakweere aha "Emela Kọmitii Wave" na 28 November 1969. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo. Weebụsaịtị, The Don't Make a Wave Committee e hiwere na 1970. Asambodo incorporation nke The Don't Make a Wave Committee ụbọchị ntinye aka na nke ise nke October 1970. Onye nyocha Vanessa Timmer detes the official incorporation na 1971. Greenpeace n'onwe ya. na-akpọ njem ngagharị iwe nke 1971 dị ka “mmalite”. Dị ka Patrick Moore si kwuo, onye bụ onye mbụ ma kewapụ onwe ya na Greenpeace na Rex Weyler, a gbanwere aha "The Don't Make a Wave Committee" ka ọ bụrụ Greenpeace Foundation na 1972. Vanessa Timmer akpọtụla ndị otu mbụ dị ka "otu ndị ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi na-atụghị anya ya". Frank Zelko ekwuola na "n'adịghị ka ndị enyi nke ụwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke malitere n'ụzọ zuru ezu site n'egedege ihu nke David Brower, Greenpeace tolitere n'ụzọ evolushọn ọzọ. Ọ dịghị otu onye nchoputa ". Greenpeace n'onwe ya na-ekwu na ibe weebụ ya na "enwere ihe ọchị na na ụlọ mmanya ọ bụla dị na Vancouver, British Columbia, ị nwere ike ịnọdụ ala n'akụkụ onye na-ekwu na ya tọrọ ntọala Greenpeace. N'ezie, ọ dịghị otu onye nchoputa: aha, echiche, spirit. a pụkwara ikwu na usoro niile nwere usoro ọmụmụ dị iche iche." Patrick Moore ekwuola na "eziokwu bụ na Greenpeace bụ ọrụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe niile, ọ bụghị ihe tọrọ ntọala dị ka obodo ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ. Ya mere enwere obere agba ntụ banyere onye nwere ike ikwu na ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Greenpeace." Onye isi Greenpeace oge ochie Rex Weyler na-ekwu na homepage ya na ndị na-ahụ maka Greenpeace na-arụrịta ụka banyere ndị malitere kemgbe etiti 1970s. Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Greenpeace nke ugbu a depụtara ndị guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave dị ka Dorothy na Irving Stowe, Marie na Jim Bohlen, Ben na Dorothy Metcalfe, na Robert Hunter.<ref name="Greenpeace: founders">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/founders|title=Greenpeace Official page: The Founders|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=29 October 2008|accessdate=21 February 2011|archivedate=24 September 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050924150423/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/history/founders}}</ref> Dị ka Patrick Moore na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Dorothy Stowe, Dorothy Metcalfe, Jim Bohlen na Robert Hunter si kwuo, ndị guzobere Kọmitii Don't Make a Wave bụ Paul Cote, Irving na Dorothy Stowa na Jim na Marie Bohlen.<ref name="Moore: founders">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beattystreetpublishing.com/who-are-the-founders-of-greenpeace-2/|title=Patrick Moore: Who Are the Founders of Greenpeace|publisher=Beatty Street Publishing|accessdate=22 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007000313/http://www.beattystreetpublishing.com/who-are-the-founders-of-greenpeace-2/|archivedate=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Archive.greenpeace.org">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html|title=Interview by Michael Friedrich: Greenpeace Founders|publisher=Archive.greenpeace.org|accessdate=21 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622032226/http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html|archivedate=22 June 2011}}</ref> Paul Watson, onye guzobere [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] na-ekwusi ike na ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị guzobere The Don't Make a Wave Committee na Greenpeace.<ref name="watson:founders">{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|title=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society: Greenpeace Attempts to Make Captain Paul Watson 'Disappear'|publisher=Seashepherd.org|date=15 May 2008|accessdate=21 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304220727/http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/paul-watson-and-greenpeace.html|archivedate=4 March 2011}}</ref> Greenpeace ekwuola na Watson bụ onye otu mbụ nwere mmetụta, mana ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/|title=Greenpeace: Paul Watson, Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace: some facts|publisher=Greenpeace|date=17 December 2008|accessdate=22 November 2012|archivedate=26 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826061748/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/en/news-and-blogs/news/paul-watson-sea-shepherd-and/}}</ref> Watson boro Greenpeace ebubo na ha na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref name="watson:founders" /> N'ihi na Patrick Moore so na ndị ọrụ nke njem mkpesa mbụ, Moore na-ewere onwe ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya. Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na Moore bụ onye otu mbụ dị mkpa, ọ bụghị otu n'ime ndị guzobere Greenpeace.<ref name="Archive.greenpeace.org">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html|title=Interview by Michael Friedrich: Greenpeace Founders|publisher=Archive.greenpeace.org|accessdate=21 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622032226/http://archive.greenpeace.org/comms/vrml/rw/text/def/founders.html|archivedate=22 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="greenpeaceMoore">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/Patrick-Moore-background-information/|title=Patrick Moore background information|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=7 December 2010|accessdate=23 November 2012|archivedate=1 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901004225/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/Patrick-Moore-background-information/}}</ref> === Mgbe Amchitka gasịrị === Mgbe ụlọ ọrụ dị na Stowe home, (na mgbe nke mbụ concert ego-ịzụlite) Greenpeace ọrụ kwagara n'ụlọ ndị ọzọ onwe ma na-enwe nzukọ ọha kwa izu na Wednesday abalị na Kitsilano Neighborhood House tupu edozi, n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1974, na obere obere. ụlọ ọrụ na-ekerịta ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi SPEC na 2007 West 4th na Maple na Kitsilano. Mgbe ule nuklia na Amchitka gwụchara, Greenpeace mere ka ọ lekwasị anya na nyocha ngwa agha nuklia nke [[France]] na Moruroa Atoll na French Polynesia. Òtù na-eto eto chọrọ enyemaka maka ngagharị iwe ha, David McTaggart, onye bụbu ọchụnta ego bi na New Zealand kpọtụkwara ya. Na 1972 ụgbọ mmiri Vega, ketch 12.5-mita (41 ft) nke David McTaggart nwere, ka ahagharịrị Greenpeace III wee banye na ngagharị iwe nuklia banye mpaghara mwepu na Moruroa iji nwaa imebi nnwale nuklia French. Ọ bụ alaka ụlọ ọrụ New Zealand nke Mgbasa Ozi Maka Mwepu Ngwá Agha Nuklia kwadoro ma hazie njem a. Ndị agha mmiri France gbalịrị ịkwụsị ngagharị iwe ahụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, gụnyere ịwakpo David McTaggart. A sịrị na e tiri McTaggart ihe ruo n'ókè nke na ọ tụfuru ụzọ n'otu anya ya. Agbanyeghị, otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri McTaggart sere foto ihe merenụ wee gaa n'ihu ọha. Mgbe a kwusachara mwakpo ahụ, France kwupụtara na ọ ga-akwụsị ule nuklia ikuku. N'etiti 1970s ụfọdụ ndị otu Greenpeace malitere mgbasa ozi nọọrọ onwe ya, Project Ahab, megide whaling azụmahịa, ebe Irving Stowe megidere Greenpeace na-elekwasị anya n'okwu ndị ọzọ karịa ngwa agha nuklia. Mgbe Irving Stowe nwụsịrị na 1975, Phyllis Cormack ji ụgbọ mmiri si Vancouver gaa ihu ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri Soviet n'ụsọ oké osimiri California. Ndị na-akwado Greenpeace kpasuru azụ azụ site n'itinye onwe ha n'etiti ụbọ akwara na whale, na ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe ahụ gbasaara gburugburu ụwa. Mgbe e mesịrị na 1970s, nzukọ ahụ gbasaara nlebara anya ya na-agụnye nsị nsị na ịchụ nta akara azụmahịa. Greenpeace bipụtara "Greenpeace Declaration of Interdependence" na ''Greenpeace Chronicles'' (Winter 1976-77). Nkwupụta a bụ mkpirisi nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi Bob Hunter dere kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. === Ọganihu nke nzukọ === [[Usòrò:Greenpeace_ship_"Esperanza"_off_Gravesend.jpg|thumb|[[MV Esperanza|MV]] Esperanza, onye bụbu onye na-agbanyụ ọkụ nke ndị agha mmiri Russia, bụ nke Greenpeace maliteghachiri n'afọ 2002.]] Greenpeace sitere n'otu ìgwè ndị Canada na ndị America na-eme ngagharị iwe gaa n'otu ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịghị echebara echiche nke ndị na-emegide omenala na ndị ntorobịa hippie nke afọ 1960 na 1970.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/|title=Greenpeace|publisher=Rex Weyler|date=1 March 1954|accessdate=6 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612061135/http://rexweyler.com/greenpeace/|archivedate=12 June 2011}}</ref> Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke Greenpeace sitere na ya mara ọkwa oge nke iwepụ ọnọdụ site na ihe ndị mere n'ụwa ochie ma chọọ ịmepụta ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, gburugburu ebe obibi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="odysseu">Robert Hunter: Greenpeace to Amchitka, An Environmental Odyssey</ref> N'etiti afọ ndị 1970 ndị otu nwere onwe ha na-eji aha Greenpeace malitere ịpụta n'ụwa niile. Ka ọ na-erule 1977, e nwere ìgwè Greenpeace 15 ruo 20 gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="Weyler" /> N'otu oge ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace nke Canada ji nnukwu ụgwọ. Esemokwu dị n'etiti ọfịs maka ịnakọta ego na ntụziaka nhazi kewara òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọfịs North America na-ala azụ ịnọ n'okpuru ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada.<ref name="Weyler">{{Cite web|author=Weyler, Rex|url=http://www.utne.com/web_special/web_specials_archives/articles/2246-4.html|title=Waves of Compassion. The founding of Greenpeace|pages=14–15|publisher=Utne.com|accessdate=23 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014213711/http://www.utne.com/web_special/web_specials_archives/articles/2246-4.html|archivedate=14 October 2007}}</ref> Mgbe ihe omume nke Moruroa Atoll gasịrị, David McTaggart kwagara France ịga agha n'ụlọikpe na steeti France ma nyere aka ịzụlite nkwado nke European Greenpeace otu. David McTaggart nwere mmasị na Canadian Greenpeace Foundation ịnakwere usoro ọhụrụ na-eweta ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace gbasasịrị n'okpuru nkwado nke otu ọgbakọ zuru ụwa ọnụ. European Greenpeace kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ Canada Greenpeace na 14 October 1979, Greenpeace International malitere ịdị adị. N'okpuru usoro ọhụrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara nyere otu pasent nke ego ha na-enweta na òtù mba ụwa, bụ ndị weghaara ọrụ maka ịhazi ntụziaka n'ozuzu nke mmegharị ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ọ bụla nwere otu votu. Ụfọdụ otu Greenpeace, ya bụ [[London]] Greenpeace (gbasara na 2001) na Greenpeace Foundation nke dị na United States (ka na-arụ ọrụ) agbanyeghị na ha kpebiri ịnọrọ onwe ya na Greenpeace International. Tinyere ọtụtụ NGO ndị ọzọ, Greenpeace bụ isiokwu nke nyocha na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na nke na-enweghị isi site na US Federal Bureau of Investigation n'etiti afọ 2001 na 2005. Inspector General nke US Justice Department kpebiri na e nwere "obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ihe ndabere" maka nyocha ahụ nakwa na ọ mere ka FBI nye ozi na-ezighị ezi na nke na-eduhie eduhie na United States Congress.<ref name="Atlantic10">{{Cite news|author=Cohen|first=Andrew|title=OIG: FBI Inappropriately Tracked Domestic Advocacy Groups|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/09/oig-fbi-inappropriately-tracked-domestic-advocacy-groups/63276/|accessdate=22 September 2020|work=The Atlantic|date=20 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="ABCNews10">{{Cite news|author=Cloherty|first=Jack|title=FBI Spied on PETA, Greenpeace, Anti-War Activists|url=https://abcnews.go.com/News/Blotter/fbi-spied-peta-greenpeace-anti-war-activists/story?id=11682844|accessdate=22 September 2020|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LATimes10">{{Cite news|author=Serrano|first=Richard A.|title=FBI improperly investigated activists, Justice Department review finds|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-sep-21-la-na-fbi-activists-20100921-story.html|accessdate=22 September 2020|work=Los Angeles Times|date=21 September 2010}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Greenpeace UK malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ nyocha akpọrọ Unearthed.<ref name="Guardian Unearthed launch">{{Cite news|author=Jackson|first=Jasper|title=Greenpeace hires team of investigative journalists|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/sep/09/greenpeace-hires-investigative-journalists-meiron-jones|accessdate=4 July 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=9 September 2015|language=en}}</ref> == Ọdịdị nzukọ == === Ọchịchị === [[Usòrò:GPIgovernance&management.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọchịchị na usoro nchịkwa nke Greenpeace.]] Greenpeace nwere ''Greenpeace International'' (nke a na-akpọ Stichting Greenpeace Council) nke dị na Amsterdam, [[Netherlands]], na ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara 25 na-arụ ọrụ na mba 55.<ref name="organization">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured|title=Greenpeace, organization|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=13 November 2008|accessdate=3 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117224158/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured/|archivedate=17 January 2011}}</ref> Ọfịs mpaghara na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'okpuru nlekọta nke Greenpeace International. Ndị otu Greenpeace International na-ahọpụta onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace. Onye nduzi oge nke Greenpeace International bụ Mads Flarup Christensen na ndị isi oche oge nke Board bụ Marcelo Iniarra na David Tong.<ref name="executive director">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/International-Executive-Director/|title=Greenpeace International, Executive Director|date=15 January 2016|publisher=Greenpeace.org|accessdate=20 May 2016|archivedate=31 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531012955/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/International-Executive-Director/}}</ref><ref name="Board">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured/governance-structure/board|title=Greenpeace International, Board of Directors|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=21 April 2011|accessdate=9 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426110930/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured/governance-structure/board|archivedate=26 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/governance/|title=Governance}}</ref> Greenpeace nwere ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo 2,400 na 15,000 n'ụwa niile. Ọfịs mpaghara ọ bụla na-eduzi site na onye isi nchịkwa mpaghara nke ndị nduzi mpaghara họpụtara. Ndị isi mpaghara na-ahọpụta onye nlekọta na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Greenpeace International, ebe ndị nlekọta na-ahọrọ ma ọ bụ wepụ ndị nduzi nke Greenpeace Internacional. Ọrụ nzukọ ezumezu a na-eme kwa afọ bụkwa ikwurịta ma kpebie ụkpụrụ zuru oke na okwu ndị dị mkpa maka Greenpeace na mmekorita ya na ndị nlekọta nke ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na ndị nduzi Greenpeace International.<ref name="governance">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured/governance-structure|title=Governance Structure|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=11 April 2011|accessdate=23 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206184126/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/how-is-greenpeace-structured/governance-structure/|archivedate=6 December 2010}}</ref> [[Usòrò:DDC-GP.JPG|thumb|Onye na-anakọta ego n'okporo ámá Greenpeace na-agwa onye na-agafe agafe]] Greenpeace na-enweta ego ya site n'aka ndị na-akwado ya na ntọala.<ref name="GPI-FAQ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/faq/questions-about-greenpeace-in|title=Greenpeace International FAQ: Questions about Greenpeace in general|publisher=Greenpeace.org|date=8 January 2009|accessdate=21 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411091859/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/about/faq/questions-about-greenpeace-in|archivedate=11 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="HBS">{{Cite web|first=Sarah Jane|author=Gilbert|url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html|title=Harvard Business School, HBS Cases: The Value of Environmental Activists|publisher=Hbswk.hbs.edu|date=8 September 2008|accessdate=21 February 2011|archivedate=10 October 2009|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091010181022/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5797.html}}</ref> Ọ na-enyocha onyinye niile dị mkpa iji hụ na ọ naghị enweta onyinye ndị a na-achọghị.<ref name="funding">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/belgium/nl/press/reports/fundraisingpolicies.pdf|title=Greenpeace Fundraising policies|accessdate=21 February 2011|archivedate=21 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521060113/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/belgium/nl/press/reports/fundraisingpolicies.pdf}}</ref> Ewezuga Netherlands' National Postcode Lottery, nnukwu lọtrị gọọmentị na-akwado na mba ahụ, nzukọ ahụ anaghị anabata ego sitere na gọọmentị, òtù gọọmentị etiti, òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ iji zere mmetụta ha.<ref name="GPI-FAQ" /><ref name="HBS" /><ref name="funding" /> Ajụjụ onyinye sitere na ntọala ndị otu ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-enweta ọtụtụ ego ha sitere na gọọmentị ma ọ bụ otu gọọmentị etiti. A na-ajụkwa onyinye ntọala ma ọ bụrụ na ntọala ahụ jikọtara ọnọdụ enweghị ezi uche, mgbochi ma ọ bụ mgbochi na ọrụ Greenpeace ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na onyinye ahụ ga-emebi nnwere onwe na ebumnuche nke nzukọ a. Ebe ọ bụ na n'etiti 1990s ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akwado malitere ibelata, Greenpeace sụrụ ụzọ n'iji ego ego ihu na ihu ebe ndị na-akwado ego na-achọsi ike na-achọ ndị na-akwado ọhụrụ n'ebe ọha na eze, na-edebanye aha ha maka onyinye nkwụnye ụgwọ kwa ọnwa. Na 2008, ihe ka ukwuu n'ime €202.5 nde nke nzukọ ahụ natara bụ ihe dị ka nde 2.6 ndị na-akwado oge niile, tumadi si Europe. N'afọ 2014, ego a na-enweta kwa afọ nke nzukọ ahụ bụ ihe dị ka nde euro 300 (US $ 400) n'agbanyeghị na ha tụfuru ihe dị ka nde €4 (US $ 5) na ntule ego n'afọ ahụ. Na Septemba 2003, Watch Interest Watch (PIW) mere mkpesa na Internal Revenue Service na nkwụghachi ụtụ Greenpeace US ezighi ezi yana megidere iwu. IRS mere nyocha buru ibu wee kwubie na Disemba 2005 na Greenpeace USA gara n'ihu na-eru eru maka ọkwa enweghị ụtụ isi ya. Na Maachị 2006 Akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street Journal kọrọ na "ịgba akwụkwọ ụtụ isi gọọmentị etiti nke PIW, nke na-ekpuchi August 2003 ruo July 2004, kwuru na $120,000 n'ime $124,095 otu ahụ natara n'onyinye n'oge ahụ sitere na Exxon Mobil". N'afọ 2013, mgbe IRS mechara nyocha nleba anya, nke dị ọcha ọzọ, yana, na-agbaso nkwupụta nke nyocha IRS nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke otu ndị jikọrọ aka na Tea Party, GreenPeace US Executive Director Phil Radford kpọrọ oku maka nyocha nke Congressional na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile. nyocha mkpali - gụnyere ndị eboro ebubo na ha na-ezubere iche maka Tea Party Movement, NAACP, na Greenpeace. === Mgbanwe dijitalụ === Onye isi nchịkwa mba ụwa bụ Kumi Naidoo kwupụtara na 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Conference bụ "nnukwu ọdịda" ma gosipụta na nzukọ ahụ chere oge "ọkụ ọkụ" ihu. Naidoo gbara ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace ume ka ha nabata atụmatụ na usoro ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ tinye onwe ha n'ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="Joslyn">{{Cite web|author=Joslyn|first=Heather|date=14 June 2018|title=A Group Born at Greenpeace Spreads Ideas About Grass-Roots Advocacy|url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/a-group-born-at-greenpeace-spreads-ideas-about-grass-roots-advocacy/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=www.philanthropy.com}}</ref> Iji mezuo atụmatụ ọhụrụ a kwadoro na 2010, Greenpeace goro Michael Silberman iwu "Digital Mobilisation Centre of Excellence" na 2011, nke ghọrọ Mobilisation Lab ("MobLab").<ref name="Joslyn">{{Cite web|author=Joslyn|first=Heather|date=14 June 2018|title=A Group Born at Greenpeace Spreads Ideas About Grass-Roots Advocacy|url=https://www.philanthropy.com/article/a-group-born-at-greenpeace-spreads-ideas-about-grass-roots-advocacy/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=www.philanthropy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mobilisation Lab|date=2022|title=Key Resources from Mobilisation Lab|url=https://commonslibrary.org/key-resources-from-mobilisation-lab/|accessdate=20 June 2022|work=Commons Social Change Library}}</ref> Ezubere dị ka isi iyi nke omume kachasị mma, nnwale, na mmepe atụmatụ, MobLab lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye ikike dijitalụ na ịkwalite mkpọsa obodo na mba 42.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Roots|url=https://mobilisationlab.org/about/our-roots/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=MobLab|language=en-US|archivedate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201202958/https://mobilisationlab.org/about/our-roots/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Radford|first=Philip|date=20 July 2011|title=Greenpeace to Launch Global Digital Innovation Lab; Hires Michael Silberman, Online Pioneer, To Lead Initiative|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/greenpeace-to-launch-glob_b_904378|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị 2017, MobLab si na Greenpeace pụta site na itinye ego nke Greenpeace na CIVICUS World Alliance for Citizen Participation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Announcing a MobLab for your movement|url=https://mobilisationlab.org/stories/announcing-a-moblab-for-your-movement/|accessdate=17 November 2020|work=MobLab|date=March 2017|language=en-US|archivedate=3 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203071615/https://mobilisationlab.org/stories/announcing-a-moblab-for-your-movement/}}</ref> == Nchịkọta nke ihe ndị a na-ebute ụzọ na mkpọsa == Na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ya nke mba ụwa, Greenpeace na-akọwa ọrụ ya dị ka ndị a:<blockquote>Greenpeace bụ òtù na-eme mkpọsa n'onwe ya, nke na-eji esemokwu na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike, nke na'ichepụta ihe iji kpughee nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma mepụta ihe ngwọta maka ọdịnihu na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke udo. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ anyị bụ iji hụ na ụwa nwere ike ịzụlite ndụ n'ụdị ya niile. Nke ahụ pụtara na anyị chọrọ: * Kwụsị ka mbara ala ghara ikpo ọkụ karịa 1.5° iji gbochie mmetụta kachasị njọ nke mmebi ihu igwe. * Chekwaa [[Biodiversity|ụdị]] dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụdị ya niile. * Mbelata oke oriri ma mụta ibi ndụ n'ime ihe anyị nwere. * Kwalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe dị ka ihe ngwọta nke nwere ike inye ụwa ike. * Nkwado udo, iwepụ ngwá agha zuru ụwa ọnụ na enweghị ime ihe ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/values/|title=Our Values|accessdate=22 December 2019|archivedate=7 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207191654/https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/values/}}</ref> </blockquote> == Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ike == [[Usòrò:Tove_Ryding_(Greenpeace)_(4565188365).jpg|thumb|Tove Maria Ryding, na ọrụ ya n'oge ahụ dị ka onye nhazi iwu ihu igwe nke Greenpeace, na nnọkọ site na Bonn ruo Cancun, 2010]] [[Usòrò:Greenpeace_Climate_March_2015_Madrid.jpg|thumb|Greenpeace ihu igwe March 2015 na Madrid]] Greenpeace bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ chepụtara ọnọdụ mmepe na-adigide maka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe, nke o mere na 1993. Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze bụ Marc Mormont na Christine Dasnoy si kwuo, nzukọ a rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ịzụlite mmata ọha na eze banyere okpomọkụ ụwa na 1990s. Greenpeace lekwasịrị anya na CFC, n'ihi ma ikike ha nwere ike ikpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ yana mmetụta ha na oyi akwa ozone. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eduga ndị sonyere n'ịkwado iwepụta mmalite nke ihe na-emebi ozone na Protocol Montreal. Na mbido 1990s, Greenpeace mepụtara teknụzụ friji na-enweghị CFC, "Greenfreeze" maka mmepụta oke yana ụlọ ọrụ friji. United Nations Environment Programme nyere Greenpeace maka "atụnye ụtụ pụtara ìhè na nchekwa nke ozone oyi akwa ụwa" na 1997. N'afọ 2011, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ ise nke mmepụta friji sitere na teknụzụ Greenfreeze, nke nwere ihe karịrị nde 600 na-eji. Ugbu a, Greenpeace na-ewere okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị na-eche ụwa ihu. Ọ na-akpọ oku ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ na-arị elu na 2015 na ibelata nso zero dị ka o kwere mee site na 2050. Iji ruo ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, Greenpeace kpọrọ mba ndị mepere emepe ka ha belata ihe ọkụkụ ha dịkarịa ala 40% site na 2020 (site na ọkwa 1990). na inye nnukwu ego maka mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe iji wulite ikike ike na-adịgide adịgide, ime mgbanwe na nsonaazụ a na-apụghị izere ezere nke okpomọkụ ụwa, na ịkwụsị igbutu osisi site na 2020. Tinyere EREC, Greenpeace ewepụtala ọnọdụ ike zuru ụwa ọnụ, "Energy [R] evolution. ", ebe a na-emepụta 80% nke ike zuru ụwa ọnụ site na mmeghari ohuru, na mpụta nke ngalaba ike na-ebelata ihe karịrị 80% nke ọkwa 1990 site na 2050. N'iji ihe eme ihe ozugbo, ndị otu Greenpeace emeela ngagharị iwe ọtụtụ oge megide coal site n'inwe ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ na igbochi mbupu coal na ọrụ Ngwuputa, n'ebe ndị dị ka New Zealand, Svalbard, Australia na United Kingdom. Greenpeace na-akatọkwa iwepụta mmanụ ala n'ájá mmanụ ma jiri ihe na-eme kpọmkwem gbochie ọrụ na ájá mmanụ Athabasca na Canada. === Ike mbara ala na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ === N'afọ 1999 Greenpeace Germany (NGO) tọrọ ntọala Greenpeace Energy, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe nke na-enye ndị ahịa ya gas fossil gas malite na 2011. Mgbe mkpesa mgbasa ozi 2021 gbasara otu ụlọ ọrụ jikọtara Greenpeace na-ere mmanụ ọkụ nke akọwara dị ka akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere ya. Aha ya bụ Green Planet Energy. Greenpeace Germany NGO na-ejigide otu òkè na mmekorita, nke a katọrọ maka "ịcha ahịhịa" gas Russia.   === Ikpe ụlọ ikpe Kingsnorth === N'October 2007, e jidere ndị ngagharị iwe Greenpeace isii maka ịwaba n'ọdụ ọkụ Kingnorth na Kent, England; na-arịgo 200-mita (600') anwụrụ anwụrụ ọkụ, na-ese aha Gordon na chimni (na-ekwu maka onye bụbu Prime Minister UK, Gordon Brown), ma na-akpata mmebi ihe ruru £ 30,000. N'ikpe ha na-esote, ha kwetara na ha gbalịrị imechi ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ, ma na-arụrịta ụka na a kwadoro ha n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro n'ihi na ha na-agbalị igbochi mgbanwe ihu igwe site na imebi ihe onwunwe n'ebe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa. A nụrụ ihe akaebe sitere n'aka onye ndụmọdụ David Cameron na gburugburu ebe obibi Zac Goldsmith, ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe James E. Hansen na onye isi Inuit si Greenland, na-ekwu na mgbanwe ihu igwe adịlarị na-emetụta ndụ gburugburu ụwa. A tọhapụrụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị isii ahụ. Ọ bụ ikpe mbụ ebe a na-eji igbochi mmebi ihe onwunwe nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara dịka akụkụ nke nchekwa "ngọpụ ziri ezi" n'ụlọ ikpe. Ma Daily Telegraph na The Guardian kọwara ntọhapụ ahụ dị ka ihe ihere nye ndị ọrụ Brown. Na Disemba 2008, akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times depụtara ntọhapụ ahụ na ndepụta kwa afọ nke echiche kacha emetụta nke ye. === "Gaa Karịa Mmanụ" === Dị ka akụkụ nke nguzo ha na azụmahịa ike mmeghari ohuru, Greenpeace ewepụtala mkpọsa "Go Beyond Mmanụ". Mgbasa ozi a lekwasịrị anya n'ibelata, ma mechaa kwụsị, oriri mmanụ n'ụwa; na mmemme ndị na-eme ihe ike na-eme megide ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-achụ ntanye mmanụ dị ka ọrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ mgbasa ozi "Go Beyond Oil" agbadoro anya n'ịgba mmanụ na Arctic na mpaghara ọdachi Deepwater Horizon metụtara. Ihe omume Greenpeace na Arctic etinyela aka na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha mmanụ na gas nke Edinburgh, Cairn Energy; na sitere na ngagharị iwe n'isi ụlọ ọrụ Cairn Energy ruo n'ịkwalite ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ha na mbọ iji kwụsị usoro ịgbapu mmiri. Mgbasa ozi "Go Beyond Oil" na-agụnyekwa itinye nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gọọmentị ndị na-enye ohere nyocha mmanụ na mpaghara ha; na otu ahụ na-ekwu na otu n'ime ebumnuche dị mkpa nke mkpọsa "Go Beyond oil" bụ "ịrụ ọrụ iji kpughee ogologo ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị njikere ịga kpochapụ barrels ikpeazụ n'ala ma tinye nrụgide na ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentịa ka ha gafee mmanụ".<ref name="GoBeyondOil">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/oil|title=Go beyond oil|publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk|accessdate=6 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103152843/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/oil|archivedate=3 November 2013}}</ref> === Ike nuklia ===   {| class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.5em;" ! class="sidebar-title" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |[[Anti-nuclear movement]] |- | class="sidebar-image" |[[File:Smiling_Sun_English_Language.svg|center|100x100px]] |- ! class="sidebar-heading" | By country |- | class="sidebar-content" | <div class="hlist"> * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Australia|Australia]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Austria|Austria]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Canada|Canada]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in France|France]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Germany|Germany]] * [[Nuclear power in India#Anti-nuclear protests|India]] * [[Nuclear energy in Ireland|Ireland]] * [[Anti-nuclear power movement in Japan|Japan]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]] * [[New Zealand nuclear-free zone|New Zealand]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in the Philippines|Philippines]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Poland|Poland]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Russia|Russia]] * [[Koeberg Alert|South Africa]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in South Korea|South Korea]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Spain|Spain]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Sweden|Sweden]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland|Switzerland]] * [[Nuclear power in Taiwan#Anti-nuclear movement|Taiwan]] * [[Human chain against nuclear plant in Turkey|Turkey]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] * [[Anti-nuclear movement in the United States|United States]] </div> |- ! class="sidebar-heading" | Lists |- | class="sidebar-content" | <div class="plainlist"> * [[List of anti-nuclear advocates in the United States|Anti-nuclear advocates]] * [[Anti-nuclear organizations|Anti-nuclear groups]] * [[Anti-nuclear protests|Protests by country]] </div> |- | class="sidebar-navbar" | |} Greenpeace na-emegide ike nuklia n'ihi na ọ na-ele ya anya dị ka "ihe ize ndụ, mmetọ, dị oke ọnụ na nke a na-apụghị imezigharị". Nzukọ ahụ gosipụtara ọdachi nuklia nke Chernobyl nke 1986 na ọdachi nuklea nke Fukushima nke 2011 dị ka ihe akaebe nke ihe ize ndụ nke ike nuklia nwere ike ịkpata ndụ ndị mmadụ, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba. Greenpeace na-ele uru nke ike nuklia anya dị obere ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu nsogbu na ihe ize ndụ ya, dị ka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe izefices sitere na igwupụta uranium, mgbasa nke ngwá agha nuklia, na ajụjụ ndị a na-edozighị gbasara ihe mkpofu nuklia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problems|title=Nuclear Problems|publisher=Greenpeace.org.uk|accessdate=23 November 2012|archivedate=20 June 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620200301/http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/nuclear/problems}}</ref> Òtù a na-arụ ụka na ikike nke ike nuklia iji belata okpomọkụ ụwa dị ntakịrị, na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ ike nke IEA ebe mmụba nke ikike nuklia ụwa site na 2608 TWh na 2007 ruo 9857 TWh site na 2050 ga-ebelata ikuku ikuku griin ha na-erughị 5% na chọrọ nkeji iri atọ na abụọ nke ikike 1000 MW wuru kwa afọ ruo 2050. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo, oge ihe owuwu na-adịghị ngwa ngwa, igbu oge ihe owuwu, yana ọnụ ahịa zoro ezo na-emebi ikike mbelata ike nuklia. Nke a na-eme ka ọnọdụ IEA n'ụzọ teknụzụ na ego enweghị ezi uche. Ha na-arụkwa ụka na ijikọta nnukwu itinye ego na ike nuklia ga-ewepụ ego na ngwọta dị irè karị. Greenpeace na-ele owuwu nke ụlọ ọrụ nuklia Olkiluoto 3 na Finland dị ka ihe atụ nke nsogbu dị n'ịrụ ike nuklia ọhụrụ. N'afọ 2022, Greenpeace yiri egwu ịgba European Union akwụkwọ mgbe ọ tụụrụ aro ka a kọwaa ike nuklia dị ka teknụzụ "akwụkwọ ndụ" nke na-enyere mba aka belata ikuku CO2.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abnett|first=Kate|date=2023-02-09|title=Greenpeace to sue EU over 'green' label for gas and nuclear|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/greenpeace-sue-eu-over-green-label-gas-nuclear-2023-02-09/}}</ref> Greenpeace mere emume nkwụsị nke ike nuklia na Germany na 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenpeace celebrates end of Germany's nuclear era with T.Rex dinosaur|url=https://www.euronews.com/video/2023/04/15/greenpeace-celebrates-end-of-germanys-nuclear-era-with-trex-dinosaur|work=euronews|format=Video|date=15 April 2023|language=en}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, Germany na-enwe nsogbu ike ma na-adabere na coal na gas maka mmepụta ike.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-04-16|title=Climate activists in Germany rejoice at wind-down of nuclear plants|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/04/16/climate-activists-in-germany-rejoice-at-wind-down-of-the-last-nuclear-plants|work=euronews|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kappeler|first=Laura Paddison Nadine Schmidt Inke|date=2023-04-15|title='A new era': Germany quits nuclear power, closing its final three plants|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/europe/germany-nuclear-phase-out-climate-intl/index.html|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> ==== Mgbasa ozi na-emegide nuklia ==== Na 1994, Greenpeace bipụtara mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi mgbochi nuklia nke gụnyere nkwupụta na ụlọ ọrụ nuklia dị na Sellafield ga-egbu mmadụ 2,000 n'ime afọ 10 sochirinụ, na ihe onyonyo nke nwatakịrị metụtara hydrocephalus kwuru na ọ bụ onye nyocha nke ngwa agha nuklia na Kazakhstan. . Ndị na-ahụ maka ụkpụrụ mgbasa ozi lere nkwupụta gbasara Sellafield anya dị ka nke enweghị isi, enweghị ntọala sayensị ọ bụla. Nke a butere machibido mgbasa ozi ahụ. Greenpeace anabataghị mmejọ, na-ekwu na otu dọkịta Kazakhstan kwuru na ọnọdụ nwatakịrị ahụ bụ n'ihi ule nuklia n'agbanyeghị na a naghị anwale ngwa agha nuklia na Sellafield. ==== EDF na-enyocha ikpe na mkpesa ==== N'afọ 2011, ụlọ ikpe France tara Électricité de France (EDF) € 1.5m ma tụọ ndị ọrụ abụọ dị elu maka nledo na Greenpeace, gụnyere ịbanye na sistemụ kọmputa Greenpeace. Enyere Greenpeace € 500,000 na mmebi. Ọ bụ ezie na EDF kwuru na a na-arụ ọrụ nchekwa naanị iji nyochaa Greenpeace, ụlọ ikpe ahụ ekwetaghị, tụọ onye isi na osote onye isi ọrụ nchekwa nuklia EDF maka afọ atọ ọ bụla. EDF rịọrọ ikpe ahụ, a kpochapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na nkata nledo na Greenpeace ma kagbuo ntaramahụhụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa, Kargus, nke onye bụbu onye ọrụ nzuzo France na-agba, nwetara ikpe nke afọ atọ na afọ abụọ n'otu n'otu. === Ozone layer na Greenfreeze === [[Usòrò:Greenfreeze.jpg|thumb|Peter Melchett, aka nri, (mgbe ahụ ED nke Greenpeace UK) na Malcolm Walker, (Chairman Iceland Frozen Foods) na Greenfreeze friji, 1998]] Okpokoro ozone gbara ụwa gburugburu na-amịkọrọ nnukwu radieshon ultraviolet. Akụkọ 1976 sitere n'aka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Sayensị nke United States kwadoro echiche ozone "nkwụsị ike". A kọrọ na ọ nwere nnukwu mfu sitere na chlorinated na nitrogenous ogige n'afọ 1985. Nnyocha ndị mbụ emewo ka ụfọdụ mba tinye iwu mmachibido iwu nke ikuku ikuku, nke mere na e debanyere Mgbakọ Vienna na 1985 na 1985 Montreal Protocol bịanyere aka na 1987 iji malite ike mgbe afọ abụọ gasịrị. . Iji CFC na HCFC na refrigeration so na teknụzụ amachibidoro. Otu ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ German mepụtara ihe refrigerant ọzọ nke ozone-safe hydrocarbon nke batara n'uche onye mgbasa ozi Greenpeace gburugburu 1992. Enyere ikike nke teknụzụ ahụ na Greenpeace, bụ nke debere ya dị ka patent mepere emepe. E mechara jiri teknụzụ ahụ na Germany, emesia China, ebe ọzọ na Europe, yana afọ ole na ole na Japan na South America, na n'ikpeazụ na US site na 2012. == Mgbalị ime ọhịa == [[Usòrò:Marșul_pentru_Păduri.jpg|thumb|Oké ọhịa March, 2019]] [[Usòrò:Greenpeace_Tanz_auf_Hausfassade_09.jpg|thumb|Ihe omume Greenpeace na Switzerland iji mee ka a mara iji chebe ọhịa, 2023]] Greenpeace bu n'obi ichekwa oke ọhịa ndị na-adịghị emebi emebi site na igbutu na nbibi site na ebumnuche nke igbutu osisi efu site na 2020. Nzukọ a boro ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Unilever, Nike, KFC, Kit Kat na McDonald's ebubo na ha nwere njikọ na igbutu ọhịa nke ebe okpomọkụ. na-akpata mgbanwe iwu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ. Greenpeace, ya na ndị NGO ndị ọzọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, gbakwara ọkwa maka afọ iri ka EU machibido ibubata osisi iwu na-akwadoghị. EU kpebiri machibido osisi iwu na-akwadoghị na Julaị 2010. Dị ka igbutu osisi na-enye aka na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, Greenpeace arịọla ka REDD (Mbelata Emission sitere na mbibi na mbibi nke ọhịa) kwesịrị ịgụnye na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe na-esote Protocol Kyoto. Otu Greenpeace ọzọ gbasara oke ohia mmiri ozuzo na-akụda ụlọ ọrụ nkwụ. The ije bụ ihe kasị arụ ọrụ na Indonesia ebe ugbua 6 nde hectare (23,000 sq. mi.) na-eji maka nkwụ mmanụ ubi na nwere atụmatụ ọzọ 4 nde hectare (15,000 sq. mi.) site 2015. Nkwenye na uka mmepụta nke ọzọ. mmanụ nkwụ nwere ike ịkpata oke ohia dị iche iche, Greenpeace na-agbasi mbọ ike megide mmepụta ahụ, na-agba ndị ụlọ ọrụ na gọọmentị ume ka ha tụgharịa n'ụdị akụrụngwa ike ndị ọzọ. Otu n'ime nsonaazụ dị mma nke mkpọsa ahụ bụ GAR (Golden Agri-Resources), ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na-emepụta mmanụ nkwụ n'ụwa, na-ekpebi itinye onwe ya n'ichekwa oke ọhịa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta nke na-egbochi ha ịmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na mpaghara ebe a na-ekpochi nnukwu carbon. N'akụkụ nkwado, ihe atụ nke ịga nke ọma Greenpeace na mpaghara ahụ bụ vidiyo viral sitere na 2016 na-eme mkpesa maka ojiji Nestlé na-eji nkwụ n'ụlọ mmanya Kit Kat. Vidio ahụ nwetara ihe karịrị nde 1, wee rụpụta nkwupụta ọha site na Nestlé na-ekwu na ha anaghịzi eji omume dị otú ahụ na ngwaahịa ha. N'afọ 2018, Greenpeace weputara obere ihe nkiri nke nwere orangutan akụkọ ifo aha ya bụ Rang-tan tupu ụbọchị Orangutan nke ụwa. Na Nọvemba 2018, Clearcast nke UK gọnarịrị ụdị vidiyo Rang-tan dịka Iceland Foods Ltd nyefere ya. === Iwepụ osisi oge ochie === Na June 1995, Greenpeace weere ogwe osisi sitere n'oké ọhịa nke ogige ntụrụndụ mba a tụrụ aro nke Koitajoki na Ilomantsi, Finland ma tinye ya na ngosi na ihe ngosi emere na Austria na Germany. Greenpeace kwuru na nnọkọ mgbasa ozi na osisi ahụ sitere na mpaghara osisi n'ime ọhịa oge ochie nke kwesịrị ichebe ya. Metsähallitus boro Greenpeace ebubo izu ohi wee kwuo na osisi ahụ sitere n'oké ọhịa nkịtị wee hapụ ya ka ọ kwụ ọtọ n'ihi agadi ya. Metsähallitus kwukwara na osisi ahụ dara n'ụzọ n'oge oké ifufe. Ihe omume ahụ nwetara mgbasa ozi na Finland, dịka ọmụmaatụ na nnukwu akwụkwọ akụkọ Helsingin Sanomat na Ilta-Sanomat. Greenpeace zaghachiri na osisi ahụ adaala n'ihi na ekpochapụrụ oke ọhịa na-echebe gburugburu ya, nakwa na ha chọrọ ime ka ọnọdụ ọhịa ochie pụta ìhè n'ozuzu, ọ bụghị akara nke otu osisi. Greenpeace mekwara ka Metsähallitus kweta uru ọhịa ahụ emesịa ka Metsähallitus na-ezo aka ugbu a na Koitajoki dị ka mpaghara pụrụ iche n'ihi oke ọhịa ochie ya. === Nsogbu mmanụ nkwụ nke Wilmar International === Nnyocha 2018 nke Greenpeace International mere chọpụtara na Wilmar International (onye na-ere mmanụ nkwụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa) ka nwere njikọ na mbibi oke ọhịa na mpaghara Indonesia nke Papua. Ụlọ ọrụ jikọrọ ọnụ, Gama, nke ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ Wilmar na-elekọta, akpatala igbutu osisi okpukpu abụọ karịa Paris. Greenpeace kpọkwara Wilmar maka imebi nkwa ha 2013 iji kwụsị igbutu osisi, bụ nke ha kwere nkwa iwebata organic na ụzọ dịgidere iji nakọta mmanụ nkwụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Greenpeace weputara mmanụ nkwụ Gama mebere na ụdị ụwa niile gụnyere P&G, Nestlé na Unilever. === Nsogbu Ngwongwo Ọhịa === Ụlọ ọrụ na-egbutu osisi Resolute Forest Products gbara Greenpeace akwụkwọ ọtụtụ ugboro kemgbe afọ 2013. N'afọ 2020, ụlọ ikpe dị na California nyere Resolute iwu ka ọ kwụọ US $ 816,000 na nzukọ ahụ iji kpuchie mmefu nke usoro iwu mgbe a jụrụ nkwupụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'otu ikpe 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stackl|first=Valentina|title=Judge Orders Resolute Forest Products to Pay Almost 1 Million Dollars to Greenpeace|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/resolute-to-pay-almost-1-million-dollars-to-greenpeace/|work=Greenpeace USA|accessdate=6 May 2020|archivedate=28 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428225354/https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/resolute-to-pay-almost-1-million-dollars-to-greenpeace/}}</ref> Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-emerụ oké ọhịa Boreal nke Canada. Greenpeace na-azọrọ na Boreal Forests nwere ọbụna karịa Tropical Forests ma ya mere dị ezigbo mkpa iji chebe ihu igwe ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moas|first=Amy|title=Clearcutting Free Speech|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/forests/boreal/clearcutting-free-speech/|work=Greenpeace USA|accessdate=6 May 2020|archivedate=28 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228171054/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/forests/boreal/clearcutting-free-speech/}}</ref> == Tokyo nke Abụọ ==   N'afọ 2008, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace abụọ na-emegide ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, Junichi Sato na Toru Suzuki, zuru ikpe anụ whale n'ebe a na-ebuga ibu na Aomori prefecture, Japan. Ihe ha bu n’obi bụ ikpughe ihe ha chere na a na-ezumike anụ a na-achịkọta n’oge a na-achụ nta whale. Mgbe nyocha nkenke nke ebubo ha kwụsịrị, Sato na Suzuki boro ebubo izu ohi na ịpụ. Amnesty International kwuru na njide na ndị na-esochi mwakpo a wakporo ụlọ ọrụ Greenpeace Japan na ụlọ nke ise ndị ọrụ Greenpeace bụ iji mee ka ụjọ jide ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu na-abụghị ndị gọọmentị. A mara ha ikpe maka izu ohi na imebi iwu na Septemba 2010 site n'ụlọ ikpe Aomori. == Genetically modified organisms (GMO) == [[Usòrò:Kurt_Wenner_Greenpeace.jpg|thumb|Ndị otu European Union na Brussels gosipụtara mkpesa nke 1 nde bịanyere aka megide GMO, 2010]] Greenpeace akwadowokwa ịjụ nri GM sitere na US na Zambia na-agụnụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ihe oriri nke ọka na-abụghị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị, na-ekwu na US "kwesịrị ịgbaso nzọụkwụ nke European Union ma kwe ka ndị na-enweta enyemaka họrọ enyemaka nri ha, zụta ya n'ógbè ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ. Omume a nwere ike ịkpali akụ na ụba na-emepe emepe ma mepụta nchekwa nri siri ike karị", na-agbakwụnye na, "ọ bụrụ na ndị Afrịka enweghị ihe ọzọ ọzọ, a ga-egwe ọka GE na-ese okwu ka a ghara ịkụ ya. Ọ bụ ọnọdụ a nyere ndị agbata obi Zambia Zimbabwe na Malawi ohere ịnabata ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/eat-this-or-die/|title=Eat this or die, The poison politics of food aid|publisher=Greenpeace|date=30 September 2002|accessdate=21 February 2011|archivedate=22 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522155602/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/news/features/eat-this-or-die/}}</ref> Mgbe Zambia machibidochara enyemaka nri GM niile, onye bụbu minista ọrụ ugbo nke Zambia katọrọ, "otu mba dị iche iche nke mba ụwa kwuru na-akwado ihe gọọmentị mere ga-eji akọ na uche ha dị iche iche gbakọọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ." Banyere mkpebi nke Zambia, Greenpeace kwuru na, "o doro anya na anyị na ọ bụrụ na a na-enyeghị enyemaka na-abụghị GM mgbe ahụ ha kwesịrị ịnakwere ihe oriri GM kpamkpam. Ma gọọmenti Zambia kpebiri ịjụ nri GM. Anyị na-enye anyị. echiche nke gọọmentị Zambia na, dị ka ọtụtụ gọọmentị na-eme, ha leghaara ndụmọdụ anyị anya." N'afọ 2007, Greenpeace kwadoro nyocha nke Gilles-Éric Séralini n'ime ọka MON 863 nke na-emepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke kwubiri na ọ kpatara nsogbu ahụike na òké ndị e ji mee ihe na nyocha ahụ. Nnyocha European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) na French Commission du Génie Biomoléculaire (AFBV) gosipụtara nnukwu njehie usoro na mbipụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2010|title=New and expiring approvals for GM plants in Europe|url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/messages/200703.docu.