Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ṅkàtá Ojiarụ Ṅkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ṅkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ṅkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ṅkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ṅkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ṅkàtá enyemaka Otú Ṅkàtá otú TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Runtown 0 10297 195326 131264 2024-11-18T22:15:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|name=Runtown|origin=[[Enugu|Enugu State]], [[Nigeria]]|label=Soundgod Music Group|years_active=2010–present|instrument=Vocals|occupation=Singer, songwriter, producer|genre=[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[Afrobeats|Afro-fusion]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[reggae]]|death_place=|death_date=<!-- {{death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) -->|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|08|19}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/full-story-of-runtown-drama-with-record-label-id8176024.html | publisher=pulseNg| title=The full story of the drama between singer and his record label Eric Many| date=2018-03-28}}</ref>|image=SGfV007.jpg|alias=|native_name_lang=|native_name=|birth_name=Douglas Jack Agu|background=solo_singer|caption=Runtown for FV magazine.|alt=|image_size=210px|associated_acts=<!-- Only musical acts that have worked with Runtown can be listed here -->[[Davido]], [[Nasty C]], [[phyno]]}} Runtown Runtown nke FV magazine. Nkọwa Onwe Aha Douglas Jack Agu Amụrụ ya 19 Ọgụstụ 1989 (afọ 31) Ebe osi Enugwu Steeti, Naịjirịa Nkenụụdị R&B, Afuro-fuchọnụ, hipụ họpụ, rege Akaọrụ Otii egwu, odee egwu, nrụpụta Ngwa egwu Olu Afọ ọ nọ ọrụ 2010–ugbua Lebeelụ Soundgod Music Group Ndị egwu Davido, Nasty C, phyno '''Douglas Jack Agu''' (amụrụ ya na 19 Ọgụstụ 1989), nke amara aha ya dịka '''Runtown''', bụ onye Naịjirịa na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe. == Gbasara ya == Amụrụ Runtown na abalị iri-na iteghete nke ọnwa itolu nke 1989 [[Enụgwụ|n’Enugwu]] mana o tolitere na [[abuja]] na Legọọsụ, ebe ya guru praịmarị. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, ya na nne ya kwagara Abuja, onye na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ozi ahuike.  Na 2014 o weputara " Gallardo ", egwu nke gosiputara olu Davido ma puta dika egwu mbụ na abọm ''Ghetto University'' nke izizi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.praxismagonline.com/album-review-running-runtowns-ghetto-university/|title=Album Review: Running through Runtown's Ghetto University|work=Praxis Magazine|last=Nduka|first=Echezonachukwu|date=7 February 2016|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> Gallardo gara n'ihu merie "Mmekọrịta Kacha Mma nke Afọ" na mbipụta 2014 nke Nigeria Entertainment Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/runtown-dreams-marrying-rihanna/|title=Runtown dreams of marrying Rihanna|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard Newspaper]]|last=Sholola|first=Damilola|date=12 December 2014|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> Na 23 November 2015, Runtown wepụtara studiyo abọm izizi ya akpọrọ University ''Ghetto'' site na MTN Music Plus ya na Eric Many Entertainment. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/runtown-premieres-debut-album-ghetto-university-listen-to-hot-track-picks-from-the-album/|title=Runtown Premieres Debut Album "Ghetto University" + Listen To Hot Track Picks From The Album|last=Donnet|first=Jim|date=23 November 2015|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref> Abọm a nwetara ihe karịrị nde iri atọ na ise na ọnụ ụzọ egwu wee si otú a nweta ya na ndepụta nke "Top 5 Most Streamed Artist". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/runtown-rising-profile-africas-next-big-thing/|title=RUNTOWN: The Rising Profile of Africa's Next 'BIG THING'|last=Oghene|first=Michael|date=6 April 2016|accessdate=31 May 2016|archivedate=25 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425224909/https://www.360nobs.com/2016/04/runtown-rising-profile-africas-next-big-thing/}}</ref> Na 4 Nọvemba 2016, Runtown wepụtara "Mad Over You", nke edepụtara na nọmba 38 na ''chaatị'' Twitter nke egwu ọkaibe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soundcity.tv/news/runtowns-mad-over-you-debuts-on-billboard-ranking/|publisher=soundcityTv|title=Runtown's "Mad over You" debuts on Billboard ranking}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/music/219850-wizkid-runtown-make-billboard-twitter-top-tracks-chart.html|title=Wizkid, Runtown make Billboard Twitter Top Tracks chart|publisher=Premium Times}}</ref> Joey Akan si ''Pulse Nigeria'' kọwara egwu a dịka "egwu emere onwe ya nke na - adọta ihe sitere na ụda ndị Ghana bụ kay Alkayida". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pulse.ng/buzz/runtown-mad-over-you-remix-should-have-mr-eazi-and-sarkodie-on-it-id6037645.html|title='Mad Over You' remix should have Mr Eazi and Sarkodie on it|publisher=Pulse}}</ref> Runtown gwara ''The Fader'' magazine na egwu a sitere na mma nke Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefader.com/2016/11/04/runtown-mad-over-you-premiere|title=Nigerian Star Runtown Is In Love With Ghanaian Beauty On "Mad Over You"|publisher=The Fader}}</ref> == Ọgbaghaara == === Onye nwe "Aye" === Na 2014, e nwere akụkọ na mgbasa ozi na Runtown dere " Aye ". Na mkparịta ụka ya na ''Nigerian Tribune'', Runtown kwuru, "Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ajụ m ajụjụ a. Davido enweela ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ ebe o kwuru etu egwu a siri bido. Yabụ ọ bụrụ n'ịchọrọ ịmatakwu gbasara Aye jụọ David ma ọ bụ gụọ ajụjụ ọnụ ya ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/entertainment/item/11587-it-s-nobody-s-business-if-i-sold-aye-to-davido-runtown/11587-it-s-nobody-s-business-if-i-sold-aye-to-davido-runtown|title=It's nobody's business if I sold Aye to Davido —Runtown}}</ref> === Mbupute nke Kini Issue === N’ọnwa Septemba nke afọ 2020, O wepụtara egwu nke abụọ ya kemgbe ọrịa na-efe efe nke '''“Kini Issue”''' . Egwu a sitere na ọba egwu ya na-abịanụ akpọghị aha ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulsedigi.com/runtown-kini-issue|title=Runtown – Kini Issue MP3|work=[[Montelent]]|date=24 September 2020|accessdate=24 September 2020|archivedate=25 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925035828/https://www.pulsedigi.com/runtown-kini-issue}}</ref> === Ọpụpụ na Eric Manny Entertainment === Nkwekorita Runtown na Eric Manny Entertainment gwụchara na Juunu 2018. O mechara malite lebeelụ ya bụ, "Soundgod Music Group". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/runtown-launches-indie-music-company-sound-god-music-group-id8544050.html|publisher=pulseNg|title=Singer launches indie music company, 'Sound God Music Group'|date=2018-06-26}}</ref> '''Ngagharị iwe #EndSars''' N'ọnwa Ọktọba 2020, Runtown na otu ndị ọzọ ama ama bu ụzọ na ngagharị iwe #Endsars na Legọọsụ, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Naịjirịa, ka gọọmentị kwụsị njedebe obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-08|title=Runtown And Falz Lead #EndSars Protest After Naira Marley Backed Out (Video)|url=https://www.theafricanmedia.com/runtown-and-falz-lead-endsars-protest-after-naira-marley-backed-out-video/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-12-01|archivedate=2020-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025015259/https://www.theafricanmedia.com/runtown-and-falz-lead-endsars-protest-after-naira-marley-backed-out-video/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Ghetto University'' (2015) * ''Tradition''<ref>{{Cite web|title=EP Review: ‘Tradition’ is Runtown’s honest vibes with a little sonic pitfall|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/ep-review-pulse-examines-tradition-by-runtown/qms07tq|accessdate=27 September 2020|language=en-EN|date=27 May 2019}}</ref> (2020) == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Emume onyinye ! Nrite ! Nsonaazụ |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ Naịjirịa Naịjirịa 2014 | Mmekọrịta Kacha Mma nke Afọ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/runtown-wins-nea-awards/189998/|title=Runtown Wins NEA Awards|date=27 September 2014|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref> |{{nom}} |- | Isi 2014 |Egwu aga-elegarị anya|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/168874-%E2%80%8Eorezi-patoranking-runtown-skales-up-for-next-rated-at-headies-awards.html |title=Orezi, Patoranking, RunTown, Skales up for Next Rated at Headies Awards|work=[[Premium Times]]|author=Micheal Abimboye|date=30 September 2014|accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | Onyinye Ntụrụndụ 2015 Nigeria | Kasị Mma onye egwu Pọpụ |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2015/06/nigerian-entertainment-awards-unveils-2015-nominees/ | title=Nigerian Entertainment Awards Unveils 2015 Nominees | work=Daily Independent | date=12 June 2015 | accessdate=2015-07-25}}</ref> |- | Obodo Ndị Ntụrụndụ Obodo | Onye egwu nke Afọ |{{nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tooxclusive.com/news/city-people-awards-2015-nominees-list/|title=City People Awards 2015 Nominees List – tooXclusive, Lil Kesh, Others Nominated…|work=tooXclusive|date=13 July 2015|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" | 2017 | Onyinye egwu Vodafone Ghana | Onye egwu Afrịka nke Afọ|{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/runtown-wins-artiste-year-award-second-time-one-month/|title=Runtown wins 'Artiste of the year' award for second time in one month |work=[[vanguard]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | rowspan="3" | Soundcity MVP Awards ememme | Mmekọrịta kacha mma nke afọ |{{won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/sound-city-mvp-awards-2017-winners-list-id7838394.html|title=SOUND CITY MVP AWARDS 2017 WINNERS LIST|work=[[PulseNg]]}}</ref> |- | Nhọrọ nke ndị na-ekiri |{{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/sound-city-mvp-awards-2017-winners-list-id7838394.html |title=SOUND CITY MVP AWARDS 2017 WINNERS LIST|work=[[PulseNg]]|date=2018-01-12}}</ref> |- | Nhọrọ Ndị Na-ege Ntị|{{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/sound-city-mvp-awards-2017-winners-list-id7838394.html |title=SOUND CITY MVP AWARDS 2017 WINNERS LIST|work=[[PulseNg]]|date=2018-01-12}}</ref> |} == Hụ kwa == * Ndepụta ndị egwu Naịjirịa == Nsidee == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4cwu29z5tmca3fa1odu9sobrbriji4s Patricia Bath 0 12092 195276 125263 2024-11-18T16:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Patricia Era Bath''' (November 4, 1942 &#x2013; Mee 30,afo 2019) bụ onye dibịa bekee nke America, onye mepụtara ihe, ọdịmma mmadụ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ chepụtara ngwaọrụ ka mma maka ịwa ahụ cataract laser . A na-akpọ ihe mepụtara ya Laserphaco Probe, nke ọ kwadoro na afo 1986. Ọ ghọkwara nwanyị mbụ onye otu Jules Stein Eye Institute, nwanyị mbụ ga-eduzi mmemme ọzụzụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ophthalmology, na nwanyị mbụ họpụtara ịbụ onye ọrụ nsọpụrụ nke UCLA Medical Center . Bath bụ onye mbụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Africa-American]] jere ozi dị ka onye bi na ophthalmology na Mahadum New York . Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ America-Afrika jere ozi na ndị ọrụ dịka dọkịta na-awa na UCLA Medical Center. Bath bụ dọkịta nwanyị America-America mbụ nwetara patent maka ebumnuche ahụike. Onye ji akwụkwọ ikike ise, <ref name="patents_list">[https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=pts&hl=en&q=ininventor:Patricia+ininventor:E+ininventor:Bath&num=10 Patricia E. Bath], Google patent search. Retrieved February 24, 2019.</ref> o guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ American Institute for Prevention of Blindness na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] <ref name="AmericanInstitute">{{Cite web|title=American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness|url=http://www.blindnessprevention.org/about.php|accessdate=May 9, 2020|work=www.blindnessprevention.org}}</ref> anaghị akwụ ụgwọ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ na afo 1942, na Harlem, New York, Patricia Bath bụ ada Rupert na Gladys Bath. Nna ya bụ onye si Trinidad kwabatara, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na- ere ahịa na-ere ahịa na onye isi ojii mbụ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụgbọ oloko New York City dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. Nna ya kpaliri ịhụnanya o nwere maka ọdịbendị ma gbaa ya ume inyocha omenala dị iche iche. Nne ya sitere na ndị ohu Africa na ndị Cherokee Native America. N'ime oge ọ bụ nwata, ndị mụrụ Bath na-agwakarị ya ka ọ "na-edozi ihe na-erughị [ya] kacha mma" na nkwado ha na agụmakwụkwọ ya gbakwara ya ume. Nne ya, na-agba ume nrọ ya na ịhụnanya sayensị, zụtara ya setịpụ kemistri mbụ ya. Ka ọ na-erule ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Bath abụrụla onye ọkà mmụta National Science Foundation . Nke a butere nyocha ọrịa kansa na-enweta atụmatụ ihu ihu na New York Times. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ground breaking African American female doctor says she had to 'shake off haters' on her way to success|url=https://goodmorningamerica.com/wellness/story/revolutionary-ophthalmologist-dr-patricia-bath-shake-off-haters-53357320|accessdate=2021-03-11|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Genzlinger|first=Neil|date=2019-06-04|title=Dr. Patricia Bath, 76, Who Took On Blindness and Earned a Patent, Dies|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/04/obituaries/dr-patricia-bath-dead.html|accessdate=2021-03-24}}</ref> Patricia na nwanne ya nwoke gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Charles Evans Hughes ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ abụọ ahụ mere nke ọma na sayensị na mgbakọ na mwepụ. Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ Albert Schweitzer 'ọrụ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, Bath etinyere ma nweta a National Science Foundation Scholarship mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị; nke a mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ nyocha na Mahadum Yeshiva na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Harlem na-amụ njikọ n'etiti ọrịa cancer, nri na-edozi ahụ, na nchekasị. N'ime mmemme okpomọkụ a, nke Rabbi Moses D. Tendler na-edu, Bath amụwo mmetụta nke ihe fọdụrụ na streptomycin na nje bacteria. Site na nke a, o nwere ike ikwubi na ọrịa kansa, n'onwe ya, bụ ọrịa catabolic na uto tumor bụ ihe mgbaàmà. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Osmundsen|first=John S|title=28 Science-Minded Teen-Agers Report on Summer of Research: Such Heady Stuff as the Metabolism of Tritiated Thymidine in Mice Fails to faze Special Yeshiva Group.|work=The New York Times|date=August 31, 1959}}</ref> <ref name="Ten Young Women">{{Cite news|date=December 31, 1960|title=Teen-age Scientist Is Named One of 'The Ten Young Women of the Year'|language=en-US|publisher=Atlanta Daily World|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/491214922|id={{ProQuest|491214922}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" /></ref> Ọ chọpụtakwara usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nke a ga-eji buru amụma uto mkpụrụ ndụ kansa. Onye isi nke mmemme nchọcha ghọtara ihe nchoputa ya pụtara wee bipụta ya n'akwụkwọ sayensị. Ekekọrịtakwara nchọpụta ya na International Fifth Congress of Nutrition na ọdịda nke afo 1960. <ref name="Ten Young Women" /> Na afo 1960, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, Bath meriri "Award Award" nke magazin ''Mademoiselle'' maka ntinye aka na ọrụ ahụ. Bath nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na kemistri na kọleji Hunter nke Manhattan na afo 1964. Ọ kwagara [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] ịga Howard University College of Medicine . Afọ ọhụrụ ya na Howard dabara na Iwu ikike obodo nke 1964 . O mebere otu Student National Medical Association wee bụrụ onye isi ala nwanyị mbụ ya na afo 1965. Na nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo nturu ugo gọọmentị mba ofesi maka ime nyocha na Belgrade, Yugoslavia, n'oge okpomọkụ nke afo 1967, ebe nyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na ịwa ahụ ụmụaka . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Bath {{!}} The Black Inventor Online Museum|url=https://blackinventor.com/patricia-bath/|author=Chamberlain|first=Gaius|date=November 26, 2012|language=en-US|accessdate=May 10, 2020}}</ref> Ihe pụtara ìhè nke emume nturu ugo bụ nzukọ Earl Warren, onye ọka ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, na Ụlọ Ọrụ Embassy US na Belgrade.  na nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Howard University College of Medicine na afo 1968. Enyere ya ihe nrite Edwin Watson maka Ọkachamma na Ophthalmology site n'aka onye ndụmọdụ ya, Lois A. Young.  Ogbugbu nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], na afo 1968, mere ka Bath raara onwe ya nye iji nweta otu n'ime nrọ nke Eze, ya bụ inye ndị mmadụ ike site na mgbasa ozi ndị ogbenye . Ọ haziri ma duru ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụike Mahadum Howard n'inye ọrụ nlekọta ahụike afọ ofufo na mkpọsa ndị ogbenye na mbilite n'ọnwụ n'oge okpomọkụ nke afo 1968. <ref>{{Cite journal|year=1968|author=Mazique|first=E. C.|title=Health services and the Poor People's Campaign|journal=Journal of the National Medical Association|volume=60|issue=4|pages=332–333|pmid=5661208}}</ref> Bath laghachiri na obodo Harlem ya wee banye na Harlem Hospital Center, bụ nke ka jikọtara na kọleji Mahadum Columbia nke ndị dibịa na ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ. N'oge nkuzi ya, ọ hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị kpuru ìsì na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrịa nọ na ụlọ ọgwụ anya nke Mahadum Columbia. Tupu ịmalite ọmụmụ akwụkwọ obibi ophthalmology ya na NYU na afo 1970, enyere Bath onyinye otu afọ site na Mahadum Columbia iji mụọ ma nye aka na ọrụ nlekọta anya na Harlem Hospital. Ọ malitere ịnakọta data gbasara kpuru ìsì na ọhụhụ na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, nke na-enweghị ndị dọkịta anya na ndị ọrụ. Ihe omuma ya na oke ochicho ya mere ka ndi prọfesọ ya si Columbia kwenye ka ha malite ịwa ndị ọrịa kpuru ìsì, na-akwụghị ụgwọ, na Harlem Hospital Center. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.influential-women.com/health/patricia-bath|title=Patricia Bath {{!}} Influential Women|work=Influential Women|accessdate=April 19, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Bath nwere mpako ịnọ na ndị otu Columbia bụ ndị rụrụ ịwa ahụ anya mbụ na Harlem Hospital na Nọvemba afo 1969.  Bath jere ozi ebe obibi ya na ophthalmology na Mahadum New York, site na afo 1970 ruo afo 1973, onye America izizi mere ya. Ọ lụrụ di ma mụọ nwa nwanyị Eraka na afo 1972. Mgbe o mechara obibi ya na NYU, Bath malitere mmemme mmekọrịta Corneal na Mahadum Columbia, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na transplantation corneal na ịwa ahụ keratoprosthesis (afo 1973 ruo afo 1974). Mgbe ọ bụ onye ibe ya, ma UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute na Mahadum Charles R. Drew kpọbatara ya ka ọ chọta usoro ebe obibi ophthalmology na Martin Luther King, Jr. Hospital . Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na Los Angeles, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ dọkịta anya na ngalaba na Jules Stein Eye Institute na UCLA. Mgbe a jụrụ ya onye onye ndụmọdụ ya, Bath zara site n'ikwu na mmekọrịta ya na dibia bekee Dr. Cecil Marquez kpaliri ya ịchụso ọrụ a kpọmkwem. A họpụtara ya osote onye isi nke King-Drew-UCLA Ophthalmology Residency Programme na 1974, ma bụrụ onye isi na afo 1983. <ref name="LessonsIveLearned">{{Cite web|title=Lessons I've Learned|url=https://theophthalmologist.com/business-profession/lessons-ive-learned|accessdate=May 9, 2020|work=The Ophthalmologist|language=en}}</ref> N'ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a, Bath ruru n'ọkwa nke prọfesọ osote. Na UCLA, o hiwere Ophthalmic Assistant Training Programme (OATP) na afo 1978. Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na OATP bụ ndị ọrụ dị mkpa iji nye nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ ahụike, na nkwado maka atụmatụ mgbochi kpuru ìsì. Mgbe na UCLA Jules Stein Eye Institute, Bath guzobere Keratoprosthesis Programme iji nye ọgwụgwọ ịwa ahụ dị elu maka ndị ọrịa kpuru ìsì. Mmemme a na-aga n'ihu taa ka ndị KPRO na ọtụtụ puku ndị ọrịa ejirila teknụzụ ọhụrụ eweghachite anya ha. Dabere na nyocha ya na mmezu ya na keratoprosthesis, a họọrọ Bath ka ọ na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe mbụ nke keratoprosthesis nke mba na afo 1983. <ref>Aquavella J.; Bath, P.; Buxton, G.; Cardona, H.; Dohlman, C.; Farris, L.; Girard, L.; McNeil, J.; Polack, F.; Waring, G. and; Also, D. Willard.; Helmsen, R.; Binder, P.; Groden, L. and; Fogle, J., [https://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/citation/1983/02030/round_table_discussion.12.aspx "Keratoprosthesis Conference"], ''Cornea'', September 1983, Volume 2, Issue 3, pp. 229–236.</ref> N'afọ 1983, a họpụtara Bath Onye isi oche nke Mmemme obibi Ophthalmology nke KING-DREW-UCLA, bụrụ nwanyị mbụ na US ga-eduzi mmemme obibi ophthalmology. Mgbe ọ nọ na UCLA, Bath chọrọ ịchụso nyocha, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mba na National Eye Institute jụrụ inye onyinye na akụrụngwa. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ ka o kpebiri ịchọkwu ụlọ nyocha kacha mma n'ụwa, iji kwado atụmatụ ya maka imepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ụwa nke ophthalmology. <ref name="LessonsIveLearned" /> N'afọ 1986, Bath họpụtara ka ọ were ụbọchị izu ikele site na ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na nhazi yana itinye uche na nyocha. <ref name="Green_Obituary">{{Cite journal|author=Green|first=Andrew|date=2019-08-10|title=Patricia Bath|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=394|issue=10197|pages=464|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31684-8|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi oche nke ophthalmology wee soro nchụso nyocha ya dị ka prọfesọ nleta na ụlọ ọrụ kacha mma na France, England na Germany. Na France, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris na Onye isi, Daniele Aron-Rosa . Na England, ọ jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nleta na Prọfesọ Emmony na Loughborough Institute of Technology. Na Germany, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Free Berlin na ebe nlekọta ahụike laser. Na afo 1993, Bath lara ezumike nká na UCLA, nke mechara họpụta ya nwanyị mbụ na ndị ọrụ nsọpụrụ ya. Bath jere ozi dị ka prọfesọ nke ophthalmology na Howard University's School of Medicine na dị ka onye prọfesọ nke telemedicine na ophthalmology na St. Georges University <ref name="mosca">{{Cite book|title=The Doctor with an Eye for Eyes: The Story of Dr. Patricia Bath (Amazing Scientist)|publisher=The Innovation Press|url=https://www.theinnovationpress.com/thedoctorwithaneyeforeyes|author=Mosca|first=Julia Finley|isbn=9781943147311|date=2017}}</ref> mmemme ọzụzụ ophthalmology. N'ịbụ onye na-akwadosi ike maka telemedicine, Dr. Bath akwadola mmepụta ihe ọhụrụ nke labs mebere, dịka akụkụ nke usoro ọmụmụ na mmemme ọzụzụ ụlọ obibi ophthalmology, iji nye ndị dọkịta na-awa ahụ ahụmahụ dị mma karị, mere site na 3D imaging . N'ime edemede nke Dr. Bath dere, na Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, o gosila na site na ọzụzụ na nlekọta dị mma na mmemme ebe obibi, ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nweta nsonaazụ dị mma na ịwa ahụ ha, na-eduga n'ọhụụ ka ukwuu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bath|first=Patricia E.|date=June 1998|title=Cataract Surgery Training of Residents in an Urban and Virtual Environment|journal=Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery|language=en|volume=24|issue=6|pages=727–729|doi=10.1016/S0886-3350(98)80118-1|pmid=9642577|issn=0886-3350}}</ref> Bath agụọla nkuzi na mba ụwa wee dee akwụkwọ karịrị out Nari. === Ọmụmụ kpuru ìsì na ophthalmology obodo === Dabere na nlebanya ya na ụlọ ọgwụ Harlem, Bath bipụtara akwụkwọ sayensị mbụ na-egosi oke kpuru ìsì n'etiti ndị isi ojii. <ref name="Bath1979">{{Cite journal|pmid=423288|volume=71|date=February 1979|title=Rationale for a program in community ophthalmology|journal=J Natl Med Assoc|pages=145–8|author=Bath|first=Patricia E.}}</ref> <ref>Bath, Patricia E. (October 1990). "Blacks at Greater Risk of Blindness," ''Archives of Ophthalmology'', 108, pp. 1377–8.</ref> Bath chọpụtakwara na ndị Africa America nwere ọrịa glaucoma ji okpukpu asatọ karịa nke na-akpata kpuru ìsì. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kermode-Scott|first=Barbara|date=July 19, 2019|title=Patricia Bath: ophthalmologist, inventor, and humanitarian|journal=BMJ|language=en|pages=l4768|doi=10.1136/bmj.l4768|issn=0959-8138}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha ya, Bath sụrụ ụzọ ọzụzụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke "Ophthalmology Community" na afo 1976 <ref name="Logan_Williams2018">"U.S. Ophthalmologist, Dr. Patricia E. Bath first defined the term community ophthalmoogy in her 1976 presentation to the American Public Health Association meeting in Miami, Florida." Source: Logan D. A. Williams, "Introduction", ''Eradicating Blindness: Global Health Innovation from South Asia,'' Springer, August 20, 2018, p. 9.</ref> mgbe nyochachara ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrịa na-efe efe nke kpuru ìsì n'etiti ndị na-enweghị ọrụ n'ime obodo mepere emepe na US yana ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na "nke atọ- ụwa" obodo. <ref name="Bath1979"/> A kọwara ophthalmology obodo dị ka ọzụzụ ọhụrụ na ọgwụ na-akwalite ahụ ike anya na mgbochi kpuru site na mmemme na-eji usoro ahụike ọha, ọgwụ obodo na ophthalmology iji weta nlekọta anya dị mkpa nye ndị mmadụ na-enweghị ọrụ. === Ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ === Enwere ike ịhụ mbọ enyemaka Bath bụ isi site na ọrụ ya na American Institute for Prevention of Blindness. Nkwekọrịta na afo 1976 ya na Alfred Cannon, onye America na-ahụ maka mgbaka na onye nhazi obodo, na Aaron Ifekwunigwe, onye na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na Naijiria mụrụ na onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, e mebere nzukọ a n'ụkpụrụ bụ na "anya bụ ikike mmadụ." Site na nzukọ a, Bath nwere ike gbasaa nlekọta anya n'ụwa nile site n'inye ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ ọgwụ anya n'efu, vitamin maka erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ, na ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa ndị nwere ike ịkpata kpuru ìsì, dị ka [[Akpata|measles]] . Bath nwere ike iji oge ya dị ka onye nduzi na-eme njem n'ụwa na-eme ịwa ahụ, nkuzi na nkuzi na kọleji. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennon|first=Caroline|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn5mDwAAQBAJ&q=patricia+bath+harlem+hospital+1969&pg=PA83|title=Hidden No More: African American Women in STEM Careers|date=December 15, 2017|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing LLC|isbn=978-1-5345-6243-1|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="AmericanInstitute" /> Bath na-ekwu na "oge kacha mma nke onwe ya" bụ mgbe ọ nọ na North Africa na iji keratoprosthesis, nwere ike iweghachi anya otu nwanyị kpuru ìsì ihe karịrị afọ iri ato. <ref>{{Cite news|date=February 12, 2017|title=Dr. patricia bath's genius helped eye doctors.|work=Philadelphia Tribune}}</ref> Site na nzukọ a, Bath gara [[Tanzania]] na afo 2005, ebe cataracts aghọwo ihe na-ebute kpuru ìsì nwata n'oge a. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bowman|first=R. J. C.|date=October 2005|title=How should blindness in children be managed?|journal=Eye|language=en|volume=19|issue=10|pages=1037–1043|doi=10.1038/sj.eye.6701988|pmid=16304582|issn=1476-5454}}</ref> N'Africa, Ụlọ Ọrụ America Maka Mgbochi nke Ìsì nyere kọmputa na ihe ndị ọzọ dijitalụ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ahụ anya, kpọmkwem na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mwereni maka ndị ìsì na Tanzania na St. Oda School maka ndị na-ahụ anya na Kenya. A makwara Bath maka ọrụ enyemaka ọ na-arụ na ngalaba nke ophthalmology site n'aka Onye isi ala [[Barack Obama]] . Na afo 2009, ya na President Obama nọ na ogbo ma tinye ya na ọrụ ya maka ịnweta dijitalụ maka ụmụaka kpuru ìsì. <ref>{{Cite book|author=President|first=United States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLtpqKA7ANYC&q=patricia+bath+ophthalmology&pg=PA201|title=Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States|date=2009|publisher=Federal Register Division, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration|language=en}}</ref> N'April afo 2019, Bath gbara akaebe na ntị a na-akpọ "Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation" na Senate Office Building na Washington DC Ebe a, Bath gosipụtara ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara STEM na enweghị ndị na-emepụta ihe nwanyị. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Trailblazers and Lost Einsteins: Women Inventors and the Future of American Innovation {{!}} United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|url=https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/trailblazers-and-lost-einsteins-women-inventors-and-the-future-of-american-innovation|work=www.judiciary.senate.gov|language=en|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> === Ihe mepụtara === Na afo 1986, Bath mere nyocha na ụlọ nyocha nke Danièle Aron-Rosa, onye nchọpụta ọsụ ụzọ na lasers na ophthalmology na Rothschild Eye Institute of Paris, <ref name="AAO interview">American Academy of Ophthalmology, [https://www.aao.org/Assets/faca82f2-d78e-4844-862e-171431aac204/636430635852570000/higginbotham-and-bath-pdf?inline=1 Conversation Between Patricia Bath, MD and Eve Higginbotham, MD], Orlando, FL, October 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2018.</ref> na mgbe ahụ na Laser Medical Center na Berlin, ebe o nwere ike ịmalite ọmụmụ ihe mbụ. na ịwa ahụ cataract laser, gụnyere nnwale mbụ ya na fotoablation laser excimer site na iji anya akụ anya mmadụ. <ref name="AAO interview" /> Bath chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "Laser phaco" maka usoro ahụ, nkenke maka laser '''PH''' oto '''A''' blative '''C''' ataract surgery, <ref>Bath, P. E., "Laserphaco: an introduction and review," ''Ophthalmic Laser Therapy'', Vol 3, no. 2 (1988), pp. 75–82.</ref> wee mepụta laserphaco probe, ngwaọrụ wepụahụike nke na-emeziwanye iji laser cataracts, na "maka ịwa ahụ. na iwepu anya anya cataract. Bath mbụ nwere echiche maka ụdị ngwaọrụ a na 1981, mana etinyeghị akwụkwọ maka patent ruo ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị. <ref name="Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laserphaco probe pt. 1">{{Cite web|date=November 29, 2012|title=Dr. Patricia Bath remembers inventing the laserphaco probe pt. 1|url=https://da.thehistorymakers.org/story/643475|accessdate=2021-03-21|work=The History Makers}}</ref> Emechara ngwaọrụ a na 1986 ka Bath mechara nyocha na lasers na Berlin wee nweta ikike na afo 1988, <ref name="PatentUS4744360">Patricia E. Bath, [https://patents.google.com/patent/US4744360 US Patent 4,744,360], ''Apparatus for ablating and removing cataract lenses'', issued May 17, 1988 (filed December 18, 1986). Retrieved February 24, 2019</ref> na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị America mbụ sitere na Africa nweta patent maka ebumnuche ahụike. Ngwaọrụ - nke ngwa ngwa na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na-enweghị mgbu na-agbaze cataract na laser, na-agba mmiri ma na-ehicha anya ma na-enye ohere ntinye oghere ọhụrụ dị mfe - a na-eji mba ụwa agwọ ọrịa ahụ. Bath gara n'ihu na-emeziwanye ngwaọrụ ahụ ma weghachite ọhụụ nke ọma na ndị na-enweghị ike ịhụ kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. Bath nwere patent ise na United States. <ref name="patents_list"/> Atọ n'ime patent ise nke Bath metụtara nyocha Laserphaco. Na afo 2000, e nyere ya patent maka usoro maka iji ultrasound pulsed wepụ cataracts, na afo 2003 patent maka ijikọta laser na ultrasound iji wepụ cataracts. ==== Ndepụta ikike ikike US ==== * US patent 4744360, " [https://www.google.com/patents/US4744360 Ngwa maka ikpochapụ na iwepu anya anya cataract] ", ewepụtara na Mee 17, 1988 * US patent 5843071, " [https://www.google.com/patents/US5843071 Usoro na ngwa maka ikpochapụ na iwepu anya anya cataract] " ewepụtara na Disemba 1, 1998 * US patent 5919186, " [https://www.google.com/patents/US5919186 Laser ngwa maka ịwa nke cataractous lenses] ", nyere July 6, 1999. * US patent 6083192, " [https://www.google.com/patents/US6083192 Usoro ultrasound pulsed maka ikewa/emulsifying na iwepu anya anya anya cataractous], nke e wepụtara na Julaị 4,2000. * US patent 6544254, " [https://patents.google.com/patent/US6544254?oq=patent:6544254 Nchikota ultrasound na usoro laser na ngwa maka iwepu anya anya cataract] ", ewepụtara Eprel 8, 2003. == Ọnwụ == Bath nwụrụ na Mee 30, 2019, na Mahadum California, San Francisco Medical Center site na nsogbu metụtara ọrịa kansa, dị afọ 76. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/cataract-treatment-inventor-dr-patricia-smith-dies-at-76/2019/06/03/b303e12e-867c-11e9-9d73-e2ba6bbf1b9b_story.html|title=Cataract treatment inventor Dr. Patricia Smith dies at 76|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=June 4, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="Green_Obituary" /> == Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite == * 1995: NAACP Legal Defence Fund Nwanyị Nwanyị Achievement Award <ref name="StGeorgesUniversity">{{Cite web|title=Patricia E. Bath, January 1999|url=https://www.sgu.edu/wcc-speaker/patricia-e-bath-january-1999/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902074605/https://www.sgu.edu/wcc-speaker/patricia-e-bath-january-1999/|archivedate=2021-09-02|accessdate=May 9, 2020|work=St. George's University|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2000: Smithsonian Museum's Lemelson Center maka ọmụmụ nke mmepụta na ihe ọhụrụ gụnyere ya na mmemme ndụ ọhụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Center|first=Smithsonian Lemelson|date=2005-03-03|title=Innovative Lives: The Right To Sight: Patricia Bath|url=https://invention.si.edu/innovative-lives-right-sight-patricia-bath|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Center|first=Smithsonian Lemelson|date=2014-07-23|title=Patricia Bath Innovative Lives Presentation, February 17, 2000 and March 1, 2000|url=https://invention.si.edu/patricia-bath-innovative-lives-presentation-february-17-2000-and-march-1-2000|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation|language=en|archivedate=2021-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304133904/https://invention.si.edu/patricia-bath-innovative-lives-presentation-february-17-2000-and-march-1-2000}}</ref> * 2001: American Medical Women's Association ntinye n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Fame <ref name="LessonsIveLearned"/> * 2006: Tubman 's Sheila Award <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ramati|first=Philip|date=September 30, 2006|title=Accomplished doctor/inventor to be honored with Tubman's Shelia Award|work=McClatchy-Tribune Business News}}</ref> * 2011: Dr. Bath gbara ajụjụ ọnụ maka American Academy of Ophthalmology's Museum of Vision oral History collection nke "na-echekwa ncheta na ahụmahụ nke ndị ndụ ha bụ ihe mkpali." <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-09|title=Museum of Vision: Biographies|url=http://museumofvision.org/bios/?key=69&subkey=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309030601/http://museumofvision.org/bios/?key=69&subkey=1|archivedate=2017-03-09|accessdate=2021-03-24}}</ref> * 2012: Tribeca Film Festival Disruptive Innovation Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Patricia Bath – Laserphaco|url=https://www.disruptorawards.com/2012-honoree-blog/2017/1/19/laserphaco-dr-patricia-bath|work=Disruptor Awards|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> * 2013: Association of Black Women Physicians Award Achievement Award for Ophthalmology Contributions <ref>Association of Black Women Physicians. (2020). Virtual 39th Annual Charity and Scholarship Benefit. [Program].https://www.blackwomenphysicians.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ABWP-2020-BOOK-updated-10-22.pdf</ref> <ref name="Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site" /> * 2014: Onyinye Onye isi ala Alpha Kappa maka ahụike na sayensị ahụike <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Distinguished Women of Alpha Kappa Alpha|url=https://theshadowleague.com/the-distinguished-women-of-alpha-kappa-alpha/|date=January 15, 2016|work=The Shadow League|language=en-US|accessdate=May 9, 2020}}</ref> * 2014: Howard University Charter Day Award for Distinguiated Achievement in Ophthalmology and Medicine <ref name="Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site">{{Cite web|title=Honors – Dr. Patricia Bath|url=https://drpatriciabath.com/honors/|accessdate=2021-03-21|work=Dr. Patricia Bath – Just another WordPress site}}</ref> * 2017: Medscape otu n'ime 12 "Ndị dọkịta ụmụ nwanyị gbanwere usoro ọgwụgwọ America" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medscape.com/features/slideshow/women-physicians#page=13|title=Medscape: Medscape Access}}</ref> * 2017: ''Magazin Time'' "Mbụ: Ụmụ nwanyị Na-agbanwe Ụwa" maka ịbụ ndị mbụ chepụtara ma gosipụta ịwa ahụ cataract laserphaco <ref>[http://time.com/collection/firsts/4898565/patricia-bath-firsts/ "THE INVENTOR: Patricia Bath | First person to invent and demonstrate laserphaco cataract surgery"], Firsts, ''Time''.</ref> * 2017: Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Hunter College of Fame induction <ref>[http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/communications/pressroom/news/hispanic-federation-president-jose-calderon-inducted-into-the-hunter-college-hall-of-fame-by-hunter-college-president-jennifer-j.-raab "Hispanic Federation President Jose Calderón Inducted Into The Hunter College Hall of Fame by Hunter College President Jennifer J. Raab"], Hunter College.</ref> * 2018: Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nkà Mmụta Ọgwụ nke New York John Stearns Medal maka onyinye pụrụ iche na ọgwụgwọ ahụike, maka mmepụta nke ịwa ahụ cataract laserphaco <ref>[https://nyam.org/events/event/171st-anniversary-discourse-awards-and-annual-meeting-voting-fellows/ "The 171st Anniversary Discourse & Awards and Annual Meeting of the Voting Fellows"], The New York Academy of Medicine, November 1, 2018.</ref> * 2018: Alliance for Aging Research: Silver Innovator Award maka onyinye na nyocha maka igbochi ìsì <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190112044350/https://www.agingresearch.org/event/2018dinner/awardees/ "25th Annual Bipartisan Congressional Awards Dinner"], Alliance for Aging Research, October 2, 2018.</ref> * 2021, a mara ọkwa na ọ ga-abụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii abụọ mbụ (ya na Marian Croak ) ga-abanye na National Inventors Hall of Fame . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Scottie Andrew|title=Black women will be inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for the first time|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/28/us/inventors-hall-of-fame-first-black-women-scn-cec/index.html|accessdate=2021-09-28|work=CNN}}</ref> Dr. Bath abụrụla onye otu ndị American College of Surgeons site na 1976 ruo 1989, onye otu American Academy of Ophthalmology, yana onye otu American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery na Association for Research in Vision na. Ophthalmology . <ref name="StGeorgesUniversity"/> Bath ejirila mahadum abụọ sọpụrụ ya. Hunter College debere ya na "ụlọ a ma ama" ya na 1988 na Mahadum Howard kwupụtara na ya "Howard University Pioneer in Academic Medicine" na 1993. E bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto banyere ndụ ya na ọrụ ya na sayensị, gụnyere "Patricia's Vision: The Dọkịta nke zọpụtara anya" nke Michelle Lord; <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lord|first=Michelle|title=Patricia’s Vision: The Doctor Who Saved Sight|date=2020|publisher=Sterling Children’s Books|isbn=978-1454931379|pages=48|url=https://www.unionsquareandco.com/9781454931379/|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> "Patricia Bath na Laser Surgery" nke Ellen Labrecqua, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Labrecqua|first=Ellen|title=Patricia Bath and Laser Surgery|date=2017|publisher=Cherry Lake Publishing|isbn=9781634721806|pages=24|edition=21st Century Junior Library|url=https://cherrylakepublishing.com/shop/show/50780|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> na "Dọkịta nwere anya maka anya: Akụkọ banyere Dr. Patricia Bath" nke Julia Finley Mosca dere, <ref name="mosca"/> nke ma National National kwuru. Ndị Nkụzi Sayensị Sayensị na Ndekọ Akwụkwọ Ọha nke Chicago nke akwụkwọ ụmụaka kacha mma nke afọ. Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke obere egwuregwu, "The Prize (banyere Dr. Patricia Bath)" nke Cynthia L. Cooper <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cooper|first=Cynthia|title=The Prize (about Dr. Patricia Bath)|url=https://newplayexchange.org/plays/1652547/prize-about-dr-patricia-bath|work=NPX: National New Play Network|accessdate=13 January 2022}}</ref> dere. * Usoro iheomume nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị * Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Africa-American * Ndepụta ndị nwanyị Alfa Kappa == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cm3lx9m37c6sv0qpmpqgqex2vkhq6ou Jisoo 0 12299 195351 91616 2024-11-19T00:27:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kim Ji-soo''' ( Korean ; amuru Jenuarị 3, 1995), nke amara aha ya dika '''Jisoo''', bu onye South Korea na-abụ abụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ rụrụ arụ dị ka onye so na otu nwa agbọghọ Blackpink, nke YG Entertainment hibere, na August 2016. Na Disemba 2021, Jisoo gbara aka na ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye ndu onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri JTBC ''Snowdrop'' . == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Kim Ji-soo na Jenụwarị 3, 1995 <ref name="BoF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1|title=Jisoo|date=September 30, 2019|work=The Business of Fashion|accessdate=October 6, 2019|archivedate=February 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203220730/https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A beginner's guide to Blackpink, the all-singing, all-rapping, all-female K-pop band|url=https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/beginners-guide-blackpink-2426858|work=NME|author=Daly|first=Rhian|date=January 4, 2019|accessdate=February 11, 2022|archivedate=October 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003142235/https://www.nme.com/blogs/nme-blogs/beginners-guide-blackpink-2426858}}</ref> na Gunpo, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=201706230815003&sec_id=540301&pt=nv|title=[아이돌 고향을 찾아서①] 우리 고향 아이돌 누가 있을까|author=Son|first=Minji|date=June 23, 2017|work=Sports Tendency (in Korean)|accessdate=April 20, 2019|archivedate=June 5, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132948/http://sports.khan.co.kr/entertainment/sk_index.html?art_id=201706230815003&sec_id=540301&pt=nv}}</ref>  <ref name="ABS-CBN">{{Cite web|title=WILD ROMANCE! Blackpink and Lady Gaga are teaming up|url=https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/starstudio/stories/2020/05/look/wild-romance-blackpink-and-lady-gaga-are-teaming-up|work=[[ABS-CBN Corporation|ABS-CBN]]|author=Barredo|first=Charlie|date=May 3, 2020|accessdate=February 11, 2022|archivedate=May 5, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505173300/https://lifestyle.abs-cbn.com/starstudio/stories/2020/05/look/wild-romance-blackpink-and-lady-gaga-are-teaming-up}}</ref> O nwere nwanne nwoke na nwanne nwanyị tọrọ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blackpinkupdate.com/blackpink-jisoo-was-spotted-at-her-brother-wedding-party/|title=BLACKPINK Members Spotted at Jisoo's Brother Wedding Party|date=May 11, 2019|accessdate=July 4, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.allkpop.com/article/2020/06/blackpinks-jisoos-family-is-one-of-the-k-pops-most-attractive-families|title=BLACKPINK's Jisoo's family is one of K-Pop's most attractive families|date=June 13, 2020|accessdate=September 29, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-agba bọọlụ basketball ma na-eme Taekwondo . <ref name="scmp">{{Cite news|url=https://amp.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3087692/jisoo-blackpink-mystery-girl-global-sensation-her-story-so|title=Jisoo of Blackpink: from 'mystery girl' to global sensation, her story so far|publisher=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=June 6, 2020|accessdate=March 5, 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado otu nwoke Korea TVXQ . <ref name="scmp" /> Jisoo gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na School of Performing Arts Seoul ; <ref name="BoF" /> na klaasị 11, o hiwere ụlọ egwuregwu ihe nkiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ahụmịhe karịa na ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ site na ịga mgbakọ. <ref name="marie claire">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a34359777/blackpink-members/#:~:text=%22I'm%20living%20a%20very,because%20I%20needed%20the%20experience.|title=BLACKPINK's Jennie, Rosé, Jisoo, and Lisa: What to Know|publisher=[[Marie Claire]]|date=October 14, 2020|accessdate=March 13, 2021}}</ref> === 2011–2016: Mmalite ọrụ na mpụta mbụ ya na Blackpink === N'afọ 2011, Jisoo sonyeere YG Entertainment dị ka onye na-azụ ọzụzụ mgbe ọ gafechara nyocha ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3026175|title=BlackPink's long journey to the top : After six years as trainees, YG's newest girl group now dominates the charts|author=Lee|first=Mi-hyun|date=November 15, 2016|work=Korea Joongang Daily|accessdate=April 28, 2019|archivedate=June 5, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605132956/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=3026175}}</ref> N'October 2014, ọ pụtara na vidiyo egwu Epik High maka "SPOILER + HAPPEN ENDING" dịka nwa agbọghọ obi mgbawa. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbara egwu na vidiyo egwu Hi Suhyun maka "M dị iche" dị ka enyi nwanyị Bobby . Na 2015, Jisoo mere nputa cameo na KBS2 drama ''The Producers'' ya na onye otu lebelu ya bu Sandara Park nke 2NE1 and Kang Seung-yoon nke Winner . <ref name="Cameo">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201906101817318010|title='아스달 연대기' 측 "블랙핑크 지수 출연, 역할 방송통해 확인 부탁"(공식입장)|accessdate=June 10, 2019|date=June 6, 2019|work=Newsen}}</ref> Jisoo putara mbu dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị ochie n'ime mmadụ anọ nke otu nwa agbọghọ Blackpink na August 8, 2016, n'akụkụ Jennie, Rosé na Lisa, na ntọhapụ nke otu album ha ''Square One'' . === 2017- dị ugbu a: Mgbalị Solo na ime ihe === Site na 2017 ruo 2018, Jisoo sonyeere ''Inkigayo'' dị ka onye ọbịa n'akụkụ Got7 's Jin- Young na NCT 's Doyoung . <ref name="MC">{{Cite web|title=블랙핑크 지수 "'인기가요' MC 하차, 블랙핑크로 돌아오겠다" 소감|url=http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1110827645|work=Osen|accessdate=May 29, 2019|language=ko|date=February 4, 2018|archivedate=June 5, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605064948/http://www.osen.co.kr/article/G1110827645}}</ref> O buru ụzọ tinye aka n'ime ihe nkiri na 2019 site na obere mpụta cameo na ihe nkiri fantasy tvN ''Arthdal Chronicles'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/ap/news/1048406/blackpink-s-jisoo-2pm-s-nichkhun-are-confirmed-to-appear-on-arthdal-chronicles|title=BLACKPINK's Jisoo & 2PM's Nichkhun Are Confirmed To Appear On Arthdal Chronicles|date=June 11, 2019|work=E! Online|language=en|accessdate=June 24, 2019|archivedate=June 29, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629092523/https://www.eonline.com/ap/news/1048406/blackpink-s-jisoo-2pm-s-nichkhun-are-confirmed-to-appear-on-arthdal-chronicles}}</ref> N<nowiki>'afọ 2020, Jisoo dekọtara otu onye ndu '' Lovesick Girls '' nke album studio mbụ n'</nowiki>asụsụ Korea nke Blackpink ''The Album'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 29, 2020|title=블랙핑크 지수-제니, 신곡 '러브식 걸스' 작사-작곡 참여..카디 비 수록곡 피처링(공식)|url=http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=202009290909418479438_1|accessdate=September 29, 2020|work=Herald Pop|language=ko|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154420/http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=202009290909418479438_1}}</ref> Na Ọgọst 18, 2020 YG Entertainment kwadoro na Jisoo ga-eme egwuregwu na ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka onye ndu onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri JTBC ''Snowdrop'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003398291|title=[단독] 블랙핑크 지수, '설강화' 전격 캐스팅…주연 꿰찼다|date=August 22, 2020|work=My Daily|language=ko|accessdate=August 18, 2020|archivedate=August 19, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819041737/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=117&aid=0003398291}}</ref> n'akụkụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Jung Hae-in . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0004284318|title='설강화' 정해인→블랙핑크 지수, '믿고 보는 라인업' 완성..'SKY캐슬' 제작진 재회[공식]|date=October 5, 2020|work=Osen|language=ko|accessdate=October 5, 2020|archivedate=October 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160658/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0004284318}}</ref> Usoro a bido gosiwe site na Disemba 18, 2021, ruo Jenụwarị 30, 2022, na JTBC n'ime ụlọ yana na Disney + mba ụwa. N'agbanyeghị esemokwu ndị metụtara ebubo ụgha akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe nkiri ahụ, ndị nkatọ nabatara omume Jisoo nke ọma, bụ ndị kwuru na ọ "na-egosipụta n'ezie ike ya" nakwa na "oke ya bụ ihe kwesịrị ịja mma". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nme.com/en_asia/reviews/tv-reviews/snowdrop-review-blackpink-jisoo-jung-hae-in-k-drama-disney-plus-3157617|author=Raj|first=Tanu|title='Snowdrop' review: a bastardisation of the struggle of a nation|date=February 9, 2022|accessdate=February 9, 2022|publisher=[[NME]]}}</ref> YG Entertainment kwadoro na mputa mbu Jisoo dị ka onye na-agwu egwu so ya no na-arụ ọrụ mana enweghị ụbọchị n'ihi nkwa ya na ịse ''Snowdrop'' . Ọ ga-abụ onye ikpeazụ na Blackpink mere mpụta mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/life/entertainment/blackpinks-lisa-to-release-solo-album-next-month|title=Blackpink's Lisa to release solo album next month|date=August 27, 2021|accessdate=August 27, 2021|work=The Straits Times (Singapore)}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Na mgbakwunye na onye Korea ya, Jisoo mụtakwara ịsụ Chinese, Japanese na Bekee. <ref name="BoF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1|title=Jisoo|date=September 30, 2019|work=The Business of Fashion|accessdate=October 6, 2019|archivedate=February 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203220730/https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1 "Jisoo"]. </cite></ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ rọrọ nrọ ịghọ onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede. <ref name="marie claire">{{Cite news|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a34359777/blackpink-members/#:~:text=%22I'm%20living%20a%20very,because%20I%20needed%20the%20experience.|title=BLACKPINK's Jennie, Rosé, Jisoo, and Lisa: What to Know|publisher=[[Marie Claire]]|date=October 14, 2020|accessdate=March 13, 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.marieclaire.com/culture/a34359777/blackpink-members/#:~:text=%22I'm%20living%20a%20very,because%20I%20needed%20the%20experience. "BLACKPINK's Jennie, Rosé, Jisoo, and Lisa: What to Know"]. </cite></ref> Tupu mmalite ya, Jisoo binyere nne na nna ya, ụmụnne ya na nne na nna ya ochie. <ref name="marie claire" /> == Mmetụta na mmetụta == [[Usòrò:Kim_Ji-soo_in_Sydney_on_June_15th,_2019_04.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Jisoo na arụmọrụ Sydney June 2019]] [[Usòrò:210928_Jisoo.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Jisoo na Dior Fall 2021]] A họọrọ Jisoo dị ka arụsị K-pop nke iri kachasị ewu ewu na 2018 na 17th na 2019 na nyocha kwa afọ nke Gallup Korea mere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=974|title=2018년 올해를 빛낸 가수와 가요 - 최근 12년간 추이 포함|publisher=Gallup Korea|date=November 30, 2018|language=ko|accessdate=May 29, 2019|archivedate=February 2, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202162923/https://www.gallup.co.kr/gallupdb/reportContent.asp?seqNo=974}}</ref> Na 2019, ahọpụtara ya dị ka arụsị K-pop nwanyị nke isii ama ama na nyocha nke ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ agha amanyere na South Korea . <ref name="soldiers">{{Cite web|title=Sana de Twice es elegida la cantante más popular por los soldados de Corea del Sur|url=https://larepublica.pe/cultura-asiatica/2019/11/09/sana-minatozaki-de-twice-es-escogida-la-idol-de-k-pop-favorita-de-los-soldados-de-corea-del-sur/|work=[[La República]]|accessdate=June 13, 2020|language=es|date=November 10, 2019|archivedate=November 9, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109235625/https://larepublica.pe/cultura-asiatica/2019/11/09/sana-minatozaki-de-twice-es-escogida-la-idol-de-k-pop-favorita-de-los-soldados-de-corea-del-sur/}}</ref> Dịka nke February 2021, ọ bụ arụsị K-pop nke atọ a na-agbaso na Instagram, yana onye otu ya Rosé . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3120535/who-are-10-most-followed-k-pop-stars-instagram-blackpink|title=Who are the 10 most-followed K-pop stars on Instagram? Blackpink members Lisa, Jennie, Rosé and Jisoo top the list, but Exo's Chanyeol, Sehun and Baekhyun aren't far behind|author=Choi|first=Ha Rin|date=February 5, 2021|work=South China Morning Post|accessdate=June 21, 2021|archivedate=February 11, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211031245/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3120535/who-are-10-most-followed-k-pop-stars-instagram-blackpink}}</ref> N’afọ 2019, akpọrọ aha ya na BoF 500, “ntụgharị aka ọkachamara doro anya” nke ndị mmadụ na-akpụzi ụlọ ọrụ ejiji $2.4 trillion. <ref name="BoF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1|title=Jisoo|date=September 30, 2019|work=The Business of Fashion|accessdate=October 6, 2019|archivedate=February 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203220730/https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businessoffashion.com/community/people/jisoo?collections=19&nationalities=115&offset=1 "Jisoo"]. </cite></ref> Agụnyere Jisoo na ọkwa maka ndị ama ama iri kachasị na ndị na-eme ihe na-eduga ụwa ịchọ mma maka ọnwa ise mbụ nke 2020. ''Women's Wear Daily'', akwụkwọ akụkọ ahia ahia ejiji, kpughere na Jisoo na-edu ọkwa na ntinye aka na nkezi, [[Rihanna]] na Kylie Jenner sochiri ya. <ref name="WWD">{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/media/beauty-celebs-influencers-keep-engaging-better-than-brands-on-social-media-1203663314/|title=Beauty Celebs, Influencers Keep Engaging Better Than Brands on Social Media|date=June 30, 2020|work=Women's Wear Daily|accessdate=July 8, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154525/https://wwd.com/business-news/media/beauty-celebs-influencers-keep-engaging-better-than-brands-on-social-media-1203663314/}}</ref> O debere 7th na ọkwa n'ozuzu ya n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ọkwa kacha nta na naanị 12 na mkpokọta. Jisoo bụ naanị onye East [[Asia]] na ndepụta ahụ. <ref name="oicanadian">{{Cite web|url=https://oicanadian.com/beauty-kylie-jenner-and-rihanna-are-the-biggest-influencers|title=Beauty, Kylie Jenner, and Rihanna are the biggest influencers|date=July 6, 2020|work=Oicanadian|accessdate=July 8, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154321/https://oicanadian.com/beauty-kylie-jenner-and-rihanna-are-the-biggest-influencers}}</ref> Na June 2020, ụdị Jisoo dị na teasers maka otu Blackpink ' Otu Ị masịrị nke ahụ ' malitere ịrịa na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ndị na-eme ememme na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na South Korea, China, Thailand, na Vietnam ṅomiri "ụdị ndozi isi abụọ" na etemeete, nke Jisoo kere onwe ya. <ref name="kenh14">{{Cite web|url=https://m.kenh14.vn/black-pink-vua-ra-mv-chi-em-da-thi-nhau-lam-toc-giong-jisoo-nhuom-toc-nhu-jennie-ai-cung-xinh-chat-phat-hon-20200627153352738.chn|title=Black Pink vừa ra MV, chị em đã thi nhau làm tóc giống Jisoo, nhuộm tóc như Jennie, ai cũng xinh chất phát hờn|date=June 27, 2020|work=kenh14|accessdate=July 20, 2020|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044113/https://kenh14.vn/black-pink-vua-ra-mv-chi-em-da-thi-nhau-lam-toc-giong-jisoo-nhuom-toc-nhu-jennie-ai-cung-xinh-chat-phat-hon-20200627153352738.chn}}</ref> "Ụdị ntụpọ" ya, echiche etemeete ọ malitere, malitere na nyiwe mgbasa ozi dịka Instagram iji kwalite ihe ịma aka n'etiti ndị na-akwado esenidụt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marieclairekorea.com/2020/09/beauty/%ec%a0%90%eb%a7%8c-%ec%9e%98-%ec%b0%8d%ec%96%b4%eb%8f%84/|title=점만 잘 찍어도!|date=September 15, 2020|work=Marie Claire Korea|language=ko|accessdate=September 15, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154315/http://www.marieclairekorea.com/beauty/2020/09/%EC%A0%90%EB%A7%8C-%EC%9E%98-%EC%B0%8D%EC%96%B4%EB%8F%84/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allure.com/story/blackpink-how-you-like-that-makeup-artist-allure-korea-interview|title=Blackpink's Makeup Artist Shares Stories Behind the Beloved Looks in the "How You Like That" Music Video|date=July 20, 2020|work=Allure|language=en|accessdate=September 15, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154513/https://www.allure.com/story/blackpink-how-you-like-that-makeup-artist-allure-korea-interview}}</ref> Jisoo họọrọ nke mbụ na ndepụta aha njirimara nkeonwe nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha Korea Enterprise mepụtara, nke nyochara data sitere na ụdị na omume ndị na-ere ahịa n'ịntanetị iji tụọ ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na oriri na mmasị ika. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.futurekorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=140156|title=[브랜드평판] 걸그룹 개인 브랜드 2020년 9월 빅데이터 분석결과... 1위 블랙핑크 지수, 2위 오마이걸 유아, 3위 블랙핑크 제니|date=September 20, 2020|work=Future Korea|language=ko|accessdate=September 20, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154447/http://www.futurekorea.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=140156}}</ref> Onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nyocha asụsụ Korea Seong-sun Lim kwuru na ebili mmiri Korea na mpaghara ụwa na-emebi ngwa ngwa ọdịnala ọdịnala Western, na-akpọ Jisoo na Jungkook dị ka ụkpụrụ maka ịma mma ụwa karịa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Olivia Hussey na [[James Dean]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cnews.beyondpost.co.kr/view.php?ud=202009221018471787499def050a_30|title=세종대왕과 방탄소년단(BTS)|date=September 22, 2020|work=Beyond Post|language=ko|accessdate=September 22, 2020|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044114/https://cliimage.commutil.kr/beyondpost_www/new/css/jquery.fancybox.css?pp=035}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, mmụba Dior na ahịa n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na South Korea bụ nke sitere na mgbasa ozi ahịa ya na ndị na-abụ abụ Korea, gụnyere Jisoo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=295094|title=Dior grows rapidly to threaten Chanel, Hermes here|date=August 28, 2020|work=The Korea Times|language=en|accessdate=August 28, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154505/http://m.koreatimes.co.kr/pages/article.asp?newsIdx=295094}}</ref> Ọ pụtara na nkwalite maka Dior ọhụrụ Bobby akpa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama influencers dị ka Chiara Ferragni na Kat Graham . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/media/what-to-watch-the-mega-influencer-is-here-to-stay-1234571897/|title=The Mega-Influencer Is Here to Stay|date=September 4, 2020|work=Women's Wear Daily|language=en|accessdate=September 6, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154336/https://wwd.com/business-news/media/what-to-watch-the-mega-influencer-is-here-to-stay-1234571897/}}</ref> Njirimara Jisoo na mkpọsa Dior's Fall/Winter 2020 kpaliri onye na-eme ihe nkiri Liza Soberano iyi akwa ịchafụ Dior's Oblique. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.style/beauty/makeup/liza-soberano-blackpink-jisoo/27032|title=Liza Soberano Channeled BLACKPINK Jisoo For This Look—We're Obsessed!|date=September 8, 2020|work=METRO style|language=en|accessdate=September 8, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154346/https://metro.style/beauty/makeup/liza-soberano-blackpink-jisoo/27032}}</ref> N'ihe ngosi mkpokọta mmiri/okpomọkụ 2021 nke ika a, Jisoo dọtara mmasị dị ka onye nnọchi anya Korea. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=190943|title=블랙핑크 지수, 디올 '21SS 레디투웨어' 패션쇼 韓대표 참석|date=October 9, 2020|work=Single List|language=ko|accessdate=October 9, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154502/http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=190943}}</ref> Ọbịbịa ya na ihe ngosi ahụ nwetara Dior ọkwa ọkwa ya kachasị elu, yana nkezi 33% MIV, [lower-alpha 1] kemgbe ihe ngosi Fall 2020 ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/paris-fashion-week-confirms-power-of-runway-show-1234644086/|title=Paris Fashion Week Confirms the Power of the Runway|date=October 26, 2020|work=Women's Wear Daily|language=en|accessdate=October 26, 2020|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044042/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/paris-fashion-week-confirms-power-of-runway-show-1234644086/}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, onye isi ihe okike Maria Grazia Chiuri kpughere na mkpokọta Dior's Autumn/Winter 2021 sitere na Jisoo. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/miss-vogue/gallery/jisoo-blackpink-dior?image=60435fa98d0dbfdec2f29812|title=13 Of Jisoo's Most Stylish Dior Looks In Honour Of Her New Role As House Ambassador|date=March 6, 2021|work=Miss Vogue|language=en|accessdate=March 6, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044118/https://www.vogue.co.uk/miss-vogue/gallery/jisoo-blackpink-dior?image=60435fa98d0dbfdec2f29812}}</ref> E gosikwara na otu n'ime ndo iri nke Dior Addict Lip Glow lip balm, #025 Seoul Scarlet, sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Korea dị ka Jisoo. <ref name="harper's bazaar korea">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55500|title=블랙핑크 지수, 또 한 번 미모 리즈 갱신?|date=May 24, 2021|work=Harper's Bazaar Korea|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=June 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601024548/https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55500}}</ref> Ọbịbịa ya na ihe ngosi nchịkọta Dior Spring/Summer 2022 kpalitere mkpọtụ ma n'ime ma na mpụga ebe Jardin des Tuileries . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/dior-spring-summer-2022-show-trends/amp?__twitter_impression=true|title=4 fashion trends spotted at the Dior Spring/Summer 2022 show|date=September 28, 2021|work=Vogue France|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009134857/https://www.vogue.fr/fashion/article/dior-spring-summer-2022-show-trends/amp?__twitter_impression=true}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/blackpink-jisoo-elizabeth-debicki-rosamund-pike-dior-spring-1234951316/|title=Blackpink's Jisoo, Elizabeth Debicki and Rosamund Pike on Dior's Starry Front Row|date=September 28, 2021|work=Women's Wear Daily|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009134855/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/blackpink-jisoo-elizabeth-debicki-rosamund-pike-dior-spring-1234951316/}}</ref> Ihe mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi Jisoo nwere uru kachasị elu nke ihe ọ bụla metụtara ihe omume ahụ, na naanị mmadụ abụọ posts na mgbasa ozi puku abụọ na-eduga na ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa nke $ 15.7 nde maka ụlọ ejiji n'oge Paris Fashion Week . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/jisoo-blackpink-dior-social-media-impact-1234971058/|title=Blackpink's Jisoo and Dior Rocked the Internet During Paris Fashion Week|date=October 8, 2021|work=Women's Wear Daily|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009022908/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/jisoo-blackpink-dior-social-media-impact-1234971058/}}</ref> Na Machị 2021, ogo ngwa <nowiki><i id="mw2A">KartRider Rush+</i></nowiki> mụbara ruo ebe 11 mgbe ọkwa imewe ya na Jisoo gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gamefocus.co.kr/detail.php?number=114957|title=개발진 교체, 대규모 업데이트 앞둔 넥슨 V4 'TOP10' 재진입... 데브시스터즈 '쿠키런 킹덤' TOP5|date=March 2, 2021|work=Game Focus|language=ko|accessdate=March 6, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044052/https://hb.vntsm.com/v3/live/ad-manager.min.js}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ọ sonyere na enwetakwara nzaghachi dị mma site n'aka ndị ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalchosun.dizzo.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/03/23/2021032380122.html|title='팬슈머' 움직이는 콜라보의 미학…유통업계, 유명인과 브랜드의 특별한 만남 눈길|date=March 23, 2021|work=Digital Chosun|language=ko|accessdate=April 17, 2021|archivedate=April 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417082357/http://digitalchosun.dizzo.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/03/23/2021032380122.html}}</ref> == Nkwado na ejiji == [[Usòrò:Kim_Ji-soo_at_the_Dior_Pop-Up_Store_Opening_Event_on_August_19,_2019_(5).png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Jisoo na mmemme mmeghe ụlọ ahịa Dior Pop-Up na 2019]] Tupu mmalite ya na Blackpink, Jisoo gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi maka Samsonite, Smart Uniform, LG Electronics, na Nikon . <ref>{{Cite web|date=January 16, 2015|title=YG 신인 걸그룹 김지수, 데뷔 전부터 이민호와 CF모델 발탁|url=http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/418421|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605064942/http://tenasia.hankyung.com/archives/418421|archivedate=June 5, 2019|accessdate=April 28, 2019|work=Ten Asia}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 25, 2015|title=Kim JISOO & iKON & Chosen as School Uniform models 'Smart Uniform'|url=https://www.blackpinkyg.com/2015/08/kim-jisoo-ikon-chosen-as-school-uniform.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723055320/http://www.blackpinkyg.com/2015/08/kim-jisoo-ikon-chosen-as-school-uniform.html|archivedate=July 23, 2019|accessdate=April 28, 2019|work=Blackpink YG}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=March 24, 2016|title=iKON Together with YG's Kim Jisoo Became New Commercial Models for LG Smart Phones|url=http://ygunited.com/2016/03/ikon-together-ygs-kim-jisoo-became-new-commercial-models-lg-smart-phones/#|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710090431/https://ygunited.com/2016/03/ikon-together-ygs-kim-jisoo-became-new-commercial-models-lg-smart-phones/|archivedate=July 10, 2019|accessdate=April 28, 2019|work=YG United}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2, 2015|title=Small but strong ... Nikon announces Nikon 1 J5 lens interchangeable camera|url=http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20150402000880&md=20150402142245_BL|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203220724/http://news.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=20150402000880&md=20150402142245_BL|archivedate=February 3, 2020|accessdate=April 28, 2019|work=The Korea Herald (in Korean)}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Jisoo na onye otu nwoke Rosé ghọrọ ụdị nkwado maka akara ịchọ mma [[Japan]] Kiss Me. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pop.heraldcorp.com/view.php?ud=201809270949120680534_1|title=블랙핑크 지수X로제, 메이크업 브랜드 모델 발탁..트렌디 매력UP|date=September 27, 2018|work=Herald Pop|language=ko|accessdate=July 14, 2019|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044052/https://media.adpnut.com/cgi-bin/PelicanC.dll?impr%3Fpageid=01rl&out=script}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2021, ụdị uwe ndị Korea Ọ Michaa họpụtara Jisoo ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nka maka mkpokọta mmiri 2021 ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003401318|title=블랙핑크 지수, 사랑스러움이 한도초과…봄을 부르는 워너비 비주얼[화보]|date=February 19, 2021|work=Herald Pop|language=ko|accessdate=February 19, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044114/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003401318}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka mkpọsa oge okpomọkụ nke afọ 2021 na ahịrị It Michaa, Maka otu ụbọchị Michaa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001295400|title='블랙핑크 지수, 고급스러운 비주얼 [화보]|date=May 6, 2021|work=Xportsnews|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524033721/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/311/0001295400}}</ref> N'August 2021, ahọpụtara Jisoo ka ọ bụrụ onye nkwuchite maka akara mkpụmkpụ Korea CELEBe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lee|first=Seung-hoon|date=August 9, 2021|title=블랙핑크 지수, 코리안 숏폼 메인모델 발탁.."국내 시작→글로벌로 나아가길" [공식]|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0004453409|accessdate=August 9, 2021|work=Osen|language=ko|archivedate=August 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025703/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0004453409}}</ref> === Dior === Na Disemba 2019, Jisoo ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya mpaghara maka akara ịchọ mma Dior, Dior Beauty. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=261677|title='블랙핑크' 지수, 디올 뷰티 로컬 앰버서더로 발탁|date=December 18, 2019|work=Star Daily News|language=ko|accessdate=January 31, 2020|archivedate=July 4, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704155453/http://www.stardailynews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=261677}}</ref> N'oge okpomọkụ na-esote, a na-ewe Jisoo ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi nka nke Dior <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.co.kr/article/47453|title=디올의 뮤즈 지수, 청량한 여름을 닮은|date=July 3, 2020|work=Elle Korea|language=ko|accessdate=July 20, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154355/https://www.elle.co.kr/article/47453}}</ref> wee mee ya maka mkpokọta Dior's Fall/Winter 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.style/fashion/metrostylewatch/jisoo-for-dior/26769|title=Check Out Jisoo From BLACKPINK Clad In All Dior—We're Obsessed!|date=August 25, 2020|work=METRO style|language=en|accessdate=August 25, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154506/https://metro.style/fashion/metrostylewatch/jisoo-for-dior/26769}}</ref> Na Septemba 2020, Jisoo kpuchiri mbipụta 155th 2020 nke ''Dazed'' ''Korea'', ebe ya na Dior kwurịtara ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003340571|title=블랙핑크 지수, 단아+강인한 매력..눈부신 미모[화보]|date=September 9, 2020|work=Herald Pop|language=ko|accessdate=September 9, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154356/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/112/0003340571}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dazedkorea.com/fashion/article/1061/detail.do|title=세계를 매료시킨 '지수다움'의 정의, <데이즈드>와 지수의 첫 만남을 통해 그 깊고도 새로운 서막이 시작됐다.|date=September 9, 2020|work=Dazed Korea|language=ko|accessdate=September 9, 2020|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154502/http://www.dazedkorea.com/fashion/article/1061/detail.do}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ isi ihe nlereanya maka "Pasha de cartier " cartier. <ref name="Digital Chosun">{{Cite web|title=블랙핑크 지수, 어떤 각도에서 바라봐도 완벽한 미모|url=http://digitalchosun.dizzo.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/09/11/2020091180026.html|work=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|language=ko|author=Kwon|first=Yeon-soo|date=September 11, 2020|accessdate=February 11, 2022|archivedate=January 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109154351/http://digitalchosun.dizzo.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/09/11/2020091180026.html}}</ref> Na Disemba 2020, Jisoo were foto Lady Dior na akpa D'Lite na mkpokọta Dior's Cruise 2020–2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebae.com/2020/12/blackpink-jisoo-dior-cruise-2021-collection-lady-d-lite-handbags-connect-sneakers-editorial-harpers-bazaar-korea?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=twitter_post&utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1607927112|title=BLACKPINK'S JISOO DRESSES UP IN DIOR'S CRUISE 2021 COLLECTION|date=December 14, 2020|work=HYPEBAE|language=en|accessdate=December 15, 2020|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044105/https://hypebae.com/2020/12/blackpink-jisoo-dior-cruise-2021-collection-lady-d-lite-handbags-connect-sneakers-editorial-harpers-bazaar-korea#Echobox=1607927112}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/50677|title=모처럼의 휴일, 블랙핑크 지수는 무얼하며 보낼까?|date=December 13, 2020|work=Harper’s Bazaar Korea|language=ko|accessdate=December 15, 2020|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044110/https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/50677}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2021, Dior Beauty's "Dior Forever Skin Glow Cushion", nke Jisoo kwadoro, ka ewepụtara naanị na Korea. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wkorea.com/2021/01/04/%eb%b8%94%eb%9e%99%ed%95%91%ed%81%ac-%ec%a7%80%ec%88%98%ec%9d%98-%ea%b4%91%ec%b1%84-%ed%94%bc%eb%b6%80-%eb%b9%84%ea%b2%b0%ec%9d%80-%ec%a7%80%ec%88%98%ec%9d%98-%ec%8b%a0%ec%83%81-%eb%94%94%ec%98%ac/|title=블랙핑크 지수의 광채 피부 비결은? 지수의 신상 디올 쿠션 알아보기|date=January 4, 2021|work=W Korea|language=ko|accessdate=January 6, 2020|archivedate=October 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160524/https://www.wkorea.com/2021/01/04/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%95%91%ED%81%AC-%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98-%EA%B4%91%EC%B1%84-%ED%94%BC%EB%B6%80-%EB%B9%84%EA%B2%B0%EC%9D%80-%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98-%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%81-%EB%94%94%EC%98%AC/}}</ref> Ọ na-akwalite ika si mmiri/Summer mkpokọta, yi Dior si Caro akpa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/article/read/2/2021/24039/yuk-berkenalan-dengan-tas-dior-caro-favorit-jisoo-dan-bae-suzy|title=Yuk, Berkenalan dengan Tas Dior Caro Favorit Jisoo dan Bae Suzy|date=February 24, 2021|work=Cosmopolitan Indonesia|language=id|accessdate=March 7, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044127/https://www.cosmopolitan.co.id/article/read/2/2021/24039/yuk-berkenalan-dengan-tas-dior-caro-favorit-jisoo-dan-bae-suzy}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/023/0003591551?sid=103|title=디올(Dior) 뮤즈, 블랙핑크 지수의 고혹적 패션 화보|date=March 6, 2021|work=MNEWS|language=ko|accessdate=March 7, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044119/https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/023/0003591551?sid=103}}</ref> Na March na-esote, Jisoo kwadoro mmekọrịta ogologo oge ya na Dior mgbe ha kwupụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchianya ọhụrụ ha zuru ụwa ọnụ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/blackpink-jisoo-dior-fashion-beauty-ambassador-1234768835/|title=Blackpink Member Jisoo is Dior's New Fashion and Beauty Ambassador|date=March 6, 2021|work=Women's Wear Daily|language=en|accessdate=March 6, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044129/https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/blackpink-jisoo-dior-fashion-beauty-ambassador-1234768835/}}</ref> n'akụkụ Natalie Portman na Cara Delevingne . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insight.co.kr/news/328115|title=디올 화보서 흑발 휘날리며 물오른 여신 미모 과시한 블랙핑크 지수|date=March 6, 2021|work=Insight Korea|language=ko|accessdate=March 7, 2021|archivedate=May 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501044127/https://www.insight.co.kr/news/328115}}</ref> Na Mee 2021, Jisoo malitere ọrụ mmekọ mbụ ya na ika ahụ, na-aga n'ihu mkpọsa Dior Fall '21 na Dior Vespa dị ka kpakpando mkpuchi <nowiki><i id="mwAR4">Elle</i></nowiki> nke June, nke kụrụ shelf na mba anọ-Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore na [[Ndia|India]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000445041|title='인간 디올' 블랙핑크 지수, 아시아 4개국 동시 커버 장식|date=May 24, 2021|work=Newsen|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524032121/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000445041}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.hk/celebrity/Cover-story-404-jisoo|title=【封面專訪】JISOO @ BLACKPINK : 「只有真正了解自己，才能找到適合你的風格」|date=May 22, 2021|work=ELLE Hong kong|language=zh-hk|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522051148/https://www.elle.com.hk/celebrity/Cover-story-404-jisoo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com.sg/2021/05/22/unveiling-our-june-cover-star-south-korean-singer-and-actress-jisoo/|title=UNVEILING OUR JUNE COVER STAR: THE INIMITABLE SOUTH KOREAN SINGER AND ACTRESS, JISOO|date=May 22, 2021|work=ELLE Singapore|language=en|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 22, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522185817/https://www.elle.com.sg/2021/05/22/unveiling-our-june-cover-star-south-korean-singer-and-actress-jisoo/}}</ref> Jisoo mere Dior ọhụrụ ulo oru egbugbere ọnụ, Dior Riri egbugbere ọnụ Glow, maka Dior Mma usoro. <ref name="harper's bazaar korea">{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55500|title=블랙핑크 지수, 또 한 번 미모 리즈 갱신?|date=May 24, 2021|work=Harper's Bazaar Korea|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=June 1, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601024548/https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55500}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55500 "블랙핑크 지수, 또 한 번 미모 리즈 갱신?"]</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55214|title=오늘은 #시크지수|date=May 12, 2021|work=Harper's Bazaar Korea|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524042437/https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55214}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55282|title=무야호~ '지수'며들게하는 화보가 공개됐다|date=May 14, 2021|work=Harper's Bazaar Korea|language=ko|accessdate=May 24, 2021|archivedate=May 24, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524175717/https://www.harpersbazaar.co.kr/article/55282}}</ref> Na June 2021, Jisoo gara Dior Resort 2022 show na Gris Panthenaic Stadium, <ref name="diorresort2022" /> yi uwe linin na-acha ọcha niile nke onye isi ihe okike Maria Grazia Chiuri . <ref name="diorresort2022">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/10-best-dressed-jisoo-blackpink-nana-mensah-julia-fox|title=This Week, the Red Carpet's New Guard Were the Best Dressed Stars|date=June 21, 2021|work=Vogue|accessdate=July 9, 2021|archivedate=July 13, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713085708/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/10-best-dressed-jisoo-blackpink-nana-mensah-julia-fox}}</ref> Na Septemba 2021, Jisoo gara ihe ngosi Dior's Womenswear Spring/Summer 2022, emere n'oge izu Ejiji Paris 2021 na Jardin des Tuileries . Ọ nọdụrụ n'ahịrị n'ihu, n'akụkụ onye isi oche na CEO nke Dior, Pietro Beccari. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jisoo-dior-paris-fashion-week#intcid=_vogue-uk-bottom-recirc_e2b65dc4-85bb-445b-ad0a-77fce3c2b682_similar2-3|title=Jisoo Delivers On K-Pop Glamour At The Dior SS22 Show|date=September 28, 2021|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009132521/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jisoo-dior-paris-fashion-week#intcid=_vogue-uk-bottom-recirc_e2b65dc4-85bb-445b-ad0a-77fce3c2b682_similar2-3}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/blackpink-jisoo-dior-ss22-paris-fashion-week?utm_source=twitter&mbid=social_twitter&utm_social-type=owned&utm_medium=social&utm_brand=tv|title=BLACKPINK's Jisoo Attended the Dior SS22 Show at Paris Fashion Week|date=September 29, 2021|work=Teen Vogue|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009131943/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/blackpink-jisoo-dior-ss22-paris-fashion-week?utm_source=twitter&mbid=social_twitter&utm_social-type=owned&utm_medium=social&utm_brand=tv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsugar.co.uk/fashion/jisoo-dior-show-paris-fashion-week-48529898?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=post&utm_campaign=POPSUGARUK|title=Blackpink's Jisoo Shows Us How to Make a Grand Entrance at the Dior Paris Fashion Week Show|date=September 30, 2021|work=Pop Sugar UK|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009131942/https://www.popsugar.co.uk/fashion/jisoo-dior-show-paris-fashion-week-48529898?utm_medium=twitter&utm_source=post&utm_campaign=POPSUGARUK}}</ref> Tupu ihe ngosi ahụ, e dekọrọ njem ya na Paris na akaụntụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nke Dior, na-egosi oge sitere na nleta ya na ndị na-eri nri ụlọ na mkpali dị n'azụ nchịkọta mmiri/Summer 2022 na ebe nchekwa nke Lady Dior, nke aha ya bụ Princess Diana . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a37853865/blackpink-jisoo-dior-paris-trip-diary-video-photos/?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social-media&utm_campaign=socialflowTWELM|title=Inside Blackpink's Jisoo's Dior Paris Trip, From Her Video Diary To Intimate Visit Photos|date=October 4, 2021|work=Elle|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009002322/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a37853865/blackpink-jisoo-dior-paris-trip-diary-video-photos/?utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=socialflowTWELM&utm_medium=social-media}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jisoo-dior-atelier|title=Inside Jisoo's Touching First Trip To The Dior Ateliers|date=October 4, 2021|work=Vogue UK|accessdate=October 9, 2021|archivedate=October 9, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009131943/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jisoo-dior-atelier}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i19mcyupaxysj6hiudg3bwt6s1m6pmp Joanna Trollope 0 12511 195355 91870 2024-11-19T00:28:51Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joanna Trollope''' CBE / / ˈtrɒləp / ; amuru 9 Disemba 1943) bu onye odee Bekee. Odewokwa n'okpuru pseudonym nke '''Caroline Harvey''' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ ''Parson Harding's Daughter'' meriri na 1980 ihe nrite nke Romantic Novel of the Year site n'aka Associationtù Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ Romantic . == Akụkọ ndụ == === Mbido Ndụ === A mụrụ Trollope na 9 Disemba 1943 na ụlọ nna nna ya na Minchinhampton, Gloucestershire, England, ada Rosemary Hodson na Arthur George Cecil Trollope. Nna ya bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Oxford nke ghọrọ onye isi nke obere ụlọ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe. Nne ya bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede. <ref name="Allardice">{{Cite news|author=Allardice|first=Lisa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|title=Survival tactics|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2006|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> Nna ya gara ije agha na [[Ndia|India]] mgbe a mụrụ ya; ọ lọghachiri mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Reigate, Surrey, ebe ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụ atọ; Trollope nwere nwanne na nwanne. Trollope gụrụ akwụkwọ na Reigate County School for Girls, <ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|author=Bedell|first=Geraldine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gloucestershire-chronicles-joanna-trollopes-domestic-rural-novels-with-their-big-kitchen-tables-1494251.html|title=Gloucestershire Chronicles|work=The Independent on Sunday|date=27 June 1993|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> sochiri akwụkwọ mmụta 1961 na St Hugh's College, Oxford ebe ọ gụrụ Bekee. Nna ya bụ otu ezinụlọ dị ka onye edemede Victoria bụ Anthony Trollope ; ọ bụ nwa nwanne ya nke ọgbọ nke ise, <ref name="Quindy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/joanna-trollope-you-ask-the-questions-484828.html|title=Joanna Trollope: You Ask the Questions|date=3 February 2005|work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> na ọ bụ nwanne nna nke onye edemede na onye mgbasa ozi James Trollope. Maka iketa aha ahụ, o kwuru: === Ọrụ === Site na 1965 ruo 1967, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Office Ofesi na Commonwealth . Mgbe ọ bụ onye ọrụ obodo, ọ nyochara Eastern Europe na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti China na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. Site na 1967 ruo 1979, e were ya n'ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nkuzi tupu ọ ghọọ onye edemede oge niile na 1980. Trollope malitere ide akụkọ gbasara ịhụnanya n'okpuru pseudonym nke Caroline Harvey, aha mbụ nke nne na nna nna ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị a bụ nkà mmụta ya dị irè, ọ bịara kwere: "Ọ bụ ụdị na-ezighị ezi maka oge ahụ." <ref name="Allardice">{{Cite news|author=Allardice|first=Lisa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|title=Survival tactics|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2006|accessdate=24 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAllardice2006">Allardice, Lisa (11 February 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10 "Survival tactics"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye di ya nke abụọ, Ian Curteis gbara ume, a kpaliri ya ka ọ gbanwee gaa na akụkọ ifo nke oge a bụ nke a maara ya. <ref name="Das">{{Cite news|author=Das|first=Lina|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/joanne-trollope-marriage-breakdown-relief-could-tell-people/|title=Joanna Trollope: My marriage breakdown was a relief – I could tell people I was in turmoil|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=13 May 2017|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> ''The Choir'', nke e bipụtara na 1987, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya. <ref name="Quindy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/joanna-trollope-you-ask-the-questions-484828.html|title=Joanna Trollope: You Ask the Questions|date=3 February 2005|work=[[The Independent]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/joanna-trollope-you-ask-the-questions-484828.html "Joanna Trollope: You Ask the Questions"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. 3 February 2005.</cite></ref> ''Nwunye Rector'', nke e bipụtara na 1991, chụpụrụ Jeffrey Archer site na n'elu ndepụta hardback bestseller. Dị ka nkọwa, o kwuru na 2006: "ma e wezụga thrillers ọ dịghị ihe dị n'etiti ala nke omenala akwụkwọ akụkọ, nke bụ ebe m chere na m nọ." <ref name="Allardice" /> N'afọ 1992, ọ bụ naanị Jilly Cooper 's ''Polo'' na Archer's ''Dị ka Crow Flies'' bụ ndị na-ere akwụkwọ kacha mma. "Echere m na akwụkwọ m bụ naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala ochie hụrụ n'anya na-alaghachi azụ," ka ọ gwara Geraldine Bedell na N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1993 maka ''The Independent na Sọnde'' . <ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|author=Bedell|first=Geraldine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gloucestershire-chronicles-joanna-trollopes-domestic-rural-novels-with-their-big-kitchen-tables-1494251.html|title=Gloucestershire Chronicles|work=The Independent on Sunday|date=27 June 1993|accessdate=24 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBedell1993">Bedell, Geraldine (27 June 1993). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gloucestershire-chronicles-joanna-trollopes-domestic-rural-novels-with-their-big-kitchen-tables-1494251.html "Gloucestershire Chronicles"]. ''The Independent on Sunday''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> A na-akọwakarị Aga sagas, maka isiokwu ime obodo ha, naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ nke Trollope (site na 2006) na-egosipụta Aga . <ref name="Allardice">{{Cite news|author=Allardice|first=Lisa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|title=Survival tactics|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2006|accessdate=24 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAllardice2006">Allardice, Lisa (11 February 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10 "Survival tactics"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ntinye okwu a na ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'' (2009) na-ekwu na "ọ dịghị ma ọlị, ọrụ ya niile dabara na n'ozuzu nkasi obi mmetụta nke labelụ". <ref name="Birch" /> N'ịjụ akara ahụ dị ka ọ bụghị eziokwu, Trollope gwara Lisa Allardice, na-ede maka ''The Guardian'' na 2006: "N'ezie, akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ahụ na-agbagọ agbagọ, na-adịghị mma. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ihe na-akwado ya, ọ bụghị ya?" <ref name="Allardice" /> Allardice rụrụ ụka na akwụkwọ Trollope nwetara "aha mara mma" ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya 'gbasarala okwu ndị na-esiwanye ike nke ogwu gụnyere mmasị nwanyị, ezinụlọ gbajiri agbaji na nkuchi, ọnọdụ na-agba ọchịchịrị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọ bụla. <ref name="Allardice" /> Terence Blacker, bụ onye chepụtara okwu maka akụkọ ifo Trollope na ''Publishing News'' na 1992, <ref name="Birch">{{Cite book|editor=Birch|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jicAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=The Oxford Companion to English Literature|location=Oxford, Oxon & New York City|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780192806871}}</ref> kwetara afọ iri ka e mesịrị na ọ "nwere mmetụta nke ikpe mara" maka ịkụ osisi Trollope na nkebiokwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Gibbons|first=Fiachra|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/may/30/books.guardianhayfestival2003|title=Queens of the bonkbuster and Aga saga defend the art - and heart - of their fiction|work=The Guardian|date=30 May 2003|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Blacker|first=Terence|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/terence-blacker/aga-saga-may-be-my-phrase-but-its-not-my-style-106885.html|title='Aga saga' may be my phrase, but it's not my style|work=The Independent|date=31 May 2003|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> Trollope gwara Bedell na 1993 na akụkọ ifo ya na-eme "ihe akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala na-emebu" site n'ichepụta eziokwu na inyocha "ndụ mmetụta uche ndị mmadụ". Bedell chọpụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ruo mgbe ahụ bụ:<blockquote>"Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla suburban, nke bụ ezigbo ọnọdụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime England. A na-eme ihe omume trollopian na nnukwu ụlọ ime obodo, na nnukwu tebụl kichin; ya dọkịta, vicars, ọkàiwu na craft-gallery nwe nwere ike na-eche banyere ego, dị ka ya onwe ya ndị mụrụ ya mere, ma ha enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-elekọta mmadụ nchegbu: a na-akpọ ha maka ihe ọṅụṅụ na nnukwu ụlọ dị ka a okwu nke N'ezie. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ ndị a ma ama n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ma bụrụ ndị na-achọsi ike n'ụzọ nke aka ha, dị ka ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke ndị Eighties." <ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|author=Bedell|first=Geraldine|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gloucestershire-chronicles-joanna-trollopes-domestic-rural-novels-with-their-big-kitchen-tables-1494251.html|title=Gloucestershire Chronicles|work=The Independent on Sunday|date=27 June 1993|accessdate=24 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBedell1993">Bedell, Geraldine (27 June 1993). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/gloucestershire-chronicles-joanna-trollopes-domestic-rural-novels-with-their-big-kitchen-tables-1494251.html "Gloucestershire Chronicles"]. ''The Independent on Sunday''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref></blockquote>N'afọ 2009, o nyere ọrụ mkpirisi akụkọ ''The Piano Man'' nye Oxfam's ' Ox-Tales ', nchịkọta akụkọ UK anọ nke ndị ode akwụkwọ 38 dere. E bipụtara akụkọ Trollope na nchịkọta 'mmiri'. O deela akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ na Harper Collins na-emelite nke Jane Austen canon, ''The Austen Project'' . E bipụtara ụdị ya nke "Sense na Sensibility" n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2013 na-enwe obere ihe ịga nke ọma. Ntugharị nke ''nwunye Rector'' (1994), nke emepụtara maka Channel 4, nke Lindsay Duncan na Ronald Pickup nwere kpakpando. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Scott|first=Tony|url=https://variety.com/1994/tv/reviews/masterpiece-theatre-the-rector-s-wife-1200439016/|title=Masterpiece Theatre: The Rector's Wife|work=Variety|date=12 October 1994|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> ''The Choir'', nke Ian Curteis megharịrị, bụ miniseries telivishọn nke BBC na 1995. Ọ gbara Jane Asher na James Fox . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/459911/Choir-The/|title=Choir, The(1995)|work=TCM|date=29 October 1995|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ndị ọzọ, ''A Village Affair'' na ''ụmụaka'' ndị ọzọ ka emegharịrị maka telivishọn. <ref name="Quindy">{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/joanna-trollope-you-ask-the-questions-484828.html|title=Joanna Trollope: You Ask the Questions|date=3 February 2005|work=[[The Independent]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/joanna-trollope-you-ask-the-questions-484828.html "Joanna Trollope: You Ask the Questions"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. 3 February 2005.</cite></ref> == Nyocha == ''Onye na-ahụ n'anya na Spen'' : ''na New York Times'' Betsy Groban dere, "Akụkọ ya jupụtara na nghọta dị ndụ, nke nwere ọgụgụ isi na mmetụta ịhụnanya mgbe niile banyere okwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide nke alụmdi na nwunye, ịbụ nne na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya, ọ bụghị n'ikwu banyere ike mbibi nke anyaụfụ na mkpa dị ndụ. ndu nke onwe. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Groban|first=Betsy|title=A Spanish Lover|journal=The New York Times|date=6 April 1997}}</ref> ''Ịlụ nwunye nwanyị ahụ'' : "N'iji anya ya dị nkọ, ụda dị nro na aghụghọ, ime ihe ike, akwụkwọ akụkọ itoolu nke Joanna Trollope na-ebuga ihe niile dị na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya, ma na-ejedebe na aghụghọ dị nro. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Frucht|first=Abby|title=Marrying the Mistress|journal=The New York Times|date=9 July 2000}}</ref> ''Abalị Fraịde'' : Heather Thompson nke ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ ''Friday Nights'' "ìhè ma nghọta na-ele anya nke ọma nkedo agwa." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/jan/11/friday-nights-trollope-review|title=Review: Friday Nights|author=Heather Thompson|work=[[The Observer]]|date=11 January 2009}}</ref> Charlie Lee-Potter, n'akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ''The Independent'', dere na ''Nwanna & Nwanyị'' : == Ndụ onwe onye == Na 14 Mee 1966, Trollope lụrụ onye ọchụnta ego obodo David Roger William Potter; Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Antonia na Louise, tupu ịgba alụkwaghịm ha na 1983. <ref name="Das">{{Cite news|author=Das|first=Lina|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/joanne-trollope-marriage-breakdown-relief-could-tell-people/|title=Joanna Trollope: My marriage breakdown was a relief – I could tell people I was in turmoil|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=13 May 2017|accessdate=23 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDas2017">Das, Lina (13 May 2017). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/life/joanne-trollope-marriage-breakdown-relief-could-tell-people/ "Joanna Trollope: My marriage breakdown was a relief – I could tell people I was in turmoil"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1985, ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn bụ Ian Curteis wee bụrụ nne nne nke ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ; Ya na Curteis gbara alụkwaghịm na 2001. Mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm nke abụọ ya gasịrị, Trollope kwagara West [[London]]. Ọ bụ nne ochie. <ref name="Allardice">{{Cite news|author=Allardice|first=Lisa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10|title=Survival tactics|work=The Guardian|date=11 February 2006|accessdate=24 March 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAllardice2006">Allardice, Lisa (11 February 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/feb/11/featuresreviews.guardianreview10 "Survival tactics"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>[http://www.readersread.com/features/joannatrollope.htm ''Interview With Joanna Trollope'', Readers Read]</ref> Trollope pụtara na mbipụta 1994 nke ''Desert Island discs'' . Usoro ihe ngosi ahụ na-agwa ndị ọbịa ka ha họrọ akwụkwọ na ihe okomoko ka ha na ha ga-aga n'àgwàetiti a na-eche n'echiche; Trollope họọrọ ''The Oxford Book of English Verse'' na akwa nwere akwa ọcha nke ndị Ijipt . N'ime ihe omume ahụ, Trollope kwuru na ndị ikom na-atụkarị aro ka akwụkwọ ya dị ntakịrị, bụ nke ọ na-amasị ya ịza: "Ọ bụ nnukwu ndudue iche na e nwere ihe dị mkpa karịa ihe dị nta", na-akọwa Virginia Woolf . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0093qc8|title=BBC Radio 4 - Desert Island Discs, Joanna Trollope|work=BBC|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-02-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Woolf|first=Virginia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sCJDwAAQBAJ&q=virginai+woolf+let+us+not+take+i+for+granted&pg=PR235|title=Virginia Woolf: The Complete Collection|date=2017-03-19|publisher=Oregan Publishing|isbn=979-10-97338-69-5|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == === Dị ka Joanna Trollope === : Edegharịrị ụfọdụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Joanna Trollope ka Caroline Harvey** ==== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ==== * ''Eliza Stanhope'' (1978) * ''Ada Parson Harding'' (1979)** * ''Akwụkwọ si na Ndagwurugwu'' (1980)** * ''Obodo bara nnukwu uru'' (1981)** * ''Nzọụkwụ nke anyanwụ'' (1983) *** * ''Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ'' (1986) ==== The Austen Project ==== * ''Sense & uche'' (2013) ==== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ ==== * ''Ndị egwu egwu'' (1988) * ''Ihe omume Obodo'' (1989) * ''Nwoke nwere mmasị'' (1990) * ''Nwunye Rector'' (1991) * ''Ndị ikom na ndị inyom'' (1992) * ''Onye hụrụ Spanish n'anya'' (1993) * ''Ndị enyi kacha mma'' (1998) * ''Nke ọzọ nke Kin'' (1996) * ''Ụmụaka Ndị Ọzọ'' (1998) * ''Ịlụ nwunye nwanyị'' (2000) * ''Nwa agbọghọ si South'' (2002) * ''Nwanna na nwanne'' (2004) * ''Oge ezumike nke abụọ'' (2006) * ''Abalị Fraịde'' (2007) * ''Ezinụlọ Ndị Ọzọ'' (2010) * ''Ndị nwunye'' (2011) * ''Nwunye onye agha'' (2012) * ''Iwu itule nha'' (2014) * ''Obodo ndị enyi'' (2017) * ''Egwuregwu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị'' (2018) * ''Nne na Nna'' (2020) ==== Ndị na-abụghị akụkọ ifo ==== * ''Ụmụ nwanyị Britannia: Ụmụ nwanyị nke Alaeze Ukwu Britain'' (1983) === Dị ka Caroline Harvey === ==== Legacy Saga ==== * ''Ihe nketa nke ịhụnanya'' (1983) * ''Ihe nketa nke abụọ'' (1993) ==== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ==== * ''Ụlọ elu dị na Italy'' (1993) * ''Dolphin Brass'' (1997) == Hụkwa == * Aga saga == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.joannatrollope.com/ Joanna Trollope webụsaịtị] - nwere akụkọ ndụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, mpụta na ajụjụ ọnụ. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061017233932/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth02H2L291412634654 Joanna Trollope biography] si British Council * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/133_wbc_archive_new/page6.shtml Joanna Trollope na-akparịtara ''nwunye Rector''] na BBC ''World Book Club'' * [http://www.randomhouse.com.au/Authors/Default.aspx?Page=Author&ID=Trollope,%20Joanna Joanna Trollope na Random House Australia] * [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bookshow/stories/2008/2175641.htm Ajụjụ ọnụ] ya na Ramona Koval na ABC Radio National 's ''The Book Show'' banyere akwụkwọ ya ''Friday Nights'' . * [http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-trollope-joanna.asp#view9904 Ajụjụ ọnụ Jami Edwards], Eprel 1999, BookReporter.com * [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pnx7vgisa6la65rzucspk6pevrs6hdk Veijo Baltzar 0 12820 195336 172146 2024-11-19T00:18:37Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195336 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} Veija "Veijo" Oskari Baltzar (amụrụ na June 9, 1942) bụ onye [[Ndị Rom|Romani]] na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-ese ihe si [[Finland]]. Mmepụta nka nke Baltzar gụnyere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ edemede iri asaa na abụọ, nke gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ, obere akụkọ, egwuregwu na egwu, ihe nkiri, akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri TV. Baltzar akọwaala nwata ya dị ka onye dara ogbenye nke ukwuu mana ọ bara ọgaranya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na n'ụzọ ime mmụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romea.cz/en/entertainment/interview-with-roma-author-veijo-baltzar-i-grew-up-in-misery-but-with-respect|title=Interview with Roma author Veijo Baltzar: "I grew up in misery, but with respect" - Romea.cz|work=www.romea.cz|accessdate=2017-05-22|archivedate=2017-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222104413/http://www.romea.cz/en/entertainment/interview-with-roma-author-veijo-baltzar-i-grew-up-in-misery-but-with-respect}}</ref> == Ikpe mpụ == Na Nọvemba 21, 2019 ejidere Baltzar maka ebubo nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11080365|title=Kulttuurivaikuttaja Veijo Baltzar vangittu epäiltynä törkeästä ihmiskaupasta|work=yle.fi|language=fi|accessdate=2019-11-24}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Helsingin Sanomat'' bipụtara akụkọ dị iche iche maka omume Baltzar na-ekwesịghị ekwesị banyere ụmụ agbọghọ, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-erubeghị afọ, ndị ọ kpọbatara n'ihe nkiri ya. == Ọrụ edemede == Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ nke Baltzar ''Polttava tie'', "The Burning Road" (1968, nke e bipụtara na Swedish n'afọ 1969 dị ka ''Brännande väg'') nwere ihe ịga nke ọma ma mee ka uche ndị mmadụ bịa n'ebe ọ nọ. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ Finland mbụ e dere banyere ndị Rom na ọdịbendị ha, nke a hụrụ site n'anya [[ndị Rom]]. ''Verikihlat'' (1969), "The Engagement of Blood", bụ akụkọ banyere ịhụnanya, ịkpọasị na ịbọ ọbọ ọbara. Na ''Mari'' (1972), Baltzar na-atụle ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ ha n'ime ebo. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo nke Baltzar nke afọ 1988 bụ ''Käärmeenkäräjäkivi'' bụ nke a họpụtara maka ihe nrite Finlandia Prize. ''Musta tango'' (1990), "The Black Tango", na-akọ banyere ndị [[Ndị Rom|Gypsies]] na obodo Finland nke oge a mgbe ha kwagara n'ime ime obodo. Baltzar dekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ maka ụmụaka banyere [[Ndị Rom|Gypsies]] (''Mustan Saaran kristallipallo'', The Crystal Ball of Black Sarah) na 1978. ''Phuro'', nke e bipụtara n'afọ 2000, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere ndị Rom bi na Central Europe, akụkọ nke ezinụlọ, nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere obodo site na nke ndị ikwu. Akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị ọhụrụ nke Veijo Baltzar, In love and war, nke e bipụtara na 2008, na-akọ banyere okwukwe ọjọọ nke ndị Rom Europe n'etiti [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.veijobaltzar.fi/writer|title=Published books {{!}} veijobaltzar.fi|work=www.en.veijobaltzar.fi|accessdate=2017-05-22|archivedate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063503/http://www.en.veijobaltzar.fi/writer}}</ref> [[Usòrò:THE_BLACK_RIBBON_3.jpg|thumb|Egwuregwu Drom Theater "The Black Scourge", 1981–1982]] == Ụlọ ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:Miranda_press_photo.jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi Baltzar "Miranda - Oké Mgbukpọ nke ndị Rom" na Tallinn, Estonia, 11 Mee 2017]] Veijo Baltzar edeela ọtụtụ egwuregwu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-elekwasị anya na ndị Rom, mana enwerekwa egwuregwu banyere akụkọ ifo, okpukpe na agha. Ọ bụ onye guzobere naanị otu ụlọ ihe nkiri Roma na mba Nordic, Drom Theatre na 1976. Ná mmalite afọ 1980, Baltzar rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Theatre Academy of Finland. Baltzar dere ma duzie ọtụtụ iri ihe nkiri gụnyere, ihe nkiri ọdachi, egwuregwu uri na egwu nye otu ahụ. N'afọ ndị 1990 Baltzar gara n'ihu na-ede egwuregwu ma na-eduzi kwa ha, yana ịkụzi n'ụlọ ọrụ obodo na steeti. Na Imatra, o dere ma duzie ihe nkiri Orli ya na mmadụ narị abụọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'afọ 1994–1997. Mbido nke ihe a na-akpọ Orli "nke abụọ", nke onye isi ala Finland bụ Paavo Lipponen kwadoro, mere na ụlọ egwu Finlandia na Machị 1997. Kemgbe afọ 2013, Veijo Baltzar emepụtala ọrụ ihe nkiri na egwu na ogige ụlọ ihe nkiri Alexander. == Ọrụ nkuzi == Mgbe Baltzar malitere ijikwa ụlọ ihe nkiri ya na nkuzi / iduzi na 1976, o mepụtara usoro nkuzi nke ya dabere na ọgụgụ isi mmetụta uche dị iche iche, nke a maara dị ka Intercultural Experiential Education . N'afọ 2012, Baltzar bipụtara akwụkwọ arụmụka a kpọrọ Towards Experiential Philosophy (Kokemuspohjainen filosofia na Finnish), nke ọ na-ewebata usoro nkuzi ya na nzụlite nkà ihe ọmụma na agụmakwụkwọ ya. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Bekee n'afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntamo.net/product/699/veijo-baltzartowards-experiential-philosophy|title=Veijo Baltzar:Towards Experiential Philosophy {{!}} ntamo|work=www.ntamo.net|accessdate=2017-05-22|archivedate=2017-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119193136/http://www.ntamo.net/product/699/veijo-baltzartowards-experiential-philosophy}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị Romani == N'afọ 2002, iji mee ka ọnọdụ nke akwụkwọ Romani dị ike n'ụwa niile, Baltzar hiwere otu International Roma Writers Association: Otu nzukọ e jikọtara (IRWA) ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche ya n'etiti 2002–2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.drom.fi/irwa|title=IRWA {{!}} drom|work=www.en.drom.fi|accessdate=2017-05-22|archivedate=2017-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207192145/http://www.en.drom.fi/irwa}}</ref> Baltzar anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịkwalite iwu ndị Rom na Finland kemgbe 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.drom.fi/steering-committee|title=Steering committee {{!}} drom|work=www.en.drom.fi|accessdate=2017-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208065351/http://www.en.drom.fi/steering-committee|archivedate=2017-02-08}}</ref> N'akụkụ ndị ọzọ so n'obodo ndị Rom nke [[:fi:Rainer Friman|Fi]]<nowiki/>nland, gụnyere onye na-ese ihe Kiba Lumberg na onye na-eti egwu Rainer Friman (fi), ọ katọrọ Miranda Vuolasranta, Onye isi oche nke European Roma & Traveller Forum ma kwuo na ọ na-edu [[conservatism]] na obodo ndị Rom na-achọ ibelata nsogbu ma wepụ olu ndị nkatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-14|title=Kiba Lumberg teki rikosilmoituksen Ylen kirjeestä - HS.fi - Kulttuuri|url=http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/artikkeli/Kiba+Lumberg+teki+rikosilmoituksen+Ylen+kirjeest%C3%A4/1135229165499|accessdate=2021-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114075921/http://www.hs.fi/kulttuuri/artikkeli/Kiba+Lumberg+teki+rikosilmoituksen+Ylen+kirjeest%C3%A4/1135229165499|archivedate=2011-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajankohtainen kakkonen {{!}} yle.fi {{!}} Arkistoitu|url=http://vintti.yle.fi/yle.fi/a2/juttu6a14.html?tunnus=3039|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=vintti.yle.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-18|title=Seuraava sukupolvi: Kokkolan romaniyhteisö on muutoksen edessä {{!}} Image|url=https://www.apu.fi/artikkelit/seuraava-sukupolvi-kokkolan-romaniyhteiso-on-muutoksen-edessa|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=www.apu.fi}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Baltzar haziri nzukọ onye ozi mba ụwa The Conscience of Europe na nzuko omeiwu Finland. Nzukọ ahụ lebara anya n'okwu gbasara ọha mmadụ dị iche iche na Europe. Nzukọ ahụ wepụtara atụmatụ iri abụọ na anọ maka atụmatụ iwu maka ịgbanwe iwu Europe nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche, nke e zigara European Commission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntamo.net/product/735/nina-castn-and-raakel-koittola-the-conscience-of-europe|title=Nina Castén and Raakel Koittola: The Conscience of Europe {{!}} ntamo|work=www.ntamo.net|accessdate=2017-05-22|archivedate=2017-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119182513/http://www.ntamo.net/product/735/nina-castn-and-raakel-koittola-the-conscience-of-europe}}</ref> == Ihe osise a na-ahụ anya == Veijo Baltzar anọwo na-arụ ọrụ nka ọhụụ kemgbe ngwụsị afọ 1960. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ngosi maka ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe na Ateneum art museum na 1975. Kemgbe ahụ, Baltzar enweela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Finland, [[Sweden]] na [[Chekia|Czech Republic]]. Kemgbe afọ 1980 Baltzar emewokwa atụmatụ ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.veijobaltzar.fi/kuvataide|title=Kuvataide {{!}} veijobaltzar.fi|work=www.en.veijobaltzar.fi|accessdate=2017-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175006/http://www.en.veijobaltzar.fi/kuvataide|archivedate=2018-01-08}}</ref> == Ọrụ == '''''Akwụkwọ akụkọ''' Veijo Baltzar (ndị na-ebipụta Tammi):'' * In Love and War (Sodassa ja rakkaudessa) (2008) * ''Phuro'' (2000) * The Black Tango (Musta tango) (1990) * The Snake Trial Stone (Käärmeenkäräjäkivi) (1988) * The Chrystall Ball of the Black Sara (Mustan Saaran kristallipallo) (1978) * Mari (Mari) (1972) * The Engagement of Blood (Verikihlat) (1969) * The Burning Road (Polttava tie) (1968) '''Egwuregwu''' nke Veijo Baltzar (nke edere ma duzie) ''' ''Egwuregwu abalị dum''''' * 1981 The Black Scourge (Musta ruoska). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Rom Drom. * 1982 The Hungry Cranes (Nälkäkurjet). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Drom. * 1980 The Crystal Ball of Black Sarah. Egwuregwu maka ụmụaka. Emere ya na ụlọ ihe nkiri Green Apple na Helsinki. * 1983 I'll Forge Stone to Be a Horse (Taon kivestä hevosen). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Drom. Emere ya na International Theatre Festival 22.–26.11.1985, Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hamburg. * 1984 Iron Nights (Rautayöt). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Drom. * 1986 Iron Horses (Rautaratsut). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Drom. * 1991 The God Is Great (Jumala on suuri). Passion play. 1993 * 1992 The Paradise of Gods (Jumalten Paratiisi). Kuopio Student Theatre. * 1993 Backyard Carmen (Takapihan Carmen) 1993. Kuopio Student Theatre. * 1993 The Gang (Jengi) * 1993 The Dance (Tanssi) * 1993 Agaghị m ahapụ enyi m (Kaveria ei jätetä). * 1996 The Forest of Women (Naisten metsä). * 1997 Love and Mary (Rakkauteni Maria) Oratory. * 1994–1997 ORLI, Folk opera. Mbido na Imatra Cultural Center 1995. Nsụgharị nke abụọ malitere na Machị 1997 na Finlandia Hall, Helsinki. * 2004 The Paradise of Gods (Jumalten Paratiisi). * 2009 BOTOX. * 2011 The God is Great (Jumala on Suuri). * 2014 With the Seven-String Guitar. Gipsy cabaret. Mbido na Alexander Theatre, Helsinki '2016 Sin. Egwuregwu egwu. Mbido na Alexander Theatre, Helsinki '''''Egwuregwu uri''''' * 1979 Muistan eläneeni (Ncheta nke ndụ m). Ụlọ ihe nkiri Baltzar * 1982 Tie (The Road). Drom. * 1983 Yön kulkijat (Wanderers of the night), Ụlọ ihe nkiri Drom * 1983 Punainen hevonen (The Red Horse). Drom. * 1985 Mustat kiharat (Black Curls). Drom. * 2005 Mustalaisrunoteatteri (Gipsy Poetry Theatre). '''''Ndị ọzọ''''' 2012 “Sny’ (Dreams). Ụlọ ihe nkiri mba Prague, Nova Scena == Ihe nrite na onyinye == 1980 Ihe nrite nke mbụ na asọmpia Golden Harp na Dublin maka ihe odide nke obere ihe nkiri ''Punainen puutarha'' (Ogige Uhie) 1981 Ihe nkiri nke afọ. Onyinye site na Finnish Theatre Center 1992 Ihe nrite nka nke mpaghara Kuopio 1991 Ihe nrite ọdịbendị nke Rautalampi 1999 Ihe nrite nke atọ na asọmpi mba ụwa “Amico Rom”. [[Italy|Ịtali]] 2000 Ihe nrite nke abụọ na asọmpi mba ụwa “Amico Rom”. Ịtali 2002 Arvo Turtiainen literature prize 2008 Mikael Agricola medal celebrating 40-year literary career. Helsinki, Tammi publishers 2011 Aha nsọpụrụ nke Onye Ndụmọdụ Omenala, ''kulttuurineuvos'', nke Onye isi ala Finland Tarja Halonen nyere 2016 Finalist and honorable mention (international recognition for 50-year activity for the benefit of European Roma), European Roma Spirit Award (ERSA). Bratislava, Slovakia 2017 Artist pension, nke Arts Promotion Centre Finland nyere dị ka nkwanye ùgwù maka ọrụ nka kwesịrị ekwesị<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.veijobaltzar.fi/cv|title=CV {{!}} veijobaltzar.fi|work=www.en.veijobaltzar.fi|accessdate=2017-05-22}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] joduxb62pb6d8g8l80rq9vbkqkcrte8 Yinka Shonibare 0 14197 195410 183114 2024-11-19T08:51:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Yinka Shonibare''' CBE, RA (a mụrụ ya n'ụbọchị nke 9 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1962), bụ onye Britain na Naijiria na-ese ihe bi na United Kingdom. Ọrụ ya na-enyocha njirimara ọdịbendị, colonialism na post-colonialism n'ime ọnọdụ nke ụwa. Ihe ngosi nke nka ya bụ ákwà Ankara na-egbuke egbuke ọ na-eji. N'ihi na o nwere nkwarụ anụ ahụ nke na-eme ka otu akụkụ ahụ ya nwee nkwarụ, Shonibare na-eji ndị enyemaka arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nduzi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yinkashonibare.com/biography/|title=Yinka Shonibare, CBE (RA) {{!}} Biography|work=yinkashonibare.com|accessdate=2020-02-20}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ndụ na ọrụ ya == [[Usòrò:Wind_Sculpture_by_Yinka_Shonibare.JPG|thumb|"Wind Sculpture" (London, 2014)]] A mụrụ Yinka Shonibare na [[London]], England, na 9 August 1962, nwa Olatunji Shonibare na Laide Shonibare.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shonibare, Yinka, (born 9 Aug. 1962), visual artist, since 1991|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-251465|accessdate=2021-08-09|work=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2010|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U251465}}</ref><ref name="Greenstreet2011">{{Cite news|first=Rosanna|author=Greenstreet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/apr/30/yinka-shonibare-artist-interview|title=Q&A: Yinka Shonibare|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 April 2011}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Lagos]], Nigeria, ebe nna ya na-arụ ọrụ iwu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Shonibare laghachiri [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] iji mee ọkwa A ya na Redrice School.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yinkashonibarembe.com/biography/|title=Biography|work=Yinka Shonibare, MBE (RA)|accessdate=2022-06-07|archivedate=2019-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107010258/http://yinkashonibarembe.com/biography/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/7739981/Fourth-Plinth-Yinka-Shonibare-interview.html|author=Gayford, Martin|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|title=Fourth Plinth: Yinka Shonibare interview|date=19 May 2010}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọ butere ọrịa myelitis transverse, nke na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ azụ, nke kpatara nkwarụ anụ ahụ ogologo oge ebe otu akụkụ ahụ ya nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online|title=a unique journal for discussion of arts and culture|publisher=disability arts online|accessdate=2012-07-20|archivedate=2012-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029074215/http://www.disabilityartsonline.org.uk/yinka-shonibare_review%20Disability%20Arts%20Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/art-iculating-yinka-shonibare%E2%80%99s-hope-in-hopelessness/|title=Art-iculating Yinka Shonibare's hope in hopelessness|author=Alakam, Japhet|work=Vanguard|date=1 May 2011|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> Shonibare gara n'ihu mụọ Nkà mara mma na mbụ na Byam Shaw School of Art (nke bụzi kọleji nka nke Central Saint Martins and Design) wee gaa Goldsmiths, University of London, ebe ọ natara nzere MFA ya, na-agụsị akwụkwọ dị ka akụkụ nke ọgbọ Young British Artists . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Shonibare rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ mmepe nka maka Shape Arts, otu nzukọ nke na-eme ka ndị nwere nkwarụ nwee ike ịnweta nka.<ref name="Greenstreet2011"/><ref name="ancouk">{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Lucy|url=http://www.a-n.co.uk/artists_talking/artists_stories/single/63550|title=Yinka Shonibare &#124; Artists' stories &#124; Artists talking|work=a-n|date=10 January 2003|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> N'afọ 1999, Shonibare mepụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ anọ yiri ndị ọbịa nke ọ kpọrọ "Ezinụlọ adịghị arụ ọrụ", nke nwere nne na nwa ya nwanyị, ha abụọ na-acha ọcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na nna na nwa nwoke na-acha uhie uhie na odo odo.<ref>[https://walkerart.org/collections/artworks/dysfunctional-family "Dysfunctional Family"] at Walker.</ref> O gosipụtala na Venice Biennial na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị isi n'ụwa niile. [[Okwui Enwezor]] nyere ya ọrụ na documenta XI n'afọ 2002 iji mepụta ọrụ ya a ma ama, Gallantry and Criminal Conversation, nke malitere ya na mba ụwa. N'afọ 2004, edepụtara ya maka Turner Prize maka ihe ngosi Dutch abụọ ya na Museum Boijmans van Beuningen na Rotterdam nakwa maka ihe ngosi ya na Stephen Friedman Gallery, [[London]]. N'ime mmadụ anọ a họpụtara, o yiri ka ọ bụ onye kachasị ewu ewu n'etiti ọha na eze n'afọ ahụ, na nyocha nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ BBC mere ka pasent iri isii na anọ nke ndị na-eme ntuli aka kwuo na ọrụ ya bụ ọkacha mmasị ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bishop|first=Tom|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/3756514.stm?dynamic_vote=ON#vote_3756514|title=BBC NEWS &#124; Entertainment &#124; Light at end of the Turner show|publisher=Newsvote.bbc.co.uk|date=19 October 2004|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> Shonibare ghọrọ onye a na-asọpụrụ na Goldsmiths 'College na 2003, e nyere ya MBE n'afọ 2004, natara Honorary Doctorate (Fine Artist) nke Royal College of Art n'afọ 2010 ma họpụta ya CBE n'afọ 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.contemporary-magazines.com/profile89.htm/|title=Yinka Shonibare, MBE in conversation with Raphael Chikukwa and Michele Robecchi|work=Contemporary Magazine|date=May 2006|accessdate=2014-04-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216014617/http://www.contemporary-magazines.com/profile89.htm/|archivedate=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-46693826|title=New Year Honours 2019: Twiggy, Michael Palin and Gareth Southgate on list|work=BBC News|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=2018-12-29}}</ref> A họpụtara ya Royal Academician site na Royal Academy of Arts n'afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gold.ac.uk/honorary-appointments/Roll%20Honorands%20as%20at%20April%202011.pdf|title=HONORARY FELLOWS OF GOLDSMITHS' COLLEGE|accessdate=2012-07-20|archivedate=2012-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325032157/http://www.gold.ac.uk/honorary-appointments/Roll%20Honorands%20as%20at%20April%202011.pdf}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Iniva's Board of trustees n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/library/archive/people/s/shonibare_mbe_yinka|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE|publisher=Iniva|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=2012-07-20|archivedate=2012-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915010932/http://www.iniva.org/library/archive/people/s/shonibare_mbe_yinka}}</ref> O gosipụtala na Venice Biennial na mba ụwa na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị isi n'ụwa niile. N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2008, nnukwu nyocha ya malitere na MCA Sydney wee gaa Brooklyn Museum, New York, na June 2009 na National Museum of African Art nke Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, na October 2009. N'afọ 2010, Nelson's Ship in a Bottle ghọrọ ọrụ nka ọha na eze mbụ ya na Plinth nke anọ na Trafalgar Square.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blainsouthern.com/artists/yinka-shonibare-mbe|title=Blain&#124;Southern &#124; Artists &#124; Yinka Shonibare MBE|publisher=Blainsouthern.com|accessdate=2014-06-22|archivedate=2014-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604051318/http://www.blainsouthern.com/artists/yinka-shonibare-mbe}}</ref> Na 3 Disemba 2016, e debere otu n'ime ihe osise "Wind Sculpture" nke Shonibare n'ihu Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art (NMAA) na Washington, DC. Ọrụ a na-ese n'elu, nke akpọrọ "Wind Sculpture VII", bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ mbụ a ga-etinye na-adịgide adịgide n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ NMAA. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ Guest Projects, ohere ''ọrụ'' maka ndị na-ese ihe na-apụta na Broadway Market, ọwụwa anyanwụ London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guest Projects|url=http://www.guestprojects.com/|work=Guest Projects|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref> Ọ na-agbasa nke a na oghere dị na Lagos na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shonibare|first=Yinka|date=2020-01-13|title=Yinka Shonibare: 'I see what's happening as an African renaissance'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jan/13/yinka-shonibare-london-nigeria-african-renaissance|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya == [[Usòrò:Nelson's_Ship_in_a_Bottle_by_Yinka_Shonibare.jpg|thumb|Nelson's Ship in a Bottle (London, 2010) nke Yinka Shonibare dere n'oge ọ nọ na Plinth nke anọ na Trafalgar Square]] Ọrụ Shonibare na-enyocha nsogbu nke colonialism n'akụkụ ndị nke agbụrụ na klas, site na ọtụtụ mgbasa ozi nke gụnyere eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ, foto, ntinye nka, na, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe nkiri na arụmọrụ. Ọ na-enyocha, ọkachasị, owuwu nke njirimara na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Africa na Europe na akụkọ akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. N'ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ọ na-ajụ ihe mejupụtara njirimara anyị nke oge a taa. N'ịbụ onye kọwara onwe ya dị ka "post-colonial" hybrid, Shonibare na-ajụ ihe nkọwa ọdịbendị na mba pụtara. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ site na ndụ ya na ahụmịhe ya gburugburu ya, ọ na-enweta mkpali site na gburugburu ụwa; dị ka o kwuru: "Abụ m nwa amaala nke ụwa, ana m ekiri telivishọn ka m wee rụọ ọrụ banyere ihe ndị a. "<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Hynes|first=Nancy|date=2001|title=Yinka Shonibare|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3337879|journal=African Arts|volume=34|issue=3|pages=60–95|doi=10.2307/3337879|issn=0001-9933}}</ref> Otu ihe dị mkpa na ọrụ Shonibare kemgbe afọ 1994 bụ ákwà "African" na-egbuke egbuke (Dutch wax-printed cotton) nke ọ na-azụta onwe ya n'ahịa Brixton na London. "Ma n'ezie, ákwà ndị ahụ abụghị n'ezie Afrịka dịka ndị mmadụ si eche," ka Shonibare na-ekwu. "Ha na-egosi na ha nwere ọdịbendị nke ha. Ọ bụkwa ụgha nke ihe ahụ pụtara na-amasị m. Ọ bụ ụzọ m si ele ọdịbendị anya - ọ bụ ihe eji emepụta ihe. " Shonibare na-ekwu na e bu ụzọ mepụta ákwà ndị ahụ na Europe iji ree ha n'ahịa Indonesia wee ree ha na Africa mgbe a jụrụ ha na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Downey|first=Anthony|title=Yinka Shonibare in Conversation|journal=Wasafiri|volume=19|issue=41|doi=10.1080/02690050408589884|date=Spring 2004|pages=31–36|url=http://www.anthonydowney.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/2004-yinka-shonibare.pdf|accessdate=2019-04-02}}</ref> Taa, ndị isi na-ebupụ ákwà "Africa" si Europe nọ na Manchester na UK na Vlisco Véritable Hollandais si Helmond na Netherlands. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ ihe ndị mba Europe mepụtara, ọtụtụ ndị Afrịka na England na-eji ákwà wax Dutch, dị ka Shonibare.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Downey|first=Anthony|date=2005|title=Yinka Shonibare|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40427696|journal=BOMB|issue=93|pages=24–31|issn=0743-3204}}</ref> O nwere ákwà ndị a ka ha bụrụ uwe ndị Europe nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, na-ekpuchi ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ndị ọbịa ma ọ bụ gbatịa n'elu akwa ma na-ese ya nke ọma. A maara Shonibare nke ọma maka ịmepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ na-enweghị isi, nke dị ndụ nke ọma ma na-eyi uwe na-egbuke egbuke iji mee ka akụkọ ihe mere eme na njirimara agbụrụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma sie ike ịgụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Headless Actors on a Global Playground|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120393449|first=Susan|author=Stamberg|date=16 November 2009|accessdate=2020-06-04|publisher=NPR|language=en}}</ref> N'ihe osise ya nke afọ 2003 Scramble for Africa, Shonibare wughachiri Nzukọ Berlin nke afọ 1884–1885, mgbe ndị isi Europe kwurịtara ma kewaa kọntinent ahụ n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji nweta ókèala Afrịka. Site n'inyocha colonialism, ọkachasị na tableaux a, ebumnuche nke ihe oyiyi na-enweghị isi na-egosi ọnwụ nke mmadụ dị ka Shonibare na-akọwa: "Achọrọ m ịnọchite anya ndị isi Europe a dị ka ndị na-enweghị uche na agụụ ha maka ihe Eze Belgium Leopold nke Abụọ kpọrọ 'otu akụkụ nke achicha Afrịka a mara mma.' "<ref>{{Cite web|title=FOCUS: Yinka Shonibare MBE {{!}} Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth|url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/1862|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=themodern.org}}</ref> A pụghị ịgụ Scramble for Africa dị ka "ihe dị mfe", kama ọ na-ekpughe "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye na-ese ihe na ọrụ ahụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Reilly|first=Samuel|date=April 2020|title="History Repeats"|url=https://caccl-antonio.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CACCL_ANTONIO/9nr7rj/proquest2391220384|journal=Apollo|volume=191|issue=685|pages=36–41}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa nyocha nke otú akụkọ ihe mere eme si emeghachi onwe ya. Shonibare na-ekwu, sị: "Mgbe m na-eme ya, m na-eche n'ezie banyere mbuso agha Amerịka na mkpa ọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ maka akụ na ụba dịka mmanụ na otú nke a si ebute itinye akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE {{!}}{{!}} Scramble for Africa|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/shonibare/scramble.html|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=africa.si.edu}}</ref> Shonibare's Trumpet Boy, nnweta na-adịgide adịgide nke egosipụtara na The Foundling Museum, na-egosi ákwà mara mma eji arụ ọrụ ya. E kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ iji kwekọọ na isiokwu nke "chọtara", na-atụgharị uche na ihe nketa nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ahụ, site na ijikọta ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke dị ugbu a na ihe ndị a chọtara maka mkpa ha.<ref name="found">{{Cite web|date=1 November 2017|title=The Foundling Museum acquires two major works of art|url=https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/2017/11/the-foundling-museum-acquires-major-works-of-art-by-two-of-the-uks-most-celebrated-artists/|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=Foundling Museum|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002045545/https://foundlingmuseum.org.uk/2017/11/the-foundling-museum-acquires-major-works-of-art-by-two-of-the-uks-most-celebrated-artists/}} [[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> Ọ na-emegharịkwa eserese nke ndị na-ese ihe a ma ama site na iji mannequins na-enweghị isi na Batik ma ọ bụ Ankara textiles kama ákwà Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaiser|first=Amanda|date=8 September 2003|title=Batik Chic|url=https://wwd.com/eye/people/batik-chic-720167/|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=WWD|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shirey|first=Heather|date=31 July 2018|title=Engaging Black European Spaces and Postcolonial Dialogues through Public Art: Yinka Shonibare's Nelson's Ship in a Bottle|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/culture-2019-0031/html|journal=Open Cultural Studies|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|doi=10.1515/culture-2019-0031|issn=2451-3474}}</ref> Ọ na-eji ákwà ndị a mgbe ọ na-egosi nka na ejiji Europe iji gosipụta 'nsogbu ọdịbendị' na isiokwu nke mmekọrịta ọdịbendị n'ime postcolonialism.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hopkins|first=David|title=After Modern Art: 1945-2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-921845-5|location=Oxford, UK|pages=226|language=en}}</ref> Otu ihe atụ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ntụrụndụ ndị a ga-abụ ''Gainsborough's'' Mr and Mrs Andrews Without Their Heads (1998) na ''Reverend on Ice'' (2005) (mgbe ''The Rev Robert Walker Skating'' on Duddingston Loch nke Raeburn).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr and Mrs Andrews without their Heads, 1998|url=https://yinkashonibare.com/artwork/mr-and-mrs-andrews-without-their-heads-1998/|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=Yinka Shonibare CBE RA|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reverend on Ice|url=http://www.yinka-shonibare.co.uk/yinkashonibare-work/reverend-on-ice.html|accessdate=2012-07-20|publisher=Yinka-shonibare.co.uk}}</ref> Otu onye na-ese ihe ọ rụgharịrị ọtụtụ ọrụ ya bụ Jean Honoré Fragonard . O megharịrị usoro Fragonard The Progress of Love (1771-1773), nke gụnyere ọrụ ya The Meeting, The Pursuit, The Love Letter, na ''The Swing'' .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Müller|first=Bernard|date=1 October 2007|title=Le " Jardin d'Amour " de Yinka Shonibare au musée du quai Branly ou : quand l'" autre " s'y met|url=https://journals.openedition.org/ceroart/386|journal=CeROArt. Conservation, Exposition, Restauration d'Objets d'Art|language=fr|issue=1|doi=10.4000/ceroart.386|issn=1784-5092}}</ref> Ntinye pụrụ iche n'ime ntụrụndụ ndị a, bụ itinye ákwà akara. ''The Swing'' (After Fragonard) (2001) nwere nwanyị na swing na-eyi ihe nṅomi ma ọ bụ 'knock-off' Chanel patterned fabric. E bu n'uche iji ákwà a mee ihe iji nyochaa isiokwu nke afọ mgbe ihe mmegide gachara, mba ụwa niile, na mmekọrịta ọdịbendị nke dị n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, ebe ọ na-ekwukwa banyere ịzụ ahịa na omenala ndị ahịa nke ụwa nke oge a na otú isiokwu ndị a niile si ejikọta.<ref name=":1"/> Shonibare na-ejikwa nlezianya na-ese ''foto'' na vidiyo na-emegharị ihe osise ndị Britain a ma ama ma ọ bụ akụkọ sitere na akwụkwọ mana ya onwe ya na-ewere ọnọdụ etiti dị ka ihe ọzọ, onye isi ojii British dandy - dịka ọmụmaatụ, A Rake's Progress nke Hogarth, nke Shonibare sụgharịrị n'ime ''Diary of A Victorian Dandy'' (1998), ma ọ bụ Dorian Gray (2001), aha ya bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Oscar Wilde The Picture of ''Dorian Gray'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iniva.org/programme/projects/diary-of-a-victorian-dandy/|title=Diary of a Victorian Dandy|publisher=Iniva|date=29 October 1998|accessdate=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorian Gray up close|url=http://www.yinka-shonibare.co.uk/yinkashonibare-work/dorian-gray-detail.html|accessdate=2012-07-20|publisher=Yinka-shonibare.co.uk}}</ref> Nnukwu ibu karịa ụgbọ mmiri na-ahụkarị n'ime karama, mana ọ dị ntakịrị karịa ezigbo HMS Victory, n'ezie ihe nlereanya 1:30, Shonibare's ''Nelson's'' Ship in a Bottle, bụ "ọrụ mbụ na Plinth nke anọ iji tụgharịa uche kpọmkwem na ihe nnọchianya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Trafalgar Square, nke na-echeta Agha Trafalgar, ma ga-ejikọta ya na kọlụm Nelson. "<ref name="london1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/fourthplinth/commissions/yinka|title=Mayor of London presents Fourth Plinth &#124; Yinka Shonibare MBE|publisher=London.gov.uk|accessdate=2012-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624181351/https://www.london.gov.uk/fourthplinth/commissions/yinka|archivedate=2012-06-24}}</ref> E debere ọrụ ahụ n'ebe ahụ na 24 Mee 2010 ma nọrọ ruo 30 Jenụwarị 2012, ebe ọtụtụ ndị nwere mmasị. N'afọ 2011, Art Fund malitere mkpọsa ma nweta ego nke ọma maka ịzụta na ịkwaga ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ na National Maritime Museum na Greenwich, ebe ọ chọtara ụlọ ọhụrụ ya na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artfund.org/ship/news/2012-april/100/campaign-closes-as-permanent-new-home-secured-for-nelsons-ship-in-a-bottle|title=Campaign closes as permanent new home secured for Nelson's Ship in a Bottle! – Captain's Log – Help bring Nelson's Ship in a Bottle to Greenwich|publisher=Artfund.org|date=23 April 2012|accessdate=2012-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215021058/http://www.artfund.org/ship/news/2012-april/100/campaign-closes-as-permanent-new-home-secured-for-nelsons-ship-in-a-bottle|archivedate=2012-12-15}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ụrọ e biri ebi, na akpụkpọ ụkwụ kpuchiri ákwà, akwa, mgbidi na efere. N'ọnwa Ọktọba afọ 2013, Shonibare sonyere na Art Wars na Saatchi Gallery nke Ben Moore haziri. E nyere onye na-ese ihe okpu agha, nke ọ gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ nka. Ihe a na-aga n'ihu gara na Missing Tom Fund, nke Ben Moore guzobere iji chọta nwanne ya nwoke Tom, onye na-efu kemgbe ihe karịrị afọ iri. E gosikwara ọrụ ahụ na Regent's Park dị ka akụkụ nke Art Below Regents Park . The Goodman Gallery kwupụtara n'afọ 2018 na utoala Norval, ụlọ ngosi nka kachasị ọhụrụ nke South Africa nke dị na Cape Town, enwetala Shonibare's Wind Sculpture (SG) III, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke mbụ maka kọntinent Afrịka. A ga-ekpughe ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ na Febụwarị 2019, na-eme ka onye na-ese ihe na mba Britain na Naijiria pụta ìhè na kọntinent ebe o tolitere.<ref name="Biography"/><ref name="Norval Foundation Purchase Africa’s First Yinka Shonibare Wind Sculpture">{{Cite web|url=https://www.salonprivemag.com/artsandculture/norval-foundation-purchase-africas-first-yinka-shonibare-wind-sculpture/|title=Norval Foundation Purchase Africa's First Yinka Shonibare Wind Sculpture|work=salonprivemag.com|date=27 June 2018|accessdate=27 June 2018}}</ref> Shonibare esorola Bellerby & Co, Globemakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellerbyandco.com/blog/art-2/recent-work-with-yinka-shonibare/|title=Recent Work with Yinka Shonibare – Globemakers|publisher=Bellerbyandco.com|date=2015-04-16|accessdate=2015-06-12|archivedate=2015-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614062458/http://www.bellerbyandco.com/blog/art-2/recent-work-with-yinka-shonibare/}}</ref> == Ihe osise / ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ == Ihe ngosi mbụ nke Shonibare bụ n'afọ 1989 na Byam Shaw Gallery, London. N'oge 2008–09, ọ bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu nyocha n'etiti ọrụ na Australia na USA; malite na Septemba 2008 na Museum of Contemporary Art Australia (MCA), Sydney, wee gaa Brooklyn Museum, New York, na June 2009 na Museum of African Art na Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, na October 2009. Maka ihe ngosi nke Brooklyn Museum nke afọ 2009, o mepụtara ntinye saịtị akpọrọ ''Nne na Nna'' na-arụsi Ọrụ Ike Ka M Pụrụ I Can Play nke a na-ele anya n'ọtụtụ ụlọ oge Museum. Ntinye saịtị ọzọ, Party Time—Re-Imagine America: A Centennial Commission nọ n'otu oge na Newark Museum na Newark, New Jersey, site na 1 Julaị 2009, ruo 3 Jenụwarị 2010, n'ime ụlọ iri nri nke ụlọ ngosi nka afọ 1885 Ballantine House. * 1994: ''Ugboro abụọ Dutch'' - obere oghere miri emi nke ákwà agbatị agbatị nke e sere n'elu, na mgbidi pink na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE{{!}}Double Dutch|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/shonibare/dutch.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=africa.si.edu}}</ref> * 1997: Sensation Ihe ngosi otu sitere na nchịkọta onwe onye nke Charles Saatchi - Shonibare nwere uwe ejiji Victorian abụọ na ihe ngosi ahụ n'ụdị Dressing Down .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/archive/resource/942|title=Dressing Down|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604084332/http://www.iniva.org/archive/resource/942|archivedate=4 June 2007|work=inIVA}}</ref> * 1997: ''Cha Cha Cha'' - akpụkpọ ụkwụ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1950, kpuchiri ya na ákwà ma tinye ya na cube perspex<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/repubblicarts/shonibare/immagini/shonibare_02.html|title=Yinka Shonibare – 'Cha Cha Cha'|publisher=La Repubblica of the Arts|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 1997: ''Feather Pink'' More square of fabric, painted on both the front and edges, with a white background<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/repubblicarts/shonibare/immagini/shonibare_04.html|title=Yinka Shonibare – 'Feather Pink'|publisher=La Repubblica of the Arts|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 1998: ''Diary of A Victorian Dandy'' - foto nke Shonibare na nhazi otu na-echetara A Rake's Progress nke William Hogarth, nyere ọrụ maka London Underground<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniva.org/archive/resource/315|title=Diary of a Victorian Dandy: 21.00 Hours|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621045248/http://www.iniva.org/archive/resource/315|archivedate=21 June 2007|work=inIVA}}</ref> * 1999: Ihe ngosi Dressing Down na Ikon Gallery, Birmingham, UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artdesigncafe.com/Yinka-Shonibare-Ikon-Gallery-1999|title=Yinka Shonibare at Ikon Gallery (1999) &#124; Review of exhibition ''Dressing Down'' in Birmingham, England|author=R. J. Preece|work=artdesigncafé|date=15 September 2009|accessdate=2012-07-20}} First published in ''Sculpture'' magazine, '''18'''(6), p. 77, 1999.