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230200044/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/news/messages/200703.docu.html|archivedate=30 December 2010|accessdate=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Organismes Génétiquement Modifiés, Annexe B. Avis de la commission du génie biomoléculaire sur l'étude statistique du CRIIGEN du maïs MON863|url=http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/system/files/d1b51c34d01.pdf|accessdate=17 April 2021|archivedate=13 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713131209/http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/system/files/d1b51c34d01.pdf}}</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ Séralini mere na GMO mere ka a katọọ aghụghọ sayensị na ntụgharị nke akwụkwọ ya.   Ọzọkwa na 2007 Greenpeace kpughere nsonaazụ Árpád Pusztai nke a tụgharịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2011|title=Suppressed report shows cancer link to GM potatoes|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/suppressed-report-shows-cancer-link-to-gm-potatoes-436673.html|accessdate=17 April 2021|work=The Independent|language=en|archivedate=17 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417204832/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/suppressed-report-shows-cancer-link-to-gm-potatoes-436673.html}}</ref>   === Greenpeace na osikapa ọla edo === Greenpeace na-emegide atụmatụ iji osikapa ọla edo, ụdị osikapa Oryza sativa dị iche iche emepụtara site na injinịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ka biosynthesize beta-carotene, ihe na-ebute pro-vitamin A n'akụkụ osikapa a na-eri. A na-ahụ mgbakwunye beta-carotene na osikapa dị ka ihe na-egbochi ịhụ ụzọ na mba ndị dara ogbenye dara ogbenye ebe e bu n'obi kesaa osikapa ọla edo. Dị ka Greenpeace si kwuo, osikapa ọla edo enwebeghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ ruo afọ 10 n'ime oge nke ụzọ ndị ọzọ na-alụ ọgụ erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ. Nhọrọ ọzọ nke Greenpeace tụrụ aro bụ ịkụda monocropping na ịbawanye mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ nke nwere nri na-edozi ahụ (nwere nri ndị ọzọ anaghị ahụ na osikapa ọla edo na mgbakwunye na beta-carotene). Greenpeace na-arụ ụka na a ga-eji ihe onwunwe eme ihe na mmemme ndị na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a ma na-enyere aka ịkwụsị erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ. Mgbanwe nke nchegbu ndị a dakọtara na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature banyere ụdị osikapa ọla edo nwere ọkwa dị elu nke beta carotene.<ref>Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S, Howells RM, Kennedy MJ, Vernon G, Wright SY, Hinchliffe E, Adams JL, Silverstone AL, Drake R (2005) A new version of Golden Rice with increased pro-vitamin A content. </ref> Syngenta mepụtara ma nye ya ikike, nke kpaliri Greenpeace ka ọ gbanwee ebubo ya na ebumnuche uru na-akpali ọrụ ahụ ma na-eje ozi dị ka mgbasa ozi iji bulie echiche ọha na eze banyere ngwaahịa GMO.<ref>Greenpeace. </ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na ezigbo arụmọrụ mmemme osikapa ọla edo n'ịgwọ ndị na-adịghị eri nri bụ isi ihe na-echegbu ya na mbido 2001, nkwupụta sitere na March na Eprel 2005 gara n'ihu na-ekwupụta nchegbu maka ahụike mmadụ na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Karịsịa, Greenpeace ekwupụtala nchegbu maka enweghị nyocha nchekwa a na-eme na ihe ọkụkụ GMO dị ka osikapa ọla edo na nke "na-egwu ndụ ndị mmadụ ... na-eji Golden Rice na-akwalite GMOs". NNa June 2016, otu ọgbakọ 107 Nobel Laureates bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mgbasa ozi ya megide mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na Golden Rice. N'ime akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, ha kpọkukwara gọọmentị mba ụwa ka ha mee ihe niile ha nwere ike ime megide omume Greenpeace ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nweta ngwa ngwa niile nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị mkpụrụ ndị emelitere site na teknụzụ biotechnology. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ na-ekwu na "A ghaghị ịkwụsị mmegide dabeere na mmetụta uche na nkwenkwe megidere data." Greenpeace zara azịza na-ekwu na "Ebubo na onye ọ bụla na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 'osikapa' ọla edo bụ ụgha" nakwa na ha na-akwado "... itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo na-eguzogide ihu igwe na inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ike ịnweta nri kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-edozi ahụ, kama ịwụsa ego ala. igbapu maka osikapa 'Golden' GE." == Ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu == NNa Julaị 2011, Greenpeace wepụtara akụkọ ya Dirty Laundry na-ebo ụfọdụ ụdị ejiji na uwe egwuregwu kachasị elu n'ụwa na-ahapụ ihe mkpofu nsị n'ime osimiri China. Akụkọ a na-akọwa nsogbu mmetọ mmiri na-esi na mwepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu metụtara ụlọ ọrụ akwa nke mba ahụ. Nnyocha e mere lekwasịrị anya na mkpofu mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị na China; otu nke Youngor Group dị na Yangtze River Delta na nke ọzọ na Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. nke dị na tributary nke Pearl River Delta. Nnyocha sayensị nke ihe nlele sitere na ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ gosipụtara ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ na-emebi homonụ dị ize ndụ na nke na-adịgide adịgide, gụnyere alkylphenols, ogige perfluorinated na perfluorooctane sulfonate. Akụkọ ahụ gara n'ihu kwupụta na Youngor Group na Well Dyeing Factory Ltd. - ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị n'azụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ - nwere mmekọrịta azụmahịa na ọtụtụ ụdị uwe ejiji, gụnyere Abercrombie & Fitch, Adidas, Bauer Hockey, Calvin Klein, Converse, Cortefiel, H&M, Lacoste, Li Ning, Metersbonwe Group, Nike, Phillips-Van Heusen na Puma AG. N'afọ 2013, Greenpeace malitere mkpọsa "Detox Fashion", nke debanyere aha ụfọdụ ụdị ejiji iji kwụsị mbupụ nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu n'ime osimiri n'ihi mmepụta uwe ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/water/detox/|title=Detox|work=Greenpeace International|accessdate=26 June 2013|archivedate=29 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629122618/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/toxics/water/detox/}}</ref> === Ntuziaka maka Green Electronics === N'August 2006, Greenpeace wepụtara mbipụta mbụ nke Guide to Greener Electronics, akwụkwọ akụkọ ebe a na-ahọrọ ndị na-emepụta ekwentị na PC maka ọrụ ndụ ndụ ha, dabere na iji ihe na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa ha na e-ifufe. Na Nọvemba 2011, emelitere njirisi ahụ, ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu kemgbe 2006, na ebumnuche iji nweta ụlọ ọrụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka mbelata gas griin haus, iji ike emeghari ihe ruru 100%, na-emepụta ngwaahịa na-adịte aka na-enweghị ihe ndị dị ize ndụ. na ịba ụba omume na-adigide. Iji hụ na nghọta nke ọkwa ahụ na-enyocha ụlọ ọrụ ndị ahụ dabere na ozi ọha ha. Maka igosipụta amụma na omume ụlọ ọrụ, Greenpeace na-eji nnwale kemịkalụ nke ngwaahịa, akụkọ sitere na ndị na-ekiri ụlọ ọrụ, akụkọ mgbasa ozi na nnwale nke mmemme ndị ahịa iji lelee ma ha dabara na omume ha. Ebe ọ bụ na ewepụtara ntuziaka ahụ na 2006, yana mkpọsa ndị ọzọ yiri ya akwalitela ọtụtụ ndozi, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na ngwaahịa ha ma melite atụmatụ imegharị ihe. Nke ikpeazụ bipụtara mbipụta Guide to Greener Electronics bụ na 2017. Ụdị 2017 gụnyere 17 isi ụlọ ọrụ IT ma debe ha na njirisi atọ: iji ike mee ihe, oriri ihe onwunwe na mkpochapụ kemịkalụ. == Zọpụta Oké Osimiri Arctic ==   [[Usòrò:Greenpeace_polar_bear.JPG|thumb|Polar bear n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ Shell na London na Septemba, 2015]] N'ịga n'ihu na mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iru Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, na 2012 na 2013 ngagharị iwe nwere ọkọlọtọ "Save the Arctic" malitere. Iji kwụsị ịkwọ mmanụ na gas, ịkụ azụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọrụ ndị agha na mpaghara Arctic kpamkpam, a chọrọ "ebe nsọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na nnukwu arctic" n'aka ndị isi ụwa na Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa: "Anyị chọrọ ka ha nyefee mkpebi UN. na-ekwupụta nchegbu mba ụwa maka Arctic." Mkpebi iji chebe anụ ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị ike. Ndị nchekwa osimiri Russia nwụchiri ndị ọrụ 30 sitere na MV Arctic Sunrise na 19 Septemba 2013 ka ha na-eme ngagharị iwe na ikpo okwu Gazprom's Prirazlomnaya. Ebubo ndị otu Greenpeace ebubo na ha na-apụnara mmadụ ihe, emesịa wedata ya na hooliganism, tupu ahapụ ya kpamkpam ka gọọmentị Russia gafere iwu mgbaghara. N'ọnwa Julaị 2014, Greenpeace malitere mgbasa ozi boycott zuru ụwa ọnụ iji mee ka Lego kwụsị imepụta ihe ụmụaka ji egwuri egwu na-ebu akara ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ Shell na nzaghachi na atụmatụ Shell na-egwupụta mmanụ na Arctic. Mmekọrịta Lego na Shell malitere na 1960, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ LEGO mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ akụkọ ifo a na-akpọ Octan. Octan apụtala n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu, kọmputa na egwuregwu njikwa, enwere ike ịhụ ya na ogige ntụrụndụ Legoland, ma gosipụta ya dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nke villain President Business na The Lego Movie na-eduzi. === Norway === E nwere esemokwu banyere mmanụ na Arctic Ocean n'etiti Gọọmentị Norway na Greenpeace. N'afọ 2013, ndị ọrụ atọ nke Greenpeace banyere n'ụgbọ mmanụ nke Statoil, na-eyi uwe anụ ọhịa bea. Dị ka ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Greenpeace Russia si kwuo, ha nọrọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ruo ihe dị ka awa atọ. A kpọgara ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na uwe bear n'ikpere mmiri. A kọrọ na Statoil ebughị n'obi itinye akwụkwọ megide ha. Greenpeace kwuru na atụmatụ igwu ala nke Statoil na-eyi Bear Island egwu, ebe a na-ebighị n'ebe obibi nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị dị ụkọ gụnyere anụ ọhịa bea, n'ihi na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịsacha mmanụ na Arctic n'ihi ọnọdụ siri ike.<ref>Offshore Technology.com. (30 May 2014). </ref> Greenpeace na-ele ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Statoil anya dị ka "iwu na-akwadoghị".<ref name="Hovland1">Hovland, K. (30 May 2014). </ref> Statoil agọnahụ nkwupụta Greenpeace. Dị ka The Maritime Executive (2014), Statoil si kwuo "Statoil na-akwanyere ikike ndị mmadụ nwere ime ngagharị iwe iwu ùgwù, anyị na-eche na ọ dị mkpa inwe arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Anyị emeela atụmatụ siri ike maka ọrụ ahụ, ma nwee obi ike na enwere ike ịme ha n'enweghị nsogbu na n'enweghị ihe mberede. Na 27 Mee 2014, ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, MV Esperanza, weghaara Transocean Spitsbergen, mmanụ mmanụ nke Statoil na Oké Osimiri Barents nke na ọ ghọrọ enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, onye njikwa Greenpeace Norway Truls Gulowsen zara ajụjụ ọnụ ekwentị, na-ekwu na "Ndị ngagharị iwe ise si na helikopta pụọ n'abalị ụnyaahụ na atọ laghachiri n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace dị nso." Enwere ndị ngagharị iwe asaa ọzọ na rig ahụ n'oge ahụ, mana ndị uwe ojii Norwegian enweghị ike iwepụ ha ozugbo n'ihi na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bụ ọkọlọtọ nke mma nke edebanyere aha na Marshall Islands wee were ya dị ka ụgbọ mmiri dị n'oké osimiri, ọ bụrụhaala na ọ dị. amaliteghị mkpọ ala. Na 29 Mee, Otú ọ dị, ndị uwe ojii Norwegian nwụchiri ndị na-akwado asaa ahụ sitere na Greenpeace n'udo na rig. N'oge na-adịghị anya, dị ka Reuters si kwuo, a tọhapụrụ ndị ọrụ niile na-enweghị ntaramahụhụ ọ bụla. Na 30 Mee, ndị nchekwa osimiri Norwegian mechara dọpụ Esperanza, n'agbanyeghị na n'ụtụtụ Greenpeace nyefere arịrịọ nke edere ihe karịrị 80,000 mbinye aka na Minista gburugburu ebe obibi Norwegian Tine Sundtoft na Oslo. A kọrọ na gọọmentị Norway na ndị uwe ojii kwere ka ndị nche n'ụsọ osimiri dọkpụrụ ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace. Ndị uwe ojii Norway kwuru na Statoil gwara Greenpeace ka ọ kwụsị igbochi ọrụ ya, mana Greenpeace leghaara ịdọ aka ná ntị ahụ anya. Ndị uwe ojii ekwuola na ntinye aka Greenpeace na ọrụ mmanụ nke Statoil megidere iwu Norwegian ma nye Greenpeace iwu ịhapụ ebe Barents Sea.<ref name="Hovland1">Hovland, K. (30 May 2014). </ref> Statoil kwuru na igbu oge na mmalite nke igwu egwu na-efu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ihe dị ka $ 1.26 nde kwa ụbọchị. Dị ka Reuters si kwuo, Statoil ga-amalite igwu "olulu mmanụ atọ na Apollo, Atlantis na Mercury na mpaghara Hoop, [nke dị] ihe dị ka kilomita 300 site na ala [nke Norway]" n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2014. Greenpeace anọgidewo na-akatọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ maka "ịsacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" ha, na-ekwu na Statoil zoro eziokwu ahụ na ọ na-eme oghere mmanụ dị ize ndụ site na ijide "Lego League" na Lego ma na-adọpụ uche ndị mmadụ na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-ekwukwa na Statoil ga-agbanwe àgwà ya na gburugburu ebe obibi. == Nkwụsị maka igwu ala miri emi n'oké osimiri na mmiri mba ụwa == Greenpeace sonyeere ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ ịkpọ oku maka nkwụsịtụ n'ịgbapụta ogbunigwe miri emi nke International Seabed Authority (ISA) nyere ikike n'okpuru nkwado nke UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Greenpeace na-ekwu na ngwuputa ihe ngwuputa na azụmahịa nke polymetallic nodules nwere ike imebi oke osimiri nke ụwa, nke na-eme ihe dị ka ikuku carbon na-amịkọrọ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke carbon anwuru n'ụwa kwa afọ. Òtù ahụ na-ekwu na ogbunigwe miri emi na-akpaghasịkwa ebe obibi nke ụdị a na-akọ ọhụrụ, site na crabs ruo whale ruo ejula na-adị ndụ na-erighị nri ma na-agbakọta n'akụkụ ikuku ọkụ bioluminescent. Greenpeace agbaala ndị International Seabed Authority ume ka ha wepụta n'ihu UNCLOS ụkpụrụ ntọala Nkeji edemede 136 "nke ihe nketa nke mmadụ niile" iji degharịa ụkpụrụ na ịtọ ebumnuche nchekwa. Na 2018 Greenpeace Research Laboratories na-akọ na nzukọ ahụ kwusiri ike mkpa ọ dị ichebe ụdị mmiri dị iche iche sitere na nsị ewepụtara n'oge a na-egwupụta ala mmiri maka gas sitere n'okike na ọla ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe maka sel fotovoltaic. Greenpeace na-ekwusi ike na "pro-exploitation" ISA abụghị ikike kwesịrị ekwesị iji chịkwaa oghere miri emi (DSM). N'afọ 2019, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Greenpeace mere ngagharị iwe n'èzí nzukọ kwa afọ nke International Seabed Authority na Jamaica, na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta oké osimiri zuru ụwa ọnụ iji machibido igwu ala miri emi n'ebe nchekwa oké osimiri. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ụgbọ mmiri gaa Jamaica n'ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace, Esperanza, nke si na "Obodo furu efu n'etiti Atlantic", ebe Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ na-eyi egwu site na nchọpụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2019|title=Greenpeace, JET protest against deep sea mining|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20190723/greenpeace-jet-protest-against-deep-sea-mining-0|accessdate=24 April 2022|work=jamaica-gleaner.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == Kemgbe e guzobere Greenpeace, ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mkpọsa ya. Greenpeace agbaala ụgbọ mmiri ndị ọzọ dịka ọ dị mkpa. Ọ dịkarịa ala, e ji otu ụgbọ mmiri na-abụghị nke Greenpeace mee ihe n'oge mkpọsa 2008-11 nke nzukọ ahụ iji mebie ịnya ụgbọ mmiri na North Sea site na itinye nnukwu nkume n'ala oké osimiri wee nye ndị ọchịchị mpaghara chaatị emelitere nke ebe etinye nkume ndị ahụ. Ụgbọ mmiri niile nwere injin diesel ụgbọ mmiri. === N'ozi === [[Usòrò:AS_helsinki.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri Greenpeace [[MV Ọwụwa anyanwụ Arctic|MV]] Arctic Sunrise na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri [[Helsinki]].]] * Rainbow Warrior bụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ bu aha ahụ. Emere ya na 2011, a na-akpọ ya Rainbow Warrior III mgbe ụfọdụ.<ref name="COMM">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/environment/news/article.cfm?c_id=39&objectid=10620814|title=Greenpeace commissions third Warrior|author=Vidal, John|date=18 January 2010|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref> * [[MV Ọwụwa anyanwụ Arctic|MV ''Ọwụwa anyanwụ Arctic'']] * ''Onye Akaebe'' === N'oge gara aga n'ọrụ === ==== ''Onye Agha Mmiri'' Ozuzo Mbụ ====   N'afọ 1978, Greenpeace weputara Rainbow Warrior mbụ, onye 40-mita (130 ft), onye bụbu onye na-akụ azụ azụ aha ya bụ Warriors of the Rainbow, nke kpaliri Robert Hunter na njem mbụ na Amchitka. Greenpeace zụtara Rainbow Warrior (nke ewepụtara dị ka Sir William Hardy na 1955) na ọnụ ahịa £40,000. Ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo weghachiri eweghachi ma rụgharịa ya n'ime ọnwa anọ. Ebubere ya ka ọ kpasasịa ichu nta nke ụgbọ mmiri whaling Iceland, Rainbow Warrior ghọrọ isi ihe na mgbasa ozi Greenpeace ngwa ngwa. N'agbata 1978 na 1985, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-etinyekwa aka n'ihe kpọmkwem megide oke osimiri na-ekpofu nsị na-egbu egbu na redioaktivu, ichu nta isi awọ na Orkney na nyocha nuklia na Pacific. Na May 1985, ụgbọ ahụ bụ ngwá ọrụ maka 'Operation Exodus', nchụpụ nke ihe dị ka 300 Rongelap Atoll ndị bi n'àgwàetiti ahụ bụ ndị e merụrụ n'ụlọ ha site na nyocha nuklia US afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke a na-ehichabeghị ma na-enwe ahụike siri ike. mmetụta na ndị obodo. Mgbe e mesịrị na 1985, Rainbow Warrior ga-eduga ụgbọ mmiri ngagharị iwe n'ime mmiri gbara gburugburu Moruroa atoll, saịtị nke nnwale nuklia French. Nmikpu nke Warrior Rainbow mere mgbe gọọmentị France tụbara ụgbọ mmiri na nzuzo na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Auckland site n'iwu sitere n'aka François Mitterrand n'onwe ya. Nke a gburu onye na-ese foto na-enweghị onwe onye Dutch bụ Fernando Pereira, onye chere na ọ dị mma ịbanye n'ụgbọ mmiri iji nweta ihe foto ya mgbe obere mgbawa mbụ gbawara, mana mmiri riri ya n'ihi mgbawa nke abụọ. Mwakpo a bụ ọdachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka France mgbe ndị uwe ojii New Zealand kpughere ya ngwa ngwa. Gọọmentị France na 1987 kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ New Zealand nke nde NZ$13 wee rịọ mgbaghara maka ogbunigwe ahụ. Gọọmenti France nyekwara ezinaụlọ onye na-ese foto ụgwọ ụgwọ ₣2.3. Mgbe e mesịrị, na 2001, mgbe Institute of Cetacean Research nke Japan kpọrọ Greenpeace "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu", Gert Leipold, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace mgbe ahụ, kpọrọ nkwupụta ahụ asị, na-ekwu "ịkpọ ngagharị iwe na-adịghị eme ihe ike na-akparị ndị merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ gbuo na Mwakpo nke ezigbo ndị na-eyi ọha egwu, gụnyere Fernando Pereira, nke ndị iyi ọha egwu steeti gburu na mwakpo 1985 na Rainbow Warrior". ==== ''Onye Agha'' Agba nke Abụọ ==== [[Usòrò:Greenpeace_Rainbow_Warrior.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọ mmiri nke abụọ nke Greenpeace bụ Rainbow Warrior rutere Bali maka nzukọ ihu igwe nke UN na 2007.]] N'afọ 1989, Greenpeace nyere iwu ka e jiri ụgbọ mmiri Rainbow Warrior dochie anya ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya Rainbow Warrion II. Ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ na 16 Ọgọstụ 2011, ka ụgbọ mmiri nke ọgbọ nke atọ dochie ya. N'afọ 2005, Rainbow Warrior II kwụsịrị ma mebie Tubbataha Reef na Philippines mgbe ọ na-enyocha reef maka ịcha coral. A kwụrụ Greenpeace ụgwọ US $ 7,000 maka imebi nkume ahụ ma kweta ịkwụ ụgwọ ahụ na-ekwu na ha chere na ọ bụ ha kpatara mmebi ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Greenpeace kwuru na gọọmentị Philippines enyewo ya chaatị ochie. Onye na-elekọta ogige ntụrụndụ nke Tubbataha nwere ekele maka ngwa ngwa Greenpeace mere iji nyochaa mmebi nke reef.<ref>[[BBC News]]. </ref> ==== Ndị ọzọ ==== * [[MV Sirius|MV ''Sirius'']] * [[MV Solo]] * [[MV Greenpeace|MV ''Greenpeace'']] * [[MV Gondwana|MV ''Gondwana'']] * [[:de:Beluga (Schiff)|MV]] [[:de:Beluga (Schiff)|''Beluga'']] (n'asụsụ German) * [[MV Esperanza]] == Mmeghachi omume na nzaghachi maka ọrụ Greenpeace == Edela akwụkwọ ikpe megide Greenpeace maka uru efu, mmebi aha na "ịgba ụgbọ mmiri". Okwu ikpe ikpeazụ, nke ewetara n'okpuru iwu a na-ekpebeghị ikpe kemgbe 1890, ka a na-ele anya dị ka mbọ ịbọ ọbọ nke ọchịchị Bush maka nkatọ Greenpeace banyere atumatu gburugburu ebe obibi ya. A kagburu ikpe ahụ mgbe ndị ọka iwu zuru ike, ebe ha emeghị ka ọ pụta ìhè. N'afọ 2004, ekpughere na gọọmentị Australia dị njikere ịnye ego enyemaka na Southern Pacific Petroleum na ọnọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ga-eme ihe gbasara iwu megide Greenpeace, bụ nke lụsoro ọgụ megide Stuart Oil Shale Project. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka Royal Dutch Shell, BP na Électricité de France emeghachila omume na mkpọsa Greenpeace site n'iledo ọrụ Greenpeace na ịbanye n'ọfịs Greenpeace. Ndị na-akwado Greenpeace abụrụla ndị a na-achọ ịpị ekwentị, iyi egwu ọnwụ, ime ihe ike na ọbụna iyi ọha egwu steeti n'ihe banyere ogbugbu nke Rainbow Warrior. Na 19 Mee 2023, Ọfịs onye ọka iwu Russia họpụtara GreenPeace dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma, na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-etinye aka na ihe dị n'ime Russia, na-emebi akụ na ụba obodo, na itinye ego maka ọrụ nke ndị otu Russia ghọtara dị ka "ndị nnọchi anya mba ọzọ." == Nkatọ ==   === Akụkọ Patrick Moore dere === Patrick Moore, onye mbụ Greenpeace otu, hapụrụ nzukọ ahụ na 1986 mgbe ọ, dị ka Moore si kwuo, kpebiri ịkwado mmachibido iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na chlorine na mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ. Moore ekwuola na GreenPeace taa bụ ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na-akwali ya karịa sayensị nakwa na ọ nweghị onye "ndị nduzi ibe ya nwere agụmakwụkwọ sayensị ọ bụla". Bruce Cox, Director nke Greenpeace Canada, zara na Greenpeace ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chọrọ ka a machibido chlorine zuru ụwa ọnụ nakwa na Greenpeace adịghị emegide iji chlorine na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ na-emepụta ọgwụ, na-agbakwụnye na "Mr. Moore bụ naanị ya na-echeta banyere ọgụ megide. chlorine na/ma ọ bụ iji sayensị mee ihe mere o ji hapụ Greenpeace." Paul Watson, onye mbụ na Greenpeace kwuru na Moore "na-eji ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye a na-akpọ onye na-akwado Greenpeace iji nye nkwenye na ebubo ya. Abụkwa m onye na-akwado Greenpeace na amaara m Patrick Moore maka 35. afọ [...][...] Moore na-ebo ebubo na-enweghị ihe ndabere n'ezie". N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, [olee mgbe?] Moore katọrọ mmasị nke Greenpeace na osikapa ọla edo, okwu nke ndị ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị ka Mark Lynas sonyela Moore, na-ekwupụta na Greenpeace “agbala mkpọsa nke ozi na-ezighi ezi, kpochapuru ndị sayensị na-ahụ maka ya. na-arụ ọrụ iji wetara ndị chọrọ ya Golden Rice, ma kwado mbibi ime ihe ike nke nnwale ubi Golden Rice." Patrick Moore tụgharịrị n'ọnọdụ ya na ike nuklia na 1976, buru ụzọ megide ya ma na-akwado ya ugbu a. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Australia bụ The Age, o dere "Greenpeace ezighị ezi-anyị ga-atụle ike nuklia". Ọ na-arụ ụka na atụmatụ ọ bụla ezi uche dị na ya iji belata ịdabere na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ chọrọ ịba ụba nke ike nuklia. Phil Radford, onye isi nchịkwa nke Greenpeace US zara na ike nuklia dị oke egwu, na-ewe ogologo oge iji wuo iji lebara mgbanwe ihu igwe anya, ma na-ekwu na ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere US, nwere ike ịgbanwe ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% ume ọhụrụ ka ọ na-ewepụ ike nuklia site na. 2050. === Tanka Brent Spar === Nnyocha e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị sitere n'okike boro Greenpeace ebubo na ọ naghị elebara eziokwu anya mgbe ọ katọrọ mwụfu ụgbọ mmiri Brent Spar, ma boro otu ahụ ebubo ikwubiga okwu ókè nke mmanụ echekwara na ụgbọ mmiri. Greenpeace kwuru na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere tọn mmanụ 5,500, ebe Shell kwuru na ọ nwere naanị tọn 50. Agbanyeghị, emere nha ndị ahụ n'okpuru mmanye n'oge ngagharị iwe nke ikpo okwu, ebe Shell jụrụ ikike, na egbe mmiri na ihe ndị yiri ya na-awakpo ndị na-akwado Greenpeace. BBC rịọrọ Greenpeace mgbaghara maka ịkọrọ na NGO ụgha. Shell UK were afọ atọ iji nyochaa nhọrọ mkpofu, na-ekwubi na mkpofu nke tanker n'ime oke osimiri dị omimi bụ "Nhọrọ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi Kasị Mma" (BPEO), nhọrọ nke nwetara nkwado ụfọdụ n'ime akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, dịka ọ dị. ụfọdụ chọpụtara na ọ nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi "na-enweghị atụ". Gọọmenti Britain na Oslo na Paris Commissions (OSPAR) nabatara ngwọta ahụ. Mgbasa ozi NGO nke si na ya pụta megide atụmatụ Shell gụnyere akwụkwọ ozi, boycotts nke ruru ọbụna mbibi na Jamanị, na ịgbachitere ọnụ na nnọkọ gọọmentị etiti. Enyere nkwubi okwu nke na-akwado Greenpeace, nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, na ụkpụrụ ịkpachara anya n'ihe karịrị otu nzukọ gọọmentị etiti, na na Mgbakọ OSPAR 1998, WWF gosipụtara ọmụmụ banyere mmetụta nsi na gburugburu oke osimiri dị omimi. Nzukọ ahụ kwadoro mmachibido iwu n'ozuzu maka ikpofu oke osimiri. Shell ebugoro igwe ahụ n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe, ma n'ime awa ikpeazụ kagburu ọrụ ahụ ma kwupụta na ọ dara n'ịkọrọ ọha na eze atụmatụ ya nke ọma, na-ekweta na ha eledawo ike nke echiche ọha na eze anya. Na Jenụwarị 1998, Shell wepụtara BPEO ọhụrụ na-egosi na a na-emegharị igwe ahụ dị ka ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na Norway. N'afọ 1999, e wepụrụ akpa Brent Spar na otu akụkụ nke pụtara bụ na ụkwụ nke ihe owuwu ahụ nwere ụdị coral mmiri oyi (Lophelia pertusa). N'ihi ya, a tụrụ aro na ọ ga-ekwe omume idobe ụkwụ nke ikpo okwu dị otú ahụ n'elu akwa oké osimiri n'ọdịnihu, ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. Onye nnọchite anya Greenpeace megidere aro ahụ, na-ekwu maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmiri mmiri ndị coral na-emepụta nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ọ bụghị coral n'onwe ya, na mmegharị dị otú ahụ agaghị akwalite mmepe nke mmiri ndị dị otú ahụ, na-ekpughekwa ụdị coral na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu a na-achọta na mmanụ. "Ọ bụrụ na m ga-atụba ụgbọ ala n'ime osisi, moss ga-eto na ya, ma ọ bụrụ na m nwere ihu ọma nnụnụ nwere ike ọbụna akwụ na ya. Ma nke a abụghị ihe ziri ezi iji mejupụta ọhịa anyị na ụgbọala ndị a na-adịghị eji eme ihe," ka onye mgbasa ozi Greenpeace Simon Reddy kwuru. . === Pascal Husting na-agagharị === Na 2013 akụkọ kwuru na Pascal Husting, onye nduzi nke Greenpeace International "mmemme mba ụwa" na-aga 400 km (250 kilomita) iji rụọ ọrụ n'ụgbọelu, n'agbanyeghị mgbake Greenpeace iji belata njem ikuku n'ihi akara carbon. Greenpeace ekwuola "mmụba nke ụgbọ elu na-emebi ohere anyị nke ịkwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ize ndụ". Mgbe "mkpasu iwe ọha" Greenpeace kwuputara na Husting ga-eji ụgbọ oloko na-aga. === Ụgbọ oloko Nazca === Na Disemba 2014, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace mebiri okwute metụtara Nazca Lines na Peru mgbe ha na-edozi ọkọlọtọ n'ime ahịrị nke otu n'ime geoglyphs ama ama, enwere nchegbu na mmerụ ahụ nwere ike bụrụ nke enweghị mgbagha. Ndị na-eme ihe ike mebiri mpaghara gburugburu hummingbird site na ịga n'akụkụ glyph na-enweghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ iwu. A machibidoro ịbanye n'akụkụ ahịrị ahụ nke ọma na a ga-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ pụrụ iche iji zere imebi saịtị UN World Heritage. Greenpeace kwuru na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri “kpachara anya nke ọma ichebe ahịrị Nazca,” mana nke a megidere vidiyo na foto na-egosi ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ nkịtị (ọ bụghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ nchebe pụrụ iche) ka ha na-aga na saịtị ahụ. Greenpeace agbagharala ndị Peruvian mgbaghara, mana Loise Jamie Castillo, onye osote onye minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ọdịbendị Peru kpọrọ mgbaghara ahụ “ihe egwuregwu”, n'ihi na Greenpeace jụrụ ịchọpụta ndị na-emebi ihe ma ọ bụ nabata ọrụ. Minista na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị Diana Álvarez-Calderón kwuru na a ga-eji ihe akaebe gbakọtara n'oge nyocha gọọmentị dị ka akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ikpe megide Greenpeace. "Mbibi e mebiworo bụ nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na mgbaghara nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ezughị," ka o kwuru na nnọkọ akụkọ. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2015, Greenpeace ewepụtala nkwupụta nke ndị otu anọ nọ na NGO tinyere aka na mmemme ahụ. === Mgbasa mgbochi whaling na Norway na 1990s === N'ime 1990s Greenpeace mere ọtụtụ njem mgbochi whaling na Norway. Ndị nkatọ ekwuola na Greenpeace gbara mkpọsa megide whaling iji nweta onyinye akụ na ụba sitere na akụ na ụba US, na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ịchekwa gburugburu ma ọ bụ ndụ whale. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịchụ nta shark bụ okwu siri ike karị, mana ebe ọ bụ na a na-atụ egwu shark na United States, ịgba mbọ iji nyere shark aka anaghị enweta nkwado ego. Greenpeace ajụla nkwupụta a. Agbanyeghị, na akwụkwọ akụkọ Norwegian Dagbladet na 11 Eprel 2015, Kumi Naidoo kwetara na mkpọsa mgbochi whhale bụ "mgbagwoju anya". Greenpeace na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị Norway maliteghachiri azụ whaling ka mmachibido iwu IWC n'ihi ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma na-eche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi doro anya, gụnyere mbelata ọchịchọ na Japan na mmetọ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu. === Akwụkwọ ozi emeghe sitere n'aka ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel === Na June 2016, 107 Nobel laureates bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe na-agba Greenpeace ume ka ọ kwụsị mmegide ya na ihe ndị na-agbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (GMOs). Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ kwuru, sị: "Anyị na-agba Greenpeace na ndị na-akwado ya ume ka ha nyochaa ahụmahụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ahịa n'ụwa nile na ihe ọkụkụ na ihe oriri na-emeziwanye site na nkà na ụzụ biotechnology, ghọta ihe nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka nchịkwa, ma gbahapụ mkpọsa ha megide "GMOs" na. izugbe na osikapa ọla edo, ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka nchịkwa gburugburu ụwa achọpụtala ugboro ugboro na ihe oriri a na-emeziwanye site na teknụzụ biotechnology ka ọ dị mma dị ka, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nchebe karịa nke sitere na usoro mmepụta ọ bụla ọzọ. Ekwenyesiri ike na ikpe ahụike na-adịghị mma maka mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ site na iri nri ha, egosipụtara na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ha na-adị ugboro ugboro ka ọ na-adịchaghị emebi gburugburu ebe obibi, yana uru na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche zuru ụwa ọnụ." Ndị nwetara ihe nrite Nobel kpọkukwara gọọmentị mba ụwa ka ha mee ihe niile ha nwere ike ime megide omume Greenpeace ma mee ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nweta ngwa ngwa niile nke usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ, ọkachasị mkpụrụ ndị emelitere site na teknụzụ biotechnology. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gara n'ihu ikwu na "A ghaghị ịkwụsị mmegide dabeere na mmetụta uche na nkwenkwe megidere data." Greenpeace zara azịza na-ekwu na "Ebubo na onye ọ bụla na-egbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa 'osikapa' ọla edo bụ ụgha" na ha na-akwado "[...] itinye ego n'ọrụ ugbo na-eguzogide ihu igwe na inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ikike ịnweta nri kwesịrị ekwesị na nke na-edozi ahụ, kama ịwụsa. ego gbadaa mmiri maka osikapa 'Golden' GE."Golder'.<ref name="reactive_statement">{{Cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/press/releases/2016/Nobel-laureates-sign-letter-on-Greenpeace-Golden-rice-position---reactive-statement/|title=Nobel laureates sign letter on Greenpeace 'Golden' rice position - statement|accessdate=1 July 2016|archivedate=5 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705150259/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/press/releases/2016/Nobel-laureates-sign-letter-on-Greenpeace-Golden-rice-position---reactive-statement/}}</ref> === Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji gbochie nchọpụta mmanụ Arctic === Na Disemba 2020, Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Norway jụrụ itinye aka na ọrụ nyocha mmanụ na-aga n'ihu nke Greenpeace na Nature na ndị ntorobịa Norway gbara aka na n'ihi na ọrụ metụtara nyocha mmanụ na-emebi ikike mmadụ n'ihi akụkụ ya na-enye aka na ikuku carbon. . Mkpebi ahụ kwuru na ikike enyere n'afọ 2016 ga-adị irè n'ihi na achọpụtaghị na ọ megidere 'ikike nke Iwu Norwegian' ma ọ bụ 'European Convention on Human Rights'. A kọrọ na Greta Thunberg nyere $29,000 ka ikpe ahụ na-eri n'aha onye gbara akwụkwọ Greenpeace and Nature and Youth Norway. === Mmebi nke ụgbọelu === Na Machị 2021, ndị na-akwado Greenpeace itoolu batara n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Charles de Gaulle site n'ịkọba ngere dị na nsọtụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu wee bibie n'otu akụkụ nke Air France Boeing 777 nwere igwe agba agba. Ha kwuru na nke ahụ bụ iji kwalite mmata na "ịsacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, yana dị ka nkọwa na arụmụka ụgwọ ihu igwe na nzuko omeiwu France. N'agbanyeghị ịdọ aka ná ntị sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa, ha jụrụ ịtọhapụ. E mechara jide ha, ma kpalite nchegbu banyere ọdụ ụgbọ elu ahụ. National Airline Pilots Union (SNPL) katọrọ omume ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmebi dị oke ọnụ, ma megidere nkwupụta nke ndị na-akwado ya. == Ebe ndebe ihe ochie == E nwere ego Greenpeace Canada na Library and Archives Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finding aid to Greenpeace Canada fonds, Library and Archives Canada|date=20 July 2017|url=http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=163472&lang=eng|accessdate=18 May 2021|archivedate=22 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522111504/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/CollectionSearch/Pages/record.aspx?app=fonandcol&IdNumber=163472}}</ref> Nọmba ncheta bụ R4377. == Ihe ngosi == == Hụkwa ==   * 350.org * Ọrụ Eziokwu nke Ihu igwe * Oge ihu igwe * Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ike Ọhụrụ Europe * [[Friends of Nature|Ndị Enyi nke Okike]] * Ego Maka Ọhịa * ''[[Otu esi agbanwe ụwa (ihe nkiri)|Otu esi agbanwe ụwa]]'' (ihe nkiri 2015 gbasara Greenpeace) * [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] * [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike]] * Greenpeace USA * [[Greenpeace Australia Pacific]] == Ihe odide == == Njikọ mpụga ==     * Official website {{Sustainability}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d4ul8z274ui1pym1g5kkzbb3vb1yxdc 0 29333 193507 142067 2024-10-29T13:04:02Z Alo bé iu à 21710 193507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gong Li (Chinese: 巩俐; amuru 31 Disemba 1965) bu onye omekorita China. A na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na China taa, a maara ya maka ịdị mma ya na ịrụ ọrụ okike.[1] O mere ihe nkiri atọ n'ime ihe nkiri asụsụ China anọ a họpụtara maka ihe nkiri Academy Award for Best International Feature Film. A mụrụ Gong na Shenyang, Liaoning, ma tolite na Jinan, Shandong. Ọ debanyere aha na Central Academy of Drama na Beijing, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1989. Mgbe ọ na-amụ akwụkwọ na Academy, onye nduzi Zhang Yimou hụrụ ya ma malite na Zhang's Red Sorghum na 1987. Ọkachamara Gong na Zhang na mmekọrịta onwe onye nwetara ọtụtụ ihe. mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na ụwa ndị na-asụ Chinese, ka ha nọgidere na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na usoro ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama, gụnyere atụmatụ Oscar-nominated Ju Dou (1990) na Raise the Red Lantern (1991). Maka ọrụ ya na Akụkọ nke Qiu Ju (1992) nke Zhang na-eduzi, Gong meriri iko Volpi maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Ememme Nkiri Venice. A mụrụ Gong Li na Shenyang, Liaoning, China, nke ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụaka ise. Nna ya bụ prọfesọ nke akụnụba yana nne ya bụ onye nkuzi.