</ref> * 1999: Dysfunctional Family - ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ndị ala ọzọ kpuchiri na ákwà<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2000|title=Dysfunctional Family, Yinka Shonibare|url=http://www.yinka-shonibare.co.uk/yinkashonibare-work/dysfunctional-family.html|accessdate=2012-07-20|publisher=Yinka-shonibare.co.uk}}</ref> * 2000: ezumike - Ndị ikom na-eji ejiji mbara igwe kpuchie ákwà Afrịka, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'elu ụlọ site na chandeliers<ref>{{Cite web|author=Universes in Universe – Pat Binder, Gerhard Haupt|url=http://www.universes-in-universe.de/car/venezia/bien49/auth-exc/e-shonibare.htm|title=Yinka Shonibare, Authentic / Ex-centric|publisher=Universes-in-universe.de|date=4 November 2001|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2001: Dorian Gray - foto ojii na nke ọcha nke Shonibare dị ka Oscar Wilde's ''Dorian Gray''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dorian Gray|url=http://www.yinka-shonibare.co.uk/yinkashonibare-work/dorian-gray-yinka-shonibare.html|accessdate=2012-07-20|publisher=Yinka-shonibare.co.uk}}</ref> * 2001: ''The Swing'' (mgbe Fragonard gasịrị) - ntụrụndụ na-enweghị isi nke ihe nlereanya Jean-Honoré Fragonard yi uwe ejiji Afrịka<ref name="Turner Prize 2004: Yinka Shonibare">{{Cite web|title=Turner Prize 2004: Yinka Shonibare|url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/shonibare-the-swing-after-fragonard-t07952|accessdate=18 May 2022|publisher=Tate}}</ref> * 2001: Henry James na Hendrik C. Andersen - uwe abụọ na-enweghị isi nke onye edemede Henry James na onye na-akpụ ihe Hendrik Christian Andersen, na-anọchi anya ọbụbụenyi ha ma nye ya ọrụ site na The British School na Rome<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/repubblicarts/shonibare/immagini/shonibare_05.html|title=Yinka Shonibare, "Henry James and Hendrik C. Andersen", 2001|publisher=La Repubblica of the Arts|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2001: The Three Graces – Three headless lifesize models of women of varying proportions, in Victorian dress made from African fabric<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/repubblicarts/shonibare/immagini/shonibare_07.html|title=Yinka Shonibare, "The Three Graces"|publisher=La Repubblica of the Arts|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2002: Gallantry and Criminal Conversation - ntinye gụnyere onye nkuzi a kwụsịrị, igbe osisi na mmadụ iri na asatọ na-enweghị isi na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ<ref>{{Cite web|author=Universes in Universe – Pat Binder, Gerhard Haupt|url=http://www.universes-in-universe.de/car/documenta/11/brau/e-shonibare.htm|title=Documenta 11: Yinka Shonibare, Binding Brewery|publisher=Universes-in-universe.de|date=15 September 2002|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2002: Untitled (Dollhouse); site na 2002 Peter Norton Family Christmas Project - a dollhouse replica of a two-storey Victorian-style flat in the East End<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/6497|title=Exchange: Untitled (Dollhouse); from the 2002 Peter Norton Family Christmas Project|work=exchange.umma.umich.edu|accessdate=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/5631|title=Exchange: Untitled, The Peter Norton Family Christmas Project 2002|work=exchange.umma.umich.edu|accessdate=2020-03-06|archivedate=2020-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927134241/https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/5631}}</ref> of London * 2003: ''Maxa'' - okirikiri nke ákwà a pịrị apị na mgbidi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ miri emi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/arts/gallery/image/0,8543,-10904926745,00.html|title=Turner prize shortlist 2004: Yinka Shonibare, Maxa 2003 &#124; Guardian Unlimited – Arts|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.likeyou.com/archives/yinka_shonibare_friedman_03.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926221330/http://www.likeyou.com/archives/yinka_shonibare_friedman_03.htm|archivedate=26 September 2007|title=Yinka Shonibare {{!}} Play With Me|work=likeyou.com}}</ref> * 2004: ''Un Ballo'' in Maschera (A Masked Ball) - ihe nkiri mbụ ya, na-egosi ogbugbu nke Eze Gustav nke Atọ nke Sweden site na ịgba egwu<ref name="Turner Prize 2004: Yinka Shonibare" /> * 2005: ''Lady on Unicycle'' – a headless Victorian lady in knickerbockers frozen mid-cycle<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamescohan.com/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare?view=slider#2|accessdate=2019-04-02|title=Yinka Shonibare: Mobility|work=James Cohan Gallery}}</ref> * 2008: Yinka Shonibare: ihe ngosi naanị ya na Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artabase.net/exhibition/857-yinka-shonibare-mbe|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE on Artabase|publisher=Artabase.net|accessdate=2012-07-20|archivedate=2011-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817003537/http://www.artabase.net/exhibition/857-yinka-shonibare-mbe}}</ref> * 2009: Yinka Shonibare: ihe ngosi naanị ya na Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York City, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/yinka_shonibare_mbe/|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE|publisher=Brooklyn Museum|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2009–2010: Yinka Shonibare MBE: ihe ngosi naanị ya na Smithsonian National Museum of African Art (nke Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, Australia haziri ma gaa)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmafa.si.edu/exhibits/shonibare/intro.html|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE &#124;&#124; National Museum of African Art|publisher=Nmafa.si.edu|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2010: "Before and After Modernism: Byam Shaw, Rex Vicat Cole, Yinka Shonibare MBE", Lethaby Gallery, Central St. Martin's, London, England<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gracebarrettfineart.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/yinka-shonibare-tim-barringer/|title=Yinka Shonibare in conversation with Tim Barringer|publisher=Grace Barrett Fine Art|date=6 December 2010|accessdate=2013-03-16}}</ref> * 2010: Trumpet Boy sonyere na ihe ngosi FOUND na The Foundling Museum na 2016<ref name="found"/> * 2010–2012: Nelson's Ship in a Bottle, Fourth Plinth, Trafalgar Square, London, England<ref name="london1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://slashstrokemagazine.com/blog/?p=319|title=Yinka Shonibare Nelson's Ship in a Bottle|first=Rebecca|author=Bell|date=26 May 2010|accessdate=2012-07-20}}</ref> * 2013: ''FABRIC-ATION'', Nnyocha mbụ nke UK nke ọrụ, na Yorkshire Sculpture Park, England UK.<ref name=":0" /> * 2013: ''Wind Sculpture 1'', Yorkshire Sculpture Park, England.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE: FABRIC-ATION|url=https://ysp.org.uk/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare-mbe-fabric-ation|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=YSP|publisher=Ysp.co.uk|archivedate=20 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520033032/https://ysp.org.uk/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare-mbe-fabric-ation}}</ref> * 2015: "Rage of the Ballet Gods", James Cohan Gallery, New York City, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jamescohan.com/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare-mbe4|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE Rage of the Ballet Gods|publisher=James Cohan Gallery|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref> * 2016: "Yinka Shonibare MBE", Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://britishart.yale.edu/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare-mbe-ra|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE (RA)|publisher=Yale Center for British Art|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref> * 2016: BODY/PLAY/POLITICS, Yokohama Museum of Art, Yokohama, Japan - ngosi otu na Yee I-Lann, Apichatpong Weerasethakul, UuDam Tran Nguyen, Ishikawa Ryuichi na Tamura Yuichiro.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=BODY/PLAY/POLITICS|url=https://yokohama.art.museum/eng/exhibition/index/20161001-472.html|accessdate=18 May 2022|work=Yokohama Museum of Art|publisher=|archivedate=14 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514075927/https://yokohama.art.museum/eng/exhibition/index/20161001-472.html}}</ref> * 2016–2017: ''RA Family Album'', Royal Academy of Arts, London, England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/ra250-shonibare-ra-family-album|title=RA Family Album Yinka Shonibare MBE RA|publisher=Royal Academy|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref> * 2018: Wind Sculpture (SG) I, Doris C. Freedman Plaza, Central Park, New York City, USA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicartfund.org/view/exhibitions/6628_yinka_shonibare_mbe_wind_sculpture_sg_i|title=Yinka Shonibare MBE: Wind Sculpture (SG) I|publisher=Public Art Fund|accessdate=2018-12-28}}</ref> * 2019: ''Yinka Shonibare CBE'': The American Library, Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.speedmuseum.org/exhibitions/yinka-shonibare-mbe-the-american-library/|title=Yinka Shonibare CBE: The American Library|work=Speed Art Museum|accessdate=2019-03-31}}</ref> * 2020: ''Yinka Shonibare CBE''. ''Ọgwụgwụ nke Alaeze Ukwu'', Museum der Moderne Salzburg, Salzburg, AT * 2020: Yinka Shonibare CBE: Onye na-ahụ maka mbara igwe na-agba ọsọ ndụ, Wellcome Collection, London UK<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the climate emergency|first=Gwendolyn|author=Smith|url=https://wellcomecollection.org/articles/XYofFREAACQAp-Vl|work=Wellcome Collection|language=en|date=2 October 2019|accessdate=2020-05-13}}</ref> == Ihe nrite ya == * N'afọ 2004, e nyere Shonibare aha onye otu Order of the British Empire (MBE). N'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, ọ na-etinye aha ahụ n'ime njirimara nka ya, ebe ọ na-ekwu na ọ "ka mma inwe mmetụta site n'ime kama site n'èzí ... ọ bụ echiche nke ịnyịnya Trojan ... ị na-abanye n'amaghị ama. Mgbe ahụ ị na-emebi ihe. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=STILLING|first=ROBERT|date=2013|title=An Image of Europe: Yinka Shonibare's Postcolonial Decadence|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23489062|journal=PMLA|volume=128|issue=2|pages=299–321|doi=10.1632/pmla.2013.128.2.299|issn=0030-8129}}</ref> * N'afọ 2019, e nyere Yinka Shonibare onyinye ma chọọ ya mma na Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).<ref name="yinkashonibare.com">{{Cite web|title=Yinka Shonibare, CBE (RA) {{!}} Biography|url=http://yinkashonibare.com/biography/|accessdate=2021-05-16|work=yinkashonibare.com}}</ref> * Yinka Shonibare natara Whitechapel Gallery Art Icon Award na Machị 2021.<ref name="yinkashonibare.com" /> Ọ bụ onye nke asatọ natara onyinye a. Ihe nrite a na-eme ememe ndị na-ese ihe ndị nyere onyinye dị ukwuu n'otu usoro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Whitechapel Gallery Art Icon with Swarovski|url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/support/art-icon/|accessdate=2021-05-16|work=Whitechapel Gallery|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516174017/https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/support/art-icon/}}</ref> == Nkwarụ == Shonibare nwere nkwarụ ugbu a, enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ma dabere na otu ndị enyemaka, na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.<ref name="ancouk"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.disabilityartsonline.org/http//http//yinka_shonibare_bursary|title=Yinka Shonibare: Adam Reynolds bursary|publisher=disability arts online|accessdate=2012-07-20|archivedate=2011-10-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005064815/http://www.disabilityartsonline.org/http//http//yinka_shonibare_bursary}}</ref><ref>Sontag, Deborah (17 June 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/arts/design/21sont.html "Headless Bodies from a Bottomless Imagination"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> Nkwarụ Shonibare amụbaala ka ọ na-aga, nke mere ka ọ jiri oche nkwagharị eletrik. N'oge ndụ ya, Shonibare atụlewo nkwarụ ya na ọrụ ya n'ime ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shonibare|first=Yinka|date=4 January 2013|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jan/04/what-see-mirror-yinka-shonibare|title=What I see in the mirror|work=The Guardian}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a mara ọkwa Shonibare dị ka onye nlekọta nke ihe ngosi Ụdị nka "Open" kwa afọ ebe a na-akpọ ndị nwere nkwarụ na ndị na-enweghị nkwarụ ka ha nyefee ọrụ na nzaghachi maka isiokwu Open.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shapearts.org.uk/news/shape-open-exhibition-patron-announced.aspx|title=Shape Open Exhibition Patron announced|work=Shape Arts|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407101756/http://www.shapearts.org.uk/news/shape-open-exhibition-patron-announced.aspx|archivedate=7 April 2014}}</ref> == Edensibia ==   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1yoln797n8k3gx0faq6gi1frae5yxx9 Zaki Ibrahim 0 14234 195415 126276 2024-11-19T09:31:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zaki Ibrahim''' bụ onye [[South Africa|South]] Africa na Canada na-agụ egwu. Egwú ya jikọtara , R$B,soul na jazz.<ref name="cbcmusic"/> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na British Columbia site nna si South Africa na nne si United Kingdom, Ibrahim nọrọ na nwata ya dị ka ihe ọ kọwara dị ka "nwa amaala nke ụwa",ma bie n'oge dị iche iche na Canada, South Africa, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na [[France]] .<ref name="grid">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140708233221/http://www.thegridto.com/culture/music/one-to-watch-zaki-ibrahim/ "One to Watch: Zaki Ibrahim"]. ''[[The Grid (newspaper)|The Grid]]'', June 28, 2012.</ref><ref name="cbcmusic"/> Nna ya, Zane Ibrahim, bụ onye mgbasa ozi redio na South Africa, onye bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ụlọ ọrụ redio obodo bu Bush Radio.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231002045310/https://www.torontostandard.com/culture/zaki-ibrahim/ "In Due Time"]. ''The Toronto Standard'', June 29, 2012.</ref> Ọ kwagara Toronto, Ontario n'etiti afọ 2000, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama n'ogbọ egwu obodo ahụ.<ref name="cbcmusic">[http://music.cbc.ca/#/blogs/2012/3/Zaki-Ibrahim-No-borders Zaki Ibrahim: No borders]. [[CBC Music]], March 12, 2012.</ref> O wepụtara EP mbụ ya, Shö (Iqra in Orange), n'afọ 2006.<ref name="grid"/> N'ịgbaso otu ihe ngosi na El Mocambo n'afọ 2007, ndị otu mmepụta ya na ndị na-akwado ndị egwu guzobere usoro mgbakọ ozugbo iji mepụta ma tinye ihe ndekọ diski nke ihe ngosi ahụ ka emechara maka ire ere ozugbo; usoro ịzụta mbipụta gbatịkwuru nke ọma n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ klọb ahụ.<ref name="cbcmusic" /> O wepụtara EP nke abụọ, Eclectica (Episodes in Purple), n'afọ 2008. Ihe ngosi ndụ ya iji kwado EP gụnyere mpụta ya na Bedouin Soundclash na 2008 MuchMusic Video Awards, na mmeghe ngosi maka [[Erykah Badu]] na Massey Hall.<ref name="cbcmusic"/> O nwetara nhọpụta Juno Award maka R&B / Soul Recording of the Year na Juno Awards nke afọ 2009 maka egwu ya "Money".<ref name="cbcmusic" /> E tinyere egwu ya "Ansomnia" na ụda ihe nkiri afọ 2010 bụ For Colored Girls: Music From and Inspired by the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack .<ref name="cbcmusic" /> E wepụtara abọm mbụ ya, Every Opposite, n'afọ 2012.<ref name="grid"/> A họpụtara Albọm a maka 2013 Polaris Music Prize n'abali iri na atọ nke ọnwa June afọ 2013, ma mesịa kpọọ aha ya na ndepụta dị mkpirikpi N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa July afọ 2013.<ref name="longlist">[http://exclaim.ca/News/polaris_music_prize_unveils_2013_long_list "Polaris Music Prize Unveils 2013 Long List"]. ''[[Exclaim!]]'', June 13, 2013.</ref><ref name="shortlist">[http://exclaim.ca/News/polaris_music_prize_announces_2013_short_list "Polaris Music Prize Announces 2013 Short List"]. ''[[Exclaim!]]'', July 16, 2013.</ref> Ọ bi ugbu a na Toronto Ontario.<ref name="grid"/> == Albọm == * Shö (Iqra na Orange) - 2006 * Eclectica (Episodes in Purple) - 2008 * ''Onye ọ bụla megidere'' - 2012 * ''Ndụ Nzuzo nke'' Planets - 2018 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Zaki Ibrahim on Facebook * Zaki Ibrahim's channel on YouTube [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] en0zb2jbp9ipevl8rtr2z9r400aruk0 Ramdane Touhami 0 14705 195311 154713 2024-11-18T18:53:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ramdane Touhami''' (amụrụ na 23 Septemba 1974 na Montauban, France) bụ onye France na Morocco na-ese ihe, onye nduzi okike na onye ọchụnta ego. A na-akpọkarị ya "onye ọchụnta ego dị iche iche na onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi mba ụwa, o mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na ejiji, nka, PR, na ụlọ ọrụ ịma mma kemgbe mmalite afọ 90.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/intelligence/with-lofficine-universelle-buly-ramdane-touhami-revives-historic-beauty-brand|title=Former Cire Trudon Co-Owner Revives Historic Beauty Brand|date=26 March 2014|work=The Business of Fashion|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref> A makwaara ya maka ịmegharị onye na-emepụta wax kasị ochie n'ụwa bụ Cire Trudon .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-11-16/whiff-of-marie-antoinette-at-367-year-old-candle-maker-s-shop.html|title=Whiff of Marie Antoinette at 367-Year-Old Candle Maker's Shop|author=Kazakina|first=Katya|date=16 November 2010|work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|accessdate=7 May 2011}}</ref> Ya na nwunye ya [https://www.lisez.com/auteur/victoire-de-taillac/144134 Victoire de Taillac], bu ndi nchịkọba nke ụlọọrụ ịma mma nke Paris nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, l'Officine Universelle Buly .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/fashion/ramdane-touhami-buly-1803.html|title=Ramdane Touhami's New French Empire|author=Thomas|first=Dana|date=4 July 2017|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pen-online.com/film/ramdane-touhami/|title=Ramdane Touhami|work=Pen Magazine International|accessdate=18 April 2018|archivedate=18 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230751/https://pen-online.com/film/ramdane-touhami/}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ramdane Touhami n'ezinụlọ French Morocco nke nwere mmadụ isii na Montauban, obodo dị na mpaghara Occitanie na ndịda [[France]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Grazia.fr|date=2019-09-02|title=Ramdane Touhami : "Ce que j'aime, c'est entrer dans une boite... – Grazia|url=https://www.grazia.fr/news-et-societe/societe/ramdane-touhami-ce-que-j-aime-c-est-entrer-dans-une-boite-en-changer-le-business-930031|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.grazia.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, a họpụtara ya maka ajụjụ ọnụ ya ọ jụrụ onye isi ala France bụ Chirac.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Montauban. Les "années collège" de Ramdane Touhami|url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2019/11/28/les-annees-college-de-ramdane-touhami,8567883.php|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=ladepeche.fr|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'ime ime obodo, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, o mepụtara ụdị ákwà ya, Teuchiland, na-eme Timberland na-arutu aka na cannabis.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramdane.com/works_contain.php?work_cat_id=NDE=|title=Works|work=ramdane.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref> O ji ya nweta ego, mana a tọọrọ ya ma napụ ya ego niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=Day in The Life: Ramdane Touhami|url=https://www.kinfolk.com/day-life-ramdane-touhami/|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=Kinfolk|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi, hụ onwe ya n'akụkụ na-ezighị ezi nke ndị otu Toulouse wee gbaga Paris, ebe ọ na-enweghị ebe obibi ruo otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inverser la courbe du destin – Ép. 2/4 – Voyage transclasse, histoires de ceux qui ont quitté leur milieu d'origine|url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/lsd-la-serie-documentaire/voyage-transclasse-histoires-de-ceux-qui-ont-quitte-leur-milieu-dorigine-24-inverser-la-courbe-du|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=France Culture|language=fr}}</ref> A mara ya mma, o nwere ọnyá ahụ ruo taa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kinfolk.com/day-life-ramdane-touhami/|title=Day in The Life: Ramdane Touhami|date=20 February 2018|work=Kinfolk}}</ref> Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere ụlọ ahịa echiche mbụ ya L'Epicerie na Paris, "ụlọ ahịa" na-ewu ewu ebe uwe, na-egosipụta àgwà mmegide Colette, na-enweta nlebara anya ngwa ngwa nke ndị nta akụkọ dịka Dazed & Confused, Herald Tribune, Le Monde, Vogue na The New York Times . == Ọrụ == === Onye nduzi okike === Ramdane arụọla ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi okike maka ụdị dị iche iche, na-enyere ụlọ ahịa ejiji na ísì ụtọ okomoko aka ịmegharị ụlọ ahịa ha na ihe oyiyi ha. Ọ malitere site na ịmalitegharịa And A. na 2000, ụdị ejiji nke Japanese Group [https://www.sazaby-league.co.jp/about_us/company/?language=en Sazaby], site na ịmegharị ime ụlọ ahịa ahụ, njirimara ọhụ na ihe ahịa, ịzụta, ngosi, ịmepụta nchịkọta uwe, na ọbụna nhọrọ egwu. Njem ahụ na-aga n'ihu mgbe e mesịrị n'afọ 2003 mgbe Liberty, ụlọ ahịa a ma ama na London kpọrọ ya ka ọ rụzigharịa ngalaba ụmụ nwoke ha, ebe ọ tụgharịrị akara ahụ dum na ịzụ ahịa, na-ezukọta obere ụdị ejiji iri ise na isii iji mepụta uwe ejiji maka uwe ụmụ nwoke, na-esote atụmatụ echiche ọhụrụ ya n'afọ 2010 maka Santa Eulalia Barcelona, na-aghọta "bar à eaux de cologne" (ụlọ ''mmanya na-esi ísì ụtọ'') dị ka palette na-esi ísì ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santaeulalia.com/eu/|title=Santa Eulalia. Modern luxury shop based in Barcelona. Online Store|work=santaeulalia.com|accessdate=17 April 2018|archivedate=24 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124034717/https://www.santaeulalia.com/eu/}}</ref> Otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ mmegharị ya gụnyere Cire Trudon, onye na-eme kandụl French nke e guzobere na 1643, mgbe ọ nọ na-ehi ụra ihe karịrị afọ nari atọ na iri ise.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-04-20|title=Ramdane Touhami, franc-tireur du luxe à la française|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-actu/article/2018/04/20/ramdane-touhami-franc-tireur-du-luxe-a-la-francaise_5288283_4497186.html|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> Iji mee ka akụkọ ihe mere eme furu efu pụta, ọ laghachiri na aha mbụ ahụ, chegharịa echiche maka ụlọ ahịa ahụ, meziwanye usoro mbụ ahụ site na iji wax akwụkwọ nri, ma mepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ iri abụọ maka akara kandụl na-esi ísì ụtọ, ebe nke ọ bụla nwere akụkọ nke ya nke a na-ejikọkarị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akara ahụ ma ọ bụ nke ka ukwuu nke France. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ okike nke ya nke a na-akpọ [https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174624/https://www.a-r-i.ch/en/ Art Recherche Industrie], ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nka na mpaghara ndị dị mkpa, na-eme onwe ya ka ọ dị iche site na "ụdị ọrụ mbụ: na-akwado ụlọ na ihe ọ bụla".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Art Recherche Industrie – Agence de direction artistique créée par Ramdane Touhami. Architecture, typographie, graphisme, photographie, écriture, création de produits, identité & philosophie de marque.|url=https://www.a-r-i.ch/en/|accessdate=2021-03-30|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174624/https://www.a-r-i.ch/en/}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na akara ịma mma ya, Officine Universelle Buly, Buly 1803 na nkenke, yana ndị mmekọ ndị ọzọ, dị ka Moncler. === Onye ọchụnta ego === N'agbanyeghị ahụmịhe ya na nduzi nka, Ramdane na-akọwa onwe ya karịa, o na-eji "ezi uche nke onye ọchụnta ego".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Info|url=http://www.ramdane.com/info.php|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.ramdane.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, ọ malitere ụdị uwe nwoke ya R.T., nke ọ sere ma mepụta ákwà ya na mbipụta ya, Résistance sochiri ya na ụdị obodo mepere emepe, na-asọpụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe oyiyi akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kachasị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/19/style/a-neorebel-cool.html|title=A neo-rebel cool|author=Voight|first=Rebecca|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref> E rere R.T. & Résistance na ụlọ ahịa 180 gburugburu ụwa: "Maria Luisa" na Paris, "Nom de guerre" na [[New York City]], "Isetan" na Tokyo, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ma hụ mmekorita dịka ya na Black Panther Party maka ncheta afọ iri anọ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Limnander|first=Armand|date=2006-03-12|title=The Remix; Spirit of '66|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/magazine/style/the-remix-spirit-of-66.html|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> Ka uche ya si na ejiji gaa na ísì ụtọ, Ramdane malitere ụlọ ọrụ ya na emepụta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ Architecture Olfactive ozugbo ọ rụchara ọrụ na Cire Trudon na 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeela ọtụtụ ísì ntanye maka ụdị na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka The Kooples na Paris, Barney's na Mercer Hotel na New York, Santa Eulalia na Barcelona, yana ụlọ nkwari akụ Shangri-La na obí eze, tinyere echiche nke ísì maka ihe omume. N'afọ 2014, ya na nwunye ya, Victoire de Taillac-Touhami guzobere akara ịma mma ya Officine Universelle Buly<ref>buly1803.com/en/</ref> na 6 rue Bonaparte na mpaghara nke isii na Paris. Ọ bụ Jean-Vincent Bully hiwere akara ahụ na 1803, ha abụọ mechara kpọlite ya, ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a n'ọtụtụ mba na mpaghara na-ere ọtụtụ ngwaahịa nke gụnyere ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na mmiri, kandụl na-esi ísì ụtọ, wdg.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fetto|first=Funmi|date=2018-09-02|title=Sweet smell of success: the couples making scents|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2018/sep/02/sweet-smell-of-success-the-couples-making-scents|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Thomas|first=Dana|date=2017-07-04|title=Ramdane Touhami's New French Empire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/04/fashion/ramdane-touhami-buly-1803.html|accessdate=2021-03-30}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe ya == Ramdane lụrụ Victoire de Taillac-Touhami, onye ọkachamara n'ịma mma na onye bụbu onye nduzi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ahịa echiche Colette. Ha bụ ndị mmekọ chiri anya kemgbe nzukọ ha na 90s, ma n'ụzọ ịhụnanya ma n'ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire de Taillac & Ramdane Touhami · MKRS.|url=https://mkrs.family/makers/victoire-de-taillac-ramdane-touhami|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=MKRS.|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422092516/https://mkrs.family/makers/victoire-de-taillac-ramdane-touhami}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Cook|first=Grace|date=2019-12-05|title=Buly 1803 picks playful stocking fillers|url=https://www.ft.com/content/feecffb2-15f1-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Di na nwunye a bi ugbu a na Paris, France, ya na ụmụ ha atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-20|title='Paris is home': a creative couple's colourful apartment {{!}} Homes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jan/20/paris-home-creative-couple-colourful-apartment|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Ebube == Na Disemba 2020, e nyere Touhami Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of Arts and Letters). == Akwụkwọ na mbipụta == * 2003: Isonye na "Hello Kitty's 30th birthday" ngosi na Mory Museum, na Tokyo. * 2006: "View of the sea", ihe nkiri mbụ nke onye French na-ese ihe osise Artus de Lavilléon duziri. * 2013: Mmalite nke magazin ịma mma nke onwe ya "Corpus" n'akụkụ Victoire de Taillac. * 2017: Mbipụta nke: ** An ''Atlas'' of Natural Beauty (mbipụta UK), Ebury Press. (ISBN 978-1-785-03494-7)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taillac|first=Victoire de|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1011147170|title=An atlas of natural beauty : botanical ingredients for retaining and enhancing beauty|date=2017|others=Ramdane Touhami|isbn=978-1-78503-494-7|location=London|oclc=1011147170}}</ref> ** ''Atlas de la beauté au naturel'' (French), mbipụta mmalite Ebury Press. (ISBN 978-2-232-14494-3)<ref>{{Cite book|author=Taillac|first=Victoire de|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1130898395|title=Atlas de beauté au naturel : secrets botaniques pour conserver et sublimer votre beauté|date=2017|others=Ramdane Touhami, Isaure de Benque, L'Officine Universelle Buly|isbn=978-2-232-14494-3|location=Paris|oclc=1130898395}}</ref> * 2018: Mbipụta nke: ** An Atlas of Natural Beauty (mbipụta United States), Simon & Schuster. (ISBN 978-1-501-19735-2)<ref>{{Cite book|author=de Taillac|first=Victoire|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1045640565|title=An atlas of natural beauty : botanical ingredients for retaining and enhancing beauty|publisher=Simon & Schuster|others=Ramdane Touhami|year=2018|isbn=978-1-5011-9735-2|edition=hardcover|location=New York|oclc=1045640565}}</ref> * 2020: Mmalite nke ** ''WAM'' Magazine, Ramdane Touhami's egocentric magazine, nke Art Recherche Industrie bipụtara ** ''Атлас естественной красоты'' (mbipụta Russia), Azbooka. (ISBN 978-5-389-16265-5)<ref>{{Cite book|author=De Taillac|first=Victoire|title=Атлас естественной красоты|publisher=Azbooka.|year=2020|isbn=978-5-389-16265-5|location=Russia}}</ref> * 2021: Mbipụta nke: ** The Beauty of Time Travel, The Work of Ramdane Touhami and the Agency Art Recherche Industrie for Officine Universelle Buly, gestalten. (ISBN 978-3-96704-019-7) == Ebensidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Official website * [https://www.buly1803.com/en/ Officine Universelle Buly official website] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174624/https://www.a-r-i.ch/en/ Art recherche industrie official website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4puqtgt3c3yx2nv9gf8ldjt376ji808 Zora Howard 0 14713 195417 129425 2024-11-19T09:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zora Howard''' bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma maka idekọ ma gosipụta ya na ihe nkiri nke afọ 2019 Premature . Egwuregwu izizi ya, ''STEW'', malitere na Broadway na February 2020 ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka Ihe nrite Pulitzer Na ihe nkiri.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Indie romance 'Premature' challenges Hollywood by portraying black love, not black pain|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-02-21/premature-zora-howard-rashaad-ernesto-green|date=2020-02-21|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Vincentelli|first=Elisabeth|date=2020-02-01|title=Review: 'Stew' Takes Deeper Emotions Off the Back Burner|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/theater/stew-review.html|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ ya == A mụrụ Howard n'aka onye na-ahụ maka anụ ụlọ Julie Butler na Claude Howard ma zụlite ya na Harlem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Community Honors Memory Of Harlem Veterinarian, Mentor Who Died During Pandemic|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/19/838073236/community-honors-memory-of-harlem-veterinarian-mentor-who-died-during-pandemic|accessdate=2021-07-05|work=NPR.org|language=en|date=2020-04-19|first=Lulu|author=Garcia-Narro}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title="No One Was Willing to Sign the Check": Rashaad Ernesto Green and Zora Howard on Premature, Shooting 16mm and Self-Financing|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/109242-no-one-was-willing-to-sign-the-check-rashaad-ernesto-green-and-zora-howard-on-premature-shooting-16mm-and-self-financing/|author=Luers|first=Erik|work=Filmmaker Magazine|date=24 February 2020|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ọ malitere ide uri mgbe ọ dị obere, ma soro ndị otu okwu ọnụ The Strivers Row rụọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spoken Word on Bleecker Street|url=https://artsinitiative.columbia.edu/campus/student-perspectives/spoken-word-bleecker-street|author=Booth|first=Laura|work=Columbia University Arts Initiative|accessdate=2020-05-26|archivedate=2020-07-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713010329/https://artsinitiative.columbia.edu/campus/student-perspectives/spoken-word-bleecker-street}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ bụ onye na-ede uri kacha nta meriri na Urban Word NYC Grand Slam finals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MOVIE OF THE WEEK February 28, 2020: PREMATURE – ALLIANCE OF WOMEN FILM JOURNALISTS|url=https://awfj.org/blog/2020/02/23/movie-of-the-week-february-28-2020-premature/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref> O nwere Bachelors of Arts na Mahadum Yale . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2014. na nzere Masters Nke nka mma site na mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, San Diego .<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.directingmagic.com/2019/05/15/zora-howard/|title=Zora Howard – Co-Writer and Lead Actress of PREMATURE (Ep29)|date=2019-05-15|accessdate=2020-05-30|work=Directing Magic - a podcast about women filmmakers|archivedate=2020-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330203929/http://www.directingmagic.com/2019/05/15/zora-howard/}}</ref> Premature bụ ọrụ mbụ Howard na oge mbụ ya na-ede ihe nkiri, ya na onye nduzi Rashaad Ernesto Green dere.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title='Premature' Is a Coming-of-Age Love Story That Puts Its Heroine First|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a30835238/zora-howard-premature-interview/|author=Candice Frederick|date=2020-03-05|work=ELLE|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCandice_Frederick2020">Candice Frederick (2020-03-05). [https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a30835238/zora-howard-premature-interview/ "'Premature' Is a Coming-of-Age Love Story That Puts Its Heroine First"]. ''ELLE''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite></ref> Howard zutere Green na ihe nkiri New York mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ọ tụbara ya na ihe nkiri nwa akwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na NYU Tisch, nke a na-akpọkwa Premature .<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Dakota Johnson Thinks Shia LaBeouf Might Be The Greatest Actor Of Her Generation|url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/dakota-johnson-shia-labeouf|author=Cuby|first=Michael|work=Nylon|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCuby">Cuby, Michael. [https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/dakota-johnson-shia-labeouf "Dakota Johnson Thinks Shia LaBeouf Might Be The Greatest Actor Of Her Generation"]. ''Nylon''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3"/> Ya na Green rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri mbụ ya, ''Gun Hill Road'' .<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2017, Green kpọtụrụ Howard ka o mepụta ihe nkiri maka Premature .<ref name=":4"/> Ihe nkiri a na-eso Howard dị ka Ayanna, onye New York dị afọ iri na asaa nke ya na onye na-ese ihe n'afọ iri abụọ (Joshua Boone) na-enwe mmekọrịta n'oge okpomọkụ.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ malitere na Sundance 2019.<ref name=":3"/> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnabata dị mma. Mgbe ọ na-ede maka ''Elle'', Candace Frederick kpọrọ ya "ụdị ihe nkiri nwere obi ike, nke na-adịghị ike nke ọbụna ndị na-akọ akụkọ ochie na-achọ."<ref name=":0" /> Michael Cuby nke ''Nylon'' kọwara ya dị ka, "akụkọ ịhụnanya na-abịa n'afọ ndụ nke gbasara ịchọta ịhụnanya mbụ gị dịka ọ bụ maka iji ịhụnanya mbụ ahụ chọta onwe gị."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zora Howard On Writing And Starring In 'Premature'|url=https://www.nylon.com/zora-howard-premature-interview|author=Cuby|first=Michael|work=Nylon|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Egwuregwu mbụ nke Howard, ''STEW'', gbara na February 2020 na Walkerspace na New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Page 73's Next Production Will be Zora Howard's Stew|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/page-73s-next-production-will-be-zora-howards-stew|author=Clement|first=Olivia|date=15 October 2019|work=Playbill|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-27}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Zora Howard's Stew Remixes the Potboiler|url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/02/theater-review-zora-howards-stew-remixes-the-potboiler.html|author=Shaw|first=Helen|date=2020-02-02|work=Vulture|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ọ na-etinye ezinụlọ nke ọgbọ atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ga-alụ ọgụ na nhọrọ onwe ha.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":0"/> N'ime nyocha kachasị mma maka ''Vulture'', Helen Shaw kwuru, "Howard na-esi na ọrịa strok sara mbara gaa na mgbagwoju anya nke ontological fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tupu ị mara ya...Howard na-eme ka anyị nụ ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ihe mgbu, na-akụ aka ka a hapụ anyị ka anyị bata.<ref name=":1" /> == Ihe nrite ya == * 2020-2021 Van Lier New Voices Fellow, The Lark<ref>https://www.playbill.com/article/in-the-news-shoshana-bean-anika-noni-rose-laura-bell-bundy-more-celebrate-women-who-get-it-done-the-lark-names-2-new-fellows-more</ref> * 2021 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, Finalist - maka ''STEW''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Editors|first=American Theatre|date=2021-06-11|title=Katori Hall Wins 2021 Drama Pulitzer for 'The Hot Wing King'|url=https://www.americantheatre.org/2021/06/11/katori-hall-wins-2021-drama-pulitzer-for-the-hot-wing-king/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=AMERICAN THEATRE|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 46t25h44dfg50u4zya443kuv0xib4up Shekhinah (singer) 0 15152 195359 184322 2024-11-19T00:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Shekhinah.png|thumb|Shekhinah]] '''Shekhinah Thandi Donnell''' (amụrụ n'abalị abụọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1994), nke a maara dịka '''Shekhinah''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu si Durban, South Africa. Shekhinah so na mmadụ iri atọ na abụọ mbụ ahọtaea n'elu nhọpụta nke M-Net agba nke asaa nke SA Idols na 2011 ma soro na mmadụ Isii nke nọ n'isi nhọpụta n'agba nke asatọ nke <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">SA Idols</i></nowiki> na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afda.co.za/shekhinah-donnell-rises-above-the-stars/?cat=awards&main=/afda-news/awards|title=Shekhinah Donnell rises above the stars : AFDA|work=www.afda.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803174909/http://www.afda.co.za/shekhinah-donnell-rises-above-the-stars/?cat=awards&main=%2Fafda-news%2Fawards#|archivedate=2017-08-03}}</ref> '''Shekhinah Thandi Donnell''' (amụrụ n'abalị abụọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1994), nke a maara dịka '''Shekhinah''', bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu si Durban, South Africa. Shekhinah so na mmadụ iri atọ na abụọ mbụ ahọtaea n'elu nhọpụta nke M-Net agba nke asaa nke SA Idols na 2011 ma soro na mmadụ Isii nke nọ n'isi nhọpụta n'agba nke asatọ nke <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">SA Idols</i></nowiki> na 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afda.co.za/shekhinah-donnell-rises-above-the-stars/?cat=awards&main=/afda-news/awards|title=Shekhinah Donnell rises above the stars : AFDA|work=www.afda.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803174909/http://www.afda.co.za/shekhinah-donnell-rises-above-the-stars/?cat=awards&main=%2Fafda-news%2Fawards#|archivedate=2017-08-03}}</ref> E wepụtara abọm mbụ ya bụ ''Rose Gold'' n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017 ma nye ya platinum site n'aka RiSA n'abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Makhudu|first=Tshegofatso|title=Shekhinah goes gold and platinum|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/Local/shekhinah-goes-gold-and-platinum-20180124|work=channel24|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's Rose Gold goes gold|url=https://www.bona.co.za/shekhinahs-rose-gold-goes-gold/|work=BONA Magazine|accessdate=26 January 2018|archivedate=29 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729155329/https://www.bona.co.za/shekhinahs-rose-gold-goes-gold/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's Rose Gold Album Attain Gold Status|url=http://musicmagsa.co.za/2018/01/shekhinahs-rose-gold-album-attain-gold-status/|work=samusicmag|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref> ''Rose Gold'' mepụtara egwu atọ: "Suited"; "Please Mr." na "Different". E wepụtara abọm nke abụọ ya bụ Trouble In Paradise, n'onwa Mee n'afọ 2021. == Ọrụ == === 2016-2018: ''Rose Gold'' (2018) === N'afọ 2017, Shekinah wepụtara egwu mbụ ya bụ "Suited", nke rutere n'ọkwa nke mbụ na chaatị egwu South Africa ma bụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ nke South Africa (RiSA) nyere diamond plaque.<ref name="okayafrica">{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's Hit Single 'Suited' Has Been Certified Platinum|url=http://www.okayafrica.com/shekhinah-suited-platinum/|work=okayafrica|date=24 January 2018|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, e wepụtara "Biko Mr" na "Different" n'otu afọ ahụ, "Biko Maazị" nwetara akara gold plague <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's "Please Mr" Goes Gold|url=https://fakazanews.com/2018/04/02/shekhinahs-please-mr-goes-gold/|work=Fakaza|date=2 April 2018|publisher=Fakaza News|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2017, Sony Music Entertainment Africa wepụtara abọm studio mbụ ya bụ ''Rose Gold'' na South Africa. N'abalị asaa nke ọnwa Mee 2021, e wepụtara abọm studio nke abụọ ya bụ Trouble In Paradise na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah Experiences 'Trouble in Paradise' on Her Latest Album - OkayAfrica|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/amp/shekhinah-releases-new-album-trouble-in-paradise--2652909165|work=OkayAfrica|date=7 May 2021|first=Nobantu|author=Shabangu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah delays 'Trouble In Paradise' album release|url=https://www.iol.co.za/amp/entertainment/music/local/shekhinah-delays-trouble-in-paradise-album-release-14e23000-2712-4591-8357-3cb88a206250|work=Independent Online|first=Entertainment|author=Reporter|date=November 20, 2020}}</ref> == Discografị == === Ndị dị otu === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke ndị na-alụbeghị di dị ka onye na-eduzi ihe, na ọkwa chaatị ahọpụtara na asambodo, na-egosi afọ a tọhapụrụ na aha abọm ! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:20em;" |Aha ya ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Afọ ! colspan="1" scope="col" |Ọnọdụ chaatị kachasị elu ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |asambodo ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;" |South Africa (EMA) |- ! scope="row" |"Back To The Beach" (<small>ya na Kyle Deutsch </small>) | rowspan="2" |2015 | |RiSA: Gold<ref>{{Cite web|author=Selekolo|first=Kabelo|title=Shekhinah's Back To The Beach song reaches GOLD status|url=http://www.events-burg.com/news/shekhinah-back-to-the-beach-song-reaches-gold-status/|work=Events Burg|accessdate=26 January 2018|archivedate=29 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729111841/http://www.events-burg.com/news/shekhinah-back-to-the-beach-song-reaches-gold-status/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Quma|first=Babalwa|title=Shekhinah feels no pressure from the success of "Back to the Beach"|url=http://livemag.co.za/featured/shekhinah-feels-no-pressure-from-the-success-of-back-to-the-beach/|work=Live Mag|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Kyle and Shekhinah hit on the way|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/The-Juice/News/another-kyle-and-shekhinah-hit-on-the-way-20160913|work=channel24|publisher=The Juice|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref> |Otu egwu na-abụghị abọm |- ! scope="row" |"Let You Know" (ya <small>na</small> Sketchy Bongo ) |2<ref>{{Cite web|title=Entertainment Monitoring Africa :: Local Chart|url=http://www.sa-ema.com/local-chart/?week=2016-03-15|work=Entertainment Monitoring Africa|accessdate=12 February 2017}}</ref> |Ọdịdị |''Unmasked'' |- ! scope="row" |"Ejiri ejiji" |2017 |1 |RiSA: Diamond<ref name="okayafrica"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's 'Suited' goes platinum|url=https://www.ecr.co.za/coca-cola-top-40/shekhinahs-suited-goes-platinum/|work=East Coast Radio|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's #RoseGold album strikes gold|url=http://www.yomzansi.com/2018/01/24/shekhinah-album-rose-gold-goes-gold/|work=YoMzansi|accessdate=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah Single 'Suited' Reaches Diamond Status|url=https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/shekhinah-single-suited-reaches-diamond-status|work=People Magazine|accessdate=8 May 2018|archivedate=29 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729155330/https://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/local-celebrities/shekhinah-single-suited-reaches-diamond-status/}}</ref> | rowspan="3" |''Rose Gold'' |- ! scope="row" |"Biko Maazị" |2018 |1 |RiSA: Platinum<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's new record|url=https://www.zalebs.com/whats-hot/shekhinahs-new-record/|work=ZAlebs|accessdate=8 May 2018|archivedate=29 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729155319/https://zalebs.com/whats-hot/shekhinahs-new-record/}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Shekhinah's "Please Mr" Goes Gold|url=https://mzansinow.co.za/shekhinahs-please-mr-goes-gold/|work=MzansiNow|accessdate=8 May 2018|archivedate=9 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509013635/https://mzansinow.co.za/shekhinahs-please-mr-goes-gold/}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Ọdịdị" |2018 |1 |RiSA: Gold<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto2" /> Mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe |- | colspan="14" style="font-size:90%" |"X" na-egosi ihe ndekọ nke na-enweghị chaatị ma ọ bụ nke a na-ewepụtaghị na mpaghara ahụ. |} <ref name="okayafrica" /> === Abọm studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndepụta nke abọm studio, na ozi ahọrọ ! scope="col" style="width:11em;" |Aha ya ! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Nkọwa nke abọm !asambodo |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |''Rose Gold''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rose Gold by Shekhinah on Apple Music|url=https://itunes.apple.com/za/album/rose-gold/id1276096107|work=Apple Music|date=6 October 2017|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> | * A tọhapụrụ ya: 6 Ọktoba 2017 * Akara: Sony Music Entertainment Africa * Ụdị: CD, nbudata dijitalụ |RISA: Platinum |- ! scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |''Nsogbu Na Paradaịs''<ref>{{Cite web|title=ALBUM: Shekhinah – Trouble In Paradise|url=https://afrohits.co.za/albumep-download/album-shekhinah-trouble-in-paradise/|work=Afrohits.co.za|accessdate=11 May 2021|archivedate=11 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511235733/https://afrohits.co.za/albumep-download/album-shekhinah-trouble-in-paradise/}}</ref> |A tọhapụrụ ya: 7 Mee 2021 Akara: Sony Music Entertainment Africa Ụdị: CD, Nbudata egwu | |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta ==   === Metro FM Music Awards ===   === Onyinye Egwú South Africa ===   === MTV Africa Music Awards ===   === MTV European Music Awards ===   === All Africa Music Awards ===   === Ihe nrite ntụrụndụ KZN ===   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oz61v7te98o5fdd2jhsrvo4n2aeryav Shona Ferguson 0 15173 195360 94032 2024-11-19T00:44:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Ọrụ mmalite == Ferguson malitere njem ya n'ime ụwa ntụrụndụ na [[Lesotho]] dịka onye DJ klọb na The Palace Hotel Night Club n'afọ 1992. Mgbe ọ laghachiri [[Botswana]], ọ tụgharịrị uche ya gaa n'ụwa ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ mechie na azụmahịa IT. Ebe ọ malitere dịka a onye na-ere ahịa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye ọchụnta ego a na-akwanyere ùgwù ebe ọ meriri ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere Top Sales Manager Award 1998 Xia99 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na EDUTECH.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mzansimagic.dstv.com/show/our-perfect-wedding/the-wild-shona-ferguson/character|title=Shona Ferguson – Mzansi Magc|work=Mzansi Magic|language=en|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri == Ọrụ mbụ Ferguson rụrụ bụ Dr Leabua na South African Venda language soap opera ''Muvhango'' . Ọ hapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2007. Mgbe ahụ, ọ pụtara dịka Itumeleng site n'afọ 2011 na 2013 na The Wild, ihe nkiri ncha nke M-Net. Ya, ya na nwunye ya Connie Ferguson, guzobere Ferguson Films ma ha abụọ gosipụtara na usoro ihe nkiri mbụ nke mmepụta ihe nkiri ha ''Rockville''. Ọ pụtara dịka JB site n'afọ 2013 ruo ihe omume ikpeazụ ya n'afọ 2016. O mekwara ihe nkiri na 2014's The Gift, usoro Ferguson Films, ma mee ihe nkiri dịka Jerry Maake na The Queen, nke bụkwa usoro Ferguson Filmes nke malitere n'afọ 2016. ''[[Isidingo|Ihe]]'' ngosi TV ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere Isidingo: The Need dịka Tyson na Scandal! dịka Alex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=3690|title=Shona Ferguson TV Roles|work=TVSA|language=en|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri Ferguson == N'afọ 2010, ya na nwunye ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Connie Ferguson malitere Ferguson Films. Ihe ha mepụtara gụnyere ''Rockville'', ''iGazi'', The Gift, The Throne, The Herd, The Queen, The River na The Imposter. N'afọ 2020, ha mepụtara usoro Netflix nke isii akpọrọ Kings of Joburg . == Ihe nkiri == A tụbara Ferguson na ihe nkiri 2010 Mrs. ''Mandela''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt1409776/?ref_=m_nm_knf_act_i4|title=Mrs. Mandela (2010) Cast|work=IMDb|language=en|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ferguson zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Connie Masilo na 31 Julaị 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CSAWe3YMlTT|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/connie_ferguson/2630201060453668051_2630201057324668569|archivedate=26 December 2021|title=Connie Ferguson pens tribute to late husband|work=instagram|date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Ha lụrụ na Nọvemba nke afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afromuziki.com/shona-ferguson-and-wife-connie-ferguson-celebrates-17-years-of-marriage/|title=Shona Ferguson and wife Connie Ferguson celebrate 17 years of marriage|work=afromuziki|language=en|accessdate=5 April 2020|archivedate=3 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703080044/https://afromuziki.com/shona-ferguson-and-wife-connie-ferguson-celebrates-17-years-of-marriage/}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == Ọ natara Golden Horn Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na TV Soap na Golden Horn Award for Best Achievement by a Lead Actor in a Made for TV Movie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandarcsa.co.za/Shona%20Ferguson.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305103749/http://www.brandarcsa.co.za/Shona%20Ferguson.html|archivedate=5 March 2021|title=Shona Ferguson Awards|work=Brandarcsa|language=en|accessdate=5 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2021, a nabatara Ferguson n'ụlọ ọgwụ Pinehaven na COVID-19. Ka ọnọdụ ya na-akawanye njọ, e bugara ya n'etiti ụbọchị nke July na Milpark Hospital na Johannesburg, ebe ọ nwụrụ na 30 July 2021, mgbe ọ dị afọ 47.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/lifestyle/health/shona-ferguson-reportedly-in-icu-after-undergoing-heart-surgery-ec3b940e-f9c1-4692-ab46-d2853ce69c14|title=Shona Ferguson reportedly in ICU after undergoing heart surgery|date=27 July 2021|accessdate=30 July 2021|work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]]|author=Ndongeni-Ntlebi|first=Viwe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Baloyi|first=Thabo|date=30 July 2021|title=BREAKING: TV producer Shona Ferguson DIES from COVID-19|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/lifestyle/celeb-news/breaking-tv-producer-shona-ferguson-passes-away/|work=thesouthafrican.com|accessdate=6 August 2021}}</ref> E liri ya na Fourways Memorial Park, mgbe emesịrị olili ozu onwe onye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CR9Io3yqMKG|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/ferguson_films/2629295750511116934|archivedate=26 December 2021|title=Shona Ferguson confirmed deceased on Instagram profile|work=[[instagram]] @ferguson_films|date=30 July 2021}}</ref> E mere emume ncheta ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, ebe ndị bịara naanị 50 n'ihi iwu mkpọchi COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=-tx55HWqM2M|title=Shona Ferguson Funeral Service|work=[[YouTube]]|date=8 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HwnZN_Mu5-c|title=Shona Ferguson Memorial Service|work=[[YouTube]]|date=8 August 2021}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|3948104|Shona Ferguson}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 118yk0unah5ssia7s9fqckut7vdxer7 Osborne Macharia 0 16554 195268 131059 2024-11-18T14:39:55Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195268 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Osborne Macharia''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1986 na Nairobi) bụ [[Kenya|onye Kenya]] na-ese foto azụmahịa na onye na-ese ihe dijitalụ nke ọrụ ya na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu Afrofuturism na ọdịbendị, njirimara, na akụkọ ifo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oslmedia.totalexposure.co.za/biography--osborne-macharia|title=Osborne Macharia: The Eye (Kenya, Photographer)|work=oslmedia.totalexposure.co.za|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-14|archivedate=2019-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050126/https://oslmedia.totalexposure.co.za/biography--osborne-macharia}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "onye ukwu n'ịmepụta ụwa ojii ọzọ".<ref name="okayafrica.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/osborne-macharia-kenya--3-blind-elders-of-wakanda-original-black-panther-artwork-marvel/|title=Osborne Macharia Introduces the 3 Blind Elders of Wakanda In Exclusive 'Black Panther' Artwork|date=2018-02-22|work=OkayAfrica|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-24}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Macharia esoghị na ndị mbụ na-azụ ahịa na foto.<ref name=":2"/> Ụzọ ya na nkà foto malitere site na ọdịda. N'afọ 2010 ọ ka na-agụ akwụkwọ maka inweta nzere bachelọ ya na Architecture.<ref name=":2"/> Mgbe ahụ, ọ dara na nkeji ikpeazụ ya n'afọ nke anọ ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ iji nweta akara ugo mmụta na ihe owuwu. N'ime afọ ya, ọ chọtara ọrụ nke onye na-ese foto na New York bụ Joey L.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.commarts.com/fresh/osborne-macharia|title=Osborne Macharia|date=2017-01-09|work=Communication Arts|language=en-us|accessdate=2019-01-15}}</ref> Macharia bụ onye na-akụzi onwe ya kpamkpam, na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nkuzi na nyocha n'ịntanetị iji wulite nkà ya na foto.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1210071/black-panther-kenyan-art-photos-by-osborne-macharia-for-the-marvel-superhero-film/|title=Marvel commissioned a Kenyan photographer for these exclusive Black Panther art pieces|author=Dahir|first=Abdi Latif|work=Quartz Africa|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-15}}</ref> Macharia na-arụ ọrụ na oghere 80mm na usoro igwefoto Medium Format na Phocus Software na Lightroom. Ọ na-adabere na ngwa Photoshop nke ukwuu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://tdsblog.com/osborne-macharia/|title=Ladies & Gentlemen, Photographer Extraordinaire, Osborne Macharia|date=2018-05-04|work=The Designers Studio|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-15|archivedate=2019-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116070330/http://tdsblog.com/osborne-macharia/}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụdị egosila ihe osise ya, gụnyere Vogue, Marie Claire, Coke, Afro Punk, na BBC.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.designindaba.com/profiles/osborne-macharia|title=Osborne Macharia|work=Design Indaba|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-14}}</ref> E nyere ya ọrụ ịmepụta ihe osise mbụ maka ihe nkiri Black Panther na ihe nkiri telivishọn US Queen Sugar .<ref name="okayafrica.com"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/osborne-macharia-shoots-the-key-art-for-ava-duvernays-queen-sugar/|title=Osborne Macharia Shoots The Key Art For Ava DuVernay's 'Queen Sugar'|author=Orubo|first=Daniel|date=2018-04-20|work=Konbini Nigeria|language=en-NG|accessdate=2019-01-24|archivedate=2019-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125130845/http://www.konbini.com/ng/entertainment/cinema/osborne-macharia-shoots-the-key-art-for-ava-duvernays-queen-sugar/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, o kwuru okwu na Nzukọ Design Indaba .<ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2018, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ikpe na Art Director's Club of New York Awards.<ref name=":2"/> N'afọ 2018, e nyere Macharia ọrụ ịkwalite ihe nkiri Black Panther site n'ịmepụta nchịkọta foto Afrofuturistic sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ A kpọrọ ọrụ a "Ilgelunot", nke pụtara "Ndị A họọrọ" na Maasai.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2018, One Source Live họpụtara Macharia dị ka otu n'ime "Five Creative Revolutionaries" nke nka Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/04/meet-the-fierce-superheroes-of-afro-art_a_23296093/|title=Meet The Superheroes Of Afro-Art|date=2017-12-04|work=HuffPost South Africa|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-15|archivedate=2018-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216200009/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/04/meet-the-fierce-superheroes-of-afro-art_a_23296093/}}</ref> N'ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ha, onye omenkà ọ bụla ahọpụtara gosipụtara ụdị Afrofuturistic dị iche. Macharia bụ "The Eye" onye nwere nkà nke nwere ike idekọ ma kpọọ ihe ọ na-ahụ na anya dijitalụ.<ref name=":5" /> Nke a bụ ihe atụ maka ndị Afrịka na-ahụ ọdịbendị na ihe nketa nke ha dị ka ihe mara mma. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ na-akọwa ọrụ Afrofuturistic ya, Macharia kwuru na "ọ bụ akụkọ na-esote ọchịchị banyere kọntinent, ebe ị na-anabata akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị dị ugbu a, na ọchịchọ ọdịnihu nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie site na nka... egwu... ejiji ma na-akọ akụkọ dị iche banyere kọnin ahụ. " Macharia kwuru na onye na-ese ihe [[Malick Sidibé]] bụ otu n'ime ndị dike Africa ya na nka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel24.co.za/Music/News/meet-photographer-osborne-macharia-one-source-lives-the-eye-20180212|title=Meet photographer Osborne Macharia: One Source Live’s The Eye|date=2018-02-13|work=Channel|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-15}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị Kippiri === Otu n'ime nchịkọta foto Macharia dabeere na akụkọ ifo nke ụmụ nwanyị Kipipiri bi n'ọhịa Kipipiri. Ụmụ nwanyị Kipipiri bụ ndị agha anọ, ndị nwunye nke ndị ọchịagha anọ nke Mau Mau, bụ ndị chọtara ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tinye omenala na ntutu isi ha na mbọ ha na-agba iji merie ọchịchị ndị Britain nke Kenya.<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/44097901/KIPIPIRI-4|title=Behance|work=www.behance.net|accessdate=2019-01-15}}</ref> Ọnwa ọ bụla jupụtara, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ ga-eyi onwe ha ejiji ntutu isi dị iche iche nke ga-aba uru na mbọ mgbanwe ha. Onye ndú ha, Bobo, nwere ntutu gbagọrọ agbagọ n'ime eriri na curls dị iche iche nke gosipụtara map ụmụ nwanyị ga-eji na-agagharị n'ọgba ebe di ha ga-ezo n'abalị iji tụọ atụmatụ.<ref name=":6"/> Onye nke abụọ na-achị, Chep, bụ ọkachamara n'ihe agha na ọgụ ma nwee ikike pụrụ iche ịhụ n'ọchịchịrị. A na-akpa ntutu isi ya ka ọ bụrụ nke rọgọrọ arọgọ ka o wee nwee ike izochi mma na ngwá agha ndị ọzọ na ya.<ref name=":6" /> Onye agha nke atọ, Achi, bụ onye na-esi nri kachasị mma n'obodo ahụ. Ọrụ ya bụ ịkwadebe na iburu nri buru ibu gaa na site n'obodo nta na ntutu isi ya a kpara dika nkata. A na-egosi ya dị ka onye nwere olu siri ike, ka o wee mee ka isi ya dị larịị mgbe niile na nri echekwara na ntutu isi ya kwụ ọtọ.<ref name=":6" /> Onye agha ikpeazụ, Mwende, bụ onye na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ n'obodo ahụ. Ọ banyeghị n'ime ọhịa kama ọ kwadebere ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ ka ha nabata ụmụ nwoke si n'agha lọta mgbe ha laghachiri. Ntutu isi ya yiri nnukwu igwe okwu na-enye ụda, ọ na-eyi ihe na-egbuke egbuke nke jikọtara ya na ọkpọkọ nke nyere ohere ka olu ya gaa na amplifiers n'isi ya. === Njikọ nke ndị nne na nna nke Kenya === Nchịkọta foto a na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị atọ tọrọ eto, ndị lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ ha dị ka ndị minista gọọmentị na ụmụ nwanyị azụmaahịa. Macharia na-ekwu, ha na-ebi ndụ dị elu ugbu a na-ala ezumike nká na-aga n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na ebe ndị dịpụrụ iche n'Africa iji nyochaa, mee ezumike ma nwee obi ụtọ naanị ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.designindaba.com/articles/creative-work/%E2%80%9Ckenya%E2%80%99s-league-extravagant-grannies%E2%80%9D|title="Kenya’s League of Extravagant Grannies"|work=Design Indaba|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-24}}</ref> === Nchịkọta Kenya nke Mbụ na nke Abụọ === Safaricom, ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta Kenya nyere iwu [https://www.behance.net/gallery/32113765/CAPTURE-KENYA-2016 nchịkọta foto] a n'isiokwu nke "Nke a bụ Kenya m".<ref name="Behance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.behance.net/gallery/32113765/CAPTURE-KENYA-2016|title=Behance|work=www.behance.net|accessdate=2019-01-24}}</ref> Ọ gara Kenya n'ụsọ oké osimiri ruo ụbọchị iri na-ese foto. Macharia kwuru na ebumnuche ahụ bụ ịgbanwe echiche ọjọọ banyere Kenya.<ref name="Behance" /> === Ọrụ Ndị Ọzọ === * "Shallowgo na Lake Turkana"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mywekutastes.com/osborne-macharia-the-storyteller-extraordinaire-turning-photography-into-art/|title=Osborne Macharia: The storyteller extraordinaire turning photography into art|date=2016-06-07|work=MyWeku Tastes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-24|archivedate=2019-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116095905/http://mywekutastes.com/osborne-macharia-the-storyteller-extraordinaire-turning-photography-into-art/}}</ref> * "Black Sudan" * "Ọ dịghị Mmetụta Am" * "Cheta Rude Boy II- Ghana Edition" * "Ọmụmụ" * "Na-ele ọnwa" * "Melanin Zero" * "Anya" == Onyinye == * Onyinye ọdụm Kenya Cannes (2015)<ref name=":0"/> * Onye mmeri nke otu ihe ngosi (2016)<ref name=":0" /> * E gosipụtara ya na Lurzers Archive 200 Best Digital Artists Worldwide (2016 na 2018)<ref name=":0" /> * Hasselbald Masters Finalist (2016)<ref name=":0" /> == See also == * [[Christophe Madihano]] * Chakaia Booker * Afrofuturism == Ebensidee == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ncvxelzn4mewjjkwdrbt0302ekyzxqb Yousra Elbagir 0 16723 195412 126250 2024-11-19T09:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Articles with infoboxes completely from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles using Template Infobox person Wikidata]] '''Yousra Elbagir''' bụ onye Sudan, onye edemede na onye na-achụ nta akụkọ. == Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elbagir na Khartoum nye nna onye nta akụkọ Sudan na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nne ya bụ onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na onye ọchụnta ego. A maara nne ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na Sudan. Ọ tolitere na United Kingdom ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, mgbe ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Sudan]]. Ọ laghachiri London mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii ma n'ebe ahụ, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum St Andrews na nsọpụrụ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ Social Anthropology.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/yousra-elbagir/|title=Yousra Elbagir|work=John Noel|language=en-GB|accessdate=17 February 2020|archivedate=17 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217164217/https://www.johnnoel.com/clients/yousra-elbagir/}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.passerbuys.com/profiles/yousra-elbagir|title=Meet Yousra Elbagir|work=passerbuys|language=en-US|accessdate=17 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134842/https://www.passerbuys.com/profiles/yousra-elbagir|archivedate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.demagazine.co.uk/2019/12/23/change-maker-yousra-elbagir/|title=Change Maker: Yousra Elbagir|author=admin|date=23 December 2019|work=Design Exchange|language=en-US|accessdate=18 February 2020}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Elbagir malitere ahụmahụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ site na isonye na mbiputa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na St Andrews.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://oladiab.com/2018/03/08/21-young-sudanese-women-you-should-know-about/|title=20 Young Sudanese Women You Should Know About|date=8 March 2018|work=Ola Diab|language=en|accessdate=17 February 2020|archivedate=16 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616032531/https://oladiab.com/2018/03/08/21-young-sudanese-women-you-should-know-about/}}</ref> Elbagir laghachiri Sudan n'afọ 2015 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ iji nweta ọzụzụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ ruo otu afọ na ọkara.<ref name=":8"/> N'ihe dịka afọ 2016, ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ n'efu na Khartoum ma bụrụ onye na-emepụta Elephant Media. E gosipụtara ọrụ ya na HBO, Channel 4, BBC Africa, BBC Radio 4, CNN, The Financial Times na The Guardian.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40643504|title=Big and beautiful?|date=20 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=18 February 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channel4.com/news/by/yousra-elbagir|title=Yousra Elbagir|work=Channel 4 News|language=en-GB|accessdate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/29/africa/sudan-opposition-leader-arrested-intl/index.html|title=Sudan opposition leader arrested after protest crackdown, party says|author=Elbagir|first=Yousra|work=CNN|accessdate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/7d2e6d5c-6292-11e9-9300-0becfc937c37|title=Subscribe to read {{!}} Financial Times|work=www.ft.com|accessdate=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Elbagir|first=Yousra|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/apr/04/in-sudan-communities-are-finally-seeing-the-value-of-educating-girls|title=In Sudan, communities are finally seeing the value of educating girls {{!}} Yousra Elbagir|date=4 April 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 February 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> A maara Elbagir nke ọma maka ịmalite mkpọsa mgbasa ozi n'ịntanetị #SudanUnderSanction nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke Sudan kwurịtara mmetụta nke mmachibido iwu azụmahịa megide Sudan.<ref name="HRF_speaker_Elbagir">{{Cite web|url=http://hrf.org/|title=Human Rights Foundation|work=Human Rights Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=17 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218135645/https://hrf.org/event_speakers_posts/yousra-elbagir|archivedate=18 February 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, Elbagir kọrọ banyere mgbanwe Sudan mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Channel 4. Ọ katọrọ nzọụkwụ mmalite nke mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ Sudan na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, na-ekwu, "Ọanihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [nke mbụ] a na-ahụ anya nke ọtụtụ iri afọ iji wepụ ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe nzuzu. ... Ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe mere na nnọkọ ndị na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nwere ike ịga n'ihu ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnwa abụọ. Ha na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe, na-enye ndị na-ebu ọnụ na-eme ngagharị iwe kwa ụbọchị n'oge Ramadan, ha nọrọ n'abalị n'ebe nyocha na-achọ ndị inyom na-eme ihe ngosi. "<ref name="Vox_Elbagir_women_excluded">{{Cite news|title=Sudan signs power-sharing deal as its former dictator goes to trial|date=19 August 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|url=https://www.vox.com/2019/8/19/20812054/sudan-power-sharing-deal-al-bashir-trial|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Elbagir bụ nwanne nwanyị nke onye nta akụkọ CNN na onye nta akụkọ TV bụ Nima Elbagir.