[1] O tolitere na Jinan, isi obodo Shandong. Ọ na-enwe mmasị n'ịbụ abụ na ịgba egwu kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, ma na-arọ nrọ ịghọ onye na-agụ egwú. She studied in Jinan Sanhe Street Primary School. When she was in grade two, she was recommended by the school to sing children's songs at Jinan People's Broadcasting Station. In Jinan No.2 Middle School, Gong spent six years in high school, when she was a member of the school's literature and art team. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dk5l1kcb0ra63t2aqym7o6laitbp17n 0 29654 193546 118840 2024-10-29T22:31:05Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193546 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ndị enyi nke Ụwa - France bụ otu maka nchebe nke ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ otu n'ime mba 76 gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị mebere netwọk Enyi nke ụwa nke òtù gburugburu ebe obibi. Edepụtara otu a dịka otu n'okpuru iwu French nke 1901 (Loi de 1901) ma nye ya ikike ime ihe maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na France site n'iwu nke Minista gburugburu. Ndị enyi nke Ụwa - France nọọrọ onwe ya pụọ ​​na mmetụta akụ na ụba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe ọ bụla. Njikọ a bụ netwọk nke otu obodo iri atọ bụ ndị nweere onwe ha ma na-arụ ọrụ dịka ihe ndị dị n'ime obodo ha siri dị. Ha na-etinyekwa aka na mkpọsa nke mba na nke mba ụwa n'ihi nkwekọ ọnụ maka ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == David Brower tọrọ ntọala ndị enyi nke ụwa na San Francisco n'afọ 1969 mgbe ọ risịrị arụkwaghịm dịka onyeisi oche nke otu Sierra Club. Ọ chọrọ iguzobe otu ga-enyocha ihe ndị na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi wee buso ha ọgụ. Ọ tọrọ ntọala ọhụrụ nzukọ, Enyi nke Ụwa, na mkpakọrịta gbakọtara nkwado site na ọtụtụ aha ama. Na France, ndị enyi nke ụwa debanyere aha dị ka mkpakọrịta na Paris na 11th nke July 1970. Ndị isi ntọala bụ Edwin Matthews, onye ọka iwu America bi na Paris, na Alain Hervé, onye na-ede uri na onye nta akụkọ nke echiche mbụ ya bụ ịhụ ndị enyi nke Ụwa ghọrọ mmegharị nke zubere imeziwanye ihe ọmụma ọha na eze banyere okike. Ndị so na kọmitii nkwado ahụ gụnyere: Jean Dorst (onye na-ahụ maka okike, onye bụbu onye isi ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke French Museum of Natural History), Pierre Fournier (onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ n'aha Pierre Gascar), ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ Claude Lévi-Strauss, ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ ihe ndụ Konrad Lorenz, ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ Théodore Monod na ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. Jean Rostand. Ndị enyi nke Ụwa so na ndị mbụ na-akwado maka ndị na-eme ntuli aka gburugburu ebe obibi na ntuli aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dịka René Dumont onye gbara ọsọ maka onyeisi oche na 1974 dị ka onye mbụ na-aga n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na onye mechara bụrụ onyeisi oche nsọpụrụ nke otu. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, otu ahụ dọtakwara ndị na-eme ihe ike dịka Pierre Radanne (onye bụbu onye isi ADEME) na Dominique Voynet (Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na 1997). Na 1983, Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa kpebiri itinye uche na mmemme mkpakọrịta ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike hapụrụ otu ahụ ka ha sonye na ịmepụta Greens (Les Verts, fr:Europe Écologie Les Verts), dị ka Yves Cochet (onye guzobere otu mpaghara na Rennes). Mgbe e mesịrị, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike hapụrụ ka ha guzobe Génération Écologie, dị ka Brice Lalonde (otu Paris) bụ onye gara n'ihu ịghọ Minista gburugburu ebe obibi na 1988. Ọpụpụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe ike mere ka akụ mgbasa ozi gharazie ike, gụnyere ego ego. Ọtụtụ otu, gụnyere ndị nke Pierre Samuel na Guy Aznar [fr], enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'idebe na ịzụlite otu mba maka Enyi nke Ụwa - France. Ihe owuwu nke otu a ka na-edochaghị anya. Ndị otu mpaghara nwere nnwere onwe dị ukwuu, ebe ha na-echekwa ọchịchọ ijikọ ike ha na mkpọsa mba na nke ụwa. == Ọdịdị ya == Ụlọ ọrụ atọ na-akpụzi nhazi nke nzukọ ndị enyi nke ụwa: Federal Council (Le Conseil fédéral) gụnyere ndị otu 12 ahọpụtara, ọkachasị ndị otu mpaghara. Ọrụ ya bụ iji hụ na ntinye akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Federal Assembly (Assemblée fédérale) nakweere, na ikpebi isi ihe omume maka otu. Ọhụrụ Federal Council họpụtara na June 2012: * Martine Laplante, Onye isi ala (Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Limousin) * Christian Berdot, osote onye isi ala (Ndị enyi nke Earth Landes) * Bénédicte Bonzi, odeakwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti (Ndị enyi nke ụwa Vaucluse) * Gerard ERIPRET, Treasurer (Ndị enyi nke Ụwa Seine-et-Marne) Ndị otu mpaghara; Ndị enyi nke Ụwa bụ otu mba nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị otu afọ ofufo mejupụtara 30 ndị otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mpaghara n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị otu mpaghara kwụụrụ onwe ha na-eme ihe dị ka ihe ndị dị mkpa na mpaghara ha si dị ma na-arụ ọrụ maka ọdịnihu ga-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mpaghara, mba na mba ụwa. Otu ọ bụla na-ejikwa onwe ya n'ihe gbasara mkpọsa ya, nhazi mkpebi na ịnakọta ego. Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Secretariat (Le Secrétariat fédéral) bụ ndị otu ndị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo na ndị nkuzi haziri. Ndị odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka imejuputa ụkpụrụ nduzi nke Federal Assembly na Federal Council kwadoro. == Ihe Ndị E Mere == Ebumnuche bụ isi nke Enyi nke Ụwa bụ ime ihe maka nchekwa nke ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. A kọwapụtara ebumnobi a site na akwụkwọ ikike gọọmentị etiti (Charte fédérale) akpọrọ « La Charte des principes fondamentaux des Amis de la Terre France » nke chọrọ imepụta ụwa ebe: * A na-egbo mkpa ndị mmadụ niile, n'emeghị ka ikike nke ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ọdịnihu gboo mkpa nke ha. * ịnweta, na ịkekọrịta, ihe onwunwe okike bụ ikpe ziri ezi; * Ụmụ amaala niile na-ekere òkè n'ịkpụzi ọha mmadụ dabere na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. == Mgbasa ozi == Akụkụ bụ isi nke otu a bụ mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi; ugbo, ihe di iche iche di iche iche na obodo; ikpe ziri ezi akụ na ụba; ike na Ngwuputa, na ihe ize ndụ na teknụzụ. Isiokwu mkpọsa bụ: === Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi === * Usoro mmepụta na oriri na-adịgide adịgide A malitere mgbasa ozi a na 2011 gburugburu mmemme "One Planet Only" ("Une seule planète") na Research and Information Center for Development (CRID - Centre de Recherche et d'Information pour le Développement) iji kwalite mmata na stakes nke njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-ejikọta oke nke oghere gburugburu ebe obibi kọwara. Ndị enyi ụwa esonyela nke ọma na mmemme a. Dị ka akụkụ nke isiokwu a, akụkọ ahụ bụ "Nribiga oke ókè, iyi egwu mmiri" (Surconsommation, une menace sur l'eau) mere na 2011: ọ na-egosipụta akara ukwu mmiri nke oriri, ya bụ, olu mmiri chọrọ maka mmiri ozuzo. mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị mmadụ na-eri (dịka ọmụmaatụ T-shirt chọrọ 2,700 lita mmiri). Akụkọ ọzọ “Europe, dabere n'ala ndị ọzọ” (L'Europe, dépendante des terres des autres) lekwasịrị anya n'iji ala eme ihe. Akụkọ ahụ na-egosi, na nke mbụ, na 60% nke ala ejiri na-enye ndị Europe chọrọ maka ọrụ ugbo na nke ọhịa dị na mpụga kọntinent ahụ. A naghị eji ala ndị a naanị maka nri, mmepụta anụ ma ọ bụ eriri dị mkpa maka ngalaba akwa, kamakwa maka mmụba na-arịwanye elu maka mmanụ mmanụ. * Atụmatụ imebi ihe Site na akụkọ "Planned Obsolescence" (L'obsolescence programmée) ewepụtara na 2010, Ndị Enyi Ụwa lekwasịrị anya na mbelata oke mkpofu nke ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị na-emepụta. N'ihe gbasara ndị na-emepụta ihe, otu ahụ na-arụ ụka na ọ dị mkpa ire ngwaahịa ndị siri ike karị, na-edozi ma na-adịgide adịgide, na-alụ ọgụ maka ịgbatị oge ikike site na 2 ruo 10 afọ. N'ihe gbasara ndị na-azụ ahịa, otu ahụ chọrọ inye ndị mmadụ echiche nke ọrụ site n'igosi ihe ngosi n'azụ ihe nkiri nke narị afọ nke 21 nke ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ndị enyi nke ụwa esonyekwara na otu ọrụ nke French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie) na ndụ nke ngwaahịa. * Ọkwa Nitrogen dioxide: N'ịgbaso mkpesa ndị Enyi nke Ụwa gbara na 2021, France Conseil d'État tara steeti ahụ nde euro 10 ($ 11.9) maka ịghara imeziwanye ogo ikuku n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ iji kwekọọ na European Union. ụkpụrụ. === Ike na ihu igwe === * Ọkwa Nitrogen dioxide: N'ịgbaso mkpesa ndị Enyi nke Ụwa gbara na 2021, France Conseil d'État tara steeti ahụ nde euro 10 ($ 11.9) maka ịghara imeziwanye ogo ikuku n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ iji kwekọọ na European Union. ụkpụrụ. Njikọ ahụ na-ekwusi ike na kemgbe 1957 ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia eritela uru site na nkwụsị nke ọrụ obodo site n'aka ndị nrụpụta na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, na-enweghị ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị dị njikere ịnakwere ihe ize ndụ ndị ahụ. Achọ banyere ike nuklia bụ mmechi ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ike nuklia, mwepu nke ike nuklia na France n'ime otu quinquennats ma ọ bụ abụọ (okwu afọ ise nke Onye isi ala France na-eje ozi), kwụsị iji uranium ọ bụla mebiri emebi na ngwa agha na ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa na ezi mgbagha na ọrụ ọha na eze na ọ bụghị ntule ego na ọkụ eletrik. * Òtù a na-ekwusi ike na kemgbe 1957 ike nuklia Tar sands: n'ihe gbasara mbelata nke mmanụ mmanụ, kemgbe 2001 Friends of the Earth na-akatọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-etinyekwu ego na isi mmalite hydrocarbon na-adịghị mma, dị ka ájá tar. Ndị enyi ụwa katọrọ ụlọ ọrụ France Total SA, onye isi ọrụ ya dị na mpaghara Alberta na [[Kánada|Canada]]. Total nwekwara mmasị na nrigbu nke nnukwu mmanụ mmanụ na Madagascar, nke ndị enyi nke ụwa nyere akụkọ "Madagascar: Eldorado ọhụrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mining na mmanụ" (Madagascar: nouvel eldorado des compagnies minières et pétrolières) na November 2012 * Gas shale etoola nke ukwuu n'ime afọ iri gara aga na United States na Canada. Na France, ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Schuepbach Energy, GDF Suez, Total na Devon Energy nwetara ikike nchọpụta atọ na March 2010 (ikike a na-akpọ "Montelimar", "Nant" na "Villeneuve de Berg") maka ngụkọta nke 9672 km2. na ngalaba Ardeche, Drôme, Lozère, Hérault, Gard na Vaucluse. A na-enyocha ikike ndị ọzọ ugbu a na Provence na Picardy. Ndị enyi nke ụwa na-ekwusi ike na ụlọ ọrụ na-egosipụtakarị gas shale dị ka akụkụ nke ikuku gas, nke tozuru oke dị ka "mmanụ ọkụ dị ọcha". Otú ọ dị, ọbụna Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi (EPA) na United States ma ọ bụ Directorate General for Energy and Raw Materials (DGEMP - Direction Générale de l'Energie et des Matières Premières, akụkụ nke French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy). akọpụtala mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na "Akụkọ Kwa Afọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas na 2009". === Ikpe ziri ezi nke akụ na ụba === Ndị enyi nke ụwa mgbasa ozi maka ndị na-eme ego na-eburu n'uche mmetụta ha na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ. * Ụlọ ọrụ ego mba ụwa: Ndị enyi nke Ụwa agbaala mkpọsa mba ụwa "Hapụ anyị n'aka mmanụ ọkụ!" megide nkwado ego maka ọrụ ike ike sitere na World Bank. Mgbasa otu a maka ego French niile na ike fossil ga-akwụsị, na maka mmemme French ka etinyegharịa ya iji kwado ume ọhụrụ na ike dị mma. Ndị enyi nke ụwa aga n'ihu na mkpọsa ha megide European Investment Bank (EIB), ụlọ akụ ọha nke European Union, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ngwuputa n'Africa. N'iso nke a, a kwụsịrị inye ego maka ọrụ Mopani Copper Mine, ebe EIB kwuputara na ọ gaghị akwadokwa ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Glencore AG ruo oge dị ka nsonaazụ nyocha nke ime na-emebi ebubo siri ike e wetara megide [[Switzerland]] multinational. Ọwa TV nke France France 5 na-agbasa akwụkwọ akụkọ na ikpe ahụ "Zambia: onye na-erite uru na ọla kọpa?" (Zambie: à qui profite le cuivre?). * Ụlọ akụ nkeonwe: Na mgbasa ozi gbasara ụlọ akụ nzuzo na COFACE, ndị enyi nke ụwa jụrụ itinye ego nke ụlọ akụ na ike nuklia na ntinye aka ha na-apụtaghị ìhè na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Omume ndị e mere bụ nkesa nke akwụkwọ akụkọ parodical "Oge ego nuklia" n'ihu isi ụlọ ọrụ OECD na Paris; mkpọsa ahụ bụ "Nweta ụlọ akụ!" ("À nous les banques!") na mmekorita ya na otu ATTAC, nke otu a na-ajụ ndị isi ụlọ akụ French iri ka ha nyochaa mmetụta ha na-emetụta ọha na eze, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba; mbipụta nke akụkọ "Banks n'okpuru nrụgide ụmụ amaala: oge inye nkọwa" (Les banques sous pression citoyenne: l'heure de rendre des comptes). * Ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi: Ndị enyi nke ụwa na-ekwu na usoro afọ ofufo CSR adaala, na mkpọsa maka usoro iwu mgbochi gbasara mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, karịsịa na Global South ebe ha na-anọkarị ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Otu a na-eme site na mkpọsa CRAD40 na ihe nrite Pinocchio. CRAD40: Ndị enyi nke ụwa butere mkpọsa “Ka anyị tufuo ihe mkpuchi nke Crad 40” (Faisons tomber les masques du Crad 40) iji chọọ iwu iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nne na nna ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ nke ndị enyemaka ha na mba ofesi. Mgbasa ozi a bu n'obi ịnweta akwụkwọ anamachọihe bịanyere aka na ya na ịkpọku ndị nnọchi anya France ka ha wusie usoro iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa ike. Ihe nrite Pinocchio: site na 2008 ruo 2013, ihe nrite Pinocchio maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide bụ iji gosipụta na ịkatọ mmetụta ọjọọ nke ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ France, na mkpokọta megidere echiche nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke ha ji eme ihe. == "Whale" (The Whale) == La Baleine bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke otu ahụ. O weputara nyocha nke otu banyere ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma bu n'obi ịkọ banyere ọrụ nke otu na ndị ha na ha jikọrọ aka na mpaghara, mba na mba ụwa. == Ndị Jikọrọ Aka == A na-eme mkpọsa dị iche iche na mmekorita ya na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere: CRID (Research and Information Centre for Development), Climate Action Network, Réseau Semences paysannes (Network of Associations for Protection of cultivation biodiversity), Réseau Sortir du Nucléaire (otu maka nuklia). Oge-apụ), Combat Monsanto (otu na-alụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọrụ ugbo) na Nature & Progrès (otu na-etinye aka na agro-ecology). == Hụkwa == * [[Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa Europe]] * [[Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa|Ndị Enyi nke Ụwa International]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * Wapner P. 1996, Environmental Activism and World Civic Politics, SUNY Press, 238p. * Duncan McLaren, 1992, Friends of the Earth, Planning Practice & Research, Mpịakọta nke 7, mbipụta nke 3, 43-47p, * Brian Doherty, 2006, Friends of the Earth International: Negotiating a transnational identity, Environmental Politics, Vol. 15, Iss. 5. * Dalton, Russell J., 1994, The green rainbow: Ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi na Western Europe, [[Yale University]] Press (New Haven, 305 p. * Arts, B., 1998, Mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke NGO zuru ụwa ọnụ: ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ihu igwe na mgbakọ dị iche iche, Jan van Arkel (International Books), 1998. 350 pp. 46rk83z6a3u8wkbr2tukcqce7ql4lyt 0 30389 193547 124552 2024-10-29T22:32:01Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 193547 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Andreas Kaplan: A school is "a building that has four walls…with tomorrow inside": Toward the reinvention of the business school|doi=10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.010|journal=Business Horizons}}</ref>A Master of Business Administration ( MBA; nakwa Master in Business Administration ) bụ akara ule postgraduate lekwasịrị anya na ịzụ ahịa .  [1] Isi ihe kpatara na mmemme MBA na-ekpuchi dị iche iche nke azụmahịa dị ka iche ego, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndịre n'akpa, mmadụ, n ihi okwu, azụmahịa, iwu azụmahịa, njikwa, ahia, ahia,  ego, ụgbọala, njikwa, echekwa, njikwa, ọkọnọ .  -chain management, na njikwa ọrụ n'ụzọ dị mkpa na nyọcha njikwa na n'ụzọ.  Ọ nkiri na United States na-ekiri awụ nke 20 mgbe obodo mepere emepe na ụlọ ọrụ njikwa ngosi . Ụfọdụ mmemme gụ usoro mkpaka na nleba anya maka ịga n'ihu n'ihe n'otu mpaghara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ego, ego, akara aha, na ụzọ ndị, mana MBA ezubere ka ọ mmemme n'ozuzu ya.  achọ MBA na United States na-achọrọ imecha ihe dị ka kredit iri a anọ na iri isii (iri isii na iri አምስት na ibu iri na ise ), dị elu ụfọdụ kredit iri atọ (iri atọ na isii ruo iri a anọ na ise na onye isi anọ na ise.  ) na-achọ maka ogo na-ekpuchi ụfọdụ.  nke otu ihe dị ka Master of Economics, Master of Finance, Master of Accountancy, Master of Science in Marketing and Master of Science in Management . akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Otu "Executive MBA", ma ọ bụ EMBA, bụ mmemme nzere yiri mmemme MBA nke ahaziri ahazi maka ma lekwasịrị anya maka ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ na ndị isi njikwa bụ ndị nọbu n'ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Article Sources|url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/executive-mba.asp|title=Executive MBA (EMBA) Definition|publisher=Investopedia.com|date=2021-05-21|accessdate=2022-01-02}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == . <ref name="Stabile2007">{{Cite book|author=Donald Stabile|title=Economics, Competition and Academia: An Intellectual History of Sophism Versus Virtue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQNI7BUvYs4C&pg=PA101|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=978-1-84720-716-6|pages=101–}}</ref>akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA akwụkwọ mbụ na United States bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Wharton nke Mahadum Pennsylvania hiwere na 1881 site na onyinye sitere n'aka Joseph Wharton .  [4] Na 1900, Tuck School of Business ntọala ntọala na Dartmouth College [1] na-enye akara ule izizi mbụ na ngwaọrụ, Master of Science in Commerce, onye bu ụzọ MBA. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ gụnyere: * 1930: Usoro nchịkwa mbụ na nchịkwa nchịkwa maka ndị isi na ndị isi nwere ahụmahụ na-arụ ọrụ ( Sloan Fellows Program na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology ). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Sloan Legacy|url=http://www.london.edu/newsandevents/news/2009/11/The_Sloan_Legacy_1046.html|journal=London.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=MIT's contributions to business and economics|url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/specials/mit150/economics/|work=boston.com|date=15 May 2011}}</ref> * 1943: Mmemme MBA mbụ (EMBA) maka ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Chicago Booth School of Business . [ nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Chicago bụkwa ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ iji guzobe ogige na-adịgide adịgide na kọntinent atọ na Chicago (USA), Barcelona (Europe), na Singapore (Asia). Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego taa na-enye MBA ndị isi ha akụkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Kemgbe e hiwere mmemme ahụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ akwagala ụlọ akwụkwọ ya ma dabere ugbu a na Chicago, [[London]] na Hong Kong. * 1946: MBA mbụ lekwasịrị anya na njikwa ụwa na Thunderbird School of Global Management . <ref>[https://thunderbird.asu.edu/global-impact/vision-history Our Vision and History | Thunderbird School of Global Management]. Thunderbird.asu.edu. Retrieved on 1 February 2018.</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1950: MBA mbụ na mpụga United States, na Canada ( Ivey Business School na The University of Western Ontario ), sochiri Mahadum Pretoria na South Africa na 1951. * 1953: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Asia na Institutelọ Ọrụ Ọha na Ọha na Ọha na Azụmaahịa India na Calcutta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 24, 2017|first=Somdatta|author=Basu|title=Country's oldest B-school, IISWBM, to become a university|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/countrys-oldest-b-school-iiswbm-to-become-a-univ/articleshow/60812042.cms|accessdate=2021-04-29|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> * 1957: MBA mbụ enyere na ụlọ akwụkwọ Europe ( INSEAD ). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.f1gmat.com/business-school-profiles/insead-mba|title=Insead MBA|work=www.f1gmat.com}}</ref> * 1963: Mmemme MBA mbụ enyere na ụwa na-asụ Spanish site na ESAN - Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ na Perú (South America), n'okpuru nduzi nke Stanford Graduate School of Business, United States. Ndị USAID - United States Agency for International Development kwadoro, na arịrịọ nke onye isi ala mbụ John F. Kennedy, nke na-ahazi ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa bụ isi na United States iji mụọ na nyochaa ohere nke ịmepụta ọrụ nchịkwa nchịkwa na Latin America. Ya mere, na July 25, 1963, la Escuela de Administración de Negocios para Graduados- ESAN tọrọ ntọala, n'ime usoro nke nkwekọrịta n'etiti gọọmenti Peru na United States na-enye Master's mmemme na Business Administration maka mmasị na-arịọ arịrịọ si n'akụkụ nile. Latin America. <ref>{{Cite book|title=An academic adventure : the founding of ESAN|author=Coleman|first=Alan|location=ESAN Cendoc|year=2006}}</ref> * 1963: MBA izizi nyere na Korea site na Korea University Business School (KUBS). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en|title=Korea University Business School|work=kubs.korea.ac.kr|accessdate=20 June 2016|archivedate=3 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803172855/http://kubs.korea.ac.kr/en}}</ref> [ na-abụghị isi isi achọrọ ] * 1986: Mmemme MBA mbụ chọrọ ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nwee kọmpụta laptop na klas na Roy E. Crummer Graduate School of Business na Rollins College (Florida). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roe|first=William|title=Innovation In Business Education: Developing A High Quality Online MBA|journal=American Journal of Business Education|date=2015|volume=8|issue=2|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1057572.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Malite na afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1992–1993, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Azụmahịa Columbia chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ niile na-abata zụta kọmpụta laptọọpụ nwere sọftụwia ọkọlọtọ, na-aghọ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmaahịa mbụ mere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19920918-01.2.4&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------|title=Columbia Daily Spectator 18 September 1992 — Columbia Spectator|work=spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Ray|title=Providing Universal Student Access to Technology: A Summary of Alternative Models|journal=Proceedings 31st Annual Small College Computing Symposium|date=16 April 1998|url=http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_1998/proceedings.pdf|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> * 1994: Mmemme MBA izizi n'ịntanetị na Mahadum Athabasca (Canada). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athabasca University|url=http://www.athabascau.ca/aboutau/history.php}}</ref> [ Ihe na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ ] Mahadum zuru ụwa ọnụ na mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe anabatala nzere MBA. <ref>McIntyre, John R. and Ilan Alon, eds. (2005), ''Business and Management Education in Transitioning and Developing Countries: A Handbook'', Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe.</ref> * Associations to Advance Collegiate School of Business (AACSB), * Council nzere ntozu maka ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na mmemme (ACBSP), na * Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka agụmakwụkwọ azụmahịa kọleji (IACBE). <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Kyle E.|author=Brink|title=A Comparison of AACSB, ACBSP, and IACBE Accredited U.S. Business Programs: An Institutional Resource Perspective|journal=Business Education & Accreditation|volume=4|issue=2|pages=1–15|date=2012}}</ref> Otu ndị a niile na-enyekwa ụlọ akwụkwọ na-abụghị US ikike. Ndị ACBSP na IACBE bụ ndị otu Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) nabatara n'onwe ha na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chea.org/programmatic-accrediting-organizations|title=CHEA Directory of Programmatic Accrediting Organizations}} Retrieved 23 July 2018</ref> Mmemme MBA nwere ọpụrụiche maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achụso ọrụ na njikwa ahụike tozuru oke maka nzere site na Commission na nzere nzere nlekọta ahụike ahụike (CAHME). Enwere ike ịnata mmemme MBA US na ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ikike n'ozuzu gụnyere: * Middle States Association nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (MSA), * Ụlọ akwụkwọ na kọleji nke New England (NEASC), * Kọmishọna mmụta dị elu (HLC), * Kọmịshọna nzere mmụta mmụta anya (DEAC), * Northwest Commission na kọleji na mahadum (NWCCU), * Ndị otu South nke kọleji na ụlọ akwụkwọ (SACS), na * Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Koenig|first=Ann|title=Higher Education Accreditation in the United States|publisher=EAIE Conference|date=18 September 2004|url=http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061102102633/http://www.eaie.org/pdf/torino/205.pdf|archivedate=2 November 2006}}</ref> === Obodo ndị ọzọ === == Mmemme == Mmemme MBA oge niile na-emekarị ihe karịrị afọ agụmakwụkwọ abụọ (ya bụ ihe dị ka ọnwa 18 nke oge oge). Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Northern Hemisphere, ha na-amalitekarị n'ọgwụgwụ August ma ọ bụ mmalite Septemba nke afọ otu ma na-aga n'ihu ruo May ma ọ bụ June nke afọ abụọ, na-enwe ezumike okpomọkụ nke ọnwa atọ ma ọ bụ anọ n'etiti afọ otu na abụọ. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eji ezi uche abanye na ahụmahụ ọrụ mbụ nke ụwa ma na-amụ ihe n'ime ụbọchị izu ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum ndị ọzọ. Ụdị oge zuru oke, ngwa ngwa, nwa oge, ma ọ bụ modular MBA chọrọ kredit 60 (awa klaasị 600) nke ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Mmemme MBA accelerated bụ mgbanwe nke mmemme afọ abụọ. Ha na-agụnye ibu nkuzi dị elu yana klaasị siri ike na usoro nyocha ma na-agbakọkarị n'ime otu afọ. Ha na-enwekarị obere oge n'oge mmemme yana n'etiti semesters. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enweghị ezumike ọnwa atọ ruo ọnwa anọ, na n'etiti semesters enwere ike ịnwe ezumike ụbọchị asaa ruo iri karịa ezumike izu atọ ruo ise. Mmemme emelitere na-enwekarị ọnụ ala karịa mmemme afọ abụọ oge niile. Mmemme MBA nwa oge na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu. Mmemme nwa oge na-adịkarị afọ atọ ma ọ bụ karịa. Ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, bụ ndị na-ebu obere obere ihe ọmụmụ ruo ogologo oge ruo mgbe emezuola ihe achọrọ ngụsị akwụkwọ. N'uhuruchi (ngbanwe nke abụọ) Mmemme MBA bụ mmemme oge niile na-ejide klaasị na mgbede ụbọchị izu, mgbe awa ọrụ nkịtị gasịrị, ma ọ bụ na ngwụsị izu maka afọ abụọ. Studentsmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mmemme ndị a na-enwekarị ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ, ndị na-enweghị ike ịhapụ ọrụ ha ịchụso MBA ngbanwe oge niile. A na-enye ọtụtụ mmemme mgbanwe nke abụọ na mahadum dị na India. Mmemme MBA (EMBA) Executive (nke oge) emepụtara iji gboo mkpa agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị njikwa na ndị isi, na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere inweta MBA (ma ọ bụ akara ugo mmụta ọzọ metụtara azụmahịa) n'ime afọ abụọ ma ọ bụ obere ka ha na-arụ ọrụ oge niile. Ndị sonyere na-abịa site na ụdị ọ bụla na nha nke nzukọ - uru, enweghị uru, gọọmentị - na-anọchite anya ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ akwụkwọ EMBA na-enwekarị ahụmịhe ọrụ dị elu, mgbe mgbe afọ 10 ma ọ bụ karịa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ akwụkwọ MBA ndị ọzọ. Na nzaghachi nye ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye ụba nke mmemme EMBA, e hibere Council Executive MBA na 1981 iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi. Mmemme MBA mmụta anya na -ejide klaasị na-anọghị n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ịnye mmemme ndị a n'ụdị dị iche iche: nkuzi akwụkwọ ozi site na ozi nzipu ozi ma ọ bụ email, vidiyo mgbasa ozi na-abụghị mmekọrịta, vidiyo edekọburu, teleconference ndụ ma ọ bụ vidiyo vidiyo, nkuzi kọmputa na-anọghị n'ịntanetị ma ọ bụ n'ịntanetị. Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enye mmemme ndị a. Mmemme mmụta agwakọtara jikọtara mmụta dị anya na nkuzi ihu na ihu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=de l'Etraz, Paris|title=What Can an Online Program Do for You?|url=http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|date=1 November 2009|publisher=BizEd Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924040945/http://www.aacsb.edu/publications/Archives/NovDec10/34-39%20F-Online%20Program.pdf|archivedate=24 September 2014}}</ref> Mmemme ndị a na-elekwasịkarị anya ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịga mmemme nwa oge ọdịnala. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Karen Hebert-Maccaro|title=Blended MBA Programs: An Optimized Form of Learning|url=http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127165803/http://www.wpi.edu/academics/business/info/learning/images/pedagogy.pdf|archivedate=2012-01-27|date=8 September 2011|publisher=Worcester Polytechnic Institute}}</ref> Mmemme ogo abụọ MBA jikọtara MBA na ndị ọzọ (dị ka MS, MA, MEng, ma ọ bụ JD, wdg) iji mee ka ụmụ akwụkwọ belata ọnụ ahịa (mmemme abụọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala karịa ịchụso ogo abụọ iche), chekwaa oge na agụmakwụkwọ na hazie nkuzi mmụta azụmaahịa ka mkpa ha dị. A na-enwetakarị nke a site n'ikwe ka usoro ọmụmụ nke otu mmemme gụọ dị ka ndị ahọpụtara na nke ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa na-enye mmemme nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nweta ma nzere bachelọ na nchịkwa azụmahịa yana MBA n'ime afọ ise. Obere-MBA bụ okwu nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na ndị na-erite uru na-eji kọwaa usoro ọzụzụ lekwasịrị anya na ntọala azụmahịa. N'oge gara aga, a na-enye mmemme Obere-MBA dị ka usoro ọmụmụ na-enweghị kredit nke chọrọ ihe na-erughị awa 100 nke mkpokọta mmụta. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi nkatọ nke asambodo ndị a, ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ atụgharịala mmemme ha ugbu a iji nye nkuzi maka kredit zuru oke ka e wee tinye ha na nzere MBA ọdịnala zuru oke. Nke a bụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịchọpụta ọrụ nkuzi metụtara azụmahịa maka ebumnuche ọrụ ma ka na-enye ohere ịmecha mmemme nzere MBA zuru oke na oge ọzọ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ahọpụtara ime ya. == Usoro nnabata == Ule nnabata nchịkwa nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ (GMAT) bụ ule nnabata a na-ejikarị maka nnabata na mmemme MBA. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmemme MBA niile na-anabatakwa ule nyocha nke Graduate Record (GRE) iji mezuo ule nnabata ọ bụla ha nwere ike ịnwe. Ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ anaghị atụba akara ule mbata dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ, ụfọdụ mmemme anaghị achọ akara ule mbata maka nnabata. Iji nweta klaasị dị iche iche, ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-atụlekwa ebumnuche nwoke na nwanyị na oke ụmụ akwụkwọ mpaghara na mba ụwa. N'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụfọdụ ogo MBA anaghị achọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ nweta akara ugo mmụta mahadum na ha ga-anabata ahụmịhe njikwa dị ukwuu n'ọnọdụ akara ugo mmụta mahadum. Na UK, ọmụmaatụ, a Higher National Diploma (HND) ma ọ bụ ọbụna Higher National Asambodo (HNC) na-anabata na ụfọdụ mmemme. Ndị na-achọ MBA na-achọsi ike na-eji ọrụ ndụmọdụ nnabata MBA mee ihe iji kwalite ohere nnabata ha. Ha na-ahụkarị na US, yana ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ na-eji ọrụ ndị a na 2016, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Murray|first=Seb|date=2017-10-18|title=Are MBA admissions consultants worth their fees?|work=Financial Times|url=https://www.ft.com/content/02bece04-aa79-11e7-ab66-21cc87a2edde|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ha na-enweta ewu ewu n'ebe ndị ọzọ, gụnyere India <ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-28|title=Handholding the hopefuls|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/handholding-the-hopefuls-15464-2010-10-28|accessdate=2023-08-05|work=Business Today|language=en|first=Anusha|author=Subramanian}}</ref> na Canada. Ndị na-ahụ maka ndụmọdụ nwere ike ịnye nkuzi bụ isi gụnyere enyemaka na nhọrọ mmemme, ajụjụ ọnụ ọchị, na ịgụgharị edemede, n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ ga-enye ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ide edemede sitere na ọkọ. Ọtụtụ kọmitii nnabata ụlọ akwụkwọ achụmnta ego na-ewute ojiji nke ọrụ ndụmọdụ, na ngwa nwere ike imerụ ahụ site n'ile anya dị ka e dere ya na onye ndụmọdụ, dị ka site n'inwe ọkwa dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu onye nyocha ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ihe pụrụ iche. Ụfọdụ na-ekwupụtakwa nchegbu na ha na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịkwụ ụgwọ dị elu nke ọrụ ahụ uru na-ezighị ezi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Silverman|first=Rachel Emma|title=Looking for an Edge: M.B.A. applicants are turning to pricey consultants to help them navigate the daunting admissions process|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2729708834/|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 6, 2011|page=B5|language=en|id={{ProQuest|2729708834}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Lawrence|first=Diana|title=Consultants provide a boost: But recruiters fear divide between hopefuls who can afford service and those who can't|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1038106119|accessdate=August 5, 2023|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=September 6, 2012|page=M.4.|language=en|id={{ProQuest|1038106119}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title="It's Almost Like…Admitting An Impostor"|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-06-03/its-almost-like-dmitting-an-impostor|author=Porter|first=Jane|date=June 4, 2007|accessdate=2023-08-05}}</ref> N'ozuzu, a na-ahazi mmemme MBA gburugburu usoro ọmụmụ - usoro ọmụmụ bụ isi <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705102904/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/mft_mba_flyer.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-05|title=MFT-MBA Test Description|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014}}</ref> - yana usoro ọmụmụ nke (nwere ike) na-enye ohere maka isiokwu ọpụrụiche ma ọ bụ itinye uche. Ya mere, n'ime afọ mbụ nke mmemme (ma ọ bụ akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-enweta ma ihe ọmụma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọrụ nchịkwa na nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka ndị a, ebe n'afọ nke abụọ (akụkụ), ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agbaso usoro ọmụmụ, nke nwere ike ịgụta ọkachamara. (Enwere ike itinye isiokwu na ụkpụrụ azụmahịa na ọkwa izugbe ma ọ bụ ọkachamara. ) Mgbe afọ mbụ gasịrị, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-achọ ọrụ oge niile. Ngosipụta a na-ejedebe na ọrụ nkuzi na atụmatụ azụmaahịa, mmemme mmemme . Akwụkwọ edemede ma ọ bụ nnukwu oru ngo na-abụkarị ihe achọrọ nrịgo ka emechara ọrụ nkuzi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke; hụ okpuru. Emebere mmemme ka ụmụ akwụkwọ wee nweta nghọta na tiori na omume otu. Ọmụmụ ihe gụnyere nkuzi, ọmụmụ ihe, na ọrụ otu; Ngwakọta ahụ n'agbanyeghị, ga-adịgasị iche site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ronaldyeaple/2012/07/09/is-the-mba-case-method-passe/|title=Is the MBA Case Method Passé?|first=Ronald|author=Yeaple|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> na n'ụdị . A na-ekpuchi usoro ihe ọmụmụ na klas site na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ, ma na-akwado ya site na usoro ikpe, na-etinye nwa akwụkwọ ahụ n'ọrụ nke onye na-eme mkpebi. Yiri ọnọdụ azụmahịa ụwa n'ezie, ikpe gụnyere ma mgbochi yana ozi ezughị ezu. Mmụta bara uru (imikpu ubi) na-agụnyekarị ọrụ ndụmọdụ na ezigbo ndị ahịa, a na-emekarị ya na otu (ma ọ bụ "syndicates"). <ref>{{Cite web|title=MBA Consulting Projects|url=https://www.darden.virginia.edu/mba/academics/experiential-learning/consulting/|work=Darden School of Business UVA|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref> Ihe ndị bara uru (yana ihe ọmụmụ ihe) na-agụnyekarị ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mpụga -mgbe ụfọdụ ndị isi azụmahịa-na-akwado nkuzi sitere na ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. (Lee Business school § Ọmụmụ ikpe na § Ụzọ ndị ọzọ ; na, n'ozuzu, Business education § Postgraduate agụmakwụkwọ . ) {| class="wikitable floatright" width="400" | colspan="3" |Nhazi usoro MBA |- | rowspan="4" | Isi |- | Nyocha | Akaụntụ, akụnụba maka njikwa, omume nhazi, nyocha ọnụọgụ ( nyocha arụmọrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụmahịa ). |- | Na-arụ ọrụ | Njikwa ego, njikwa akụ mmadụ, njikwa ahịa, njikwa ọrụ . |- | Ụkpụrụ omume | Ụkpụrụ azụmahịa, ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ . |- | Ndị ahọpụtara | colspan="2" | Nhọrọ sara mbara nke a na-ahụkarị gụnyere: ịzụ ahịa, azụmahịa mba ụwa, usoro ozi njikwa, iwu azụmahịa, nyocha ahịa, nhazi nhazi, mkparita uka, ego mba ụwa, njikwa oru ngo, ijikwa enweghị uru na itinye ego ụlọ . Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-enye ọtụtụ nhọrọ nhọrọ ndị ọzọ nke ọdịdị pụrụiche karịa. |- | rowspan="2" | Nkume nkume | Atụmatụ | Usoro njikwa na njikwa azụmaahịa . |- | Nyocha | Usoro nyocha na akwụkwọ edemede / isi oru ngo . |} A na-ekpuchikarị nkà nyocha nke achọrọ maka njikwa na mbụ. Usoro akwụkwọ ndekọ ego nwere ike na-emeso akaụntụ ego na njikwa iche iche ma ọ bụ n'otu usoro ngwakọ. Ego ndekọ ego na-emekọ tumadi na nkọwa (na nkwadebe) nke ego nkwupụta mgbe management aza ajụjụ tumadi na analysis nke esịtidem results. The Economics N'ezie na-ekpuchi njikwa akụnụba, a teknuzu N'ezie na tumadi na-elekwasị anya ngwaahịa ọnụahịa dị ka mmetụta microeconomic tiori, na aggregate-ma ọ bụ macroeconomics, nke na-emeso isiokwu dị ka ụlọ akụ usoro, ego ọkọnọ, na onu oriri. A na-ejikọta nyocha na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka "Mkpebi njikwa" ma ọ bụ " Mkpebi nke ọnụọgụ "; Enwere ike jikọta omume nhazi na njikwa ọrụ mmadụ n'otu aka ahụ. N'ọtụtụ mmemme, ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ nwere nzụlite kwesịrị ekwesị nwere ike ịwepụ na usoro nyocha dị iche iche. N'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ, ụfọdụ mmemme na-emeso usoro ọmụmụ ebe a n'akụkụ abụọ: usoro nke mbụ na-enye nkọwa, ebe nke abụọ na-elegharị isiokwu ahụ anya na omimi (ikekwe dị ka ọkachamara); N'aka nke ọzọ, nke mbụ na-eleba anya obere oge, nsogbu aghụghọ, ebe nke abụọ na-ekwu maka ogologo oge, nsogbu usoro (dịka, "Financial Management I" nwere ike kpuchie njikwa ego na-arụ ọrụ, ebe akụkụ II na-ekpuchi mkpebi ntinye ego ego ). A na-etinyewanye usoro mmụta sistemụ / teknụzụ ozi dị ka usoro isi arụ ọrụ kama ịbụ nhọrọ. A na-enyekarị ọzụzụ gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na ọrụ nkuzi na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ. Rịba ama na nkuzi ebe a, ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dị na ọdịnaya bụ, n'ikpeazụ, gbadoro ụkwụ na njikwa ụlọ ọrụ. (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nkuzi ego bụ isi nwere ike ikpuchi teknụzụ nke nleba anya ngwa ego na n'ịkwalite isi ego, mana ọ na-elekwasị anya na ego njikwa na njikwa ego . ) Usoro nkuzi dabere na teknụzụ, ọ bụrụ na enyere ya, ga-esite na ọkachamara. Mmemme nwekwara ike na-agụnye (coursework dabeere) ọzụzụ na nkà mkpa na agadi ọkwa nke management: soft skills, dị ka (n'ozuzu) ndu na mkparita uka; nkà siri ike, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ na njikwa ọrụ; ikike iche echiche dị ka ihe ọhụrụ na imepụta ihe. Ọzụzụ na mpaghara dị ka multiculturalism na ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-agụnye n'otu aka ahụ. Nleta ụlọ ọrụ (gụnyere njem mba ofesi), yana nkuzi ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ nzukọ ọmụmụ nwere ndị isi na ndị njikwa nwere ike ịgụnye. Ndị a, na isiokwu ndị bụ isi, na-enye ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ obosara, ebe ọmụmụ ihe pụrụ iche na-enye omimi. Ọtụtụ mmemme MBA na-ejedebe na nyocha ọpụpụ zuru oke . Ule ahaziri ahazi nke mba a maara dị ka Major Field Test for MBAs (MFT-MBA) ka etinyere ya na mmemme MBA nke ihe karịrị mahadum US 300. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|title=2013 Major Field Test Comparative Data Guide: Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration (MBA)|publisher=Educational Testing Service|accessdate=20 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122194137/http://www.ets.org/s/mft/pdf/acdg_mba.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2014}}</ref> MFT-MBA bu n'obi itule nka, ihe omuma, na ikike iche echiche n'ime ngalaba nke ọkọlọtọ MBA. <ref name="MFT-MBA Test Description"/> Ọ bụ ọrụ nnwale agụmakwụkwọ na-elekọta ya. Nhọrọ ọzọ ama ama maka ule ọpụpụ zuru oke bụ Nleba Ọkachamara Component Comprehensive maka MBA (CPC COMP Exam for MBAs) nke Peregrine Academic Services nwere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf|title=Business Administration CPC-Based COMP Exam Summary: Masters Level|publisher=Peregrine Academic Services|accessdate=22 November 2016|archivedate=2 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202002244/https://www.peregrineacademics.com/media.ashx/exam-summary-business-compgraduatefinal29oct2014.pdf}}</ref> Ọtụtụ mmemme na-ahọrọ ijikwa ule ime ụlọ nke onwe ha karịa ule ahaziri ahazi. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bc8zb2tp0dgbkgqyy49sj4y275bzj3m 0 32329 193549 133665 2024-10-29T22:32:49Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:River_gambia_Niokolokoba_National_Park.gif|thumb|350x350px|Usoro oỌtụtụ ógbè ebe obibi ihe okike jupụtara na ụdị dị iche iche. Nke a bụ Osimiri Gambia na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Niokolo-Koba nke [[Senegal]].]] [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] emetụtala n'ụzọ dị njọ usoro okike nke elu ala na nke mmiri, gụnyere tundras, mangroves, coral reefs, na ọgba. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2019/08/Edited-SPM_Approved_Microsite_FINAL.pdf|title=IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse gas fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems:Summary for Policymakers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/|title=Summary for Policymakers — Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate|accessdate=2019-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Skre|first=Oddvar|title=How Will the Tundra-Taiga Interface Respond to Climate Change?|journal=Ambio|date=2002|volume=Spec No 12|pages=37–46|pmid=12374058|issn=0044-7447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mammola|first=Stefano|title=Climate change may drive cave spiders to extinction|journal=Ecography|date=January 2018|volume=41|issue=1|pages=233–243|doi=10.1111/ecog.02902|url=https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/854395/1/indexcodes.txt}}</ref>Mbawanye nke okpomọkụ ụwa, omume ọtụtụ ugboro nke ihu igwe siri ike, nakwa ịrị elu n'ógó nke óké osimiri bụ ọmụmaatụ nke nlụpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe kachasị emetụta. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Geremy|first=Taylor|title=Frequency of extreme Sahelian storms tripled since 1982 in satellite observations|date=2017-04-27|publisher=Nature Publishing Group|oclc=990335453}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Priestley|first=Rebecca|date=2021-07-14|title=Public understanding of climate change-related sea-level rise|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=7|pages=e0254348|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254348|pmid=34242339}}</ref>Ntaramahụhụ ndị nwere ike ịpụta na-agụnye mbelata n'ọnụ ọgụ, ifu maọbụ mkpochapụ kpamkpam nke ụdị dị iche iche, mgbanwe n'ime usoro okike gasị, mmụba nke Ụdị ndị na-awakpo awakpo, mfu nke ebe obibi ụmụ anụmanụ, oké ọhịa ịgbanwe site na ndị na-amịkpọ carbon banye n'ebe mmepụta carbon, acid ijupụta n'oké osimiri, mmebi nke okirikiri mmiri, omume ugboro ugboro ịkawanye njọ nke ọdachi ndị sitere n'okike dị ka ọkụ ọhịa na idei mmiri, na mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide na mgbanwe nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How does climate change affect the challenge of invasive species? {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-does-climate-change-affect-challenge-invasive-species#:~:text=Climate%20change%20is%20creating%20new,that%20is%20currently%20too%20cool.|work=www.usgs.gov}}</ref> == N'òzuzu Òkè == [[Usòrò:20211107_Projected_extremes_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_3x10yr_area_chart_-_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|thumb| Akụkọ nyocha nke isii nke IPCC (2021) na-atụ atụmatụ na-nrịwanye elu nke ma ugboro ole (ogwe dina edina) na ógó omume (ogwe kwụ ọtọ) nke ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike, maka ịbawanye ogo nke okpomọkụ ụwa.]] [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] na-emetụta mpaghara gburugburu ebe obibi ndị dị n'elu ala. Mbawanye nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ pụtara na gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe; a na-amanye ụfọdụ ụdị anụmanụ ịpụ n'ebe obibi ha (ma eleghị anya ifu kpamkpam) n'ihi ọnọdụ na-agbanwe. <ref name="Grimm2013">{{Cite journal|author=Grimm|first=Nancy B|title=The impacts of climate change on ecosystem structure and function|journal=Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment|date=November 2013|volume=11|issue=9|pages=474–482|doi=10.1890/120282}}</ref>Otu ihe atụ bụ nkwagharị. N'ihi ihu igwe na-arigo n'okpomọkụ, a na-amanye ụmụ nnụnụ ịkwaga na mba ọzọ. Mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke okpomọkụ ụwa gụnyere obere snow ịda, ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, nricha nke ozone na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ndị a nwere ike imetụta ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Grimm2013" /> N'ime Akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke IPCC, ndị ọkachamara nyochara akwụkwọ banyere mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na gburugburu ebe obibi. Rosenzweig et al. (2007) kwubiri na n'ime afọ iri atọ gara aga, okpomọkụ nke mmadụ kpatara enweela mmetụta a na-ahụ anya n'ọtụtụ usoro anụ ahụ na nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (p. 81). &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/33180/|doi=10.5167/uzh-33180|year=2007|author=Rosenzweig|first=C.|title=Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems|pages=79–131}}</ref>Schneider et al. (2007) ji obi ike dị elu kwubie na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-eme na mpaghara na mpaghara emetụtalarị ọtụtụ ụdị na gburugburu ebe obibi nagburugburu ụwa (p. 792). &nbsp;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assessing Key Vulnerabilities and the Risk from Climate Change|year=2007|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/assessing-key-vulnerabilities-and-the-risk-from-climate-change/|work=AR4 Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability}}</ref>Ha kwubikwara na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-eme ka ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche nwụọ maọbu gụọ nakwa mbelata nke ọgwakọ ụdị dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi (p. 792).&nbsp; * '''Usoro okike nke elu ala na ụdị dị iche iche''': Site na okpomọkụ nke 4-5 °C, iji tụnyere ọkwa nke afọ 2010, o yikarịrị na ahịhịa na-eto n'ụwa ga-aghọ isi mmepụta carbon (Schneider et al., 2007:792). &nbsp; N'iji obi ike dị elu, Schneider et al. (2007:788) kwubiri na mmụba okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ji 4 °C gbagoo (karịa nke 2010-2015) n'eru 2100 ga-eduga na nnukwu mkpochapụ nke ụdị dị iche iche na gburugburu ụwa.&nbsp; burugburu ebe obibi G * * * *óké osimiri a * burugbuN'ija ị iche iche: Sitna e dị elu,jimmụtga-adị a sayensịnke afọ kwubiri nke afnnukwu ọ na okpomọkụ nkennu n'úwa niileịa ọkwa 2010 ga-akpataụ ọmụmụ -ihe noral reefs nọmụmụ -ihe le. &nbsp;Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ na okpomọkụ metụta ihe nnyefe ndị dị ndụ huku nnlereanya egosilaphuku nomọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na eriri nri microbial nke mmiri, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta miri emi na mgbapụta carbon nke mmiri nke planktonic pelagic na mesopelagic ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sarmento|first=Hugo|title=Warming effects on marine microbial food web processes: how far can we go when it comes to predictions?|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=12 July 2010|volume=365|issue=1549|pages=2137–2149|doi=10.1098/rstb.2010.0045|pmid=20513721}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vázquez-Domínguez|first=Evaristo|title=Ocean warming enhances respiration and carbon demand of coastal microbial plankton|journal=Global Change Biology|date=July 2007|volume=13|issue=7|pages=1327–1334|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01377.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vázquez-Domínguez|first=E|title=Temperature effects on the heterotrophic bacteria, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and microbial top predators of the NW Mediterranean|journal=Aquatic Microbial Ecology|date=2 October 2012|volume=67|issue=2|pages=107–121|doi=10.3354/ame01583}}</ref> * Gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri dị ọcha: N'iji ihe dị ka 4 °C karịa na mmụba nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'eru 2100 (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2010), ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ji obi ike dị elu kwubie na ọtụtụ ụdị dị na mmiri dị ọcha ga-efu ma ọ bụ baa n'ihe ize ndụ ebe ọ dị elu.&nbsp; == Ụdị dị iche iche == === Mfukpọ === N'ịmụ njikọ dị n'etiti ihu igwe ụwa na mkpochapụ n'ime nde afọ narị ise na iri abụo gara aga, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si na Mahadum York dere, "Oké okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ e buru n'amụma maka narị afọ ndị na-abịa n'iru nwere ike ịkpata 'ihe omume mkpochapụ' ọhụrụ, ebe a ga-ekpochapụ ihe karịrị pasent iri ise nke ụdị anụmanụ na akụmakú "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mayhew|first=Peter J|title=A long-term association between global temperature and biodiversity, origination and extinction in the fossil record|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|date=24 October 2007|volume=275|issue=1630|pages=47–53|doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1302|pmid=17956842}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ bụ anụmanụ Arctic na [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] dị ka anụ ọhịa bea na eze ukwu penguins. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Amstrup|first=Steven C.|title=Recent observations of intraspecific predation and cannibalism among polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea|journal=Polar Biology|date=27 April 2006|volume=29|issue=11|pages=997–1002|doi=10.1007/s00300-006-0142-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Le Bohec|first=C.|title=King penguin population threatened by Southern Ocean warming|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=11 February 2008|volume=105|issue=7|pages=2493–2497|doi=10.1073/pnas.0712031105|pmid=18268328}}</ref>Na Arctic, mmiri nke Hudson Bay enweghị ice ruo izu atọ karịa ka ha dị afọ iri atọ gara aga, na-emetụta anụ ọhịa bea, nke na-ahọrọ ịchụ nta na ice mmiri. <ref>[http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n01/byer01_.html On Thinning Ice] ''Michael Byers'' London Review of Books January 2005</ref>Ụdị ndị na-adabere na ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'ajụ oyi dị ka Gyrfalcons, na ikwiikwii snow ndị na-eri lemmings na-eji oge oyi eme ihe maka uru ha ka enwere ike imetụta n'ụzọ n'adịghị mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_rusticolis.pdf|title=International Species Action Plan for the Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolis|publisher=BirdLife International|year=1999|author=Pertti Koskimies (compiler)|accessdate=2007-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf|title=Snowy Owl|publisher=University of Alaska|year=2006|accessdate=2007-12-28|archivedate=2008-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910214043/http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/zoology/species_ADFG/ADFG_PDFs/Birds/Snowy%20Owl_ADFG_final_2006.pdf}}</ref>Anụ ndị na-enweghị ókpòrò-azụ n'ime mmiri na-eto ọsọsọ na okpomọkụ maara ha ahụ, na anụmanụ ndị nwere ọbara oyi a na-ahụ na [[Latitude|latitudes]] na ebe ndị dị elu na-eto ngwa ngwa iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka oge uto dị mkpirikpi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arendt|first=Jeffrey D.|title=Adaptive Intrinsic Growth Rates: An Integration Across Taxa|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|date=June 1997|volume=72|issue=2|pages=149–177|doi=10.1086/419764}}</ref>Ọnọdụ na-ekpo ọkụ karịa òtù o kwesịrị nke kachasị mma na-akpata mgbari nri dị elu na mbelata nke íbù ahụ n'agbanyeghị mmụba nke nri, nke na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke anụ iri ibe ya dị elu. N'ezie, ọbụna obere mmụba nke okpomọkụ n'oge mmepe na-emebi arụmọrụ uto na ọnụego ndụ na rainbow trout.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Biro|first=P. A.|title=Mechanisms for climate-induced mortality of fish populations in whole-lake experiments|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=29 May 2007|volume=104|issue=23|pages=9715–9719|doi=10.1073/pnas.0701638104|pmid=17535908}}</ref> == Mgbanwe nke ụdị == [[Usòrò:Young_red_deer.jpg|thumb|Nwa mgbada na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ọhịa na Scotland.]] Mgbanwe ihu igwe emetụtala ọdọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nleta nke ọnụọgụ red deer na Rùm, otu n'ime agwaetiti Inner Hebrides, Scotland. Okpomọkụ dịtụ ñarịñarị mere ka mgbada mụọ nwa n'oge na nkezi ụbọchị atọ n'ime afọ iri ọ bụla emere ọmụmụ ahụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkesa nke na-ahọrọ maka ọmụmụ n'oge amụbaala n'ọnụ ọgụgụ anụmanụ ahụ n'ihi na ndị nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nkesa mụrụ ụmụ ehi karịa n'oge ndụ ha.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 November 2019|title=Climate change alters red deer gene pool|language=en-GB|work=BBC News online|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-50306365|accessdate=10 November 2019}}</ref> Ihe ọmụmụ e mere na Chicago gosiri na ogologo ọkpụkpụ ụkwụ ala ụmụ nnụnụ (ihe na-egosi ibu ahụ) ji nkezi nke dịka pasentị abụọ na ụma anọ belata, nku ha jiri pasentị ótù na ụma atọ tokwuo ogologo. Nnyocha sitere na CentralAmazon gosipụtara na ụmụ nnụnụ belatara n'árụ́ ha na-anyị (ihe na-egosi ibu) site na pasentị abụọ kwa afọ iri, ma mụbaa n'ogologo nku ruo ihe dịka pasentị ótù kwa afọ iri nke nwere njikọ na nnọgharị nke okpomọkụ na mmírí ozuzo. Nchọpụta nke ọmụmụ-ihe ndị a na-atụ aro na mgbanwe ọdịdị ahụ a bụ ihe nlụpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma nwee ike igosi ihe atụ nke mgbanwe evolushọn na-esote Ọchịchị Bergmann.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Vlamis|first=Kelsey|date=4 December 2019|title=Birds 'shrinking' as the climate warms|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50661448|accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 December 2019|title=North American Birds Are Shrinking, Likely a Result of the Warming Climate|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/north-american-birds-are-shrinking-likely-result-warming-climate|accessdate=5 December 2019|work=Audubon|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Brian C.|date=4 December 2019|title=Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds|journal=Ecology Letters|volume=23|issue=2|pages=316–325|doi=10.1111/ele.13434|pmid=31800170}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jirinec|first=Vitek|title=Morphological consequences of climate change for resident birds in intact Amazonian rainforest|journal=Science Advances|year=2021|volume=7|issue=46|pages=eabk1743|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abk1743|pmid=34767440}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma sitere na nyocha na vertebrates na-egosi na okpomọkụ dị elu na-ebelata ọnụego nke physiological na niche evolution, nakwa na ọ dị mfe maka ụmụ anụmanụ ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe oyi karịa ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref>[https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.0823 Higher temperatures lower rates of physiological and niche evolution]</ref> Ụlọ nyocha nke Jutfelt Fish Ecophysiology na Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke [[Norway]] (NTNU), n'okpuru onye nduzi ha Ọkammụta Fredrik Jutfelt, na-enyocha etu evolushọn nwere ike isi duga na mgbanwe ọdịdị ahụ iji dabaa n'ọnọdụ okpomọkụ ebe azụ ahụ bi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fish Ecophysiology Lab - NTNU|url=https://www.ntnu.edu/biology/research/fish-ecophysiology#/view/about|accessdate=2022-06-09|work=www.ntnu.edu}}</ref>N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ha mere nnwale nhọrọ mmadụ mere dị ukwuu, nke e bipụtara na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS), na-egosi na mgbanwe nke nnagide okpomọkụ nwere ike ime n'azụ. Otú ọ dị, a tụrụ aro na ógó evolushọn si eme dị nnukwu nwayọ nke nnapụta evolushọn iji chebe azụ pụọ na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morgan|first=Rachael|date=2020-12-29|title=Low potential for evolutionary rescue from climate change in a tropical fish|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=117|issue=52|pages=33365–33372|doi=10.1073/pnas.2011419117|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33318195}}</ref> == Mmetụta nke mbibi nke ụdị n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụzọ ndụ == Ụzọ ndụ nke obodo ndị na-adabere na okike na-adabere n'ụba na nnweta nke ụdị ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Roe|first=Amanda D.|date=2011|title=Comparative phylogeography, genetic differentiation and contrasting reproductive modes in three fungal symbionts of a multipartite bark beetle symbiosis|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume=20|issue=3|pages=584–600|doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04953.x|pmid=21166729}}</ref>Ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka mmụba nke okpomọkụ ikuku na ógó njuputa carbon dioxide na-emetụta kpọmkwem nnweta nke ike biomass, nri, eriri na ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lambin|first=Eric F.|date=1 March 2011|title=Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=108|issue=9|pages=3465–3472|doi=10.1073/pnas.1100480108|pmid=21321211}}</ref>Mmebi nke ụdị ndị na-enye ngwaahịa ndị dị otú ahụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ndụ nke ndị na-adabere na ha, ọkachasị n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sintayehu|first=Dejene W.|date=17 October 2018|title=Impact of climate change on biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services in Africa: a systematic review|journal=Ecosystem Health and Sustainability|volume=4|issue=9|pages=225–239|doi=10.1080/20964129.2018.1530054}}</ref>Ọnọdụ ahụ nwere ike ikawanye njọ site na mgbanwe nke mmiri ozuzo nke nwere ike iwere ikike nye Ụdị ndị na-awakpo awakpo karịsịa ndị agbasara n'ofe nnukwu gradients latitudinal. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goodale|first=Kaitlin M.|date=19 February 2018|title=Priority effects are affected by precipitation variability and are stronger in exotic than native grassland species|journal=Plant Ecology|volume=219|issue=4|pages=429–439|doi=10.1007/s11258-018-0806-6}}</ref>Mmetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere na ụdị osisi na anụmanụ n'ime usoro okike ụfọdụ nwere ikike imetụta ndị mmadụ bi na ya ndị na-adabere na ihe onwunwe okike. Ugboro ugboro, mkpochapụ nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ na-ekepụta mmekọrịta ịgba gburugburu nke iyi ụdị dị iche iche egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta kpọmkwem. Mgbukpọ nke ụdị dị iche iche ndị ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-eweta abụghị naanị na ọ na-emebi usoro okike kamakwa ọ na-amụba mmeghachi omume nke obodo ndị na-adabere na ihe ndị a ejikọtara ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Briggs|first=Helen|date=11 June 2019|title=Plant extinction 'bad news for all species'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48584515}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na okirikiri mmiri * Mycorrhizae na mgbanwe ihu igwe == Edensibia == {{Global warming|state=expanded}}Okpomọkụ mba ụwa [[Òtù:Articles containing video clips]] [[Òtù:Effects of climate change]] [[Òtù:Ecosystems]] [[Òtù:Climate change and the environment]] [[Òtù:We archive template wayback links]] [[Òtù:Articles with excerpts]] [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] o710dsvcar2rd3c5icnxfaxmf0tlrbg 0 32931 193569 133734 2024-10-30T06:55:59Z Andre Engels 66 Redirected page to [[Ọ́dụ̀ ụgbọ mmiri na Port Harcourt]] 193569 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Ọ́dụ̀ ụgbọ mmiri na Port Harcourt]] mq1my2l7pbo57xyahkz6h85x8ieuft1 0 33428 193529 137049 2024-10-29T22:19:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Aoxuan Lee''' (Chinese 李奧軒; amụrụ na Eprel 15, 1990) bụ onye China na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu, onye Na-agba egwu, onye omee, na onye na-egwu Electone. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, Lee ghọrọ Avex Entertainment na [[Japan]].   N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, ọ wepụtara egwu China na Japan "San Er Yi (Three Two One) " <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.universalnewspoint.com/story/138993/singer-aoxuan-lee-released-a-new-single-on-2018-christmas-day.html|title=Singer AoXuan Lee released a new single on 2018 Christmas Day – Universal News Point|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526065408/http://news.universalnewspoint.com/story/138993/singer-aoxuan-lee-released-a-new-single-on-2018-christmas-day.html|archivedate=2019-05-26}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Lee na Eprel 15, 1990, na Xicheng District, Beijing . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/64145223_390740|title=李奥轩独身秘密回京 日系范儿十足|work=www.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> Aha nna ya bụ Li Fu-sheng na aha nne ya bụ Wang Xue-mei. Lee malitere ịmụ ịgba egwú <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yue.ifeng.com/a/20170308/39771356_0.shtml|title=久违四年 李奥轩即将回归音乐界|work=yue.ifeng.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> ịkpọ keyboard mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Wuding Primary School na Xicheng District, Beijing. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yue.ifeng.com/a/20170223/39770840_0.shtml|title=演奏家李奥轩忆学生时代 自己也曾是学渣|work=yue.ifeng.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref>'oge National Day, o sonyere na asọmpi abụ ụlọ akwụkwọ wee merie asọmpi ahụ. Lee debara aha ya na Beijing No. 159 Middle school. N'afọ 2004, ọ kwụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ nwa oge na 200 mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-akpọ keyboard nke "Electric Music Team" n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Shimei na Xicheng District. N'afọ nke abụọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, o sonyere na asọmpi egwu Beijing, wee kpọọ "People's Heart to Flower" merie asọmpi ahụ na Beijing. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ, Lee gụrụ akwụkwọ na Beijing Modern Music Institute . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bjcma.com/xgxw/ycjl/2010/08/09/1429.html|title=我院陈琛美子同学举行毕业音乐会-#北音新闻#|work=news.bjcma.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> Mgbe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/63285532_390740|title=李奥轩专访：能力大于年龄是我的信仰|work=www.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> banyere na Conservatory of Music, ọ sonyere na asọmpi egwu mba ụwa n'oge ezumike. N'afọ 2009, Lee malitere ịnwa ịhazi ihe osise. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bjcma.com/xgxw/hjxx/2011/03/02/6860.html|title=我院学生国际双排键赛事摘金夺银-#北音新闻#|work=news.bjcma.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref>'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2010, ọ gara Hong Kong isonye na asọmpi mbụ nke [[Asia]] International electric organ, ma mesịa merie nnukwu onyinye abụọ (Performance Gold Award na Best Arranger Award). [1] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011, o sonyere na asọmpi China Electone ma merie ihe nrite abụọ (Gold Award na Best Composition Award). == Ọrụ == === 2013-2018: Ịmụ akwụkwọ na mba ọzọ === <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/33025808_115313|title=李奥轩 世界上第一位成为日本全国电子键盘协会的外国人|work=www.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref>'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Lee ka ọ gaa 8th National Congress nke National Electronic Keyboard Music Association na Japan, onye isi ala nyekwara Lee "onye mba ọzọ mbụ na National Electronic keyboard Music Association of Japan". N'afọ 2014, ọ debanyere aha na ngalaba na-ede egwu nke Showa Academia Musicae na Japan. Ọ malitere ọrụ afọ anọ ya dị ka "onye na-egwu egwuregwu". N'afọ 2015, o sonyere na asọmpi Yamaha Electone Ginza na Japan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yue.ifeng.com/a/20170302/39771153_0.shtml|title=小鲜肉李奥轩国外演奏大受好评|work=yue.ifeng.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> nke ahụ gasịrị, e bipụtara ihe omume a na magazin ọkachamara ''Electone'' na Japan. [1] N'afọ 2016, o sonyere na asọmpi Amabile Organ na Japan. Egwuregwu ahụ <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://yue.ifeng.com/a/20170220/39770708_0.shtml|title=李奥轩参加日本"Amabile"获奖 打破创赛记录|work=yue.ifeng.com|accessdate=2019-05-15}}</ref> "Beijing Good News to the Border Village", ọ setịpụrụ ndekọ ọzọ ma ọ ghọrọ onye mba ọzọ mbụ na-egwu ọrụ ndị China kemgbe e kere ya na asọmpi ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na egwu egwu eletrọniki nke China na Japan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.yule.sohu.com/20170223/n481505983.shtml|title=李奥轩与日本演奏家合作 登东京奥林匹克音乐厅-搜狐音乐|work=music.yule.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> Tokyo Olympic Center], ya na onye na-eme violin na Japan ya bụ Runa Matsuura kụrụ ọrụ egwu ha "Miss You". <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/2017-02-21/doc-ifyarrcf5165175.shtml|title=演奏家李奥轩在日本电子键盘全国大会演讲|author=新浪娱乐_其他|date=2017-02-21|work=ent.sina.com.cn|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref>'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa 12th Japan Electronic Keyboard National Conference ma kwuo okwu n'asụsụ Japanese na nnọkọ ahụ, na-aghọ onye China mbụ kwuru okwu onwe onye n'ọkwa nnọkọ ahụ. N'afọ 2017, o sonyere na asọmpi "K" International Music Composer Competition. Ntinye ya bụ piano solo nke e kewara n'ime usoro atọ. Onye <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ent.163.com/16/1230/16/C9I16MJ600038793.html|title=李奥轩作曲有多强？作品都国外获奖了|author=网易|date=2016-12-30|work=ent.163.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref>-akpọ piano na Japan, Siba kaito, mere solo ahụ, ọrụ ahụ merikwara Best Composition Award. [1] Na Septemba nke otu afọ ahụ, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ gaa 13th Japan Electronic Keyboard National Conference "Young Electronic Organ Players Concert". <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://music.yule.sohu.com/20180122/n528825550.shtml|title=JSEKM顺利召开 李奥轩成唯一华人演奏家受邀参演-搜狐音乐|work=music.yule.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> kụrụ "Spring Festival Overture" a ma ama na China na egwu mbụ "Physical", nke ghọrọ naanị egwu mba ọzọ na kọntaktị ahụ. Mgbe afọ anọ nke ịmụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi gasịrị, ndị nkuzi mahadum nabatara akara ugo mmụta semester Lee ma nata afọ anọ n'usoro nke agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20170303/50751457_0.shtml|title=花美男李奥轩登上年度校刊|work=news.ifeng.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref>'afọ 2016 na 2017, e bipụtara ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi ụlọ akwụkwọ. [1] === 2018-2019: ''Atọ Abụọ Otu'', Oge Na-esi Mmiri Ozuzo na ''ME'' === Na Machị 2017, Lee bịanyere aka na onye na-ede egwu na Ocean Butterflies . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.yule.sohu.com/20170329/n485428226.shtml|title=李奥轩签约新东家 音乐作品进军内地-搜狐音乐|work=music.yule.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://music.yule.sohu.com/20180425/n535779699.shtml|title=李奥轩签约新东家 进军日本娱乐市场-搜狐音乐|work=music.yule.sohu.com|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref>'ọnwa Ọktoba n'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ Avex Entertainment na Japan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://toyosu.tokyo/event/nicchua-event-4th-info/|title=第4回「日中亜文化コラボイベント」、豊洲シビックセンターで5/11〜13開催｜とよすと|date=2018-04-15|work=とよすと|language=ja|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> Mee 2018, Lee gara Japan na China Asian Cultural Calligraphy Exhibition, ihe ngosi nkeji iri atọ, na nzaghachi ịnụ ọkụ n'obi mere ka ọ ghara ichefu echefu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/234563922_739699|title=考级 {{!}} 音协《全国电子琴演奏考级作品集（第五套）》上市|work=www.sohu.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> June 1, a gụnyere egwu Lee dere na "Chinese Electronic Keyboard Proficiency Test Level 5 Textbook" site na Electronic Keyboards Society nke Chinese Musicians Association. Na June 22 na July 13, Lee mere egwu Electone abụọ "China Feel" na Tokyo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/283443579_100111017|title=驻日华人唱作歌手李奥轩新歌完成录制_歌曲|work=www.sohu.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/241449680_100110321|title="CHINA FEEL"李奥轩东京MINI双排键电子琴演奏会|work=www.sohu.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-16}}</ref> mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hk.dailyeconomic.com/2018/07/16/322.html|title="CHINA FEEL"李奧軒東京MINI雙排鍵電子琴演奏 {{!}} 每日經濟|author=編輯部|language=zh-HK|accessdate=2019-05-16|archivedate=2019-04-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424121747/http://hk.dailyeconomic.com/2018/07/16/322.html}}</ref> abụ ndị ama ama nke China mejupụtara ọkara nke abụ ndị dị na kọntaktị ahụ; [1] July 13 (egwuregwu nke abụọ, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sinaị's "otu live broadcast" platform, ma nweta 44,000 views. [2] Na Disemba 25, 2018, ya na onye na-agụ egwú nwanyị nke Miss Japan bụ Aizawa Xiangzhuang bụrụ abụ ma wepụta otu mmekorita mba China na Japan "San Er Yi (Three Two One) " iji banye n'ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ. Otu <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zakzak.co.jp/eco/news/190104/prl1901040008-n1.html|title=寒い冬に暖かさと元気を届ける、李奥軒のシングル「三・二・一」が絶賛配信中！|work=zakzak|language=ja|accessdate=2019-05-16|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422150327/https://www.zakzak.co.jp/eco/news/190104/prl1901040008-n1.html}}</ref>-akọ banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịhụnanya na enyi. [1] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] 0co3kwh4b8mak3b3k83hamn66zp9x4f 0 35292 193539 146869 2024-10-29T22:26:03Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 193539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Constellations,_equirectangular_plot.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px| IAU họpụtara ìgwè kpakpando na ntule nha anya nha (epoch B1875.0 )]] . <ref name="iau2">{{Cite book|author=Eugène Delporte|title=Délimitation scientifique des constellations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3XvAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=At the University press}}</ref>Na mbara igwe nke oge a, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Ozi m mkpọ 88. [1] Otu ihe nke ọ lụ bụ mpaghara elu-igwe nke nwere mgbago mgbago aka nri na mgbada, na-enye na mbara igwe niile.  International Astronomical Union nakweere oke ha na 1928 wee bipụta ya na 1930. . <ref name="constellations">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/|title=The Constellations|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|accessdate=26 July 2019}}</ref> <ref name="iau2">{{Cite book|author=Eugène Delporte|title=Délimitation scientifique des constellations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3XvAAAAMAAJ|year=1930|publisher=At the University press}}</ref>Ndị Mesopotamia oge ochie na ndị [[Greece|Gris]] mechara guzobe ihe ka ukwuu n'ịgụ ndị agha ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na-eji mba ụwa eme ihe taa, nke onye Rom na Ijipt na-egosi mbara igwe bụ Ptolemy depụtara.  A na-akpọ ndị dị n'ụdị eklips zodiac .  Mgbe ndị na-eme egwuregwu na-ese mbara igwe nke dị n'ebe ndịda, ndị na-na-egosi mbara igwe nke Europe ihe aro ka e nwee ike ọhụrụ maka ngwaọrụ ahụ, nakwa ndị ga-emeju oghere dị n'etiti m  omenala.  N'ihi ozi ndị Rom na ndị Europe, mịgị ọ elelu nwere aha Latin.  Na 1922, International Astronomical Union nakweere mkpirisi atọ maka ojiji 89, ndepụta nke 88 mgbakwunye Argo nke oge a.  Mgbe nke a ọma, Eugène Joseph Delporte kpara ókè maka nke ọ lla n'ime mgbịrị 88 nke mere na isi ihe ọ dị na mbara igwe bụ nke otu mkpiri. Ndị IAU ego amata ụfọdụ mkpị, mana ha nwere ike ịpụta na chaatị ochie na ntụnyere ndị ọzọ.  Ihe kacha pụta ìhè bụ Argo Navis, nke bụ otu n'ime m ike 48 mbụ Ptolemy nwere.  Na 1750s onye [[France]] na-ịhụ mbara igwe Nicolas Louis de Lacaille kewara nke a ụzọ atọ dị iche iche mkpà: Carina, Puppis, na Vela . oky2ylzpfmroxh8ihbitl8sxwemougj 0 41831 193544 159850 2024-10-29T22:30:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 193544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''ECOCERT''' bụ ọgbakọ asambodo organic, hiwere na [[France]] na 1991. Ọ dabere na Europe mana ọ na-eme nyocha n'ihe karịrị mba 80, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụdị ọrụ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Onye nchoputa na onye isi ECOCERT bụ William Vidal. [1] Ọ na-ahụ dị ka njikọ aka n'etiti mba Europe, mana ejiri bọtịnụ ekiri ruo ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ French nke ụlọ ọrụ dị na L'Isle-Jourdain, Gers, France, [2] na ngalaba ya ECOCERT INTERNATIONAL nke dị na Northeim, Germany, na-egbu a na L'Isle-Jourdain. ECOCERT bụ isi na-akwado nri na ngwaahịa nri, mana na-akwadokwa ihe ịchọ mma, ihe ncha, senti na akwa. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enyocha ihe dịka 70% nke ụlọ ọrụ nri nri na France na ihe dịka 30% n'ụwa nile. ECOCERT bụkwa onye na-eduga asambodo nke nri ahia ziri ezi, ịchọ mma na akwa dị ka ụkpụrụ ECOCERT Fair Trade si dị. Ecocert nwere onye bu ya ụzọ na French ACAB (Association des Conseillers en Agriculture Biologique), otu ndị ọchịchị ntọala na France na 1978, bụ nke wepụrụ ngwaọrụ njikwa onwe ya na 1991. Ọ natala nkwado na France 1992, sochiri [[Belgium]] na 1992, na Germany na Portugal na 1995. Otu a akara dị ka njikọ aka n'Abanyere mba Europe, mana ejirila pre-arị iru ya na mba ndị ọzọ n'ụwa. Nke mbụ, e hibere ụlọ ọrụ na mba dị iche iche ụwa, ndị isiokwu nke ha sochiri ya, gburugburu 2002 na Brazil, [[Japan]] na Canada. Ecocert nọchitere anya ya na China akpụkpọ 2006. Na 2013, Ecocert weghaara IMO Institut für Marktökologie GmbH na IMOswiss AG, na 2014 IMOgroup AG. Ndị bụ German, Ecocert Deutschland GmbH, nwere ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha ya na Constance, yana isiokwu Switzerland, Ecocert Swiss AG, nwere ụlọ ọrụ edebanyere aha ya na Kreuzlingen. Onye ọrụ ahụ na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke onye na-arụkọ ọrụ na onye isi oche nke ogologo oge, William Vidal (* 1953). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-14|title=Bio : Sylvestris, la riche holding familiale qui dirige Ecocert par Thierry Brun|url=http://www.politis.fr/blogs/2015/04/bio-sylvestris-la-riche-holding-familiale-qui-dirige-ecocert-30787/|accessdate=2022-05-15|work=Politis.fr|language=fr}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [http://www.ecocert.fr/Historique-de-la-societe.html ECOCERT history] (French) g5fzagkgkxgx3p8n7c0vfr6svnwhh4x 3 54769 193510 193497 2024-10-29T13:49:21Z ~2024-7865 21702 /* Test */ Zaghachi 193510 wikitext text/x-wiki == Test == test. [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/&#126;2024-7865|&#126;2024-7865]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:&#126;2024-7865|talk]]) 09:01, 29 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) :test [[Ihü kárírí:Contributions/&#126;2024-7865|&#126;2024-7865]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:&#126;2024-7865|talk]]) 13:49, 29 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC) eau1f9o19ojj0yjxt6x7wmwfbczy1hp 0 54771 193504 2024-10-29T12:26:27Z Bridget2023 15841 #shesaid page created 193504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Women Who Code''' (WWCode) bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ mba ofesi na-enye ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achụ ọrụ teknụzụ yana bọọdụ ọrụ [2] maka ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ ndị ọkachamara koodu. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-achọ ịnye ụzọ n'ime ụwa nkà na ụzụ site n'ịtụle na inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka n'ịzụlite nkà na ụzụ. Na mgbakwunye na ọzụzụ, nyocha ọkachamara, nzukọ, na scholarships, Women Who Code na-enye netwọk na ndụmọdụ. Dị ka nke 2023, nzukọ a emeela ihe karịrị 16,000 mmemme n'efu gburugburu ụwa wee wuo otu ihe karịrị mmadụ 343,000 na-anọchite anya mba 147.[3] Onye isi ọrụ ugbu a nke Women Who Code bụ Julie Elberfeld. ==Akụkọ ihe mere eme== Emepụtara Women Who Code na 2011.[4] E hiwere ya dị ka 501 (c) (3) anaghị akwụ ụgwọ yana IRS kwadoro na Nọvemba 2013 [5] ma mara ya nke ọma maka mbipụta ya kwa izu bụ CODE Review, otu ọmụmụ nka na-akwụghị ụgwọ, abalị mbanye anataghị ikike, mmepe ọrụ. na mmepe ndu, na ikwu okwu na-egosi ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ na-emetụta mmetụta na ndị na-etinye ego.[6] Kemgbe mmalite, WWCode ewepụtala ọtụtụ puku ihe omume n'ụwa niile wee nweta nkwado sitere na otu dị ka Google, Zendesk, VMware, KPCB, Capital One, Nike, Yelp, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2016, Women Who Code gafere Y Combinator.[7] Na Eprel 18, 2024, nzukọ ahụ kwupụtara na ọ ga-emechi n'ihi enweghị ego.[8][9] ==Ihe atumatu.== Atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-edepụta koodu gụnyere:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenwhocode.com/about|title=Ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Na-ede {{!} Banyere Anyị -us|ụbọchị nnweta=2020-04-21}}</ref> * Na-enye otu ọmụmụ nka na ụzụ n'efu (Ruby, Javascript, iOS, Android, Python, Algorithms) * Jikọọ ndị otu na ndị ọkachamara teknụzụ na-emetụta mmetụta na ndị na-etinye ego * Na-enye mmepe ọrụ na onye ndu * Na-abawanye ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwu okwu na ndị ikpe na ọgbakọ na hackathons * Na-abawanye nsonye dị iche iche na mpaghara teknụzụm ==akụkụ njikọ== {{wikipedia}} [[category:ụmụ nwanyị]] 8wnpxgde226pldk8fsi9s5ihoyu8y5t 0 54772 193508 2024-10-29T13:22:45Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248532642|Cooking banana]]" 193508 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Plantains.jpg|thumb|Osisi ndị a na-ere ere]] [[Usòrò:Bunch_of_cooking_bananas_(guineos)_and_one_loose_plantain.jpg|thumb|Ìgwè unere na-esi nri (''guineos'') n'aka ekpe, na otu plantain na-enweghị isi n'aka nri site na Morovis, Puerto Rico]] unere na-isi nri [1] bụ otu ụdị unere na-atọ ụtọ n'ụdị Musa nke a na-eme ihe na-esi asụsụ.  A naghị eri ha na-esighị esi ma na-enwekarị starchy.[2]  A na-akpọ ọtụtụ unere nri dị ka plantain (/ˈplæntɪn/, /plænˈteɪn/ , /ˈplɑːntɪn / ) ma ọ bụ 'unere akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'.[3]  N'ezi osisi eme ihe, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "plantain" eme ihe ikike maka ezigbo plantain, ebe a na-akpọ ụdị starch ndị ọzọ a na-esi nri "banana na-esi".  Ezigbo osisi bụ ụdị nri nke otu AAB, ebe unere na-esi nri bụ ụdị nri ọla nke otu A AB, AAA, ABB, ma ọ bụ BBB.  Aha mgbasa a nabatara ugbu a maka ụdị osisi ndị niile n'ìgwè ndị a bụ Musa × paradisiaca .  [4] A na-erikarị unere Fe'i (Musa × troglodytarum) sitere na Pacific Islands ka a na-esi ya esi ma ọ bụ sie ya esi, a na-akpọkwa ya "plantain", mana ha emepụta nke ụdị ọ blula.  nke osisi unere niile nke oge a sitere na ya. Unere bụ isi nri dị na West na Central Africa, nchọpụta Caribbean, Central America, na ugwu South America.[1]  Ndị otu Musa bụ ụmụ amaala mpaghara nke Ndịda Ọwụwa ntọala Eshia na Oceania.  [2] osisi osisi unere na-amịpụta n'afọ niile, na-eme ka ha bụrụ nri arịfụ na ya n'oge niile.<ref name="Pillay Tenkouano 2011 p. 22">{{Cite book|author=Pillay|first=M.|title=Banana Breeding: Progress and Challenges|publisher=CRC Press|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4398-0018-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l191eUt9FSUC&pg=PA22|accessdate=2022-06-07}}</ref> A na-emeso unere na-esi nri dị ka mkpụrụ osisi starch nwere ụtọ na-adịghị mma na ọdịdị dị nro mgbe a na-esi ya. Enwere ike iri unere na-esighị esi; Otú ọ dị, a na-ejikarị ha esi nri, sie ha, ma ọ bụ mee ha ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ ntụ ọka.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Plantain {{!}} Description, Uses, History, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/plantain|accessdate=2021-10-03|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> == Nkọwa ==   <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodriguez|first=Hector|date=2020-03-25|title=The Right Way to Peel a Plantain|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-peel-a-plantain-2137843|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=The Spruce Eats|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701170205/https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-peel-a-plantain-2137843|archivedate=1 July 2019}}</ref> Plantain nwere starch na shuga dị ala ụfọdụ unere nri, n'ihi ya, a na-esikarị ha esi ma ọ bụ na-edozi ha n'ụzọ ọzọ tupu a rie ha.  