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":8"/> == Onyinye == * N'afọ 2016, e nyere Elbagir onyinye Thomson Foundation & Foreign Press Association Young Journalist Award maka akụkọ ya miri emi banyere mmetụta nke United States sanctions megide Sudan.<ref name=":1"/><ref name="HRF_speaker_Elbagir"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thomsonfoundation.org/latest/sudan-on-top-yousra-elbagir-is-thomson-foundations-2016-young-journalist-winner/|title=Yousra Elbagir is Thomson Foundation's Young Journalist winner|work=Thomson Foundation|language=en|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> * N'afọ 2017, a gụnyere ya na ndepụta 100 Women nke OkayAfrica.<ref name="okayafrica_100women">{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/yousra-elbagir/|title=YOUSRA ELBAGIR|date=6 March 2017|work=Okay Africa|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134520/https://www.okayafrica.com/yousra-elbagir/|archivedate=18 February 2020|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Ebensidee ==  {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] sddyodgwx2x73hc7rwnm62kexkd5ves John W. Mosley 0 17176 195347 108537 2024-11-19T00:24:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   John W. Mosley (May 19, 1907 [[October 1 (film)|October 1]], 1969) bụ onye na-ese foto nke onwe ya nke na-edepụta ọrụ kwa ụbọchị nke [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] na Philadelphia, [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]], ruo ihe karịrị afọ 30, oge gụnyere [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] na òtù ikike obodo.<ref name="PHL">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia’s African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012|url=http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx|work=Philadelphia International Airport|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="vimeo">{{Cite web|author=Woodmere Art Museum|title=A Million Faces|url=https://vimeo.com/193737303|work=Arts in Philly|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> E bipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ''akwụkwọ akụkọ'' na magazin gụnyere The Philadelphia Tribune, The Pittsburgh Courier na <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Jet</i></nowiki> magazine.<ref name="Vin">{{Cite web|title=Black Philadelphia, 1930’s-1960’s: John W. Mosley’s photographs of ‘A Million Faces’|url=https://vindevie.me/2016/10/01/black-philadelphia-1930-1960-john-w-mosleys-photographs-of-a-million-faces/|work=Vin de Vie Wine of Life|date=October 1, 2016|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Booker">{{Cite news|author=Booker|first=Bobbi|title=John W. Mosley photos to make public debut|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=Pittsburgh Tribune|date=September 17, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Bixler">{{Cite news|author=Bixler|first=Michael|title=A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Hidden City Philadelphia|date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] A na-akpọ Mosley "onye agha omenala" maka ichekwa ihe ndekọ nke ndụ ndị Africa America na Philadelphia na Pennsylvania, nke na-alụ ọgụ megide "echiche na-adịghị mma na nkọwa ụgha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America".<ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Jelesiewicz" /> Ihe karịrị 300,000 nke foto Mosley gụnyere na Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection na Mahadum Temple. E gosipụtara ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na Philadelphia International Airport na Woodmere Art Museum. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ John W. Mosley na 1907 na Lumberton, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]]. Nna ya bụ onye ụkọchukwu Baptist na onye na-akpụ isi.<ref name="Temple">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley Photographs|url=http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15037coll17|work=Temple University Libraries|accessdate=2 March 2018}}</ref> Mosley gbara bọọlụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="Blog">{{Cite web|title=Black Philadelphia through the lens of John W. Mosley|url=http://myauctionfinds.com/2016/09/26/black-philadelphia-through-the-lens-of-john-w-mosley/|work=Auction Finds|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịkụziri onwe ya foto na igwefoto igbe dị mfe na 1920s.<ref name="Edmonds">{{Cite news|author=Edmonds|first=Arlene|title=Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley|url=http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=The Philadelphia Sunday Sun|date=11 February 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Johnson C. Smith na Charlotte, North Carolina.<ref name="Temple" /> N'afọ 1934, Mosley kwagara Philadelphia dị ka akụkụ nke Great Migration.<ref name="Bixler">{{Cite news|author=Bixler|first=Michael|title=A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Hidden City Philadelphia|date=September 30, 2016}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na Barksdale Photography Studio.<ref name="Edmonds">{{Cite news|author=Edmonds|first=Arlene|title=Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley|url=http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=The Philadelphia Sunday Sun|date=11 February 2017}}</ref> O mechara nwee ụlọ ọchịchịrị na ụlọ foto na Christian Street YMCA.<ref name="Bixler" /> == Foto ==   Mosley nwere ọganihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese foto site na 1930s ruo 1960s. A maara ya na ọ na-ese foto ihe ruru ihe omume anọ n'ụbọchị, ụbọchị asaa n'izu.<ref name="PHL">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia’s African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012|url=http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx|work=Philadelphia International Airport|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> Ọ gara gburugburu Philadelphia na njem ọha na eze, na-ebu igwefoto ya na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name="vimeo">{{Cite web|author=Woodmere Art Museum|title=A Million Faces|url=https://vimeo.com/193737303|work=Arts in Philly|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> Mosley gbara na fim ojii na ọcha. O jiri igwefoto Graflex Speed Graphic buru ịbu. na Rollieflex dị n'etiti.<ref name="Booker">{{Cite news|author=Booker|first=Bobbi|title=John W. Mosley photos to make public debut|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=Pittsburgh Tribune|date=September 17, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBooker2016">Booker, Bobbi (September 17, 2016). [http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html "John W. Mosley photos to make public debut"]. ''Pittsburgh Tribune''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Bixler">{{Cite news|author=Bixler|first=Michael|title=A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Hidden City Philadelphia|date=September 30, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBixler2016">Bixler, Michael (September 30, 2016). [https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/ "A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley"]. ''Hidden City Philadelphia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ ọnye mpako maka ihe nketa ya, Mosley họọrọ igosipụta obodo ndị isi ojii n'ụzọ dị mma na ezinụlọ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ihe omume ọdịbendị nke bụ akụkụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị.<ref name="PHL">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia’s African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012|url=http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx|work=Philadelphia International Airport|accessdate=5 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx "John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia's African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012"]. ''Philadelphia International Airport''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-ese foto ndị mmadụ na ezinụlọ na agbamakwụkwọ, picnics, ụka, osimiri dị iche iche, ihe omume egwuregwu, kọntaktị, galas, na ngagharị iwe maka ikike obodo.<ref name="vimeo">{{Cite web|author=Woodmere Art Museum|title=A Million Faces|url=https://vimeo.com/193737303|work=Arts in Philly|accessdate=5 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFWoodmere_Art_Museum">Woodmere Art Museum. [https://vimeo.com/193737303 "A Million Faces"]. ''Arts in Philly''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè, o mesiri ike ihe ndị isi ojii, ndị na-eme egwuregwu, na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị rụzuru.<ref name="PHL" /><ref name="vimeo" /> N'etiti ndị o sere foto bụ onye ndú Duke Ellington, onye na-afụ òpi Cootie Williams, onye na'egwuregwu basketball Wilt Chamberlain, onye na na-egwu tenis Ora Washington, [[Paul Robeson|Paul Leroy Robeson]], Billy Eckstine, Billie Holiday, [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr]]., Cecil B. Moore, Marian Anderson, Eleanor Roosevelt, na Onye isi ala Richard Nixon, ịkpọ aha naanị ole na ole.<ref name="Niven">{{Cite web|author=Niven|first=Steven J.|title=Queen of the Courts|url=https://www.theroot.com/queen-of-the-courts-how-ora-washington-helped-philly-1790854634|work=The Root|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJelesiewicz2012">Jelesiewicz, Eryn (June 13, 2012). [https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s "Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s"]. ''Temple Now''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Booker">{{Cite news|author=Booker|first=Bobbi|title=John W. Mosley photos to make public debut|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=Pittsburgh Tribune|date=September 17, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBooker2016">Booker, Bobbi (September 17, 2016). [http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html "John W. Mosley photos to make public debut"]. ''Pittsburgh Tribune''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marian Anderson and Eleanor Roosevelt at the Pyramid Club, Philadelphia|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/john-mosley-photographs/marian-anderson-and-eleanor-roosevelt-at-the-pyramid-club-philadelphia|work=Woodmere Art Museum|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Edmonds">{{Cite news|author=Edmonds|first=Arlene|title=Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley|url=http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=The Philadelphia Sunday Sun|date=11 February 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEdmonds2017">Edmonds, Arlene (11 February 2017). [http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/ "Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley"]. ''The Philadelphia Sunday Sun''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ebe ndị o weghaara gụnyere Nixon's Grand Theatre na Broad Street na Montgomery Avenue; Earle Theatre na 1049 Market Street; Chicken Bone Beach na Atlantic City, Glamour Row, na Club Harlem.<ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJelesiewicz2012">Jelesiewicz, Eryn (June 13, 2012). [https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s "Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s"]. ''Temple Now''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Pyramid Club bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ebe ọdịbendị na ndụ ndị Africa America na Philadelphia nke o dere, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto nke klọb ahụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="Blockson">{{Cite book|author=Blockson|first=Charles L.|title=The journey of John W. Mosley|date=1992|publisher=Quantum Leap Publisher|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0962716171}}</ref><ref name="Jelesiewicz" /><ref name="Bixler">{{Cite news|author=Bixler|first=Michael|title=A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Hidden City Philadelphia|date=September 30, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBixler2016">Bixler, Michael (September 30, 2016). [https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/ "A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley"]. ''Hidden City Philadelphia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> O bipụtara abọm foto kwa afọ maka klọb ahụ, Pictorial Album of the Pyramid Club.<ref name="Blog">{{Cite web|title=Black Philadelphia through the lens of John W. Mosley|url=http://myauctionfinds.com/2016/09/26/black-philadelphia-through-the-lens-of-john-w-mosley/|work=Auction Finds|accessdate=5 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://myauctionfinds.com/2016/09/26/black-philadelphia-through-the-lens-of-john-w-mosley/ "Black Philadelphia through the lens of John W. Mosley"]. ''Auction Finds''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-ese foto nke First African Presbyterian Church na Philadelphia.<ref name="HSP">{{Cite web|title=The Home of African American Presbyterianism|url=https://hsp.org/blogs/archival-adventures-in-small-repositories/the-home-of-african-american-presbyterianism|work=Historical Society of Pennsylvania|date=2014-03-31|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="PACSCL">{{Cite web|title=First African Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia, Pa.) records|url=http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/HSP_JGS01|work=PACSCL Finding Aids|accessdate=5 March 2018}}</ref> Mosley bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii America mbụ ịbụ onye na-ese foto.<ref name="Wellington">{{Cite news|author=Wellington|first=Elizabeth|title=A Million Faces: This John W. Mosley exhibit will leave Philadelphians reminiscing|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/columnists/elizabeth_wellington/A-Million-Faces-The-Art-of-John-Mosley-.html|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=The Inquirer|date=October 24, 2016}}</ref> E bipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ''akwụkwọ akụkọ''<ref name="Vin">{{Cite web|title=Black Philadelphia, 1930’s-1960’s: John W. Mosley’s photographs of ‘A Million Faces’|url=https://vindevie.me/2016/10/01/black-philadelphia-1930-1960-john-w-mosleys-photographs-of-a-million-faces/|work=Vin de Vie Wine of Life|date=October 1, 2016|accessdate=2 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://vindevie.me/2016/10/01/black-philadelphia-1930-1960-john-w-mosleys-photographs-of-a-million-faces/ "Black Philadelphia, 1930's-1960's: John W. Mosley's photographs of 'A Million Faces'"]. ''Vin de Vie Wine of Life''. October 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> ndị Afrịka na America dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ka The Philadelphia Tribune na Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, na The Pittsburgh Courier ma gosipụta na magazin <nowiki><i id="mwkw">Jet</i></nowiki>.<ref name="Bixler" /><ref name="Booker">{{Cite news|author=Booker|first=Bobbi|title=John W. Mosley photos to make public debut|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=Pittsburgh Tribune|date=September 17, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBooker2016">Booker, Bobbi (September 17, 2016). [http://www.phillytrib.com/lifestyle/john-w-mosley-photos-to-make-public-debut/article_a8eb25ef-afd0-5f17-bd4e-91c00f1e0fb5.html "John W. Mosley photos to make public debut"]. ''Pittsburgh Tribune''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Bixler">{{Cite news|author=Bixler|first=Michael|title=A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley|url=https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Hidden City Philadelphia|date=September 30, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBixler2016">Bixler, Michael (September 30, 2016). [https://hiddencityphila.org/2016/09/a-million-faces-exhibition-celebrates-the-photography-of-john-mosley/ "A Million Faces Celebrates The Photography Of John Mosley"]. ''Hidden City Philadelphia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Charles L. Blockson Afro-American Collection na Mahadum Temple nwere ihe karịrị foto 300,000 nke Mosley sere.<ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJelesiewicz2012">Jelesiewicz, Eryn (June 13, 2012). [https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s "Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s"]. ''Temple Now''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Temple">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley Photographs|url=http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15037coll17|work=Temple University Libraries|accessdate=2 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15037coll17 "John W. Mosley Photographs"]. ''Temple University Libraries''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nchịkọta onwe onye nke Blockson nke ihe ndị metụtara akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị nke ndị si n'Afrịka bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na United States.<ref name="PHL">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia’s African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012|url=http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx|work=Philadelphia International Airport|accessdate=5 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx "John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia's African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012"]. ''Philadelphia International Airport''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Blockson nwetara foto Mosley site na Clarence Still na Teresa Still Mosley, nwunye John W. Mosley, na 1985.<ref name="Edmonds">{{Cite news|author=Edmonds|first=Arlene|title=Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley|url=http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/|accessdate=5 March 2018|work=The Philadelphia Sunday Sun|date=11 February 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEdmonds2017">Edmonds, Arlene (11 February 2017). [http://www.philasun.com/entertainment/mount-airy-united-fellowship-church-hosts-collection-photographs-photographer-john-w-mosley/ "Mount Airy United Fellowship Church hosts collection of photographs by photographer John W. Mosley"]. ''The Philadelphia Sunday Sun''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Jelesiewicz" /> Onye na-ahụ maka Blockson Collection, Diane Turner, na-ekwusi ike na mkpa ọrụ Mosley dị n'ịlụso "echiche na-adịghị mma na nkọwa ụgha nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị ndị Africa America na Philadelphia na Pennsylvania ọgụ":<ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJelesiewicz2012">Jelesiewicz, Eryn (June 13, 2012). [https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s "Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s"]. ''Temple Now''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref>  John W. Mosley nọ na-ekedo obodo ndị African-American n'oge 1930s site na 1960s n'ụbosị enwere onyinyo sterotype ndi African Americans, ... Fòto Mosley sere ndekọ nọchitere anya ziri ezi nke Black Philadelphia Charles L. Blockson dere akụkọ ndụ Mosley, The journey of John W. Mosley (1992).<ref name="Blockson">{{Cite book|author=Blockson|first=Charles L.|title=The journey of John W. Mosley|date=1992|publisher=Quantum Leap Publisher|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0962716171}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBlockson1992">Blockson, Charles L. (1992). ''The journey of John W. Mosley''. Philadelphia: Quantum Leap Publisher. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0962716171|<bdi>978-0962716171</bdi>]].</cite></ref> E gosipụtara ihe ngosi A Celebration of African-American Life in Philadelphia, 1930's 1960's: Selected Photographs by John W. Mosley na Philadelphia International Airport na 2012.<ref name="Jelesiewicz">{{Cite news|author=Jelesiewicz|first=Eryn|title=Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s|url=https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=Temple Now|date=June 13, 2012}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJelesiewicz2012">Jelesiewicz, Eryn (June 13, 2012). [https://news.temple.edu/news/2012-06-13/photos-give-inside-view-african-american-life-1930s-1960s "Blockson Collection Photos give inside view of African-American life from 1930s to 1960s"]. ''Temple Now''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="PHL">{{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia’s African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012|url=http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx|work=Philadelphia International Airport|accessdate=5 March 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.phl.org/Arts/Pages/Archivedexhibitions/Mosleyjohn.aspx "John W. Mosley:Photographs of Philadelphia's African-American Community Between Terminals E and F November 1, 2011 - September 4, 2012"]. ''Philadelphia International Airport''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ntụle nke ọrụ Mosley, A Million Faces: The Photography of John W. Mosley, pụtara na Woodmere Art Museum na Philadelphia na 2016.<ref name="Hine">{{Cite news|author=Hine|first=Thomas|title=John Mosley's photos at Woodmere: The Philly African American world at midcentury|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/20161204_John_Mosley_s_photos_at_Woodmere__The_Philly_African_American_world_at_midcentury.html|accessdate=2 March 2018|work=The Inquirer|date=December 4, 2016}}</ref> * {{Cite book|author=Blockson|first=Charles L.|title=The journey of John W. Mosley|date=1992|publisher=Quantum Leap Publisher|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0962716171}} * {{Cite web|title=John W. Mosley Photograph Collection|url=http://digital.library.temple.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15037coll17|work=Temple University Libraries}} * {{Cite web|title=First African Presbyterian Church (Philadelphia, Pa.) records|url=http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/pacscl/HSP_JGS01|work=PACSCL Finding Aids|accessdate=5 March 2018}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9byvw2uk1j2kgevk5my2x8jv11nvmn7 Sumaya Dalmar 0 17722 195374 142295 2024-11-19T02:33:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Sumaya Dalmar|image=<!-- just the filename, without the File: or Image: prefix or enclosing [[brackets]] -->|alt=|caption=|birth_name=<!-- only use if different from name -->|birth_date={{Birth date based on age at death|26|2015|02|22}}|birth_place=Somalia|death_date={{Death date and given age|2015|02|22|26}}|death_place=[[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]|nationality=|other_names=Sumaya YSL|occupation=Activist, model|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sumaya Dalmar''', nke a makwaara nke ọma dị ka Sumaya YSL, bụ onye Somali-Canada transgender activist na ihe nlereanya.<ref name="Advocate - not homicide">{{Cite news|url=http://www.advocate.com/politics/transgender/2015/02/25/toronto-police-trans-woman-colors-death-was-not-homicide|title=Toronto Police: Trans Woman of Color's Death Was Not Homicide|work=The Advocate|date=25 February 2015|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="somalitrans">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926015343/http://artsandscience.usask.ca/iccc/news/news.php?newsid=3078 ''College of Arts and Science''] Ellen Trish Salah, September 7, 2015</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Dalmar na Somalia. Ọ hapụrụ n'oge agha obodo Somalia malitere mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ.<ref name="pinknews.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/02/25/police-investigating-the-death-of-young-somali-trans-woman-in-canada/|title=Police investigating the death of young Somali trans woman in Canada|work=PinkNews|accessdate=2 October 2015|date=2015-02-25}}</ref> Nne na nna Dalmar gọnahụrụ ya mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka trans n'ebe ha nọ na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planettransgender.com/sumaya-ysls-friends-speak-out-about-her-death/|title=Sumaya Ysl's Friends Speak Out About Her Death|work=Planet Transgender|accessdate=2 October 2015|date=2015-02-26|archivedate=2015-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926033722/http://planettransgender.com/sumaya-ysls-friends-speak-out-about-her-death/}}</ref> Onye Alakụba bi na Toronto nwụrụ n'ọnọdụ dị omimi na 22 Febụwarị 2015 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/player/Radio/Local+Shows/Ontario/Metro+Morning/ID/2655974139/|title=Remembering Sumaya Dalmar|date=20 October 2014|work=CBC|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/sumaya-ysl-death-toronto-police-investigate-death-of-young-somali-trans-woman-in-canada-10069335.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226060625/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/sumaya-ysl-death-toronto-police-investigate-death-of-young-somali-trans-woman-in-canada-10069335.html|archivedate=February 26, 2015|title=Sumaya Ysl death: Toronto police investigate death of young Somali trans woman in Canada|author=Adam Withnall|date=25 February 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ihe omume e jiri ya tụnyere omume ime ihe ike ndị ọzọ megide ụmụ nwanyị trans nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, ọkachasị n'oge ọnwa ndị mbụ nke afọ 2015 mgbe a kọrọ na ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme n'ụzọ dị elu, mana ndị uwe ojii ewepụla igbu ọchụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/2015/08/26/womens-equality-day/|title=Happy Women's Equality Day! The good, the bad and the work-in-progress|work=FASHION Magazine|accessdate=2 October 2015|archivedate=26 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926021304/http://www.fashionmagazine.com/scene/2015/08/26/womens-equality-day/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://planettransgender.com/trans-people-ban-together-and-ask-can-you-stop-killing-us-for-one-week/|title=A Transgender person is being murdered every 29 hours. Can you stop killing us for just one week?|work=Planet Transgender|accessdate=2 October 2015|date=2015-02-23|archivedate=2015-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926031617/http://planettransgender.com/trans-people-ban-together-and-ask-can-you-stop-killing-us-for-one-week/}}</ref><ref name="Advocate - not homicide"/> == Ndụ ya mgbe o mesịrị == N'afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye isi na-eme ihe nkiri maka egwuregwu na ihe ngosi nke gbalịrị ime ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ Somalia, okpukpe, na njikọ ya na nwoke n'oge ọrụ a na-akpọ "An Intimate Portrait of Somalian Trans-Woman" nke Abdi Osman.<ref name="somalitrans"/><ref name="pinknews.co.uk"/> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014, ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe ngosi nka ma bụrụ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-agwọ okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.autostraddle.com/another-heartbreak-somali-canadian-trans-woman-sumaya-dalmar-found-dead-in-toronto-this-weekend-278564/|title=Another Heartbreak: Somali-Canadian Trans Woman Sumaya Dalmar Found Dead in Toronto This Weekend|work=Autostraddle|accessdate=2 October 2015|date=2015-02-24}}</ref> Dalmar, onye nwere aha etiti Dasia, gosipụtakwara na ọrụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ịhazi oge ịmalite ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ LGBT a na-akpọ The 519.<ref name="Advocate - not homicide"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyxtra.com/toronto/news-and-ideas/news/sumaya-dalmar-much-life-live%E2%80%99-100081|title=Sumaya Dalmar had 'so much more life to live'|work=dailyxtra.com|accessdate=2 October 2015|archivedate=26 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926020155/http://www.dailyxtra.com/toronto/news-and-ideas/news/sumaya-dalmar-much-life-live%E2%80%99-100081}}</ref> Otu onye na-akọwa ihe toro ogo nke anya o nyere ndị trans.<ref name="firstsomalitransgender">[https://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/unanswered-questions-following-death-of-toronto-trans-woman-of-colour-497 Unanswered Questions Following Death of Toronto Trans Woman of Colour] Muna Mire, retrieved 8 September</ref> N'afọ 2018, ndị enyi na ndị obodo guzobere Sumaya Dalmar Award maka ụmụ akwụkwọ trans nke agba iji kwado ọrụ ndụ ya.<ref name="New award to help racialized trans students">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043656/https://www.ryerson.ca/alumni/enewsletter/2018/03/featured/new-award-to-help-racialized-trans-students/ New award to help racialized trans students], ryerson.ca, retrieved 19 March 2018.</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} 1i7m05eod1ytjkeaeqboh95g1hy53z2 Yalemzerf Yehualaw 0 18632 195408 94416 2024-11-19T08:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yalemzerf Yehualaw Densa''' (amụrụ n' ụbọchị nke atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1999) bụ onye Etiopia na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge. Ọ bụ onye na-edekọ ihe ndekọ ụwa ugbu a na kilomita iri, ọ na-agba onye nke abụọ na ndepụta akwụkwọ nke ụwa oge niile na ọkara marathon na nke isii na ndepụta oge ụwa niile maka marathon. N'afọ 2019, Yalemzerf Yehualaw nọchitere anya Etiopia na African Games nke e mere na Rabat, Morocco ma merie ihe egwuregwu ọkara marathon nke ụmụ nwaanyi , ọ tụrụ ugo n' egwuregwu a na oge nke 1:10:26.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n1018281-densa-yalemzerf-yehualaw.htm|title=Yalemzerf Yehualaw Densa|work=2019 African Games Athlete Profile|accessdate=27 December 2019|archivedate=30 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930124129/https://www.jar2019.ma/resultats/eng/zb/engzb_athletics-athlete-profile-n1018281-densa-yalemzerf-yehualaw.htm}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ merikwara Great Ethiopian Run nke emere na [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia na-etinye ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ nke 31:55.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethioembassy.org.uk/aregawi-and-yehualaw-crowned-champions-at-the-2019-great-ethiopian-run/|title=Aregawi and Yehualaw crowned champions at the 2019 Great Ethiopian Run|date=20 November 2019|work=Ethiopian Embassy London|accessdate=27 December 2019}}</ref> O meriri ọla nchara na ọkara marathon ụmụ nwaanyị na 2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships nke emere na Gdynia, Poland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Half Marathon|url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138821/AT-HMAR-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=1284936714|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017111945/https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7138821/AT-HMAR-W-f----.RS6.pdf?v=1284936714|archivedate=17 October 2020|accessdate=17 October 2020|work=2020 World Athletics Half Marathon Championships}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Yehualaw sonyere asọmpi na Antrim Coast Half Marathon na Northern Ireland na-etinye oge ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke 63m 44s, akara ụmụ nwanyị mbụ n'okpuru nkeji 64 a kwadoghị n'ihi na usoro ahụ dị mita 54 dị obere .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dickinson|first=Marley|date=22 October 2021|title=Yalemzerf Yehualaw’s half marathon WR unratifiable due to course being short|url=https://runningmagazine.ca/sections/runs-races/yalemzerf-yehualaws-half-marathon-wr-unratifiable-due-to-course-being-short/|accessdate=8 March 2022|work=RunningMagazine.ca}}</ref> Ọ gbara ọsọ iwu 63m 51s n'ọnwa Ọktoba na Valencia Half Marathon, si otú a nweta ọnọdụ nke abụọ na ndepụta oge niile n'ụwa n'azụ onye otu ya Letesenbet Gidey onye setịpụrụ ndekọ ụwa na asọmpi a.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2021|title=Letesenbet Gidey takes world half-marathon record apart in Valencia|url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/letesenbet-gidey-takes-world-half-marathon-record-apart-in-valencia-1039950795/|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=[[Athletics Weekly|AW]]}}</ref> === 2022 ugbu a === N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Febụwarị, o setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ na ọsọ okporo ụzọ ụmụ nwanyị kilomita iri na Castellón, Spain, na-ewepụ sekọnd iri abụọ na anọ site na akara a na-akwadoghị nke Kalkidan Gezahegne nke Bahrain nwere kemgbe 2021, na elekere nkeji iri abụọ na itoolu na sekọnd na anọ. N'oge ahụ, Joyciline Jepkosgei nke Kenya nwere ihe ndekọ a kwadoro nke 29:43, nke e debere na 2017. Ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị abụọ gbagoro ọsọ nke ukwuu n'okporo ụzọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Brennan|first=Eliott|date=27 February 2022|title=Yehualaw shatters women's 10km world record|work=[[Inside the Games|InsideTheGames]]|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1119825/yalemzerf-yehualaw-breaks-world-record|accessdate=27 February 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Epurel, na marathon mbụ ya a tụrụ anya ya, Yehualaw nwetara ọsọ ọsọ kachasị ọsọ nke ụmụ nwanyị marathon nke 2:17:23 na Hamburg Marathon,ọ mebiri ndekọ Etiopia n'ihi nke a, ndekọ ndị Germany niile na-abata, ma tinye ya onye nke isii na ndepụta ụwa niile. O meriri n' ihe fọdụrụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkeji itoolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/yehualaw-hamburg-marathon-debut|title=Yehualaw runs 2:17:23 in Hamburg for fastest ever women's marathon debut|publisher=World Athletics|date=24 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424142030/https://worldathletics.org/news/report/yehualaw-hamburg-marathon-debut|archivedate=24 April 2022|accessdate=24 April 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Ụdị !Ihe omume !Oge !Ụbọchị !Ebe !Ihe edeturu |- | rowspan="2" |Okporo ụzọ |mita 5,000 | style="text-align:center;" |14:53.77 |12 June 2021 |Nice, France | |- |10,000 mita | style="text-align:center;" |30:20.77 |8 June 2021 |Hengelo, Netherlands | |- | rowspan="4" |Okporo ụzọ |5 kilomita | style="text-align:center;" |15:27 |15 Machị 2020 |[[Addis Ababa]], Etiopia | |- |10 kilomita | style="text-align:center;" |29:14 |27 Febụwarị 2022 |Castellón de la Plana, Spain |Ihe ndekọ ụwa |- |Ọkara marathon | style="text-align:center;" |63:51 |24 Ọktoba 2021 |Valencia, Spain |Mx [[Ọkara marathon|2nd of all time]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-27|title=Top list – Half Marathon {{!}} Women {{!}} World|url=https://www.worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/road-running/half-marathon/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&drop=regular&fiftyPercentRule=regular&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2022-03-28|accessdate=2022-03-27|work=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> |- |Marathon | style="text-align:center;" |2:17:23 |24 Eprel 2022 |Hamburg, Germany |Mx NR [[Marathon|6th of all time]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-24|title=Top list – Marathon {{!}} Women {{!}} World|url=https://worldathletics.org/records/all-time-toplists/road-running/marathon/outdoor/women/senior?regionType=world&drop=regular&fiftyPercentRule=all&page=1&bestResultsOnly=true&firstDay=1900-01-01&lastDay=2022-04-24|accessdate=2022-04-24|work=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> |} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jivd38teuz9b2jayskbr9hoxqoy1xsb Peanut stew 0 18731 195281 131110 2024-11-18T16:57:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nri ahụekere ma ọ bụ '''nri ahụekere''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''''maafe''''' (Wolof, mafé, maffé, ''maffe''), sauce d'arachide (French), '''''tigadèguèna''''' ma ọ bụ domoda, bụ '''nri a na-eri''' n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref name="Collective Scherer 2013 p. 127">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZM3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title=Moosewood Restaurant Favorites|author=Collective|first=The Moosewood|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1-250-00625-7|accessdate=September 9, 2016}}</ref> O sitere na ndị Mandinka na Bambara nke [[Mali]].<ref>James McCann. Stirring the pot: a history of African cuisine, p132. Ohio University Press, 2009ISBN 0-89680-272-8</ref> Aha kwesịrị ekwesị maka ya n<nowiki>'asụsụ Mandinka bụ domodah ma ọ bụ tigadegena (n'ụzọ nkịtị. 'nri ahụekere', ebe tige bụ 'nri'', dege bụ 'mkpụrụ'</nowiki>, na ''na'' bụ 'nsi ahụ') na Bamanankan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hirshon Malian Peanut Stew – Tigadegena|url=https://www.thefooddictator.com/hirshon-malian-peanut-stew-tigadegena/|date=2016-09-22|work=✮ The Food Dictator ✮|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> ☁Domodah bụkwa sauce's ndị Gambia jikwa ya, ebe e si na asụsụ Mandinka gbaziri. Na Senegal, domodah ma ọ bụ domoda na-ezo aka na ofe ma ọ bụ stew nwere ntụ ọka, nke dị iche na nke mafe nke na-eji mmado ahụekere. Ọ bụ nri na-amasịkarị n'etiti ọtụtụ agbụrụ Senegal na Gambia. Site na mgbasawanye nke ịkụ mkpụrụ osisi n'oge oge ọchịchị, Maafe aghọwokwa nri na-ewu ewu n'ofe West Africa, ọbụna na mpụga West Africa dị ka Cameroon na France. Ụdị nri ahụ na-apụta na nri nke mba dị iche iche na West Africa na Central Africa. Ọ dị nnọọ ka ofe mkpụrụ osisi. O nwere ike ịbụ na e ji nwa atụrụ, anụ ehi, anụ ọkụkọ, ma ọ bụ na-enweghị anụ, a na-esi maafe na ofe dabere na mkpụrụ osisi, ọkachasị ahụekere butter / paste, na tomato.<ref name="C2C">{{Cite web|url=http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml|title=Maafe - Chicken And Peanut Stew - Mali|author=Dorinda Hafner|work=Chef2Chef culinary portal|accessdate=2007-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203230453/http://recipes.chef2chef.net/recipe-archive/30/164262.shtml|archivedate=2007-02-03}}</ref><ref name="Taylor & Francis 2012 p. 81">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxWwqqyz5KUC&pg=PA81|title=The Anthropologist'S Cookbook|author=Ester Goody|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2012|isbn=978-1-136-16789-8|editor=Jessica Kuper|pages=81–83|chapter=Ghanaian Groundnut Stew}}</ref><ref name="Collective Scherer 2013 p. 127"/><ref name="Wright 2012 p. 408">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngdjDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT408|title=Best Stews in the World: 300 Satisfying One-Dish Dinners, from Chilis and Gumbos to Curries and Cassoulet|author=Wright|first=C.A.|publisher=Harvard Common Press|year=2012|isbn=978-1-55832-787-0|chapter=Groundnut Stew from Ghana}}</ref> Na Ghana, a na-ejikarị [[Ụtara|fufu]] eri nri a.<ref name="Wright 2012 p. 408" /> == Mgbanwe dị iche iche == Ntụziaka maka stew dịgasị iche iche, mana ọ na-agụnyekarị ọkụkọ, tomato, yabasị, galik, cabbage, na akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri mgbọrọgwụ. Nsụgharị ndị ọzọ gụnyere okra, ọka, karọt, sinamọn, ose ọkụ, paprika, ose ojii, turmeric, cumin, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esi ísì ụtọ. A na-ejikarị osikapa ọcha (na [[Senegal]], [[Mauritania]] na [[The Gambia|Gambia]]), ''fonio'' ma ọ bụ to (mkpụrụ ọka) na [[Mali]], ''buwo'' ma ọ bụ tuo ''omo'' (mkpụrụ [[Oskàpà|osikapa]] ma ọ bụ millet) na Northern [[Niger|Nigeria]], Niger, na Northern [[Ghana]], couscous (dị ka West Africa zutere Sahara, ''na'' mba Sahelian), ma ọ bụ [[Ụtara|fufu]] na poteto na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-ekpo ọkụ, dị ka Ivory Coast. ''Um'bido'' bụ ụdị dị iche iche na-eji akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ebe a na-esi maafe nke Ghana na àkwá e siri esi. Ụdị stew, "Virginia peanut soup", ọbụna soro ndị ohu Africa gaa North America.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/08/AR2007050800381.html Where Settlers, Slaves and Natives Converged, a Way of Eating Was Born], By Geneva Collins, [[Washington Post]] Staff Writer, Wednesday, May 9, 2007; Page F01.</ref> === Gambia === Domoda bụ ụdị nri a na-etinye n'ime ala nke a na-ahụ na [[The Gambia|Gambia]].<ref name="Jacob Ashkenazi 2014">{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=GmqEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA481|title=The World Cookbook: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe, 2nd Edition: The Greatest Recipes from Around the Globe|author=Jacob|first=J.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61069-469-8|chapter=The Gambia}}</ref> A na-akwadebe Domoda site na iji ahụekere, ma ọ bụ ahụekere, anụ, yabasị, tomato, galik, akwụkwọ nri na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ.<ref name="Jacob Ashkenazi 2014" /><ref name="Saine 2012 p. 95">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&pg=PA95|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|author=Saine|first=Abdoulaye|publisher=Greenwood|year=2012|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|series=Culture and customs of Africa}}</ref> A kọwawo ya dị ka otu n'ime nri mba nke Gambia.<ref name="Saine 2012 p. 95" /> A na-ejikarị Domoda n'elu osikapa, a na-ejikwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu ''findi'', ọka nke yiri couscous n'usoro.<ref name="Saine 2012 p. 95" /> == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:Groundnut Stew( Abom ).jpg|Nri a na-esi n'ọkụ nke e ji ihe a na-akpọ groundnut paste, azụ̀, àkwá na mmanụ nkwụ na-ekpo ọkụ mee ka a na-eme nri a na-eri n'ọkụ Usòrò:Domoda.jpg|Domoda e ji osikapa mee </gallery> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Kitchen [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4973142 Window]: My Changing Memories of Mafe, Afi-Odelia E. Scruggs. NPR.org, November 9, 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061117192622/http://www.nypress.com/14/31/food/food2.cfm EATS] & DRINKS:Incomparable Senegalese, Tama Janowitz, New York Press, (nd). O kwuru na Maafe bụ nri Mali. * The Modern Soul of African Cuisine, Food Product Design news, 05/04/2007. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080420131548/http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/106049 ọkụkọ na akwụkwọ nri a na-esi n'ime ahụekere]. Gourmet Magazine, Jenụwarị 2002. E nyere Maafe dị ka nri Bambara. == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071202112733/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-mafe Nchịkọta nri Mafe] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190327150754/http://congocookbook.com/meat_recipes/mafe.html ọdịiche nke usoro nri Senegambian] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071119070411/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/miscellaneous/fetch-recipe.php?rid=misc-um-bido Nchịkọta Um'bido], ụdị maafe * Nchịkọta ''nri'' Mali: Dorinda Hafner, A Taste of Africa (2002) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821223018/http://www.ephelie.info/Page406.html Nchịkọta maafe nke Senegal], nke na-ekwu na ọ bụ nke Mali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080716062718/http://www.whats4eats.com/recipes/r_me_mafe.php Nchịkọta] Mafe, ọdịiche dị na Ivory Coast * Maffé à la viande, avec lamb (n'asụsụ French) {{African cuisine}} 6fbg6jacyw6km66nzn1bummyqecbs0o Helena Gualinga 0 19377 195358 96408 2024-11-19T00:29:49Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sumak Helena Sirén Gualinga''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 27, 2002) bụ onye Ecuador na-agba mbọ maka ọdịmma gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ site na obodo Kichwa Sarayaku na Pastaza, [[Ecuador]].<ref name="ElUniverso2019">{{Cite news|date=2019-12-11|title=Helena Gualinga, la adolescente que desde Ecuador eleva su voz por el clima|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=El Universo|language=es}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Helena Gualinga na Febụwarị 27, 2002, n'obodo Kichwa Sarayaku nke dị na Pastaza, Ecuador. Nne ya, Noemí Gualinga bụ onye Ecuador bụbu onye isi oche nke Kichwa Women's Association.<ref name="ElUniverso2019">{{Cite news|date=2019-12-11|title=Helena Gualinga, la adolescente que desde Ecuador eleva su voz por el clima|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=El Universo|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima "Helena Gualinga, la adolescente que desde Ecuador eleva su voz por el clima"]. ''El Universo'' (in Spanish). 11 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212090152/https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima Archived] from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye bụ onye na-eme ihe ike Nina Gualinga. Nwanne nne ya Patricia Gualinga<ref name="Castro2020">{{Cite news|author=Castro|first=Mayuri|date=2020-12-13|title='She goes and helps': Noemí Gualinga, Ecuador's mother of the jungle|language=en-US|work=Mongabay|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2020/12/she-goes-and-helps-noemi-gualinga-ecuadors-mother-of-the-jungle/|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> na nne nne ya Cristina Gualinga bụ ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na Amazon na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Ecoheroes">{{Cite book|author=Carlos Fresneda|first=Puerto|title=Ecohéroes: 100 voces por la salud del planeta|publisher=RBA Libros|year=2020|isbn=9788491877172|quote=En la Amazonia, las guardianas de la Pachamama (Madre Tierra) han sido secularmente las mujeres. Nina Gualinga (nacida en 1994) es la heredera de una largea tradición que viene de su abuela Cristina, de su madre Noemí y de su tía Patricia, amenazada de muerte por defender su tierra frente al hostigamiento de las grandes corporaciones petroleras, mineras or madereras.}}</ref> Nna ya bụ Anders Sirén, prọfesọ Finnish na-asụ Swedish<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abounderrattelser.fi/reporterklassen-klimataktivisten-helena-siren-gualinga-har-manga-jarn-i-elden/|title=Reporterklassen: Klimataktivisten Helena Sirén Gualinga har många järn i elden|author=Suominen|first=Annina|date=5 March 2020|work=[[Åbo Underrättelser]]|language=sv|accessdate=10 November 2021|quote=pappa är finlandssvensk|archivedate=10 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110162435/https://abounderrattelser.fi/reporterklassen-klimataktivisten-helena-siren-gualinga-har-manga-jarn-i-elden/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kansanuutiset.fi/artikkeli/4244479-suomalaisaktivisti-maailmalla-helena-siren-gualinga-puolustaa-alkuperaiskansojen-oikeuksia|title=Suomalaisaktivisti maailmalla – Helena Sirén Gualinga puolustaa alkuperäiskansojen oikeuksia|author=Ahokas|first=Kukka-Maria|date=10 April 2020|work=[[Kansan Uutiset]]|language=fi|accessdate=10 November 2021|quote=isänsä puolelta suomenruotsalainen|archivedate=10 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110162435/https://www.kansanuutiset.fi/artikkeli/4244479-suomalaisaktivisti-maailmalla-helena-siren-gualinga-puolustaa-alkuperaiskansojen-oikeuksia}}</ref> nke biology na ngalaba nke geography na geology na Mahadum Turku.<ref name="Castro2020" /><ref name="EcuadorTimes2019">{{Cite news|date=13 December 2019|title=Helena Gualinga: Who is the young voice against climate change?|language=en-US|work=Ecuador Times|url=https://www.ecuadortimes.net/helena-gualinga-who-is-the-young-voice-against-climate-change/|accessdate=2021-03-31}}</ref> A mụrụ Gualinga na mpaghara Sarayaku na Pastaza, Ecuador. Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'afọ iri na ụma ya na-ebi na Pargas ma mesịa na Turku, [[Finland]] ebe nna ya si. Ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Cathedral School nke Åbo .<ref name="Koutonen2019">{{Cite news|author=Koutonen|first=Jouni|date=11 October 2019|title=Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle"|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}</ref> Site na nwata, Gualinga ahụla mkpagbu nke ezinụlọ ya maka iguzo megide ọdịmma nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na mmetụta ha na gburugburu ebe obibi na ala ụmụ amaala.<ref name="ElUniverso2019">{{Cite news|date=2019-12-11|title=Helena Gualinga, la adolescente que desde Ecuador eleva su voz por el clima|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=El Universo|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima "Helena Gualinga, la adolescente que desde Ecuador eleva su voz por el clima"]. ''El Universo'' (in Spanish). 11 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212090152/https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/2019/12/11/nota/7641980/helena-gualinga-adolescente-ecuador-que-eleva-su-voz-clima Archived] from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="Koutonen2019">{{Cite news|author=Koutonen|first=Jouni|date=11 October 2019|title=Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle"|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKoutonen2019">Koutonen, Jouni (11 October 2019). [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 "Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle""]. ''Yle Uutiset'' (in Finnish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106130041/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị isi obodo ya anwụọla n'ọgụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ megide gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ. O kwuru maka Yle na ọ na-ahụ ịzụlite ya n'amaghị ama n'ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ dị ka ohere.<ref name="Koutonen2019" /> == Ịgba mbọ == Gualinga aghọwo ọnụ na-ekwuru ndị obodo Sarayaku. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ikpughe esemokwu dị n'etiti obodo ya na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ site n'ibu ozi na-enye ike n'etiti ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'Ecuador.<ref name="Koutonen2019">{{Cite news|author=Koutonen|first=Jouni|date=11 October 2019|title=Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle"|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKoutonen2019">Koutonen, Jouni (11 October 2019). [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 "Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle""]. ''Yle Uutiset'' (in Finnish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106130041/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Ọ na-ekwupụtakwa ozi a n'ụzọ siri ike nye ndị mba ụwa na-enwe olileanya iru ndị na-eme iwu.<ref name="Foggin2020">{{Cite web|author=Foggin|first=Sophie|date=2020-01-31|title=Helena Gualinga is a voice for indigenous communities in the fight against climate change|url=https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311153820/https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/|archivedate=2021-03-11|accessdate=2020-05-06|work=Latin America Reports|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sugarcane_Deforestation,_Bolivia,_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg/220px-Sugarcane_Deforestation%2C_Bolivia%2C_2016-06-15_by_Planet_Labs.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mgbukpọ ọhịa na [[Bolivia]], 2016]] Ya na ezinụlọ ya na-akọwa ọtụtụ ụzọ ha, dị ka ndị otu obodo dị na Amazon, enweela mgbanwe ihu igwe, gụnyere oke ọkụ ọhịa, ọzara, mbibi na ọrịa na-agbasa site na idei mmiri, na snow na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'elu ugwu. Mmetụta ndị a, ka ọ na-ekwu, abụwo ihe a na-ahụ anya n'oge ndụ nke ndị okenye obodo. Gualinga kọwara na ndị okenye ahụ amarala mgbanwe ihu igwe n'agbanyeghị enweghị nzụlite sayensị ha.<ref name="Koutonen2019">{{Cite news|author=Koutonen|first=Jouni|date=11 October 2019|title=Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle"|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKoutonen2019">Koutonen, Jouni (11 October 2019). [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 "Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle""]. ''Yle Uutiset'' (in Finnish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106130041/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Gualinga ji ihe ịrịba ama nke na-agụ "sangre indígena, ni una sola gota más" (ọbara ụmụ amaala, ọ bụghị otu onye ọzọ) n'èzí isi ụlọ ọrụ UN na New York City na ngosipụta ya na ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ na-eto eto na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge 2019 UN Climate Action Summit.<ref name="Koutonen2019">{{Cite news|author=Koutonen|first=Jouni|date=11 October 2019|title=Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle"|url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=Yle Uutiset|language=fi}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKoutonen2019">Koutonen, Jouni (11 October 2019). [https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 "Helena Sirén Gualinga, 17, taistelee ilmastonmuutosta vastaan Greta Thunbergin taustalla: "Tämä ei ollut valinta, synnyin tämän keskelle""]. ''Yle Uutiset'' (in Finnish). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191106130041/https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11014920 Archived] from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref><ref name="ElComercio2019">{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=La adolescente Helena Gualinga, activista del pueblo Sarayaku, arremetió contra el Gobierno de Ecuador en la COP25 de Madrid|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212103032/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|archivedate=12 December 2019|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=El Comercio}}</ref> Helena Gualinga sonyere n'ọgbakọ COP25 na Madrid, [[Spain]]. O kwuru banyere nchegbu ya banyere gọọmentị Ecuador na-enye ikike igwupụta mmanụ n'ala ụmụ amaala. O kwuru, sị: "Gọọmentị mba anyị ka na-enye mpaghara anyị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nke a bụ mpụ. " Ọ katọrọ gọọmentị Ecuador maka ịsị na ọ nwere mmasị ichebe Amazon n'oge nnọkọ ahụ kama ịga arịrịọ ụmụ nwanyị Amazon na-achọ ka gọọmentị wetaara n'oge ngagharị iwe Ecuador nke 2019.<ref name="ElComercio2019">{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=La adolescente Helena Gualinga, activista del pueblo Sarayaku, arremetió contra el Gobierno de Ecuador en la COP25 de Madrid|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212103032/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html|archivedate=12 December 2019|accessdate=2019-12-12|work=El Comercio}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html "La adolescente Helena Gualinga, activista del pueblo Sarayaku, arremetió contra el Gobierno de Ecuador en la COP25 de Madrid"]. ''El Comercio''. 11 December 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191212103032/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/helena-gualinga-sarayaku-ecuador-cop25.html Archived] from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> O gosikwara mmechuihu ya maka enweghị mmasị ndị isi ụwa na-atụle isiokwu ndị ụmụ amaala wetara na nnọkọ ahụ.<ref name="ElComercio2019" /> Gualinga guzobere Polluters Out na Isabella Fallahi na [[Ayisha Siddiqa]] nke ebumnuche ya bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chan|first=Emily|date=2020-04-21|title=Climate Activists Are Holding Virtual Protests Now, Here’s How You Can Join Them|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/climate-activists-virtual-protests|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=British Vogue|language=en-GB}}</ref> E guzobere òtù ahụ dị ka nzaghachi maka ọdịda nke COP25.<ref name="Foggin2020">{{Cite web|author=Foggin|first=Sophie|date=2020-01-31|title=Helena Gualinga is a voice for indigenous communities in the fight against climate change|url=https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311153820/https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/|archivedate=2021-03-11|accessdate=2020-05-06|work=Latin America Reports|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFoggin2020">Foggin, Sophie (31 January 2020). [https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/ "Helena Gualinga is a voice for indigenous communities in the fight against climate change"]. ''Latin America Reports''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210311153820/https://latinamericareports.com/helena-gualinga-voice-indigenous-communities-fight-climate-change/4192/ Archived] from the original on 11 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Arịrịọ nke òtù ahụ bụ: "Mkpa ka Patricia Espinosa, onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), jụ ego sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala maka COP26!".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Our Petition|url=https://pollutersout.org/our-petition|work=Polluters Out|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-06|archivedate=4 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504153240/https://pollutersout.org/our-petition}}</ref> == Na mgbasa ozi a ma ama == Helena Gualinga bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri "Helena Sarayaku Manta" (Helena nke Sarayaku), nke na-edekọ ndụ ya na ọrụ ya metụtara ịkụzi ụzọ ndụ Sarayaku. Eriberto Gualinga duziri ihe nkiri ahụ ma gosipụta ya na Maachị 18, 2022 na Environmental Film Festival na Nation's Capital.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Helena Sarayaku Manta (Helena of Sarayaku)|url=https://dceff30.eventive.org/films/helena-sarayaku-manta-helena-of-sarayaku-6202e2a29f380800a48366fb|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20220409063601/https://dceff30.eventive.org/films/helena-sarayaku-manta-helena-of-sarayaku-6202e2a29f380800a48366fb|archivedate=2022-04-09|accessdate=April 1, 2022|work=The 30th Anniversary Environmental Film Festival in the Nation's Capital}}</ref> N'Eprel 4, 2022 egosipụtara Helena Gualinga na nwanne ya nwanyị Nina Gualinga na magazin Revista Hogar .<ref>{{Cite web|title=La Amazonía tiene voz de mujer: Nina y Helena Gualinga|url=https://www.vistazo.com/hogar/la-amazonia-tiene-voz-de-mujer-nina-y-helena-gualinga-MD1544187|accessdate=2022-04-26|work=www.vistazo.com|language=es-EC}}</ref> Foto ha dị n'ihu mbipụta nke 691 nke magazin ahụ ma dị ka mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta Helena si kwuo, ọ bụ oge mbụ ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala nọ n'ihu magazin ahụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, e sere Helena Gualinga na magazin <nowiki><i id="mwcw">Vogue</i></nowiki> n'otu isiokwu gbasara ihe osise ihu ọdịnala Kichwa Sarayaku nke Atenea Morales de la Cruz dere.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-22|title=In the Ecuadorian Amazon, Wituk Face-Painting Is an Act of Resistance|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/kichwa-women-sarayaku-amazon-wituk-face-painting|accessdate=2022-04-26|work=Vogue|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} * [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 2002]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dqejzuk0qkh21d688t6hsget0jw1qah Tourist attractions in Lagos 0 20106 195386 131564 2024-11-19T05:08:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195386 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ȯra Lagos|Steeti Lagos]] bụ ebe ọtụtụ ebe ndị njem nleta pụrụ iche na dị na Naịjirịa. Njem nleta na Lagos Steeti bụ nke mbụ e mere n'afọ 1995 site n'aka ndị agha, kemgbe ahụ, ebe ndị njem nleta ahụla ọtụtụ puku ndị ọbịa na-enwe obi ụtọ, ntụrụndụ obodo ahụ nwere inye. Iji mụbaa ike nke njem nleta, nka na ọdịbendị na steeti ahụ, gọvanọ steeti gara aga Maazị Akinwunmi Ambode n'afọ 2015 gbanwere ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta iji gụọ Ministry of Tourism Arts and Culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lagos State Tourism|url=https://lagostourism.lagosstate.gov.ng/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=lagostourism.lagosstate.gov.ng|archivedate=2022-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911032508/https://lagostourism.lagosstate.gov.ng/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria: Lagos tourism contribution to GDP 2026|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/795082/nigeria-lagos-tourism-contribution-to-gdp/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Statista|language=en}}</ref> == Ndepụta == === Ebe Nchekwa Lekki === [[Usòrò:Monkey_at_Lekki_Conservation_Centre_03.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Monkey_at_Lekki_Conservation_Centre_03.jpg/220px-Monkey_at_Lekki_Conservation_Centre_03.jpg|thumb|Nleta na Lekki Conservation Center]] [[Lekki Conservation Centre|Ebe nchekwa Lekki]] dị n'etiti Lekki, Ebe ndị njem nleta nke na-ekpuchi ala ruru hekta 78 dị na [[Lekki|Lekki Peninsula]], n'akụkụ Lekki Lagoon, na nso Lagos Lagoon. Okporo ụzọ okpokoro 401 mita n'ogologo bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke a maara na ọ bụ okporo ụzọ okpokọta kachasị ogologo n'Africa. Ọ bụ ụzọ dị ịtụnanya na-agbagharị agbagharị nke na-egosi ọtụtụ ahịhịa na anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lekki Conservation Centre|url=https://www.visitnigerianow.com/tours/lekki-conservation-centre/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=Visit Nigeria Now|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911040300/https://www.visitnigerianow.com/tours/lekki-conservation-centre/}}</ref> === Ogige ntụrụndụ Freedom, Lagos. === Ogige ntụrụndụ Freedom bụ ebe ncheta na ogige ntụrụnụ dị n'etiti etiti obodo Lagos na Lagos Island, Nigeria, ogige ntorobịa ahụ na-anọchi anya mgbanwe nke ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị ọchịchị na-achị achị ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya nke nnwere onwe. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe omume ntụrụndaka iji mee na Freedom Park [[Lagos]] dị ka ihe ngosi ọdịnala na ihe omume, Na-atọ ụtọ na nri ọdịnala na ọdịnala, na egwu egwu egwu. [[Usòrò:Lagos_Island.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lagos_Island.jpg/220px-Lagos_Island.jpg|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri na Lagos]] === Ebe ihe nlereanya nke Nike Art === [[Nike Art Gallery]] bụ ụlọ ngosi nka dị na lekki, Lagos, Ụlọ ngosi ahụ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu nchịkọta nke ihe osise ụmụ amaala Naijiria ma bụrụ ugbu a ụlọ ngosi nka kachasị ukwuu n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nike Centre for Art and Culture: visit Nigeria with Nike|url=http://nikeart.com/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=nikeart.com}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Otu ebe dị na Lagos]] [[Òtù:Ebe ndị mmadụ juru na Lagos]] kfa838ifznxx1ni6szpwnvitm8dujsc Yakubu Gowon 0 20556 195407 176169 2024-11-19T08:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[General (Nigeria)|General]]|image=Mr.Richard kasesela with former Nigerian President Yakubu Gowon during the Friends of Global fund Africa meeting in Kigali (cropped).jpg|caption=Gowon in 2007|order=[[List of heads of state of Nigeria|3rd]] [[Military dictatorship in Nigeria|Head of State of Nigeria]]|term_start=1 August 1966|term_end=29 July 1975|1blankname={{nowrap|[[Vice President of Nigeria|Chief of Staff]]}}|1namedata=[[Joseph Edet Akinwale Wey]]|predecessor=[[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]|successor=[[Murtala Mohammed]]|office2=[[Defence Minister of Nigeria|Federal Commissioner of Defence]]|term_start2=1966|term_end2=1975|predecessor2=[[Inuwa Wada]]|successor2=[[Illiya Bisalla]]|office3=[[Chief of Army Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of Army Staff]]|term_start3=16 January 1966|term_end3=29 July 1966|predecessor3=[[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]|successor3=[[Joseph Akahan]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1934|10|19|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Kanke, Nigeria|Kanke]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], [[Colonial Nigeria|British Nigeria]]<br>(now [[Kanke, Nigeria|Kanke]], Nigeria)|spouse={{marriage|[[Victoria Gowon]]|1969}}|alma_mater=[[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]<br >[[Staff College, Camberley]]<br>[[Joint Service Defence College|Joint Staff College, Latimer]]<br>[[University of Warwick]]|allegiance={{flag|Nigeria|size=23px}}|branch={{Army|Nigeria|size=23px}}|serviceyears=1954–1975|rank=[[File:Nigeria-Army-OF-9.svg|20px]] [[General (Nigeria)|General]]|battles=[[Congo Crisis]]<br>[[Nigerian Civil War]]|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|nickname=Jack}} {{Databox}}{{Databox}} '''Yakubu Dab- Yumma ma 'Jack' Gowon'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Yakubu 'Jack' Gowon at 85|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=guardian.ng|archivedate=2023-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401043511/https://guardian.ng/opinion/general-yakubu-jack-gowon-at-85/}}</ref> (amụrụ n'abali irí na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1934) bụ onye isi ndị agha Naijiria lara ezumike nká na onye isi ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon Archives|url=https://m.guardian.ng/tag/yakubu-gowon/|accessdate=2022-02-25|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka Onye isi ala nke Naịjirịa, Gowon duziri [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naịjiria]] na-ese okwu ma kwuo okwu a ma ama "enweghị onye mmeri, enweghị mmeri" na njedebe agha ahụ na mgbalị ịkwalite ọgwụgwọ na ime udo.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon {{!}} head of state of Nigeria|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yakubu-Gowon|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> A na-edepụta Agha Obodo Naịjirịa dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị gbuo mmadụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a, ebe ụfọdụ na-ebo Gowon ebubo mpụ megide mmadụ na mgbukpọ agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=247ureports.com|date=2013-09-22|title=Crimes Against Humanity: Why Yakubu Gowon And Accomplices Should Face Trial|url=https://newsghana.com.gh/crimes-against-humanity-why-yakubu-gowon-and-accomplices-should-face-trial/|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=News Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Gowon na-ekwusi ike na o meghị ihe ọjọọ ọ bụla n'oge agha ahụ nakwa na idu ndú ya zọpụtara mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-18|title=Gowon speaks on civil war, says he didn't commit any crime|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/gowon-speaks-on-civil-war-says-he-didnt-commit-any-crime/wqyzw16|accessdate=2021-03-14|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye Kraịst Anglịkan sitere n'ezinụlọ [[Ngas language|Ngas]] nke Northern Nigeria, Gowon bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ mba n'anya, na onye kwere na ịdị n'otu na ịdị n"otu nke Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archbishop welcomes Nigeria's General Yakubu Gowon to Lambeth Palace|url=https://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/speaking-and-writing/latest-news/news-archive-2016/archbishop-welcomes-nigerias-general-yakubu|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=The Archbishop of Canterbury|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The National Youth Service Corps: A Bridge to Nationalism in Nigeria|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/national-youth-service-corps-bridge-nationalism-nigeria|accessdate=2021-04-08|work=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-23|title=Nigeria's unity, not negotiable, says Gowon|url=https://punchng.com/nigerias-unity-not-negotiable-says-gowon/|accessdate=2021-03-26|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Ịrịgo Gowon n'ọchịchị na-esote ọchịchị aka ike na ọnwa Julị nke afọ 1966 kwadoro ọchịchị ndị agha na Naịjirịa. N'ihi ya, Gowon bụ onye isi ala Naịjirịa na-eje ozi ogologo oge, na-achị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ itoolu ruo mgbe Brigadier Murtala Mohammed chụpụrụ ya na nnupụisi nke afọ 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon – Nigeria's Prodigious War General|url=https://africa360degrees.com/honour-roll/politics-civil-rights/yakubu-gowon-nigerias-prodigious-war-general/|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=Africa 360 Degrees {{!}} African Economics {{!}} Business {{!}} and Political affairs 360 degrees coverage {{!}} Independent {{!}} Analysis {{!}} Insight {{!}} africa360degrees.com|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605082851/https://africa360degrees.com/honour-roll/politics-civil-rights/yakubu-gowon-nigerias-prodigious-war-general/}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == Gowon bụ [[Ngas language|onye Ngas]] (Angas) sitere na Lur, obere obodo dị na mpaghara Gọọmentị Kanke nke Plateau Steeti ugbu a. Nne na nna ya, Nde Yohanna na Matwok Kurnyang hapụrụ Wusasa, Zaria dị ka ndị ozi ala ọzọ otu ọrụ ụka (CMS) n'oge mmalite nke ndụ Gowon. Nna ya nwere obi ụtọ n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ lụrụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ onye ga-abụ eze nwaghị nne Elizabeth lụrụ onye ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu bụ Eze George VI.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Dibdin|first=Emma|date=2021-04-12|title=Take a Deep Dive Into Royal Family History With Our Interactive Windsor Family Tree|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/a20736482/british-royal-family-tree/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Town & Country|language=en-US}}</ref> Gowon bụ nwa nke ise n'ime ụmụ iri na otu. Ọ tolitere na Zaria ma nwee ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ebe ahụ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, Gowon gosipụtara na ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-eme egwuregwu: ọ bụ onye na-edebe goolu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, onye na-agba ọsọ, na onye na- ọsọ ogologo oge. Ọ mebiri ihe ndekọ kilomita ụlọ akwụkwọ n'afọ mbụ ya. Ọ bụkwa onyeisi ndị ọkụ ọkpọ.<ref>''Daily Trust'', 19 October 2004 (Chief Sunday Awoniyi).</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == Gowon sonyeere ndị agha Naijiria n'afọ 1954, ma nata ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi nke abụọ n'ụbọchị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1955, ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke iri abụọ na otu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Yakubu Dan-Yumma Gowon (1934- ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/gowon-general-yakubu-dan-yumma-1934/|author=Franz|first=Alyssa|date=2009-06-10|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> A zụrụ ya na Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, UK (n'afọ 1955), Staff College, Camberley, UK (n'afọ 1962) yana Joint Staff College. Ọ hụtara ọrụ na Congo dị ka akụkụ nke United Nations Peace-keeping Force, ma n'afọ1960 na 1963. Ọ gara n'ihu ruo n'ọkwa onye isi ndị agha n'afọ 1966, n'oge ahụ ọ ka bụ lieutenant colonel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=General Yakubu Dan-Yumma Gowon (Jack) {{!