A na-esikarị ha esi ma ọ bụ sie ha mgbe a na-eri ha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, mgbe a na'usoro, a iron ime ha ka ha ntụ ọka ma ọ ka ha ihe ndị e mere ma eleghị anya, ma eleghị anya.  na pancakes.  A isi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ofe sie ike.[1]  osisi osisi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-esikarị ike, na akpụkpọ ahụ na-esokarị ike nke na a ga-eji mma bepụ ya iji die ya. Enwere ike ịkpụcha plantain ndị tozuru etozu, ndị na-acha odo odo dị ka unere nri; anụ ahụ dị nro karịa nke na-eto eto, mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ụfọdụ n'ime starch agbanweela shuga. Enwere ike iri ha na-esighị esi, mana ha anaghị adị ụtọ dị ka unere, yabụ a na-esikarị ha esi. Mgbe a na-esi plantain na-acha odo odo, ha na-enwekarị caramelize, na-agbanwe ụcha ọla edo na-acha nchara nchara. A pụkwara isi ha, sie ha, mee ha ka ha sie ha, ma ọ bụ sie ha n'elu icheku ọkụ, ma ọ bụrụ na a pịrị ha ma ọ bụ na-enweghị akpụ ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Albert|first=Steve|date=2009-07-01|title=Plantains: Kitchen Basics|url=https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=Harvest to Table|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817203035/https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|archivedate=17 August 2021}}</ref> Plantain bụ nri a ma ama na mpaghara okpomọkụ nke ụwa, na-abụ nri nke iri kachasị mkpa n'ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pariona|first=Amber|date=2019-06-07|title=What Are the World's Most Important Staple Foods?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/most-important-staple-foods-in-the-world.html|accessdate=2024-03-12|work=[[WorldAtlas]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka ihe oriri, a na-emeso plantain n'otu ụzọ ahụ dị ka poteto, na-enwe ụtọ na ọdịdị na-anọpụ iche mgbe a na-esi mkpụrụ osisi ahụ na-esighị ike site na ịṅụ mmiri, isi, ma ọ bụ isi nri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Albert|first=Steve|date=2009-07-01|title=Plantains: Kitchen Basics|url=https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=Harvest to Table|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817203035/https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/|archivedate=17 August 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAlbert2009">Albert, Steve (1 July 2009). [https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/ "Plantains: Kitchen Basics"]. ''Harvest to Table''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210817203035/https://harvesttotable.com/plantains_have_a_mild_squashli/ Archived] from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ebe ọ bụ na ha na-amị amị n'afọ niile, plantain bụ nri a nri na ya, na Mba ndị na-emepe nche na- nchekwa nri zuru oke, nchekwa, na njem njem.  N'Africa, plantain na unere na-enye ihe nsogbu 25 nke calorie nke mkpa maka ihe mkpa nde mmadụ 70. [1] Ubi osisi plantain nwere ike ibibi site na ifufe, n'ihi na Musa spp.  Ụdị ifufe nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Morse|first=Sarah|title=Banana Tree Wind Damage|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/banana-tree-wind-damage-69162.html|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=Home Guides {{!}} SF Gate|date=27 March 2013|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014144747/http://homeguides.sfgate.com:80/banana-tree-wind-damage-69162.html|archivedate=14 October 2014}}</ref> Plantain nkezi na-enye ihe dị ka 920 kilojoules (220 kilocalories) nke Ike nri ma bụrụ ezigbo isi iyi nke potassium na eriri nri.[1]  osisi ahụ, yana osisi ahụ dum, nwere ike ike uwe na aka, ọ àmà isi ike ike ya.<ref name="El Nuevo Dia 2011">{{Cite web|title=La mancha de plátano|work=El Nuevo Dia|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.elnuevodia.com/ciencia/ciencia/nota/lamanchadeplatano-940761/|language=es|accessdate=30 July 2019}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Linnaeus na mbụ kewara unere n'ụdị abụọ iche na ojiji ha dị ka nri: Musa paradisiaca maka unere na Musa sapientum maka unere nri.  A maara ha abụọ a dị ka akwụkwọ n'etiti ụdị Musa acuminata (A genome) na Musa balbisiana (B genome).  A na-eji aha mbụ ebụ, Musa × paradisiaca, eme ihe ugbu a dị ka aha ihe àmà maka niile dị otú ahụ.  Ọtụtụ plantain nke oge a bụ triploids na-amị mkpụrụ mmetụta nke AAB Group, mgbe ụfọdụ a maara dị ka "Plantain group".  Ìgwè unere ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na-eri nri unere nke East African Highland (Mutika / Lujugira subgroup) nke AAA Group na plantain nke Pacific (gụnyere Popoulo, Maoli, na Iholena subgroups), nke AAB Group..<ref name="ploetz">{{Cite journal|author=Randy C. Ploetz|year=2007|title=Banana and plantain – an overview with emphasis on the Pacific island cultivars|journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry|url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf|accessdate=5 June 2011}}</ref> Na Honduras, Venezuela na Central Colombia, a na-akpọ plantain e siri esi tajadas.  Ha bụ omenala n'ọtụtụ nri, dị ka pabellón criollo nke Venezuela.  Onye na-elekọta ma ọ bụ onye na-ere nri nri ike inye ha dị ka barandas (ama ụzọ okporo ụzọ ndị nche), n'asụsụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-etinye ogologo akwụkwọ n'ụdị zuru ezu, ya  mere ọ dị ka nke a.  Mgbanwe ụfọdụ na-agụnye akụkụ ma ọ bụ shuga ma sie ya na bọta, iji nweta caramel ola edo;  egwuregwu ya nwere mmasị na dị ụtọ.  A mara otu ahụ ahụ dị ka amarillos na fritos maduros na Puerto Rico, Cuba, na Dominican Republic.  Na Panama, a na-eri tajadas kwa ụbọchị na osikapa, anụ na agwa, si otú a bụrụ mkpa nke nri nri Panama, dịka ọ dị na Honduras.  N'ụzọ dị iche, na Nicaragua, a na-esi tajadas esi na- isi, a na' ike ya na fritanga, na anụ ezị e siri esi ma ọ bụ carne asada, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ha na akwụkwọ unere.  akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ma ọ bụrụ na salad cabbage ma ọ bụ cheese ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ Nri e siri esi. Na Puerto Rico, a na-enye plantain e siri esi n ụzọ nri iche iche dị ka dị n'ụdị, nri ngwa ngwa, na nri bụ isi.  Nhọrọ ọzọ maka tostones bụ arañitas (obere udo).  Aha ahụ sitere na mpempe akwụkwọ plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na odo odo nke na-eme ka obere ụkwụ na-eke na friji n'onwe ya, nke na-emesị yie udo dị nro na efere.  Alcapurrias bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ nke nwere ntụ ọka masa nke e ji unere na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, yautía, jiri ngwaọrụ, annatto mee ka ọ dị ụtọ ma tinye ya na picadillo.  Alcaparrado de plátano nwere plantain ọzọ ozire na masa.  Mofongo bụ nri nri n'anya n'ịtọetiti ahụ na-eme emume ederede na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime nri mkpa mkpa na Puerto Ricos.  A na-esi plantain otu ugboro ma jiri galik, ozi (butter, akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ isiokwu oliv), Chicharrón ma ọ bụ becon, ma mee ka ọ bụrụ b ma rie ya na anụ ndị ọzọ, ofe, akwụkwọ nri ma ọ bụ  naanị ya.  pionono nke Puerto Rican bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji akwụkwọ nke plantain na-acha odo odo, cheese, picadillo, na-ama njikọ akụ mee.  Ihe si na ya pụta bụ iko plantain na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji cheese, anụ ehi a gwa agwa agwakọta na ihe na-eme ka mmetụta dị nro.  Ralleno de plátano bụ nri na-atọ ụtọ nke papa rellena na-ewu ewu n'okporo ụzọ ámá na cuchifritos. Na Puerto Rico, a na-eme mofongo site n'iji chicharrón ma ọ bụ becon, galik, mkpụrụ oliv na-akpa plantain e ghere eghe n'ime ụrọ.  A anụ anụ ọ lụlụ, azụ, shellfish, akwụkwọ nri, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ma ọ bụ ịgụ.  A na-ahụ ahụ ahụ n'ime cylinders nke dị ihe dị ka aka abụọ ma rie ya na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ihe brọsh ọkụkọ.  A na-etinye Mofongo relleno na sauce creole n'elu ya kama iji broth ọkụkọ.  Creole sauce nwere ike ike anụ ehi, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ nri mmiri;  a na-awụnye ya n'ime oghere dị n'etiti, nke e ji spoon mee, na mofongo.  A na- nsogbu na yautias na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ masa, ihe a na-eme eme nri dịka alcapurria, nke bụ ụdị friji na-atọ ụtọ..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Fufu de platano bụ nri ehihie ọdịnala na nke a ma ama na Cuba, ma yie nke Puerto Rican mofongo.  Ọ bụ fufu a na-eme site n'isi plantain na mmiri ma jiri ndụdụ sie ya.  A na-agwakọta fufu na anụ ọkụkọ na sofrito, ofe e ji ụzọ, galik, yabasị, ose, tomato, mmanya na cumin mee.  yiri nke Cuban fufu mofongo a na-eri na Puerto Rico, mana a naghị eme ya ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ sie ya.  Fufu bụkwa nri nri a na-ama ekiri ọtụtụ awụ nke a na-eme na Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda sere na Central Africa.  A na-eme ya n'ụzọ yiri nke Cuban fufu, mana a na-akụrụ ya, ma nwee ihe siri ike, bụrụ nke yiri putty nke a na-emezi ka ọ gbalụ.  A na-eji akpu, yam ma ọ bụ plantain dinta ya na akpu eme fufu n'Ebe Ọdịda onye Afrịka..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nri ndị ọzọ === Ọ bụ ezie na unere na-esi nri bụ starchier ma na-ejikarị ya eme nri na-atọ ụtọ n'ihi ya, ọtụtụ nri na-esi ísì ụtọ na Philippines na-ejikwa unere na nri dị ka isi ihe, dị ka: * Banana cue - unere saba siri ike nke e ji shuga caramelized kpuchie. * ''Binignit'' - ofe nri na-atọ ụtọ nke osikapa na mmiri ara akị bekee na unere saba dị ka otu n'ime isi ihe ndị e ji mee. * ''Ginanggang'' - unere saba e siri esi nke e ji margarine na shuga kpuchie. * ''Maruya'' - unere na-atọ ụtọ nke e ji unere saba na batter mee. * ''Minatamis na saging'' - unere saba a na-esi n'ime mmiri na-atọ ụtọ. A naghị eri ya naanị ya, mana a na-eji ya eme ihe na nri ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ''halo''. * Pritong saging - unere saba siri ike. * ''Pinasugbo'' - unere a pịrị apị nke e ji shuga na mkpụrụ sesame kpuchie ma sie ya ruo mgbe ọ ga-abụ. * Saba con hielo - ihe oriri ice a kpụrụ akpụ nke na-ejikarị ''Minatamis na saging'' na mmiri ara ehi. * Turon - ụdị nri na-atọ ụtọ lumpia (mkpịsị akwụkwọ) nke e ji unere saba chara acha mee nke a na-ekpuchi na crepe dị nro ma sie ya.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe ndụchara akpụkpọ ahụ, ekiri ike ike mfe osisi ahụ na-esighị ike ma sie ya n'ime ọkụ iji mgba chips.  A maara ụgbọ a dị nro nke plantain dị ka tostones, patacones ma ọ bụ plataninas na ụfọdụ mba Central America na South America, platanutres na Puerto Rico, mariquitas ma ọ bụ Chicharritas na Cuba na chifles na Ecuador na Peru.  Na Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Puerto Rico na Venezuela, tostones na-ezo aka na patties siri ike ugboro (lee n'okpuru).  Na Cuba, a na-akpọ osisi osisi plantain mariquitas.  A na-egbutu ha nke ọma, ma sie ha na-ekiri ruo mgbe ha na-acha ọla edo.  Ha bụ nri na-ewu ewu a na-eri na nri bụ isi.  Na Colombia, a mara ha dị ka platanites ma na-eri ha na suero atollabuey dị ka nri.  Tostada na-ezo aka na plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke na-esighị ike nke e bepụrụ n'ụdị iche iche, sie ya, sie ya ọzọ, ma mee ka ọ dị nnu.  A na-ihe tostadas ndị a eme ihe dị ka nri ma ọ bụ nri dị nro.  A mmasị ha dị ka tostones ma ọ bụ patacones n'ọtụtụ mba Latin America.  Na Honduras, a na-akpọ mmetụta osisi unere tajadas, nke a nwere ike ike mịcha n'ụzọ ọo-nne-nne a maara dị ka eriri plantain..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Chips e siri esi na isiokwu akị bekee ma wụsa nnu, nke a na-akpọ upperi ma ọ bụ kaya varuthhu, bụ nri dị nro na South India na Kerala.[1]  Ha bụ ihe dị mkpa na sadya, oriri na-eri akwụkwọ nri a ihere n'oge ego na Kerala.  A na-akpọkarị chips "plantain chips" mgbe e ji plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee ha nke na-atọ ụtọ, dị ka poteto chips.  Na Tamil Nadu, a na-eji ụdị dị nro nke e ji osisi plantain na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee iji mee chips e ji nnu, chili ntụ na Asafetida mee.  N'asụsụ egwuregwu / etiti India Marathi, a na-akpọ plantain Rajeli kela (nke ụdị "eze-sized" unere), a na-eme ya eme chips e siri esi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>{{Comparison of major staple foods}} == Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya == Ọrịa plantain na unere na-eme na njirimara ndị a na-ahụkarị nke nri na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ọrịa mkpụrụ osisi latex, <ref name="pmid9188921">{{Cite journal|author=Brehler|first=R.|title='Latex-fruit syndrome': frequency of cross-reacting IgE antibodies|journal=Allergy|volume=52|issue=4|year=1997|pages=404–10|doi=10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb01019.x|pmid=9188921}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Biochem Soc Trans|year=2002|volume=30|issue=6|pages=935–40|title=The latex-fruit syndrome|pmid=12440950|doi=10.1042/bst0300935}}</ref> gụnyere ọnya na obere ọzịza nke egbugbere ọnụ, ire, ọnụ ma ọ bụ akpịrị, akpụkpọ ahụ, mkpesa afọ ma ọ bụ anaphylactic shock. N'etiti ihe karịrị 1000 protein achọpụta na ụdị ''Musa'' bụ ọtụtụ protein allergens akọwapụtara na mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Electrophoresis|year=2013|volume=34|issue=2|pages=207–14|doi=10.1002/elps.201200389|title=In-depth proteomic analysis of banana (Musa spp.) fruit with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries|pmid=23161558}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ntuaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 340vogw1k9or1ketjuynlvqo5f2vgxq 0 54773 193509 2024-10-29T13:29:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253171219|Corchorus]]" 193509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox|image=Corchorus acutangulus Blanco1.141.png|taxon=Corchorus|authority=[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]|subdivision=About 40–100 species, including: *''[[Corchorus aestuans]]'' *''[[Corchorus capsularis]]'' *''[[Corchorus carnarvonensis]]'' *''[[Corchorus cunninghamii]]'' *''[[Corchorus erodioides]]'' *''[[Corchorus junodi]]'' *''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'' *''[[Corchorus sidoides]]'' *''[[Corchorus siliquosus]]'' *''[[Corchorus tridens]]'' *''[[Corchorus walcottii]]''}} '''''Corchorus''''' bụ ụdị nke ihe dị ka 40-100 ụdị osisi na-agbasa okooko n'ezinụlọ Malvaceae, nke a mụrụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ na mpaghara okirikiri n'ụwa niile. A na-eji aha dị iche iche a na-ahụkarị eme ihe n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche, na jute na-emetụta eriri sitere na osisi ahụ, na '''Akwụkwọ jute mallow''' maka akwụkwọ ndị a na-eji dị ka akwụkwọ nri. == Nkọwa == Osisi ndị ahụ dị ogologo, na-abụkarị [[Ahịhịhịa|ahịhịa]] na-adị kwa afọ, na-eru ogo 2-4 m, na-enweghị alaka ma ọ bụ naanị alaka ole na ole. Akwụkwọ ya na-agbanwe agbanwe, dị mfe, lanceolate, 5-15 cm n'ogologo, nwere isi acuminate na obere serrated ma ọ bụ lobed margin. &nbsp;[[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]] ndị ahụ dị obere (2-3 cm n'obosara) na odo odo, nwere petals ise; mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ capsule nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ.&nbsp; == Nchịkọta == A na-ahazi ụdị ''Corchorus'' n'okpuru subfamily Grewioideae nke ezinụlọ Malvaceae. O nwere ihe dị ka 40 ruo 100 ụdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2918|title=''Corchorus'' L.|work=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|date=2003-06-05|accessdate=2009-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506212444/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2918|archivedate=2009-05-06}}</ref> Ụdị ''Oceanopapaver'', nke a na-ejighị n'aka na mbụ, bụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ka a na-akpọ ya otu n'okpuru ''Corchorus''. André Guillaumin guzobere aha ahụ na 1932 maka otu ụdị ''Oceanopapaver neocaledonicum'' Guillaumin sitere na New Caledonia. E kewara ụdị ahụ n'ime ọtụtụ ezinụlọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Capparaceae, Cistaceae, Papaveraceae, na Tiliaceae. Aha ezinụlọ a na-akpọ "Oceanopapaveraceae" apụtawo mgbe ụfọdụ na mbipụta na weebụ mana ọ bụ nomen nudum ma ọ dịghị mgbe e bipụtara ya ma ọ bụ mara ya site na usoro ọ bụla nke usoro nhazi osisi. Ọ bụ Linnaeus kọwara ụdị ''Corchorus'' na nnukwu ọrụ ya bụ Species Plantarum (1753). Ọ sitere na okwu Grik oge ochie {{Lang|grc|κόρχορος}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|grc|κόρκορος}} ({{Lang|grc-Latn|korkhoros}} ma ọ bụ {{Lang|grc-Latn|korkoros}}), nke na-ezo aka na osisi ọhịa nke a na-ejighị n'aka, ikekwe jute ma ọ bụ asparagus ọhịa.<ref name="asagray">{{Cite book|author=Asa Gray|year=1849|title=The Genera of the Plants of the United States|publisher=George P. Putnam|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEpJAAAAYAAJ&q=etymology%20Corchorus&pg=PA94}}</ref><ref name="gledhill">{{Cite book|author=David Gledhill|title=The Names of Plants|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-86645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC&q=etymology%20Corchorus&pg=PA120}}</ref>   == Ojiji ==   Fiber sitere na Corchorus (nke a mara dị ka jute) [1] bụ eriri akwụkwọ nri a na-akụkarị mgbe ogho nri.<ref name="anwar">{{Cite web|url=http://exporter-of-jute-products.blogspot.com/2006/01/golden-copper-and-silver-fibers-of.html|title=The Golden, Copper, and Silver Fibers|author=Asif Anwar|date=January 16, 2006|publisher=Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Bai_po.JPG|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bai po, akwụkwọ ndị e ji ákwà kpuchie nke ''Corchorus olitorius''.]] {{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} A na-eri akwụkwọ Corchorus na nri obodo dị iche iche.  A na-ejikarị Corchorus olitorius eme ihe na nri ndịda Asia, Middle East, North Africa na West Africa, Corchorus capsularis na Japan na China.  Ọ nwere udidi mucilaginous (dị ntakịrị "slimy"), dị ka okra, mgbe esi ya ya.  A na-eji osisi ndị ahụ eme ihe dị ka ihe na-atọ ụtọ, a na-esikwa na akwụkwọ a mịrị amị mee tii ahịhịa.  Akwụkwọ nke Corchorus bara ụba na betacarotene, ígwè, calcium, na vitamin C. Osisi ahụ nwere ọrụ antioxidant nwere nnukwu α-tocopherol kwekọrọ na vitamin E. Na North Africa na Middle East, a maara akwụkwọ osisi Corchorus na Arabic dị ka malukhiyah ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka akwụkwọ nri na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.  A na-eri Malukhiyah n'ọtụtụ ebe n'Ijipt ma ụfọdụ na-ewere ya dị ka Nri mba Ijipt.  A na-egosi ya na nri sitere na Lebanọn, Palestine, Siria, akara na Tunisia.  Na Turkey na Saịprọs, a mara osisi ahụ dị ka molohiya ma ọ bụ molocha ma na-esikarị ya n'ụdị ọkụkọ.[1]  Akwụkwọ osisi Corchorus abụwo nri Ndị Ijipt Ijipt oge ndị Fero ma ọ bụ site n'ebe ahụ ka ọ na-enweta nkwado na ewu ewu.  Ụdị nri dị iche iche nke akwụkwọ osisi mallow na osikapa bụ nri a ma ama n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa dị njikere. Na Nri Naijiria, a na-eji ya eme ihe na stew a mara dị ka ewedu, ihe na-atọ ụtọ na nri ndị ọzọ sitere na starch dị ka Ama ma ọ bụ gbakwunye na vimiri na ofe Naijiria.  N'Ebe Ugwu mmiri, a mara ya dị ka Ayoyo.  Ha na-eji ya esi ofe a na-akpọ (Miyan Ayoyo) nke a na-eme Tuwon Masara ma ọ bụ Tuwon Allebo. Na Ghana, ndị mmadụ na-eri ya na North ma na-akpọ ya ayoyo.  A na-erikarị ya na Tuo Zaafi (nri e ji ọka mee). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=NEWS|url=http://miczd.gov.gh/news/99|accessdate=2020-06-18|work=miczd.gov.gh|archivedate=2021-10-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022222148/http://miczd.gov.gh/news/99}}</ref> <ref name="umcor">{{Cite web|url=http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/ngo/sierraleone/|title=UMCOR Sierra Leone Archives|quote=In Bandajuma village, these beneficiaries of an UMCOR Sierra Leone food security program are harvesting the first crop of krain krain, for sale and own consumption.|work=UMCOR NGO (United Methodist Committee on Relief Non-Governmental Organization)|accessdate=September 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919040153/http://gbgm-umc.org/umcor/ngo/sierraleone/|archivedate=September 19, 2011}}</ref><ref name="tenove">{{Cite web|url=http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=749|title=Cultivating research in a war-ravaged city|author=Chris Tenove|publisher=International Development Research Centre|accessdate=September 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404061717/http://publicwebsite.idrc.ca/EN/Resources/Publications/Pages/ArticleDetails.aspx?PublicationID=749|archivedate=April 4, 2011}}</ref> Na Sierra Leone, a mara ya dị ka krain krain (ma ọ bụ crain crain) ma sie ya dị ka stew.  A na-eri nri nri a na osikapa ma ọ bụ foofoo (nri omenala e ji cassava mee). A na-eri akwụkwọ jute n'etiti Ndị Luhya nke Western Kenya, ebe a mara ya dị ka Mrenda ma ọ bụ murere.  A na-eri ya na nri ndị nwere starch dị ka ugali, ihe oriri maka ọtụtụ obodo na Kenya.[1]  Na Northern Sudan a na-akpọ ya khudra, nke "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" na Sudanese Arabic.  Ndị Songhai nke Mali na-akpọ ya fakohoy. Na India, a mara ya dị ka nalta sag.  Ọ bụ nri nkwado ya n'oge ọkọchị, na Sambalpur na-amata nke Odisha.  A na-ya eme ihe ma rie ya na osikapa ma ọ bụ osikapa. Na Philippines, a mara C. olitorius dị ka saluyot.  A na-nwere ike ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri akwụkwọ na osisi achara.<ref name="inquirer">{{Cite web|url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20100215-253310/Saluyot-now-a-popular-vegetable-worldwide|title=Saluyot now a popular vegetable worldwide|author=Danny O. Calleja|date=February 15, 2010|publisher=Inquirer|accessdate=August 7, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117062927/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view/20100215-253310/Saluyot-now-a-popular-vegetable-worldwide|archivedate=January 17, 2012}}</ref> Na Thai_cuisine" id="mw0w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Thai cuisine">Nri Thai, a na-eri akwụkwọ nke Corchorus olitorius (nke a maara n'ihe ahụ dị ka bai po; Thai: ৰেadadadadอ  ) na-acha ọcha, osikapa. [[Usòrò:Ayoyo_soup_and_stew.jpg|thumb|Supu na ofe Ayoyo]] == Hụkwa == * Jute * ''Malva'' * ''[[Hibiscus]]'' * ''Althaea'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1n3xly3649q0tx78v5eqs7d1hhwxps9 0 54774 193511 2024-10-29T15:50:09Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1220980671|Rani Shiromani]]" 193511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Rani Shiromani|birth_date=1728|death_date=1812|death_place=[[Midnapore]], British India|known_for=[[Chuar Rebellion]]|title=Queen of Karnagarh|spouse=Raja Ajit Singh}} '''Rani Shiromani bụ eze nwanyị Karnagarh, n'oge ọchịchị ụlọ ọrụ na India. Ọ bụ onye ndú ji obi ike nke ndị ọrụ ugbo nupụụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Britain East India isi. ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na Chuar Rebellion na Midnapore. O kere nnupụisi mbụ megide ndị Britain site na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Midnapore. Ọ megidere ụlọ ọrụ British East India Company ma jụ ịtụ ụtụ isi. Ya mere, a kpọrọ ya dịka Rani Laxmi Bai nke Midnapore.''' == Karnagarh Raj == Dị ka Binoy Ghosh si kwuo, ndị eze Karnagarh chịrị zamindari nke gụnyere Midnapore na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ndị Sadgop chịrị Karnagarh gụnyere Raja Lakshman Singh (1568-1661), Raja Shyam Singh (1661-1668), Raja Chhotu Roy (1667), Raja Raghunath Roy (1671-1693), Raja Ram Singh (1693-1711), Raja Jaswant Singh (1711-1749), Raja Ajit Singh (1749) na Rani Shiromani (1756-1812). Ha na ndị ọchịchị nke Narajole nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya. Eze nke Karnagarh, Raja Ajit Singh, nwere ndị eze nwanyị abụọ, Rani Bhawani na Rani Shiromani. Raja Ajit Singh nwụrụ n'amụtaghị nwa na 1753 na ihe onwunwe ya banyere n'aka ndị eze nwanyị abụọ ya. Rani Bhawani nwụrụ na 1760. Onye nlekọta nke Rani Shiromani mere Midnapore Raj gafe Anandalal na 1800.<ref name="chatterjee">{{Cite book|author=Chatterjee|first=Gouripada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75-a8FSPmvQC&pg=PA118|title=Midnapore, the Forerunner of India's Freedom Struggle|date=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=118|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Murshid|first=Ghulam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT223|title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years|date=2018-01-25|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-86906-12-0|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Ruins_of_fort_of_Rani_Shiromani_at_Karnagarh_in_Paschim_Medinipur_district_29.jpg|thumb|Ruins of fort of Rani Shiromani at Karnagarh in Paschim Medinipur district]] == Nnupụisi Chuar == [[Usòrò:Medinipur_town,_West_Midnapore_02.jpg|thumb|Ihe ncheta nke nnupụisi Chuar na Midnapore]] N'ime ọtụtụ ndị Bhumij zamindars a chụrụ n'anya, ndị nyere ndị nnupụisi ahụ nkwado gụnyere ụgwọ eze dịka, Jagannath Singh nke Dhalbhum, Subal Singh nke Kuilapal, Shyam Ganjam Singh nke Dhadka, Durjan Singh nke Raipur, Lakshman Singh nke Barabhum, Baidyanath Singh nke Dhalbhum, Mangal Singh nke Panchet, Ganga Narayan Singh nke Barabhum, Raghunath Mahato nke Dhalbhum, Raja Madhu Singh nke Manbhum, Raja Mohan Singh nke Juriah, Lakshman Singh nke Dulma, Sunder Narayan Singh na Fateh Singh. == Nsọpụrụ == Indian Railways ewebatala ụgbọ okporo ígwè Howrah-Adra Shiromani na-ebu ndị njem ngwa ngwa iji cheta aha Rani Shiromani. == Hụkwa == * Midnapore Raj * Raghunath Mahato (1738-1778), onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe * Raghunath Singh - onye ndú nke Chuar Rebellion (1767-1833) * Durjan Singh, onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe * Ganga Narayan Singh (1790-1833), onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} m9aiklh7xm1axsd76tpoqpy5fepcwjw 0 54775 193512 2024-10-29T15:56:00Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247093378|Sofía Noel]]" 193512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sofia_noel_2.jpg|thumb|Sofía Noel (1944) ]] '''Sofia Noel''', aha ọmụmụ '''Sophie Heyman''', (1915-2011) bụ soprano Spanish a mụrụ na Belgium na Ethnomusicologist bụ onye ọkachamara na Egwú Sephardic. Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Belgium iji gbanahụ mkpagbu ndị Nazi, ọ gara biri na Barcelona ebe ya na onye na-ede egwu Fernando Obradores rụkọtara ọrụ. Obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya na 1943, ọ bụrụ abụ na onye na-akpọ piano Ricardo Viñes. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ abụ na ịkwalite egwu Sephardic, Noel dekwara egwu Spanish site na Middle Ages, gụnyere ndị metụtara ihe nketa ndị Juu na ndị Arab nke mba ahụ. <ref name="me">{{Cite web|url=https://revistamaguenescudo.wordpress.com/sofia-noel-adios-a-la-pionera-de-la-cancion-sefardi-en-espana/|title=SOFÍA NOEL: adiós a la pionera de la canción sefardí en España|publisher=Revista Maguén Escudo|author=Naé, Natán|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNaé,_Natán">Naé, Natán. [https://revistamaguenescudo.wordpress.com/sofia-noel-adios-a-la-pionera-de-la-cancion-sefardi-en-espana/ "SOFÍA NOEL: adiós a la pionera de la canción sefardí en España"] (in Spanish). Revista Maguén Escudo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="rtve">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtve.es/radio/20111228/fallece-sofia-noel-voz-sefarad/485525.shtml|title=Adiós a Sofía Noel, la voz de Sefarad|publisher=rtve|author=Vergara, Mikaela|date=28 December 2011|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}</ref><ref name="rs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiosefarad.com/sofia-noel-zl-en-judeoespanol-desde-el-cidicsef-de-buenos-aires/|title=Sofía Noel Z”L, en judeoespañol, desde el Cidicsef de Buenos Aires|publisher=Radio Sefarad|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.radiosefarad.com/sofia-noel-zl-en-judeoespanol-desde-el-cidicsef-de-buenos-aires/ "Sofía Noel Z"L, en judeoespañol, desde el Cidicsef de Buenos Aires"] (in Spanish). Radio Sefarad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Brussels, Belgium, dị ka Sophie Heyman na 1915, [1] ọ bụ nwa nwanyi nke nna Sephardic na nne Ashkenazi. N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, ọ gbanarị mkpagbu sitere n'aka ndị Nazi site n'ịkwaga Spain bụ́ ebe o biri na Barcelona, na-agbanwe aha ya nke mbụ ka ọ bụrụ Sophie Noël ma mesịa ghọọ Sofia Noel. Ọ rụrụ na egwu ikpeazụ nke Ricardo Viñes na February 1943, na-abụ abụ na-eso piano ya na Palau de la Música Catalana nke obodo. Site na nkwado nke Fernando Obradors, ọ rụrụ na concert n'àgwàetiti Gran Canaria n'etiti 1940s.<ref name="mv">{{Cite web|url=https://esefarad.com/adios-a-sofia-noel-la-voz-de-sefarad/|title=Adiós a Sofiá Noel, la Voz de Sefarad|publisher=eSafarad|author=Vergara, Mikaela|date=28 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">Vergara, Mikaela (28 December 2011). [https://esefarad.com/adios-a-sofia-noel-la-voz-de-sefarad/ "Adiós a Sofiá Noel, la Voz de Sefarad"] (in Spanish). eSafarad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'ịchọ igosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Sephardic, o sonye na ọtụtụ mmemme redio ebe o gosipụtara nsonaazụ nyocha egwu ya mgbe ọ na-abụ abụ dị mkpa n'onwe ya. Karịsịa, site na 1970s o gosipụtara usoro Radio Clasica La vida en música na Los Pueblos Cantan su vida.[1] N'okwu ya, Noel nyekwara abụ ndị ọzọ sitere na Middle Ages gụnyere abụ na Hibru na Yiddish yana abụ sitere na Arabic. Ebumnobi ya bụ iweta omenala Spain echefuru echefu, n'ihe ọ kpọrọ 'Spain of Culture Atọ': Spanish, Juu na Arabic.<ref name="me">{{Cite web|url=https://revistamaguenescudo.wordpress.com/sofia-noel-adios-a-la-pionera-de-la-cancion-sefardi-en-espana/|title=SOFÍA NOEL: adiós a la pionera de la canción sefardí en España|publisher=Revista Maguén Escudo|author=Naé, Natán|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNaé,_Natán">Naé, Natán. [https://revistamaguenescudo.wordpress.com/sofia-noel-adios-a-la-pionera-de-la-cancion-sefardi-en-espana/ "SOFÍA NOEL: adiós a la pionera de la canción sefardí en España"] (in Spanish). Revista Maguén Escudo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="mv">{{Cite web|url=https://esefarad.com/adios-a-sofia-noel-la-voz-de-sefarad/|title=Adiós a Sofiá Noel, la Voz de Sefarad|publisher=eSafarad|author=Vergara, Mikaela|date=28 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=es}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">Vergara, Mikaela (28 December 2011). [https://esefarad.com/adios-a-sofia-noel-la-voz-de-sefarad/ "Adiós a Sofiá Noel, la Voz de Sefarad"] (in Spanish). eSafarad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Noel gara n'ihu na-ekwu okwu na omenala egwu Sephardic ruo ọnwa ole na ole tupu ọnwụ ya. Ihe kacha adọrọ mmasị bụ egwu ndị ọ rụrụ na Radio Nacional de España nakwa nke ọ bụrụ na onye na-agụ egwú bụ́ Pierre Élie Mamou na-eso.<ref name="mv">{{Cite web|url=https://esefarad.com/adios-a-sofia-noel-la-voz-de-sefarad/|title=Adiós a Sofiá Noel, la Voz de Sefarad|publisher=eSafarad|author=Vergara, Mikaela|date=28 December 2011|accessdate=19 March 2023|language=es}}</ref> Sofía Noel nwụrụ na Madrid na 27 Disemba 2011.<ref name="me">{{Cite web|url=https://revistamaguenescudo.wordpress.com/sofia-noel-adios-a-la-pionera-de-la-cancion-sefardi-en-espana/|title=SOFÍA NOEL: adiós a la pionera de la canción sefardí en España|publisher=Revista Maguén Escudo|author=Naé, Natán|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}</ref><ref name="rs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiosefarad.com/sofia-noel-zl-en-judeoespanol-desde-el-cidicsef-de-buenos-aires/|title=Sofía Noel Z”L, en judeoespañol, desde el Cidicsef de Buenos Aires|publisher=Radio Sefarad|accessdate=17 March 2023|language=es}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/3333875-Sofia-No%C3%ABl Nkọwapụta nke Sofía Noel site na Discogs] 44xzila04vwbv16het0puobreyvrgot 0 54776 193513 2024-10-29T15:59:10Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249706226|Sofia Danova]]" 193513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofia Danova''' (née Simeonova; amụrụ 1879 na Veliko Tarnovo; ma nwụọ na 1946) bụ onye ọrụ ebere, onye nkuzi na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na Bulgaria. Ọ bụ nwanyị Bulgaria mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mgbakọ na mwepụ. == Ndụ == Nna Danova bụ onye Russia feldsher na Agha Russia na Turkey (1877-1878) onye biri na Bulgaria mgbe ọ zutere nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu. Sofia nwere nwanne nwanyị Olya.[1] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Metropolitan Clement Girls' High School na Veliko Tarnovo. Ọ gara Rọshịa ịga St Petersburg State Institute of Technology ebe o nwetara nzere na mgbakọ na mwepụ. N'agbata 1904 na 1907, ọ kụziiri mgbakọ na mwepụ na Plovdiv Girls' Gymnasium. Ọ lụrụ Gruyo Danov, nwa Hristo G. Danov, onye nkwusa, na 1907.[1] Ọ na-arụsikwa ọrụ ike n’ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ezinụlọ mgbe ọgọ ya nwoke nwụsịrị na 1911, ya na di ya na ọgọ ya nwoke. Ha bipụtara ihe dị ka akwụkwọ 2,400 ka ọ na-erule 1947 mgbe etisara ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ.[2] Ọ nwụrụ na 1946.[1] == Ọrụ ebere == N'afọ 1936, Sofia duziri ntọala ọrụ ebere ụmụ nwanyị iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ dara ogbenye. Ntọala ahụ, nke e guzobere na 1895, bu n'uche nnwere onwe akụ na ụba nke ụmụ agbọghọ site n'ịzụ ha n'ọrụ. A kụziri ihe dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere ịkwa ákwà, ịkwa ákwá, nka na eserese. N'afọ 1910, e ji akwụkwọ Hristo Danov nyere guzobe ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. E guzobekwara ego n'aha Sofia, nke site na 1946 nwere isi obodo nke 31,690 lev. Nke a bụ ihe kpatara ọdịmma nke ụmụ akwụkwọ dara ogbenye yana iwu ụlọ.[3] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite journal|url=http://www.duma.bg/node/61134|title=Неизвестно и малко известно за Христо Г. Данов|first=Yordan|author=Kosturkov|date=24 August 2013|issue=196|journal=Duma}} * {{Cite book|title=Великотърновки – от традицията към модерността|first=Katya|author=Mitova-Ganeva|year=2009|publisher=Faber BG|isbn=978-954-400-040-0}} * {{Cite web|url=http://daritelite.bg/zhensko-blagotvoritelno-druzhestvo-postoyanstvo/|title=Женско благотворително дружество "Постоянство"|first=R|author=Stoyanova|publisher=Енциклопедия Дарителите|year=2018}} ic650ri42qo955y00n98mwwpadjtmod 0 54777 193514 2024-10-29T16:06:30Z Elohothedon 21486 Mepụtara bio wikipedia ọhụrụ 193514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Gbolabo Awelewa|native_name=Gbolabo Awelewa|image=|birth_date=4 December 1980|birth_place=Lagos|nationality=Naịjirịa|years active=2005|organisation=Cybervergent}} Gbolabo Awelewa bụ onye ndu na Cybersecurity nke na-etinye aka na nhazi, iwulite, na ijikwa usoro nchekwa na infraastruktụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=TECHnically: Gbolabo Awelewa says the key to keeping safe from cyber attacks is to always double-check » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/technically-gbolabo-awelewa-says-key-keeping-safe-cyber-attacks-always-double-check/ |work=YNaija |date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye Isi Ojiji Ngwọta (CSO) na Cybervergent (nke mbụ mara dị ka Infoprive), ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ nke na-elekwasị anya na ngwọta nchekwa cyber nke a na-akpaghị aka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onwuegbuchi |first1=Chike |title=Cybervergent’s Q1 2024 Report Reveals Rising Threat of Remcos RAT Malware in Financial Sector |url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/cybervergents-q1-2024-report-reveals-rising-threat-of-remcos-rat-malware-in-financial-sector/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Awelewa nọ na n’ihu ịmepụta ọdịnihu nke Digital Trust.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cybervegent Harps On Infrastructural, Human Capacities In Cybersecurity To Improve Digital Development – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/cybervegent-harps-on-infrastructural-human-capacities-in-cybersecurity-to-improve-digital-development/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=16 November 2023}}</ref> N’ime ọrụ ya, ọ nọrọ na ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu dị iche iche, dịka Onye Isi Nkà na Ọrụ Teknụzụ (Chief Technology Officer), Onye Isi Nlekọta Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nche (Chief Information Security Officer), na Onye Nhazi Nchekwa Enterprise (Enterprise Security Architect), n’ime Financial Technology Unicorns, Multinationals, na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ego. Awelewa bụ ọkachamara ama ama na mpaghara nchekwa cyber, a chọpụtala ya na ọtụtụ edemede na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Ọ na-agakarị na nnukwu nzukọ na ihe omume ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahazi. Ọ bụ onye nwere mmasị na inyere òtù aka iwulite usoro nchekwa na nke siri ike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Partner |first1=Uma Edwin for |title=Infoprive rebrands as Cybervergent, poised to revolutionise Africa's tech sector with automated cybersecurity solutions |url=https://techcabal.com/2023/10/31/infoprive-rebrands-as-cybervergent-poised-to-revolutionise-africas-tech-sector-with-automated-cybersecurity-solutions/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |work=TechCabal |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ raara onwe ya nye n’ịkuziri mmadụ ihe na ịnye ha ike ka ha nwee amamihe dị ka cyber.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Omotayo |first1=Boluwatife |title=‘Financial sector records spike in malware attacks’ |url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/financial-sector-records-spike-in-malware-attacks/ |work=Businessday NG |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> ==Isi mmalite akụkọ== {{reflist}} [[Ụdàkọ:Naigeria]] jyx47kuflqt552vqt3o72rfy02q7t3s 193515 193514 2024-10-29T16:08:01Z Elohothedon 21486 193515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Gbolabo Awelewa|native_name=Gbolabo Awelewa|image=|birth_date=4 December 1980|birth_place=Lagos|nationality=Naịjirịa|years active=2005|organisation=Cybervergent}} Gbolabo Awelewa bụ onye ndu na Cybersecurity nke na-etinye aka na nhazi, iwulite, na ijikwa usoro nchekwa na infraastruktụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=TECHnically: Gbolabo Awelewa says the key to keeping safe from cyber attacks is to always double-check » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/technically-gbolabo-awelewa-says-key-keeping-safe-cyber-attacks-always-double-check/ |work=YNaija |date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye Isi Ojiji Ngwọta (CSO) na Cybervergent (nke mbụ mara dị ka Infoprive), ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ nke na-elekwasị anya na ngwọta nchekwa cyber nke a na-akpaghị aka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onwuegbuchi |first1=Chike |title=Cybervergent’s Q1 2024 Report Reveals Rising Threat of Remcos RAT Malware in Financial Sector |url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/cybervergents-q1-2024-report-reveals-rising-threat-of-remcos-rat-malware-in-financial-sector/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Awelewa nọ na n’ihu ịmepụta ọdịnihu nke Digital Trust.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cybervegent Harps On Infrastructural, Human Capacities In Cybersecurity To Improve Digital Development – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/cybervegent-harps-on-infrastructural-human-capacities-in-cybersecurity-to-improve-digital-development/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=16 November 2023}}</ref> N’ime ọrụ ya, ọ nọrọ na ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu dị iche iche, dịka Onye Isi Nkà na Ọrụ Teknụzụ (Chief Technology Officer), Onye Isi Nlekọta Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nche (Chief Information Security Officer), na Onye Nhazi Nchekwa Enterprise (Enterprise Security Architect), n’ime Financial Technology Unicorns, Multinationals, na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ego. Awelewa bụ ọkachamara ama ama na mpaghara nchekwa cyber, a chọpụtala ya na ọtụtụ edemede na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Ọ na-agakarị na nnukwu nzukọ na ihe omume ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahazi. Ọ bụ onye nwere mmasị na inyere òtù aka iwulite usoro nchekwa na nke siri ike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Partner |first1=Uma Edwin for |title=Infoprive rebrands as Cybervergent, poised to revolutionise Africa's tech sector with automated cybersecurity solutions |url=https://techcabal.com/2023/10/31/infoprive-rebrands-as-cybervergent-poised-to-revolutionise-africas-tech-sector-with-automated-cybersecurity-solutions/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |work=TechCabal |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ raara onwe ya nye n’ịkuziri mmadụ ihe na ịnye ha ike ka ha nwee amamihe dị ka cyber.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Omotayo |first1=Boluwatife |title=‘Financial sector records spike in malware attacks’ |url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/financial-sector-records-spike-in-malware-attacks/ |work=Businessday NG |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> ==Isi mmalite akụkọ== {{reflist}} [[Ụdàkọ:Naigeria]] [[Category:Nigeria]] pdj9bnverl8i2ldgbh8gxnoeuik87de 193516 193515 2024-10-29T16:08:24Z Elohothedon 21486 193516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Gbolabo Awelewa|native_name=Gbolabo Awelewa|image=|birth_date=4 December 1980|birth_place=Lagos|nationality=Naịjirịa|years active=2005|organisation=Cybervergent}} Gbolabo Awelewa bụ onye ndu na Cybersecurity nke na-etinye aka na nhazi, iwulite, na ijikwa usoro nchekwa na infraastruktụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=TECHnically: Gbolabo Awelewa says the key to keeping safe from cyber attacks is to always double-check » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/technically-gbolabo-awelewa-says-key-keeping-safe-cyber-attacks-always-double-check/ |work=YNaija |date=21 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ ugbu a Onye Isi Ojiji Ngwọta (CSO) na Cybervergent (nke mbụ mara dị ka Infoprive), ụlọ ọrụ nkà na ụzụ nke na-elekwasị anya na ngwọta nchekwa cyber nke a na-akpaghị aka.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Onwuegbuchi |first1=Chike |title=Cybervergent’s Q1 2024 Report Reveals Rising Threat of Remcos RAT Malware in Financial Sector |url=https://www.nigeriacommunicationsweek.com.ng/cybervergents-q1-2024-report-reveals-rising-threat-of-remcos-rat-malware-in-financial-sector/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> Awelewa nọ na n’ihu ịmepụta ọdịnihu nke Digital Trust.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cybervegent Harps On Infrastructural, Human Capacities In Cybersecurity To Improve Digital Development – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/cybervegent-harps-on-infrastructural-human-capacities-in-cybersecurity-to-improve-digital-development/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |date=16 November 2023}}</ref> N’ime ọrụ ya, ọ nọrọ na ọtụtụ ọkwa ndu dị iche iche, dịka Onye Isi Nkà na Ọrụ Teknụzụ (Chief Technology Officer), Onye Isi Nlekọta Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nche (Chief Information Security Officer), na Onye Nhazi Nchekwa Enterprise (Enterprise Security Architect), n’ime Financial Technology Unicorns, Multinationals, na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ego. Awelewa bụ ọkachamara ama ama na mpaghara nchekwa cyber, a chọpụtala ya na ọtụtụ edemede na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. Ọ na-agakarị na nnukwu nzukọ na ihe omume ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahazi. Ọ bụ onye nwere mmasị na inyere òtù aka iwulite usoro nchekwa na nke siri ike.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Partner |first1=Uma Edwin for |title=Infoprive rebrands as Cybervergent, poised to revolutionise Africa's tech sector with automated cybersecurity solutions |url=https://techcabal.com/2023/10/31/infoprive-rebrands-as-cybervergent-poised-to-revolutionise-africas-tech-sector-with-automated-cybersecurity-solutions/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |work=TechCabal |date=31 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ raara onwe ya nye n’ịkuziri mmadụ ihe na ịnye ha ike ka ha nwee amamihe dị ka cyber.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Omotayo |first1=Boluwatife |title=‘Financial sector records spike in malware attacks’ |url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/financial-sector-records-spike-in-malware-attacks/ |work=Businessday NG |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> ==Isi mmalite akụkọ== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nigeria]] bjoogezid200oxbegp4zaxytg550lb1 0 54778 193517 2024-10-29T16:08:34Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244114604|Socorro Ramos]]" 193517 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maria Socorro Cancio Ramos (amụrụ 23 Septemba 1923) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Philippines. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke National Book Store, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na Philippines''' == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Maria Socorro Cancio Ramos na 23 Septemba 1923 na Santa Cruz, Laguna. Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya, ọ malitere inye aka na ụlọ ahịa nne na nna ya na ụlọ ahịa ahịa nne nne ya mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Arellano High School, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-ere ahịa na Ramos Goodwill Book Store. Nwanne Socorro bụ Manuel lụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị nke ezinụlọ Ramos, nke dugara na mmeghe nke ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ọhụrụ na Escolta Street na 1940, nke dị na ala nke Panciteria National. E mere José Ramos ka ọ bụrụ onye na-elekọta ya ma gwa Socorro ka ọ bịa rụọ ọrụ maka ya. A kpọrọ ụlọ ahịa ahụ National Book Store. N'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka ezinụlọ ya, Socorro lụrụ José n'oge na-adịghị anya. N'oge ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ, e zoro ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị America na di na nwunye ahụ na-erekarị ngwá ọrụ ọfịs, ncha, na flip flops. Otú ọ dị, n'oge Agha Manila na 1945, ụlọ ahịa ha rigoro n'ọkụ, ha aghaghịkwa ịmalite site na nchịkọta akwụkwọ ndị zoro ezo. N'ụzọ dị mwute, afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, ọdachi dakwasịrị ọzọ mgbe ajọ ifufe bibiri ụlọ ahịa ahụ e wughachiri ewughachi na ebe ọhụrụ Rizal Avenue. Ka o sina dị, e wughachiri Ụlọ Ahịa Akwụkwọ nke Mba ọzọ, nke ugbu a jiri mezzanine.<ref name="entrepreneurph">{{Cite news|author=Velas|first=Mary Anne|title=National Bookstore: An accidental brand|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/business-ideas/national-bookstore-an-accidental-brand|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=Entrepreneur Philippines|date=1 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="nbshistory">{{Cite news|title=Our History|url=https://www.nationalbookstore.com/about-us/|accessdate=15 April 2016|publisher=National Bookstore}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ụlọ ahịa ahụ mụbara. E meghere alaka ọhụrụ site na arịrịọ nke ụmụ atọ nke Socorro na Jose. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ ezigbo azụmaahịa ezinụlọ ma too n'ime ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nwere alaka na mba ahụ dum. N'afọ ndị 1990, eriri ahụ nwere ihe dị ka alaka 50. Afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị, e nwere 145. Ụlọ Ahịa Akwụkwọ Mba ghọrọ nnukwu ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ na Philippines na otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ kachasị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ mkpọsa Philippine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-01|title=National Book Store to offer GCash scan to pay in all branches nationwide|url=https://mb.com.ph/2018/03/02/national-book-store-to-offer-gcash-scan-to-pay-in-all-branches-nationwide/|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=Manila Bulletin|language=en-US}}</ref> Ramos gbara 100 afọ na Septemba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nanay Coring Turns 100: A Tribute to the Woman Who Built National Book Store|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/notes-and-essays/nanay-coring-100th-birthday-tribute-a1991-20230925-lfrm|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=Esquire}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na mmata == N'afọ 2017, Ramos bụ otu n'ime ndị natara onyinye Manilan pụrụ iche. <ref name="PhilStar 2017-06-25">{{Cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/06/25/1713440/araw-ng-maynila-erap-honors-outstanding-citizens|title=Araw ng Maynila: Erap honors outstanding citizens|author=Clapano|first=Jose Rodel|date=2017-06-25|work=The Philippine Star|accessdate=2017-08-13}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7j4vaipjskx2iq173lvq06dx0g0mpg0 0 54779 193518 2024-10-29T16:16:11Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249705155|Sofia Gurevitsh]]" 193518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sofia Gurevitsh''' (1880-1942) bụ onye nkuzi ndị Juu na Belarus. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Sofia Gurevitsh Gimnazye, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Vilnius nke kwalitere ojiji nke Yiddish dị ka asụsụ a na-akwanyere ùgwù maka ebumnuche niile, gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ. == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ na Minsk, nna ya bụ onye na-ere osisi osisi, bara ọgaranya nke ukwuu iziga ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ nwanyị aristocratic na St Petersburg, Russia[1] ebe ọ gụrụ nkuzi nkuzi na sayensị okike. Ọ kụziiri ihe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Russia dị nso na Vitebsk tupu ọ kwaga Vilna na 1905 (dị ka Katz si kwuo; Harshav na-ekwu 1902). N'oge ahụ, Vilna amalitela ịkwado ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ Yiddish na ọkwa dị iche iche. Tinyere Gurevitsh, Dveyre Kupershteyn (nke a makwaara dị ka Deborah Cooperstein; 1854–1939) guzobekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ nke kuziri na mbụ n'asụsụ Rọshịa tupu ya emee ihe bụ mgbe ahụ ngbanwe nkwuwa okwu na 1920 ka ọ kuziere kpamkpam na Yiddish. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ya na mbụ nyere nanị akara ule anọ tupu ọ gbasaa inye anọ ọzọ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ụlọ akwụkwọ Gurevitsh malitere dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ụmụ agbọghọ ndị Juu n'oge nke a bụ ihe ọhụrụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, mgbe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Yiddish abụọ dị na Vilna, ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ Gurevitsh mepụtara ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị lanarịrị [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na'ọbá akwụkwọ, ndị edemede, na ndị nkụzi na [[Israel]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], na Lithuania n'onwe ya. Otu n'ime ha, Aaron Garon, dere akwụkwọ ncheta banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, nke akpọrọ "Sófye Gurévitsh un ir vílner gimnázye" ("Sofia Gurevich na ụlọ akwụkwọ Vilna ya"), nke e bipụtara na 1995 na ''Oxford Yiddish 3''; o nyere Gurevitsh na ndị mụrụ ya otuto maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru. Nwa akwụkwọ ọzọ, Benjamin Harshav, onye kụziri na Mahadum Yale, na-atụle agụmakwụkwọ ahụ n'Akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka akụkụ nke [[Wexler Oral History Project]]; nne ya, onye kụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, weghaara ya mgbe a manyere Gurevitsh ịhapụ. N'afọ ndị 1930, Vilna bịara n'okpuru ọchịchị Polish na amachibidoro ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Yiddish n'ozuzu ya.[1] A machibidoro Gurevitsh iwu n'ihi na ọ naghị asụ Polish. Ọ hapụrụ Vilna gaa Rọshịa, bụ́ ebe o nwere ụmụnne nwoke abụọ bụ́ ndị isi ọrụ na Ministry for Heavy Industry.[2] Ọ nwụrụ na Gorki. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 62od43e5dr3szdxqe5mmj4yws6vt7gx 0 54780 193519 2024-10-29T16:21:25Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1204317828|Sofia Zengo Papadhimitri]]" 193519 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sofia Zengo Papadhimitri,''' nke a na-akpọkwa '''Sofia Papadhimitri''' (19 Machị 1915 - 13 June 1976) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Albania, onye ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Androniqi Zengo Antoniu, bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese foto mbụ na Albania. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Sofia Zengo na 19 Maachị 1915 na Korçë site na ezinụlọ nka. Ọ bụ ada Vangjel Zengo, onye na-ese ihe ngosi, na nwunye ya Vasiliqa. Ọ nwetara nkuzi ihe osise mbụ ya na Korçë n'okpuru nlekọta Vangjush Mio.[1] Na 1934, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị ga-agụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Amụma nke Athens.[2] Na 1939 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ maka eserese, na klas nke onye ama ama Gris Impressionist, Spiros Vikatos. N'oge ọmụmụ ya, ya na nna ya, ọ na-ese ihe dị n'ime ụlọ nke Holy Trinity Church na Korçë.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Galeria Kombetare e Arteve {{!}} Sofia Papadhimitri|url=http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=galeriakombetare.gov.al}}</ref> N'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, o sere ihe oyiyi na foto. Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ọ kwagara Tirana, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi eserese n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1947, ọ lụrụ onye na-ese ihe [[Akile Papadhimitri]], onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Jani na Evangjel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Galeria Kombetare e Arteve {{!}} Sofia Papadhimitri|url=http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=galeriakombetare.gov.al}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml "Galeria Kombetare e Arteve | Sofia Papadhimitri"]. ''galeriakombetare.gov.al''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1945 ruo 1971 ihe osise ya gosipụtara na ihe ngosi itoolu nke nka Albania. N'afọ 1965, na ncheta afọ 50 nke ọmụmụ onye na-ese ihe, a haziri ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya n'isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Njikọ nke Ndị edemede na Artists nke Albania. Na 1971 ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi. Ọ nwụrụ na Tirana na 13 June 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Galeria Kombetare e Arteve {{!}} Sofia Papadhimitri|url=http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=galeriakombetare.gov.al}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml "Galeria Kombetare e Arteve | Sofia Papadhimitri"]. ''galeriakombetare.gov.al''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe Nketa == N'akụkụ nwanne ya nwanyị Androniqi Zengo Antoniu, a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom mbụ na-ese ihe na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Albania.[1] Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe karịrị eserese 300 nke eserese na ihe osise, yana ihe karịrị eserese 200 nke unyi, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anọ na mkpokọta nzuzo na mpụga Albania..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=100 vjetori i piktores së parë femër shqiptare, ekspozohen punimet e 40 viteve të Sofia Zengo Papadhimitrit|url=https://sot.com.al/kultura/100-vjetori-i-piktores-s%C3%AB-par%C3%AB-fem%C3%ABr-shqiptare-ekspozohen-punimet-e-40-viteve-t%C3%AB-sofia-zengo|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=sot.com.al}}</ref> National Museum of Fine Arts (Albania) haziri ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na 2015. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=100 vjetori i piktores së parë femër shqiptare, ekspozohen punimet e 40 viteve të Sofia Zengo Papadhimitrit|url=https://sot.com.al/kultura/100-vjetori-i-piktores-s%C3%AB-par%C3%AB-fem%C3%ABr-shqiptare-ekspozohen-punimet-e-40-viteve-t%C3%AB-sofia-zengo|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=sot.com.al}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://sot.com.al/kultura/100-vjetori-i-piktores-s%C3%AB-par%C3%AB-fem%C3%ABr-shqiptare-ekspozohen-punimet-e-40-viteve-t%C3%AB-sofia-zengo "100 vjetori i piktores së parë femër shqiptare, ekspozohen punimet e 40 viteve të Sofia Zengo Papadhimitrit"]. ''sot.com.al''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Shënohet 100-vjetori i lindjes së piktores Sofia Papadhimitri - Arkiva Shqiptare e Lajmeve|url=http://www.arkivalajmeve.com/Shenohet-100-vjetori-i-lindjes-se-piktores-Sofia-Papadhimitri.1047779500/|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=www.arkivalajmeve.com}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ gụnyere ihe osise mmanụ, yana ọrụ na akwụkwọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gụnyere ọrụ ndị e mepụtara n'etiti 1936 na 1971. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sinani|first=Gent|date=4 July 2015|title=80 tableaux de Sofia Papadhimitri mis sur l’affichage pour son 100e anniversaire de naissance|url=http://arkiva.ata.gov.al/art-80-tableaux-de-sofia-papadhimitri-mis-sur-laffichage-pour-son-100e-anniversaire-de-naissance/|accessdate=13 May 2022|work=Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, kansụl obodo Korçë sọpụrụ ya site na ịbụ nwa amaala na-eme ihe ọchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Galeria Kombetare e Arteve {{!}} Sofia Papadhimitri|url=http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml|accessdate=2022-05-13|work=galeriakombetare.gov.al}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://galeriakombetare.gov.al/en/collection/sofia-papadhimitri.shtml "Galeria Kombetare e Arteve | Sofia Papadhimitri"]. ''galeriakombetare.gov.al''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na 2020, eserese ya gụnyere na ihe ngosi na ọrụ na akwụkwọ na ihe ngosi na Vlorë.[1] Dị ka ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ Shpresa Tolaj Gjonbalaj na Rregjina Gokaj si kwuo, ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke akwụkwọ ikike nke ọgbọ nke abụọ nke nkà Albania. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gjonbalaj|first=Shpresa Tolaj|date=2019-01-01|title=Common and Special Features of the First School of Drawing in Albania and the First School of Applicative Arts in Kosovo|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesr-2019-0005|journal=Journal of Educational and Social Research|volume=9|issue=1|pages=45–52|doi=10.2478/jesr-2019-0005|issn=2240-0524}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> 4ph4kgcp3bl4w3ubxktjfwllsih5zhh 0 54781 193520 2024-10-29T16:33:05Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248384253|Soft butch]]" 193520 wikitext text/x-wiki   soft butch, ma ọ bụ stem (stud-fem), bụ nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke na-egosipụta ụfọdụ àgwà igbu egbu na-adabaghị n'echiche nwoke na-ejikọta ya na ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ. Soft butch dị n'ụdị butch, dị ka nkume butch na nwoke, ebe n'ụzọ dị iche, ultra fem, high femme, na lesbian lipstick bụ ụfọdụ akara na ụdị nke lesbians nwere ngosipụta a ma ama nke nwanyị, nke a makwaara dị ka femmes.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Christine A.|title=Do Butch and Femme Still Attract?|journal=The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide|date=2003|volume=X|issue=4}}</ref> Mkpụrụ obi dị nro nwere ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị, mana ọ na-egosipụta njirimara nwoke; Mkpụrụ obi na-egosipụtakarị nwoke na mmetụ nke nwanyị.<ref name="rose">{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Dawn|title=Yusuf Come Home: Parashat Miketz (genesis 41:1-44:17)|journal=Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible|date=2009}}</ref> "Ike siri ike", ma ọ bụ akara nke na-egosi ọkwa nke nwoke dị ka igbu egbu na-adabere n'ịdị nro nke okwu nwoke na nwanyị ya.[1] Anụ anụ ndị dị nro nwere ike ịchọ igosipụta onwe ha site na uwe ha na edozi isi ha n'ụzọ nwoke karịa, mana omume ha n'ụzọ ọdịnala karịa nke nwanyị.[2]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, àgwà ndị a dị nro nwere ike ma ọ bụ nwere ike ọ gaghị agụnye ntutu isi mkpụmkpụ, uwe e mere maka ụmụ nwoke, na àgwà nwoke na àgwà. Anụ anụ ndị dị nro na-apụtakarị ihe na-adịghị mma, kama ịgbaso usoro iwu nke nwanyị ma ọ bụ nke nwoke.[3] Anụ anụ dị nro n'ozuzu n'ụzọ anụ ahụ, mmekọahụ, na nke ihunanya na-egosipụta onwe ha n'ụdị nwoke karịa ụzọ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carpenter|first=Karen|title=Love on a Continuum|journal=Social and Economic Studies|date=2011|volume=60|issue=1}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ngosipụta nwoke na nwanyị nke butch dị nro site na ọdịdị ya, o nwekwara ụzọ pụrụ iche nke igosipụta onwe ya. Ụmụ nwanyị na-adịghị mma nwere ike ịchọ inwe ọrụ na-adịghị mkpa na [[Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị|mmekọahụ]] ma ọ bụ n'ịhụnanya na mmekọrịta ha, nke a na-ejikọta ya na omume mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="rose">{{Cite journal|author=Rose|first=Dawn|title=Yusuf Come Home: Parashat Miketz (genesis 41:1-44:17)|journal=Torah Queeries: Weekly Commentaries on the Hebrew Bible|date=2009}}</ref> Nke a bụ ihe atụ nke otu mmekọahụ nke butch dị nro na ọdịdị ihu abụghị nwoke kpamkpam, mana ha nwere ụfọdụ àgwà nwanyị. A na-ahụ ọchịchọ a iji gosipụta ma nwoke ma nwanyị site na okike na mmekọahụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ụmụ nwanyị butch dị nro, kamakwa n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị nwere ụdị mmekọahụ dịgasị iche iche.<ref name="rose" /> == Hụkwa ==   * Eze Drag * Ogwe osisi * Nwanyị nkume * Tomboy == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Allen|first=Meg|title=Butch|date=2017|publisher=Edition One|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-0692904206}} * {{Cite book|editor=Atkins|title=Looking Queer: Body Image and Identity in Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, and Transgender Communities|date=1998|publisher=[[Haworth Press]]|isbn=978-0789004635|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JfWrM2M9zOQC&q=soft+butch&pg=PA233}} * {{Cite book|editor=Beemyn|title=Queer Studies: A Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, & Transgender Anthology|date=1996|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0814712573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOATCgAAQBAJ&q=soft&pg=PA9}} * {{Cite book|editor=Cassell|title=Butch Lesbians of the '20s, '30s, and '40s Coloring Book|date=2017|publisher=Stacked Deck Press|location=Walnut, California|isbn=978-0997048766}} * {{Cite book|editor=Cassell|title=Butch Lesbians of the '50s, '60s, and '70s Coloring Book|date=2018|publisher=Stacked Deck Press|location=Walnut, California|isbn=978-0997048797}} * {{Cite journal|author=O'Sullivan|first=Sue|title=I Don't Want You Anymore: Butch/Femme Disappointments|journal=[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]]|date=1999|volume=2|issue=4|pages=465–473|doi=10.1177/136346099002004006|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/I%20Dont%20Want%20You%20Anymore%20%20%20%20ButchFemme%20Disappointments%20.pdf|issn=1363-4607}} ; Akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ; Nchịkọta == Njikọ mpụga == {{LGBT slang}}{{LGBTQ|culture=yes}} dn1rrkntszcx0wj7u98auxgcmabgv6l 0 54782 193521 2024-10-29T16:39:52Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1248502660|Sofía Betancourt]]" 193521 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sofía Betancourt bụ onye ozi America na prọfesọ bụ onye isi nke iri nke Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA). Onye isi ala UUA bụ CEO na onye ndu okpukperechi nke Unitarian Universalism. Betancourt bụ nwanyị mbụ nwere agba na onye n'ezoghị ọnụ ka ahọpụtara n'ọfịs.'''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Kathryn|date=2023-06-25|title=Unitarian Universalists elect first woman of color, openly queer president|url=https://religionnews.com/2023/06/25/unitarian-universalists-elect-first-woman-of-color-openly-queer-president/|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Religion News Service|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPost2023">Post, Kathryn (2023-06-25). [https://religionnews.com/2023/06/25/unitarian-universalists-elect-first-woman-of-color-openly-queer-president/ "Unitarian Universalists elect first woman of color, openly queer president"]. ''Religion News Service''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Betancourt gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cornell na 1997 na bachelor nke sayensị na ethnobotany, na Starr King School for the Ministry na 2003 na Master's of Divinity, na [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]] na 2013 na 2020 na Master of Arts, Master of Philosophy, na PhD na Religious Ethics na African American Studies. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Rev. Dr. Sofía Betancourt|url=https://www.uusc.org/staff/rev-dr-sofia-betancourt/|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Unitarian Universalist Service Committee|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.uusc.org/staff/rev-dr-sofia-betancourt/ "Rev. Dr. Sofía Betancourt"]. ''Unitarian Universalist Service Committee''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ na-emecha MDiv ya, Betancourt jere ozi dị ka onye ozi na-arụ ọrụ na UU Church nke Berkeley, California. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-04|title=Professional Experience|url=https://sofiabetancourt.com/about/professional-experience/|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Rev. Sofía Betancourt, Ph.D.|language=en}}</ref> A họpụtara ya n'afọ 2004. Betancourt bụ onye-isi-ozizi nke First UU Church of Stockton, California; onye ozi ndụmọdụ na UU Fellowship of Storrs, Connecticut; na onye ozi nwa oge na Ụka UU nke Fresno, California.<ref>{{Cite web|title=myUUA: People|url=https://my.uua.org/directory/people/01357-079-0361140|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA)|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2005 ruo 2009 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke UUA's Office of Racial and Ethnic Concerns, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ọtụtụ kọmitii UUA a họpụtara ma họpụta gụnyere Kọmitii Ntinye aha, Kọmitii Na-ahọpụta, Cultural Misappropriation Task Force, na Kọmitii Mgbanwe Njem N'Otu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sofía Betancourt {{!}} UUA.org|url=https://www.uua.org/people/sofia-betancourt|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=www.uua.org|language=en}}</ref> Site na 2009 ruo 2022 Betancourt rụrụ ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ malitere dị ka onye nkuzi na Yale College na Yale Divinity School site na 2009 ruo 2013. [see mkpa] Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ nwa oge, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka prọfesọ na Starr King na 2016 wee jee ozi dị ka Prọfesọ Associate na Onye isi oche nke Starr King site na Ọgọst 2020 ruo Febụwarị 2021.Na Ọgọst 2021, ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ na-emekọrịta ihe na onye na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na Drew University Theological School.[1] N'ọnọdụ ndị a, ọ kụziri nkuzi gbasara ụkpụrụ omume na nnwere onwe, nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi nke ụwa, nkà mmụta okpukpe nwanyị Latina, na ịlụso mmegbu ọgụ. N'afọ 2017, mgbe onye isi oche nke Unitarian Universalist Association gbara arụkwaghịm ọnwa ole na ole tupu njedebe nke okwu ahụ n'etiti oku iji tụlee mmetụta nke omenala ndị ọcha na usoro na usoro nke Unitarian Universalism, UUA Board họpụtara Betancourt, Leon Spencer, na William Sinkford dị ka ndị isi oche. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-11|title=Three co-presidents to lead UUA until General Assembly 2017 {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/board-names-three-copresidents|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=www.uuworld.org|language=en}}</ref> Betancourt lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ ahụ bụ dịka onye ndú nke Commission on Institutional Change . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-21|title=Interim co-presidents see 'opportunity to re-center ourselves' {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/interim-copresidents-describe-roles|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=www.uuworld.org|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Betancourt jere ozi dị ka onye ọkà mmụta bi na onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche na ikpe ziri ezi na ịha nhatanha na Kọmitii Ọrụ Unitarian Universalist.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Rev. Dr. Sofía Betancourt|url=https://www.uusc.org/staff/rev-dr-sofia-betancourt/|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Unitarian Universalist Service Committee|language=en}}</ref> == Onye isi ala == Kọmitii UUA Presidential Search họpụtara Betancourt na Nọvemba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-29|title=Search Committee Nominates Rev. Dr. Sofía Betancourt for UUA President {{!}} UU World Magazine|url=https://www.uuworld.org/articles/betancourt-announcement|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=www.uuworld.org|language=en}}</ref> Kọmitii ahụ ji otu olu họpụta ndị isi abụọ ka ha bụrụ ndị na-azọ ọkwa onye isi ala. Otu n'ime ndị a họpụtara jụrụ nhọpụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-15|title=Presidential Search Committee Nominates Rev. Dr. Sofía Betancourt for UUA President {{!}} Press Releases {{!}} UUA.org|url=https://www.uua.org/pressroom/press-releases/psc-nominee-president|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=www.uua.org|language=en}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi Betancourt gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe atọ dị mkpa: nlekọta obodo, onye ndu imekọ ihe ọnụ, na "iche ihu ihe amaghị ama ọnụ."[1] A họpụtara Betancourt site na 96.6% nke votu ndị nnọchiteanya na June 24, 2023, na UUA's General Assembly na Pittsburgh, PA. Edoro ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala June 25, 2023. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Post|first=Kathryn|date=2023-06-25|title=Unitarian Universalists elect first woman of color, openly queer president|url=https://religionnews.com/2023/06/25/unitarian-universalists-elect-first-woman-of-color-openly-queer-president/|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=Religion News Service|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ ndị Betancourt dere === * ''Ecowomanism na Panama Canal: Black Women, Labor, and Environmental Ethics'' (2022) === Akwụkwọ ndị Betancourt nyere onyinye === * ''Ebe etiti: Ịnya ụgbọ mmiri agbụrụ, Eziokwu, na Ike na Ozi'' (2017) * ''Ecowomanism, Okpukpe, na Ecology'' (2017) * ''Ikpe Ziri Ezi n'Ụwa: Ndị Okwukwe Na-arụ Ọrụ na Njikọ nke Agbụrụ, Klas, na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' (2018) * BLUU Ihe odide: Anthology nke Ịhụnanya, Ikpe Ziri Ezi, na Nnwere Onwe (2021) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ad3qbilirj04r51e0790jgne7k3uo5m 0 54783 193522 2024-10-29T16:43:25Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1174975863|Sofía Cuthbert]]" 193522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sofía_Cuthbert,_esposa_de_Carlos_Prats.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Cuthbert na 1969]] '''Sofía Ester Cuthbert Chiarleoni''' (Iquique, 28 Nọvemba 1918 - Buenos Aires, 30 Septemba 1974) bụ nwunye nke General Carlos Prats nke Chile, nke Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional gburu ya na di ya na Argentina, n'ime usoro nke Operation Condor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archivomuseodelamemoria.cl:8080/index.php/55242;isad|title=Biografía Sofía Cuthbert Chiarleoni}}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị William Cuthbert Lister na Sofia Chiarleoni Méndez. Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya na kọleji Iquique English bụ ebe ọ gụchara aha nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Bilingual. Na Iquique, ọ lụrụ Carlos Prats na Jenụwarị 19, 1944. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ - Sofía Ester, onye bụbu onye nnọchi anya Chile na Gris, María Angélica, na Hilda Cecilia.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Prats González|first=Carlos|date=1985|title=Memorias. Testimonios de un Soldado.|language=es|publisher=Pehuén Editores Ltda|isbn=9789561601291}}</ref> Bọmbụ ụgbọ ala gburu Cuthbert na di ya na Buenos Aires, ebe ha biri na mba ọzọ, na 30 Septemba 1974. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} jb41inc8kvr3fwhln2y5hb8cigrftz1 0 54784 193523 2024-10-29T16:52:49Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1200608886|Sohaila Zarrain]]" 193523 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sohaila Zarrain (Julaị 13, 1993) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Pakistan na-egwu egwu dịka onye mgbachitere Balochistan United[1] na otu ụmụ nwanyị mba Pakistan.''' Zarrain bụ nwa nwanyị onye isi egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan na Senator Rubina Irfan na nwanne Balochistan United na onye njikwa otu mba Raheela Zarmeen. Nwanne nwanyị ọzọ, Shahlyla Baloch, nwụrụ na 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Raheel|first=Natasha|title=Farewell to female Maradona: Star footballer's life cut short|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1198643/farewell-female-maradona-star-footballers-life-cut-short/|accessdate=27 October 2018|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=14 October 2016}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * '''Egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba:''' 2014 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150404140958/http://www.pff.com.pk/people.php?p=49565 Profaịlụ] na Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0xhyk8w2x6iq3ognkzu2puux84zt3oj 0 54785 193524 2024-10-29T16:58:08Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1221678599|Soheila Hejab]]" 193524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Soheila Hejab|native_name={{nobold| سهیلا حجاب}}|image=|caption=|birth_date={{Birth year|1990}}|birth_place=|nationality=Iranian|known_for=Civil rights advocacy|occupation=lawyer <br> political and civil rights activist|alma_mater=}} '''Soheila Hejab Bidsorkhi[1] (Persian: سهیلا حجاب, romanized: Soheila Hijab; amụrụ 1990[2]) bụ onye ọka iwu Iran, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye na-akwado ikike obodo.''' == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Hejab bụ onye agbụrụ Kurd nke sitere na Kermanshah . <ref name="jpost_20211006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-civil-rights-lawyer-on-hunger-strike-due-harassment-in-prison-681159|title=Iran civil rights lawyer on hunger strike due to harassment in prison|first=Benjamin|author=Weinthal|work=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=6 October 2021|accessdate=23 May 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWeinthal2021">Weinthal, Benjamin (6 October 2021). [https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-civil-rights-lawyer-on-hunger-strike-due-harassment-in-prison-681159 "Iran civil rights lawyer on hunger strike due to harassment in prison"]. ''[[Jerusalem Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> O nwetara akara ugo mmụta n'iwu ma ruo eruo dị ka onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranhumanrights.org/2021/08/three-more-iranian-human-rights-attorneys-slapped-with-unjust-prison-sentences/|title=Three more Iranian human rights attorneys slapped with unjust prison sentences|work=www.iranhumanrights.org/|date=2 August 2022|accessdate=8 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/report/custom/7077b99b4a/|title=Custom Report Excerpts: Afghanistan, Algeria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brunei, Burkina Faso +50 more|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=n.d.|accessdate=8 July 2022}}</ref> A maara Hejab dị ka onye kwadoro ọchịchị eze na nwa eze a chụgara n'ala ọzọ bụ Reza Pahlavi.<ref name="rf_20200526"></ref> == Ịnọ Ndị Mmadụ == E jidere Hejab ugboro ugboro maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2021/08/13/more-than-500-women-human-rights-defenders-unjustly-imprisoned-in-iran/?sh=2bfce04421c9|title=More than 500 women human rights defenders unjustly imprisoned In Iran|first=Ewelina U.|author=Ochab|work=[[Forbes]]|date=13 August 2021|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> == Tupu afọ 2019 == E jidere Hejab na Jenụwarị 2018 na Shiraz maka ebubo nke "mgbakọ, nkwekọrịta na mgbasa ozi megide usoro".[1] Njide ọzọ sochiri na Disemba 2018, mgbe a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ afọ abụọ, bụ́ nke ọ nọrọ ọnwa ise n'ime ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iranfocus.com/en/human-rights/34127-iran-a-letter-from-evin-prison/|title=Iran: A letter from Evin Prison|first=Pooya|author=Stone|work=www.iranfocus.com/en/|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=23 May 2022}}</ref> == Njide 2019 na ebubo nke mmeso ọjọọ == Ndị Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) jidere Hejab ọzọ na June 2019 ma mesịa kpọga ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Evin.<ref name="rf_20200526" /><ref name="khrn_20201123">{{Cite web|url=https://kurdistanhumanrights.org/en/latest-situation-of-soheila-hijab-in-qarchak-prison/|title=Latest situation of Soheila Hijab in Qarchak Prison|work=kurdistanhumanrights.org|date=23 November 2020|accessdate=29 May 2022}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ozi o dere n'ihu ọha site na 13 Jenụwarị 2020, ọ katọrọ mgbochi nke ngagharị iwe na Nọvemba 2019 ma kpọọ oku ka a kwatuo ihe ọ kpọrọ "ọchịchị aka ike". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iran-hrm.com/2020/05/25/human-rights-lawyer-violently-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|title=Human rights lawyer violently transferred to Qarchak Prison|work=iran-hrm.com/2020/05/25/human-rights-lawyer-violently-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|date=25 May 2020|accessdate=23 May 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị 2020, ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya nwa oge na mgbapụta dị arọ, <ref name="rf_20200526" /> a mara Hejab ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na asatọ mgbe a mara ya ikpe maka ebubo gụnyere "mgbasa ozi megide usoro ahụ", "ịmepụta otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị" na "ịkpọ oku maka ntụli aka iji gbanwee Iwu". <ref name="ncr_iran_20200523">{{Cite web|url=https://women.ncr-iran.org/2020/05/25/lawyer-soheila-hejab-forcibly-transferred-to-qarchak-prison/|title=Lawyer Soheila Hejab violently transferred to Qarchak Prison|work=women.ncr-iran.org|date=25 May 2020|accessdate=23 May 2022}}</ref> Dị ka iwu Iran si kwuo, ọ ga-eje ozi afọ 7.5 nke ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.igfm.de/soheila-hejab/|title=Soheila Hejab|work=[[Internationale Gesellschaft für Menschenrechte|IGFM]]|date=n.d.|accessdate=23 May 2022|language=de}}</ref> Mgbe ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe gasịrị na 23 Mee 2020, ndị ọrụ IRGC jidere ya ma tie ya ihe ma kpọga ya n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Qarchak.<ref name="ncr_iran_20200523" /> Site n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ gara n'ihu na-akpọ oku ka a chụtuo Onye Ndú Kasị Elu nke Iran, Ali Khamenei.<ref name="jpost_20211006">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-civil-rights-lawyer-on-hunger-strike-due-harassment-in-prison-681159|title=Iran civil rights lawyer on hunger strike due to harassment in prison|first=Benjamin|author=Weinthal|work=[[Jerusalem Post]]|date=6 October 2021|accessdate=23 May 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, a kọrọ na a kpọgara Hejab n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị na Sanandaj.<ref name="jinha_news_20211117">{{Cite web|url=https://jinhaagency.com/en/actual/activist-soheila-hijab-bidsorkhi-exiled-to-another-prison-in-iran-22939|title=Activist Soheila Hijab Bidsorkhi exiled to another prison in Iran|work=jinhaagency.com|date=17 November 2021|accessdate=25 May 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2022, a kọrọ na Hejab ebutela COVID-19, ya na ndị mkpọrọ 13 ndị ọzọ nọ na ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Ozi sitere na Machị 2022 site na Center for Human Rights na Iran nye Kọmịshọna Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ Michelle Bachelet aha ya bụ Hejab dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-akwado Iran ise na-arịa ọrịa ugbu a mana gọnarị ezumike ahụike.[2] A tọhapụrụ Hejab na mgbanaka ahụike na Maachị 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hana-hr.org/content/2023062-soheila-hejab-released-from-kermanshah-central-prison|title=Soheila Hejab released from Kermanshah Central Prison|work=hana-hr.org|date=5 March 2023|accessdate=27 November 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2xo6q7fm0gizi2pk1wesj6aj2idh1vr 0 54786 193525 2024-10-29T17:05:22Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1247580287|Solo Darling]]" 193525 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Christina Solomita (amuru Febụwarị 19, 1987), [1] nke amara aha ya bụ Solo Darling, bụ onye mgba mgba ama ama ama ama maka oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa ya na nkwalite dị iche iche dị ka Game Changer Wrestling na Shimmer Women Athletes.''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/solo-darling-8068.html|title=Solo Darling • Profile & Match Listing|work=profightdb.com|author=Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba mgba == === Mpaghara nwere onwe ya (2009-2021) === [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling,_September_2018_11.jpg|thumb|349x349px|Ịhụnanya na 2018]] Darling mere mgba mgba mbụ ya ọkachamara na OVW TV #615 na June 1, 2011, na egwuregwu gbara ọchịchịrị, meriri Lady JoJo.