}} Profile {{!}} Africa Confidential|url=https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/2747/Yakubu_Gowon|work=www.africa-confidential.com|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> == Ọchịchị e wepụrụ n'afọ 1966 == N'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1966, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ndị agha kacha nta na Naịjirịa mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na otu, n'ihi na otu ndị agha na-eto eto n'okpuru Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu mere ka a kwatuo [[1966 Nigerian coup d'état|ọchịchị ndị]] nkịtị nke Naịjirịa.<ref name="countrystudies3">[http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/70.htm US Library of Congress&nbsp;– "The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government".]</ref> N'oge nnupụisi a, e gburu ọtụtụ ndị isi ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ, gụnyere Sir [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], Praịm Minista Naịjirịa; Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna nke Sokoto na Praịm nke Northern Region; na Samuel Akintola, Praịma nke Western Region, Lt Col Arthur Unegbe na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Lieutenant Colonel Gowon nke oge ahụ laghachiri na Joint Staff College, Latimer UK ụbọchị abụọ tupu nnupụisi ahụ, nke nwere ike ịhapụ ya na ndepụta ndị na-akpa nkata.<ref>Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War By Raph Uwechue</ref> Ọdịda nke Major General [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] (onye bụ onye isi ala na-esote nnupụisi nke Jenụwarị 1966 - ya na Gowon Chief of Staff ya) iji zute ihe ndị Northern chọrọ maka ikpe ndị na-eme atụmatụ nnupụnụ ahụ mere ka iwe ndị Northern gbasaa. E nwere nkwado dị ukwuu maka ndị na-akpa nkata nnupụisi site na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ yana ọtụtụ ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ "Lagos-Ibadan". == Mgbagha ọchịchị na July ==   Mgbe ahụ, Iwu Aguyi Ironsi nke ọnụọgụ dị irí atọ na anọ bịara, nke tụrụ aro ka ewepụ usoro gọọmentị etiti iji kwado otu steeti, ọnọdụ nke ụfọdụ ndị Southerners kwadoro ogologo oge - ọkachasị site na nnukwu akụkụ nke Igbo-na-achịkwa National Council of Nigeria na Cameroon (NCNC) Nke a nwere ike ịbụ na ndị ùgwù kọwara ya n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi dị ka Southern (karịsịa Igbo) na-anwa iweghara ike niile na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Aremu|first=Johnson|year=2016|title=Unitary government and the challenge of political instability in Nigeria, 1966-1970|url=http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/WSN-40-2016-124-1342.pdf|journal=World Scientific News|volume=40|pages=124–134|issn=2392-2192}}</ref> Ebe ugwu nọ n'azụ mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ na nke ọwụwa anyanwụ n'ihe gbasara agụmakwụkwọ (n'otu akụkụ n'ihi nguzogide ozizi ndị Alakụba na omenala na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya), ebe ọtụtụ ndị Igbo Eastern nọworị na ọrụ gọọmentị etiti.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-23|title=Yakubu Gowon - the True Measure of a Man|url=http://ng.dailyadvent.com/uncategorized/2018/07/23/yakubu-gowon-the-true-measure-of-a-man/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Daily Advent Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524153240/http://ng.dailyadvent.com/uncategorized/2018/07/23/yakubu-gowon-the-true-measure-of-a-man/}}</ref> Ebumnuche mbụ nke Murtala Mohammed na ndị na-akpa nkata ọchịchị ya yiri ka ọ bụ iji mepụta nkewa nke mpaghara Northern site na Naịjirịa n'ozuzu ya, mana ọtụtụ ndị ndụmọdụ mechara mee ka atụmatụ ha kwụsị, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị ọkàikpe dị elu, na ndị ozi dị mkpa nke gọọmentị Britain na Amerika nwere mmasị na ọchịchị Naịjiria. Ndị isi na-eto eto wee kpebie ịkpọ aha Lieutenant Colonel Gowon, onye o doro anya na ọ naghị etinye aka na ihe omume ruo n'oge ahụ, dị ka Onye isi ala Naijiria. Mgbe ọ na-arịgo n'ọchịchị, Gowon gbanwere mkpochapụ Ironsi nke ụkpụrụ gọọmentị etiti. == Onye isi ala == N'afọ 1966, a họpụtara Gowon ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala.<ref name="Britannica"/> Ruo mgbe ahụ, Gowon nọgidere bụrụ onye agha na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị itinye aka ọ bụla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ruo mgbe ọgba aghara nke afọ ahụ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ndu na mberede, mgbe nzụlite ya pụrụ iche dị ka onye ugwu nke na-abụghị nke [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị Hausa]] ma ọ bụ Fulani ma ọ bụ nke okwukwe Alakụba mere ka ọ nwee nhọrọ dị nchebe iji duzie mba nke ndị bi na ya nwere esemokwu agbụrụ. Gowon buliri onwe ya elu ugboro abụọ dị ka Onye isi ala Naijiria. Gowon bụ Lt. Colonel mgbe ọ rịgooro n'elu ọchịchị ndị agha Federal ọhụrụ nke Naịjirịa n'abalị mbụ nke n'ọnwa August afọ 1966 mana ndị isi ndị agha ndị ọzọ dị ka Commodore Joseph Wey, Brigadier Babafemi Ogundipe, na Colonel Robert Adebayo bụ akụkụ nke gọọmentị na ndị isi agha ha na Gowon bụ ihe ihere.<ref name="Garrison-NYT">{{Cite web|author=Garrison|first=Lloyd|title=Nigeria Outwardly Placid but Killings Increase; Unity Apparently Shattered in Hausa Take-Over Ironsi Reported to Be Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/08/04/archives/nigeria-outwardly-placid-but-killings-increase-unity-apparently.html|accessdate=31 January 2021|work=New York Times}}</ref> Iji mee ka ọnọdụ ya dị ka Onye isi ala kwụsie ike, Gowon buliri onwe ya ka ọ bụrụ Major-General obere oge tupu mmalite nke agha obodo n'afọ1967 na General zuru ezu na njedebe nke agha obodo n'afọ 1970.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Siollun|first=Max|title=Oil, Politics and Violence: Nigeria's Military Coup Culture (1966-1976)|year=2009|publisher=Algora Publishing, 2009|isbn=9780875867090}}</ref> == Onye ndú agha obodo == N'ịtụ anya nkewa ọwụwa anyanwụ, Gowon mere ngwa ngwa iji belata nkwado nke mpaghara ahụ site n'inye iwu ka e mepụta steeti iri na abụọ ọhụrụ iji dochie mpaghara anọ ahụ. Isii n'ime steeti ndị a nwere ndị pere mpe nke chọrọ ka e mepụta steeti kemgbe afọ 1950. Gowon gbakọrọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ndị ka nta n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ agaghị akwado ndị Igbos, n'ihi atụmanya nke inwe steeti nke ha ma ọ bụrụ na e merie mgbalị nkewa. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị agha gọọmentị etiti lụrụ agha na [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]], nke a makwaara dị ka [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Biafran]], iji weghachite mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na njikọ ahụ, bụ ndị otu ndị pere mpe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - The 1966 Coups, Civil War, and Gowon's Government|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/70.htm|work=countrystudies.us|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Agha ahụ were ọnwa iri atọ ma kwụsị na Jenụwarị nke afọ 1970. N'ịnakwere nkwụsị agha Biafra n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, Gowon kwupụtara na ọ gaghị enwe onye mmeri ma ọ bụ onye meriri. N'ime mmụọ a, a kwupụtara na afọ ndị sochirinụ bụ oge mmezigharị, iwughachi, na ime udo. Ọganihu ọnụ ahịa mmanụ, nke malitere n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke mmanụ ala (onye isi na-enweta ego na mba ahụ) n'ahịa ụwa na 1973, mere ka ikike gọọmentị etiti nwere ịrụ ọrụ ndị a.<ref name="countrystudies3"/> Esemokwu bilitere n'etiti mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na gọọmentị etiti nke Gowon na-achịkwa n'ebe ugwu. N abalị anọ nke 'ọnwa Jenụwarị nke afọ 1967, n'ikwekọ na arịrịọ Ojukwu ka ha gbakọọ maka mkparịta ụka naanị n'ala na-anọpụ iche, e nwere nzukọ nke Gowon, Ojukwu na ndị ọzọ so na Kansụl Ndị Agha Kasị Elu gara na Aburi na Ghana, ebumnuche ya bụ idozi esemokwu niile dị ịrịba ama ma guzobe Naịjirịa dị ka njikọ nke mpaghara.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ubani|first=Dr Lumumba Umunna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAXYItFgj8MC&pg=PA219|title=Afrikan Mind Reconnection & Spiritual Re-Awakening|date=2011-01-17|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4568-4132-4|language=en}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke nzukọ a bụ nkwekọrịta Aburi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aburi Accord|url=https://litcaf.com/aburi-accord/|date=2017-01-15|work=Litcaf|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> Nkwekọrịta Aburi ahụghị ìhè nke ụbọchị ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na gọọmentị Gowon na-eduzi nwere nnukwu nchebara echiche maka ego nwere ike ịba, ọkachasị ego mmanụ nke a tụrụ anya na ọ ga-abawanye n'ihi na achọpụtara ihe ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ n'etiti afọ 1960. E kwuwo na-enweghị nkwenye na ma Gowon na Ojukwu nwere ihe ọmụma banyere nnukwu mmanụ dị na mpaghara Niger [[Mba Mmiri|Delta]], nke taa aghọwo isi ihe na-akwado akụ na ụba Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Ubani|first=Dr Lumumba Umunna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAXYItFgj8MC&pg=PA219|title=Afrikan Mind Reconnection & Spiritual Re-Awakening|date=2011-01-17|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4568-4132-4|language=en}}</ref> N'ime njem iji nyochaa mmetụta nke gọọmentị Ojukwu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Gowon kwupụtara n'abalị ise nke ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1967 nkewa nke mpaghara Naịjirịa atọ n'ime [[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|steeti]] iri na abụọ: North-Western Steeti, North-Eastern Steeti, Kano Steeti, North'Central Steeti, Benue-Plateau Steeti, Kwara Steeti, Western Steeti, Lagos Steeti, Mid-Westh Steeti, na, site na, site n'Eastern Region, a Rivers Steeti, South-Easth-Eastic Steeti, na East-Central Steeti.<ref name="Britannica"/> Steeti ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo South-Eastern na Rivers nke nwere mmanụ na ohere ịbanye n'oké osimiri, ka a tụrụ iji kewapụ mpaghara Igbo dị ka steeti East-Central.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/gowon.htm|title=Gowon's speech creating 12 states.}}</ref> Otu akụkụ na-ese okwu nke njem a bụ ntinye Gowon nke Port Harcourt, nnukwu obodo dị na Niger Delta, na South nke Naịjirịa (Ikwerres na Ijaws), na-anọdụ na ụfọdụ n'ime ebe nchekwa kachasị ukwuu na Naịjirịa, n'ime Rivers State ọhụrụ, na-eme ka ndị ahịa Igbo na-akwaga ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=yakubu gowon education|url=http://tenelva.se/a1oil6/199680-yakubu-gowon-education|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=tenelva.se|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524154258/http://tenelva.se/a1oil6/199680-yakubu-gowon-education}}</ref> Ọpụpụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha laghachiri n'obodo ha dị na "Igbo heartland" n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa ebe ha chere na ọ dị nchebe ka a na-ebo ebubo na ọ bụ ihe na-emegide iwu Gowon "enweghị onye mmeri, enweghị mmeri", mgbe na njedebe nke agha ahụ, ihe onwunwe ha hapụrụ n'azụ bụ ndị ụmụ amaala Rivers State kwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|author=smile|date=2020-06-30|title=GENERAL YAKUBU "JACK" GOWON|url=https://www.glimpse.ng/general-yakubu-jack-gowon/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Glimpse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720212835/https://www.glimpse.ng/general-yakubu-jack-gowon/}}</ref> Ndị agbụrụ dị ala nke mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ abụghị ndị na-ekwu okwu banyere atụmanya nkewa, n'ihi na ọ ga-apụta ibi n'ihe ha chere na ọ ga'abụ mba Igbo na-achị.<ref>Africa Today, Reflections on the Nigerian Civil War by Raph Uwechue.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-abụghị ndị Igbo bi na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ma ọ bụ zere inye nkwado siri ike maka ọgụ Biafran, ma ọ bụ nyere aka n'akụkụ gọọmentị etiti site na ịbanye n'òtù ndị agha Naijiria ma nye ya ihe ọmụma banyere ọrụ agha Biafran. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na gọọmentị Biafran, na N.U. Akpan na-eje ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị, Lt. Col (mgbe e mesịrị Major-General) Philip Effiong, na-eje ije ozi dị ka onye isi ndị agha Biafra na ndị ọzọ dị ka Chiefs Bassey na Graham-Douglas na-eje ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&pg=PA330|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|date=2012-02-08|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor|isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị irí atọ nke ọnwa Mee n'afo 1967, Ojukwu zaghachiri ọkwa Gowon site n'ịkwupụta nkewa nke mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, nke a ga-akpọ ugbu a Republic of [[Bịafra|Biafra]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80SvCmSTxGoC&pg=PA157|title=African Leaders|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor|language=en}}</ref> Nke a ga-akpata agha nke ga-adịru ihe dị ka ọnwa iri atọ , ma hụ ọnwụ nke ihe karịrị otu puku narị ndị agha na ihe karịrị otu nde ndị nkịtị, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nke ikpeazụ ga-anwụ n'ihi agụụ n'okpuru mgbochi nke Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Siollun|first=Max|date=2020-01-15|title=Opinion {{!}} Nigeria Is Haunted by Its Civil War|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/opinion/nigeria-civil-war-anniversary.html|accessdate=2021-05-24}}</ref> Agha ahụ hụrụ mmụba dị ukwuu nke ndị agha Naijiria n'ibu na mmụba siri ike na nkuzi na nkà na ụzụ ya, ebe a mụrụ ndị agha ụgbọelu Naijiria na-aga n'ihu n'oge esemokwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=yakubu gowon education|url=http://mktghd.com/aaron-dismuke-govuekf/eaf42f-yakubu-gowon-education|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=mktghd.com|archivedate=2021-05-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524155830/http://mktghd.com/aaron-dismuke-govuekf/eaf42f-yakubu-gowon-education}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, nnukwu esemokwu gbara ọrụ ụgbọ elu nke ndị agha Naijiria gburugburu, dịka ọtụtụ ndị bi na Biafra, gụnyere ndị ọrụ Red Cross, ndị ozi ala ọzọ na ndị nta akụkọ mba ọzọ, boro ndị agha ụgbọelu Naijiria ebubo na ha na-elekwasị anya na ndị nkịtị, ebe enyemaka na ahịa. Gowon agọnahụla nkwupụta ndị ahụ, tinyere nkwupụta na ndị agha ya mere arụrụala dịka ndina n'ike, igbu ndị nkịtị na ịpụnara ndị mmadụ ihe n'ebe ndị e weghaara; Otú ọ dị, otu n'ime ndị ọchịagha ya n'oge agha, [[Benjamin Adekunle]] yiri ka ọ na-enye ụfọdụ ntụkwasị obi na nkwupụta ndị a n'akwụkwọ ya, ka ọ na'ihi na ha bụ ihe ọjọọ sitere n'agha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=yakubu gowon education|url=http://75.103.85.234/lfofi1la/8aa0a5-yakubu-gowon-education|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=75.103.85.234}}</ref> == ''"Ọ dịghị onye mmeri, ọ dịghị onye meriri"'' == Agha ahụ biri n' abalị iri na atọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1970, mgbe Colonel [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] nabatara inyefe ndị agha Biafra.<ref>Olusegun Obasanjo, ''My Command'', Ibadan/London/Nairobi' Heinemann, 1980, pp. 124–131.</ref> N'echi ya, Obasanjo kwupụtara ọnọdụ ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị nnupụisi Radio Biafra Enugu. Gowon mechara kwupụta okwu ya a ma ama "enweghị onye mmeri, enweghị onye meriri", wee soro ya na mgbaghara maka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị sonyere na nnupụisi Biafran, yana mmemme nke "Nkwekọrịta, Nrụzigharị, na Nweghachi", [ihe odide dị mkpa] iji dozie nnukwu mmebi nke akụ na ụba na akụrụngwa nke mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ n'oge afọ agha.<ref>Gowon's 12 January Speech Welcoming Biafran Surrender</ref> N'ụzọ dị mwute, ụfọdụ n'ime mgbalị ndị a ahapụghị bọọdụ eserese. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, Gen. Iwu nchịkwa Gowon nke inye ndị Biafra nwere akaụntụ ụlọ akụ na Naijiria pound iri abụọ, n'agbanyeghị ego ole dị na akaụntụ ha, ndị ọrụ enyemaka mba ọzọ na nke obodo katọrọ ya, n'ihi na nke a dugara n'ịgba arịrịọ, ịpụnara mmadụ ihe na ịpụnọrọ ihe n'ebe Biafran mbụ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Threat of Secession|url=https://www.accord.org.za/conflict-trends/threat-of-secession/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=ACCORD|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mkpebi ọzọ Gowon mere n'oge ọganihu mmanụ bụ inwe ihe ụfọdụ weere dị ka mmetụta na-adịghị mma maka akụ na ụba Naijiria n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta ya ozugbo bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya. Iwu ya nke afọ 1972, nke kwupụtara na ọtụtụ ngalaba nke akụ na ụba nke Naijiria anaghị anabata itinye ego mba ọzọ niile, ka ọ na-ewepụ ihe karịrị ndị mba ọzọ na-ekere òkè na ọtụtụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Times|first=John Darnton Special to The New York|date=1976-10-30|title=Nigeria's'Indigenization' Policy Under Fire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/30/archives/nigerias-indigenization-policy-under-fire.html|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ogbuagu|first=Chibuzo|date=1983|title=The Nigerian Indigenization Policy: Nationalism or Pragmatism?|url=https://jstor.org/stable/721406?seq=1|journal=African Affairs|volume=82|issue=327|pages=241–266|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097509}}</ref> Iwu a nyere ọtụtụ ndị Naijiria nwere njikọ dị mma uru ma gosipụta na ọ na-emebi itinye ego na-abụghị mmanụ na akụ na ụba Naijiria. Afọ ndị agha obodo gachara hụrụ Naịjirịa na-enwe ọganihu akụ na ụba, mmanụ, nke na-eme ka ọrụ gọọmentị etiti Naịjirịa rịa elu ruo n'ókè a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ, yana mmụba ego sitere na ego mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, n'ụzọ dị mwute, oge a hụkwara mmụba ngwa ngwa na nrụrụ aka, ọkachasị iri ngo, nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na ndị ọrụ gọọmenti etiti; ọ bụ ezie na onye isi ala n'onwe ya, Gen. Gowon, achọtabeghị na ọ na-akwado omume nrụrụ aka, a na-ebo ya ebubo ugboro ugboro na ọ na'eleghara ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ya na ndị enyi ya anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - The Gowon Regime|url=http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/25.htm|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=countrystudies.us}}</ref> N'abalị mbụ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1974, n'ụzọ megidere nkwa mbụ ya, Gowon kwupụtara na Naịjirịa agaghị adị njikere maka ọchịchị ndị nkịtị site n'afọ 1976, ọ kwupụtakwara na a ga-eweghachi ụbọchị nnyefe ahụ ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon – Nigeria's Prodigious War General|url=https://africa360degrees.com/honour-roll/politics-civil-rights/yakubu-gowon-nigerias-prodigious-war-general/|work=Africa 360 Degrees {{!}} African Economics {{!}} Business {{!}} and Political affairs 360 degrees coverage {{!}} Independent {{!}} Analysis {{!}} Insight {{!}} africa360degrees.com|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-05-29|archivedate=2020-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605082851/https://africa360degrees.com/honour-roll/politics-civil-rights/yakubu-gowon-nigerias-prodigious-war-general/}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, n'ihi uto nke bureaucracy, e nwere ebubo nke ịrị elu nke nrụrụ aka. Ọgaranya na-abawanye na mba ahụ mere ka e nye ikikere mbubata adịgboroja. E nwere akụkọ banyere ọtụtụ nkume na ájá na-abanye na mba ahụ, na nke General Gowon n'onwe ya na-agwa onye nta akụkọ mba ọzọ na "naanị nsogbu Naịjirịa nwere bụ otu esi emefu ego o nwere".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&pg=PA334|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|date=April 2013|publisher=New Africa Press|isbn=978-9987-16-026-6|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe gbasara ụgbọ mmiri simenti == Nrụrụ aka n'ọchịchị Gowon ruru n'ókè n'ihe omume "ụgbọ mmiri simenti" a ma ama n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1975, mgbe ọtụtụ narị ụgbọ mmiri na-anwa ịtọpụ simenti jupụtara n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Gowon - InfoHub|url=https://infohub.xyz.ng/yakubu-gowon|work=infohub.xyz.ng|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> N'ụzọ ụfọdụ, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị Naijiria bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ndị na-eweta mba ụwa 68 dị iche iche maka nnyefe ngụkọta nke nde tọn simenti iri abụo n'''otu'' afọ na Lagos, ọ bụ ezie na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ya nwere ike ịnabata naanị otu nde tọn ibu kwa afọ.<ref>''[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8622027405260927297 National Am. Corp. v. Federal Republic of Nigeria]'', 597 F. 2d 314 (2nd Cir. 1979).</ref> Ọbụna nke ka njọ, nkwekọrịta simenti ndị a na-edeghị nke ọma gụnyere nkwekọrịta demurrage nke na-akwado ndị na-eweta ya, nke pụtara na ụgwọ ahụ malitere ịrị elu ma ọ bụrụ na ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nọdụrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-echere ibudata (ma ọ bụ ọbụna ma ọ bụrụgodị na ha nọdụrụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ha na-echera ikike ịpụ Naịjirịa). Gọọmentị Naịjirịa aghọtaghị oke mmejọ ya ruo mgbe ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Lagos jupụtara nke ukwuu nke na ihe ndị dị mkpa enweghị ike ịgafe. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, oge agafeela. Mgbalị ya iji jụ nkwekọrịta simenti ma tinye mmachibido iwu mberede na ụgbọ mmiri niile na-abata na-ejikọta mba ahụ na ikpe gburugburu ụwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, gụnyere mkpebi 1983 nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke US. == Ịkwatu == Ihe ihere ndị a kpatara nnukwu enweghị afọ ojuju n'ime ndị agha. N'abalị iri abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1975, mgbe Gowon na-aga nzukọ OAU na Kampala, otu ndị isi nke Colonel [[Joseph Nanven Garba|Joe Nanven Garba]] duziri kwupụtara iwepu ya. Ndị na-akpa nkata iwe ọchịchị họpụtara Brigadier Murtala Muhammed dị ka onye isi nke gọọmentị ọhụrụ, na Brigadier [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] dị ka onye nnọchi anya ya.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kasuka|first=Bridgette|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2nxqV2R7_8C&pg=PA334|title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence|date=April 2013|publisher=New Africa Press|isbn=978-9987-16-026-6|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Nigerian_Public_Domain_137.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nigerian_Public_Domain_137.jpg/220px-Nigerian_Public_Domain_137.jpg|thumb|Dị ka onye agha]] == Afọ ndị a chụgara mba ọzọ == Gowon mechara gaa mba ọzọ na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|mba United Kingdom]], ebe ọ nwetara Ph.D. na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Warwick. Ebe obibi ya bụ isi na Britain dị n'ókè ugwu London na Hertfordshire, ebe ọ ghọwo akụkụ nke obodo Bekee n'ógbè ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụka na chọọchị parish ya, St Mary the Virgin, Monken Hadley.<ref>{{Cite web|author=smile|date=2020-06-30|title=GENERAL YAKUBU "JACK" GOWON|url=https://www.glimpse.ng/general-yakubu-jack-gowon/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Glimpse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720212835/https://www.glimpse.ng/general-yakubu-jack-gowon/}}</ref> == Ogbugbu Murtala == N' ọnwa Febụwarị nke 1976, Gen. E gburu Murtala Mohammed n'ọchịchị na-enweghị isi nke Lt. Col Buka Suka Dimka duziri, onye metụtara Gowon. Dị ka "nkwupụta" Dimka si kwuo, ọ zutere Gowon na London wee nweta nkwado n'aka ya maka nnupụisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CCY4ngAACAAJ|title=Dimka's Confession: The Tragedy of a Nation|date=1976|publisher=Bendel Newspapers Corporation|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Ubani|first=Dr Lumumba Umunna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAXYItFgj8MC&pg=PA223|title=Afrikan Mind Reconnection & Spiritual Re-Awakening|date=2011-01-17|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4568-4132-4|language=en}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Dimka kwuru tupu e gbuo ya na ebumnuche nke Mgbagha Ọchịchị bụ iweghachi Gowon dị ka Onye isi ala. N'ihi nchọpụta ụlọ ikpe nke nnupụisi ahụ, gọọmentị Naijiria kwupụtara na Gowon chọrọ ya, wepụ ya n'ọkwá ya <nowiki><i id="mwARg">n'anọghị ya</i></nowiki>, ma belata ezumike nká ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-11|title=Yakubu Gowon: The peaceful war general|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/yakubu-gowon-peaceful-war-general/|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Gen. E mechara gbaghara Gowon (ya na onye bụbu onye isi ala Biafran, Emeka Ojukwu) n'oge Republic nke Abụọ n'okpuru Onye isi ala Shehu Shagari. Ọkwá Gowon (nke ọchịagha) e weghachighị ruo n'afọ 1987 site n'aka General [[Ibrahim Babangida]].<ref name="Ihonvbere">{{Cite book|author=Ihonvbere|first=Julius|title=Illusions of Power: Nigeria in Transition|year=1998|isbn=9780865436428|url=https://archive.org/details/illusionsofpower00ihon/page/128}}</ref> == Ndụ o mesịrị == Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere doctorate ya na Mahadum Warwick, Gowon ghọrọ prọfesọ nke sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Mahadụ Jos n'etiti afọ 1980.<ref name="Britannica"/> Gowon guzobere otu nke ya na 1992 nke a na-akpọ Yakubu Gowon Centre. A na-ekwu na nzukọ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na nsogbu na Naịjirịa dị ka ọchịchị dị mma yana nchịkwa ọrịa na-efe efe gụnyere HIV / AIDS, ogwu guinea, na ịba. Ọzọkwa, Gen. Gowon na-etinye aka na Guinea Worm Eradication Programme yana ihe nchịkọba gbasara ọrịa mmịnwụ (HIV Programme) na Global Fund nke Geneva.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Nkwocha|first=Dr Onyema G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDjel1Vr92QC&pg=PA99|title=The Republic of Biafra: Once Upon a Time in Nigeria: My Story of the Biafra-Nigerian Civil War - a Struggle for Survival (1967–1970)|date=2010-10-26|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4520-6865-7|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2020, Tom Tugendhat onye omeiwu na-agbasa iji kwado ọgba aghara ndị uwe ojii nke afọ 2020 na Naịjirịa boro Gowon ebubo na ọ na-apụnara "ọkara nke Central Bank of Nigeria" mgbe a kwaturu ya n'ọchịchị nke afọ 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Nigeria demands apology from UK government over MP's allegation against Gowon|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/428400-nigeria-demands-apology-from-uk-government-over-mps-allegation-against-gowon.html|accessdate=2021-05-24|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nkwupụta ahụ, nke mbụ a na-anwa ijikọ Gowon na nrụrụ aka, chere mmeghachi omume dị ukwuu ihu na Naijiria, na Bishọp Matthew Kukah na-ede na nnukwu Daily Trust na-akọwa okwu ahụ yiri ihe nzuzu dị ka "Ọ siri ike ịghọta otú onye otu ndị omebe iwu Britain a na-asọpụrụ nke ruru nnu ya, nwere ike ịkwa emo site n'ịkwado ebubo na-enweghị isi, na-enweghị ezi uche na nke nrụrụ aka megide General Yakubu Gowon, onye isi anyị na aka, mba ahụ na-esote ihu nke omume n'ihu ọha".<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=|title=Yakubu Gowon and the Firestorm over Akinwunmi Adeshina Tweet|work=|url=https://expressday.ng/yakubu-gowon-and-the-firestorm-over-akinwumi-adeshina-tweet/|accessdate=}}</ref> N'ịgbaso arịrịọ gọọmentị Naijiria rịọrọ mgbaghara, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mba Ọzọ mechara kewapụ onwe ya na nkwupụta ahụ na-ekwu na, nkwupụta nke onye omeiwu ahụ anaghị egosipụta echiche nke Gọọmentị Eze ya na Gọọmentụ Britain enweghị usoro maka ịchịkwa omume na okwu nke ndị ome iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-27|title=Nigeria demands apology from UK government over MP's allegation against Gowon|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/428400-nigeria-demands-apology-from-uk-government-over-mps-allegation-against-gowon.html|accessdate=2021-03-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Gowon lụrụ Miss Victoria Zakari, onye nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ n'afọ 1969 na emume nke Seth Irunsewe Kale duziri na Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Giowon's D-Day|date=19 April 1969|work=The Daily Sketch}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naịjirịa]] * Nchịkọta ndị agha Naịjirịa nke 1966 na 1983 na 1999 == Edensibia ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfGF3HwSMrc&ab_channel=AdeyinkaMakinde A gwara General Yakubu Gowon na e wepụrụ ya n'ọchịchị, July 29th 1975] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uALiQpLEHiA&ab_channel=AdeyinkaMakinde Gen. Nzukọ OAU mberede nke Gowon Speech Open mgbe Portugal wakporo Guinea, Disemba 1970] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drmfQQMonE8&ab_channel=AdeyinkaMakinde Major General Yakubu Gowon gbara ajụjụ ọnụ mgbe Biafra capitulation, Jenụwarị 1970] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221002211623/https://oak.tv/gowon-obasanjo-shonekan/ Gowon, Obasanjo, Shonekan, Ekwueme, Osinbajo bụ òtù ukwe] {{S-start}} {{s-mil}} {{Succession box|title=[[President of Nigeria|Head of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria]]|before=[[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]]|after=[[Murtala Mohammed]]|years=1 August 1966&nbsp;– 29 July 1975}} {{s-off}} {{Succession box|before=[[Nuhu Bamalli]]|title=[[Foreign Minister of Nigeria]]|years=1966&nbsp;– 1967|after=[[Arikpo Okoi]]}} {{S-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị isi agha Naijiria]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 339m75ip65fpgp6hoxt8qe5yfrj6hf0 Super Bowl XXX 0 21204 195380 193466 2024-11-19T03:43:32Z ~2024-14950 22075 195380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Superなう Bowl XXX''' bụ egwuregwu bọọlụ America n'etiti onye mmeri National Football Conference (NFC) Dallas Cowboys na onye mmeri American Football Conference (AFC) Pittsburgh Steelers iji kpebie onye mmeri nke National Football League (NFL) maka oge 1995. Cowboys meriri Steelers site na akara nke 271017, na-emeri Super Bowl nke ise ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke otu.<ref name="name">{{Cite book|title=Keeping Up With the Boys: From Austin to Super Bowl XXX : The Dynasty Continues|author=Barnhart|first=John|year=1996|publisher=Taylor Publishing|isbn=0-87833-952-3}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ gbara na Jenụwarị 28, 1996, na Sun Devil Stadium na Tempe, Arizona, oge mbụ a gbara Super Bowl na mpaghara Phoenix. Nke a bụ Super Bowl mbụ ebe ndị otu abụọ ahụ meriri kemgbe Super Bowl XIX. Ndị otu abụọ ahụ banyere egwuregwu ahụ na-agbalị ijikọ San Francisco 49ers maka ndekọ maka ọtụtụ mmeri Super Bowl site na franchise (5). Ndị Cowboys, ndị biputere ndekọ 12–4 oge niile, na-eme ngosipụta Super Bowl nke asatọ, ebe g6xcped2pfrm8xb27v4vjby2fj79pzm Victoria Okojie 0 23369 195395 143091 2024-11-19T06:41:45Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Okojie bụkwa onye otu Nigerian Library Association (2005); International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) nke US Department of State, United States Government, USA (2008), na UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, Hamburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]] (2007).<ref name="Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África">{{Cite web|title=Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África|url=http://www.casafrica.es/es/persona/victoria-okojie|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=www.casafrica.es|date=10 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Osso">{{Cite web|author=Osso|first=Sera|date=2018-07-02|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmụta == Okojie gụsịrị nzere masta <ref name="Osso"/> na Library Science (MLS) na Mahadum [[Ibadan]], Ibadan, tupu ọ gaa [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]], Zaria, ebe ọ gụsịrị PhD ya na Library and Information Science na 2012. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Okojie na Ọbá akwụkwọ malitere na 1984 na Mahadum Ibadan . Ọ sonyeere Kansụl Britain na 1994 wee ruo ọkwa onye nduzi na kansụl ahụ, onye Naijiria mbụ mere ya. <ref name="Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África"/>'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ gakwuuru World Bank, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, yana UK Department for International Development. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|date=2 July 2018}}</ref>'afọ 2009, Okojie sonyeere ọrụ nke Gọọmentị etiti nke Naijiria n'okpuru nchebe nke Kansụl Ndebanye aha nke Naijeria, ébé ọ ghọrọ onye ndebanye aha / ónyé ịsị óche nkè Kansụл áhụ. [https://www.ifla.org/FR/node/8695] họpụtara yá kà ọ bụrụ ónyé ịsị óche nkè Nigerian Library Association site ná 2000 ruo 2010. Okojie jere ozi dị kà Ónyé ịsị óche nkè International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Africa Section. n'etiti afọ 2011 na 2015.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Second International Conference on African Digital Libraries and Archives (ICADLA-2)|date=November 2011|title=REMARKS FROM THE CHAIR OF THE IFLA AFRICA SECTION|url=http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/jspui/bitstream/10539/11506/1/8%20-%20REMARKS%20FROM%20THE%20CHAIR%20IFLA%20AFRICA%20REGION%20-%20Ms%20Victoria%20Okojie.pdf|journal=African Digital Libraries and Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Brief of Okojie Victoria|title=cibu|url=https://cibu.dgb.unam.mx/index.php/en/?view=article&id=143&tmpl=component|accessdate=2022-10-20|archivedate=2022-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020201618/https://cibu.dgb.unam.mx/index.php/en/?view=article&id=143&tmpl=component}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, ọ nọ n'etiti ndị ịsị ọbá akwụkwọ iri ná abụọ zụrụ ụwa ọnụ ahọpụtara kà há ná IFLA rụọ ọrụ ná Ngalaba Ọbá Akwụkwọ na Ozi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=IFLA -- Statement of Candidacy: Victoria Okojie (Nigeria)|url=https://www.ifla.org/ES/node/11304|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=www.ifla.org}}</ref> jere ozi <ref>{{Cite web|author=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|date=October 2017|title=Report of 13thmeeting of the International Advisory Committee (IAC)UNESCO, Paris|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265145|accessdate=2021-02-24|work=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> kà ónyé ọtú IFLA na-achịkwa; Kọmitii ndụmọdụ mba ụwa, UNESCO Memory of the World Programme; [1] Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Global Libraries Program; na West African Library Association. [2] Okojie rụkwara ọrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://nipian.org/about/|accessdate=2023-01-05|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-01-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105131009/https://nipian.org/about/}}</ref> kà ónyé nhazi mmemme nkè ndị ọkachamara ozi nkè Naịjirịa Innovation Ambassadors Network (NIPIAN). [1] == Ònyìnyé ná nsọpụrụ == Okojie merìrì ìhè nrite ọrụ á ma ámá nkè Nigerian Library Association na 2000.<ref name="Awards & Honours">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Awards & Honours|url=https://victoriaokojie.org/awards-honours/|accessdate=2021-05-18|work=Victoria Okojie|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518085606/https://victoriaokojie.org/awards-honours/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Osso|first=Sera|date=2018-07-02|title=OKOJIE, Dr Victoria|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/okojie-dr-victoria/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nwetakwala ìhè nrite "Daughter of Destiny" nkè ísì nkè Oyo State nke Nigerian Library Association, na mgbakwunye ná Nigeria Youth Initiative for Transparency, Good Governance, Peace and Social Orientation (NYITGPSO) Merit Award dị kà "Icon of Education" nkè afọ 2012. <ref name="Awards & Honours" />'afọ 2012, Mahadum Commonwealth, Belize, nyèrè Okojie nzere doctorate, màkà ònyìnyé ya n'ọhịa nkè Ọbá Akwụkwọ ná Sayensị Ozi. Okojie bụkwa ónyé ọtú Nigerian Library Association (2005); International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) nkè US Department of State, United States Government, USA (2008), ná UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning, Hamburg, [[Jémanị|Germany]] (2007).<ref name="Victoria Okojie {{!}} Casa África"/><ref name="Osso"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị á họọrọ == * Gbaje, E. S., na V. Okojie (2011). Ntinye áká na-elekwasị ányá ná ìhè ọmụma ná ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum Naijiria. Nigerian Libraries, Vol. 44. * Ekoja, I. I., V. O. Okojie na H. Emmanuel (2019). Ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ mbà nkè Naijiria na-ewu mba na-agụ akwụkwọ: ìhè ịma áká ná atụmatụ. N'okwu gbasara nsogbu agụmakwụkwọ: Festschrift iji sọpụrụ ndị prọfesọ ise na-ala ezumike nká. Maisamari, A. M. et al. (ed): Abuja, University of Abuja Press. peeji nke 85-100. * Okojie, V. na Igbinovia, O. M. (2022). Echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ banyere omume ọbá akwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide. .  peeji nke 376.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Victoria Okojie and Magnus Osahon Igbinovia|date=2022|title=Global perspectives on sustainable library practices|url=https://www.igi-global.com/book/global-perspectives-sustainable-library-practices/298681#:~:text=Global%20Perspectives%20on%20Sustainable%20Library%20Practices%20provides%20a%20rich%20and,well%20as%20sustaining%20value%20for|accessdate=2022-01-05|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=9781668459645}}</ref> * Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin ná Adeyinka Tella (2020). Ohere ná ìhè ịma áká nkè ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ e-akwụkwọ na ngwaọrụ mkpanaka n'ọbá akwụkwọ: Ahụmahụ sitere ná Naịjirịa. Na Adeyinka Tailor (Ed).Handbook of Research on Digital Devices for Inclusivity and Engagement in Libraries p.208-230.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Victoria Okojie, Faith Orim, Oso Oluwatoyin and Adeyinka Tella|date=2020|title=Opportunities and Challenges of E-Book Readers and Mobile Devices in Libraries: Experiences From Nigeria|url=https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/opportunities-and-challenges-of-e-book-readers-and-mobile-devices-in-libraries/233998|accessdate=2022-01-05|doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-9034-7.ch010}}</ref> * Adeyinka Tella, Okojie Victoria, na Olaniyi, T. (2018). Ngwá ọrụ Social Bookmarking na Digital Libraries, IGI Global. * Adeyinka Tella, Victoria Okojie na O. T. Olaniyi (2018). Ngwá ọrụ akwụkwọ mmekọrịta ná ọbá akwụkwọ dijitalụ. Na Adeyinka Tailor na Tom Kwanya (Eds). Handbook of Research on Managing Intellectual Property in Digital Libraries, p.396-401.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Adeyinka Tella, Okojie Victoria and Olaniyi, T|title=Handbook of Research on Managing Intellectual Property in Digital Libraries|date=2018|chapter=Social Bookmarking Tools and Digital Libraries|chapterurl=https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/social-bookmarking-tools-and-digital-libraries/188559|accessdate=2023-01-05|series=Advances in Library and Information Science|pages=396–409|doi=10.4018/978-1-5225-3093-0.ch020|isbn=9781522530930}}</ref> * Okojie V. na Okiy, R. (2017). Ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na eze ná atụmatụ mmepe ná Naịjirịa. Akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Victoria Okojie and Rose Okiy|date=2019|title=Public Libraries And The Development Agenda In Nigeria|url=https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/2496/1/233-okojie-en.pdf|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=ifla}}</ref> gosipụtara ná IFLA World Library and Information Conference na Athens, Gris, peeji nke1-12 [1] * Okojie, Victoria na Omotoso, Oladele (2013) Mmụta ná ọzụzụ nkè ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ màkà ozi: Ọrụ mmekorita nkè ndị na-ahụ Màkà Ọbá Akwụkwọ nkè Naijiria (LRCN). Akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Okojie|first=Victoria|date=2013|title=Education and training of information professionals: the collaborative role of the Librarians' Registration Council of Nigeria (LRCN)|url=https://library.ifla.org/id/eprint/205/|language=en}}</ref> gosipụtara ná IFLA World Library and Information Conference na Singapore. [1] == Hụkwa == * Òtù Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Naijiria * Kansụl Ndebanye aha Ónyé Ọbá Akwụkwọ nke Naịjirịa * International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions == Ebensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 93jv9hiiwgioruvrq50mqwch9xqvafd Ụdị asụsụ ogbi nke Amerikan 0 23743 195348 179721 2024-11-19T00:24:42Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195348 wikitext text/x-wiki == Dominican Sign Language == Dominican Sign Language is a local variant of American Sign Language used in the Dominican Republic. Many deaf Dominicans use home sign, and are not fluent in Dominican Sign Language. Dominican Sign Language is a local variant of American Sign Language used in the Dominican Republic. Many deaf Dominicans use home sign, and are not fluent in Dominican Sign Language. '''Asụsụ Ogbi''' America (ASL) mepụtara na United Steeti na Kanada, mana ọ gbasara gburugburu ụwa. Ụdị dị iche iche mepụtara n'ọtụtụ mba, mana enwere obere nnyocha nke a ga-ewere dị ka olumba ASL (dị ka Asụsụ Ogbi nke Bolivia) na nke kewara ruo n'ókè nke ịbụ asụsụ dị iche iche (dị ka asụsụ Ogbi nke Malashia). Ihe ndị na-esonụ bụ ụdị asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ASL na mba ndị ọzọ na-abụghị US na Kanada, asụsụ ndị dabeere na ASL nwere mmetụta sitere na asụsụ ndị ogbe mpaghara, na asụsụ ngwakọta nke ASL bụ akụkụ ya. Ọdịiche na-agbaso ókèala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba na ókèala asụsụ. Asụsụ Ogbi nke Bolivia (Lengua de Señas Bolivianas, LSB) bụ olumba nke Asụsụ Ogwe Akabi nke Amerika (ASL) nke ndị ntị chiri na Bolivia na-ejikarị eme ihe. === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ nke LSB na 1992, mana ihe karịrị 90% nke akara ndị sitere na ASL.[1] N'ihi ọrụ nyocha na 1990s na 2000s ọtụtụ okwu na LSB bụ ndị Bolivian Deaf chịkọtara, na e bipụtara akwụkwọ mmụta maka mmụta LSB ma ọ bụ nkuzi na LSB. Ndabere na okwu ejiri na ASL belatara, mana ojiji nke okwu ASL ka karịrị pasent iri asaa (70%). Taa, ọtụtụ ndị Bolivian ntị chiri na-eji LSB eme ihe karịa 400 a kọrọ na 1988 na akụkọ Ethnologue, n'ihi iwebata agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ abụọ (LSB dị ka asụsụ mbụ na Spanish dị ka asụsụ nke abụọ) na mbụ na Riberalta na nnabata ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na Bolivia na nkwado nke Ministri Mmụta nke Bolivia na mgbanwe mmekọrịta na-arịwanye elu nke ndị ntị chiri. N'afọ 1988, e nwere ngụkọta nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ntị chiri 9 na mba ahụ na ndị Bolivia ntị chiri 46,800. N'afọ 2002, e nwere ihe dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ogbi iri abụọ na ise.<ref name="CGG">{{Cite web|url=http://cgg.deaf.ch/Artikel/Bolivien/112|title=Projektinformationen: Bericht von Carole Collaud, 1. Teil|language=de|author=Collaud|first=Carole|accessdate=June 29, 2015|archivedate=March 15, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315002259/http://cgg.deaf.ch/Artikel/Bolivien/112}}</ref> == Asụsụ ogbi nke Burundi. == Asụsụ Ogbi Costa Rican, nke a makwaara dị ka Asụsụ Ogwe Costa Rican Ọhụrụ ma ọ bụ Asụsụ Ogbe Costa Rican nke Oge A, bụ asụsụ ogbi nke mba Costa Rica. Ọ bụ ndị a mụrụ mgbe afọ 1960 gasịrị na-eji ya eme ihe, ọ dịkwa ihe dị ka 60% na American Sign Language (Woodward 1991, 1992). O nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na asụsụ ndị ogbi obodo abụọ a maara nke Costa Rica, asụsụ ndị ogbe Bribri na asụsụ ndị egbe Brunca.<ref>James Woodward, 1991, "Sign Language Varieties in Costa Rica", in ''Sign Language Studies'' 73, p.&nbsp;329-346</ref><ref>Gaurav Mathur & Donna Jo Napoli, 2010, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx-xe6fFrdcC&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43#v=onepage&q=NCRSL&f=false Deaf around the World: The Impact of Language], [[Oxford University Press]], page 43</ref> == Dominican Sign Language == Dominican Sign Language is a local variant of American Sign Language used in the Dominican Republic. Many deaf Dominicans use home sign, and are not fluent in Dominican Sign Language. == Asụsụ Ogbi nke Afrịka na-asụ French == Francophone African Sign Language (Langue des Signes d'Afrique Francophone, ma ọ bụ LSAF) bụ ụdị, ma ọ dị iche iche, nke American Sign Language (ASL) eji eme ihe n'ọtụtụ mba ndị na-asụ French n'Africa. Mmụta maka ndị ntị chiri na mba ndị a dabere na ASL na ederede French; ya mere enwere mmetụta [[French language|French]] na asụsụ nke klas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aasl.aacore.jp/wiki/Francophone_African_Sign_Language|title=Francophone African Sign Language - AASL|publisher=Aasl.aacore.jp|accessdate=2012-05-21|archivedate=2012-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920025654/http://aasl.aacore.jp/wiki/Francophone_African_Sign_Language}}</ref> Ewezuga Asụsụ Ogbi [[Algeria]], asụsụ ndị ogbi nke ndị na-asụ French Africa enweghị njikọ na Asụsụ Ogwe French, ma e wezụga n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na ASL. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị ntị chiri na mpaghara ahụ bụ nke onye ozi ala ọzọ America bụ Andrew Foster ma ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya guzobere, malite na 1974. Asụsụ Ogbi nke [[Chad]] nwere ike ịdị nso na Asụsụ Ogwe nke Naijiria. (Mba ole na ole nwere asụsụ ndị na-enweghị njikọ na nke ọ bụla: Asụsụ Ogbi [[Madagascar]] sitere na Norwegian SL, na Asụsụ Ogwe Tunisian yiri ka ọ bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ.) == Asụsụ Ogbi nke Malaysia == [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] 2zjnarf12jd5k94xz23ok6do5zr7aib Otu nke ndị agha gburugburu 0 24748 195270 181404 2024-11-18T15:07:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195270 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Eco_Warriors_Movement.jpg|thumb|Òtù Ndị Agha Eco]] Eco Warrior Movement bụ '''òtù''' na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke dí na [[Ghana]] nke ha ndí na-eto eto na arúkóríta níhe gbasara ihu igwe na chekwa gburugburu .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eco Warriors Movement starts initiative to translate environmental information into sign language and local languages|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/eco-warriors-movement-starts-initiative-to-translate-environmental-information-into-sign-language-and-local-languages/}}</ref> otu a bụ òtù ndị ntorobịa na ndị ntorobịa duziri nke ebumnuche ya bụ iweghachi ala ndị mebiri emebi ma belata mgbanwe ihu igwe site na usoro jikọtara ọnụ na nke gụnyere.[[:en:Otuo-Akyampong_Boakye|Otuo-Akyampong Boakye]], si mba Ghana , onye na-ahú maka gburugburu n'úzó iji sayensi, malitere Eco-Warriors Movement na'fó 2020. == Ihe omume == 1. Climate Smart Tree: ọrụ ahụ na-eji sayensị nke ịkụ osisi iji mee ka ikuku dị ọcha, iji mechie carbon, iji mepụta ebe obibi maka ihe ndị dị n'ime osisi ma malite akpa nke oké ọhịa dị n'obodo ukwu gburugburu ebe ndị metụtara ịdị ọcha dị ka ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ụlọ mposi ọha na eze n'obodo mepere emepe na [[Ghana]]. 2. Akụkọ gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi: Ọrụ ịkọ akụkọ na-eji ''akụkọ'' dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji kwado ihe ọmụma ''gburugburu ebe obibi'' ma kụziere ndị na-eto eto, na-ekerịta ihe ncheta nwata anyị banyere otu okike si nye anyị ma hụ na mmekọrịta anyị na ntọala obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Otuo-Akyampong Boakye, Eco Warriors Movement - XV WFC - 6May2022 - Video|url=https://enb.iisd.org/media/otuo-akyampong-boakye-eco-warriors-movement-xv-wfc-6may2022-video|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin|language=en}}</ref> 3. Eco Club Formation: na-agba mbọ n'usoro agụmakwụkwọ na-agba iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ihu igwe site n'ịmepụta klọb n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ na-emekọrịta ihe ma na-etinye aka ịchọta ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=GNA|date=2022-06-20|title=Community Solutions Programme supports environmental information implementation|url=https://gna.org.gh/2022/06/community-solutions-programme-supports-environmental-information-implementation/|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=Ghana News Agency|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Zulqa|first=Abdulai Nuhu|date=2021-05-22|title=Step-by-step understanding of THE CONCEPT TO THE ‘TYREBIN’ PROJECT by Eco Warriors Movement|url=https://padfm.com.gh/step-by-step-understanding-of-the-concept-to-the-tyrebin-project-by-eco-warriors-movement/|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=Radio For Peace and Development|language=en-US}}</ref> 4. Iji Open Knowledge ''iji'' kwalite agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ọrụ [[Wikimedia Commons|Wikimedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-22|title=Wikipedia a tool for promoting science communication in Ghana|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2022/05/wikipedia-a-tool-for-promoting-science-communication-in-ghana/|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Otuo-Akyampong Boakye, Eco Warriors Movement - XV WFC - 6May2022 - Video|url=https://enb.iisd.org/media/otuo-akyampong-boakye-eco-warriors-movement-xv-wfc-6may2022-video|accessdate=2023-03-18|work=IISD Earth Negotiations Bulletin|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == # Onye ọkacha mma SDG13 na Ghana<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Humanitarian Awards Ghana: Full List Of 2020 Winners - Africapush.com|url=https://africapush.com/humanitarian-awards-ghana-full-list-of-2020-winners/|accessdate=2023-03-19|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319091017/https://africapush.com/humanitarian-awards-ghana-full-list-of-2020-winners/}}</ref> # Onye mmeri WeAreTogetherPrize<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Eco Warriors Movement|url=https://wearetogetherprize.com/theecowarriorsmovement|accessdate=2023-03-19|work=wearetogetherprize.com}}</ref> # Onye mmeri nke Falling Walls Engage Lab<ref>{{Cite web|title=Otuo-Akyampong Boakye {{!}} Falling Walls|url=https://falling-walls.com/people/otuo-akyampong-boakye/|accessdate=2023-03-19|work=falling-walls.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319091123/https://falling-walls.com/people/otuo-akyampong-boakye/}}</ref> == Ebensidee == 3brv68buu6bjgr2hmr5414pdi7hfamb Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)/sandbox 3 25609 195365 194472 2024-11-19T01:44:27Z MediaWiki message delivery 4554 /* Tech News: 2024-47 */ nkeji ohúrù 195365 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tech/Server switch == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:03, 21 Eprel 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Temporary accounts for unregistered editors</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="body" /> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/Updates/2023-09|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-IP+Editing%3A+Privacy+Enhancement+and+Abuse+Mitigation%2FUpdates%2F2023-09&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' [[File:MediaWiki Temporary accounts page history mockup 2023-09 en.gif|alt=Mock up of history page showing old and new username styles. The IP address 172.0.0.1 changes to the temporary account ~2024-23126-086, with an icon for revealing the underlying IP address|thumb|400px|Next year, unregistered editors will start using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|temporary accounts]].]] In 2024, editors who have not [[Special:CreateAccount|registered an account]] will automatically begin using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary_accounts|temporary accounts]]. These editors are sometimes called "IP editors" because the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/Glossary_of_key_terms#ip-address|IP address]] is displayed in the page history. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] gave a presentation at Wikimania about this change. You can [https://www.youtube.com/live/3ygRnVXTAPM?si=lAkJEcvgPl1sV6JO&t=22290 watch it on YouTube]. There is more information at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation]].<section end="body" /> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]])</span> 01:56, 30 Septemba 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-10 for sister projects|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Reading%2FWeb%2FDesktop+Improvements%2FUpdates%2F2023-10+for+sister+projects&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] '''If you prefer keeping the current skin''' select "Vector legacy (2010)" on [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|the appearance tab of the global preferences]] and save the change. We encourage you to give the new skin a try, though. Since I last came to you with this question, many things have changed. The skin is now the default on most Wikipedias, and all logos are done! We have also made some tweaks in the skin itself. Below is the text I've sent to you once, but I'm sending it again, just slightly edited, for those who haven't seen it. If you know what this is about, jump straight to the section "Our plan": <div style="margin-left:.5em; border-left:3px dotted #a2a9b1; padding-left:.5em;"> It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] (but not global) preference. Logged-in users can at any time switch to any other skin. No changes are expected for these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|Slides to our Wikimania 2022 presentation. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC-ItaXDe2A You may also listen to the recording on YouTube (in English)].]] '''[Why is a change necessary]''' When the current default skin was created, it reflected the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using the Internet and Wikimedia projects in different ways. [[wmfblog:2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/|The old Vector does not meet their needs]]. '''[Objective]''' The objective for the Vector 2022 skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It introduces a series of changes that aim to improve problems new and existing readers and editors were having with the old skin. It draws inspiration from previous user requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|The PHP code in the other available skins has been reduced by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. [[File:Screenshot of the Vector-2022 skin's fullscreen toggle.png|thumb]] '''[Changes in a nutshell]''' The skin introduces changes that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The limited width and pin-able menus allow to adjust the interface to the screen size, and focus on editing or reading. Logged-in and logged-out users may use a toggle button to keep the full width, though. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jump to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the tested wikis. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Customize this skin]''' It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|the repository]] for a list of currently available customizations and changes, or add your own. </div> === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying on 31 October'''. If you'd like to ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please comment in any language. If this is the first comment to my message, make sure to ping me. We will gladly answer! Also, check out [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|our FAQ]]. Thank you! </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in three weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-10 for sister projects|Read this in your language]] • <span class=plainlinks>[https://mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Reading%2FWeb%2FDesktop+Improvements%2FUpdates%2F2023-10+for+sister+projects&language=&action=page&filter= {{Int:please-translate}}]</span> • Please tell other users about these changes'' Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] '''If you prefer keeping the current skin''' select "Vector legacy (2010)" on [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|the appearance tab of the global preferences]] and save the change. We encourage you to give the new skin a try, though. Since I last came to you with this question, many things have changed. The skin is now the default on most Wikipedias, and all logos are done! We have also made some tweaks in the skin itself. Below is the text I've sent to you once, but I'm sending it again, just slightly edited, for those who haven't seen it. If you know what this is about, jump straight to the section "Our plan": <div style="margin-left:.5em; border-left:3px dotted #a2a9b1; padding-left:.5em;"> It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|local]] (but not global) preference. Logged-in users can at any time switch to any other skin. No changes are expected for these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="250" heights="180" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|Slides to our Wikimania 2022 presentation. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yC-ItaXDe2A You may also listen to the recording on YouTube (in English)].]] '''[Why is a change necessary]''' When the current default skin was created, it reflected the needs of the readers and editors as these were 14 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using the Internet and Wikimedia projects in different ways. [[wmfblog:2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/|The old Vector does not meet their needs]]. '''[Objective]''' The objective for the Vector 2022 skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It introduces a series of changes that aim to improve problems new and existing readers and editors were having with the old skin. It draws inspiration from previous user requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|The PHP code in the other available skins has been reduced by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. [[File:Screenshot of the Vector-2022 skin's fullscreen toggle.png|thumb]] '''[Changes in a nutshell]''' The skin introduces changes that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The limited width and pin-able menus allow to adjust the interface to the screen size, and focus on editing or reading. Logged-in and logged-out users may use a toggle button to keep the full width, though. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jump to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the tested wikis. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Customize this skin]''' It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|the repository]] for a list of currently available customizations and changes, or add your own. </div> === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying on 14 November'''. If you'd like to ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please comment in any language. If this is the first comment to my message, make sure to ping me. We will gladly answer! Also, check out [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">ṅkátá</span>]]) 01:07, 26 Ọktoba 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Test_targets&oldid=24911543 --> == Приглашение к участию в исследовании == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Здравствуйте! Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''. Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором. Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]]. Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта. С уважением, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]] </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 16:44, 8 Novemba 2024 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 11 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:44, 19 Novemba 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> h0i34vuy5lr2wtcpwgeoiq371ogzk6x Victoria Herrmann 0 25817 195394 191577 2024-11-19T06:39:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victoria Herrmann''' bụ ónyé America na-ahụ màkà ọdịdị ala na onye na-ahụkarị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụ ónyé isi nchịkwa nke The Arctic Institute, ónyé nchọpụta National Geographic, na ónyé enyemaka prọfesọ nyocha na Mahadum Georgetown nke Walsh School of Foreign Service, ébé nyocha ya na-elekwasị ányà na mmekorita Arctic na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe na US na US Territories.<ref name="thearcticinstitute.org">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Victoria Herrmann President & Managing Director|url=https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/experts/victoria-herrmann/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=The Arctic Institute|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=@NatGeoUK|date=2017-11-27|title=Victoria Herrmann, Coastal Communities Explorer|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment-and-conservation/2017/11/victoria-herrmann-coastal-communities-explorer|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=National Geographic|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann|url=https://isim.georgetown.edu/profile/victoria-herrmann/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=ISIM|language=en-US}}</ref> Herrmann bụkwa ónyé American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) IF/THEN Ambassador ma na-arụ ọrụ iji nyé ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị ike na STEM.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=#IfThenSheCan – The Exhibit|url=https://ifthenexhibit.org/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=ifthenexhibit.org|language=en}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya áhà na Forbes 30 Under 30 list, National Trust for Historic Preservation 40 under 40 list, a North American Young Leader by Friends of Europe, otu n'ime otu narị Most Influential People in Climate Policy world by Apolitical, na dị ka akụkụ nke "CAFE 100 ː extraordinary change-emers who are take action to dozie ụfọdụ n'ime nsogbu ndị kachasị mkpà na America na gburu-gburu ụwa" site n'aka ónyé ọka iwu US Preet Bharara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/victoria-herrmann/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=40 Under 40: People #SavingPlaces {{!}} National Trust for Historic Preservation|url=https://savingplaces.org/40-under-40-people|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=savingplaces.org|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=EPIC|title=European Young Leaders|url=https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/european-young-leaders/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Friends of Europe|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Influential People In Climate Policy|url=https://apolitical.co/lists/most-influential-climate-100/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Apolitical}}</ref><ref>[[Preet Bharara]] (April 24, 2018). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104631/https://www.cafe.com/2018-cafe-100/ CAFE 100 2018]". ''[[CAFE.com]]''. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2018.</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Paramus, New Jersey, Herrmann nwèrè mmasị n'ihe gbasara gburu-gburu ébé obibi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Meet Victoria Herrmann{{!}} She Can STEM. So Can You.|url=https://shecanstem.com/stories/victoria-herrmann|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=She Can Stem|language=en|archivedate=2021-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820063646/https://shecanstem.com/stories/victoria-herrmann}}</ref> A zụlitere ya dị ka ónyé Juu ma kwuo na nné na nnà ya ochie bụ ndị lanarịrị Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpaliri nyocha ya na nkwado ya na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na obodo [[Judaism|ndị]] na-enweghị ikike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Goldrich|first=Lois|title=Activist helps indigenous communities adapt to changing climate|url=https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/activist-helps-indigenous-communities-adapt-to-changing-climate/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-21|title=Seeking Climate Change Solutions―in the Arctic and Beyond|url=https://www2.lehigh.edu/news/sustainability/seeking-climate-change-solutions-in-the-arctic-and-beyond|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Lehigh University|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AAAS IF/THEN Ambassador Victoria Herrmann on the Human Dimension of Climate Research {{!}} American Association for the Advancement of Science|url=https://www.aaas.org/membership/member-spotlight/aaas-ifthen-ambassador-victoria-herrmann-human-dimension-climate|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=www.aaas.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-21|title=S2 E4: Climate Displacement and Cultural Resilience|url=https://material-memory.clir.org/s2-e4-climate-displacement-and-cultural-resilience/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Material Memory|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara Paramus High School.<ref>Vartanian, Lisa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609090629/https://www.njsba.org/news-publications/school-leader/january-february-2020-vol-50-no-4/a-commitment-to-arts-education/ "A Commitment to Arts Education; How the Paramus school district built a first-class arts program for its students"], New Jersey School Boards Association. Accessed August 30, 2021. "The 'why' of arts education is embodied by Dr. Victoria Herrmann, a Paramus High School alumna. Herrmann, 29, is currently the president and managing director of The Arctic Institute, a nonprofit that promotes research into the complex issues facing the Arctic."</ref> N'afọ 2012, ọ gụsịrị B.A. na International Relations and Art History na Mahadum Lehigh ma mesịa nyé ya otu afọ Junior Fellowship na Carnegie Endowment for International Peace na Washington, DC, ébé ọ rụrụ ọrụ na njem na-adịgide adịgide na iwu ihu igwe n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/04/victoria-herrmann-pub-75164|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|language=en|archivedate=2023-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510113130/https://carnegieendowment.org/2018/01/04/victoria-herrmann-pub-75164}}</ref> Herrmann kwagara Canada na 2013 dị ka Fulbrightgrantee, na-emecha MA na International Affairs na Mahadum Carleton Norman Paterson School of International Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.fulbright.ca/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Fulbright Canada|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e nyèrè ya Gates Cambridge Scholarship maka ọmụmụ doctoral na Scott Polar Research Institute. N'afọ 2017, e nyèrè Herrmann onyinye Bill Gates Sr. maka mkpebi imeziwanye ndụ ndị ọzọ, n'afọ 2019 natara PhD ya na Mahadum Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-04|title=Two scholars share Bill Gates Sr. Award {{!}} Gates Cambridge|url=https://www.gatescambridge.org/about/news/two-scholars-share-bill-gates-sr-award/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Gates Cambridge -|language=EN}}</ref> N'afọ ikpeazụ nke PhD ya, Herrmann nọrọ ọnwa atọ na National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine dị ka ónyé otu na mmemme Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellowship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Graduate Fellows 2018 Biographical Sketches|url=https://webassets.nationalacademies.org/mirzayan/mirzayan-biosketch-2018.pdf}}</ref> == Iwu Arctic na nyocha nke mbata == Herrmann sonyeere The Arctic Institute n'afọ 2015, na 2016 ọ ghọrọ ónyé isi oche na ónyé isi nchịkwa.<ref name="thearcticinstitute.org"/> Ọ na-eduzi atụmatụ atụmatụ iji mezuo ebumnuche ya iji mee ka iwu màkà ezi omume, na-adịgide adịgide, na [[Arktik|Arctic]] dị nchebe. Herrmann na-ahụ màkà mmejuputa mmekọrịta nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ ma na-elekọta otu ìgwè gafee North America na Europe. N'okpuru ógè Herrmanns, The Arctic Institute anọgidewo na-ahọrọ dị ka ébé kachasị elu-iri asaa na ise na-eche echiche site na Mahadum nke Pennsylvania Think Tanks<ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Go To Think Tank Index|url=https://www.gotothinktank.com/global-goto-think-tank-index|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322130224/https://www.gotothinktank.com/global-goto-think-tank-index}}</ref> and Civil Societies Program ma bụrụ nke Prospect Magazine depụtara dị ka US Energy and Environment Think Tank kacha mma.