[1] Na Game Changer Wrestling's Joey Janela's Spring Break 4 site na Ọktọba 10, 2020, ọ sonyere na agha mmadụ iri atọ ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide ndị mgba dị iche iche dịka onye mmeri Nate Webb, Shark Boy, JTG, Flash Flanagan na Marko Stunt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2020/10/12/gcw-joey-janelas-spring-break-4-october-10-results-review/|title=GCW JOEY JANELA'S SPRING BREAK 4 (OCTOBER 10) RESULTS & REVIEW|work=voicesofwrestling.com|first=Kevin|author=Hare|date=October 12, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O meriri n'ọgụ knockout royal na Impact # 774 nke Impact Wrestling, ebe ya na ndị mgba ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Jordynne Grace, Tessa Blanchard, Scarlett Bordeaux na Madison Rayne zutere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrestlingsc.com/2020/05/13/tasha-steelz-signs-with-impact-wrestling/|title=Tasha Steelz Signs With Impact Wrestling|work=wrestlingsc.com|first=Steph|author=Franchomme|date=May 13, 2020|accessdate=March 21, 2021}}</ref> === Chikara (2016-2020) === A maara ya nke ọma maka oge ya na Chikara, nke o mere nke mbụ ya na National Pro Wrestling Day 2016 na Febụwarị 6, 2016, na mgbalị mmeri megide Heidi Lovelace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-16/02-06-2016_national-pro-wrestling-day-2016|title=National Pro Wrestling Day 2016 – The Goodwill Beneficial Association Hall|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=February 6, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O sonyere na Chikara King of Trios 2016 Tournament, ebe ya na Candice LeRae na Crazy Mary Dobson sonyeere dị ka Team Shimmer iji daa na Team Original Divas Revolution (Jazz, Mickie James na Victoria) na egwuregwu nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/100-percent-fordifiedchikara-king-of-trios-2016-night-1/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=80eb76e534b806dc0fa1e9c276bad846d5c123b6-1616274749-0|title=100 Percent Fordified: CHIKARA King of Trios 2016 Night 1|work=411mania.com|first=Kevin|author=Ford|date=November 9, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA Every Man For Himself na Disemba 22, 2016, Darling sonyere na egwuregwu gauntlet nke mmadụ 34 ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide ndị mgba dịka onye mmeri Dasher Hatfield, Hallowicked na Ophidian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-17/02-04-2017_every-man-himself|title=Every Man For Himself|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=December 22, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA The Lodger na July 8, 2017, ya na Travis Huckabee jikọrọ aka dị ka The Rumblebees iji merie Cornelius Crummels na Sonny Defarge (2-1) na egwuregwu 2-nke-3 maka Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. Ha tụfuru utu aha n'otu abalị ahụ na Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream na Ice Cream Jr.) na egwuregwu 2-n'ime-3-da.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/upcoming/07-08-2017_thelodger|title=The Lodger – The New Mid-Atlantic Sportatorium|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=July 8, 2017|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA Tug Of War na Nọvemba 9, 2019, Darling sonyeere ya The Bird and the Bee ogologo oge tag team Willow Nightingale iji merie FIST (Tony Deppen na Travis Huckabee) iji merie Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas na egwuregwu 2-nke-3 dara, akara (2-1). Ha nwere utu aha ahụ ruo June 24, 2020, mgbe Chikara mechiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-20/11-09-2019_tug-war|title=Tug of War – The Wrestle Factory|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=November 9, 2019|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O meriri ugboro abụọ maka Chikara Grand Championship, oge mbụ megide Juan Francisco De Coronado na CHIKARA Egg Monsters From Mars na July 28, 2018, na oge nke abụọ megide Dasher Hatfield onye bụ onye mmeri na-anọchi Mark Angelosetti na ''Young Lions Cup XV - 2nd Stage'' na March 16, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-19/07-28-2018_egg-monsters-mars|title=Egg Monsters From Mars – The Wrestle Factory|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=July 28, 2018|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2019/03/12/preview-chikara-young-lions-cup-xv-stages-1-2-3-16-19/|title=Preview: CHIKARA Young Lions Cup XV Stages 1 & 2 (3/16/19)|work=lastwordonsports.com|first=Brandi|author=Wagner|date=March 12, 2019|accessdate=March 21, 2021}}</ref> === Shine Wrestling (2013-2015) === Darling lụrụ ọgụ mbụ ya maka Shine Wrestling na Eprel 19, 2013, na Shine 9, ebe ọ lụrụ Rhea O'Reilly na Brittney Savage na egwuregwu atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/01/24/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-16/|title=Live Coverage: SHINE Wrestling Presents SHINE 16|work=diva-dirt.com|author=Diva-Dirt|date=January 25, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na Shine 10 na Mee 24, 2013, ya na Heidi Lovelace na Luscious Latasha sonyeere, na-erughị Jessie Belle, Sassy Stephie na Sojournor Bolt na Egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwponderings.com/2013/05/24/shine-10-05-24-13-ippv-results/|title=SHINE 10 05.24.13 iPPV results|work=pwponderings.com|author=Chris GST|date=May 24, 2013|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na Shine 12 na August 23, 2013, ya na Nikki Roxx jikọrọ aka dị ka akụkụ nke Daffney's All Star Squad stable iji merie The West Coast Connection (Su Yung na Tracy Taylor). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwponderings.com/2014/01/21/shine-12-review/|title=Shine 12 Review|work=pwponderings.com|first=Jerome|author=Cusson|date=January 21, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na Shine 13 na Septemba 27, 2013, Darling chere Mercedes Martinez ihu na mbọ efu.[1] Ọ sonyere na asọmpi egwuregwu Shine Tag Team, ebe ya na Heidi Lovelace jikọrọ aka na Jenụwarị 24, 2014, na Shine 17 dị ka Sistemụ Buddy iji merie Brandi Wine na Malia Hosaka. Ha meriri egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ na Made in Sin (Allysin Kay na Taylor Made) n'otu abalị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/02/28/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-17/|title=Full Results: SHINE Wrestling Presents SHINE 17|work=diva-dirt.com|author=Diva-Dirt|date=January 24, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> === Beyond Wrestling (2018-2021) === [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling_(14389931459)_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Ịhụnanya na 2013]] [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling_places_Wheeler_Yuta_in_a_Rivera_Cloverleaf.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Ebe ịhụnanya Wheeler Yuta na SharpStinger (a Rivera cloverleaf) n'oge egwuregwu maka Beyond Wrestling]] Darling nọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ na Beyond Wrestling. Ọ gbara mgba ikpeazụ ya na Beyond Project Reality na Mee 6, 2021, ebe ọ dabara na Aaron Rourke n'ihi asọmpi otu. Ọ nọwo na nkwụsị aka mgba ọkachamara kemgbe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/hamiltons-beyond-wrestling-project-reality-05-06-2021-review/|title=Hamilton's Beyond Wrestling Project Reality 05.06.2021 Review|work=411mania.com|first=Ian|author=Hamilton|date=May 9, 2021|accessdate=February 22, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Solomita na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka Pansexual. Ọ pụtara na ngwụcha afọ 2020 n'oge ọnwa mpako.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.listennotes.com/fil/podcasts/outsports/lgbt-in-the-ring-ep-54-solo-X48jQURheE6/|title=LGBT In The Ring Ep. 54: Solo Darling|author=Outsports|date=October 1, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> == Mmeri na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * '''Mgbe E Kwụsịrị Ịgba Agha''' ** Ememme asọmpi ịgba mgba (1 oge) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=5069|title=Feast Championship Wrestling Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|work=www.cagematch.net}}</ref> * '''Chikara''' ** Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (2 ugboro, nke ikpeazụ) - ya na Willow Nightingale na Travis Huckabee <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/pa/e/chikara/chikara-t.html|title=CHIKARA Tag Team Title "Campeonatos de Parejas"|work=wrestling-titles.com|author=Wrestling Titles History|date=June 24, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> * '''''Ihe osise maka ịgba mgba''''' ** Nọkwa nke 72 n'ime 100 ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ na PWI Women's 100 na 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) Female 50/100 for 2020|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-female-50/2020.html|work=The Internet Wrestling Database|accessdate=December 12, 2020}}</ref> * '''Ndị Agha Mkpịsị Aka''' ** Battling Bombshells Tag Team Championship (1 oge) - ya na Brittney Savage <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://louiswrestling.proboards.com/thread/246|title="STARS, STRIPES & BOMBSHELLS" in FL on July 20th|work=louiswrestling.proboards.com|author=L.O.U.I.S. WRESTLING Forum|date=July 2, 2013|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> * '''World Xtreme Wrestling''' ** WXW Women's Championship (oge 1) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOnye Na-ahụ N'anyana Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] em915d08xgjzx0ith050l8lcgq9ypre 0 54787 193554 2024-10-29T22:45:45Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1220991545|Solveig Bergman]]" 193554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solveig Bergman''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1955) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://viaf.org/viaf/29839860/|title=Bergman, Solveig|publisher=VIAF|accessdate=3 April 2024|language=}}</ref> bụ onye Finland na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye a họpụtara dịka onye nduzi nke Nordic Gender Institute (NIKK) na Oslo n'afọ 2003. Onye nchọpụta na Mahadum Åbo Akademi, ọ nwetara nzere doctorate na 2002 na thesis banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị na Finland na West German. <ref name="pf">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trhmQgAACAAJ|title=The Politics of Feminism: Autonomous Feminist Movements in Finland and West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s|publisher=Åbo akademis Förlag|date=2002|accessdate=2 April 2024|isbn=9789517651004|language=}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=trhmQgAACAAJ ''The Politics of Feminism: Autonomous Feminist Movements in Finland and West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s'']. Åbo akademis Förlag. 2002. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9789517651004|<bdi>9789517651004</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ọ sonyeere na atụmatụ European Union gụnyere European Platform of Women Scientists (EPWS). <ref name="ki">{{Cite web|url=https://kifinfo-no.translate.goog/nb/2016/05/med-tanke-pa-norden?_x_tr_sl=no&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp|title=With the Nordics in mind|author=Ericsson Shook, Marte|publisher=Kifindo|accessdate=|language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEricsson_Shook,_Marte">Ericsson Shook, Marte. [https://kifinfo-no.translate.goog/nb/2016/05/med-tanke-pa-norden?_x_tr_sl=no&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp "With the Nordics in mind"]. Kifindo.</cite></ref><ref name="atria">{{Cite web|url=https://institute-genderequality.org/frames-on-gender/countries/finland/experts-and-selection-3/|title=Experts and selection|publisher=Atria|accessdate=2 April 2024|language=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://institute-genderequality.org/frames-on-gender/countries/finland/experts-and-selection-3/ "Experts and selection"]. Atria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Noe bụ onye nchọpụta na Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, kemgbe 2023 ọ haziri ọrụ nyocha nke European Economic Area (EEA) na ebe obibi ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike na Norway na Slovakia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nkvts.no/english/project/shelters-in-norway-and-slovakia/|title=Shelters in Norway and Slovakia|publisher=Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies|date=25 September 2006|accessdate=2 April 2024|language=}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na Finland na 1955, Solveig Bergman gụrụ sociology na Mahadum Åbo Akademi, na-ebu ụzọ nweta nzere masta.[1] N'afọ 1992, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Politics of Feminism: Autonomous Feminist Movement na Finland na West Germany site na 1960 ruo 1980.<ref name="pf">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=trhmQgAACAAJ|title=The Politics of Feminism: Autonomous Feminist Movements in Finland and West Germany from the 1960s to the 1980s|publisher=Åbo akademis Förlag|date=2002|accessdate=2 April 2024|isbn=9789517651004|language=}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Site na 1980s, na mgbakwunye na nkuzi, Bergman mere nyocha Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Åbo Akamemi na Finland na mba Nordic. N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi nke Nordic Gender Institute (NIKK) na Oslo.<ref name="atria">{{Cite web|url=https://institute-genderequality.org/frames-on-gender/countries/finland/experts-and-selection-3/|title=Experts and selection|publisher=Atria|accessdate=2 April 2024|language=}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, o sonyere na nzukọ mbụ nke European Union's "European Platform of Women Scientists" ebe ọ kwadoro mmekorita n'etiti ahụmịhe Nordic n'okpuru NIKK, yana ụmụ nwanyị Helsinki n'òtù nyocha, na ọrụ nke ngalaba EU's Women and Science rụzuru. <ref name="ki">{{Cite web|url=https://kifinfo-no.translate.goog/nb/2016/05/med-tanke-pa-norden?_x_tr_sl=no&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp|title=With the Nordics in mind|author=Ericsson Shook, Marte|publisher=Kifindo|accessdate=|language=}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, dị ka onye nchọpụta dị elu na == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] d7ckz36q4ho89johpqm9k96pmru7vpc 0 54788 193555 2024-10-29T22:58:03Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1219818901|Soma Edirisinghe]]" 193555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Deshabandu, Deshashakthi , Lion|website={{url|janasarana.org}}}} '''Soma Edirisinghe''' (Sinhala; 5 Julaị 1939 - 5 Nọvemba 2015) bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, onye ọrụ ebere na onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2015/11/12/?fn=sa1511126|title=Sri Lankan Iron Lady|publisher=Sarasaviya|accessdate=11 March 2017}}</ref> &nbsp;A mụrụ ya na Meegoda, Sri Lanka na 5 Julaị 1939 n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ nwanyị itoolu, ma nwụọ na 5 Nọvemba 2015 n'ụlọ ọgwụ onwe onye na Colombo. <ref name="cbr.lk">{{Cite web|title=In Remembrance of Mrs. Soma Edirisinghe - Ceylon Business Reporter|url=http://cbr.lk/uncategorized/remembrance-mrs-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Ceylon Business Reporter|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=2015-11-06|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://cbr.lk/uncategorized/remembrance-mrs-soma-edirisinghe/ "In Remembrance of Mrs. Soma Edirisinghe - Ceylon Business Reporter"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=32944|title=Soma Edirisinghe passes away at age 76|publisher=Adaderana|date=5 November 2015}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ EAP Edirisinghe ma ha nwere ụmụ anọ: ụmụ nwoke atọ, Jeewaka, Nalaka na Asanka, na nwa nwanyị, Deepa. == Ndụ mbido == Edirisnghe bụ nwa nwanyị nke Charles Perera, onye ọrụ ugbo; nne ya bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọ gara Meegoda Government School, Dharmapala Vidyalaya Pannipitaya na Samudradevi School na Nugegoda (St.john's College), mpaghara Colombo. EAP Edirisinghe buru ụzọ kwuo na ọ ga-alụ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị , a jụrụ onyinye ahụ.<ref name="magazine.lankahelp.com">{{Cite web|title=The Success Story of Soma Edirisinghe|url=http://magazine.lankahelp.com/2013/12/19/the-success-story-of-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Lanka Help Magazine|accessdate=2015-11-06|author=Sandum W|date=2011-12-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSandum_W2011">Sandum W (19 December 2011). </cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Ọrụ ya malitere na 1974 site na ọnwụ mberede nke di ya, EAP Edirheising, onye guzobere [[EAP Holdings]]. Ndị enyi na ezinụlọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-ere azụmahịa ahụ n'ihi enweghị ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe ya n'ụwa azụmahịa. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wee gbasaa n'ọtụtụ ebe ọhụrụ.[1] Nzukọ a nwere ndị enyemaka 25 na ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa na Sri Lanka.[2] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na telecasting, [3] [4] ọrụ ego, [5] mkpuchi, [6] mmepụta na ngosi ihe nkiri, [7] na-ere ahịa ọla edo, [8] ọrụ pawn, ụlọ, ire ala, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, [9] na mbubata na ire ụgbọ ala.<ref name="Sri Lanka Leaders">{{Cite web|title=...::: Sri Lanka Leaders :::...|url=http://www.google-webhosting.com/leaders/somaedirisinghe2.html|work=www.google-webhosting.com|accessdate=2015-11-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.google-webhosting.com/leaders/somaedirisinghe2.html "...::: Sri Lanka Leaders :::..."] ''www.google-webhosting.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swarnavahini.lk|title=Swarnavahini|work=www.Swarnavahini.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/company_profile.php|title=Edirisinghe Trust Investment Limited|publisher=Eti.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130221023224/http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/company_profile.php|archivedate=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1352844187|title=Sri Lanka's EAP group enters insurance broking with Omani firm|publisher=Lanka Business Online|date=24 April 2012|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009153010/http://lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1352844187|archivedate=9 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Next Prev Sammy 02 3D <!-- bt-inner -->|url=http://www.eapmovies.com/|title=EAP Films and Theaters Private Limited – Home|publisher=Eapmovies.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swarnamahal.lk/|title=Swarna Mahal Jewelers – For All Life's Golden Moments. Swarna Mahal Wedding Jewellery|publisher=Swarnamahal.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/03/28/eap-group-ventures-into-niche-tourism-with-boutique-hotels/|title=Eap Group Ventures into Niche Tourism With Boutique Hotels &#124; The Sunday Leader|publisher=Thesundayleader.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/05/14/bus18.html|title=Online edition of Daily News – Business|publisher=Dailynews.lk|date=14 May 2002|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227013124/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/05/14/bus18.html|archivedate=27 December 2004}}</ref> A na-ewere ogwe mgbasa ozi EAP dị ka onye ndu na ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka, nwere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn abụọ na ụlọ ọrụ redio atọ gụnyere Swarnawahini, Shree FM, RanOne na E FM.<ref name="cbr.lk">{{Cite web|title=In Remembrance of Mrs. Soma Edirisinghe - Ceylon Business Reporter|url=http://cbr.lk/uncategorized/remembrance-mrs-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Ceylon Business Reporter|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=2015-11-06|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Edirisinghe gbasaa azụmahịa ezinụlọ n'ime ihe nkiri [1] wee mepụta ihe nkiri 20 na sinima Sinhala. * ''Dhawala Pushpaya'' (1994) * ''Seilama'' (1995) - natara Sarasaviya Award maka ihe nkiri kacha mma * ''Visidela'' (1997) * ''Re Daniel Dawal Migel 1'' (1998) * ''Re Daniel Dawal Migel 2'' (2000) * ''Rosa Wasanthe'' (2001) - natara Sarasaviya Award maka ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu * ''Kinihiriya Mal'' (2001) <ref name="sundayobserver">{{Cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business|publisher=Sundayobserver.lk|date=29 September 2002|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074906/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html "Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business"]. </cite></ref> * ''Salelu Warama'' (2002) * ''Yakada Pihatu'' (2003) * ''Ra Daniel Dawal Migel 3'' (2004) * ''Ira Madiyama'' (2005) - natara Sarasaviya Award na Presidential Award maka Best Film * Otu Ihe (2005) * ''Asani Warsha'' (2005) * ''Hiripoda Wassa'' (2006) * ''Samaara'' (2007) * ''Tharaka Mal'' (2007) * ''Obi FM ihe nkiri'' (2008) * ''Sir Last Chance'' (2009) * ''Siri Daladagamanaya'' (2014) * Ko Mark Enweghị Mark (2014) == Ọrụ ebere == Edirisinghe malitere ọrụ ebere ya na 1961, n'oge idei mmiri na mpaghara Sri Lanka. Ọ sonyeere otu ndị ama ama na ndị mmadụ iji weta ihe enyemaka nye ndị metụtara.<ref name="magazine.lankahelp.com">{{Cite web|title=The Success Story of Soma Edirisinghe|url=http://magazine.lankahelp.com/2013/12/19/the-success-story-of-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Lanka Help Magazine|accessdate=2015-11-06|author=Sandum W|date=2011-12-19}}</ref> O mechara kwuo na ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ebere dị ka ụzọ isi dozie owu ọmụma nke ọnwụ di ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html|work=www.sundaytimes.lk|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> === Lions Club === Edirisinghe sonyeere Lions Club nke Thimbirigasyaya na mmalite ya na 1974. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa Gọvanọ mpaghara na 2003–04.[1]. Ọzọkwa, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Gọvanọ District nke International Association of Lions Club District 306 C2 na Mgbakọ Kwa Afọ nke e mere na Colombo na 18 Maachị 2003. === Ntọala Janasarana === Edirisinghe bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Janasarana Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-enyere ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/29/fea20.asp|title=Features &#124; Online edition of Daily News – Lakehouse Newspapers|publisher=Dailynews.lk|date=29 October 2009|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130219040825/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/29/fea20.asp|archivedate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ọ malitere gụnyere Chuo Maithree Pre-school, Suwanetha Mobile Eye Care Clinic, Punarjeewa Fund maka inyere ndị ogbenye aka ịwa ahụ obi, imelite ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-emepebeghị emepe, agụmakwụkwọ na enyemaka maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suwanethalionseyehospital.com/about-us|title=About Us|publisher=Suwanethalionseyehospital.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> inyere ezinụlọ ndị ogbenye na ndị agha gbara ọsọ ndụ aka ịgbake, iwu ụlọ maka ndị ọdachi ndị metụtara dị ka idei mmiri, ụkọ mmiri na tsunami na nso a na-ewu ụlọ ọgwụ na-ewu Suwanetha Eye Lions.<ref name="bare_url">{{Cite web|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html|title=Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world|publisher=Sundaytimes.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html "Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/20/opening-of-suwanetha-lions-eye-hospital/|title=Opening of Suwanetha Lions Eye Hospital &#124; The Sunday Leader|publisher=Thesundayleader.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> Ntọala ahụ enyekwala ndị nọ na mkpa ihe ngosi 300,000, ma kụziere ndị ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ n'azụmahịa mbụ ha.<ref name="Sri Lanka Leaders">{{Cite web|title=...::: Sri Lanka Leaders :::...|url=http://www.google-webhosting.com/leaders/somaedirisinghe2.html|work=www.google-webhosting.com|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na Ihe nrite == * Deshabandu National Award & Gold Medal maka ọrụ enyemaka pụrụ iche nye mba ahụ na Jenụwarị 2004 * Ihe nrite Deshashakthi National maka ọrụ enyemaka pụrụ iche nye mba ahụ nke Praịm Minista Sri Lanka n'oge ahụ Mahinda Rajapakse nyere na 2005. * Onyinye Ukwu 2006 nke Society of Sri Lanka Justices of Peace and Human Rights Organization na Sulabh International Academy of Environmental Sanitation, New Delhi, India nyere. Sanitation New Delhi na Society of the Sri Lanka Justices of the Peace maka ọrụ enyemaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073015500400.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130125093805/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073015500400.htm|archivedate=25 January 2013|title=New Delhi News : Sri Lankan Minister thanks India|date=30 July 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> * E nyere ya nzere Doctorate Honorary maka ọchụnta ego na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Mahadum Open nke Sri Lanka na 2005 <ref name="bare_url">{{Cite web|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html|title=Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world|publisher=Sundaytimes.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> * Ọrụ a na-enweghị atụ nke ịbụ 'Ọdụm nke Afọ' ugboro anọ. (1994/95, 1995/96, 1997/98, 1999/2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalwomenssummits.com/drsoma|title=Dr. Soma Edirisinghe &#124; Global Women's Summits|publisher=Globalwomenssummits.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130124172224/http://globalwomenssummits.com/drsoma|archivedate=24 January 2013}}</ref> * Onyinye pụrụ iche nke ekele - nke ụlọ ọrụ SAARC Women's Chamber of Commerce nyere maka iwu àkwà mmiri nke ọbụbụenyi na 2001&nbsp; * The People's Award 2007 - "People's Social Worker of the Year" - nke ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing nyere iji kwado ọrụ ndị pụrụ iche enyere obodo <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/2007/07/13/features2.html|title=The Island- Features|publisher=Island.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 1995 "Seylama" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.films.lk/FilmDetails.php?id=1559|title=Sinhala Cinema Database&nbsp;– Seilama|publisher=Films.lk|date=10 March 1995|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 1996 "Re Deniyal Daval Migel 2" * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu 2001 "Rosa Wasanthaya" <ref name="sundayobserver">{{Cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business|publisher=Sundayobserver.lk|date=29 September 2002|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074906/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 2005 "Ira Madiyama"<ref name="JANASARANA FOUNDATION">{{Cite web|title=JANASARANA FOUNDATION|url=http://janasarana.org/founder/|work=janasarana.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Ihe nrite maka "Onye Ọrụ Ọha nke Ọma site n'Iwe Ụmụ nwanyị N'Otu", 2011 <ref name="JANASARANA FOUNDATION" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == N'afọ 2011, Edirisinghe bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Memoirs of a Glorious Life . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of a glorious life: Dr. Soma Edirisinghe : translation of Asirimath Jeewithayak by Dayawansa Karunamuni|date=2011-01-01}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://epaper.dailynews.lk/art.asp?id=2015/11/16/pg10_6&pt=p&h= Ị ga-anọgide na-adị ndụ n'obi anyị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815134944/http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/ Edirisinghe Trust Investment] * [http://www.swarnamahal.lk/ Swarnamahal] * [http://www.sfs.lk/ Swarnamahal Financial Services PLC] * [http://www.eapmovies.com/ Ihe nkiri EAP na Ụlọ Egwuregwu Private Limited] * [http://janasarana.org/ Ntọala Jansarana] * [http://www.sarasaviya.lk/story/2019/10/24/11065/සිනමාවේ-eap-ලකුණ-ඊ-ඒ-පී-එදිරිසිංහ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-eme ihe nkiri. Ndị mmadụ. Maịma. N'ihi ya, ọ ga-adịgide adịgide] 94jgf6bx9xanh6nrof5zvmcvz1v3jt3 0 54789 193556 2024-10-29T23:05:25Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1191759731|Mary E. Sweeney]]" 193556 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn">Mary E. Sweeney</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |Ọktoba 11, 1879<br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Lexington, Kentucky]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" |June 11, 1968 <span style="display:none">(1968-06-11)</span> (afọ 88) &nbsp;<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline">[[Kentucky]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ (s) | class="infobox-data role" |Onye nkuzi, onye edemede na onye na-agba bọọlụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Nne na Nna | class="infobox-data" |Dr. W. O. Sweeny na Margaret Prewitt Sweeny |} '''Mary E. Sweeney''' (Ọktoba 11, 1879 - June 11, 1968) bụ onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba ụlọ bụ onye isi nke ngalaba akụ na ụba obodo nke United States Food Administration n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Sweeney bụ onye isi oche nke American Home Economics Association . Amụrụ na Lexington, Kentucky na Ọktoba 11, 1879, nye Dr. W. O. Sweeney na Margaret Prewitt Sweeney, Mary E. Sweeney gara Mahadum Transylvania, bụ ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na 1899. O nwetara nzere Master of Science na Mahadum Kentucky. , na nzere masters ọzọ na 1912 site na Mahadum Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mary E. Sweeney, Hall of Distinguished Alumni|publisher=University of Kentucky Alumni Association|accessdate=31 July 2013|url=http://www.ukalumni.net/s/1052/semi-blank-noimg.aspx?sid=1052&gid=1&pgid=1023}}</ref> == Mmalite nke ọrụ akụ na ụba ụlọ == Mgbe Iwu Morrill gafere na 1862, "ọrụ nka" ghọrọ usoro mgbanwe dị mkpa maka US, na-enye ohere dị ukwuu maka agụmakwụkwọ nke ruo n'oge ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwadebe ụmụ okorobịa maka ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enye ala ji nwayọọ nwayọọ megheere ụmụ nwanyị ọnụ ụzọ ha na-atụ anya na ha ga-aka mma n'ịchịkwa ezinụlọ ha. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ọmụmụ ihe na "sayensị ụlọ" ghọrọ ihe a ma ama. Na-ejikọta ya na mbọ ahụike ọha na eze na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Progressive Era, a na-akpọ usoro a na mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo akụ na ụba ụlọ. Ka ọ na-erule 1908, e guzobere American Home Economics Association site na usoro nzukọ kwa afọ na Lake Placid, New York. Nzukọ a gbara gọọmentị etiti na nke steeti ume ka ha mepụta nyocha akụ na ụba ụlọ na ohere nkuzi, ọkachasị na-elekwasị anya na mbụ na ọrụ mgbatị ọrụ ugbo. N'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ndị na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ụlọ nyere aka na arụmụka iwu gbasara ọdịmma ọha na eze, nri na-edozi ahụ, mmepe ụmụaka, ụlọ, nchedo na nkwado ndị ahịa, yana nhazi nke ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Ntinye ha na nyocha sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na nkuzi agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere ahụike ezinụlọ na akụ na ụba, keere òkè dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ịdị ọcha nke oge a, usoro nri na-edozi ahụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ sayensị maka ụmụaka. == Ọrụ akụ na ụba n'ụlọ == Sweeney kụziri physics na chemistry na Campbell-Hagerman College tupu ọ bịa rụọ ọrụ na Mahadum Kentucky dị ka ọkachamara na mgbatị akụ na ụba ụlọ. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ afọ ise n'ime ime obodo Kentucky ebe o webatara nri ehihie ụlọ akwụkwọ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo na ọmụmụ nri na ịkwa akwa n'ụlọ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na sekọndrị, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sesquicentennial Stories: The Promise of UK #89|publisher=Curiosities & Wonders: News and Interesting Items from the University of Kentucky Archives and the Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History|date=29 July 2013|accessdate=31 July 2013|url=http://ukyarchives.blogspot.com/2013/07/sesquicentennial-stories-promise-of-uk_29.html}}</ref> a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke ngalaba Home Economics na College of Agriculture na 1913. Ọ bụ onye isi mbụ nke mahadum ọhụrụ College of Home Economics nke e hiwere na 1916. Sweeney dere na nzọụkwụ a n'ịkwaga ngalaba Economics Home n'ime kọleji dị iche bụ "nzọụkwụ kasị ukwuu na nke na-aga n'ihu nke e mere maka ọdịmma nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ụmụ nwanyị Kentucky." O chere na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji ọhụrụ ahụ “ga-esokwa nwoke ahụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na iwu ma ọ bụ ọgwụ.” nke Agriculture na n'okpuru nduzi nke nwoke dean..<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Photo Essay of Kentucky Education History|publisher=University of Kentucky College of Education|date=21 October 2011|url=https://education.uky.edu/EPE/HistoryEducation04|accessdate=31 July 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130731195216/https://education.uky.edu/EPE/HistoryEducation04|archivedate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Na 1917, a họpụtara Sweeney ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke akụ na ụba ụlọ maka nchịkwa nri US na Washington DC ebe ọ zụrụ ụmụ amaala banyere inye nri n'oge agha.[1] Ọ hapụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị Sunshine Sweeney na ọdịda nke 1917 ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na US Army na France na YMCA[2] na Army of Occupation na Germany.<ref>See for example {{Cite web|title=YMCA Women in France during World War I|publisher=Scottish Rite Masonic Museum and Library|date=18 August 2009|accessdate=31 July 2013|url=http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2009/08/ymca-girls-in-france-during-world-war-i.html}}</ref> N'afọ 1920, Sweeney hapụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Dean of Human Ecology na Michigan Agriculture College (nke bụzi Michigan State University), <ref>See a portrait of an elderly Sweeney in the Michigan State University Archives and Historical Colleges: {{Cite web|title=Mary Sweeney|publisher=Michigan State University Archives & Historical Collections|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/msuarchives/6807003559/|date=30 June 2009|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> ma n'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke American Home Economics Association, nke Ellen Swallow Richards malitere na 1909. Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Kentucky na 1923, mana na 1925 ọ hapụrụ ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba Physical Growth and Development nke Merrill Palmer School (mgbe e mesịrị Institute) na Detroit, Michigan. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na American Red Cross na Detroit Public Schools iji melite nlekọta na nri na-edozi ahụ nke ụmụaka bi n'obodo ahụ, na-elekwasị anya na agụmakwụkwọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto ndị e zigara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu. Ihe nlereanya maka ụlọ nyocha mmepe ụmụaka, mmemme nyocha na ihe nlereanya na-apụta na ụlọ ọrụ a mechara duga na mmepe nke ụkpụrụ mba maka mmemme isi mmalite gọọmentị etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History: Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute|publisher=Wayne State University|url=http://mpsi.wayne.edu/about/history.php|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1928, Sweeney ghọrọ osote onye nduzi ma nata naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Ethel Childs Baker, n'oge onye nduzi guzobere ya, Edna Noble White, na-anọghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ciani|first=Kyle E.|title=Training Young Women in the "Service" of Motherhood: Early Childhood Education at Detroit's Merrill-Palmer School, 1920-1940|journal=Michigan Historical Review|volume=24|issue=1|date=Spring 1998|pages=103–132|doi=10.2307/20173721}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, Sweeney gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ya na nyocha, nkuzi na ide banyere nri na-edozi ahụ na mmepe ụmụaka ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1946. N'afọ 1939, ọ nọrọ ọnwa atọ n'India mụọ omenala na ọchịchị. Ọ natara aha ndị agha US maka obi ike n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Sweeney jere ozi dị ka Onye Nnọchiteanya North America na Mgbakọ Ndị Ozi Ala Ọzọ Mba Nile na Madras, India. Nzukọ Ụmụ nwanyị India nile na Tata Institute of Social Sciences kpọrọ ya ka ọ laghachi India na 1948, na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị Mba nke United States kwadoro njem ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na mmekorita ya na Agricultural Missions, Inc. Na mgbakwunye. , ọ rụrụ ọrụ na China dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka ọdịmma ụmụaka. Sweeney kụzikwaara na Mississippi Southern College, Hattiesburg. N'afọ 1958, a gụrụ Mahadum Kentucky Home Management House na 644 Maxwelton Court aha Sweeney. Ụmụ nwanyị ndị agadi ga-ebi n'ụlọ ruo izu isii iji mụta otu esi eji ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sesquicentennial Stories: Mary E. Sweeny - A Leader at 'Home' and Abroad|publisher=University of Kentucky Public Relations|date=30 July 2013|url=http://uknow.uky.edu/content/sesquicentennial-stories-mary-e-sweeny-leader-home-and-abroad|accessdate=31 July 2013}}</ref> A kpọrọ Mary E. Sweeney aha na Hall of Distinguished Alumni na Mahadum Kentucky na Febụwarị 1965. == Nzukọ == Sweeney bụ onye otu ma na-arụkarị ọrụ idu ndú n'ọtụtụ òtù ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ ebere: * American Academy of Political and Social Science * American Association of University Women * American Biochemical Society (onye isi oche nsọpụrụ) * American Chemical Society * American Home Economics Association (President na Executive Secretary) * Kọmitii Omume Nri maka United States National Research Council * Kappa Kappa Gamma * Kentucky Federation of Women's Clubs * Society for the Advancement of Science * Society for Research in Child Development == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=A Call to Service|journal=Bulletin of the American Home Economics Association|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–2|date=March 1921|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732618_112_001;view=image;seq=1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=The President's Address: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the American Home Economics Association, Corvallis, Oregon, August 1-5, 1922|journal=Journal of Home Economics|volume=14|issue=11|pages=519–22|date=November 1922|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_14_011;view=image;seq=1;cc=hearth;page=root;size=s;frm=frameset;}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=Report of Executive Secretary|journal=Journal of Home Economics|volume=15|issue=10|pages=671–78|date=October 1923|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_15_011;view=image;seq=3}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=Some Observations on the Feeding of Young Children|volume=19|issue=6|pages=307–12|date=June 1927|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_19_006;view=image;seq=1}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=A Method for Studying the Activity of Preschool Children|journal=Journal of Home Economics|volume=21|issue=9|pages=671–78|date=September 1929|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_21_009;view=image;seq=37}} * {{Cite journal|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=Anna Richardson, the Woman|journal=Journal of Home Economics|volume=23|issue=6|pages=518–19|date=June 1931|url=http://hearth.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=hearth;rgn=full%20text;idno=4732504_23_006;view=image;seq=3}} === Akwụkwọ === * {{Cite book|author=Sweeney|first=Mary E., head of Home Economic Department, University of Kentucky|title=War cook book|publisher=Mayes Print. Co.|location=Louisville KY|year=1918}} * {{Cite book|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=A method of recording the posture of preschool children|location=Detroit, MI|publisher=Merrill-Palmer Institute|year=1929}} * {{Cite book|author=Rand|first=Winifred|title=Growth and development of the young child|url=https://archive.org/details/growthdevelopmen00rand|location=Philadelphia and London|publisher=W.B. Saunders Co.|year=1930}} * {{Cite book|author=Sweeny|first=Mary E.|title=How to feed children in nursery schools: with suggestions for planning meals wherever two-to five-year-olds eat together|location=Detroit, MI|publisher=Merrill-Palmer Institute|year=1936}} == Ọnwụ == Mary E. Sweeney nwụrụ June 11, 1968, ma e wee lie ya na Lexington Cemetery[1] na Lexington, Kentucky. == Hụkwa == * American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences * Michigan State College * Mahadum Kentucky == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j1sljx88tkenb1yckqen9gey6z1h9rj 0 54790 193557 2024-10-29T23:09:15Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1226574521|Mary Eddy Kidder]]" 193557 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Mary Eddy Kidder''' (January 31, 1834 - June 25, 1910) bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ America na onye nkuzi na [[Japan]]. O guzobere Ferris Women's Seminary (mgbe e mesịrị Mahadum Ferris), kọleji ụmụ nwanyị Ndị Kraịst mbụ na Japan. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Ndị Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe na Wardsboro, Vermont, United States, ma gụkwara akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ. Ọ kụziiri ihe na Wardsboro Academy nke Dutch Reformed Church of America na-elekọta. Na 1869, ọ ghọrọ onye ozi ala ọzọ wee soro Samuel Robbins Brown gaa Japan. Ndị ọchịchị Japan goro ya ọrụ ka ọ na-akụzi Bekee. N'afọ 1870, o guzobere obere ụlọ akwụkwọ na Yokohama. Afọ ise ka e mesịrị, site n'enyemaka nke ụka dị na United States, e wuru ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ; a gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ aha Isaac Ferris. E wezụga asụsụ bekee, akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịdị ala, mgbakọ na mwepụ na nkuzi okpukpe Ndị Kraịst, a kuziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ịkwa akwa, ịcha akwa, ịcha akwa, akwụkwọ ịkpọ oku, akụkọ ihe mere eme Japan na nkà ihe ọmụma Confucian. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ gụnyere Wakamatsu Shizuko. Na 1881, ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye nlekọta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ma kwaga Tokyo, bụ́ ebe ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ. N'afọ 1873, ọ lụrụ Edward Rothesay Miller, onye ozi ala ọzọ Presbyterian nke mechara gbanwee gaa na Reformed Church.<ref name="urian">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73xfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1275|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States|pages=1275–76|first=George Thomas|author=Kurian|year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1442244320}}</ref> Site na 1888 ruo 1902, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Morioka. O nyekwara aka na mbipụta Ndị Kraịst kwa ọnwa ''Yorokobi no Otozure'' . Kidder na di ya rụkwara ọrụ ozi ala ọzọ na Kochi, Nagano na Hokkaido . <ref name="urian" /><ref name="beauchamp">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbuZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|title=Foreign Employees In Nineteenth Century Japan|pages=123–25|first=Edward R|author=Beauchamp|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0429713255}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBeauchamp2019">Beauchamp, Edward R (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RbuZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123 ''Foreign Employees In Nineteenth Century Japan'']. Routledge. pp.&nbsp;123–25. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0429713255|<bdi>978-0429713255</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Tokyo mgbe ọ dị afọ 76, na 1910. <ref name="beauchamp">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbuZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|title=Foreign Employees In Nineteenth Century Japan|pages=123–25|first=Edward R|author=Beauchamp|year=2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0429713255}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 12ysuariz0gl2k9cey8mnl1s7iy16fe 0 54791 193558 2024-10-29T23:18:35Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1209196198|Mary Ejercito]]" 193558 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maria "Mary" Marcelo vda. de Ejército (Mee 2, 1906[1] - Jenuarị 13, 2009), makwaara dị ka Doña Mary, bụ nne Joseph Ejercito Estrada, onye isi ala nke iri na atọ nke Philippines. E zoro aka na ahụike ya na-arịa ọrịa dịka otu ihe kpatara nkwụghachi nke mkpesa nke onye isi ala mbụ na ikpe ya maka ebubo ịpụnara mmadụ mpụ na 2007; Estrada gbaghaara ozugbo site n'aka onye nọchiri ya, Onye isi ala Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.''' &#x2013; == Agụmakwụkwọ == Maria Marcelo gụchara akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Colegio de Sta. Rosa, wee debanye aha na Mahadum Philippines ngalaba nke Music, ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na piano.<ref name="mb">{{Cite news|author=Brenda P. Tuazon|title=Doña Mary celebrates 103rd birthday today|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=May 2, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBrenda_P._Tuazon2008">Brenda P. Tuazon (May 2, 2008). "Doña Mary celebrates 103rd birthday today". Manila Bulletin.</cite></ref> == Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ == Ọ zutere Emilio Ejercito Sr. (1899-1977), onye injinia nke ghọrọ onye injinịa mbụ nke Obodo Manila.<ref name="mb">{{Cite news|author=Brenda P. Tuazon|title=Doña Mary celebrates 103rd birthday today|publisher=Manila Bulletin|date=May 2, 2008}}</ref> Ha lụrụ na June 13, 1926, na Singalong, Manila . Ha nwere ụmụ iri: Pilarica (amụrụ 1927), Emilio, Jr. (1929-1999), Paulino (Paulie) (1931-2009), Patrocinio (amụrụ 1933), Antonio (1933-2004), Connie (amụrụ 1935), Marita (amụrụ) Onye isi ala na onye isi obodo Joseph Estrada (amụrụ 1937), onye na-eme ihe nkiri George Estregan (Jorge) (1939-1988) na Jesus (amụrụ 1941).   N'afọ 1998, Ejercito natara onyinye "Ulirang Ina" ('Nne Nlereanya') site na Philippines" Elderly Persons Foundation. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gara emume ncheta nke nwa ya nwoke Joseph na June 30 na Barasoain Church na Malolos, Bulacan. == Nne onye isi ala == N'oge ọchịchị nwa ya nwoke, Ejercito nọgidere na-enwe ọkwa dị ala. A kọrọ na ọ dụrụ nwa ya nwoke ọdụ ka ọ kpachara anya maka mmetụta nke ezigbo ndị enyi ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Juan L. Mercado|title=Truth on the Scaffold|url=http://www.visayandailystar.com/2006/November/13/indepth.htm|work=Indepth Views|publisher=Visayan Daily Star|date=November 16, 2006|accessdate=May 4, 2008}}</ref> N'oge ikpe nchụpụ nke President Estrada, a kpachaara anya gbochie ya akụkọ banyere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ozi nke usoro ahụ, ọ dụrụ nwa ya ọdụ, sị: "Ọ bụ karịa oge ị gbanwere. Ndị mmadụ na-ewe iwe ugbu a. "<ref>{{Cite news|author=Anthony Spaeth|title=Eye of the Storm|url=http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ASIANOW/time/magazine/2000/1127/phili.impeach.html|publisher=Time Magazine|date=November 27, 2000|accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> === Nsogbu ahụike === Ahụike Ejercito malitere ịda n'oge afọ isii nke nwa ya nwoke nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ; a ga-enye onye isi ala a chụpụrụ mgbe ụfọdụ ezumike ileta nne ya na-arịa ọrịa.<ref name="inq">{{Cite news|author=Jocelyn Uy|title=Estrada's mother turns 103|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20080502-134181/Estradas-mother-turns-103|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=May 2, 2008|accessdate=May 3, 2008}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJocelyn_Uy2008">Jocelyn Uy (May 2, 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080502192818/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20080502-134181/Estradas-mother-turns-103 "Estrada's mother turns 103"]. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20080502-134181/Estradas-mother-turns-103 the original] on May 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></ref> Na 2007, Ejercito nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ San Juan, asịrị gbasaa na ọ nọ nso ọnwụ.[1] Na Septemba 12, 2007, Sandiganbayan (ụlọikpe mkpegharị mkpegharị pụrụ iche) mara Estrada ikpe maka ebubo ịpụnara mmadụ ma maa ya ikpe ịweghachi ya. Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, ọ kwụsịrị mkpegharị ikpe ya kama chọọ mgbaghara onye isi ala. Otu n'ime ihe ndị e depụtara maka arịrịọ a, bụ nke e nyere, bụ "ọnọdụ siri ike nke Ejercito".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Erap withdraws appeal, asks for presidential pardon - DOJ|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/65433/Erap-withdraws-appeal-asks-for-presidential-pardon---DOJ|publisher=GMA News|date=October 22, 2007|accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> Na Mee 2, 2008, Ejercito mere emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 102 site n'ihe ndina ya. A kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ ma tinye ya na Ihe na-eku ume kemgbe Ọgọstụ 2007 <ref name="inq">{{Cite news|author=Jocelyn Uy|title=Estrada's mother turns 103|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view/20080502-134181/Estradas-mother-turns-103|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=May 2, 2008|accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> ma ọ ga-anọgide na ya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref name="gma09">{{Cite news|title=Estrada's mother, Doña Mary Ejercito, passes away at 103|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/143995/Estradas-mother-Do&ntildea-Mary-Ejercito-passes-away-at-103|publisher=GMANews.TV|date=January 13, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090812050653/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/143995/Estradas-mother-Do%26ntildea-Mary-Ejercito-passes-away-at-103 "Estrada's mother, Doña Mary Ejercito, passes away at 103"]. GMANews.TV. January 13, 2009. Archived from [http://www.gmanews.tv/story/143995/Estradas-mother-Do&ntildea-Mary-Ejercito-passes-away-at-103 the original] on August 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Na Disemba 12, 2008, onye na-ekwuchitere onye bụbu Onye isi ala Estrada kọrọ na Ejercito nọ n'ọnọdụ dị oke egwu na ọ dị mkpa ka a gwọọ ya,[1] mana ndị dibịa ya mara ọkwa n'ụbọchị ahụ na ọnọdụ ya adịla mma.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Erap's 103-yr-old mom in hospital, is stable|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/139167/Eraps-103-yr-old-mom-in-hospital-is-stable|publisher=GMANews.TV|date=December 11, 2008|accessdate=December 11, 2008}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Ejercito nwụrụ na Jenụwarị 13, 2009, site na nkụchi obi na aneurysm afọ.<ref name="gma09">{{Cite news|title=Estrada's mother, Doña Mary Ejercito, passes away at 103|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/143995/Estradas-mother-Do&ntildea-Mary-Ejercito-passes-away-at-103|publisher=GMANews.TV|date=January 13, 2009|accessdate=January 13, 2009}}</ref> Onye bụbu onye isi ala Joseph Estrada na ụmụnne ya isii dị ndụ, ya bụ Pilarica, Paulino (onye nwụrụ ọnwa asatọ ka e mesịrị na Septemba n'otu afọ ahụ), Patrocinio, Marita, Connie na Jesus, <ref name="gma09" /> nọ n'akụkụ ya mgbe ọ nwụrụ, yana ọtụtụ ụmụ ya, ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Erap's Mom Passes Away at 103|author=Marichu Villanueva & Jose Rodel Clapano|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=431574&publicationSubCategoryId=63|publisher=Philippine Star|date=January 14, 2009|accessdate=January 14, 2009}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} nl9y9tah9n199pg8i3bxzbnn8a6g91b 0 54792 193559 2024-10-29T23:23:41Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231907923|Mary Eliza Herbert]]" 193559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|caption=}} '''Mary Eliza Herbert (1829–1872) bụ onye mbipụta Canada na onye na-agụ uri. O bipụtara ma jikwaa Mayflower, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Ladies'Acadian na 1851, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị mbụ na Nova Scotia'''. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Herbert na Halifax, Nova Scotia na 1829 site n'aka nne na nna mba Ireland bụ Catherine na Nicholas Michael Herbert.[1] Ọ malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere, na-agbaso nzọụkwụ nke nwanne nne ya nwanyị tọrọ Sarah Herbert.[2] Herbert nwekwara ụmụnne anọ ndị tọrọ, Catherine Anne (b. 1831), John Otway Cuffe (b. 1833), Nicholas Livingston (b. 1836), na William Black (b. 1838) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mary Eliza Herbert|url=https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775|work=Canada's Early Women Writers|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775 "Mary Eliza Herbert"]. ''Canada's Early Women Writers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Herbert na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù Wesleyan Methodist evangelical na òtù temperance. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=HERBERT, MARY ELIZA|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html|author=Blakeley|first=Phyllis R.|date=2003|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakeley2003">Blakeley, Phyllis R. (2003). [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html "HERBERT, MARY ELIZA"]. ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' (Volume X (1871-1880)&nbsp;ed.). University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Herbert bụ onye otu Benevolent Society na Temperance Society . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mary Eliza Herbert|url=https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775|work=Canada's Early Women Writers|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775 "Mary Eliza Herbert"]. ''Canada's Early Women Writers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Herbert nwụrụ n'ụlọ nna ya na Halifax na July 15, 1872 mgbe ọ rịasịrị ọrịa ogologo oge nke "gastroses na-adịghị ala ala" nke nwere ike ịbụ ụkwara nta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=HERBERT, MARY ELIZA|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html|author=Blakeley|first=Phyllis R.|date=2003|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakeley2003">Blakeley, Phyllis R. (2003). [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html "HERBERT, MARY ELIZA"]. ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' (Volume X (1871-1880)&nbsp;ed.). University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mary Eliza Herbert|url=https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775|work=Canada's Early Women Writers|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775 "Mary Eliza Herbert"]. ''Canada's Early Women Writers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Herbert guzobere The Mayflower, ma ọ bụ Ladies' Acadian Newspaper na 1851 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ede maka ụmụ nwanyị na-egosi ndị edemede obodo raara onwe ha nye Metọdism. E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na The ''Mayflower'' n'okpuru aha Marion, M.E.H., M., na H. Mbipụta ikpeazụ nke ''Mayflower'' bụ na Febụwarị 1852. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrxqTBAQW0wC&q=mary+eliza+herbert&pg=PA139|title=Pioneering Women: Short Stories by Canadian Women : Beginnings to 1880|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|year=1993|isbn=9780776616735|editor=McMullen|pages=139|chapter=A Light in the Darkness: A Sketch From Life (1865)}}</ref> Site na The ''Mayflower'', Herbert bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya "Emily Linwood; ma ọ bụ The Bow of Promise" na "Ambrose Mandeville".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mary Eliza Herbert|url=https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775|work=Canada's Early Women Writers|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775 "Mary Eliza Herbert"]. ''Canada's Early Women Writers''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Herbert bụ nwanyị Nova Scotia mbụ dezigharịrị ma bipụta magazin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=HERBERT, MARY ELIZA|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html|author=Blakeley|first=Phyllis R.|date=2003|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlakeley2003">Blakeley, Phyllis R. (2003). [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html "HERBERT, MARY ELIZA"]. ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' (Volume X (1871-1880)&nbsp;ed.). University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe nwanne ya nwanyị Sarah nwụsịrị na 1846, Mary Eliza Herbert bipụtara The Aeolian Harp, nchịkọta nke na-egosi uri sitere na Sarah na onwe ya, na 1857.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Mary Eliza Herbert|url=https://cwrc.ca/islandora/object/ceww:dc6fcf08-a612-4e0a-863a-3a225d5fe775|work=Canada's Early Women Writers|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}</ref> Herbert bipụtara Flowers by the Wayside: A Miscellany of Prose and Verse na 1865 na ego nke ya. Flowers by the Wayside na-elekwasị anya na ọgụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrxqTBAQW0wC&q=mary+eliza+herbert&pg=PA139|title=Pioneering Women: Short Stories by Canadian Women : Beginnings to 1880|publisher=University of Ottawa Press|year=1993|isbn=9780776616735|editor=McMullen|pages=140|chapter=A Light in the Darkness: A Sketch From Life (1865)}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ Herbert naanị n'onwe ya dịka Nova Scotia enweghị ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ n'oge ndụ ya. E bipụtara ọrụ ya ndị dị mkpirikpi n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Halifax gụnyere Acadian Reporter, ''Halifax Morning Sun'' na The Nova Scotian . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=HERBERT, MARY ELIZA|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/herbert_mary_eliza_10E.html|author=Blakeley|first=Phyllis R.|date=2003|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003|accessdate=May 24, 2020}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ: * ''Nwaanyị Dị Ka O Kwesịrị Ịbụ: Ma ọ bụ, Agnes Wiltshire'' (1859) * Belinda Dalton: Ma ọ bụ, Ihe Ndị Mere na Ndụ nke Halifax Belle (1861) * ''Nhọrọ Nwa Okorobịa'' (1869) * ''Lucy Cameron'' (a na-arụchabeghị) Nchịkọta uri: * The Aeolian Harp (1857) na Sarah Herbert * Okooko osisi n'akụkụ ụzọ: A Miscellany of Prose and Verse (1865) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} eq7fggfk22jpl2c6jqi2qiwrbmwceve 0 54793 193560 2024-10-29T23:28:57Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253746690|Mary Elizabeth Phillips (physician)]]" 193560 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr_Mary_Elizabeth_Phillips_in_1919.png|thumb|Dr Mary Elizabeth Phillips na 1919]] '''Mary Elizabeth Phillips''' (1875-1956), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Mary Eppynt Phillips''', bụ nwanyị mbụ si Mahadum Cardiff ruru eru dị ka dọkịta. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ "nwaanyị dọkịta mbụ na Wales," ya onwe ya na-agbagha nhọpụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Mary E.|author=Phillips|url=http://newspapers.library.wales/view/4337028/4337035/151/|title=Welsh Medical Degrees|work=Western Mail|date=30 November 1900|page=7|accessdate=27 October 2021}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Mary Elizabeth Phillips sitere na Merthyr Cynog na Breconshire.[1] Nna ya William Phillips bụ onye ọrụ ugbo.[2] Ọ ruru eru dị ka dọkịta ahụike na 1900, ka afọ anọ gachara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cardiff (1894-1898) na ọzụzụ bara uru na Royal Free Hospital na London. == Ọrụ == Phillips jiri ọrụ mbụ ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị England, ọkachasị na Leeds Maternity Hospital, ebe ọ bụ onye ọrụ ahụike nsọpụrụ site na 1905 ruo 1914. [[Usòrò:Dr._Mary_Phillips_in_Ajaccio_during_World_War_I.tiff|áká_èkpè|thumb|Dr Mary Phillips na Corsica na May 1917]] N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kpọrọ Phillips ka ọ sonye na ndị ọrụ Scottish Women's Hospitals na Calais, ebe ọ malitere ije ozi na Krismas na 1914. Ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọgwụ typhoid n'ebe ahụ, n'oge na-adịghị anya, mgbe ahụ, ya na Elsie Inglis na-aga ọrụ Scottish Women's Hospitals na [[Serbia]], ebe o nwere ọkwa nke onye dọkịta dị elu. Ọ laghachiri na Great Britain iji gbakee n'afọ 1915, wee kwuo okwu na Wales banyere ahụmịhe ya iji nweta ego maka ọrụ agha nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ nwanyị Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/4122433/4/ART65/|title=Visit of Dr. Mary Phillips to Abergavenny|work=[[Abergavenny Chronicle]]|date=2 November 1917|page=4}}</ref> Ndị Welsh na-ege ntị nwere mmasị karịsịa na akụkọ ya banyere ndị agha Welsh ọ zutere n'ọrụ ya. Ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ụlọ ọgwụ nke ya na 1916, na Ajaccio, Corsica, ebe ọ ga-anọ dị ka Chief Medical Officer ruo n'etiti afọ 1917. Ọrụ ya na Ajaccio bụ na ụmụ nwanyị gbara ọsọ ndụ n'agha, na Mee 1917 o ji mpako mee foto ya na ndị nne na ụmụ Serbia ọ na-elekọta n'oge afọ ya n'ebe ahụ. Phillips dekwara edemede am maka 'Common Cause' na-akọwa ọrụ ya, na nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Phillips|first=Mary|date=26 January 1917|title=NUWSS Scottish women's hospital: Manchester and district Federation Unit (Corsica)|page=8|work=Common Cause}}</ref> Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Mary Phillips nọgidere na-eme ọgwụ. Na 1940 o bipụtara (ya na Lucy Ellen Cox) Teach Yourself Biology, nọmba iri n'ime usoro nkuzi onwe gị na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge.[1] Ọ nwụrụ na 1956, ma e liri ozu ya n'ogige ụlọ ụka parish dị na Welsh hamlet nke Merthyr Cyno. == Hụkwa == * Frances Hoggan * Mary Morris (onye dọkịta) * Ndepụta nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ ahụike Welsh == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ihe osise nke Mary Elizabeth Phillips, na ejiji, nke e sere na Septemba 1919, na nchịkọta nke Imperial War Museum * Ihe iri na ise gbasara Dr. Mary Eppynt Phillips n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, gụnyere foto na telegrams, nke Valerie Lewis nyere na National Library of Wales. 5c09o29vr01281vq1boa3w7jmqol2sq 0 54794 193561 2024-10-29T23:34:20Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1231800062|Mary Elizabeth Sharpe]]" 193561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Mary Elizabeth Sharpe|image=Laurens-Sharpe.jpg|caption=Mary Elizabeth Sharpe; portrait by<br/> [[Jean-Pierre Laurens]] (1931)|birth_name=Mary Elizabeth Evans|birth_date={{Birth date|1884|10|23}}|birth_place=[[Syracuse, New York]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1985|04|04|1884|10|23}}|death_place=[[Providence, Rhode Island]]|spouse=Henry Dexter Sharpe|children=Henry D. Sharpe Jr.}} '''Mary Elizabeth Sharpe''' (née '''Evans'''; October 23, 1884 - April 4, 1985) bụ onye America na-enyere ndị mmadụ aka, nwanyị ọchụnta ego, na onye na-akụzi ihe owuwu ala nke a maara maka ọrụ ya na Mahadum Brown na Providence, Rhode Island. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na Garden Club of America, mepụtara ego osisi kwa afọ, ma rụọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ịma mma.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Sharpe na Syracuse, New York, na Ọktoba 23, 1884, nye William E.G. Evans na Fanny Elizabeth Evans. Mgbe Sharpe dị obere, nna ya nwụnahụrụ ya, na dịka ụzọ isi nyere nne ya na ụmụnne ya nwanyị atọ aka, ọ malitere ime swiiti ka ọ na-ere.[1][2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, mgbe o resịrị ndị enyi na ndị obodo swiiti, ihe ọmụma banyere swiiti Sharpe gbasara obodo niile dị ka "Swiiti Mary Elizabeth". Azụmahịa ahụ tolitere, ọ kwagara New York wee mepụta ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka njikwa, "Mary Elizabeth Ltd nke New York", yana ọnụ ụlọ tii abụọ na Boston na Newport. Na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ Mary Sharpe sonyeere US Food Administration ma mesịa sonye na Red Cross na Paris iji nyochaa kichin US Central Diet.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440 "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001"]. ''Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, Sharpe gara n'ihu dee akwụkwọ abụọ. Otu n'ime ha kọwara usoro nri na usoro ihe oriri ya na chocolate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnyhistory.org/2015/03/mary-elizabeth/|title=The Story of Mary Elizabeth Evans Sharpe|date=2015-03-11|work=Onondaga Historical Association|accessdate=2019-08-07}}</ref> Nke ọzọ akpọrọ War time Recipes . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/01/the-remarkable-life-of-mary-elizabeth-evans-syracuse-candy-girl.html|title=Syracuse's Candy Girl: One of the city's greatest success stories|author=Croyle|first=Johnathan|date=2019-01-12|work=syracuse.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-22}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Mary_Elizabeth_Evans_(The_Office_Economist,_v.3,_1921).png|thumb|(1921)]] Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Mary Sharpe laghachiri n'ụlọ ahịa ya, na 1920, ọ lụrụ Henry Dexter Sharpe, nwoke ọ zutere na njem ịnya ịnyịnya na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ tupu agha ahụ. Ha lụrụ ma biri na Providence, Rhode Island, na nso ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ezinụlọ Sharpe, Brown & Sharpe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnyhistory.org/2015/03/mary-elizabeth/|title=The Story of Mary Elizabeth Evans Sharpe|date=2015-03-11|work=Onondaga Historical Association|accessdate=2019-08-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.cnyhistory.org/2015/03/mary-elizabeth/ "The Story of Mary Elizabeth Evans Sharpe"]. ''Onondaga Historical Association''. March 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> [[Usòrò:BrownUniversity-SharpeRefectory.jpg|thumb|A gụrụ ụlọ nri Sharpe dị na Wriston Quad aha Mary Elizabeth na Chancellor Henry D. Sharpe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=www.riheritagehalloffame.org|accessdate=2019-07-11}}</ref>]] Ịnọ na Providence nyere Mary Sharpe ohere ịchọpụta mmasị ya n'ịkụ ubi. Ọ mechiri azụmahịa ya n'etiti afọ 1930 wee mikpuo onwe ya na ọdịbendị nke Providence. Ka ịhụnanya ya maka ọdịbendị French na-eto, Henry na Mary wuru ụlọ ọdịdị French na 84 Prospect Street nke e mechara kpọwa Rochambeau House. Ihe owuwu a ga-emecha bụrụ ụlọ nke Ngalaba Asụsụ Romance nke Mahadum Brown.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440 "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001"]. ''Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1924, di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa nwoke aha ya bụ Henry D. Sharpe Jr. bụ onye ga-etolite iji weghara azụmahịa Brown & Sharpe.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/01/the-remarkable-life-of-mary-elizabeth-evans-syracuse-candy-girl.html|title=Syracuse's Candy Girl: One of the city's greatest success stories|author=Croyle|first=Johnathan|date=2019-01-12|work=syracuse.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCroyle2019">Croyle, Johnathan (January 12, 2019). [https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/01/the-remarkable-life-of-mary-elizabeth-evans-syracuse-candy-girl.html "Syracuse's Candy Girl: One of the city's greatest success stories"]. ''syracuse.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru === N'afọ ndị 1940, Mary Sharpe sonyeere Garden Club of America nke nyere ya ohere ịmepụta ego osisi kwa afọ nke kụrụ osisi ọhụrụ 3,000 nke ọma. O mechara malite ọrụ ịbụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka ogige mahadum Brown. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440 "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001"]. ''Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọ bụ onye nnọchiteanya na Republican National Convention na 1928 na 1936 na Republican Elector na 1932.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/01/the-remarkable-life-of-mary-elizabeth-evans-syracuse-candy-girl.html|title=Syracuse's Candy Girl: One of the city's greatest success stories|author=Croyle|first=Johnathan|date=2019-01-12|work=syracuse.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-22}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCroyle2019">Croyle, Johnathan (January 12, 2019). [https://www.syracuse.com/living/2019/01/the-remarkable-life-of-mary-elizabeth-evans-syracuse-candy-girl.html "Syracuse's Candy Girl: One of the city's greatest success stories"]. ''syracuse.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ime afọ ndị 1960 Sharpe nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwado ogige ntụrụndụ dị n'akụkụ mmiri na India Point na Providence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaY1AQAAMAAJ&q=Mary+Elizabeth+Sharpe&pg=SA3-PA97|title=Improvements to I-195, Providence County: Environmental Impact Statement|date=1996|publisher=Federal Highway Administration/Northwestern University|pages=3–97|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, o kwere $153,000 maka oke mmiri nke dara ada na India Point Park wee mee ka onyeisi obodo kwado ya na ego iji mepụta ogige nwere osisi. Sharpe ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ala dịka India Point Park na Mahadum Brown gafee Providence ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na Eprel 4, 1985.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440 "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001"]. ''Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2001, a nabatara Mary Elizabeth Sharpe na Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame maka onyinye ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440|title=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001|work=Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame|accessdate=2019-07-11}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.riheritagehalloffame.org/inductees_detail.cfm?iid=440 "Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame: Mary Elizabeth Sharpe, Inducted 2001"]. ''Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == <references /> == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aZtDgAAQBAJ&q=Mary+Elizabeth+Sharpe&pg=PA150|title=Brown & Sharpe and the Measure of American Industry: Making the Precision Machine Tools That Enabled Manufacturing, 1833-2001|author=Carbone|first=Gerald M.|date=2017-03-14|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476669212|language=en}} * {{Cite journal|author=Weiss|first=Peg|title=Florence Koehler and Mary Elizabeth Sharpe: An American Saga of Art and Patronage|journal=Arts Magazine|date=December 1978|issue=4|pages=108–117}} 5jh7ptlkfsuoa0ugf6gng4eju3xjc1g 0 54795 193562 2024-10-29T23:37:23Z Neme244 16387 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1233361352|Mary Ellen Cottrell]]" 193562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary Ellen Cottrell''' (August 11, 1868 - December 1969) bụ onye Ọrụ na Co-op na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Birmingham, na ọkwa mba. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Cottrell Mary Ellen Bryan na Sheffield, Yorkshire, nwa nwanyị nke Richard na Maria Bryan (née Tester). Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ma mesịa bụrụ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 1896, ọ lụrụ Frank Cottrell na Ecclesall Bierlow, Yorkshire. Ha biri na Birmingham, ebe amụrụ ụmụ nwoke atọ: Frank na 1897, Wilfred na 1902, na Norman Bryan na 1907. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmegharị nkwado mpaghara, na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke Guild Women's mpaghara, ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ịbụ onye isi oche nke Ten Acres na Stirchley Co-operative Society (TASCOS) na 1909 dị ka nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na ọrụ ahụ. [1] Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ na-anọchite anya Midlands na Co-operative Union's Central Board na 1917. A na-ekwu na ọ nwetara nri mmiri ara ehi n'oge agha maka ụmụ ọhụrụ na ndị nọọsụ na ndị nne dị ime mgbe ọ na-eje ozi na Board Advisory Board na 1918. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=John F|title=Building Co-operation: A Business History of the Co-operative Group|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Na 6 Febụwarị 1917, a họpụtara ya n'enweghị onye na-emegide ya na Birmingham City Council na ntuli aka maka Selly Oak nke George Shann mere ka ọ bụrụ alderman.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Birmingham City Council Minutes 1917}}</ref> Nhọrọ ya dị ka onye otu Labour Party bụ ihe arụmụka n'oge ahụ; dịka ọ dịkarịa ala ndị isi ọrụ abụọ nwere olileanya ka a họpụta ha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Birmingham Mail|date=7 February 1917}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na kansụl obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Roberts|first=Sian|title=My whole time is given to the service of my fellow citizens|url=https://theironroom.wordpress.com/2015/03/04/my-whole-time-is-given-to-the-service-of-my-fellow-citizens-the-first-women-elected-to-birmingham-city-council/|work=The Iron Room|date=4 March 2015|accessdate=1 January 2017}}</ref> Cllr Thomas Hackett mere ka ọ mata nzukọ mbụ ya na Council dị ka onye rụzuru nnukwu ọrụ na Selly Oak nakwa dị ka onye nwere ahụmịhe dị ukwuu n'ọrụ ọha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Birmingham Post|date=7 February 1917}}</ref> Nhọrọ ya bu ụzọ malite Co-operative Party site na ọnwa ole na ole, mana site na 1920 ọ guzo dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ / Cooperative. Cottrell guzoro maka ntuli aka ọzọ na 1920, mana onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Conservative meriri ya. Ọ laghachiri na Council na Disemba 1921 na ntuli aka ime obodo wee jee ozi ruo 1923.[1] Na 1922, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Board of Co-operative Wholesale Society, ebe ọ ga-abụ nanị nwanyị onye nduzi maka afọ 37. O siri na kansụl rịtuo itinye uche n'ọrụ nkwado ya. Na 1939 Register, a na-egosi Cottrell dị ka onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ na Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak dị ka mgbe a họpụtara ya. A na-akọwa ya dị ka onye di ya nwụrụ, na dị ka "Director CWS (Retired) ". Ọ nwụrụ na Birmingham mgbe ọ dị afọ 101. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} ss7rkvz1jhzgxl1c0p6u5e87cpg3z6y 0 54796 193570 2024-10-30T07:59:31Z Elohothedon 21486 Akụkọ wikipedia ọhụrụ 193570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website|name=TMY Empire|url=https://tmyempire.com/|type=Digital media company|owner=Ajayi Solomoni}} Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Dijital nke Tree Money Yard Empire,<ref>{{cite news |title=Our impact in digital innovation space indisputable – TMY Empire |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/our-impact-in-digital-innovation-space-indisputable-tmy-empire/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=April 20, 2024}}</ref> nke a maara nke ọma dị ka TMY Empire,<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY News: Nigeria’s Leading Digital Media Powerhouse – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/tmy-news-nigerias-leading-digital-media-powerhouse/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=6 June 2024}}</ref> bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ nke Naijiria nke Ajayi Solomon<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY Empire has revolutionised digital media in Nigeria – Ajayi Solomon |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tmy-empire-has-revolutionised-digital-media-in-nigeria-ajayi-solomon/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=The Nation Newspaper |date=August 10, 2024}}</ref> hiwere n'afọ 2011. N'ime afọ ndị gara aga, TMY Empire emeela onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama n'ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ, na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ka imepụta egwu, vidiyo na foto, imepụta podcast, na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejere ndị ahịa dị iche iche ozi, gụnyere ndị mmadụ ama ama, ụdị ụdị, na ụlọ ọrụ, karịsịa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young Entrepreneurs Should Acquire Skills Before Starting Out – Ajayi, CEO TMY Empire – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/young-entrepreneurs-should-acquire-skills-before-starting-out-ajayi-ceo-tmy-empire/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=10 May 2024}}</ref> == Akụkọ == TMY Empire bụ ụlọ ọrụ Ajayi Solomon hiwere n'afọ 2011, onye nwere echiche nke ụlọ ọrụ ga-elekọta mkpa mgbasa ozi na-eto nke ụwa dijitalụ nke Naijiria. Site n'ịkpa ike n'ịmepụta ihe okike na nke dị mma, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ngwa ngwa nwetara mmasị ma kwadabere akpa ya iji gụnye ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY News: Nigeria’s Leading Digital Media Powerhouse – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/tmy-news-nigerias-leading-digital-media-powerhouse/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Mmetụta na Nnyefe == TMY Empire enweela ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite ọrụ nke ndị na-eto eto nke Naijiria ma na-akwalite omenala Naijiria site na ọdịnaya dijitalụ. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ọ nyere aka ịhazi ụwa ntụrụndụ dijitalụ na Naijiria site n'ịnye ụkpụrụ dị elu maka imepụta ọdịnaya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY Paysta is a testament to our commitment to digital innovation – Ajayi Solomon |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/tmy-paysta-is-a-testament-to-our-commitment-to-digital-innovation-ajayi-solomon/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=August 18, 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ nduzi == Ajayi Solomon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Artistes should invest more on social media –Solomon Ajayi |url=https://thesun.ng/artistes-should-invest-more-on-social-media-solomon-ajayi/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |work=The Sun Nigeria |agency=The Sun Nigeria |date=13 January 2024}}</ref> onye nchoputa na Onye isi oche, na-eduzi TMY Empire site n'ịkpa ike n'inwe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na mmepe nke ihe okike. Ndụ nduzi ya enweela ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgbanwe TMY Empire site na ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na-enwe mmetụta na Naijiria.<ref>{{cite news |title=How we plan to revolutionise digital content creation with Superbold – Solomon Ajayi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/how-we-plan-to-revolutionise-digital-content-creation-with-superbold-solomon-ajayi/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=January 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Isi mmalite akụkọ== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nigeria]] b2iu9s8eum41vgf3197evcpqu0uz8t6 193571 193570 2024-10-30T08:00:52Z Elohothedon 21486 emelitere 193571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website|name=TMY Empire|url=https://tmyempire.com/|type=Digital media company|owner=Ajayi Solomon}} Ụlọ Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Dijital nke Tree Money Yard Empire,<ref>{{cite news |title=Our impact in digital innovation space indisputable – TMY Empire |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/04/our-impact-in-digital-innovation-space-indisputable-tmy-empire/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=April 20, 2024}}</ref> nke a maara nke ọma dị ka TMY Empire,<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY News: Nigeria’s Leading Digital Media Powerhouse – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/tmy-news-nigerias-leading-digital-media-powerhouse/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=6 June 2024}}</ref> bụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ nke Naijiria nke Ajayi Solomon<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY Empire has revolutionised digital media in Nigeria – Ajayi Solomon |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tmy-empire-has-revolutionised-digital-media-in-nigeria-ajayi-solomon/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=The Nation Newspaper |date=August 10, 2024}}</ref> hiwere n'afọ 2011. N'ime afọ ndị gara aga, TMY Empire emeela onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama n'ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ, na-enye ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ka imepụta egwu, vidiyo na foto, imepụta podcast, na mmekọrịta ọha na eze. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ejere ndị ahịa dị iche iche ozi, gụnyere ndị mmadụ ama ama, ụdị ụdị, na ụlọ ọrụ, karịsịa n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young Entrepreneurs Should Acquire Skills Before Starting Out – Ajayi, CEO TMY Empire – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/young-entrepreneurs-should-acquire-skills-before-starting-out-ajayi-ceo-tmy-empire/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=10 May 2024}}</ref> == Akụkọ == TMY Empire bụ ụlọ ọrụ Ajayi Solomon hiwere n'afọ 2011, onye nwere echiche nke ụlọ ọrụ ga-elekọta mkpa mgbasa ozi na-eto nke ụwa dijitalụ nke Naijiria. Site n'ịkpa ike n'ịmepụta ihe okike na nke dị mma, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ngwa ngwa nwetara mmasị ma kwadabere akpa ya iji gụnye ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY News: Nigeria’s Leading Digital Media Powerhouse – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/tmy-news-nigerias-leading-digital-media-powerhouse/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Mmetụta na Nnyefe == TMY Empire enweela ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite ọrụ nke ndị na-eto eto nke Naijiria ma na-akwalite omenala Naijiria site na ọdịnaya dijitalụ. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ọ nyere aka ịhazi ụwa ntụrụndụ dijitalụ na Naijiria site n'ịnye ụkpụrụ dị elu maka imepụta ọdịnaya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{cite news |title=TMY Paysta is a testament to our commitment to digital innovation – Ajayi Solomon |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/08/tmy-paysta-is-a-testament-to-our-commitment-to-digital-innovation-ajayi-solomon/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=August 18, 2024}}</ref> == Ndụ nduzi == Ajayi Solomon,<ref>{{cite news |title=Artistes should invest more on social media –Solomon Ajayi |url=https://thesun.ng/artistes-should-invest-more-on-social-media-solomon-ajayi/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |work=The Sun Nigeria |agency=The Sun Nigeria |date=13 January 2024}}</ref> onye nchoputa na Onye isi oche, na-eduzi TMY Empire site n'ịkpa ike n'inwe ọhụrụ ọhụrụ na mmepe nke ihe okike. Ndụ nduzi ya enweela ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịgbanwe TMY Empire site na ụlọ ọrụ na-amalite ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dijitalụ na-enwe mmetụta na Naijiria.<ref>{{cite news |title=How we plan to revolutionise digital content creation with Superbold – Solomon Ajayi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/01/how-we-plan-to-revolutionise-digital-content-creation-with-superbold-solomon-ajayi/ |accessdate=26 August 2024 |agency=Vanguard News |date=January 25, 2024}}</ref> ==Isi mmalite akụkọ== {{reflist}} [[Category:Nigeria]] 2nhimg0q50h06kwtgutkxgnic4ii53m