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 2017|title=Think Tank Awards 2016: the winners|url=http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/think-tank-awards-2016-the-winners|accessdate=2023-04-26|archivedate=2018-01-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114020403/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/think-tank-awards-2016-the-winners}}</ref> == Nkwurịta okwu mgbanwe ihu igwe == Herrmann na-arụ ọrụ ma dị ka onye nkwurịta okwu sayensị màkà ndị na-ege ntị ọha na eze ma dị ka ọkà mmụta nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-amụ nkwurịta Ókwú mgbanwe ihu igwe. O bipụtara ihe karịrị akụkọ irí abụọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na isi akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann PhD|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZZTk7QsAAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị ányà n'otú ihe oyiyi eji eme ihe na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze si ewulite ụkpụrụ, njirimara, na echiche nke ike banyéré mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe, obodo ndị na-adịghị ike, na iwu Arctic. Herrmann ekwuola na agụmakwụkwọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nwèrè ike ma kwesịkwa ịkọwa ihe doro ányà, na otu omume nwere ike isi mee ka agụmakwụkwọ baa ọgaranya. N'ịtụle nyocha ya na mahadum, ọ gbara ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ume ịchọta olu ọha na eze ha ma tụlee mkpà ịkọ akụkọ dị ịkwalite mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann, Climate Change Expert by Sandi Klein's Conversations with Creative Women|url=https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/sandi-kleins-conversations-wit-82331/episodes/victoria-herrmann-climate-chan-16851613|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Podchaser|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Conversation with Victoria Herrmann: Activism and Storytelling in a Warming World|url=http://www.historicalclimatology.com/6/post/2019/12/a-conversation-with-victoria-herrmann-activism-and-storytelling-in-a-warming-world.html|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=HISTORICALCLIMATOLOGY.COM|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising Tides – A National Geographic Explorer’s Adaptation Journey with Dr. Victoria Herrmann|url=https://www.americaadapts.org/episodes/2021/4/26/rising-tides-a-national-geographic-explorers-adaptation-journey-with-dr-victoria-herrmann|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=AMERICA ADAPTS|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-edekarị édémédé echiche banyéré mgbanwe ihu igwe na iwu Arctic maka ''The Guardian'', Scientific American, na CNN.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/victoria-herrmann|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stories by Victoria Herrmann|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/victoria-herrmann/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Scientific American|language=en|archivedate=2023-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418032200/https://www.scientificamerican.com/victoria-herrmann/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Herrmann|first=By Victoria|date=2019-05-10|title=In the Arctic, America is its own worst enemy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/10/opinions/victoria-herrmann-arctic-america-is-its-own-worst-enemy/index.html|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Herrmann|first=Victoria|title=Opinion: Trump's ruinous parting shot at the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/17/opinions/trump-ruining-arctic-wildlife-refuge-herrmann/index.html|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=CNN}}</ref> Herrmann na-apụta mgbè mgbè dị ka ọkachamara na akụkọ, gụnyere NPR[[s Science Friday, On Point, All Things Considered, na Weekend Edition; ABC News; na BBC, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoria Herrmann|url=https://www.sciencefriday.com/person/victoria-herrmann/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Science Friday|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Going After The Arctic|url=https://www.wbur.org/onpoint/2015/09/01/competition-for-resources-in-the-arctic|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=www.wbur.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Oil Spill From Russian Nickel Mine Is Moving Toward The Arctic Ocean|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/16/878852931/the-oil-spill-from-russian-nickel-mine-is-moving-towards-the-arctic-ocean|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Blinken To Head North On Arctic Trip|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/05/15/997105721/blinken-to-head-north-on-arctic-trip|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Miracle|first=Veronica|date=2020-03-20|title=Climate researchers report an unintended side effect of coronavirus as residents remain home|url=https://abc7.com/6029104/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=ABC7 Los Angeles|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Video: Trump calls US a 'world leader' on environmental issues|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/video/trump-calls-us-world-leader-environmental-issues-64205201|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Scotland - Good Morning Scotland, 11/05/2019, China’s Reach|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0794nd9|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ Herrmann American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) IF/THEN Ambassador, ọ bụkwa ónyé na-akwado ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya na nyocha mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ agbọghọ na-etinye aka na [[STIM|STEM]].<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-22|title=Climate Change Will Disproportionately Affect Women, and Women Scientists Are Sounding the Alarm|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/climate-change-will-disproportionately-affect-women-gender-bias|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=Glamour|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Women Are America's Climate Change Champions|url=https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/women-americas-climate-change-champions/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=The Arctic Institute|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-23|title=Why is it so important for girls to see women in STEM Careers?|url=https://boostcafe.org/important-girls-see-women-stem-careers/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=BOOST Cafe|language=en-US}}</ref> E gosipụtara Herrmann dị ka ihe nlereanya màkà ụmụ agbọghọ na STEM site na National Children's Museum the Ad Council o She Can STEM campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Innovation Sandbox|url=https://nationalchildrensmuseum.org/explore/exhibits/innovation-sandbox/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=National Children's Museum|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422210304/https://nationalchildrensmuseum.org/explore/exhibits/innovation-sandbox/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Experience Virtual Field Trips at National Children's Museum|url=https://nationalchildrensmuseum.org/virtual-field-trips/|accessdate=2021-08-25|work=National Children's Museum|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ndị a na-ebipụta na akwụkwọ akụkọ === * 2020 Herrmann, V. “Strategic Communications of the Arctic Council: 20 Years of Circumpolar Imaging.” Journal of Strategic Communications. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-020-09384-2</nowiki> * 2020 Marchman, P., Siders, A.R., Leilani Main, Kelly, Herrmann, V., Butler, Debra. “Planning Relocation in Response to Climate Change: Multi-Faceted Adaptations.” Planning Theory and Practice. * 2020 Raspotnik, A, Groenning, R., and Herrmann, V. “A Tale of Three Cities: The Concept of Smart Cities for the Arctic.” Polar Geography. Accepted. * 2019 Herrmann, V. “The Birth of Petroleum Path Dependence: Oil Narratives and Development in the North.” American Review of Canadian Studies, 49:2, 301-331, DOI: 10.1080/02722011.2019.1634309. * 2019 Herrmann, V. “Rural Ruins in America’s Climate Change Story: Photojournalism, Perception, and Agency in Shishmaref, Alaska.” Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 109:3, 857-874, DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1525272. * 2017 Herrmann, V. “Arctic Indigenous Societal Security at COP21: The Divergence of Security Discourse and Instruments in Climate Negotiations.” POLITIK, 20:3, 65-82, DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i3.97174</nowiki>. * 2017 Herrmann, V. “Culture on the Move: Towards an Inclusive Framework for Cultural Heritage Considerations in Climate-Related Migration, Displacement and Relocation Policies.” Archaeological Review from Cambridge, 32 (2), 182-196. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.23647</nowiki>. * 2017 Herrmann, V. “America’s First Climate Change Refugees: Victimization and Empowerment in Journalistic Storytelling.” Energy Research and Social Science Journal, 31, 205-214. DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.05.033</nowiki>. * 2016 Herrmann, V. “Investing in Community: Conceptualizing Inclusive School Design for America’s Arctic.” Polar Geography, 39:4, 239-257, DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2016.1239280. * 2016 McCorristine, S. and Herrmann, V. “The ‘Old Arctics’: Notices of Franklin Search Expedition Veterans in British Press: 1876-1934.” Polar Record, 39:4, 215-229, DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247415000728</nowiki>. * 2016 Herrmann, V. “The Cold War of Global Warming: Recycled Visual Narratives from the Top of the World.” Polar Geography, 38:4, 289-305, DOI: 10.1080/1088937X.2015.1117532. * 2015 Herrmann, V. “Climate Change, Arctic Aesthetics, and Indigenous Agency in the Age of the Anthropocene.” The Yearbook of Polar Law, 7:1, 375-409, DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/2211-6427_015</nowiki>. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ogj27knoiu30c5tbpblct1xmg3blpm4 Peter Mbah 0 26180 195283 150032 2024-11-18T17:14:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Ndubuisi Mbah''' // (na-ege ntị) (amụrụ na 17 Machị 1972) bụ onye ọka iwu ụgbọ mmiri Naijiria, onye nyocha ego, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ Onye nchoputa na onye isi nchịkwa nke Pinnacle Oil and Gas Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BusinessDay 24 Apr 2019 by BusinessDay - Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/businessdayresearch/docs/businessday_24_apr_2019|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=issuu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-25|title=Pinnacle Oil seeks to deepen local content|url=https://punchng.com/pinnacle-oil-seeks-to-deepen-local-content/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thisdaylive.com">{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-04-20|title=Pinnacle Oil & Gas Wins Local Content Prize|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/04/20/pinnacle-oil-gas-wins-local-content-prize/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Mbah bụ nwa afọ Owo na [[Nkanu East|Nkanu]] East Local Government Area (LGA) nke Enugu steeti, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-22|title=Nkanu East L.G.A Zip Codes|url=https://nigeriapostcodes.com/nkanu-east-l-g-zip-codes/|accessdate=2022-04-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Widjaja|first=Michael|title=Enugu maps and Enugu Communities|url=https://www.igboguide.org/HT-maps.htm|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=igboguide.org|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-04-17|title=Peter Mbah: The Story from Obscurity to Dominance|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2022/04/17/peter-mbah-the-story-from-obscurity-to-dominance/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Certified Institute of Public Administration and Management (CIPM), onye otu Nigerian Institute of International Affairs na Nigerian Bar Association. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Peter Mbah na Enugu n'ezinụlọ Chief Gilbert Ekete Mbah si Ashishi Owo, [[Nkanu East|Nkanu]] East LGA nke [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] State. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụaka ndị agha, Bori Camp, [[Ugwu Ọcha|Portharcourt]] na Owode High School, Owode Egba Ogun State. Mbah gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum nke East London, UK, nweta nzere bachelọ nke iwu n'afọ 2000. Ọ gara [[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Nigeria|ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Naịjirịa]] ma kpọọ ya ka ọ gaa n'ụlọ ikpe Naịjirị. O nwere nzere masta na Iwu Maritime na azụmahịa nke [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|Mahadum Lagos State]] nyere ya n'afọ 2004. Mbah nwere MBA site na [[Lagos Business School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa]] IESE, Mahadum Navarra, Barcelona Spain, na Post Graduate Diploma na Strategy na Innovation na [[Lagos Business School|Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa]] Saïd, Jami'ar Oxford. E nyere ya nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site Mahadum Godfrey Okoye, Enugu, n'afọ 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Godfrey Okoye University honors Mbah, Ijioma, Spendeleager with PhD|url=http://theadvocatengr.com/news/detail.php?news=9460&title=Godfrey-Okoye-University-honors-Mbah-Ijioma-Spendeleager-with-PhD|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=The Advocate Nigeria|archivedate=2022-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126205108/https://theadvocatengr.com/news/detail.php?news=9460&title=Godfrey-Okoye-University-honors-Mbah-Ijioma-Spendeleager-with-PhD}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Dr. Peter Mbah sonyere na National Youth Service Corps na ụlọ ọrụ iwu Udeh na Associates na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-23|title=Peter Mbah - Pinnacle Oil And Gas Limited|url=https://pinnacleoilandgas.com/the-board-of-directors/peter-mbah/|accessdate=2022-04-22|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka onye ọchụnta ego, o guzobere Peter Mbah Investments Limited na 1992, onye na-enye ọrụ na ngalaba mmanụ na gas. Ọ bụ onye guzobere GILPEL Industries Ltd., onye na-ebubata ngwongwo n'ozuzu n'etiti afọ 1993 na 1997, ma guzobe FOCUS International Schools na steeti [[Lagos]]. Mbah bụ naanị onye nnọchi anya International Oil Corporation, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas nke USA nke dị na Fresno, [[California]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-04-19|title=Peter Mbah and the Igbos contribution to national growth|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/04/peter-mbah-and-the-igbos-contribution-to-national-growth/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere / CEO nke Pinnacle Oil and Gas Ltd.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2022-04-20|title=Peter Ndubuisi Mbah: Distinguished in business and public service (Opinion)|url=https://pacesetterfrontier.com/2022/04/20/peter-ndubuisi-mbah-distinguished-in-business-and-public-service-opinion/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=The Pacesetter Frontier Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ntọala a rụzuru mmepe nke Single Point Monitoring (SPM), Conventional Buoy Mooring (CBM) na ebe nchekwa na [[:en:Lekki_Free_Trade_Zone|Lekki Free Trade Zone]] na 2021.<ref name="thisdaylive.com"/><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Dubai starts work on Nigeria petroleum project|url=https://energydigital.com/oil-and-gas/dubai-starts-work-nigeria-petroleum-project|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=energydigital.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Intelligence|first=fDi|title=How Lekki Free Zone's refinery will transform Nigeria's oil industry|url=https://www.fdiintelligence.com/article/62073|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=www.fdiintelligence.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419213826/https://www.fdiintelligence.com/article/62073}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2021-04-12|title=Lekki Free Zone: Key Element in Nigeria’s Economic Revival, Sustenance|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/04/12/lekki-free-zone-key-element-in-nigerias-economic-revival-sustenance/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-15|title=Pinnacle Oil & Gas to build offshore mooring facility|url=https://sweetcrudereports.com/pinnacle-oil-gas-to-build-offshore-mooring-facility/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=SweetCrudeReports|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == A họpụtara Dr. Mbah ka ọ bụrụ [[:en:Chief_of_staff|Chief of Staff]] na 2003 ma mesịa bụrụ [[:en:Commissioner|Kọmishọna]] maka mmepe Ego na Akụ na ụba site n'aka Gọvanọ, [[Chimaroke Nnamani]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-30|title=Mbah: Urbane entrepreneur, technocrat from Enugu|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/mbah-urbane-entrepreneur-technocrat-from-enugu/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Federal Accounts Allocation Committee, Executive Council nke [[:en:Enugu_State|Enugu Steeti]] yana onye otu State Security Council. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Akụkọ nke Federal na Okwu Iwu, Onye isi oche nke Otu ndị Isi Oche maka Enugu State Insurance Company, Onye isi oche nke Otu ndị Isi Oche maka Ụlọ ọrụ ego na itinye ego Enugu Steeti, Onyeisi oche nke Tenders Boardi Enugu Steeti.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Onyike|first=Dr Ifeanyi|date=2022-04-17|title=Easter Musings: Peter Mbah, Peter Obi and Apostle Peter|url=https://www.primebusiness.africa/easter-musings-peter-mbah-peter-obi-and-apostle-peter/|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Prime Business Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP). Na ụbọchị nke iri abụọ na ise Mee, n'afo 2022, Peter Mbah pụtara dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti Enugu nke [[Peoples Democratic Party]] n'ihu ntuli aka nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2023, na-esote ntuli aka mbụ e mere na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium]], [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]], na ngụkọta nke votu 790 n'ime 807 nke ndị nnọchiteanya nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Elections: Peter Mbah Wins Enugu PDP Guber Ticket With Wide Margin|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2022/05/26/2023-elections-peter-mbah-wins-enugu-pdp-guber-ticket-with-wide-margin/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-25|title=Oil Mogul, Peter Mbah Wins Enugu PDP Governorship Ticket|url=https://saharareporters.com/2022/05/25/oil-mogul-peter-mbah-wins-enugu-pdp-governorship-ticket|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Onye bụ Peter Mba a ga-eji aha PDP azọ ọkwa Gọvanọ Enugwu?|language=ig|work=BBC News Ìgbò|url=https://www.bbc.com/igbo/afirika-61586874|accessdate=2022-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-26|title=Mbah emerges PDP guber candidate in Enugu|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/mbah-emerges-pdp-guber-candidate-in-enugu/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-26|title=Peter Mbah: The prodigy for Enugu state|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/peter-mbah-the-prodigy-for-enugu-state/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-25|title=Enugu 2023: Peter Mbah wins PDP governorship primary|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/532472-breaking-enugu-2023-peter-mbah-wins-pdp-governorship-primary.html|accessdate=2022-05-28|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-25|title=Peter Mbah emerges Enugu PDP guber candidate|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/05/peter-mbah-emerges-enugu-pdp-guber-candidate/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-25|title=Oil mogul Mbah wins Enugu PDP governorship ticket|url=https://punchng.com/oil-mogul-mbah-wins-enugu-pdp-governorship-ticket/|accessdate=2022-05-28|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Dr Peter Mbah bụ Gọvanọ Enugu steeti a họpụtara na-esote ntuli aka gọvanọ nke 2023 nke e mere na ụbọchị nke iri na asatọ Machị n'afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ugwu|first=Chinagorom|date=2023-03-22|title=It’s Official: PDP's Peter Mbah wins Enugu governorship election|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/589680-its-official-pdps-peter-mbah-wins-enugu-governorship-election.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INEC Declares PDP’s Mba Winner of Enugu Governorship Election – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/03/22/inec-declares-pdps-mba-winner-of-enugu-governorship-election/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Uzodinma|first=Emmanuel|date=2023-03-22|title=PDP’s Peter Mbah declared winner of Enugu guber polls|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/03/22/pdps-peter-mbah-declared-winner-of-enugu-guber-polls/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-03-22|title=JUST IN: PDP's Mbah wins Enugu gov election|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-pdps-mbah-wins-enugu-gov-election/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Dr. Peter Mbah bụ onye guzobere Peter Mbah Foundation (PMF), otu na-abụghị maka uru na nke na-abụghị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-achọ imeziwanye ọnọdụ ibi ndụ n'ime ime obodo na mmepe nke isi obodo mmadụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Peter Mbah Foundation – Supporting because you dare|url=https://petermbahfoundation.org.ng/|accessdate=2022-04-22|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-05-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509081629/https://www.petermbahfoundation.org.ng/}}</ref> == Onyinye na mmata == * Magazin Newswatch dị ka otu n'ime ndị Kọmishọna iri kachasị mma na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":1"/> * Nkwanyere ugwu nzere degree Doctorate na Political Sayensi site na Mahadum Godfrey Okoye, [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dr. Peter Mbah lụrụ Nkechinyere Mbah, ha nwere ụmụ anọ.<ref name=":2"/> == Site ebe m dere == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ȯra Enugu]] [[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị steeti Enugu]] [[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Enugwu steeti]] [[Òtù:Ndị ọchụnta ego steeti Enugu]] [[Òtù:Ndị gọvanọ steeti Enugu]] [[Òtù:Ntuli aka Gọvanọ steeti Enugu]] [[Òtù:Ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Ọmụmụ 1972]] [[Òtù:Ndi amuru na Enugwu Steeti]] [[Òtù:Enugu state Politicians]] [[Òtù:Enugu State Governors]] kvgqi3717mj2ettkg0zbonxv87r2bm3 Mgbakọ mba ụwa maka igbochi mmetọ site na 0 26186 195356 174507 2024-11-19T00:29:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195356 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka igbochi mmetọ site n'ụgbọ mmiri, 1973 dị ka Protocol nke 1978 gbanwere, ma ọ bụ "MARPOL 73/78" (nkenke maka "mmetọ mmiri") bụ otu n'ime mgbakọ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri kachasị mkpa nke mba ụwa. Ọ bụ International Maritime Organisation mepụtara ya na ebumnuche ibelata mmetọ nke oke osimiri na oke osimiri, gụnyere mkpofu, mmanụ na mmetọ ikuku. A bịanyere aka na MARPOL mbụ na 17 [[February|Febrụwarị]] 1973, mana ọ bataghị n'ọrụ n'ụbọchị mbinye aka. Mgbakọ ugbu a bụ nchikota nke 1973 Convention na 1978 Protocol, nke malitere na 2 October 1983. Dị ka nke January 2018, 156 steeti so na mgbakọ ahụ, bụ ọkọlọtọ ọkọlọtọ nke 99.42% nke tonnage mbupu ụwa. Ụgbọ mmiri niile ejiri akara n'okpuru mba ndị debanyere aha MARPOL nọ n'okpuru ihe ọ chọrọ, n'agbanyeghị ebe ha na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri, mba ndị otu na-ahụ maka ụgbọ mmiri edebanyere aha na ndekọ ụgbọ mmiri mba ha. == Ndokwa == A na-ekewa MARPOL ka ọ bụrụ Annexes dị ka ụdị mmetọ dị iche iche si dị, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ekwu maka nhazi nke otu ìgwè ikuku ụgbọ mmiri. {| class="wikitable" border="1" |+Ndepụta nke MARPOL 73/78 Annexes !Ihe mgbakwunye !Aha ya !Ịbanye n'ike<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofMARPOL/Documents/MARPOL%2073-78%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.htm|title=MARPOL73-78: Brief history - list of amendments to date and where to find them|date=2012|accessdate=3 June 2015|work=MARPOL73-78: Brief history - list of amendments to date and where to find them|publisher=IMO|archivedate=6 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306232814/http://www.imo.org/KnowledgeCentre/ReferencesAndArchives/HistoryofMARPOL/Documents/MARPOL%2073-78%20Brief%20History%20-%20List%20of%20amendments%20and%20how%20to%20find%20them.htm}}</ref> !No. nke ndị otu nkwekọrịta / steetiα ! % nke World Tonnageβ |- |Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Mbụ |Mgbochi nke mmetọ site na mmanụ na mmiri mmanụ |2 Ọktoba 1983 | |- |Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Abụọ |Nchịkwa nke mmetọ site na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na mmiri n'ụba |6 Eprel 1987 | |- |Mgbakwunye nke Atọ |Mgbochi nke mmetọ site na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nke oké osimiri bu n'ụdị ngwugwu |1 Julaị 1992 |138 |97,59 |- |Mgbakwunye nke Anọ |Mmetọ sitere na nsị si n'ụgbọ mmiri |27 Septemba 2003 |- |Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Ise |Mmetọ sitere na ihe mkpofu sitere n'ụgbọ mmiri |31 Disemba 1988 |- |Mgbakwunye nke Isii |Mgbochi nke mmetọ ikuku site na ụgbọ mmiri |19 Mee 2005 |72 |94.70 |- | colspan="5" align="left" | '''Ihe edeturu''' {| border="0" |+ | :   As of 31 July 2013 :   Based on World Fleet Statistics as of 31 December 2012 |} |} === Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Mbụ === Annex MARPOL mbu malitere na 2 Ọktoba 1983 ma na-ekwu maka mwepu mmanụ na gburugburu oke osimiri. Ọ na-agụnye njirisi mwepu mmanụ edepụtara na mmezi 1969 na Mgbakọ Mba Nile nke 1954 maka Mgbochi Mmetọ nke Oké Osimiri site na Mmanụ (OILPOL). Ọ na-akọwapụta atụmatụ nhazi ụgbọ mmiri nke e bu n'obi belata nsị mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri n'oge ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ihe mberede. Ọ na-enye ụkpụrụ gbasara ọgwụgwọ nke engine room bilge water (OWS) maka nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri azụmahịa na ballast na mkpochapụ tank (ODME). Ọ na-ewebatakwa echiche nke "Special Sea Area (PPSE)", nke a na-ewere dị ka ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmanụ. Akwụsịla ịwụfu mmanụ n'ime ha iwu kpamkpam, ma ewezuga ihe ole na ole. Nkeji mbụ nke MARPOL Annex I na-emekọ ihe n'efu ụlọ injin. Enwere ọgbọ dị iche iche nke teknụzụ na akụrụngwa emepụtara iji gbochie ihe mkpofu dị ka ndị na-eke mmanụ mmanụ (OWS), mita ọdịnaya mmanụ (OCM), na ebe nnabata ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Akụkụ nke abụọ nke MARPOL Annex I nwere ihe jikọrọ ya na ihicha ebe ibu na tankị. Akụrụngwa nlekota nke mkpofu mmanụ (ODME) bụ teknụzụ dị oke mkpa akpọrọ na MARPOL Annex I nke nyerela aka kwalite ịdị ọcha na mpaghara ndị a. Akwụkwọ ndekọ mmanụ bụ akụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa nke MARPOL Annex I, na-enyere ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri aka ịdekọ ma na-edekọ ihe na-agbapụta mmiri na-ekpofu mmanụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ. === Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Abụọ === MARPOL Annex II malitere n'ọrụ na 6 Eprel 1987. Ọ na-akọwapụta usoro mwepụta maka mkpochapụ mmetọ site na ihe mmiri mmiri na-adịghị mma na-ebu n'ọtụtụ buru ibu. Ọ na-ekewa ihe n'ime ma webata ụkpụrụ na usoro arụmọrụ zuru ezu. A na-ahapụ mwepụta nke mmetọ naanị na ụlọ nnabata nwere ụfọdụ ntinye na tions. N'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla, a naghị ekwe ka mwepu ihe fọdụrụ nwere ihe mmetọ n'ime kilomita iri na abụọ (kilomita 22) nke ala kacha nso. Mmachibido iwu na-emetụta "mpaghara pụrụ iche". Annex II na-ekpuchi International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code) na njikọ Isi nke 7 nke Mgbakọ SOLAS. Na mbụ, ndị tankị kemịkalụ arụrụ tupu 1 Julaị 1986 ga-agbasorịrị ihe iwu chọrọ maka iwupụta na akụrụngwa nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu kemịkalụ dị ize ndụ na nnukwu (BCH Code). === Mgbakwunye nke Atọ === MARPOL Annex III malitere na 1 Julaị 1992. O nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ụkpụrụ maka mbukota, akara, akara, akwụkwọ, stowage, mwepu oke, nkewa na ọkwa maka igbochi mmetọ site na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ. Ihe mgbakwunye a dabara na usoro zuru ezu na Code International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG), nke gbasaara ka ọ gụnyere ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri. Ndozigharị a malitere ịdị irè na 1 Jenụwarị 1991. === Mgbakwunye nke Anọ === Marpol Annex IV malitere na 27 Septemba 2003. Ọ na-ewebata ihe ndị a chọrọ iji chịkwaa mmetọ nke oké osimiri site na nsị si n'ụgbọ mmiri. === Ihe Mgbakwunye nke Ise === [[Usòrò:MARPOL_73-78_Instructions.png|thumb|MARPOL 73-78 Ntụziaka]] MARPOL Annex V (Iwu maka Mgbochi Mmetọ site na mkpofu site na ụgbọ mmiri) malitere na 31 Disemba 1988. Ọ na-akọwapụta ebe dị anya site na ala ebe enwere ike ịkwanye ma kesaa ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche na irighiri mmiri. Ihe ndị a chọrọ siri ike n'ọtụtụ "akụkụ pụrụ iche" mana ikekwe akụkụ kachasị ama na Mgbakwunye bụ mmachibido iwu ịkwanye plastik n'ime oke osimiri. === Mgbakwunye nke Isii === MARPOL Annex VI malitere na 19 Mee 2005. Ọ na-ewebata ihe ndị a chọrọ iji chịkwaa mmetọ ikuku nke ụgbọ mmiri na-ebupụta, gụnyere nsị nke ihe na-emebi ozone, Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). ) na ịgba ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri. Ọ na-ewepụtakwa ihe achọrọ maka ụlọ nnabata maka ihe mkpofu sitere na sistemu ihicha gas, ihe nsure ọkụ, mma mmanụ mmanụ, ikpo okwu dị n'ikpere mmiri na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, yana nguzobe Mpaghara Sulfur Emission Control Area (SECAs). ==== IMO 2020 ==== Dị ka nke 1 Jenụwarị 2020, a na-amanye ụkpụrụ ikuku ọhụrụ maka mmanụ mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri na-eji, na usoro a maara dị ka IMO 2020. Oke sọlfọ zuru ụwa ọnụ (n'èzí SECA's) gbadara site na 3.5% sọlfọ ekwenyere na mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri ruo 0.5%. Nke a ga-eme ka ikuku dị mma dịkwuo mma n'ọtụtụ mpaghara oke osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, nke ga-egbochi ihe karịrị 100,000 ịnwụ n'oge kwa afọ, yana ọtụtụ ọrịa asthma na mpaghara na obodo ndị a. Ihe karịrị mba 170 abanyela na mgbanwe a, gụnyere United States. A na-atụ anya na nke a ga-emepụta nnukwu mgbanwe maka mbupu na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, na-enwe nnukwu mmelite achọrọ maka ụgbọ mmiri na mmụba nke mmanụ sulfur dị ala. Mmanụ aṅụ nke a na-eji n'ime mpaghara njikwa ikuku (ya bụ North Sea) ga-enwerịrị ọkwa ọdịnaya sọlfọ na-erughị 0.1% (1000 ppm). IMO arụ ọrụ n'ịhụ na mmejuputa iwu na-agbanwe agbanwe nke oke 0.5% sọlfọ na Kọmitii Nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri (MEPC) na kọmitii ya na Mgbochi na Nzaghachi Mmetọ (PPR). Nke a emeela ka e nwee mmepe na ọtụtụ usoro nchịkwa na ihe bara uru (FONAR's, Carriage Ban, Ship Immplementation Plan etc.) iji mee ka a chọpụta ihe ọ bụla na-akwadoghị, dịka ọmụmaatụ n'oge njikwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri (PSC's). == Mgbanwe == Mgbanwe MARPOL Annex VI dị ka MEPC 176(58) malitere na 1 Julaị 2010. Iwu 12 emezigharịrị metụtara njikwa na idekọ ihe na-emebi Ozone. Iwu 14 emezigharịrị gbasara mmanye mmanye mmanụ mmanụ maka mgbanwe maka usoro ụgbọ mmiri na-abanye ma ọ bụ pụọ na mpaghara SECA na oke sọlfọ FO. Agbanwewo Mgbakwunye Annex V ọtụtụ oge, na-agbanwe akụkụ dị iche iche nke ederede mbụ. MEPC.219(63) malitere na 2 Maachị 2012 iji machibido mkpofu ahịhịa ọ bụla n'ime oke osimiri, ewezuga ihe mkpofu nri, ihe fọduru ibu, mmiri ịsa ahụ na ozu anụmanụ. Enwere ndokwa ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbe na otu esi ekpofu ihe mkpofu anabatara. MEPC.220(63) malitere na 2 Maachị 2012 iji gbaa ume ịmepụta atụmatụ nlekọta mkpofu na ụgbọ mmiri. == Mmejuputa na mmanye ==   Ka ụkpụrụ IMO wee dịrị n'otu, a ga-ebu ụzọ kwado ha site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba ndị so na ha jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na-anọchite anya opekata mpe 50% nke nnukwu ton n'ụwa, usoro nwere ike ịdị ogologo. Ya mere etinyere usoro nnabata nke ntachi obi, nke ọ bụrụ na anụghị mkpesa sitere na mba otu mgbe oge ụfọdụ gafere, a na-eche na ha etinyela aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ. E kwadowo Mgbakwunye isii niile site na ọnụ ọgụgụ mba chọrọ; Nke kachasị ọhụrụ bụ Annex VI, nke malitere na Mee 2005. Obodo a debanyere aha ụgbọ mmiri (Flag State) bụ ọrụ maka ịkwado ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwado ụkpụrụ mgbochi mmetọ nke MARPOL. Mba ọ bụla bịanyere aka na ya ga-ahụ maka iwepụta iwu ụlọ iji mejuputa nkwekọrịta ahụ ma kwe nkwa nke ọma irube isi na nkwekọrịta, mgbakwunye na iwu metụtara mba ndị ọzọ. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iwu mmejuputa iwu dị mkpa bụ Iwu igbochi mmetọ site na ụgbọ mmiri. Otu n'ime ihe isi ike dị n'imejuputa MARPOL sitere na ụdị mbupu ụgbọ mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. Obodo nke ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gara nwere ike ime nyocha nke ya iji chọpụta na ụgbọ mmiri na-akwado ụkpụrụ mba ụwa ma nwee ike ijide ụgbọ mmiri ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ hụghị nrubeisi dị ukwuu. Mgbe ihe omume mere na mpụga ikike obodo ma ọ bụ ikike enweghị ike ikpebi, obodo ahụ na-ezo aka na steeti ọkọlọtọ, dịka MARPOL siri dị. Otu akụkọ US GAO nke 2000 depụtara na ọbụlagodi mgbe emechara ndị nnọchi anya, ọnụego nzaghachi sitere na steeti ọkọlọtọ adịghị mma. Na Jenụwarị 1, 2015, ọkwa mbupu ụgbọ mmiri ghọrọ n'okpuru iwu MARPOL ọhụrụ n'ihi na mpaghara SECA (Sulfur Emission Controlled Areas) mụbara n'oke. Mpaghara SECA a buru ibu ga-agụnye oke osimiri North, Scandinavia, na akụkụ nke ọwa Bekee. Edebere mpaghara a ịgụnye mmiri mba ụwa niile nke [[Ireland|Republic of Ireland]] na 2020 na-ejedebe na nrubeisi Western Europe niile na ntuziaka MARPOL. Nke a egosila arụmụka maka ndị na-ebufe ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-arụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ofe Europe. Ewelitela nchegbu banyere mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na-alaghachi n'okporo ụzọ site n'aka ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri buru ibu na-ebufe nnukwu ibu na njem njem site n'ụzọ ndị a nke ụkpụrụ IMO metụtara. Ha na-ekwu na MARPOL ga-ebuli ụgwọ ụgbọ mmiri maka ndị na-azụ ahịa na ụlọ ọrụ na-ebuga ibu na-ebugharị ha n'okporo ụzọ Europe dị ka ọnụ ahịa ego bara uru karịa ọnụ ahịa ụgbọ mmiri na-abawanye, si otú a na-emeri ihe nke ibelata mmetọ mmiri. == Mmetụta nke MARPOL Annex VI == Ewelitekwa nchegbu ma iwu ikuku na MARPOL Annex VI, dị ka oke sọlfọ 0.5% zuru ụwa ọnụ, enwere ike itinye ya na mmiri mba ụwa site na mba ndị na-abụghị ọkọlọtọ, dịka ụgbọ mmiri ụfọdụ na-aga n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke ịdị mma. Ekwenyere na United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) na-enye ohere ka mba ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri kwupụta ikike maka mmebi iwu nke ikuku ikuku (nakwa nke iwu GHG n'ọdịnihu) mgbe ha na-eme n'oké osimiri. Steeti dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere ike kwupụta ikike maka mmebi iwu na-eme n'ime mmiri ha, yana ụfọdụ ewepụrụ gbasara ngafe na-emeghị ihe ọjọọ na ikike nke ngafe. Ọrụ pụrụ iche maka steeti ọkọlọtọ yana ikike ịgbasawanye maka steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, ịmanye MARPOL (gụnyere Annex VI) dị n'ime ndokwa pụrụ iche nke akụkụ XII nke UNCLOS. == Hụkwa == * Ịsacha mmanụ ala * Òtù Ụgbọ Mmiri Mba Nile * Nchịkwa ike mmiri * Nchịkwa mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri * Iwu Mbupu Ahịa (Mmetọ) 2006 * Mmetọ ụgbọ mmiri * Iwu Mmetọ Mmanụ van 1990 * MARPOL Ndepụta I * Mmiri na-ekewa mmanụ (ụgbọ mmiri) * Mmetụta mmanụ dị n'ime * Ebe Ndị Na-anabata Ndị Mmadụ n'Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} mr8uae4y9s8p6726bqgam77grzv86jc Igbukpọ osisi 0 26659 195344 188747 2024-11-19T00:22:53Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Deforestation_NZ_TasmanWestCoast_2_MWegmann.jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na New Zealand.]] [[Usòrò:Bolivia-Deforestation-EO.JPG|thumb|Foto Satellite nke igbukpọsị osisi na-aga n'ihu na ọwụwa anyanwụ Bolivia. Gburugburu ụwa, 10% nke mpaghara ala ịkpa furu efu n'etiti 1990 na 2015.]] [[Usòrò:Flii_globe.png|thumb|Index nke odida obodo na egosi mgbanwe anthropogenic nke ọhịa fọdụrụ.[1]]] [[Usòrò:Annual-deforestation.svg|thumb|Igbukpọsị osisi kwa afọ]] [[Usòrò:Annual-change-forest-area.svg|thumb|Mgbanwe kwa afọ na mpaghara ọhịa]] Ikpochapụ oke ohia ma ọ bụ ikpochapụ oke ọhịa bụ iwepụ oke ọhịa ma ọ bụ nkwụ osisi sitere n'ala nke na agbanwezi ka ọ ghara iji ọhịa eme ihe. Ikpochapụ osisi nwere ike ịgụnye ịtụgharị ala ọhịa gaa n'ugbo, ebe a na azụ anụ, ma ọ bụ iji obodo mepere emepe. Ngbukpọsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịnụ bụ n'ime oke ọhịa nke okpomọkụ. Ihe dị ka pasent 31 nke ala ụwa bụ oke ọhịa kpuchie ugbu a. Nke a bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ na erughị oke ọhịa tupu mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo, na ọkara nke ọnwụ ahụ mere na narị afọ gara aga. N'agbata nde hectare 15 ruo nde 18 nke oke ọhịa, ógbè buru ibu nke Bangladesh, na emebi kwa afọ. Ná nkezi, a na egbutu osisi 2,400 kwa nkeji Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na akọwa igbukpọ osisi dị ka ntụgharị nke ọhịa gaa na ala ndị ọzọ (n'agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ mmadụ kpatara ya). "Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa" na "mgbanwe net nke ọhịa" abụghị otu: nke ikpeazụ bụ nchikota nke mfu ọhịa niile (ịkpọtu ọhịa) na uru niile nke ọhịa (mgbasa nke ọhịa) na oge enyere. Ngbanwe netwọk, ya mere, nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mma ma ọ bụ nke na adịghị mma, dabere ma uru ọ nwetara karịrị mfu, ma ọ bụ ọzọ. Mwepụ nke osisi na enweghị oke ọhịa ebutela mmebi nke ebe obibi, mfu nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, na kpọrọ nkụ. Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa na ebute mbibi, mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe, ọzara, na nchụpụ nke ndị mmadụ, dị ka a na ahụ na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a na n'oge gara aga site na ndekọ fosil. Ikpochapụ osisi na ebelatakwa biosequestration nke ikuku carbon dioxide, na abawanye usoro nzaghachi na adịghị mma na enye aka na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ. Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na etinyekwa nrụgide dị ukwuu n'obodo ndị na achọ nchekwa nri site na ikpochapụ oke ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo na ibelata ala a na akụ ihe n'ozuzu ya. Mpaghara ndị e gbuturu egbutu na ebutekarị mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ dị egwu dị ka ajọ mbuze na mkpọda n'ime ala tọgbọrọ chakoo. Nkwụsi ike nke usoro nri mmadụ na ikike ha ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe n'ọdịnihu jikọtara ya na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche gụnyere osisi shrub na eme ka akọrọ na ụdị osisi ndị na enyere aka ịlụso ọzara ọgụ, ụmụ ahụhụ na ebi n'oké ọhịa, ụsụ na ụdị nnụnụ na emetọ ihe ọkụkụ, osisi nwere nnukwu mgbọrọgwụ mgbọrọgwụ. na gburugburu ugwu nke na egbochi mbuze ala, na ụdị mangrove nke na enye ike imegide idei mmiri na mpaghara mmiri. Site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na eme ka ihe ize ndụ dị na usoro nri dịkwuo njọ, ọrụ nke oke ohia na ejide na ịchekwa carbon na ibelata mgbanwe ihu igwe dị mkpa maka mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. == Akụkọ nso nso a (1970 gawa) == [[Usòrò:Operação_Hymenaea,_Julho-2016_(29399454651).jpg|thumb|Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa Amazon na steeti Maranhão nke Brazil, 2016]] FAO na eme atụmatụ na oke oke ohia zuru ụwa ọnụ agbadala 0.9%, na mkpuchi osisi 4.2% n'etiti 1990 na 2020.[11] Mkpụrụ osisi carbon nke ọhịa dị na Europe (gụnyere Russia) mụbara site na 158.7 ruo 172.4 Gt n'etiti 1990 na 2020. Na North America, oke carbon carbon sitere na 136.6 ruo 140 Gt n'otu oge ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ngwaahịa carbon gbadara site na 94.3 ruo 80.9 Gt na Africa, 45.8 ruo 41.5 Gt na South na Southeast Asia jikọtara, 33.4 ruo 33.1 Gt na Oceania, 5 ruo 4.1 Gt na Central America, yana site na 161.8 ruo 144.8 Gt na South America. 12] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) na ekwu na enweghị nkwekọrịta gbasara ma oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ọ na ebelata ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị, na ehota nyocha na egosi na mkpuchi osisi abawanyela 7.1% n'etiti 1982 na 2016.[lower-alpha 1] IPCC dekwara: "Ọ bụ ezie na ebuka carbon biomass nke dị n'elu ala na eche na ọ ga ebelata na okpomọkụ, ha na abawanye n'ụwa nile n'ihi ụbara ebuka dị na oke ọhịa na oke ọhịa.[13 Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo na aga n'ihu na abụ isi ihe na ebute igbutu osisi na nkewa oke ọhịa yana mfu nke ụdị dị iche iche nke ọhịa. Azụmahịa buru ibu (karịsịa ịhịa anụ na ịkụ mkpụrụ soya na nkwụ mmanụ) ruru pasenti 40 nke igbukpọ osisi n'oge okpomọkụ n'etiti 2000 na 2010, na ọrụ ugbo na eri nri mpaghara maka pasent 33 ọzọ. A na egbutu osisi maka ihe eji ewu ụlọ, osisi ma ọ bụ na ere ya dị ka mmanụ ọkụ (mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdị unyi ma ọ bụ osisi), ebe a na eji ala a kpochapụrụ dị ka ebe ịta nri maka anụ ụlọ na ihe ubi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ọrụ ugbo na akpata igbukpọsị osisi bụ ego ụtụ isi gọọmentị na akwado. Ileghara uru a na ekwu, nlekọta oke ọhịa, na enweghị iwu gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị na ebute igbutu oke ọhịa. Ikpọkpọsị osisi n'ọtụtụ mba ma nke sitere n'okike ma nke mmadụ kpatara bụ okwu na aga n'ihu. N'agbata 2000 na 2012, 2.3 million square kilometa (890,000 sq mi) nke ọhịa gburugburu ụwa ka ebibiri. Mkpọkpọsị osisi na mbibi nke oke ọhịa na aga n'ihu n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị egwu, bụ́ nke na enye aka n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na efunahụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na aga n'ihu [[Usòrò:Land-use-of-different-diets-Poore-Nemecek.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A ga ebelata oke ala ubi a chọrọ n'ụwa niile site na ụzọ atọ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ niile nakweere nri anaghị eri anụ.]] Igbukpọsị osisi dị oke egwu n'ime oke ohia okpomọkụ na nke dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na apụta. Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ụdị anụ ọhịa na nke ala dị n'ụwa na ebi n'oké ọhịa. N'ihi igbutu osisi, naanị 6.2 million square kilomita (2.4 million square miles) fọdụrụ na nde square kilomita 16 (nde square kilomita) nke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke kpuchiri ụwa mbụ. A na ekpochapụ mpaghara oke egwuregwu bọọlụ n'oké ọhịa Amazon kwa nkeji, yana nde acres 136 (nde hectare 55) nke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na ekpochapụ maka ọrụ ugbo n'ozuzu ya. Ihe karịrị nde hectare 3.6 nke ọhịa na amaghị nwoke na ekpo ọkụ furu efu na 2018. Nri na mmepụta anụ ehi bụ isi ihe na akpata igbutu osisi na Amazon, na gburugburu 80% nke ala niile gbanwere na eji azụ ehi. 91% nke ala Amazon nke e gbuturu osisi kemgbe 1970 agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ịzụ ehi. A na eme atụmatụ na atụfu ụgbụ osisi n'ụwa niile ihe ruru ijeri iri. Dị ka Global Forest Resources Assessment si kwuo 2020 nkezi ala zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ na ekpochapụ ọhịa n'ime afọ iri nke 2015-2020 bụ hectare 10 na nkezi ụgbụ mpaghara ọhịa kwa afọ na afọ 2000-2010 bụ hectare 4.7. Ụwa furu efu nde hekta 178 nke ọhịa kemgbe 1990, nke bụ mpaghara dịka Libya Dabere na ọmụmụ 2020 e bipụtara na Scientific Reports, ọ bụrụ na igbutu osisi na aga n'ihu na ọnụego ugbu a, ọ nwere ike ịkpalite mkpokọta ma ọ bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpochapụ nke mmadụ n'ime afọ 20 ruo 40 na esote. Ha kwubiri na "site n'echiche ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ... ihe gbasara nke puru omume na mmepeanya anyị na adị ndụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe na erughị 10% n'ọnọdụ kacha nwee nchekwube." Iji zere ọdịda a, ụmụ mmadụ kwesịrị ịgafe site na mmepeanya nke akụ na ụba na achịkwa na "omenala ọha mmadụ" nke "na enye mmasị na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa mmasị onye ọ bụla nke akụkụ ya, ma n'ikpeazụ dabere na mmasị ọha mmadụ." N’afọ 2014, ihe dị ka mba 40 bịanyere aka n’akwụkwọ nke New York Declaration on Forest, bụ́ nkwa afọ ofufo ibelata igbutu osisi n’afọ 2020 ma kwụsị ya n’afọ 2030. Otú ọ dị, nkwekọrịta ahụ ejighị iwu kwadoro, yana ụfọdụ mba ndị bụ́ isi, dị ka Brazil, China, na Russia , abanyeghị na ya. N'ihi nke a, mbọ ahụ dara, na igbutu osisi mụbara site na 2014 ruo 2020. Na Nọvemba 2021, mba 141 (nke nwere ihe dịka 85% nke oke ọhịa ebe okpomọkụ ụwa na 90% nke mkpuchi osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ) kwetara na COP26 ihu igwe na Glasgow. Nkwuwapụta nke ndị isi Glasgow maka oke ọhịa na iji ala eme ihe, nkwa ịkwụsị na ịtụgharị igbutu osisi n'afọ 2030. Nkwekọrịta ahụ so ihe dị ka ijeri $19.2 na nkwa ego metụtara. Nkwekọrịta Glasgow 2021 ka mma na nkwupụta New York ugbu a gụnyere Brazil na ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ na abịanyeghị aka na nkwekọrịta 2014. Ụfọdụ mba ndị bụ isi nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke igbutu osisi (gụnyere Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Paraguay, na Myanmar) abịanyeghị aka na nkwupụta Glasgow. Dị ka nkwekọrịta mbụ ahụ, abanyela nkwuwapụta ndị ndu Glasgow na mpụga UN Framework Convention on Climate Convention ma yabụ na ọ bụghị iwu kwadoro. Na Nọvemba 2021, onye isi EU depụtara usoro iwu chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ gosipụta na ngwa ahịa ugbo, anụ ehi, osisi, mmanụ nkwụ, soy, kọfị na koko nke ezubere maka ndị na eri EU nde 450 enweghị njikọ na igbutu osisi. Na Septemba 2022, ndị omeiwu EU kwadoro ma wusie atụmatụ ahụ ike site n'aka ndị isi EU jiri votu 453 gaa na 57. == Ihe kpatara ya == [[Usòrò:Drivers_of_deforestation_and_forest_degradation_by_region,_2000–2010.svg|thumb|Ndị na ahụ maka igbutu osisi na mmebi ohia site na mpaghara, 2000–2010, sitere na mbipụta FAO State of the World's Forests 2020. Oke ọhịa, ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na ndị mmadụ Na nkenke.]] [[Usòrò:Drivers_of_tropical_deforestration.png|thumb|Ndị na anya igbutu osisi n'ebe okpomọkụ]] [[Usòrò:Riau_deforestation_2006.jpg|thumb|Oge ikpeazụ nke sawnwood sitere na oke ọhịa peat na Indragiri Hulu, Sumatra, Indonesia. Ikpochapụ osisi maka ịkụ nkwụ mmanụ.]] Dị ka ndị odeakwụkwọ nke United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) si kwuo, nnukwu ihe na akpata igbukpọsị osisi bụ ọrụ ugbo. Ọrụ ugbo bụ ihe na akpata 48% nke igbutu osisi; ọrụ ugbo na azụ ahịa bụ 32%; Ịkụ osisi na ahụ maka 14%, na mkpochapụ osisi mmanụ na eme 5%. Ndị ọkachamara ekwenyeghị na igbutu osisi n'ụlọ ọrụ ọ̀ bụ ihe dị mkpa na akpata igbukpọsị osisi n'ụwa nile. Ụfọdụ na ekwu na ndị ogbenye na enwekarị ike ikpocha ọhịa n'ihi na ha enweghị ụzọ ọzọ, ndị ọzọ na ndị ogbenye enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ihe na ọrụ dị mkpa iji kpochapụ ọhịa. Ihe ndị ọzọ na akpata igbukpọsị osisi n'oge a nwere ike ịgụnye nrụrụ aka nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, nkesa na ezighi ezi nke akụ na ụba na ike, mmụba ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na oke mmadụ, na ime obodo. A kọwawo mmetụta mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nwere na igbutu osisi. Otu nnyocha chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na abawanye n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ dị elu bụ isi ihe na akpata igbutu osisi n'ebe okpomọkụ na naanị 8% nke ikpe. N'afọ 2000, Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) chọpụtara na "ọrụ nke mgbanwe ndị mmadụ na mpaghara mpaghara nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na nke siri ike ruo na nke a na adịghị ahụ anya", na igbutu osisi nwere ike ịmalite site na "nchikota nke nrụgide ndị bi na nke akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke na ada ada. ọnọdụ teknụzụ". A na elekarị ijikọ ụwa ọnụ anya dị ka isi ihe ọzọ na akpata igbukpọsị osisi, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọnọdụ ndị mmetụta nke ijikọ ụwa ọnụ (mpụta ọhụrụ nke ọrụ, isi ego, ngwa ahịa, na echiche) kwalitere mgbake n'ime ime ọhịa. Ihe ọzọ na akpata igbukpọsị osisi bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. 23% nke mfu mkpuchi osisi sitere na ọkụ ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe na abawanye ugboro na ike ha. Okpomọkụ na arị elu na ebute oke ọkụ n'ọhịa ọkachasị n'ime oke ọhịa Boreal. Otu mmetụta nwere ike ime bụ mgbanwe nke nhazi ọhịa. Ịkwụsị oke ọhịa nwekwara ike ime ka ọkụ na esiwanye ọkụ site na usoro dị ka igbutu osisi. [[Usòrò:Garimpo_de_ouro_ilegal_na_Amazônia_em_Madre_de_Dios,_Perú.jpg|thumb|Ngwuputa ọla edo na ezighi ezi na Madre de Dios, Peru.]] Achọpụtakwa nbibi nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké ọhịa site na mkpali akụ na ụba nke na eme ka ntụgharị ọhịa yie ka ọ bara uru karịa ichekwa ọhịa. Ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa nke ọhịa enweghị ahịa, ya mere, enweghị uru akụ na ụba nke pụtara ngwa ngwa nye ndị nwe ọhịa ahụ ma ọ bụ obodo ndị na adabere n'oké ọhịa maka ọdịmma ha. Site n'echiche nke mba ndị na emepe emepe, uru dị n'oké ọhịa dị ka ikuku carbon ma ọ bụ ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na aga n'ihu na mba ndị mepere emepe na aga n'ihu na enweghị ụgwọ zuru oke maka ọrụ ndị a. Mba ndị na emepe emepe na eche na ụfọdụ mba ndị mepere emepe, dị ka United States of America, na egbutu ọhịa ha ọtụtụ narị afọ gara aga ma rite uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na igbutu osisi a, nakwa na ọ bụ omume ihu abụọ ịgọnarị mba ndị na emepe emepe otu ohere ahụ, ya bụ na ndị ogbenye kwesịrị ekwesị. ọ dịghị mkpa ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ahịa nke nchekwa mgbe ndị ọgaranya kere nsogbu ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị na akọwa nkọwa achọpụtawo mgbanwe ndị na akwọ ụgbọala na egbutu osisi n'ime afọ 30 gara aga. Ebe ọ bụ na ọrụ iri nri na ọrụ mmepe nke gọọmentị na akwado dịka mbugharị na mba ndị dị ka Indonesia na ịchịisi na Latin America, India, Java, na ihe ndị ọzọ, na ebute igbutu osisi n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20. N'afọ 1990, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime igbutu osisi kpatara, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịzụ ehi buru ibu, na ọrụ ugbo buru ibu. Kemgbe afọ 2001, igbukpọsị ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na akpata, bụ́ nke yikarịrị ka ọ ga adịgide adịgide, akpatawo ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ọgba aghara ọhịa nile, mfu a agbasawokwa na South America na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia. Mkpa nke Ngwuputa ihe dị ka ihe na akpata igbutu osisi mụbara ngwa ngwa na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, n'etiti ndị ọzọ n'ihi ụbara ọchịchọ nke mineral. Mmetụta nke ngwuputa ihe dị ntakịrị, mana mmetụta ndị na apụtaghị ìhè dị oke mkpa karị. Enwere ike imetụta ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ọhịa nke ụwa, n'ọkwa ụfọdụ na n'ime afọ 2001-2021, "755,861 km2 ... ... e kpochapụrụ ọhịa site na ihe kpatara na-emetụtaghị ọrụ Ngwuputa n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ na anya ụgbọ ala (dabere na data). sitere na WWF)" == Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi == === Igwe ikuku ===   [[Usòrò:Biophysical_Effects_on_Global_Temperature_From_Deforestation_by_10°_Latitude_Band.jpg|thumb|Usoro biophysical nke oke ohia na emetụta ihu igwe.]] [[Usòrò:Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation_(1).svg|thumb|Nnụnụ CO2 n'otu n'otu site na igbutu osisi maka mmepụta nri]] [[Usòrò:Manantenina_bushfire.jpg|thumb|Omume “slash na ọkụ” na ezighi ezi na Madagascar, 2010]] [[Usòrò:Spatial_pattern_of_forest_carbon_loss_across_the_tropics.webp|thumb|Mbelata carbon carbon kwa afọ site na igbutu oke ọhịa.]] Ikpọkpọsị osisi na aga n'ihu ma na akpụzi ihu igwe na ọdịdị ala. Igbukpọsị osisi bụ ihe na enye aka na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, a na akpọkarịkwa ya dịka otu n'ime isi ihe na ebute mmetụta griin haus. Mgbakọ ndị e mere n'oge na adịbeghị anya na atụ aro na ikuku carbon dioxide sitere na igbutu ọhịa na mbibi nke oke ọhịa (ewezuga ikuku peat) na atụnye ihe dị ka 12% nke mkpokọta carbon dioxide anthropogenic na esi na 6% ruo 17%. Nnyocha 2022 gosiri na ikuku carbon kwa afọ sitere na igbutu osisi amụbaala okpukpu abụọ n'ime iri afọ abụọ gara aga ma na aga n'ihu na abawanye. (0.97 ±0.16 PgC  kwa afọ na 2001-2005 ruo 1.99 ±0.13 PgC  kwa afọ na 2015-2019 Dabere na nyocha, n'ebe ugwu nke 50 ° N, igbukpọ osisi buru ibu na eduga n'ozuzu net dị jụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ebe ikpochapụ oke ọhịa na eduga na okpomọkụ dị ukwuu ọ bụghị nanị n'ihi mmetụta CO2 kamakwa n'ihi usoro biophysical ndị ọzọ (na eme ka carbon centric metrics ezughị ezu) . Ọzọkwa, ọ na atụ aro na oke ohia na ekpo ọkụ na enyere aka mee ka okpomọkụ dị n'ụwa juo ihe karịrị 1 Celsius C. Otu nnyocha na atụ aro na oke ọhịa ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ma na emebi emebi bụ carbon sitere na opekata mpe afọ iri ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ na agbake [nkọwa dị mkpa] n'ihi nnukwu mfu carbon sitere na ihe ala na osisi nwụrụ anwụ, na egosi oke ikuku carbon ikuku (opekata mpe na South Asia). ) "nwere ike ịdị obere karịa ka e mere atụmatụ na mbụ", na emegide na "ịweghachi oke ọhịa ndị gbagoro agbagoro na nke e mebiri emebi bụ ikuku carbon siks". Ikpọkpọsị osisi na eme ka carbon dioxide na anọ n'ime ikuku. Ka carbon dioxide na agbakọta, ọ na emepụta oyi akwa n'ime ikuku nke na ejide radieshon sitere na anyanwụ. Radieshon na atụgharị gaa na okpomọkụ nke na akpata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka mmetụta griin haus. Osisi na ewepụ carbon n'ụdị carbon dioxide site na ikuku n'oge usoro photosynthesis, ma na ahapụ ụfọdụ carbon dioxide azụ n'ime ikuku n'oge iku ume nkịtị. Naanị mgbe na eto eto na arụsi ọrụ ike ka osisi ma ọ bụ ọhịa nwere ike wepụ carbon, site na ịchekwa ya na anụ ahụ osisi. Ma ire ure na ọkụ osisi na ahapụ ọtụtụ carbon a echekwara azụ n'ikuku. Ọ bụ ezie na nchịkọta osisi na adịkarị mkpa maka carbon sequestration, n'ime ọhịa ụfọdụ netwọk nke symbiotic fungi nke gbara mgbọrọgwụ osisi ahụ gburugburu nwere ike ịchekwa nnukwu carbon, na echekwa ya n'okpuru ala ọ bụrụgodị na osisi nke nyere ya anwụọ ma ree ere, ma ọ bụ egbute ma gbaa ọkụ. Ụzọ ọzọ oké ọhịa nwere ike isi na agbakọta carbon bụ ka a na egbute osisi ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe na adịte aka, na eji osisi ọhụrụ dochie ya. Igbukpọsị osisi nwekwara ike ime ka a tọhapụrụ ụlọ ahịa carbon ndị e debere n'ala. Ọhịa nwere ike ịbụ mmiri mmiri ma ọ bụ isi iyi dabere na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Oke ọhịa tozuru oke na agbanwe n'etiti ịbụ sinks net na isi iyi nke carbon dioxide (lee carbon dioxide sink na carbon okirikiri). N'ebe ndị e gbuturu osisi, ala ahụ na ekpo ọkụ ngwa ngwa wee rute oke okpomọkụ, na eduga na mmegharị nke mpaghara na eme ka iguzobe ígwé ojii pụta ma mechaa mepụtakwuo mmiri ozuzo. Agbanyeghị, dị ka ụlọ nyocha Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory si kwuo, ụdị ndị a na enyocha azịza ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ maka igbutu oke ọhịa gosipụtara oke okpomọkụ mana ọ dị nro na abawanye site na ikuku okpomọkụ. Ihe nlereanya ahụ buru amụma <0.2 °C okpomoku maka ikuku elu na 700 mb na 500 mb. Otú ọ dị, ihe nlereanya ahụ egosighị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na mpaghara ndị ọzọ ma e wezụga Tropics. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe nlereanya ahụ egosighị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihu igwe na mpaghara ndị ọzọ na abụghị Tropics, nke a nwere ike ọ gaghị adị otú ahụ ebe ọ bụ na ihe nlereanya ahụ nwere mmejọ ndị ga ekwe omume na nsonaazụ ya anaghị akọwapụta nke ọma. Ikpochapụ oke ohia na emetụta oke ikuku, ikuku mmiri na eru na nnabata nke ike anyanwụ si otú a na emetụta ihu igwe mpaghara na nke ụwa n'ụzọ doro anya. [[Usòrò:SouthEast_Asia_fires_Oct_2006.jpg|thumb|Ọkụ na Borneo na Sumatra, 2006. Ndị mmadụ na eji igbutu osisi slash na ọkụ na ekpochapụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo.]] ==== REDD ==== Mbelata ihe ọkụkụ sitere na igbutu ọhịa na mbibi nke ọhịa (REDD) na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe apụtala dị ka ikike ọhụrụ iji kwado amụma ihu igwe na aga n'ihu. Echiche a gụnyere n'inye ụgwọ ego maka mbelata ikuku griin haus (GHG) sitere na igbutu osisi na mbibi nke ọhịa." Enwere ike ịhụ REDD dị ka ihe ọzọ na usoro ịzụ ahịa ikuku dị ka nke ikpeazụ, ndị mmetọ ga akwụ ụgwọ maka ikike maka ikike ime ihe. na ebunye ụfọdụ ihe mmetọ (ya bụ CO2). ==== Echiche na ezighi ezi nke inye oxygen ==== Ndị nkịtị kwenyere na oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na atụnye ụtụ dị ukwuu nke ikuku oxygen n'ụwa, ọ bụ ezie na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nabatara ugbu a na oke ọhịa na enye obere ikuku oxygen na ikuku na igbutu osisi nwere nanị obere mmetụta na ọkwa ikuku oxygen. N'ezie ihe dị ka pasent 50 nke ikuku oxygen. A na emepụta oxygen n'ụwa site na algae. Otú ọ dị, ọkụ na ọkụ nke osisi ọhịa iji kpochapụ ala na ewepụta nnukwu CO2, nke na enye aka na okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwukwara na igbukpọsị osisi n’ebe okpomọkụ na ewepụta 1.5 ijeri tọn carbon kwa afọ n’ime ikuku. === Mmiri mmiri === Ịkpọkpọsị osisi na emetụtakwa okirikiri mmiri. Osisi na ewepụta mmiri dị n'ime ala site na mgbọrọgwụ ha wee hapụ ya n'ikuku. Mgbe e wepụrụ akụkụ nke oké ọhịa, osisi ndị ahụ anaghị ebute mmiri a, na eme ka ihu igwe na ekpo ọkụ karị. Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa na ebelata ọdịnaya mmiri dị n'ime ala na mmiri dị n'ime ala yana mmiri ikuku. Ala kpọrọ nkụ na eduga n'iweta mmiri dị ala maka osisi iji wepụ ya. Ikpochapụ oke ohia na ebelata njikọ nke ala, nke mere na mbuze, idei mmiri na oke ala na ebute. Mkpuchi ọhịa na ebelata na ebelata ikike ọdịdị ala iji gbochie, idodo na ibuo oke mmiri. Kama ọnyà mmiri ozuzo, bụ́ nke na adaba n'ime usoro mmiri dị n'ime ala, ebe ndị e gbuturu ọhịa na aghọ isi iyi nke mmiri na asọpụta n'elu, bụ́ nke na aga ngwa ngwa karịa mmiri ndị dị n'okpuru ala. Oke ọhịa na eweghachi ọtụtụ mmiri nke dara dị ka mmiri ozuzo na ikuku site na ntụgharị. N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbe a na egbutu mpaghara, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri ozuzo niile na efunahụ ka ọ na agbapụ. Mbufe mmiri dị n'elu ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịtụgharị gaa na idei mmiri dị egwu na idei mmiri dị n'akụkụ karịa ka a ga eme na mkpuchi ọhịa. Igbukpọsị osisi na esokwa ebute mbelata evapotranspiration, nke na ebelata ikuku ikuku nke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na emetụta oke mmiri ozuzo na-agbada site n'ebe a na egbutu ọhịa, ebe ọ bụ na a naghị emegharị mmiri na agbada n'oké ọhịa, mana ọ na efunahụ ya ma na alaghachi ozugbo n'oké osimiri. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, n'ebe ugwu na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ China e gbuturu osisi, nkezi mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ ji otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ belata n'etiti 1950s na 1980s. [[Usòrò:Madagascar_highland_plateau.jpg|thumb|Mkpọkpọsịsịa ọhịa nke Highland Plateau dị na Madagascar ebutela nzacha dị ukwuu na mmiri na esighị ike nke osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ.]] Osisi, na osisi n'ozuzu, na emetụta okirikiri mmiri nke ukwuu: * their can pi s intercept a proportion of preci itati n, which is then evaporated back to the atmosphere (canopy interception); * their litter, stems and trunks slow down surface runoff; * their roots create macropores – large conduits – in the soil that increase infiltration of water; * they contribute to terrestrial evaporation and reduce soil moisture via transpiration; * their litter and other organic residue change soil properties that affect the capacity of soil to store water. * their leaves control the humidity of the atmosphere by transpiring. 99% of the water absorbed by the roots moves up to the leaves and is transpired. N'ihi ya, ọnụnọ ma ọ bụ enweghị osisi nwere ike ịgbanwe oke mmiri dị n'elu, na ala ma ọ bụ mmiri ala, ma ọ bụ na ikuku. Nke a n'aka na agbanwe ọnụego mbuze na nnweta mmiri maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmadụ. Ikpọkpọsị osisi na mbara ala dị larịị na eme ka ígwé ojii guzoro na mmiri ozuzo gaa n'ebe dị elu. Oke ọhịa ahụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị nta na idei mmiri n'ihe banyere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo, nke na emetụta ikike nchekwa nke ala ọhịa ma ọ bụrụ na ala dị nso ma ọ bụ dị nso na saturation. Ohia mmiri ozuzo na emepụta ihe dị ka pasent 30 nke mmiri dị ọcha nke ụwa anyị. Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa na akpaghasị usoro ihu igwe nkịtị na eme ka ihu igwe na ekpo ọkụ ma na ekpo ọkụ si otú ahụ na abawanye ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, ọzara, ọdịda ihe ọkụkụ, agbaze nke okpu ice, idei mmiri n'ụsọ oké osimiri na nchụpụ nke nnukwu ọchịchị ahịhịa. === Ala === [[Usòrò:Erp_-_20111006_(6).jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na France.]] N'ihi ihe ọkụkụ dị n'elu, oke ọhịa ndị na adịghị enwe nsogbu na enwe ntakịrị ihe na ebute mbuze. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbuze na apụta site na igbutu osisi, n'ihi na ọ na ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpuchi ihe, nke na enye nchebe pụọ na mmiri ozuzo. Ọnụego mbuze bụ ihe dịka metrik ton 2 kwa square kilomita. ] Nke a nwere ike ịbụ uru na ala ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na ekpo oke ọkụ. Ọrụ oke ọhịa n'onwe ha na amụbakwa mbuze site n'ịkwalite okporo ụzọ (ọhịa) na iji ngwa igwe arụ ọrụ. Ikpọkpọsị osisi na mpaghara Loess Plateau nke China ọtụtụ afọ gara aga ebutela mbuze nke ala; nbibi a emeela ka ndagwurugwu meghere. Mmụba nke ala n'ime mmiri na asọpụta na eme ka Osimiri Yellow jupụta na eme ka ọ na acha odo odo. Ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka mbibi ka ukwuu na esi na igbutu osisi pụta, dịka a hụrụ na mpaghara ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ US. N'ebe ndị a, mfu nke ahịhịa n'ihi ọnụnọ nke osisi na osisi ndị ọzọ na eduga ná mmebi karịa mgbe a na ewepụ osisi. A na eme ka ala dị ike site na ọnụnọ osisi, bụ ndị na echekwa ala site na ijikọta mgbọrọgwụ ha na ala ala. N'ihi igbutu osisi, mkpochapụ nke osisi na eme ka ala ndị nwere nkụda mmụọ na enwekarị ike ịdaba n'ala. === Ụdị dị iche iche === Ikpọkpọsị osisi n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ nke mmadụ na ebute mbelata nke ihe ndị dị ndụ dị iche iche, na n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ okike zuru ụwa ọnụ a maara na ọ na akpata mbibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mwepụ ma ọ bụ mbibi nke mpaghara mkpuchi ọhịa ebutela ebe obibi mebiri emebi na ebelata ihe ndị dị ndụ. Oke ohia na akwado ihe di iche iche di iche iche, na enye ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa; Ọzọkwa, ọhịa na akwalite nchekwa nchekwa ọgwụ. Ebe biotopes ọhịa bụ isi iyi nke ọgwụ ọhụrụ (dị ka taxol), igbutu osisi nwere ike ibibi ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (dị ka nguzogide ihe ọkụkụ) n'enweghị mgbagha. [[Usòrò:Illegal_export_of_rosewood_001.jpg|thumb|Ịkụ osisi na akwadoghị na Madagascar. N'afọ 2009, a na ebupụ ihe ka ukwuu n'ime osisi rosewood enwetara n'ụzọ iwu na akwadoghị na China.]] Ebe ọ bụ na oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị iche iche dị n'ụwa na ihe dị ka 80% nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ụwa a maara nke ọma nwere ike ịchọta na oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo, iwepụ ma ọ bụ mbibi nke ebe ndị dị ịrịba ama nke mkpuchi ọhịa emeela ka gburugburu ebe obibi mebiri emebi na ebelata ihe ndị dị ndụ. Nnyocha e mere na Rondônia, Brazil, egosila na igbukpọsị osisi na ewepụkwa ụmụ nje ndị na ekere òkè n’izigharị ihe ndị na edozi ahụ́, imepụta mmiri dị ọcha na iwepụ ihe ndị na emerụ emerụ. A na eme atụmatụ na anyị na efunahụ ụdị osisi, anụmanụ na ụmụ ahụhụ 137 kwa ụbọchị n'ihi igbutu oke ọhịa, nke ruru ụdị 50,000 kwa afọ. Ndị ọzọ na ekwu na igbutu oke ọhịa n'ebe okpomọkụ na atụnye ụtụ na mkpochapụ Holocene na aga n'ihu. Ọnụego mkpochapụ amaara ama site na ọnụ ọgụgụ igbukpọ osisi dị obere, ihe dịka otu ụdị kwa afọ sitere na anụ mamma na nnụnụ, nke na ebuga ihe dị ka ụdị 23,000 kwa afọ maka ụdị niile. Ekwuwo amụma na ihe karịrị 40% nke ụdị anụmanụ na ihe ọkụkụ dị na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia nwere ike ikpochapụ na narị afọ 21st. Amụma ndị dị otú ahụ a jụrụ ajụjụ site na 1995 data nke na egosi na n'ime mpaghara ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa mbụ ahụ agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche, ma na ụdị ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ole na ole na osisi osisi nọgidere na agbasa ma kwụsie ike. I [[Usòrò:Rain_forest_location_map.png|thumb|Ebe ebe okpomọkụ (acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị) na oke ọhịa / ebe okpomọkụ (acha ndụ ndụ ndụ ndụ) n'oké ọhịa n'ụwa]] Nghọta sayensị gbasara usoro ikpochapụ ezughi oke iji buo amụma n'ụzọ ziri ezi gbasara mmetụta igbukpọ osisi na enwe na ụdị dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ amụma gbasara mfu dị iche iche nke oke ohia sitere n'ụdị mpaghara, na eche na ka oke ọhịa na ebelata ụdị dị iche iche ga agbadata n'otu aka ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ụdị dị otú ahụ egosiwo na ọ bụ ihe na ezighị ezi na nkwụsị nke ebe obibi anaghị ebute nnukwu ọnwụ nke ụdị. A maara ụdị mpaghara mpaghara ka ọ gafeta ọnụ ọgụgụ ụdị amaara na a ga eyi egwu na mpaghara ebe igbutu osisi na aga n'ihu, ma na ebu amụma nke ukwuu ọnụ ọgụgụ ụdị egwu egwu juru ebe niile. N’afọ 2012, otu nnyocha e mere na Amazon nke Brazil na ebu amụma na n’agbanyeghị enweghị mkpochapụ ruo ugbu a, ihe dị ka pasent 90 nke mkpochapụ e buru n’amụma ga emecha mee n’ime afọ 40 na abịa. == Mmetụta ahụike == === Ọnọdụ ahụike ọha === Nbibi na mfu nke ọhịa na akpaghasị nguzozi nke okike. N'ezie, igbutu osisi na ewepụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ nke na ebutekwa mmụba nke ọrịa, na ikpughe ndị mmadụ na ọrịa zoonotic. Igbukpọsị osisi nwekwara ike ịmepụta ụzọ maka ụdị ndị na abụghị ụmụ amaala na eto eto dị ka ụfọdụ ụdị ejula, bụ nke e jikọtara ya na mmụba nke [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]]. Ọrịa ndị metụtara oke ọhịa gụnyere ịba, ọrịa Chagas (nke a makwaara dị ka trypanosomiasis America), trypanosomiasis nke Africa (ọrịa ihi ụra), leishmaniasis, ọrịa Lyme, HIV na Ebola. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrịa ọhụrụ na efe efe na emetụta ụmụ mmadụ, gụnyere nje SARS CoV2 kpatara ọrịa COVID-19 dị ugbu a, bụ zoonotic na mpụta ha nwere ike jikọta ya na mfu ebe obibi n'ihi mgbanwe mpaghara ọhịa na mgbasawanye nke ndị mmadụ na mpaghara ọhịa, nke ha abụọ na abawanye ohere mmadụ na anụ ọhịa. Igbukpọsị osisi na eme n'ụwa niile ma jikọtara ya na mmụba nke ntiwapụ nke ọrịa. Na Malaysia, ọtụtụ puku acres nke ọhịa ekpochapụla maka ugbo ezì. Nke a ebutela mmụba na zoonosis nje Nipah. Na Kenya, igbutu osisi ebutela mmụba nke ọrịa ịba nke bụzi ihe na ebute ọrịa na ọnwụ obodo. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2017 na American Economic Review chọpụtara na igbukpọsị ọhịa mụbara nke ukwuu ọrịa ịba na Naijiria. Ụzọ ọzọ igbukpọsị osisi na esi emetụta ọrịa bụ ibugharị na mgbasa nke ndị na ebu ọrịa. Enwere ike ịkpọ ụzọ mmalite ọrịa a "mgbasawanye nso", nke ebe ndị ọbịa (na nke a na esi na ya pụta) gbasaa na mpaghara mpaghara ọhụrụ. Site na igbutu osisi, a na amanye ndị ọbịa na ụdị mmiri mmiri n'ebe obibi ndị agbata obi. Ndị na eso ụdị mmiri mmiri ahụ bụ nje ndị nwere ike ịchọta ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị a na ekpughebeghị. Ka nje na ụdị ọrịa ndị a na abịaru nso na ụmụ mmadụ, ha na ebute ya ozugbo na n'ụzọ na apụtaghị ìhè. Ihe atụ jọgburu onwe ya nke mgbasawanye nso bụ ntiwapụ nke nje Nipah nke 1998 na Malaysia. Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, igbukpọsị osisi, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na ọkụ ndị sochirinụ dugara n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'ọdịdị ala na njupụta nke ụsụ mkpụrụ osisi, ebe nchekwa maka nje Nipah. Ikpọkpọsị osisi belatara osisi ndị na amị mkpụrụ dị n'ebe obibi ụsụ, ma na abanye n'ubi mkpụrụ osisi gbara ya gburugburu bụ nke bụkwa ebe ọtụtụ ezi anụ dị. Ụsụ, site na ịdị nso na agbasa Nipah na ezi. Ọ bụ ezie na nje ahụ butere ezì ndị ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na anwụ anwụ dị nnọọ ala karịa n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ, na eme ka ezì bụrụ ndị ọbịa na eme ihe ike na eduga n'ibufe nje ahụ na ụmụ mmadụ. Nke a butere ọrịa encephalitis 265 kọrọ, nke 105 kpatara ọnwụ. Ihe atụ a na enye nkuzi dị mkpa maka mmetụta igbukpọsị osisi nwere ike inwe na ahụike mmadụ. Ihe atụ ọzọ nke mgbasawanye nso n'ihi igbutu ọhịa na mmetụta ndị ọzọ nke ebe obibi mmadụ gụnyere òké Capybara na Paraguay. Oke a bụ ọtụtụ ọrịa zoonotic na, ebe enwebeghị ntiwapụ nke mmadụ n'ihi mmegharị nke òké a n'ime mpaghara ọhụrụ, ọ na enye ihe atụ nke ka mbibi ebe obibi site na igbutu osisi na mmegharị nke ụdị ndị na esote. na eme mgbe niile. Ozizi mepere emepe nke ọma na nke a nabatara nke ọma ugbu a bụ na mwụfu nje HIV sitere na chimpanzees bụ opekata mpe n'ihi igbutu osisi. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na arị elu mere ka a na achọ nri, na site na igbutu osisi meghere ebe ọhụrụ n'ime ọhịa ahụ, ndị dinta na egbute nnukwu anụ ọhịa primate, nke a kwenyere na ọ bụ nje HIV si malite. Nnyocha e mere na Indonesia achọpụtala na ndị na arụ ọrụ n'èzí bụ ndị na arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ na nke a na egbutu ọhịa kama ebe okpomọkụ na oke ọhịa nwere nsogbu ọgụgụ isi na ebe nchekwa bụ nke yiri ka ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara okpomọkụ nke osisi gaara echebe ha. Ikpochapụ osisi na ebelata oge ọrụ nchekwa maka ọtụtụ nde mmadụ nọ n'ebe okpomọkụ, ọkachasị ndị na arụ ọrụ siri ike n'èzí. A na atụ anya na ikpo ọkụ na aga n'ihu zuru ụwa ọnụ na mfu ọhịa ga eme ka mmetụta ndị a dịkwuo elu, na ebelata oge ọrụ maka ndị na adịghị ike ọbụna karịa. === Nchịkọta izugbe ===   Dị ka World Economic Forum kwuru, 31% nke ọrịa na apụta na ejikọta na igbutu osisi. Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa US (CDC) si kwuo, 75% nke ọrịa na apụta na ụmụ mmadụ sitere na anụmanụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na arị elu nke ntiwapụ nwere ike jikọta ya na mfu ebe obibi na ụdị dị iche iche. Na nzaghachi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị mepụtara ọzụzụ ọhụrụ, ahụike mbara ala, nke na ekwu na ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ jikọtara ya. Na 2015, Rockefeller Foundation na The Lancet weputara echiche a dị ka Rockefeller Foundation Lancet Commission on Planetary Health. Kemgbe afọ 1980, afọ iri ọ bụla ahụla ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọrịa ọhụrụ na ụmụ mmadụ na abawanye okpukpu atọ. Dị ka nnukwu nnyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị America na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] mere, mmebi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na abawanye ohere nke ntiwapụ ọhụrụ. Ọrịa butere ụmụ mmadụ n'ụzọ dị otú a n'ime afọ iri gara aga gụnyere HIV, Ebola, flu Avian, Flu ezì, na ikekwe COVID-19. N'afọ 2016, otu United Nations Environment Programme bipụtara akụkọ UNEP Frontiers 2016. N'ime akụkọ a, a raara isi nke abụọ maka ọrịa zoonotic, ya bụ ọrịa na esi n'anụmanụ na agara mmadụ. Isiakwụkwọ a kwuru na igbutu osisi, mgbanwe ihu igwe, na ọrụ ugbo anụ ụlọ so na ihe na ebute ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ. O kwuru na kwa ọnwa anọ, a na achọpụta ọrịa ọhụrụ n'ime mmadụ. A na ekwu na ntiwapụ nke merelarị (dị ka nke 2016) butere ọnwụ nke ndụ na mfu ego nke ijeri dollar ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa n'ọdịnihu aghọọ ọrịa na efe efe ọ ga efu trillions dollar. Akụkọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe kpatara ọrịa ndị na apụta, akụkụ buru ibu n'ime ha na gburugburu ebe obibi: {| class="wikitable" !Cause !Part of emerging diseases caused by it (%) |- |Land-use change |31% |- |[[Oru ugbo|Agricultural industry]] changes |15% |- |International travel and commerce |13% |- |Medical industry changes |11% |- |War and Famine |7% |- |Climate and Weather |6% |- |Human demography and behavior |4% |- |Breakdown of public health |3% |- |Bushmeat |3% |- |Food industry change |2% |- |Other |4% |} Na ibe 23 nke akụkọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ime ọrịa ndị ọhụrụ na apụta na ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi na akpata ha: {| class="wikitable" !Disease !Environmental cause |- |[[Rabis|Rabies]] |Forest activities in [[South Amerika|South America]] |- |Bat associated viruses |Deforestation and Agricultural expansion |- |Lyme disease |Forest fragmentation in [[Olile anyanwu Amerika|North America]] |- |Nipah virus infection |Pig farming and intensification of fruit production in [[Malaysia]] |- |Japanese encephalitis virus |[[Oskàpà|Irrigated rice production]] and pig farming in Southeast Asia |- |[[Nje ọrịa Ebola|Ebola virus disease]] |Forest losses |- |Avian influenza |Intensive Poultry farming |- |SARS virus |contact with civet cats either in the wild or in live animal markets |} === HIV/AIDS ===   O yikarịrị ka AIDS nwere njikọ na igbutu osisi. Nje bu ụzọ kesara n'etiti enwe na enwe na mgbe ụmụ mmadụ bịara bibie ọhịa na ọtụtụ n'ime primates, nje ahụ chọrọ onye ọbịa ọhụrụ iji dị ndụ wee wụba na ụmụ mmadụ. A kwenyere na nje a, nke gburu ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 25, sitere na iri anụ ọhịa, ya bụ nke primates, na o yikarịrị ka chimpanzees na Congo. === ịba ===   Ọrịa ịba, nke gburu mmadụ 405,000 na 2018, nwere ike jikọta na igbutu osisi. Mgbe ụmụ mmadụ na agbanwe n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama usoro gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche na ụdị anwụnta na ebelata na: "" Ụdị ndị na adị ndụ ma na aghọ ndị na achị, n'ihi ihe ndị a na aghọtachaghị nke ọma, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na ebufe ịba mma karịa ụdị ndị na adịwanye ukwuu na njedebe. ọhịa", Eric Chivian na Aaron Bernstein, ndị ọkachamara n'ihe banyere ahụike ọha na Harvard Medical School, dere n'akwụkwọ ha How Our Health Depends on Biodiversity. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe kpatara njikọ a, nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọtara n'ime afọ ndị ọhụrụ: * N'ihi ya, otu ụdị anwụnta ahụ na ata ugboro 278 arịa n'ebe ndị e gbuturu osisi. Dị ka otu nnyocha e mere na Brazil si kwuo, igbutu 4% nke ọhịa, butere mmụba 50% na ọrịa ịba. N'otu mpaghara dị na [[Peru]] ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ikpe kwa afọ si na 600 ruo 120,000 ka ndị mmadụ malitere igbutu ọhịa. === Ọrịa coronavirus 2019 === Dị ka United Nations si kwuo, Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na World Wildlife Foundation na ejikọta ọrịa na efe efe nke Coronavirus na mbibi nke okike, karịsịa na igbutu osisi, ọnwụ ebe obibi n'ozuzu na ịzụ ahịa anụ ọhịa. N'April 2020, Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations bipụtara vidiyo abụọ dị mkpirikpi na akọwa njikọ dị n'etiti mbibi okike, ahia anụ ọhịa na ọrịa COVID-19 wee mepụta ngalaba na saịtị ya raara nye okwu ahụ. Nzukọ akụ na ụba ụwa bipụtara oku itinye aka na mgbake okike na mbọ mgbake sitere na ọrịa COVID-19 na ekwu na ntiwapụ a metụtara mbibi nke ụwa. Na Mee 2020, otu ndị ọkachamara sitere na Intergovernmental Science Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services bipụtara otu akụkọ na ekwu na ụmụ mmadụ bụ ụdị ihe kpatara ọrịa COVID-19 n'ihi na ejikọtara ya na mbibi okike yana ọrịa na efe efe ka njọ nwere ike ime ma ọ bụrụ ndi mmadu agaghi agbanwe uzo. Ọ na akpọ ka "mee ka iwu gburugburu ebe obibi sikwuo ike; nabata usoro 'Otu Health' maka ime mkpebi nke na achọpụta njikọ dị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ahụike nke ndị mmadụ, anụmanụ, osisi, na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị; ma kwalite usoro nlekọta ahụike na mba ndị kachasị emerụ ahụ ebe. A na akpaghasị akụ na ụba na enweghị ego", nke nwere ike igbochi ọrịa na efe efe n'ọdịnihu ya mere ọ bụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ niile. E bipụtara oku a na saịtị nke World Economic Forum. Dị ka United Nations Environment Programme si kwuo, ọrịa Coronavirus 2019 bụ zoonotic, dịka nje si na anụmanụ bufere mmadụ. Ọrịa ndị dị otú ahụ na eme ugboro ugboro n'ime iri afọ gara aga, n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe, akụkụ buru ibu n'ime ha na gburugburu ebe obibi. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya bụ igbutu osisi n'ihi na ọ na ebelata ohere edoro maka anụmanụ ma na emebi ihe mgbochi sitere n'okike dị n'etiti anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ. Ihe ọzọ kpatara ya bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe. Mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na okpomọkụ na iru mmiri na-akwado mgbasa nke ọrịa. Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations kwubiri na: "Ụzọ kachasị mkpa iji chebe onwe anyị pụọ ​​na ọrịa zoonotic bụ igbochi mbibi nke okike. Ebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, ha na agbanwe agbanwe, na agbanwe agbanwe ma na enyere aka ịchịkwa ọrịa. Na June 2020, ngalaba sayensị nke Greenpeace na Mahadum West nke England (UWE Bristol) bipụtara akụkọ na ekwu na ịrị elu nke ọrịa zoonotic, gụnyere coronavirus jikọtara ya na igbutu osisi n'ihi na ọ na agbanwe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ ma belata oke mmiri dị mkpa maka ịdị ọcha na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa. Ndị ọkachamara na ekwu na igbutu osisi anthropogenic, mfu ebe obibi na mbibi nke ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike jikọta ya na ntiwapụ dị ka ọrịa COVID-19 n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: * Mgbe mgbanwe ihu igwe ma ọ bụ igbutu osisi na eme ka nje na agafe na onye ọbịa ọzọ ọ na adị ize ndụ karị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nje virus na amụtakarị ka ha na ndị ọbịa ha na ebikọ ọnụ ma na akpa ike mgbe ha na agafere onye ọzọ. == Mmetụta akụ na ụba == [[Usòrò:Malayasia_iko_2002169.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe onyonyo satịlaịtị na egosi igbutu osisi maka ahịhịa nkwụ na Malaysia]]   Dị ka World Economic Forum si kwuo, ọkara nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ bụ nke siri ike ma ọ bụ na adabere na ọdịdị. Maka dollar ọ bụla ejiri na mweghachi okike, enwere uru ma ọ dịkarịa ala dollar 9. Ọmụmaatụ nke njikọ a bụ ọrịa COVID-19, nke jikọtara ya na mbibi okike ma kpatara nnukwu mmebi akụ na ụba. Mmebi nke ọhịa na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke okike nwere ike ibelata ụkpụrụ ibi ndụ maka ndị ogbenye ụwa ma belata GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ site n'ihe dịka 7% site na 2050, otu akụkọ kwubiri na Nkwekọrịta Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịiche Dị iche iche (CBD) na Bonn na 2008. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, itinye n'ọrụ nke ọhịa ngwaahịa, gụnyere osisi na mmanụ ọkụ, arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọrụ mmiri na ala a na akọ. Taa, mba ndị mepere emepe na aga n'ihu na eji osisi arụ ụlọ, na osisi pulp maka akwụkwọ. Na mba ndị ka a-emepe emepe, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri mmadụ atọ a-adabere n'osisi maka ikpo ọkụ na isi nri. Ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta ọhịa bụ akụkụ buru ibu nke akụ na ụba na mba ndị mepere emepe na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe. Uru akụ na ụba dị mkpirikpi nke a na enweta site na ntughari nke ọhịa gaa n'ọrụ ugbo, ma ọ bụ iji osisi eme ihe karịa, na ebutekarị mfu nke ego na adịte aka na mmepụta ihe ndụ ogologo oge. West Africa, Madagascar, Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na ọtụtụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ enwetala obere ego n'ihi mbelata iwe ihe ubi. Ịkụ osisi na akwadoghị na-akpata ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nkemfu na akụ na ụba mba kwa afọ. Usoro ọhụrụ iji nweta oke osisi na eme ka ọnọdụ akụ na ụba dịkwuo njọ ma na emeri ego nke ndị na earụ ọrụ n'ịkụ osisi na eji. Dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo, "n'ọtụtụ ebe a mụrụ ya, ọrụ dị iche iche nke kpalitere igbutu osisi anaghị emepụta ihe karịrị US $ 5 maka tọn carbon ọ bụla ha wepụtara ma na-alaghachikarị ihe na erughị US $ 1". Ọnụ ahịa dị n'ahịa Europe maka nkwụsị nke ejikọtara na mbelata otu tọn na carbon bụ euro 23 (ihe dị ka US $ 35). Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na eto ngwa ngwa na enwekwa mmetụta na igbutu osisi. Ọtụtụ nrụgide ga esite na mba ndị na emepe emepe n'ụwa, bụ ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na eto ngwa ngwa na uto akụ na ụba (ụlọ ọrụ) ngwa ngwa. Na 1995, uto akụ na ụba na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 6%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2% uto maka mba ndị mepere emepe. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na abawanye, ụlọ ọhụrụ, obodo, na mgbasawanye nke obodo ga eme, na eduga n'ịbawanye okporo ụzọ iji jikọta obodo ndị a. Ụzọ ime obodo na akwalite mmepe akụ na ụba mana ọ na emekwa ka igbutu osisi dị mma. Ihe dị ka 90% nke igbutu osisi mere n'ime 100 km nke okporo ụzọ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ Amazon. European Union bụ otu n'ime ndị na ebubata ngwaahịa ndị sitere na igbutu osisi na akwadoghị. == Ozizi mgbanwe ọhịa == [[Usòrò:Forest-Transition-Model-01.png|thumb]] [[Usòrò:Forest-transition-phase.svg|thumb]] Mgbe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi na eme ngwa ngwa (HFHD, akwa mkpuchi oke ọhịa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke igbutu osisi), na mkpuchi nke oke ọhịa naebelata (LFHD, obere oke ọhịa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke oke ọhịa), tupu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi na ebelata (LFLD, obere mkpuchi ọhịa ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala), Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mkpuchi ọhịa na adaba ma mechaa malite ịgbake. FT abụghị "iwu nke okike", na ụkpụrụ obodo na emetụta ụkpụrụ ahụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, njupụta mmadụ, ọkwa mmepe, nhazi nke akụ na ụba), ikike akụ na ụba ụwa, na atumatu gọọmentị. Otu obodo nwere ike iru n'ogo dị ala nke mkpuchi ọhịa tupu ọ kwụsie ike, ma ọ bụ site na ezigbo atumatu nwere ike "mechie" mgbanwe nke ọhịa. FT na egosi usoro sara mbara, yana mmụba nke ọnụego akụkọ ihe mere eme na elelị igbutu osisi BAU n'ọdịnihu maka mba dị iche iche na mmalite nke mgbanwe (HFLD), ebe ọ na echekarị oke igbutu osisi BAU maka mba ndị na esote (LFHD na LFLD) . (i) ụzọ ụkọ oke ọhịa, ebe ụkọ oke ọhịa na akpalite ndị agha (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ngwaahịa ọhịa) nke na eduga n'ịkwụsị ihe mkpuchi ọhịa; na (ii) ụzọ mmepe akụ na ụba, ebe ohere ọrụ ọhụrụ na nke ka mma n'ugbo jikọtara ya na uto akụ na ụba (= ịba ụba GDP kwa onye ọ bụla) na ebelata uru nke ọrụ ugbo n'. == Ihe kpatara akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   === Akụkọ ihe mere eme === Mkpọkpọ oke ọhịa nke Carboniferous bụ ihe mere na narị afọ atọ gara aga. Mgbanwe ihu igwe bibiri oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na akpata mbibi nke ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ. Mgbanwe ahụ bịara na mberede, kpọmkwem, n'oge a, ihu igwe bịara dị jụụ na nkụ, ọnọdụ ndị na adịghị mma maka uto nke oke ọhịa na ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche dị n'ime ha. E kewara oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na akpụ akpụ 'agwaetiti' na adaba na aga n'ihu. Ebibiri ndị mmadụ dị ka sub klaasị Lissamphibia, ebe Reptilia lanarịrị ọdịda ahụ. Nnụnụ ndị dị ndụ na emeziwanye nke ọma na gburugburu ebe kpọrọ nkụ a hapụrụ wee jee ozi dị ka ihe nketa n'usoro n'usoro mgbe ọdịda ahụ gasịrị. ] [[Usòrò:Néolithique_0001.jpg|thumb|Ọtụtụ arịa Neolithic, gụnyere ọla aka, isi anyụike, chisel, na ngwa nchacha.]] Ohia mmiri ozuzo kpuchiri 14% nke elu ala; ugbu a, ha na ekpuchi nanị 6% na ndị ọkachamara na eme atụmatụ na a pụrụ iri oke ọhịa ikpeazụ fọdụrụ n'ihe na erughị afọ 40. Ụfọdụ obodo mere obere igbutu ọhịa ruo iri puku kwuru iri puku afọ tupu mmalite mmepeanya. Ihe akaebe mbụ nke igbutu osisi na apụta na oge Mesolithic. Ma eleghị anya, a na eji ya mee ka ọhịa ndị mechiri emechi ghọọ ebe obibi ndị mepere emepe nke dị mma maka anụ ọhịa. Mgbe ọrụ ugbo malitere, a malitere ikpochapụ oke ọhịa, ọkụ wee bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bụ́ isi e ji ekpochasị ala ihe ọkụkụ. Na Europe enwere ntakịrị ihe akaebe siri ike tupu 7000 BC. Ndị na akpa anụ Mesolithic ji ọkụ mee oghere maka mgbada na acha uhie uhie na anụ ọhịa. Na Great Britain, a na eji hazel, brambles, grasses na nettle dochie ụdị ndị na anabata ndò dị ka osisi oak na ash na ndekọ pollen. Mwepụ nke oke ohia butere mbelata ikuku ikuku, butere nguzobe nke peat bogs. Mbelata nke pollen nke elm n'ofe Europe n'etiti 8400 na 8300 BC na 7200-7000 BC, malite na ndịda Europe ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na aga n'ebe ugwu gaa Great Britain, nwere ike ịnọchite anya ikpochapụ ala site na ọkụ na mmalite nke ọrụ ugbo Neolithic. Oge Neolithic hụrụ oke igbutu osisi maka ala ọrụ ugbo. A na eme anyụike nkume site n'ihe dị ka 3000 BC ọ bụghị nanị site na nkume nkume, kama site n'ụdị nkume siri ike dị iche iche sitere na Britain na North America. Ha gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ ax Langdale ama ama na mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Bekee, ebe a na egwupụta ihe na Penmaenmawr na North Wales na ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ. A na eme ebe a na adọba ụgbọala n'akụkụ ebe a na awa nkume, a na-asachakwa ụfọdụ n'ime ya ka ọ rụchaa nke ọma. Nke a nzọụkwụ bụghị naanị ụba n'ibu ike nke anyụike, ma mee ka penetration nke osisi mfe. A ka na eji Flint site na isi mmalite dị ka Grimes Graves mana site na ọtụtụ ogbunigwe ndị ọzọ gafee Europe. A hụwo ihe àmà nke igbukpọsị osisi na Minoan Crete; dịka ọmụmaatụ, gburu gburu gburu gburu gburu Obí Knossos n'oge Bronze Age. === Akụkọ tupu ụlọ ọrụ === [[Usòrò:Rano_Raraku_quarry.jpg|thumb|Ista Island, ebibiri ọhịa. Dị ka Jared Diamond si kwuo: "N'ime obodo ndị gara aga chere atụmanya nke igbukpọsị osisi ihu, ndị isi Easter Island na Mangareva dabara na nchegbu ha ozugbo, ma Tokugawa shoguns, Inca emperors, New Guinea Highlanders, na narị afọ nke 16 German ndị nwe ala nakweere ogologo echiche ma nwetaghachi obi ụtọ. "]] Dị nnọọ ka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie egosila na obodo ndị na arụ ọrụ ugbo tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme aghaghị igbutu ma ọ bụ gbaa ọhịa ọkụ tupu ha akụ ya, akwụkwọ na ihe ndị sitere n'oge mmepeanya na ekpughekarị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke igbutu osisi. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kasị dị ịrịba ama bụ ihe ndọpụ uche nke narị afọ nke asatọ TOA Ndị Asiria na egosi na e si n'ebe ndị e meriri emeri see osisi ndị a na ese n'elu ala ruo n'isi obodo ndị na adịchaghị oké ọhịa dị ka ihe nkwata. Ihe odide ndị China oge ochie mere ka o doo anya na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke ndagwurugwu Yellow River ebibiela ọtụtụ ọhịa ha ihe karịrị afọ 2000 gara aga ma na akụ osisi dị ka ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ na ebubata ha n'ebe dị anya. Na South China, ọtụtụ ala ahụ bụ nke naanị ya nwe ya ma jiri ya na akụ osisi. Nnyocha mpaghara atọ nke nbibi na mkpochapụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Gris oge ochie chọpụtara na, n'ebe ọ bụla ihe akaebe zuru oke dị, akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mbuze na esote iwebata ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara dị iche iche nke Gris n'ihe dị ka afọ 500-1,000, sitere na Neolithic mechara ruo na mmalite. Afọ Ọla. Otu puku afọ na esochi etiti narị afọ iri mbụ BC hụrụ nnukwu ihe na emebi ala n'ọtụtụ ebe. Silting akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'akụkụ ndịda ụsọ oké osimiri nke Asia Minor (dịka Clarus, na ihe atụ nke Efesọs, Priene na Miletus, ebe a ga ahapụrịrị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'ihi silt nke Meander debere) na Syria dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime narị afọ gara aga BC. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/09easter_island.htm|title=Historical Consequences of Deforestation: Easter Island (Diamond 1995)|publisher=mongabay.com|accessdate=2023-05-25|archivedate=2009-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429014142/http://mongabay.com/09easter_island.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/24/042.html|title=Jared Diamond, Easter Island's End|publisher=hartford-hwp.com}}</ref>Easter Island enweela ahụhụ site na mbuze ala dị ukwuu na narị afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, nke ọrụ ugbo na igbukpọsị osisi ka njọ.[3] Jared Diamond nyere nkọwa sara mbara banyere ọdịda nke ndị Ista Island oge ochie n'akwụkwọ ya Collapse. Ọpụpụ nke osisi agwaetiti ahụ yiri ka ọ dabara na ọdịda mmepeanya ya na narị afọ nke 17 na 18. O kwuru na ọdịda ahụ bụ igbukpọsị osisi na iji akụ Nzuzu a ma ama nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri maka Bruges, bụ́ nke bufere azụmahịa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri gaa Antwerp, sokwa n'oge mmụba mụbara (na ihe àmà na egosi na a na egbukpọsị osisi) n'osimiri ndị dị n'elu. N'oge ochie Riez na elu Provence, alluvial silt si n'obere osimiri abụọ na ebuli osimiri ma gbasaa idei mmiri ahụ, bụ nke ji nwayọọ nwayọọ liri ndị Rom na alluvium ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ kwaga ihe owuwu ọhụrụ gaa n'ala dị elu; N'otu oge ahụ, a na emeghe ndagwurugwu isi mmiri dị n'elu Riez ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịta nri. Ọnyà a na ahụkarị bụ na a na ewukarị obodo n'ime ọhịa, nke ga enye osisi maka ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe owuwu, iwu ụgbọ mmiri, ite). Mgbe a na egbutu osisi na enweghị mịgharị nke ọma, Otú ọ dị; Ngwongwo osisi dị n'ime obodo na-esiwanye ike inweta nso iji nọgide na asọmpi, na eduga n'ịgbahapụ obodo ahụ, dị ka e mere ugboro ugboro na Asia Minor Ochie. N'ihi mkpa mmanụ ụgbọala, ogbunigwe na ígwè ọrụ na ebutekarị igbukpọ osisi na agbahapụ obodo. [[Usòrò:Rugendas_-_Defrichement_d_une_Foret.jpg|thumb|Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa nke Brazil nke Atlantic c. 1820–1825p]] Ebe ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmadụ na anọgide na arụsi ọrụ ike na (ma ọ bụ na adabereghị na) mpaghara ọrụ ugbo, nrụgide bụ isi n'ọtụtụ ebe nọgidere na ekpochapụ ala maka ịkụ ihe ubi na ehi. A na ahapụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ohia zuru oke (ma jiri ya mee ihe, dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji nakọta nkụ, osisi na mkpụrụ osisi, ma ọ bụ ịzụ anụ ezi) maka anụ ọhịa ka ọ dịrị ndụ. Nchebe nke ndị ama ama (ndị isi na ndị ụkọchukwu dị elu) nke ohere ịchụ nta na egwuregwu na echekwakarị oke ọhịa. Isi akụkụ na mgbasa (ma yabụ na uto na adịgide adịgide) nke ndị bi na ya bụ 'ọsụ ụzọ' ndị mọnk' (karịsịa site na iwu Benedictine na azụmahịa) na ụfọdụ ndị isi ọchịchị na ewe ndị ọrụ ugbo ka ha dozie (ma bụrụ ndị na atụ ụtụ isi) site n'inye onyinye dịtụ mma. ọnọdụ iwu na mmefu ego. Ọbụna mgbe ndị ntule chọrọ ịgba obodo ume, ndị ọbịa chọrọ eriri ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime mgbidi nchebe. Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na ebelata ngwa ngwa site na ihe ndị dị ka Ọnwụ Ojii, ọchịchị America, ma ọ bụ agha na agbawa obi (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Genghis Khan Mongol ìgwè dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na n'etiti Europe, Agha Afọ Iri Atọ na Germany), nke a nwere ike iduga n'ebe obibi. gbahapụrụ. E nwetaghachiri ala ahụ site n'okike, mana oke ọhịa ndị nke abụọ anaghị enwekarị ụdị ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Mwakpo na mmeri Mongol naanị butere mbelata carbon 700 nde sitere na ikuku site n'ịkwaliteghachi oke ọhịa na amịkọrọ carbon na ala ndị mmadụ bi n'ime ya ruo ogologo oge. [[Usòrò:Tropenmuseum_Royal_Tropical_Institute_Objectnumber_60009006_Goudwinning_door_middel_van_het_afspo.jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na Suriname c. 1880–1900]] Site na 1100 ruo 1500 AD, igbukpọsị osisi dị ukwuu weere ọnọdụ n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ. Nnukwu ụlọ nke ndị nwe ụgbọ mmiri ndị Europe (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) wuru ụgbọ mmiri osisi site na narị afọ nke 15 maka ịgagharị, ịchịisi, ahia ohu, na ahia ndị ọzọ n'oké osimiri, riri ọtụtụ akụ na ọhịa wee bụrụ onye kpatara iwebata ọtụtụ ọrịa bubonic. ntiwapụ na narị afọ nke 14. Piracy sokwa mee ka a na ewebiga ihe ókè nke oke ọhịa, dị ka ọ dị na Spen. Nke a butere ndakpọ akụ na ụba nke ụlọ mgbe Columbus chọpụtara America, ebe akụ na ụba ahụ dabere na ọrụ ndị ọchịchị (ịkwakọrọ ihe, ngwuputa, ehi, ugbo, ahia, wdg). Na Mgbanwe na Ala (1983), William Cronon nyochara ma detuo akụkọ nke narị afọ nke 17 nke ndị England na achị maka idei mmiri n'oge na New England n'oge oge ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ na ekpochasị ọhịa maka ọrụ ugbo. Ha kwenyere na e jikọtara idei mmiri na mkpochapụ ọhịa juru ebe niile n'elu mmiri. Iji unyi nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na Europe Early Modern bụ ụdị oriri ọhụrụ nke oke ọhịa ọdịda anyanwụ; ọbụna na Stuart England, mmepụta unyi a na emepụta nke ọma eruolarị n'ọkwa dị egwu. Egburu Stuart England nke ukwuu nke na ọ dabere na ahia Baltic maka osisi ụgbọ mmiri, wee leba anya n'oké ọhịa New England ndị a na-emebeghị eme ihe iji nye ya mkpa. Onye ọ bụla n'ime ụgbọ mmiri agha Royal Navy nke Nelson na Trafalgar (1805) chọrọ osisi oak 6,000 tozuru oke maka iwu ya. Na France, Colbert kụrụ ọhịa oak iji nye ndị agha mmiri France n'ọdịnihu. Mgbe ihe ubi osisi oak tolitere n'etiti narị afọ nke 19, a naghịzi achọ mast n'ihi na mbupu agbanweela. Nchịkọta Norman F. Cantor banyere mmetụta nke igbukpọsị osisi oge ochie na emetụtakwa nke ọma na Europe Early Modern:   == Na omenala ndị mmadụ == Omenala dị iche iche nke ebe dị iche iche n'ụwa nwere nkọwa dị iche iche nke omume nke igbutu osisi. === Omenala Meitei ===  Ọnụego igbukpọ osisi dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa. N'ime akụkọ ifo Meitei na akụkọ ọdịnala Meitei nke Manipur, a na akpọ igbutu osisi dịka otu n'ime ihe mere eji eme ọdịdị nne (ma eleghị anya chi nwanyị Leimarel Sidabi) na akwa ákwá ma na eru uju maka ọnwụ nke ụmụ ya dị oké ọnụ ahịa. N'otu uri akụkọ nke asụsụ Meitei oge ochie aha ya bụ "Hijan Hirao" (Old Manipuri: "Hichan Hilao"), ekwuru na Eze Hongnem Luwang Ningthou Punsiba nke usoro ndị eze Luwang nyere ndị ikom ya iwu ka ha gbutu osisi n'ime ọhịa maka ịrụ ọrụ nka. pụta ọmarịcha eze Hiyang Hiren. Ndị ohu ya hụrụ n’otu nnukwu osisi na eto n’elu mkpọda ugwu nakwa n’akụkụ osimiri. Ha na-eme ememe omenala na omenala tupu ha ebipụ osisi n'echi ya. N'etiti abalị, nne ọdịdị malitere ịkwa ákwá na egwu na atụfu nwa ya, osisi. Akọwara nhụsianya ya dị ka ndị a:   == Oge mmepụta ihe == [[Usòrò:1700-_Tropical_rainforest_and_woodland_loss_-_Int'l_Geosphere-Biosphere_Programme_(IGBP).svg|thumb|Ikpochapụ oke ọhịa, 1700–2004 (ofufe pasentị)]] Na narị afọ nke 19, iwebata ụgbọ mmiri na eku ume na United States bụ ihe kpatara igbukpọsị osisi n'akụkụ osimiri ndị bụ́ isi, dị ka Osimiri Mississippi, na enwe mmụba ma na esiwanye ike idei mmiri otu n'ime nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na arụ ụgbọ mmiri na esi n’akụkụ osimiri na egbutu osisi kwa ụbọchị iji mee ka injin ụgbọ mmiri na eku ọkụ. N'agbata St. Louis na confluence ya na Osimiri Ohio nke dị na ndịda, Mississippi bịara gbasaa karịa ma na emighị emi, ma gbanwee ọwa ya n'akụkụ. Mgbalị imeziwanye igodo site n'iji ndị na adọkpụ ihe na adọkpụ na ebutekarị ndị ọrụ na ekpochapụ nnukwu osisi 100 ruo 200 (61 m) n'azụ azụ site n'ụlọ akụ. Ọtụtụ obodo ndị France na achị obodo Illinois, dị ka Kaskaskia, Cahokia na St. Philippe, Illinois, bụ idei mmiri rikpuru ma gbahapụ ya na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, na efunarị ndekọ ọdịnala nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie ha. Enwere ike ịhụ mkpochapụ nke oke ọhịa iji mepụta ala ubi n'ọtụtụ akụkụ ụwa, dị ka mgbanwe Central ọhịa grassland na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke Great Plains nke United States. A na ahụ ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na igbutu osisi na narị afọ nke 20 na eme n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ka na emepe emepe. === Ọnụego igbukpọsị osisi === [[Usòrò:Burma024.jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na Myanmar n'oge ọchịchị Briten.]] Atụmatụ na adịgasị iche iche gbasara oke igbukpọsị osisi n'ebe okpomọkụ. ==== Ụbọchị ugbu a ==== Na 2019, ụwa tụfuru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ hectare nde 12 nke mkpuchi osisi. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mfu ahụ, hectare nde 3.8, mere n'ime oke ọhịa na ekpo ọkụ na ekpo ọkụ, mpaghara oke ọhịa tozuru oke nke dị mkpa karịsịa maka ụdị dị iche iche na nchekwa carbon. Nke ahụ bụ nha na efunahụ mpaghara ọhịa bụ isi nke nha egwuregwu bọọlụ kwa sekọnd isii. ==== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==== [[Usòrò:8000 BCE+ Loss of forest and grassland to grazing and crops.svg|thumb]] Ikpochapụ oke ohia zuru ụwa ọnụ gbagoro na gburugburu 1852. Dị ka nke 1947, mbara ala nwere nde 15 ruo nde 16 km2 (5.8 nde na 6.2 nde sq mi) nke oke ọhịa ndị toro eto, mana na 2015, e mere atụmatụ na e bibiri ihe dị ka ọkara n'ime ndị a. Mkpokọta mkpuchi ala site na oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo gbadara site na 14% ruo 6%. Ọtụtụ n'ime mfu a mere n'etiti 1960 na 1990, mgbe e bibiri 20% nke oke ọhịa niile nke okpomọkụ. N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na atụ anya ikpochapụ nke ọhịa ndị dị otú ahụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 21st. ==== Ọnụego mgbanwe ====   [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]  <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:155px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20210331_Global_tree_cover_loss_-_World_Resources_Institute.svg|alt=|238x238px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption"></div>Ọnụego mfu mkpuchi osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ amụbaala ihe dị ka okpukpu abụọ kemgbe 2001, ruo na mfu kwa afọ na abịaru nso mpaghara nha Italy. </div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2002 nke onyonyo satịlaịtị tụrụ aro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi na mpaghara iru mmiri (ihe dị ka nde hectare 5.8 kwa afọ) dị ihe dị ka 23% ala karịa ọnụego ndị a na ekwukarị. Akụkọ 2005 sitere n'aka Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) mere atụmatụ na n'agbanyeghị na mkpokọta oke ọhịa nke ụwa nọgidere na ebelata n'ihe dị ka nde hectare 13 kwa afọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi n'ụwa nile anọwo na eji nwayọọ nwayọọ. N’aka nke ọzọ, nnyocha e mere n’afọ 2005 nke ihe oyiyi satịlaịtị na ekpughe na igbutu ọhịa nke Amazon ji ngwa ngwa okpukpu abụọ karịa ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuru na mbụ. Site na 2010 ruo 2015, oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ji 3.3 nde ha belata kwa afọ, dịka FAO siri kwuo. N'ime afọ ise a, nnukwu mfu n'ọhịa mere na okpomọkụ, ọkachasị na South America na Africa. Ọdịda nke oke ọhịa n'otu n'otu bụkwa nke kachasị ukwuu n'okpomọkụ na ebe okpomọkụ mana ọ na eme na mpaghara ihu igwe ọ bụla (ma e wezụga na ọnọdụ ihu igwe) ka ndị mmadụ a-abawanye. Ihe dị ka nde hekta 420 nke oke ọhịa apụọla n'ụwa niile site na igbutu osisi kemgbe 1990, mana ọnụọgụ nke mfu ọhịa adalatala nke ukwuu. N'ime afọ ise kacha nso nso a (2015-2020), ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi kwa afọ ka e mere atụmatụ na nde ha dị nde 10, gbadata site na nde 12 ha na 2010-2015.   [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]]  <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden">[[File:20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation,_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg|alt=|238x238px]]</div><div class="thumbcaption">N'ozuzu, 20% nke oke ohia Amazon 'gbanwere' (kpachapuru oke ohia) na 6% nke ozo 'mebiri emebi nke ukwuu', na eme ka Amazon Watch dọọ aka na ntị na Amazonia nọ n'etiti ọgba aghara.<ref name="AmazonWatch_202209"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf "Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Amazon Watch''. September 2022. p.&nbsp;8. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220910025229/https://amazonwatch.org/assets/files/2022-amazonia-against-the-clock-executive-summary.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 September 2022. <q>Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.</q></cite></ref></div></div></div></div></div> [[Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] Afrịka nwere ọnụọgụ ụgbụ a na efu kwa afọ na 2010-2020, na 3.9 nde ha, South America sochiri ya, na nde 2.6. Ọnụego mkpofu ọhịa amụbaala n'Africa n'ime afọ iri atọ ọ bụla kemgbe 1990. Ọ gbadara nke ukwuu na South America, agbanyeghị, ihe dị ka ọkara ọnụego na 2010-2020 ma e jiri ya tụnyere 2000-2010. Eshia nwere uru net kacha elu nke mpaghara ọhịa na 2010–2020, Oceania na Europe sochiri ya. Ka o sina dị, ma Europe na Eshia dekọtara ọnụ ahịa net dị ntakịrị na 2010-2020 karịa na 2000-2010. Oceania nwetara mfu ụgbụ nke mpaghara ọhịa n'ime iri afọ 1990–2000 na 2000–2010. akatọ data FAO a-ekwu na ha anaghị ama ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị ọhịa, nakwa na ha a-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na akụkọ sitere na ngalaba ọhịa nke mba ndị dị n'otu n'otu, nke a-adịghị echebara ihe omume a-akwadoghị dị ka igbutu osisi iwu a-akwadoghị. N'agbanyeghị ejighị n'aka ndị a, enwere nkwekọrịta na mbibi nke oke ọhịa ka bụ nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. ==== Ụzọ nyocha ==== Ụfọdụ na arụ ụka na usoro igbukpọ osisi nwere ike iso usoro Kuznets, nke ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ezie na ọ ga eme ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ ihe ize ndụ nke mfu na enweghị atụ nke ụkpụrụ ọhịa na abụghị nke akụ na ụba (dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpochapụ nke ụdị). Ụfọdụ ndị na ese foto anwaala iji katọgram gosi oke igbutu osisi site na mba. [[Usòrò:Haiti_deforestation.jpg|thumb|Onyonyo Satellite nke ókèala Haiti na Dominican Republic (n'aka nri) na egosi oke igbutu osisi n'akụkụ Haiti.]] [[Usòrò:Deforestation_around_Pakke_Tiger_Reserve,_India.JPG|thumb|Mkpọkpọsị osisi na gburugburu Pakke Tiger Reserve, India]] ==== Mpaghara ==== Ihe ruru 90% nke oke ọhịa dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Africa apụọla kemgbe 1900. Madagascar furu efu 90% nke oke ọhịa nke ọwụwa anyanwụ. [[Usòrò:Amazon_fire_satellite_image.png|thumb|Onyonyo Satellite nke ọnọdụ ọkụ ọhịa Amazon 2019 dị ka MODIS chọpụtara site na Ọgọst 15 ruo Ọgọst 22, 2019]] [[Usòrò:Pichincha1a.jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na Ecuador.]] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ọhịa mmiri ozuzo dị n'ụwa dị na Amazon basin, ebe oke ọhịa Amazon na ekpuchi ihe dịka nde kilomita anọ. Ihe dị ka 80% nke igbukpọsị ọhịa nke Amazon nwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ ịkpa ehi, ebe Brazil bụ mba kacha ebupụ anụ ehi n'ụwa. Mpaghara Amazon aghọwo otu n'ime ógbè ndị kasị ibu anụ ụlọ n'ụwa. Mpaghara nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ igbukpọ osisi kacha elu n'etiti 2000 na 2005 bụ Central America nke na efunahụ 1.3% nke ọhịa ya kwa afọ yana ebe okpomọkụ Eshia. Na Central America, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke oke ọhịa ndị dị larịị ka agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ebe ịta nri kemgbe 1950 na 40% nke oke ọhịa niile efuola n'ime afọ 40 gara aga. Brazil atụfuola 90–95% nke ọhịa Mata Atlântica ya. Mkpọtu osisi na Brazil mụbara site na 88% maka ọnwa June 2019, ma e jiri ya tụnyere afọ gara aga. Agbanyeghị, Brazil ka bibiri hectare 1.3 na 2019. Brazil bụ otu n'ime mba dị iche iche kwuputara igbutu osisi ha dị ka ihe mberede mba. Paraguay nọ na efunahụ oke ọhịa nke nwere obere iru mmiri dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke mba ahụ n'ogo hectare 15,000 na ọnwa abụọ a na enyochaghị usoro na 2010. N'afọ 2009, ndị omeiwu Paraguay jụrụ ime iwu nke ga akwụsị igbutu oke ọhịa kpamkpam. . N'ihe dị ka afọ 2007, ihe na erughị 50% nke oke ọhịa Haiti ka dị. Site na 2015 ruo 2019, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke igbutu osisi na Democratic Republic of Congo mụbara okpukpu abụọ. N'afọ 2021, igbutu oke ọhịa nke Congo rịrị elu site na 5%. World Wildlife Fund's ecoregion project na edepụta ụdị ebe obibi n'ụwa niile, gụnyere mfu ebe obibi dị ka igbutu osisi, na egosi dịka ọmụmaatụ na ọbụna n'oké ọhịa ndị bara ụba nke akụkụ Canada dị ka ọhịa Mid Continental Canadian nke ógbè prairie ọkara nke mkpuchi ọhịa. furu efu ma ọ bụ gbanwee. N'afọ 2011, Conservation International depụtara oke ọhịa iri kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ, nke e ji mara na ha niile funahụrụ 90% ma ọ bụ karịa nke ebe obibi mbụ ha, na nke ọ bụla nwere opekata mpe ụdị osisi 1500 (ụdị a na ahụghị ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa). ; == Njikwa == === Na ebelata ihe ọkụkụ === A na arụkwa nnukwu ọrụ na ngwa ọrụ a ga eji naeleba anya na mba ndị ka na emepe emepe na agbasosi ebumnuche REDD ha kwekọrịtara. Ngwa ndị a, nke dabere na nleba anya n'ime ime ọhịa site na iji onyonyo satịlaịtị na ebe data ndị ọzọ, gụnyere atụmatụ Center for Global Development's FORMA (Forest Monitoring for Action) na Group on Earth Observations' Forest Carbon Tracking Portal. E mesikwara ụkpụrụ nduzi usoro maka nlekota oke ọhịa na COP-15. Òtù gburugburu ebe obibi Avoided Deforestation Partners na eduga mgbasa ozi maka mmepe nke REDD site na ego sitere n'aka gọọmentị U.S. N'afọ 2014, Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke United Nations na ndị mmekọ malitere Open Foris ngwá ọrụ ngwanrọ na emeghe na enyere mba dị iche iche aka n'ịchịkọta, na emepụta na ikesa ozi gbasara ọnọdụ akụ nke ọhịa. Ngwá ọrụ ndị a na akwado usoro ndụ ihe ndekọ ego, site na ntule mkpa, imewe, atụmatụ, nchịkọta na njikwa data ubi, nyocha atụmatụ, na mgbasa ozi. Agụnyere ngwaọrụ nhazi ihe onyonyo dịpụrụ adịpụ, yana ngwa maka mkpesa mba ụwa maka ibelata ihe ọkụkụ sitere na igbutu osisi na mbibi nke oke ọhịa (REDD) na MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) na FAO's Global Forest Resource Assessments In evaluating implications of overall emissions reductions, countries of greatest concern are those categorized as High Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (HFHD) and Low Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (LFHD). Afghanistan, Benin, Botswana, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, Ecuador, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guinea, Haiti, Honduras, Indonesia, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Paraguay, the Philippines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, and Zimbabwe are listed as having Low Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (LFHD). Brazil, Cambodia, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Equatorial Guinea, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste, Venezuela, and Zambia are listed as having High Forest Cover with High Rates of Deforestation (HFHD).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD): An Options Assessment Report|publisher=Meridian Institute for the Government of Norway|year=2009|url=http://www.africaclimatesolution.org/features/REDD-Options_Assessment_Report.pdf|pages=75–77|accessdate=24 November 2011|author=Angelsen, Arild|archivedate=29 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729043738/http://www.africaclimatesolution.org/features/REDD-Options_Assessment_Report.pdf}}</ref> Na 2021, ihe karịrị 100 ndị isi ụwa, na anọchite anya mba nwere ihe karịrị 85% nke oke ọhịa ụwa, kpebisiri ike ịkwụsị ma weghachi igbutu osisi na mbibi ala site na 2030. Na Bolivia, igbukpọ osisi n'osimiri dị elu akpatala nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mbuze ala na mbelata ogo mmiri. Oru ngo ohuru iji nwalee na idozi ọnọdụ a gụnyere ndị nwe ala na mpaghara elu nke ndị ọrụ mmiri na akwụ ụgwọ maka ichekwa oke ọhịa. Ndị nwe ala na enweta US$20 iji chekwaa osisi ndị ahụ, zere imerụ anụ ụlọ, ma kwalite ụdị ndụ dị iche ica. Ha na anatakwa US$30, bụ́ ndị na azụta aṅụ, iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka nchekwa maka hectare abụọ nke ọhịa na eji mmiri eme ihe ruo afọ ise. Ego a na enweta na mmanụ aṅụ kwa hectare nke ọhịa bụ US$5 kwa afọ, ya mere n'ime afọ ise, onye nwe ala erela US $ 50 mmanụ aṅụ. Ọrụ a bụ Fundación Natura Bolivia na Rare Conservation na eduzi, yana nkwado sitere na Climate & Development Knowledge Network. === Amụma mba ụwa, mba na nke mba === [[Usòrò:Conceptual_framework_of_a_policy_mix_perspective_on_zero-deforestation_governance.png|thumb|Echiche ezughị ezu nke usoro nke ngwakọta amụma usoro maka ọchịchị igbutu osisi efu. Enweghị itinye aka na usoro metụtara mmepụta anụ site na atumatu nwere ike ịbụ isi ihe na akpata igbukpọsị oke ọhịa.]]   Atumatu maka nchedo oke ohia gunyere mmemme ozi na nkuzi, usoro aku na uba iji mee ka nkwughachi ego ha nwetara site na ihe omume enyere ikike na usoro iji mee ka “oru ohia na ndi na ahu maka oke ohia”. Achọpụtara na ịda ogbenye na ụgwọ ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe na ebute igbutu osisi. Ndị na eme mkpebi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ụlọ na nke mba ọzọ nwere ike ịmepụta ma mejuputa atumatu ndị nsonaazụ ya na ahụ na ọrụ akụ na ụba na oke ohia dabara na uru sayensị nyere ha maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe na ebumnuche ndị ọzọ. Amụma ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji ma hazie mmepe nke ụzọ ọrụ aka na nke akụ na ụba gụnyere maka obere mmepụta anụ ehi, ire ahịa na oriri (nke a enwekwa nnukwu uru maka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe), ọkwa dị elu nke ọrụ akụ na ụba ndị ọzọ akọwapụtara na mpaghara ndị dị otú ahụ ( dị ka ịkwagharị ọhịa, nchebe ọhịa, ọrụ ugbo a adịgide adịgide maka klas ụfọdụ nke ngwaahịa nri na ọrụ quaternary n'ozuzu), ihe ọmụma ngwaahịa chọrọ, omue na ngwaah a certifications na eco tarifu, yana nlekota na traceability achọrọ. Ịmepụta imepụta na mmanye nke atumatu ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike, dịka ọmụmaatụ, wepụta oge zuru ụwa ọnụ nke igbutu anụ ehi metụtara. Site na usoro ọchịchị polycentric dị mgbagwoju anya, ebumnuche dị ka mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru oke dịka e kpebiri na eg. Enwere ike nweta nkwekọrịta Paris na nkwụsị nke igbutu osisi site na 2030 dị ka e kpebiri na 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Otu nnyocha egosila na mba ndị a akpata ego dị elu kwesịrị ibelata mbubata ngwaahịa ndị metụtara oke ohia ma nyere aka na mmepe akụ na ụba metụtara oke ọhịa. Amụma gọọmentị a agbasi mbọ ike na amụma oke ọhịa nke mba ụwa "ịgagharị[na] na nhazigharị[ime] ahia oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ” dịkwa mkpa. N'afọ 2022, ndị omeiwu Europe kwadoro iwu na achọ ịkwụsị mbubata jikọtara ya na igbutu osisi. Ụgwọ ahụ nwere ike ime ka Brazil, dịka ọmụmaatụ, kwụsị igbutu osisi maka mmepụta ugbo wee malite "ịbawanye mmepụta na ala ugbo dị ugbu a". Ndị European Council nakweere iwu a na mgbanwe ụfọdụ na Mee 2023 ma na atụ anya na ọ ga abanye n'ike ọtụtụ izu ka e mesịrị. Ụgwọ ahụ chọrọ ụlọ ọrụ ndị chọrọ ibubata ụdị ngwaahịa ụfọdụ na European Union iji gosi na mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị ahụ adịghị ejikọta na mpaghara ndị a kpochapụrụ n'ọhịa mgbe 31 nke Disemba 2020. Ọ machibidokwara ibubata ngwaahịa jikọtara na mmetọ ikike mmadụ. Ndepụta ngwaahịa gụnyere: mmanụ nkwụ, ehi, osisi, kọfị, koko, roba na soy. A na agụnyekwa ụfọdụ ihe mmepụta nke ngwaahịa ndị ahụ: chọkọleti, arịa ụlọ, akwụkwọ e biri ebi na ọtụtụ ihe sitere na mmanụ nkwụ. === Nkà na ụzụ === === Ikike ala === [[Usòrò:Shennongjia_virgin_forest.jpg|thumb|A na arụ ụka na ịnyefe ikike ala n'aka ụmụ amaala na arụ ọrụ nke ọma iji chekwaa oke ọhịa.]] Obodo ụmụ amaala abụwo ụzọ n'ihu megide igbutu osisi. A na arụ ụka na ịnyefe ikike maka ala site n'aka ọha na eze nye ndị bi na ya bụ atụmatụ dị ọnụ ahịa iji chekwaa oke ọhịa. Nke a gụnyere nchekwa nke ikike ndị a nwere n'iwu ndị dị adị, dị ka Iwu ikike oke ọhịa nke India. A na ekwu na ịnyefe ikike ndị dị otú ahụ na China, ikekwe nhazigharị ala kachasị ukwuu n'oge a, ka a na ekwu na ọ na abawanye oke ọhịa. Na Brazil, mpaghara oke ọhịa enyere ndị otu ụmụ amaala nwere obere mkpochapụ karịa ogige ntụrụndụ mba. Nkwekọrịta obodo na oke ọhịa Congo nwere obere igbutu osisi dịka a na agba ndị obodo ume ijikwa ala ahụ nke ọma, ọbụna na ebelata ịda ogbenye. === Ọrụ ugbo === A na emepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji na arụ ọrụ ugbo nke ọma, dị ka ihe ọkụkụ na amịpụta mkpụrụ dị elu, ụlọ griin haus, ọrụ ugbo kwụ ọtọ, ubi ụlọ kwụụrụ onwe ya, na hydroponics. Ụzọ ndị a na adaberekarị na ntinye kemịkalụ iji nọgide na enwe mkpụrụ dị mkpa. N'ọrụ ugbo cyclic, a na ata ehi n'ala ugbo nke na ezu ike ma na emegharị ahụ. Ọrụ ugbo nke cyclic na abawanye n'ezie ọmụmụ nke ala. Ịrụ ọrụ ugbo kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nwekwara ike ibelata nri ala na edozi ahụ site na iri nri mineral dị mkpa maka uto ihe ọkụkụ n'ọsọ ọsọ. Ụzọ kachasị mma, Otú ọ dị, bụ echiche nke oke ọhịa nri na permaculture, nke nwere usoro agroforestl nke ejiri nlezianya mee ka ọ dị ka ọhịa ọhịa, na emesi ike na ụdị osisi na anụmanụ nke mmasị maka nri, osisi na ihe ndị ọzọ. Sistemu ndị a nwere ntụkwasị obi dị ala na mmanụ ọkụ na agrochemicals, na ejigide onwe ya nke ukwuu, na arụpụta nke ọma, yana mmetụta dị mma siri ike na mma ala na mmiri, na ụdị dị iche iche. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta anụ na mmepụta iri ara ehi, a na enyocha mmepụta nke analogues anụ na mmiri ara ehi (fermentation, protein cell, ...). Nke a nwere ike ma ọ bụ ọ gaghị emetụta akụ na ụba nke ịkpa ehi (yana mmepụta soy na mbupụ, dịka akụkụ ya ka a na eji dị ka nri anụ ụlọ). === Nyochaa igbutu osisi === [[Usòrò:Terra_Indígena_Tenharim_do_Igarapé_Preto,_Amazonas_(41737918674).jpg|thumb|Ndị ọrụ sitere na IBAMA, ndị uwe ojii gburugburu Brazil, na achọ ọrụ igbutu iwu na akwadoghị na mpaghara ụmụ amaala na oke ọhịa Amazon, 2018]] Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ dabara adaba na nke a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ibelata na nyochaa igbutu osisi. Otu ụzọ bụ "nkọwa anya nke foto ikuku ma ọ bụ ihe onyonyo satịlaịtị na arụsi ọrụ ike mana ọ chọghị ọzụzụ dị elu na nhazi onyonyo kọmputa ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa mgbakọ na mwepụ buru ibu". Usoro ọzọ na agụnye nyocha ebe na ekpo ọkụ (ya bụ, ebe mgbanwe ngwa ngwa) na eji echiche ọkachamara ma ọ bụ data satịlaịtị mkpebi siri ike iji chọpụta ebe maka nyocha dijitalụ zuru ezu na ihe oyiyi satịlaịtị dị elu. A na enyochakarị igbutu ọhịa site n'ịgụta ọnụọgụgụ ebe a na egbutu osisi, nke a tụrụ n'oge ugbu a. Site n'echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, ịkọwa mmebi na ihe ga-esi na ya pụta bụ ọrụ dị mkpa karị, ebe mbọ nchekwa na elekwasị anya na nchebe ala ọhịa na mmepe nke ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji zere igbutu osisi. A na eji ọnụ ọgụgụ igbutu osisi na mkpokọta mpaghara egbutusịla ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe maka nyochaa igbutu osisi n'ọtụtụ mpaghara, gụnyere nyocha nke igbutu osisi Amazon nke Brazil sitere na INPE. Ihe nlele satịlaịtị zuru ụwa ọnụ dị, ihe atụ nke nyocha sayensị mgbanwe ala nke mkpuchi ala ka oge na aga. Onyonyo Satellite aghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'inweta data na ọkwa nke igbutu osisi na mkpọgharị osisi. Dị ka ihe atụ, ejirila data satịlaịtị Landsat mee map igbukpọsị osisi dị ka akụkụ nke NASA's Landsat Pathfinder Humid Tropical Deforestation Project. Ihe oru ngo a weputara maapụ igbutu osisi maka Amazon Basin, Central Africa, na Southeast Asia maka oge ato n'ime 1970s, 1980s, na 1990s. Agbalịrị mbọ iji kwụsị ma ọ bụ igbukpọsị osisi nwayọ nwayọ kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ n'ihi na ọ dịla anya amatala na igbutu osisi nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru oke n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ iji mee ka ọha mmadụ daa. Na Tonga, ndị ọchịchị kacha elu mepụtara amụma ndị e mere iji gbochie esemokwu n'etiti uru na adịru nwa oge site n'ịgbanwe ọhịa gaa n'ubi na nsogbu ogologo oge ga akpata oke ọhịa, ebe n'ime narị afọ nke 17 na 18 na Tokugawa, Japan, ndị shōguns mepụtara usoro dị mgbagwoju anya. nke atụmatụ ogologo oge iji kwụsị na ọbụna gbanwee igbutu osisi nke narị afọ ndị bu ụzọ site n'iji ihe ndị ọzọ na emepụta osisi dochie osisi na iji ala nke a na akọ ugbo kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ dochie osisi nke ọma. Na narị afọ nke 16 na Germany, ndị nwe ala zụlitekwara silviculture iji merie nsogbu nke igbukpọ osisi. Agbanyeghị, amụma ndị a na abụkarị naanị na gburugburu ebe nwere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo, enweghị oge ọkọchị na obere ala (site na ugwu mgbawa ma ọ bụ glaciation). Nke a bụ n'ihi na n'ala ndị agadi na ndị na adịghị eme nri, osisi na eto nwayọọ nwayọọ ka silviculture bụrụ nke akụ na ụba, ebe n'ebe ndị nwere oge ọkọchị siri ike, a na enwekarị ihe ize ndụ nke ọkụ ọhịa na ebibi ihe ọkụkụ tupu ya etoo. N'ebe a na eme "slash and burn", ịgbanwee gaa na "slash and char" ga egbochi igbutu osisi ngwa ngwa na mmebi nke ala na esote. Biochar si otu a kee, nke eweghachite n'ala, abụghị naanị usoro ịhe carbon sequestion na adịgide adịgide, mana ọ bụkwa ezigbo mmezi maka ala. Ejikọtara ya na biomass ọ na eweta okike nke terra preta, otu n'ime ala kachasị baa ọgaranya na mbara ala na naanị nke a maara na ọ na emegharị onwe ya. ==== Omume na adịgide adịgide ==== [[Usòrò:Bamboo_Feb09.jpg|thumb|A na akwado bamboo ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ na adigide maka igbutu osisi maka mmanụ.]] Asambodo, dị ka usoro asambodo zuru ụwa ọnụ nyere dị ka Mmemme maka nkwado nke asambodo ọhịa na Council Stewardship Council, na enye aka n'ịlụso igbutu osisi site n'ịmepụta ọchịchọ ahịa maka osisi sitere n'oké ọhịa a na achịkwa nke ọma. Dị ka Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (FAO) si kwuo, "Ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka nnabata nke nlekọta ọhịa na adịgide adịgide bụ ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa ndị a na emepụta na adịgide adịgide na njikere ndị ahịa na akwụ ụgwọ maka ọnụ ahịa dị elu dị elu. Asambodo na anọchite anya mgbanwe site na nhazi usoro. na abịaru nso n'ịzụ ahịa iji kwalite njikwa oke ọhịa na adigide Site n'ịkwalite àgwà dị mma nke ngwaahịa ọhịa sitere na oke ọhịa a na achịkwa nke ọma, asambodo na elekwasị anya n'akụkụ mkpa nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi." Rainforest Rescue na arụ ụka na ụkpụrụ nke otu dị ka FSC nwere njikọ chiri anya na mmasị ụlọ ọrụ osisi na ya mere anaghị ekwe nkwa nlekọta ọhịa na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ezie, usoro nleba anya ezughị oke ma edepụtala ụdị aghụghọ dị iche iche n'ụwa nile. Ụfọdụ mba emeela ihe iji nyere aka mụbaa ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi n'ụwa. Na 1981, China kere National Tree Planting Day Forest na oke ọhịa eruola ugbu a 16.55% nke ala China, dị ka naanị 12% afọ iri abụọ gara aga. Iji mmanụ si na achara kama ịka osisi na ebute ọkụ dị ọcha, ebe ọ bụ na achara na eto ngwa ngwa karịa osisi, a na ebelata igbukpọ osisi n'ihi na enwere ike imeju ngwa ngwa. === Mkpugharị ọhịa === N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa, karịsịa na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ịkụgharị ọhịa na ịkụ osisi na amụba ebe nke ala ọhịa. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọhịa amụbaala n'ime 22 n'ime mba 50 kasị oké ọhịa n'ụwa. Eshia n'ozuzu nwetara otu nde hectare nke ọhịa n'etiti 2000 na 2005. Oke ọhịa dị na El Salvador gbasaa karịa 20% n'etiti 1992 na 2001. Dabere na usoro ndị a, otu nnyocha na arụ ọrụ na oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ ga amụba site 10% mpaghara mpaghara. nha India site na 2050. Dịka okwu FAO siri kwuo okwu a bụ "ịkwagharị ọhịa" anaghị etinye aka na mmụba na mpaghara ọhịa. Mweghari osisi pụtara iweghachi ọhịa nke e gbuturu ma ọ bụ tụfuo n'ihi ihe ndị sitere n'okike, dị ka ọkụ, oké ifufe, wdg. Ebe okwu a bụ "osisi ọhịa" pụtara iguzobe ọhịa ọhụrụ n'ala ndị na abụghị ọhịa mbụ (dịka ọrụ ugbo gbahapụrụ agbahapụ). . Ọnụego mfu nke oke ọhịa gbadara site na nde 7.8 ha kwa afọ n'ime afọ iri 1990–2000 ruo nde 5.2 ha kwa afọ na 2000–2010 yana nde ha dị nde 4.7 kwa afọ na 2010–2020. Ọnụọgụ mbelata nke mfu igbo akwụsịla n'ime afọ iri kacha nso nso a n'ihi mbelata nke mmụba nke oke ọhịa. Na China, bụ́ ebe e mebiwo oké ọhịa, n’oge gara aga, gọọmenti chọrọ ka nwa amaala ọ bụla dị n’agbata afọ 11 na 60 kụọ osisi atọ ma ọ bụ ise kwa afọ ma ọ bụ rụọ ọrụ hà nhata n’ọrụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. . Gọọmenti na ekwu na ọ dịkarịa ala 1 ijeri osisi ka a na akụ na China kwa afọ kemgbe 1982. Achọkwaghị nke a taa, mana March 12 nke afọ ọ bụla na China bụ ezumike ihe ọkụkụ. Ọzọkwa, o webatara oru ngo Green Wall nke China, nke na achọ ịkwụsị mgbasawanye nke ọzara Gobi site na ịkụ osisi. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke osisi na anwụ mgbe a kụrụ ya (ihe ruru 75%), ọrụ ahụ adịghị nke ọma. Enweela mmụba dị nde hectare 47 na mpaghara ọhịa na China kemgbe 1970s. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi ruru ihe dị ka ijeri 35 na 4.55% nke oke ala China mụbara na oke ọhịa. Mkpuchi ọhịa bụ 12% afọ iri abụọ gara aga ma ugbu a bụ 16.55%. Atụmatụ dị oke egwu maka China bụ Sistemụ Mgbochi ọhịa na Mgbochi Mgbochi nke ikuku na atụpụta ya na oru ngo nke ọhịa Sahara nke a na atụpụta ya yana Greenhouse Seawater. Na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ, ịba ụba nke ndị ahịa na achọ ngwaahịa osisi nke emepụtara ma na egbute n'ụzọ na adịgide adịgide na eme ka ndị nwe ala ọhịa na ụlọ ọrụ ọhịa na azawanye ajụjụ maka nlekọta ọhịa na omume igbu osisi. Mmemme nnapụta mmiri ozuzo nke ụbọchị Arbor Day Foundation bụ ọrụ ebere na enyere aka igbochi igbutu osisi. Ndị ọrụ ebere ahụ na eji ego enyere aka zụta ma chekwaa ala ọhịa tupu ụlọ ọrụ osisi enwee ike ịzụta ya. Arbor Day Foundation wee chebe ala ahụ site na igbutu osisi. Nke a na egbochikwa ụzọ ndụ nke ebo ochie bi n'ala ọhịa. Otu dị ka Community Forestry International, Cool Earth, The Nature Conservancy, World Wide Fund for Nature, Conservation International, African Conservation Foundation na Greenpeace na elekwasịkwa anya n'ichekwa ebe obibi ọhịa. Greenpeace ewepụtala mawapụta oke ọhịa ndị ka naemebibeghị wee bipụta ozi a na ịntanetị. Ụlọ ọrụ World Resources n'aka nke ya emewo maapụ isiokwu dị mfe nke na egosi ọnụọgụ oke ọhịa dị ntakịrị tupu afọ mmadụ (afọ 8000 gara aga) na ọkwa dị ugbu a (belata) nke ọhịa. Maapụ ndị a na egosi oke oke ọhịa achọrọ iji rụkwaa mmebi nke ndị mmadụ kpatara. ==== Osisi ọhịa ==== [[Usòrò:20130327Baumfaellarbeiten_St_Leon_Rot2.jpg|thumb|Ikpọkpọsị osisi na Germany.]] Iji nweta mkpa osisi nke ụwa na achọ, a na atụ aro na oke ọhịa na amịpụta mkpụrụ dị mma dị ka ndị edemede ọhịa Botkins na Sedjo si kwuo. Osisi ndị na amị 10 cubic mita kwa hectare kwa afọ ga enye osisi zuru oke maka ịzụ ahịa 5% nke oke ọhịa dị n'ụwa. N'ụzọ dị iche, oke ọhịa na emepụta ihe dị ka 1-2 cubic mita kwa hectare; ya mere, a ga-achọrọ ugboro 5–10 karịa oke ọhịa iji gboo ihe achọrọ. Forester Chad Oliver atụwo aro maka mosaic ọhịa nwere ala ọhịa na emepụta ihe dị elu nke jikọtara ya na ala nchekwa. Oke ọhịa na ekpuchi ihe dị ka nde hekta 131, nke bụ pasent 3 nke oke ọhịa zuru ụwa ọnụ yana pasent 45 nke ngụkọta oke ọhịa a kụrụ. N'ụwa niile, oke ọhịa ndị a kụrụ akụ gbagoro site na 4.1% ruo 7.0% nke mkpokọta oke ọhịa n'etiti 1990 na 2015. Osisi ihe ọkụkụ mejupụtara hekta 280 na 2015, mmụba nke ihe dị ka nde 40 n'ime afọ iri gara aga. N'ụwa niile, ọhịa ndị a kụrụ n'ubi nwere ihe dị ka 18% dị iche iche ma ọ bụ ụdị ewepụtara ebe ndị ọzọ bụ ụdị nke obodo a kụrụ. Oke kachasị elu nke oke ọhịa dị na South America, ebe ụdị ọhịa a na anọchi anya pasent 99 nke mkpokọta ọhịa a kụrụ na pasent 2 nke mkpokọta ọhịa. Oke kachasị ala nke oke ọhịa dị na Europe, ebe ọ na anọchi anya pasent 6 nke ala ọhịa a kụrụ na 0.4 pasent nke mkpokọta ọhịa. N'ụwa niile, pasent 44 nke oke ọhịa a na akụ ihe mejupụtara tumadi nke ụdị ewepụtara. Enwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'etiti mpaghara: dịka ọmụmaatụ, oke ọhịa dị na North na Central America na enwekarị ụdị ụmụ amaala na ndị dị na South America nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụdị ndị ewepụtara. Na South America, Oceania, na East na South Africa, ụdị ndị ewepụtara na achị oke ọhịa ndị a kụrụ: 88%, 75% na 65%, n'otu n'otu. Na North America, West na Central Asia, na Europe, oke nke ụdị ewepụtara n'ubi dị obere na 1%, 3% na 8% nke mpaghara a kụrụ n'otu n'otu. A na ejikwa oke ọhịa na akụ ahịhịa, nke nwere otu ụdị ma ọ bụ abụọ, ndị torola agadi, a na akụ ya na oghere mgbe niile, ma guzobe ya maka ebumnuche na arụpụta ihe. A naghị ejikwa oke ọhịa ndị ọzọ a kụrụ akụ, nke nwere pasent 55 nke oke ọhịa niile a kụrụ, na ha nwere ike yie oke ọhịa mgbe ha tozuru oke. Ebumnuche nke oke ọhịa ndị ọzọ a kụrụ nwere ike ịgụnye mweghachi nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa nke ụkpụrụ ala na mmiri. Na mba Senegal, nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Africa, otu òtù ndị ntorobịa na eduzi enyeworo aka kụọ ihe karịrị nde osisi mangrove 6. Osisi ndị ahụ ga echebe obodo nta ndị dị n'ime obodo pụọ na mbibi nke oké ifufe ma nyekwa anụ ọhịa ebe obibi. Ọrụ a malitere na 2008, ma a gwalarị gọọmentị Senegal ka ha guzobe iwu na ụkpụrụ nke ga echebe ọhịa mangrove ọhụrụ. ==== Tụnyere nchedo ọhịa ==== [[Usòrò:Amazon_Rainforest,_Brazil_Timelapse_1984-2018.gif|thumb|Ogologo oge igbutu oke ọhịa nke Amazon na nso nso a]] Ndị na eme nchọpụta, gụnyere site na European Commission, chọpụtara na, n'ihe gbasara ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ ka mma ịzere igbutu osisi karịa ikwe ka igbutu osisi na emesị megharịa, dịka nke mbụ na eduga na i.a. mmetụta a na apụghị ịgbagha agbagha n'ihe gbasara ọnwụ dị iche iche nke biodiversity na mmebi ala. Ọzọkwa, ihe gbasara nke puru omume na a ga ahapụ ikuku carbon sitere na ala dị elu n'ime oke ọhịa boreal. Enwere ike ilele ihe ọkụkụ ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmebi nke oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nwere ike bụrụ nke a na eledaghị anya ruo n'ihe dị ka afọ 2019. Ọzọkwa, mmetụta nke mpụta ma ọ bụ mkpụgharị ọhịa ga adị n'ọdịniihu karịa idobe oke ọhịa ndị dị adị. Ọ na ewe ogologo oge ọtụtụ iri afọ maka uru maka okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gosipụta otu uru ịghasa carbon sitere na osisi tozuru oke n'ime oke ọhịa yana site na ịmachi igbutu osisi. Mackey na Dooley na atụle "nchedo na mgbake nke carbon ọgaranya na ogologo ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa ọhịa eke" "isi ihu igwe ngwọta". == Ọnọdụ agha == Igbukpọsị osisi nwekwara ike ịkpata ụma kpachapụrụ anya nke ndị agha. Ikpocha oke ohia ghọrọ ihe na aga nke ọma na Alaeze Ukwu Russia meriri Caucasus n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Ndị Britain (n'oge Mberede Malayan) na United States (na Agha Korea na Agha Vietnam) jiri defoliants (dị ka Agent Orange ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ). === Enyemaka ndị agha === Ọnọdụ ndị agha ọzọ bụ iji teknụzụ ndị agha, nzukọ ndị agha na ndị agha maka ebumnuche nchekwa ọhịa. Otu mmemme nke gọọmentị Brazil ebula ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ agha steeti ahụ iji gbochie igbutu osisi Amazon. == Hụkwa ==   == Isi mmalite ==  Edemede a na etinye ederede sitere na ọrụ ọdịnaya efu. Enyere ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 (nkwupụta ikike/ikike). Edemede ewepụtara na Ntụle Ego Global Forest Resources 2020, FAO, FAO.  Edemede a na etinye ederede sitere na ọrụ ọdịnaya efu. Enyere ikike n'okpuru CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (nkwupụta ikike/ikike). Ederede ewepụtara na steeti oke ọhịa nke ụwa 2020. oke ọhịa, ụdị dị iche iche na ndị mmadụ - Na nkenke, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. == References == ; Notes <references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"> <ref name="IPCC-2019-367-a" group="lower-alpha"></ref> </references>   * [https://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest Global map of deforestation based on Landsat data] * [http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/jjfast/ JICA-JAXA Forest Early Warning System in the Tropics: JJ-FAST (FOREST GOVERNANCE INITIATIVE)]- JICA-JAXA * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131225223447/http://www.intactforests.org/world.map.html Old-growth forest zones within the remaining world forests] * [http://www.eia-international.org/campaigns/forests/ EIA forest reports]: Investigations into illegal logging. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160226181045/http://eia-global.org/forests_for_the_world/ EIA in the USA] Reports and info. * [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/cocaine-rainforests-columbia-santos-calderon Cocaine users are destroying the rainforest - at 4 square metres a gram] The Guardian * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110728125241/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/6034 "Avoided Deforestation" Plan Gains Support – Worldwatch Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152721/http://uk.oneworld.net/guides/forests OneWorld Tropical Forests Guide] Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine * [http://www.forestindustries.eu/redd Some Background Info to Deforestation and REDD+] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210418233540/http://www.effects-of-deforestation.com/ General info on deforestation effects] Archived 18 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine * [http://www.rainforestfoundation.org/climate-change/ Deforestation and Climate Change] * {{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/drivers-of-deforestation|title=Drivers of Deforestation|journal=[[Our World in Data]]|date=9 February 2021|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah}} ; In the media * Watch the National Film Board of Canada documentaries [http://www.nfb.ca/film/battle_for_the_trees/ ''Battle for the Trees''] & [http://www.nfb.ca/film/forest_in_crisis/ ''Forest in Crisis''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131102162013/http://indigenouspeoplesissues.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4668:video-on-deforestation-in-paraguay-as-a-result-of-agricultural-development-impact-to-indigenous-people-and-wildlife&catid=68:videos-and-movies&Itemid=96 Video on Illegal Deforestation In Paraguay] {{Deforestation}}{{Human impact on the environment}} aesw1lhsvrg7dj66imhdojpjum6q8l7 Ọmụma nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụzọ omenala 0 26721 195428 191662 2024-11-19T11:49:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi''' nke a na-akpọ '''Traditional ecological knowledge''' ('''TEK''') na-akọwa ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala na ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ nke ihe onwunwe mpaghara. Dị ka ngalaba ọmụmụ na Northern American anthropology, TEK na-ezo aka na "ihe ọmụma, nkwenye, na omume, nke na'agbakọta site na nchịkọta nke T EK ma nyefee site n'ọgbọ site mu abụ ọdịnala, akụkọ na nkwenkwe. Ọ na-emetụta mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ (gụnyere mmadụ) na ndị otu ọdịnala ha na gburugburu ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berkes|first=F.|date=1993|title=Weaving Traditional Ecological Knowledge into Biological Education: A Call to Action|journal=BioScience|volume=52|issue=5|pages=432}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala abụghị echiche zuru ụwa ọnụ n'etiti ọha mmadụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezo aka na usoro omenala ma ọ bụ omume nke na'ụzọ dị ukwuu na "ebe".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Madden|first=Brooke|date=June 2, 2015|title=Pedagogical pathways for Indigenous education with/in teacher education|journal=Teacher and Teacher Education|volume=51|pages=1–15|doi=10.1016/j.tate.2015.05.005}}</ref> A na-eji ihe ọmụma dị otú ahụ eme ihe na njikwa ihe okike dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka data gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọnọdụ ebe e nwere obere data sayensị edere, ma ọ bụ nwere ike ijikọta usoro sayensi nke Western nke njirimara gburugburu.<ref>Freeman, M.M.R. 1992. The nature and utility of traditional ecological knowledge. ''Northern Perspectives'', 20(1):9-12</ref> Ntinye nke TEK n'ọhịa nke njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi na sayensị ka na-ese okwu, dị ka ụzọ isi nweta ma na'anakọta ihe ọmụma ọ bụ ezie na ọ na - mgbe mgbe na a na, ụdị nyocha na nnwale, na ndị a ga-eji mepụta ma kwado ihe omuma sayensi nke gburugburu ụlọ site n"ụzọ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>McGregor, D. (2004). Coming full circle: indigenous knowledge, environment, and our future. ''American Indian Quarterly'', 28(3 & 4), 385-410</ref><ref>Becker, C. D., Ghimire, K. (2003). Synergy between traditional ecological knowledge and conservation science supports forest preservation in Ecuador. ''Conservation Ecology'', 8(1): 1</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-abụghị agbụrụ, dị ka US EPA, eguzobewo mmemme njikọta na ụfọdụ gọọmenti agbụọ iji tinye TEK na atụmatụ gburugburu ebe obibi na nsuso mgbanwe ihu igwe. E nwere arụmụka ma ndị obodo ahụ nwere ikike ọgụgụ isi n'elu ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ma iji ihe ọmụmụ a chọrọ ikike na ikikere tupu oge eruo.<ref>Simeone, T. (2004). Indigenous traditional knowledge and intellectual property rights. Library of Parliament: PRB 03-38E. Parliamentary Research Branch Political and Social Affairs Division.</ref> Nke a dị mgbagwoju anya karịsịa n'ihi na a na-echekwa TEK ugboro ugboro dị ka ọdịnala a ma n"ihi ya, ọ nwere ike ghara inwe akwụkwọ doro anya. N'ihi nke a, otu ụzọ ndị nwere ike idozi nsogbu nke akwụkwọ iji mezuo ihe ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ chọrọ nwere ikike imebi ọdịdị nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. A na-eji ihe ọmụma ọdịnala eme ihe iji chekwaa ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm |title=AAAS - Science and Human Rights Program. 2008. 10 February 2009 |accessdate=27 May 2023 |archivedate=9 February 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209125203/http://shr.aaas.org/tek/connection.htm }}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na TEK n'onwe ya, na obodo ndị ejikọtara na ọdịnala ọnụ, nwere ike ịbụ ihe egwu n"ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, T EK na-egosi na ọ dị oke mkpa maka ịghọta mmetụta nke mgbanwe ndị ahụ nʼime usoro okike.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/tk/wg8j-05/information/wg8j-05-inf-18-en.doc|title=Highly vulnerable Indigenous and local communities, inter alia, of the Arctic, small island states and high altitudes, concerning the impacts of climate change and accelerated threats, such as pollution, drought and desertification, to traditional knowledge and practices with a focus of causes and solution|author=Henriksen|first=John|publisher=UNEP/Convention on Biological Diversity|year=2007|location=Montreal|pages=30}}</ref> TEK nwekwara ike izo aka na '''ihe ọmụma''' gburugburu ebe obibi ọdịnala nke na-emesi ihe dị iche iche na mmekọrịta nke gburugburu.<ref name="What is Traditional Knowledge">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html|title=What is Traditional Knowledge|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2021-01-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129022035/http://www.nativescience.org/html/traditional_knowledge.html}}</ref> == Ọganihu nke mmụta ahụ == A na-eme nnyocha mbụ nke TEK na anthropology. A na-amụ ihe ọmụma gburugburu ebe obibi site na oghere nke ethnoecology, "ụzọ na'elekwasị anya n'echiche nke mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ nke ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị nwere," n"ịghọta etu usoro ihe omuma si mepụta site n-enye ọdịnala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Perspective|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|date=1993|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123164810/http://library.umac.mo/ebooks/b10756577a.pdf}}</ref> Harold Colyer Conklin, onye American anthropologist onye butere ụzọ n'ịmụ ihe gbasara ethnoscience, buturu ụzọ na-edekọ ụzọ ụmụ amaala si aghọta ụwa okike. Conklin na ndị ọzọ dere otú ndị ọdịnala, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ubi na Philippines, si gosipụta ihe ọmụma dị ịrịba ama na nke zuru oke banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ebe ha bi. Ntinye aka n'ịnchịkọta, imepụta ngwaahịa site na, na iji osisi na anụmanụ dị n"ógbè ahụ mepụtara atụmatụ nke ụwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụwa ọdịbendị jikọtara ọnụ. N'ịkwado ọmụmụ nke usoro mgbanwe, nke na-ekwu na nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'onwe ya bụ nzaghachi mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi site n"otu ìgwè na gburugburu ya, mmekọrịta ụmụ mmadụ-okike na usoro bara uru nke mmekọrịta na ọdịbendị ndị a dabere na ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Berkes|first=Fikret|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809113026/https://umanitoba.ca/institutes/natural_resources/canadaresearchchair/Encyclopedia%20of%20Religion%20And%20Nature%20Traditional%20Ecological%20Knowledge.pdf}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1980, akwụkwọ na'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ihe ọmụma ọdịnala gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi dere ma ihe gbasara ebe nchekwa nke ndị obodo dị iche iche nwere na mmekọrịta gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ha.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Mmụba nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge a dugara na nkwenye mba ụwa maka ngwa ngwa ya na omume njikwa akụ na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Akụkọ 1987 nke World Commission on Environment and Development gosipụtara nkwekọrịta n'oge ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ na-ekwu na ihe ịga nke ọma nke narị afọ nke 20 (ebelata ọnwụ ụmụaka, mmụba nke atụmanya ndụ, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na ide, na mmepụta nri zuru ụwa ọnụ) emeela ka ọnọdụ ndị kpatara mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi "n'ime ụwa na'etiti ihe onwunwe na na - na. "<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf|title=Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future|date=March 20, 1987}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, olileanya dị maka ụdị ndụ ọdịnala. Akụkọ ahụ kwupụtara na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala nwere ụdị ndụ nke nwere ike inye ọha mmadụ nke oge a nkuzi na njikwa ihe onwunwe n'oké ọhịa, ugwu, na usoro okike dị mgbagwoju anya. === Ihe dị iche na sayensị === [[Usòrò:2005_Comparing_Traditional_Ecological_Knowledge_(TEK)_to_Western_Science_-_Fish_&_Wildlife_Service_chart_circa_2014.svg|thumb| Ntụnyere TEK na Western Science<ref name="FWS_BasicTEKinfo">{{Cite web|title=Traditional Ecological Knowledge - Basic FWS Information / Comparing Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Western Science|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|work=FWS.gov|publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330221507/https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/traditional-knowledge.html|archivedate=30 March 2014|date=2014}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150510173256/http://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-comparisons.pdf direct link to chart]) ● FWS credits {{Cite journal|author=Barnhardt|first=Ray|title=Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Alaska Native Ways of Knowing|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|date=March 2005|volume=36|issue=1|doi=10.1525/aeq.2005.36.1.008|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-barnhardt-kawagley.pdf|issn=0161-7761}}</ref> ]] Fulvio Mazzocchi nke Italian National Research Council's Institute of Atmospheric Pollution na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na ihe ọmụmụ sayensị dị ka ndị a: <blockquote>Ọmụma ọdịnala ewepụtala echiche nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-emesi njirimara symbiotic nke mmadụ na okike ike. Ọ na-enye ụzọ maka mmepe mpaghara nke dabere na mmekorita ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana kwanyere ikike ibu nke gburugburu ebe obibi ugwu. Ihe ọmụma a gbadoro ụkwụ na nleba anya nhụsianya ogologo oge dabara na ọnọdụ mpaghara - na-eme ka ojiji dị mma na njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-enyere ụmụ amaala aka ime mgbanwe maka mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi n'ụwa ụzọ bụ isi iji gboo mkpa ha bụ isi, na-etolitekwa ntọala maka mkpebi na atụmatụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ bara uru, gụnyere nkọwa nke ihe ịtụnanya meteorological, ọgwụgwọ ahụike, njikwa mmiri, imepụta uwe, ịnya ụgbọ mmiri. oru ugbo na ugbo, ichu nta na igbu azu, na usoro nhazi nke ndu.... Ewezuga uru ya doro anya maka ndi mmadu na-adabere na ihe omuma a, o nwere ike inye mmadu n'ozuzu ya ihe omuma ohuru na ndu; ọ nwere uru bara uru maka njikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike ma nwee ike ịba uru na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa yana n'ime atụmatụ mmepe na nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi ... Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ bụ positivist na ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya n'ụzọ dị iche na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ ime mmụọ na ọ dịghị eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti. empirical na dị nsọ. Sayensị Western bụ ebumnobi na ọnụọgụ dị iche na-emegide ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, nke bụ isi n'onwe ya na nka. Sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ gbadoro ụkwụ n'ọkwa mmụta na ịgụ akwụkwọ, ebe ndị okenye na-ebufekarị ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'otu ọgbọ gaa n'ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Mazzocchi|first=Fulvio|date=2006-05-01|title=Western science and traditional knowledge|journal=EMBO Reports|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=463–466|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400693|issn=1469-221X|pmc=1479546|pmid=16670675}}</ref> </blockquote> == Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala == Akụkụ nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ụdị dị iche iche n'otú e si eji ya ma ghọta ya. Ndị a bụ ezigbo ihe na-egosi etu esi eji ya eme ihe site n'echiche dị iche iche na otu esi ejikọta ha, na'inye nkwenye na "nchịkwa mmekorita iji chọpụta ebe dịgasị iche ma na - agbakọta mgbe ị na na<ref>Houde, N. (2007) Ecology and Society.</ref> === Ihe ndị e kwuru n'eziokwu === Houde na-akọwa ihu isii nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala.<ref name="Houde">{{Cite journal|author=Houde|first=Nicolas|date=2007-12-20|title=The Six Faces of Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Challenges and Opportunities for Canadian Co-Management Arrangements|journal=Ecology and Society|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|doi=10.5751/ES-02270-120234|issn=1708-3087|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2639/ES-2007-2270.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> Akụkụ mbụ nke ihe ọmụma gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na-agụnye eziokwu, nleba anya akọwapụtara site na nnabata, aha na nhazi nke akụkụ pụrụ iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Akụkụ a bụ maka ịghọta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị na gburugburu ha. Ọ bụkwa usoro nke ma nleba anya na ozi na-emesi akụkụ nke anụmanụ na omume ha, na ebe obibi, na njirimara anụ ahụ nke ụdị, na ụbara anụmanụ. Nke a kacha baa uru maka ntule na njikwa ihe egwu nke na-enye mba dị iche iche ohere imetụta njikwa akụrụngwa. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na mba emeghị ihe, mgbe ahụ steeti nwere ike ime ihe maka ọdịmma nke ya. Ụdị "ihe ọmụma pụtara ìhè bụ nke a na-eme nleba anya n'ozuzu ya nke a na-eme ogologo oge ma kwadoro site na akaụntụ nke ndị ọzọ na-ejide TEK.<ref>Usher, P.J. 2000. Traditional Ecological Knowledge in environmental assessment and management</ref> === Usoro nchịkwa === Ihu nke abụọ na-ezo aka n'iji ihe onwunwe eme ihe n"ụzọ ziri ezi na nke na'ụzọ na ya na usoro njikwa. A na-enweta nke a site na atụmatụ atụmatụ iji hụ na nchekwa akụ na ụba. Karịsịa ihu a na-agụnye ịnagide njikwa ahụhụ, ntụgharị ihe onwunwe, ọtụtụ usoro owuwe ihe ubi, na ụzọ maka ịtụle ọnọdụ ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>Berkes 1988, Gunn et al. 1988</ref> Ọ na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa akụ na otu o si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Houde"/> === Ojiji e ji mee ihe n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a === Ihu nke atọ na-ezo aka na oge nke TEK, na'elekwasị anya n'iji gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe n"oge gara aga na nke ugbu a site na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka iji ala eme ya, ebe a na ya bi, ma ọ bụ na owuwe ihe ubi.<ref>Usher 2000</ref> Karịsịa osisi na-agwọ ọrịa na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme bụ nnukwu nchegbu.<ref name="Houde"/> A na-eji akụkọ ihe mere eme eme iji nyefee ihe nketa ọdịbendị n'ọgbọ, ma na'enye aka n"echiche nke ezinụlọ na obodo. === Ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ === Ihu nke anọ na-ezo aka na nkwupụta uru na njikọ dị n'etiti usoro nkwenye na nhazi nke eziokwu. Banyere TEK ọ na-ezo aka na ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi nke na'ịnọgide na ikike mmegbu. Ihu a na-ezo aka na ngosipụta nke ụkpụrụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ebe obibi nke ụdị na gburugburu ha - gburugburu mmekọrịta mmadụ na mmadụ. === Omenala na njirimara === [[Usòrò:Lithospermum_canescens.jpg|alt=|thumb|Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-ejikọkarị na ihe ọmụma gbara osisi na akwụkwọ gburugburu.]] Ihu nke ise na-ezo aka na ọrụ nke asụsụ na ihe oyiyi nke oge gara aga na'enye ndụ na ọdịbendị.<ref>Houde 2007</ref> Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Aboriginals (ndị bi na mbụ) na gburugburu ha dị mkpa iji kwado ihe ọdịbendị na-akọwa ha. Ihu a na-egosipụta akụkọ, ụkpụrụ, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke bi n'ebe dị ka ihe na'inye aka na ndụ, ọmụmụ, yana evolushọn nke ọdịbendị na njirimara. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na "uru e si eme ka ọdịbendị dị ka ebe a ga-eme ka ọ dị ọhụrụ".<ref>Lewis and Sheppard 2005</ref> === Ọdịdị mbara igwe === Ihu nke isii bụ cosmology dabeere na ọdịbendị nke bụ ntọala nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ. Cosmology bụ echiche nke otu ụwa si arụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ ọdịbendị. Nke a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site n'otu ọdịbendị gaa na nke ọzọ. Na US dịka ọmụmaatụ, e nwere ihe karịrị agbụrụ 577 gọọmentị etiti nabatara nwere ọdịbendị, asụsụ na usoro nkwenkwe nke ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime agbụrụ ndị a na-aghọta onwe ha dị ka ndị jikọtara ọnụ na ala. Okwu 'cosmology' metụtara echiche na nkwenye banyere otu ihe si arụ ọrụ, ma kọwaa ụzọ ihe jikọtara, na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị na'ịchịkwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ n'ụwa. Site n'echiche anthropological, cosmology na-anwa ịghọta mmekọrịta mmadụ na anụmanụ na otu ndị a si emetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ọrụ ndị otu obodo, na omume nchịkwa. N'akwụkwọ ya bụ ''A Yupiaq Worldview''<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kawagley|first=A. Oscar|title=A Yupiaq worldview: a pathway to ecology and spirit|date=2006|publisher=Waveland Press|isbn=1-57766-384-5|edition=2nd|location=Long Grove, IL|oclc=64668378}}</ref>: A Pathway to Ecology and Spirit nke Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley, onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ, kwuru na "Nkwado nke okike, ma ọ bụ echiche gburugburu ebe obibi, dị oke mkpa nye Yupiiaqa. Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nchọpụta ihe mgbe ochie nke agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ụwa yiri ka ọ na-egosi otu usoro nkà ihe ọmụma ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi n"etiti ndị mmadụ niile, njikọ a doro anya na na'echiche nke njikọ nke ihe niile dị na mbara igwe. Ndị Yupiaq bụ, ma ka bụ ndị na-akwado echiche ụwa a, n'agbanyeghị adịghị ike nke echiche gburugburu ebe obibi site na intrusions nke oge a. Kawagley na-akọwawanye banyere TEK na echiche ụwa nke Yupiaq site n'ikwu na, "Ụzọ onye Yupiak gụnyere nyocha, ahụmịhe, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ige ntị na mkparịta ụka na ajụjụ nke ụwa okike na nke ime mmụọ na uche. Onye ahụ bụ onye na-ekere òkè mgbe niile. " == Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Grass_tree_on_fire_during_controlled_burn.jpg|thumb|Ihe atụ nke a bụ gọọmentị Australia na-enyeghachi ndị Aborigine ala iji mee omenala ha nke ọkụ ọkụ. Nke a mere ka ebe ndị ahụ dị iche iche ma belata egwu ọkụ ọhịa na oke ha.]] Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ụzọ dị iche iche na nke zuru oke maka njikwa akụ na ụba. Ọ na-agụnye ma sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala iji chịkọta data site na usoro ogologo oge nke sayensi na ọ gaghị enwe ike. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ha na ụmụ amaala na'etiti ha site na usoro mkpebi nkwekọrịta ka ha wee zute mkpa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọdịbendị nke ọgbọ ndị dị ugbu a na nke ga-abịa n'ihu. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala emeela ụzọ iji dozie mgbagwoju anya ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere usoro na ngwaọrụ. Nke a bụ mmekọrịta dị mma inwe nke na-emepụta nsonaazụ ka mma maka akụkụ abụọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe ize ndụ nke ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ na mba anaghị aba uru n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma ọ bụ malị. Ọtụtụ oge, a na-eji ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala eme ihe n'èzí mba ahụ n"enweghị nkwenye (nkwado ọdịbendị), nkwanye ùgwù, ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ. Ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ nwere ikike ịbụ ihe ọmụma dị nsọ. === Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi === Mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi bụ omume nke iweghachi usoro gburugburu ụlọ site na ntinye aka mmadụ. E nwere ọtụtụ njikọ n'etiti mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi na omume nchịkwa gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ metụtara TEK, agbanyeghị na njikwa gburugburu obodo T EK dị omimi karịa site na mmekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Douterlungne|first=David|date=2010|title=Applying Indigenous Knowledge to the Restoration of Degraded Tropical Rain Forest Clearings Dominated by Bracken Fern|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=322–329|doi=10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00459.x|issn=1526-100X}}</ref> N'ihi ike na-ahaghị nhata n'etiti ụmụ amaala na ndị na'abụghị ụmụ Amaala, ọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị mma iji weghachite ikpe na nke a egosila na ọ ga-aga nke ọma mgbe ụmụ ụmụamaala duziri ọrụ mweghachi gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hall|first=Monique Mae|date=2021|title=Promoting social and environmental justice to support Indigenous partnerships in urban ecosystem restoration|journal=Restoration Ecology|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=e13305|doi=10.1111/rec.13305|issn=1526-100X}}</ref> == Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na US Environmental Protection Agency == Ụlọ ọrụ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency bụ otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti mbụ mepụtara iwu iwu na-akọwapụta otu ọ ga-esi soro gọọmenti agbụrụ rụkọọ ọrụ ma kweta ọdịmma agbụọ n"ịmepụta mmemme ya "iji chebe ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/tribal/epa-policy-administration-environmental-programs-indian-reservations-1984-indian-policy|title=EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental Programs on Indian Reservations (1984 Indian Policy)|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-04-12|date=2015-04-28}}</ref> N'ịghọta njikọ agbụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, EPA achọwo ịmepụta mmemme gburugburu Ebe obibi nke na-ejikọta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ n'ime "sayensị gburugburu obodo, iwu, na usoro mkpebi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/500024668.pdf|title=Consideration of Tribal Treaty Rights and Traditional Ecological Knowledge|author=Woolford|first=James|date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a maghị TEK ugbu a dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta mmemme nkà sayensi nke kwekọrọ na T EK ma na'akwalite afọ ojuju na mkpebi siri ike.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.epa.gov/region9/tribal/web/pdf/tribal-ecological-knowledge-env-sci-policy-dm.pdf|title=Integration of Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) in Environmental Science, Policy and Decision-Making|date=June 2011}}</ref> Enweghị nkwenye maka ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịkọwa ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu gburugburu Ebe obibi na-anọchite anya ọchịchọ agbụrụ iji sayensị kpọrọ ihe karịa ụdị ọdịbendị. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ na-ejikọta sayensị na TEK ga-ekweta ụkpụrụ nke usoro nkuzi pụrụ iche iji jiri uru nke sayensi na tEK mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ ọrụ US ga-amụta banyere TEK site na oghere nke ndị otu ụmụ amaala site n'ịrụ ọrụ n"akụkụ na ndị okenye ụmụ Amaala, na-anakọta data aka site ne ebe a na'okwu ahụ, ma tinye ụkpụrụ ụmụ amụrụ nʼime nyocha sayensị ha.<ref name=":0"/> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2000, Onye isi ala US Bill Clinton wepụtara Executive Order 13175, nke chọrọ ka ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na-agwa gọọmenti agbụrụ India na mmepe nke iwu ndị ga-enwe mmetụta agbọrọ.<ref name=":12"/> EPA na-akọwa mmetụta agbụrụ dị ka inwe "mmetụta dị ukwuu na otu ma ọ bụ karịa agbamakwụkwọ ndị India, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gọọmentị etiti na agb agbụọ ndị Indian, maọ bụ na nkesa ike na ibu ọrụ n"etiti ọchịchị etiti etiti n "<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-executive-order-13175-consultation-and-coordination-indian-tribal|title=Summary of Executive Order 13175 - Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments|work=United States Environmental Protection Agency|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-17|date=2013-02-22}}</ref> Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke gọọmenti US, achọrọ ka EPA guzobe ụkpụrụ maka usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ. Dị ka nzaghachi mbụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mepụtara ụkpụrụ nke ga-enye ohere maka nkwurịta okwu na nhazi bara uru n'etiti ụlọ Ọrụ na ndị isi agbụrụ tupu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ emee ihe ma ọ bụ mezuo mkpebi ndị nwere ike imetụta agbọrọ. Ụkpụrụ ahụ họpụtakwara kọntaktị ndụmọdụ EPA iji kwalite nkwekọrịta na nhazi nke usoro ndụmọdụ ahụ, ma guzobe nlekọta nchịkwa na ịkọ akụkọ iji hụ na ịza ajụjụ na nghọta. Otu ụdị ndụmọdụ bụ EPA Tribal Councils. N'afọ 2000, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na mmepe nke EPA guzobere Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke ESA. Kansụl ahụ, nke ndị nnọchiteanya si n'agbụrụ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ mejupụtara, bụ iji nye usoro maka itinye aka agbụrụ na mbọ sayensị nke EPA, ma bụrụ ụgbọ ala nke ga-esi na EPA nwere ike inweta nghọta nke okwu sayensi nke kachasị mkpa maka agbọrọ na ọkwa mba. Kansụl ahụ na-enyekwa agbụrụ ohere imetụta atụmatụ sayensị nke EPA site n'ibuli okwu ndị a dị mkpa na otu EPA.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-02/documents/ej-indigenous-policy.pdf|title=Policy on Environmental Justice for Working with Federally Recognized Tribes and Indigenous Peoples|date=July 24, 2014|work=www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/}}</ref> Ihe dị mkpa maka ndị agbụrụ na nnọkọ mbụ nke Kansụl Sayensị Agbụrụ EPA bụ ọdịiche dị na ndụ ọdịnala agbọrọ na sayensụ ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụzọ ndụ ndị a gụnyere "mmekọrịta ime mmụọ, mmetụta uche, anụ ahụ, na nke uche na gburugburu ebe obibi; njikọ ndị dabeere na ụkpụrụ intrinsic, nke a na-apụghị ịgụta ọnụ"; na nghọta na ihe onwunwe ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ.<ref name=":12"/> Otu ọ di, e bụ n'obi ka EPA's Tribal Science Council, rụọ ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ ebe otu abụọ ahụ nwere ike "ịkekọrịta ozi nwere ike inye aka na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi maka ndị mmadụ niile na-enweghị omenala na-ahapụ njirimara ya." N'ịgbalị ichekwa TTL Kansụl ahụ chọpụtara n'ime ala dịka mpaghara dị oke mkpa maka nyocha. Council EPA-Tribal Science Council kọwara ndụ dị ka: "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ụzọ ndụ. Nri na-agụnye njikọ ime mmụọ dị n'ime ụwa, na-agụnye nghọta na ihe onwunwe nke ụwa ga-enye ihe niile dị mkpa maka ndụ mmadụ. Ndị na-eri nri site n'ihe ndị bụ́ isi dị n'ụwa nọgidere na-ejikọta ha na ihe ndị ahụ, na-ebi ndụ n'ime gburugburu ndụ. N'ihi na TTL ma ọ bụ TEK bụ kpọmkwem ebe ma na-agụnye mmekọrịta dị n'etiti osisi na anụmanụ, na mmekọrịta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nkwenye nke subsitement dị ka ihe kacha mkpa na-enye ohere ka e chebe ihe ọmụma na omume nke TTL. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dịka akụkụ nke ntụle aka ha gbasara ihe iri nri, Kansụl ahụ kwetara ịchọpụta mmetọ akụrụngwa dịka "okwu sayensị agbụrụ kachasị njọ n'oge a." N'ihi na ndị ebo na-ebi ndụ na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi maka usoro ọdịnala nke ọrụ ugbo, ịchụ nta. ịkụ azụ, oke ohia, na ọgwụ, na emume, mmetọ na-emetụta ndị agbụrụ na-adịghị mma ma na-etinye TTL ha n'ihe egwu. Dị ka EPA Council si kwuo, "ọnụego iri nri ebo na-adịkarị elu karịa nke ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, na-eme ka mmetụta mmetọ akụ na ụba na-enwe nchegbu ozugbo."<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/nativeamerican/pdf/tek-j-sepez.pdf|title=Traditional Environmental Knowledge in Federal Natural Resource Management Agencies|author=Sepez|first=Jennifer|date=Winter 2005|work=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service}}</ref> Ka ụmụ amaala na-agbasi mbọ ike na akụ ndị emetọghị, kansụl ahụ enweela ọganihu n'ịchọpụta mmetụta ya. N'agbanyeghị mgbalị ndị dị otú ahụ, a ka nwere ihe mgbochi maka ọganihu n'ime Kansụl Sayensị agbụrụ EPA. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu ihe mgbochi bụ ọdịdị nke TTL. A na-enyefe ndụ ọdịnala agbụrụ site n'ọnụ, site na onye gaa na mmadụ, ọgbọ gaa n"ọgbọ, ebe sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na'okwu edere ede, na a na -ezipụ ya site mube akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":12"/> Mgbalị ndị a na-eme iji jikọta ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị agbụrụ egbochikwala site n'echiche nke ndị American Indian na a ga-etinye nyocha sayensi na " igbe ojii" ihe atụ nke na'imechi ntinye agbọrọ. N'agbanyeghi, EPA amatala ikike nke ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala iji kwalite nghọta sayensị ma nye ozi ọhụrụ na echiche ndị nwere ike ịba uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ. Njikọ nke TTL n'ime usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA bụ otu ihe atụ nke otu Kansụl Sayensị nke Ezinụlọ EPA si nwee ike ịme mgbanwe na omenala EPA. Usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ bụ "usoro nhazi maka nyocha sayensị nke ikike maka mmetụta na-emerụ ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi ikpughe na mmetọ ma ọ bụ nrụgide gburugburu ụlọ ndị ọzọ". EPA ejirila nyocha ihe ize ndụ mee ihe iji guzobe "ọkwa dị ọcha na ebe mkpofu dị ize adị, ogo mmiri na ikuku, ndụmọdụ azụ, na mmachibido iwu ma ọ bụ mmachi maka ọgwụ ahụhụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ na-egbu egbu. "<ref name=":3"/> Otú ọ dị, ndị agbụrụ na-echegbu onwe ha na usoro nyocha ihe ize ndụ ugbu a anaghị enye uru zuru oke na omenala agbamakwụkwọ, ụkpụrụ, na / ma ọ bụ ụzọ ndụ. Kansụl Sayensị Tribal na-achọ itinye TTL n'ime echiche ndị dị na ụdị nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ogologo oge maka Kansụl Sayensị Tribal nke EPA, Otú ọ dị, bụ mgbanwe zuru oke na nyocha mkpebi site n'ihe ize ndụ gaa n"ichekwa ndị nwere ahụike na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka e kwuru n'elu, ndị agbụrụ anaghị anabata nkewa nke ọnọdụ mmadụ na nke gburugburu ebe obibi mgbe ha na-akọwa ihe ize ndụ. Site na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, ogbako, na ọrụ ndị EPA malitere, agbụrụ enweela ike itinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere njikọta nke Tribal Traditional Lifeways n'ime nyocha ihe ize ndụ na mkpebi nke EPA. Nke a emeela n'ọtụtụ ụzọ: itinye ọrụ ọdịbendị agbụrụ pụrụ iche dị ka nkata ala, mkpa salmon na azụ ndị ọzọ, ọgwụ osisi ala ahụ, iri nnukwu azụ na egwuregwu, na ụlọ ọsụsọ dị iche iche maka ịtụle ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime maka ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo. Ọ bụ ezie na ụdị ọrụ agbụrụ ndị a nwere ike itinye na nyocha ihe ize ndụ nke EPA, ọ nweghị mmesi obi ike na a ga-etinye ha ma ọ bụ na-agbanwe agbanwe n'otú e si etinye ha n"ọrụ na saịtị dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ.<ref name=":3" /> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, EPA kwupụtara "Nchịkwa ya maka ikpe ziri ezi maka gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịrụ ọrụ na agbụrụ na ndị obodo a ma ama," na-ewepụta ụkpụrụ ya iji "kwado mmejuputa iwu gburugburu obodo nke gọọmentị etiti, ma nye nchebe pụọ na mmetụta na ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu. " N'etiti ụkpụrụ iri na asaa ahụ bụ # 3 ("EPA na-arụ ọrụ iji ghọta nkọwa nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site n'echiche nke agbụrụ gọọmentị etiti nabatara, ụmụ amaala niile na United States, na ndị ọzọ bi na mba India"); # 6 ("APA gbara ume, dịka o kwesịrị ma ruo n"ókè iwu nwere ike ime ma kwe ka ọ dị, njikọta nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala n-abanye na sayensị gburugburu, iwu, ihe ndị ọrụ mkpebi, iji ghọtakwuo ma dozie nchegbu gbasara mmejuputa usoro ihe omume, ozi ọdịbendị, dị nsọ"Ọpụpụ ọzọ Ọ bụ ezie na iwu a na-akọwa ntuziaka na usoro maka EPA n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha na agbụrụ na ụmụ amaala metụtara, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru na ha anaghị arụ ọrụ dịka iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ. A pụghị itinye ha n'ọrụ na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee maọbụ dochie iwu ọ bụla, ụkpụrụ, ma Ọ bụ ihe ọ ọzọ iwu chọrọ ma bụrụ nke iwu kwadoro.<ref name="Policy" /> == Mmetụta nke mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala == N'ebe ụfọdụ, mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ka mbelata nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ụlọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na obodo Aamjiwnaang nke Anishnaabe ndị mba mbụ dị na Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, ndị bi na ya na-ata ahụhụ site na "ebelata dị ịrịba ama nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ nwoke ..., nke ndị obodo na - na ha na ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical dị nso":<ref name="Hoover">{{Cite journal|author=Hoover|first=Elizabeth|year=2012|title=Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=120|issue=12|pages=1645–1649|doi=10.1289/ehp.1205422|pmid=22899635}}</ref> == Mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations (US EPA, 2016) (IA indigenous-health-climate-change).pdf|thumb|Ụmụ amaala na Mgbanwe ihu igwe: akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere mmetụta ahụike nke mgbanwe ihu ọha na ụmụ ama amaalaa]] Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala na-enye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ofe ọgbọ na ọdịdị ala nke ndị bi n"ógbè ahụ.<ref name="link.springer.com">{{Cite journal|author=Ignatowski|first=Jonathan Andrew|title=Identifying the exposure of two subsistence villages in Alaska to climate change using traditional ecological knowledge|journal=Climatic Change|volume=121|issue=2|pages=285–299|doi=10.1007/s10584-013-0883-4|year=2013}}</ref> Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emesi ike ma na'eme ka ozi gbasara ahụike na mmekọrịta nke ebe dị n'etiti ozi ọ na ya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|author=Moffa|first=Anthony|title=Traditional Ecological Rulemaking|url=https://law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/moffa.pdf|accessdate=16 March 2017}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụdị njirimara ndị obodo na ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ ha. A na-enyefe ihe ọmụma ọdịnala site n'ọgbọ ruo n"ọzọ ma na'ihu taa. Ndị obodo ahụ na-adabere na omenala ndị a maka ndụ ha. Maka ọtụtụ oge owuwe ihe ubi, ụmụ amaala agbanweela ọrụ ha ọnwa ole na ole gara aga n'ihi mmetụta sitere na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Okpomọkụ na-arị elu na'ihi na ọ na - emebi ndụ nke ụfọdụ osisi na ụdị osisi. Njikọ nke ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ na mgbanwe nke ọkwa mmiri ozuzo na-emetụta ebe osisi na'eto. Okpomọkụ ahụ na-emetụtakwa ụmụ ahụhụ na ụmụ anụmanụ. Mgbanwe nke okpomọkụ nwere ike imetụta ọtụtụ akụkụ site n'oge ụmụ ahụhụ na-apụta n"afọ niile na mgbanwe na ebe obibi nke ụmụ anụmanụ n-agbanwe oge.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ ọhịa na'ozuzu ya na ọ ga-abụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e weghachiri otu mba dị n'Australia ala ma na'ịgbanwe omume ọdịnala ha nke ịchịkwa ọkụ. Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ dị iche iche dị ndụ na mbelata oke ọkụ ọhịa. Ọ bụghị naanị na akụkụ dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta, kamakwa n'ozuzu, mgbanwe ihu igwe na'ahụ maka ahụike nke usoro okike, ya mere, ihe onwunwe gburugburu ụwa dị maka ụmụ amaala nwere ike ịgbanwe na ego dịnụ na ogo nke ihe ndị ahụ.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Ka oke ice nke oké osimiri na-ebelata, ndị Alaska Native na na'ahụ mgbanwe na ndụ ha kwa ụbọchị; ịkụ azụ, njem, akụkụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ndụ ya anaghị adịkarị mma.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=May 2016|title=Climate Change and the Health of Indigenous Populations|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/indigenous-11x17.pdf|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Mgbasa nke ala emebiwo ụlọ na okporo ụzọ. Mmetọ mmiri na-akawanye njọ ka mmiri dị ọcha na'ebelata.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov">{{Cite web|author=Bennet|first=T.M. Bull|date=2014|title=National Climate Assessment: Indigenous Peoples, Lands, and Resources|url=http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/report/sectors/indigenous-peoples#|accessdate=13 March 2017|work=Global Change|publisher=US Global Change Research Program}}</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emebi ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ụmụ amaala n'ọtụtụ ọkwa. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na ụmụ amaala nwere mmekọrịta dịgasị iche iche dabere na mpaghara ala nke chọrọ mgbanwe dị iche na omume ibelata. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji dozie ọnọdụ ndị a ozugbo, ndị obodo ahụ na-agbanwe mgbe ha na'ewe ihe ubi na ihe ha nwetara ma na na a na - gbanwee ojiji ha ji akụ mee ihe. Mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ịgbanwe izi ezi nke ozi nke ihe ọmụma ọdịnala. Ndị obodo ahụ adaberela n'ụzọ miri emi na ihe ngosi na okike iji hazie ihe omume na ọbụna maka amụma ihu igwe dị mkpirikpi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Vinyeta|first=Kirsten|title=Exploring the role of traditional ecological knowledge in climate change initiative|url=https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo37896/pnw_gtr879.pdf|publisher=Portland, OR: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station|accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> N'ihi ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na nke na'ebe ọzọ, ndị obodo ahụ na -akwagharị iji chọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ ha ga-esi dịrị ndụ. N'ihi ya, enwere mfu nke njikọ ọdịbendị na ala ha biri na ya ma enwerekwa mghọm na ihe ọmụma ọdịnala ha nwere na ụwa dị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="nca2014.globalchange.gov"/> Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke a na-ahazighị nke ọma ma ọ bụ na'ọrụ nwere ike imerụ ikike ụmụ amaala ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Raygorodetsky|first=Gleb|title=Why Traditional Ecological Knowledge Holds the Key to Climate Change|url=https://unu.edu./publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html|work=United Nations University|accessdate=16 March 2017|archivedate=13 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513155340/https://unu.edu/publications/articles/why-traditional-knowledge-holds-the-key-to-climate-change.html}}</ref> EPA ekwuola na ọ ga-ewere ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi n'ịhazi mgbanwe maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. National Resource Conservation Service nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo nke United States ejirila usoro nke ụmụ amaala lụso ọnọdụ mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ.<ref name="auto"/> === Nnyocha ikpe: Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska === N'otu nnyocha, ndị obodo Savoonga na Shaktoolik, Alaska kọrọ na n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga nke ndụ ha, ihu igwe siri ike ịkọ, oge oyi adịla mkpụmkpụ, enwere ihe isi ike ibu amụma ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi dị maka owuwe ihe ubi, e nwere ọdịiche na mbata anụmanụ, a na-ahụkarị ụdị ọhụrụ karịa tupu, na ọrụ ịchụ nta na nchịkọta aghọwo ihe a pụrụ ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ mee mgbe niile n"ihi obere nnweta ime ya. Ndị bi ebe ahụ hụrụ mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihu igwe ha nke metụtakwara ụzọ ha si ebi ndụ. Osisi na anụmanụ anaghị adaba na nnweta ha nke na-emetụta ịchụ nta na nchịkọta nke ndị bi ebe ahụ n'ihi na enweghị ọtụtụ ihe ịchụrụ ma ọ bụ chịkọta. Ọdịdị nke ụdị osisi na anụmanụ ọhụrụ bụkwa nchegbu anụ ahụ na nke nri na-edozi ahụ n'ihi na ha abụghị akụkụ nke ala.<ref name="link.springer.com"/> == Ihe Nlereanya Agbụrụ == === Karuk na Yurok Ọkụ === Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi Kirsten Vinyeta na onye nchọpụta mgbanwe ihu igwe agbụrụ Kathy Lynn si kwuo, "ebo Karuk nke California bi n'ala ndị Aborigine n"etiti osimiri Klamath na Salmon na Northern California. Ógbè ndị Aborigine nke agbụrụ ahụ gụnyere ihe dịka nde 1.38 n'ime Klamath River Basin. Omume ọkụ ọdịnala abụwo ihe dị oke egwu na Karuk kemgbe oge ochie. Maka agbụrụ ahụ, ọkụ na-eje ozi dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa ala dị oke mkpa yana omume ime mmụọ. " Dị ka prọfesọ ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi Tony Marks-Block, onye na-eme nchọpụta gburugburu ụlọ Frank K. Lake na onye ọrụ ọhịa Lisa M. Curran si kwuo, "tupu iwu mgbochi ọkụ gbasaa, ndị India America na'ịgbasa ọkụ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọdịbendị iji bulie ihe onwunwe dị mkpa maka ndụ ha na omenala ha. Iji weghachite ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-agwụ site na ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwepụ ọkụ na iji belata ihe ize ndụ ọkụ ọhịa, agbụrụ Karuk na Yurok nke Northwest California na'ihu na mgbalị mmekorita mpaghara iji gbasaa ọkụ mgbasa ozi na ọgwụgwọ mbelata mmanụ na ala ọha na eze, nke onwe, na nke agbú na mpaghara nna ha. "<ref name="Frank K 2019">{{Cite journal|author=Marks-Block|first=Tony|date=2019-10-15|title=Effects of understory fire management treatments on California Hazelnut, an ecocultural resource of the Karuk and Yurok Indians in the Pacific Northwest|journal=Forest Ecology and Management|language=en|volume=450|pages=117517|doi=10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117517|issn=0378-1127}}</ref> Tony Marks-Block, Frank K. Lake na Lisa M. Curran kwukwara na "n'ókèala Karuk, gọọmentị etiti emeghị ebe nchekwa, na-ahapụ naanị 3.83 square kilomita nke ala ntụkwasị obi Karik n'ógbè nna ha, ebe ndị fọdụrụ n"ụzọ dị ukwuu nʼokpuru ikike nke Klamath na Six Rivers National Forests na ebe obibi ndị mmadụ gbasasịrị. N'ihi ya, ndị otu Karuk Tribal na ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa ga-agafe USDA Forest Service na-ekwu na ala nna nna ha ma nwee nhọrọ ole na ole iji gbasaa ala ha site n'inweta ala onwe ha. N'ókèala Yurok, ọtụtụ ikike na-emetụta gụnyere Redwood National Park na Six Rivers National Forest na mpụga ebe gọọmentị etiti guzobere. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ osisi nke onwe. N'ihi ya, agbụrụ Yurok ga-ejikọta ma ọ bụ soro ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri n'ime ala nna nna ha, mana ha nwere nhọrọ ka ukwuu maka inweta ihe onwunwe onwe ha karịa agbụọ Karuk.<ref name="Frank K 2019"/> Dị ka prọfesọ nke nkà mmụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Kari Norgaard na onye otu agbụrụ Karuk William Tripp si kwuo, "a pụrụ imepụtaghachi usoro a ma gbasaa ya na obodo ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Klamath Mountains na karịa. Hoopa na Yurok tanoak na-eguzo na ọkụ ọkụ na ya na ọrịa ahụ na oge. Nnyocha ụfọdụ na-egosi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na ọrịa na mberede na ọkụ ọhịa (ugboro 72 na ọ gaghị adị n'ebe ọkụ gbara na ebe ọkụ na otu ebe ahụ), ọ bụ ezie na egosila na ya na'oge na a na - na na enweghị ọkụ ugboro ugboro, n"ihi na nsogbu ahụ nwere ike ịdị ndụ na ndị ọbịa na ha ọkụ ahụ na. " === Nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke Anishinabe === Dị ka ndị edemede Bobbie Kalman na Niki Walker si kwuo, "ndị obodo, ma ọ bụ ụmụ amaala, ndị mmadụ ebiela na mpaghara Great Lakes ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Ndị obodo Anishinabe (Anishinaabe) biri na mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Great Lakes. Dị ka ọdịnala si kwuo, ndị Anishinabe biri n'akụkụ nnukwu mmiri nnu, nke nwere ike ịbụ Oké Osimiri Atlantic ma ọ bụ Hudson's Bay. Ndị mmadụ natara amụma, ma ọ bụ amụma na ọ bụrụ na ha aga n'ime ime obodo, ha ga-achọta ebe nri na-eto n"ime mmiri. Ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agbaso ọhụụ nke ihe a na'ahụ anya, ma ọ bụ cowrie shell, nke duziri ha gaa n"ebe ndịda Great Lakes. Ndị mmadụ kewara n'ìgwè ma biri n"ebe dị iche iche nke jikọtara ọnụ mepụta mba Anishinabe. Ndị Anishinabe nwere mmekọrịta chiri anya na mba abụọ ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ Great Lakes bụ Odawa (Ottawa) na Potawatomi. Ndị si mba atọ a na-alụkarị ibe ha, na'azụ ahịa, ma na - arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji dozie esemokwu. Ha gbakọtakwara na kansụl, ebe ha na-eme mkpebi ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kalman|first=Bobbie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq-MowtMYbEC&dq=ann%20ishnabe+relation+to+great+lakes&pg=PA4|title=Life in an Anishinabe Camp|date=2003|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-7787-0373-0|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye ọkà ihe ọmụma na onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe / ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi Kyle Powys Whyte si kwuo, "Ndị Anishinabe n'ógbè Great Lakes niile nọ n"ihu nchedo ụdị ala na mweghachi gburugburu. Nmé bụ azụ kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị ochie na Great Lakes basin, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ na-agafe 100 afọ. Nmé jere ozi ndị Asnishinabe dị ka isi ihe oriri, ụdị ihe ngosi maka nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, na njirimara lachlan, yana ọrụ na ememe na akụkọ. Kenny Pheasant, onye okenye na-ekwu, "Ọdịda nke sturgeon kwekọrọ na mbelata nke ezinụlọ storgeons. Naanị ezinụlọ ole na ole nke sturgeon ka a maara ebe a" (Little River Band). Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu nke ndị India Ottawa malitere otu ọdịbendị, nke nwere ndị agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, bụ ndị mepụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ebumnuche maka mweghachi. Ebumnuche ya bụ "iweghachi nkwekọrịta na njikọ dị n'etiti Nmé na ndị Anishinabe ma weghachite ha abụọ n"osimiri ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, ngalaba ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ ịzụlite mbụ n'akụkụ iyi maka ichebe ụmụ sturgeon tupu a tọhapụ ha n"oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla iji chekwaa nne na nna ha. Osikapa ọhịa, ma ọ bụ manoomin, na-eto n'ụzọ mmiri na'enweghị isi, nke doro anya, yana nke na na - na Mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị, a na-edozi manoomin site na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịcha, ịkpụcha ihe, ịgbacha mmiri, na ihicha. Mgbe ndị Anishinabe si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ kwaga n"ógbè Great Lakes ebe ha nwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ na mmiri, ìgwè ndị agbata obi nke ụmụ amaala US na Canada na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwe mmiri. Ihe omume ndị a na-emetụta manoomin na ebe obibi ya. Taa, ndị Anishinabe bụ ndị ndú na nchekwa nke osikapa ọhịa. Nibi (mmiri) na Manoomin Symposium, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ n'afọ abụọ ọ bụla, na'eweta ndị na -aṅụ osikapa agbụrụ na Great Lakes, ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ amaala, Ndị na na (paddy rice), ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na kewupụta ihe na ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ gọọmentị, yana ndị nchọpụta mahadum nwere mmasị na mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osika. Ndị okenye na-ekerịta akụkọ ha banyere manoomin na ndị ntorobịa na na'ekereta echiche ha gbasara otu manoonin si daba n'ọdịnihu ha. Ndị obodo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ebo ha na ndị okenye na'arụkọ ọrụ iji ghọta mmetụta dị omimi nke ọrụ ha mere iji mụọ ma chekwaa manoomin. A na-akpọkarị ụmụ amaala ndị ọzọ ka ha kesaa ahụmịhe ha na iweghachi na ichekwa ụdị ala ndị dị iche iche, dị ka taro na ọka. "<ref>{{Cite book|author=Whyte|first=Kyle|title=Our Ancestors' Dystopia Now.|publisher=kylewhyte.cal.msu.edu|pages=209–211|language=en}}</ref> === Lummi Nation nke Washington State Nchekwa nke Southern Resident Killer Whales === Dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi Paul Guernsey, Kyle Keeler na onye otu Lummi Jeremiah Julius si kwuo, "Lummi Nation nke Washington State bụ agbụrụ America nke Salish Sea. N'afọ 2018, mba Lummi raara onwe ya nye njem Totem Pole gafee United States na-akpọ maka nloghachi nke onye ikwu ha "Lolita" (Southern Resident Killer Whale) na mmiri ya. N'asụsụ Salish, a na-akpọ killer whales dị ka qwe 'lhol mechen, nke pụtara 'mmekọrịta anyị n'okpuru ebili mmiri', mana Lummi abụghị naanị 'ihe metụtara' whalas n"ụzọ nkịtị, whals bụ mmekọrịta n-echiche na ha bụ ndị ikwu. Mgbe NOAA bu ụzọ họpụta Southern Resident killer whale dị ka akụkụ dị iche iche dị n'ihe ize ndụ (DPS) na 2005, ha wepụrụ "Lolita" dị Ka onye ezinụlọ. Mkpebi ahụ na-agụ, "Southern Resident killer whale DPS anaghị agụnye killer whales sitere na J, K ma ọ bụ L pod etinye n'agbụ tupu edepụta ya, ma ghara ịgụnye ụmụ ha a mụrụ" (NOAA, 2005). Lummi na-arịọ ka NOAA rụkọọ ọrụ n'inye whales nri ruo mgbe chinook na Puget Sound nwere ike ịkwado ha. Lummi amalitela inye ndị ikwu ha nri, mana NOAA gwara ha na mbọ buru ibu ga-achọ ikike na mmekọrịta gọọmentị etiti. Ọ bụ ezie na otu n'ime ebumnuche nchedo nke nzukọ ahụ bụ iji hụ na 'ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke, ogo na nnweta nke ụdị anụ oriri', NOAA na-aghọta iwu a n"ụzọ siri ike dị ka nsogbu ebe obibi. Ha emeela ka o doo anya na ugbu a abụghị oge maka enweghị obi ụtọ n'ihi 'ihe ọmụma na-ezughị ezu' ma ọ bụ ejighị n"aka. Lummi na-aga n'ihu na njem Totem Pole ha kwa afọ iji chebe ụmụnne ha ndị okenye, blackfish, na iji gbochie coal, mmanụ na egwu ndị ọzọ na Oké Osimiri Salish. A na-eme usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị a iji dozie ihe Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart na Lemyra M. DeBruyn kpọrọ "ọdachi a na'edozighị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Guernsey|first=J.|date=July 30, 2021|title=How the Lummi Nation revealed the limits of species and Habitats as Conservation Values in the Endangered Species Act: Healing as Indigenous Conservation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353606078}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Agroecology * ''Ịkpa Sweetgrass'' * Ihe ndị na-abụghị osisi * Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala * Ụmụ ahụhụ Africa TEK * Sayensị ụmụ amaala == Edensibia == === Ihe edeturu === <references group="" responsive="0"></references> === Ịgụ ihe ọzọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Hernández-Morcillo|first=Mónica|year=2014|title=Traditional ecological knowledge in Europe: Status quo and insights for the environmental policy agenda|journal=[[Environment (magazine)|Environment]]|volume=56|issue=1|pages=3–17|doi=10.1080/00139157.2014.861673|url=https://zenodo.org/record/33573}} * Robin Wall Kimmerer (2013). Ịkpa Sweetgrass: Amamihe nke Ụmụ Amaala, Ihe Ọmụma Sayensị, na Ozizi nke Osisi (Milkweed Edition) . == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.nps.gov/subjects/tek/index.htm Ihe ọmụma ọdịnala nke gburugburu ebe obibi: Nlekọta Interdisciplinary nke Nne Ụwa, National Park Service] * [http://www.esf.edu/nativepeoples/ Center for Native Peoples and the Environment, na State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100221015133/http://www.ser.org/iprn/default.asp Nchịkọta Nweghachi Ndị Aborigine (IPRN)] * [http://www.pc.gc.ca/pn-np/bc/gwaiihaanas/index.aspx Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve na Haida Heritage Site] * [http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol12/iss2/art34/table1.html Tebụl nke Ihu Isii nke TEK] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gu5riw3hfqy1fadr9oizskd5wcclgvc Otú mgbanwe ihu igwe 0 26772 195338 180356 2024-11-19T00:19:41Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195338 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ende Gelände November 2017 - Front banner of demonstration.jpg|thumb|Otú mgbanwe ihu igwe]] '''Otú mgbanwe ihu igwe''' bụ òtù mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya zuru ụwa ọnụ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịmanye gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ ka ha mee ihe (nke a na-akpọkwa "[[Climate action|omume ihu]] ọha") na ịza ajụjụ maka ihe kpatara na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu ọma. [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|Òtù ndị na-enweghị uru]] na gburugburu ebe obibi etinyela aka na nnukwu ọrụ ihu igwe kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, ka ha na'ịchọ imetụta United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).<ref name=":10">{{Cite book|author=Hadden|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/networks-in-contention/2686C0383A92F6A2F58C23399448E511|title=Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08958-7}}</ref> Mgbalị ihu igwe aghọwo ihe a ma ama ka oge na-aga, na'enweta ume dị ukwuu n'oge 2009 Copenhagen Summit na karịsịa mgbe a bịanyere aka na Paris Agreement na 2016.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Maher|first=Julie|date=26 March 2021|title=Fridays For Future: A Look Into A Climate Change Movement|url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/3947ec5373864c6ea361190220f0e27c|accessdate=1 February 2022}}</ref> Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na'ihe dị iche iche dị ka Peoples Climate Marches. Otu ihe dị mkpa bụ [[School Strike for Climate|ọgbaghara ihu igwe]] zuru ụwa ọnụ na Septemba 2019 nke Fridays For Future na Earth Strike haziri.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Zoe Low|first=Zoe|date=18 July 2019|title=Asia's young climate activists on joining the worldwide campaign for government action on global warming|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/article/3018803/young-climate-change-activists-asia-pacific-pressuring-governments-take|accessdate=5 August 2019}}</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ imetụta nzukọ ihu igwe nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UN]] haziri na 23 Septemba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Korte|first=Kate|date=10 July 2019|title=Elizabeth May holds nonpartisan town hall at UVic for constituents|url=https://www.martlet.ca/elizabeth-may-holds-nonpartisan-town-hall-at-uvic-for-constituents/|accessdate=2 August 2019}}</ref> Dị ka ndị na-ahazi ya si kwuo, nde mmadụ anọ sonyere na ọgbaghara ahụ na 20 Septemba.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Conley|first=Julia|date=23 September 2019|title=4 Million Attend Biggest Climate Protest in History, Organizers Declare 'We're Not Through'|url=https://www.ecowatch.com/global-climate-strike-2640528670.html|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị ntorobịa na itinye aka na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmepe nke òtù ahụ mgbe uto nke Friday For Future strikes malitere site na [[Greta Thunberg]] na 2019.<ref name=":7"/> N'afọ 2019, Extinction Rebellion haziri nnukwu ngagharị iwe na-achọ "ibelata ikuku carbon ruo efu site na 2025, ma mepụta nzukọ ụmụ amaala iji lekọta ọganihu", gụnyere igbochi okporo ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=16 April 2019|title=Extinction Rebellion: Climate protesters block roads|publisher=BBC NEws|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-47935416|accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbalị metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe malitere na ngwụcha afọ 1980, mgbe nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi tinyere aka na mkparịta ụka banyere ihu ọha, ọkachasị na usoro [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|author=Hadden|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/networks-in-contention/2686C0383A92F6A2F58C23399448E511|title=Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08958-7|pages=91|quote=Environmental activists first became interested in transnational coordination on climate issues in the late 1980s}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na òtù ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mbụ na mpaghara ụlọ, ha malitere itinye aka na mkpọsa mba ụwa.<ref name=":8" /> E hiwere njikọ mgbanwe ihu igwe kachasị ukwuu, Climate Action Network, na 1992.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|author=Hadden|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/networks-in-contention/2686C0383A92F6A2F58C23399448E511|title=Networks in Contention: The Divisive Politics of Climate Change|date=2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-08958-7|pages=45, 93–141}}</ref> Ndị isi ya gụnyere Greenpeace, WWF, Oxfam na Friends of the Earth.<ref name=":9" /> E hiwere Climate Justice Now! na Climat Justice Action, nnukwu njikọ abụọ, na-eduga na 2009 Copenhagen Summit.<ref name=":9" /> === Nchịkọta maka Copenhagen 2009 === 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference na Copenhagen bụ nzukọ UNFCCC mbụ nke mmegharị ihu igwe malitere igosi ike ya n'ụzọ buru ibu. Dị ka Jennifer Hadden si kwuo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke NGO ọhụrụ ndị debanyere aha na UNFCCC rịrị elu na 2009 na-eduga na nzukọ Copenhagen.<ref name=":10"/> N'etiti 40,000 na 100,000 mmadụ gara ngagharị na Copenhagen na Disemba 12 na-akpọ maka nkwekọrịta ụwa na ihu igwe.<ref name="protest">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8410414.stm|title=Climate activists condemn Copenhagen police tactics|date=13 December 2009|work=BBC News|accessdate=14 December 2009}}</ref> Mgbalị gafere Copenhagen, na ihe karịrị 5,400 rallies na ngagharị iwe mere gburugburu ụwa n'otu oge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/24/international.climate.change.demonstrations/|work=CNN|title=International day of demonstrations on climate change|date=26 October 2009}}</ref> == Ụzọ e si eme ya ==   [[Usòrò:20230321_Effectiveness_of_techniques_to_motivate_climate_mitigation_action_-_bar_chart.svg|thumb|Inye data na eziokwu ndị ọzọ adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkpali ndị mmadụ ime ihe iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, karịa nkwalite ego na nrụgide ọha na eze na-egosi ndị ọrụ metụtara ihu ọha nke ndị ndị otu.]] Ndị a bụ ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ndị na-akwado ihu igwe na mkpọsa nkwado jiri mee ihe n'oge gara aga: * inye ihe ọmụma, * nhazi nke ozi gbasara akụkụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, na * na-agbagha usoro arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A na-etinye usoro atọ a n'ọrụ na mkpọsa ihu igwe maka ọha na eze. Ozi gbasara mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ịmepụta nkwenkwe ihu ọha, àgwà, na omume, ebe mmetụta sitere na ụzọ ndị ọzọ (dịka inye ozi gbasara ngwọta GCC, nhazi nkwekọrịta, iji ozi usoro) ka bụ ihe a na'amaghị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Skalík|first=Jan|date=2018-12-28|title=Effects of information-based interventions and framing interventions on attitudes to climate change and mitigation behavior|url=https://envigogika.cuni.cz/index.php/Envigogika/article/view/563|journal=Envigogika|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|doi=10.14712/18023061.563|issn=1802-3061}}</ref> Ụzọ nke atọ bụ ịmepụta ohere maka mkparịta ụka ndị na-agafe ajụjụ gbasara ọdịmma akụ na ụba nke na'ozuzu na arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mesie ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike. A na-ekwu na nke a dị oke mkpa iji weta mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holdo|first=Markus|title=Sincerity as Strategy: Green Movements and the Problem of Reconciling Deliberative and Instrumental|journal=Environmental Politics|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|doi=10.1080/09644016.2018.1457294}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, dị ka Arnold Schwarzenegger na-ekwu "kwụsị mmetọ", na ndị na'ime ihe kwesịrị ịmepụta nchekwube site n'ilekwasị anya na uru ahụike nke omume ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-01|title=Schwarzenegger: climate activists should focus on pollution|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/schwarzenegger-climate-activists-should-focus-on-pollution-arnold-schwarzenegger-pollution-vienna-greta-thunberg-donald-trump-b1876308.html|accessdate=2022-05-04|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> === Nnupụisi ihu igwe === Nnupụisi ihu igwe bụ ụdị nnupụrụ ọchịchị obodo, ihe a kpachapụrụ anya mee iji katọọ iwu ihu ọha gọọmentị. N'afọ 2008, onye America na-ahụ maka ihu igwe bụ Tim DeChristopher mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na'ere ahịa na ire ere nke US Bureau of Land Management mmanụ na gas nke ala ọha na eze na [[Yútạh|Utah]], meriri ire ahịa ahụ, gbaghaara ịkwụ ụgwọ, ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa 21. Na Septemba 2015, ndị ọrụ ihu igwe ise a maara dị ka Delta 5 gbochiri ụgbọ okporo ígwè mmanụ na Everett, Washington. N'oge ikpe, e nyere Delta 5 ohere iji chebe onwe ya, ya bụ, imebi iwu na-egbochi mmerụ ahụ ka ukwuu. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị akaebe, onye ọka ikpe kpebiri na e mezughị ihe kpatara nkwado dị mkpa ma nye ndị ọka iwu iwu ka ha leghara aka ná ntị a nabatara n'okpuru nkwado ahụ anya. A kwụrụ Delta 5 ụgwọ maka ịbanye n'ime ụlọ mana a tọhapụrụ ha n"ebubo ndị ka njọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=How to Stop an Oil Train: The Hearts-and-Minds Climate Defense That Won Over a Courtroom|work=[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes!]]|first=Valerie|author=Schloredt|date=January 21, 2016|url=http://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/how-to-stop-an-oil-train-20160121|accessdate=January 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Historic Trial Lets Activists Who Blocked Oil Train Cite Climate Change Threat in Their Defense|first=Amy|author=Goodman|date=January 11, 2016|accessdate=January 29, 2016|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|publisher=[[Pacifica Radio]]|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/1/11/historic_trial_lets_activists_who_blocked}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Act Now, Cry Later: Tim DeChristopher, Aria Doe & Josh Fox on Civil Disobedience & Climate Activism|first=Amy|author=Goodman|date=January 26, 2016|accessdate=January 29, 2016|work=[[Democracy Now!]]|publisher=[[Pacifica Radio]]|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2016/1/26/act_now_cry_later_tim_dechristopher}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trial for Climate Activists Protesting "Bomb Trains" Carrying Oil Makes Legal History|date=January 28, 2016|accessdate=January 29, 2016|url=http://www.climatesciencewatch.org/2016/01/28/shifting-attitudes-toward-climate-activists-call-attention-to-important-questions-are-their-actions-part-of-the-problem-or-part-of-the-solution-to-the-problem-of-g/|publisher=Climate Science and Policy Watch}}</ref> Ihe atụ mbụ nke onye ọka ikpe na-anabata nchekwa ihu igwe bụ na Machị 27, 2018 mgbe Ọkàikpe Mary Ann Driscoll tọhapụrụ ndị niile 13 a na'ebo ebubo obodo site na ngagharị iwe e mere na 2016 na Boston, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Marcum|first=Marla|title=Exciting News from West Roxbury|url=http://www.climatedisobedience.org/exciting_news_from_west_roxbury|work=Climate Disobedience|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref> === Ịkwupụta ọnọdụ mberede === Ịmepụta ọnọdụ mberede nwere ike ịbụ ihe abụọ mejupụtara: ikwuwapụta ọnọdụ mberede nke chepụtara ụwa n'ezie ya bụ mmetụta iwu na ihe jikọrọ aka ma ọ bụ hụ na mgbanwe dị ukwuu na-arụkọ ọrụ ngwa ngwa n'ime ọrụ mmadụ maka ebumnuche akọwapụtara. Ruo ugbu a, ọtụtụ gọọmentị ekwenyela, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụdị ederede "nkwupụta", na ụmụ mmadụ nọ n'ezie n'ọnọdụ ọnọdụ mberede ihu igwe. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, [[Greta Thunberg]] na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe malitere itinye akwụkwọ mkpesa na United Nation na'akpọ ya ka ọ kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ihu ọha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 3. Nke a ga-eduga n'ịmepụta otu ndị otu pụrụ iche nke ga'ahazi nzaghachi maka nsogbu ihu igwe na mba ụwa. Nzaghachi kwesịrị ịdị ma ọ dịkarịa ala ike dịka nzagọrịta maka ọrịa COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bryant|first=Miranda|date=10 November 2021|title=Youth activists petition UN to declare 'systemwide climate emergency'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/10/youth-activists-petition-un-to-declare-systemwide-climate-emergency|accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> A na-atụ aro na ngalaba nchekwa mba nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ pụrụ iche na mmepe nke mkpokọta ọnọdụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrụ na akụrụngwa iji wuo akụ na ụba efu na-adịghị agwụ agwụ ma wepụta decarbonization..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Spratt|first=David|title=Existential climate-related security risk: A scenario approach|url=https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/148cb0_b2c0c79dc4344b279bcf2365336ff23b.pdf|accessdate=20 December 2021|publisher=Breakthrough – National Centre for Climate Restoration}}</ref> Ndị na-akọwa ihe na The Climate Mobilization atụwo aro ịhazi ihe onwunwe na oke akụ na ụba agha na usoro ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ nke dị irè.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 November 2021|title=Beware: Gaia may destroy humans, before we destroy the Earth {{!}} James Lovelock|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/nov/02/beware-gaia-theory-climate-crisis-earth|accessdate=24 March 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Frangoul|first=Anmar|date=1 November 2021|title=Prince Charles calls for 'war-like footing' in speech at pivotal COP26 climate change summit|language=en|work=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/01/prince-charles-calls-for-war-like-footing-in-speech-at-cop26.html|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2021|title=Think big on climate: the transformation of society in months has been done before {{!}} George Monbiot|language=en|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/20/us-war-footing-1941-climate-emergency-earth-pearl-harbor|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=3 March 2022|title=How to fight an economic war|language=en|work=www.businessgreen.com|url=https://www.businessgreen.com/blog/4045943/fight-economic-war|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bonn|first=Tess|date=3 July 2019|title=Climate scientist calls for 'world war type mobilization' to combat climate change|language=en|work=TheHill|url=https://thehill.com/hilltv/rising/451497-climate-scientist-michael-mann-calls-for-world-war-type-mobilization-to-combat|accessdate=24 March 2022}}</ref> === Ilekwasị anya na ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe ===   N'ịhapụ ilekwasị anya na mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi, n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ndị mmadụ akpọọla ndị omee mkpebi ka ha gaa n"usoro mgbochi ziri ezi maka ndị niile.<ref>Islam, S. Nazrul. "Climate Change and Social Inequality"(PDF). ''Department of Economic and Social Affairs''. Archived(PDF) from the original on 16 January 2019.</ref> Ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe na-ekweta na mpaghara ụfọdụ na ndị mmadụ na mgbanwe ihu ọha karịa ndị ọzọ, nakwa na n'ịkwado ngwọta ihu ọma anyị ga-atụle "ihe ndị dị adị, ihe onwunwe na ikike".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-29|title=What is 'climate justice'? » Yale Climate Connections|url=http://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/07/what-is-climate-justice/|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=Yale Climate Connections|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is climate justice? {{!}} Climate Just|url=https://www.climatejust.org.uk/what-climate-justice|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=www.climatejust.org.uk}}</ref> Na United States, òtù ndị dị ka Climate Justice Alliance na-arụ ọrụ maka ebumnuche nke akụ na ụba na obodo na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-etinye "agbụrụ, okike na klaasị n'etiti ngwọta" site n'ịrụ ọrụ iji jikọta olu nke obodo ndị dị n'ihu..<ref>{{Cite web|title=About - Climate Justice Alliance|url=https://climatejusticealliance.org/about/|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=climatejusticealliance.org}}</ref> === Mmetụta iwu === Na mba ụfọdụ, ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara nwere ike ịnwe ike ịgba ndị isi na-emepụta gas na mbara igwe akwụkwọ. Mba na ndị mmadụ niile, dị ka Palau<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2012|title=Video: Paradise lost? – Need to Know|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/video-paradise-lost/14421/|publisher=PBS|quote=Palau suing the industrialized countries over global warming|accessdate=30 May 2023|archivedate=30 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030163556/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/need-to-know/video/video-paradise-lost/14421/}}</ref> na Inuit, yana òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị dị iche iche dịka Sierra Club, agbalịwo [[Ikpe ihu igwe|ikpe]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Environmental Integrity Project, Sierra Club Announce Plans to Sue EPA Unless It Revises Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Standard, Curbs Nitrous Oxide Pollution Linked to Global Warming – NewsOn6.com – Tulsa, OK – News, Weather, Video and Sports – KOTV.com -|url=http://www.newson6.com/story/9138384/environmental-integrity-project-sierra-club-announce-plans-to-sue-epa-unless-it-revises-nitrogen-oxide-emissions-standard-curbs-nitrous-oxide?clienttype=printable|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111204839/http://www.newson6.com/story/9138384/environmental-integrity-project-sierra-club-announce-plans-to-sue-epa-unless-it-revises-nitrogen-oxide-emissions-standard-curbs-nitrous-oxide?clienttype=printable|archivedate=11 January 2016|accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Ndị na-etinye ego na coal, mmanụ, na ụlọ ọrụ gas nwere ike ịbụ ndị iwu na omume maka mmebi ikike mmadụ metụtara ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Science Hub for Climate Litigation {{!}} Union of Concerned Scientists|url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/science-hub-climate-litigation|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=www.ucsusa.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2020|title=As South Africa clings to coal, a struggle for the right to breathe|url=https://grist.org/justice/as-south-africa-clings-to-coal-a-struggle-for-the-right-to-breathe/|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=Grist|language=en-us}}</ref> A na-emekarị ikpe site na ijikọ mgbalị na ihe onwunwe dịka site n'aka òtù dị ka Greenpeace, nke gbara ụlọ ọrụ coal nke Poland na onye na'ime ụgbọ ala nke Germany akwụkwọ.<ref name="Greenpeace threatens to sue coal ut">{{Cite web|date=29 November 2018|title=Greenpeace threatens to sue coal utility in Poland|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2018/11/29/greenpeace-threatens-sue-coal-utility-poland/|accessdate=7 November 2021|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Greenpeace threatens to sue coal ut" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Greenpeace Germany sues Volkswagen over carbon emissions targets|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/09/business/volkswagen-climate-greenpeace-lawsuit/index.html|accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref> Igosi na ụfọdụ ihe omume ihu igwe bụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa ugbu a ga-ekwe omume, a mepụtara usoro iji gosipụta ohere dị ukwuu nke ihe ndị ọzọ okike ụwa kpatara.<ref>Stott, et al. (2004), "Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003", Nature, Vol. 432, 2 December 2004</ref> Maka ikpe maka ileghara anya (ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya) iji nwee ihe ịga nke ọma, [nkọwa dị mkpa] "Ndị na-eme mkpesa ... ga-egosi na, ma eleghị anya karịa ka ọ bụghị, mmerụ ahụ ha n'otu n"otu sitere na ihe ize ndụ a na'okwu ahụ, nʼadịghị ka ihe ọ bụla ọzọ kpatara ya. A sụgharịrị nke a mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe a chọrọ maka ihe ize ndụ dịkarịa ala abụọ.<ref>Grossman, Columbia J. of Env. Law, 2003</ref> Ụzọ ọzọ (ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere obere ihe iwu kwadoro) bụ World Heritage Convention, ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ike igosi na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emetụta World Historic Sites dị ka Ugwu Everest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2004|title=Climate change 'ruining' Everest|url=http://www.heatisonline.org/contentserver/objecthandlers/index.cfm?id=4950&method=full|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Heatisonline.org}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2004/11/041117_climate-belize.shtml Climate change 'ruining' Belize] BBC November 2004</ref> ==== Mba ndị ọzọ ==== E wezụga mba ndị na-ebo ibe ha akwụkwọ, e nwekwara ikpe ebe ndị mmadụ nọ na mba emeela usoro iwu megide gọọmentị nke ha. Na [[Netherlands]] na Belgium, òtù ndị dị ka ntọala Urgenda na Klimaatzaak na Beljọm agbakwaara gọọmentị ha akwụkwọ n'ihi na ha kwenyere na gọọmenti ha anaghị ezute mbelata nke ikuku ha kwekọrịtara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Climat|first=Klimaatzaak/L'Affaire|title=L'Affaire Climat|url=https://affaire-climat.be/|accessdate=28 December 2020|work=L'Affaire Climat}}</ref> Urgenda enwetala mmeri n'okwu ikpe ha megide gọọmentị Dutch.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 December 2019|title=Activists Cheer Victory in Landmark Dutch Climate Case|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/12/20/business/bc-eu-netherlands-climate-case.html|accessdate=21 December 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ụlọ ikpe kachasị elu nke Germany kpebiri na usoro nchedo ihu igwe nke gọọmentị ezughi iji chebe ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu nakwa na gọọmenti nwere ruo na ngwụcha afọ 2022 iji melite Iwu Nchedo Ihu igwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Connolly|first=Kate|date=29 April 2021|title='Historic' German ruling says climate goals not tough enough|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/historic-german-ruling-says-climate-goals-not-tough-enough|accessdate=1 May 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ụlọ ọrụ ==== Na Mee 2021, na ''Milieudefensie'' et al v Royal Dutch Shell, ụlọ ikpe distrikti nke The Hague nyere iwu ka Royal Netherlands Shell belata ikuku carbon ya zuru ụwa ọnụ site na 45% site n'ọgwụgwụ 2030 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Boffey|first=Daniel|date=26 May 2021|title=Court orders Royal Dutch Shell to cut carbon emissions by 45% by 2030|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/may/26/court-orders-royal-dutch-shell-to-cut-carbon-emissions-by-45-by-2030|accessdate=28 May 2021|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> === Mgbasa mmanụ ala === Ntugharị mgbapụ megide mmanụ ọkụ amụbaala ihe dị iche na mkparịta ụka gbasara ego mmanụ ọkụ. Ụlọ akụ na ndị ọchụnta ego anọwo na-akawanye njọ maka ịdị mma nke ngalaba mmanụ ọkụ n'ime ogologo oge. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmegharị a na-achụpụ ego na-akparị mmanụ ọkụ ma na-ebuli ejighị n'aka na iji mmanụ ọkụ na-aga n'ihu, si otú a na-ebelata ọchịchọ ego nke akụ mmanụ ọkụ. N'ihi na mmịpụta, nchọnchọ, na ngwupụta mmanụ ọkụ bụ ihe niile na-akpa nnukwu ego, ejighị n'aka n'ihe egwu ego ha nwere nwere ike ibelata itinye ego. Ọ bụrụ na enwere mbelata n'ọnye isi ego ma ọ bụ ịrị elu nke isi ego, ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ ga-emecha bụrụ enweghị akụ na ụba. Nke a ga-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ gbadata na-eme ka ha pụọ n'ahịa.<ref name="Carlin">{{Cite web|author=Carlin|first=David|title=The Case For Fossil Fuel Divestment|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2021/02/20/the-case-for-fossil-fuel-divestment/|accessdate=2021-12-17|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref>       Isi arụmụka dị n'azụ mkpọsa mbugharị mmanụ ala bụ na irite uru site na itinye ego n'ọrụ metụtara mmanụ ọkụ bụ ihe na-ezighi ezi n'ihi na ikuku mmanụ ọkụ bụ isi ihe na-akpata mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mgbasa mbugharị mmanụ mmanụ dị ka mgbasa ozi Go Fossil Free site na 350.org na-arịọ ndị na-etinye ego ka ha tụfuo site n'ịkwụsị itinye ego ọhụrụ ọ bụla ha nwere ike ime n'ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ ọ bụla na ịchụpụ na ikike ọ bụla na ego ejikọta ọnụ, dị ka. fossil na-eme ka ọhaneze equities ọnụ yana ụlọ ọrụ nkekọ, n'ime afọ ise na-abịa..<ref name="Thomä 111–124">{{Citation}}</ref> Mgbasa mbugharị mmanụ ọkụ nwere ebumnuche atọ bụ isi. Otu n'ime ha bụ ịmanye gọọmentị n'ofe ụwa ka ha tinye iwu n'ọnọdụ gụnyere ụtụ carbon ma ọ bụ machibido ịgbapu mmanụ ọkụ ọzọ. Ebumnuche nke abụọ bụ ịmanye ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ ka ha wepụta mgbanwe mgbanwe n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ha site n'ịgbanwe n'ụdị inye ike nke na-adịchaghị emetụta carbon. Ebumnobi nke atọ bụ ịhụ na nghọta pụtara ìhè ma a bịa n'ihe gbasara ikuku carbon nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mmanụ ọkụ na-ebute nakwa itinye nrụgide n'ahụ gọọmenti dị n'akụkụ ụwa niile ka ha na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na igbochi mmịpụta mmanụ ọkụ..   N'ihi ya, mkpọsa iwepụ mmanụ ala na-achọ ibelata ihe niile a ga-achọrọ maka uto na ịdị ndụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Cheon|first=Andrew|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351173124|title=Activism and the Fossil Fuel Industry|date=2018-02-06|isbn=9781351173124|doi=10.4324/9781351173124}}</ref> Ihe ndị a gụnyere ikikere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ụlọ ọrụ a chọrọ iji rụọ ọrụ, ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nnukwu mmanụ ala chọrọ itolite na ịlanarị, yana itinye ego na-akwado ịdị adị ya, ịdị ndụ, na uto.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ayling|first=Julie|date=October 2017|title=A Contest for Legitimacy: The Divestment Movement and the Fossil Fuel Industry|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/lapo.12087|journal=Law & Policy|language=en|volume=39|issue=4|pages=349–371|doi=10.1111/lapo.12087|issn=0265-8240}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ndị a na-achọkwa ịmanye gọọmentị ka ha rụọ ọrụ ha n'ịgbalị igbochi ikuku. Na mkpọsa ndị a, ndị na-eme mkpọtụ na'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na ndị ọrụ ha na mmepụta mmanụ ala a nwere mgbe niile maka ebumnuche bụ isi nke imebi aha ụlọ ahịa mmanụ ụgbọala na ịma ike ụlọ ahụ nwere aka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lenferna|first=Alex|date=2018-11-22|title=Divest–Invest: A Moral Case for Fossil Fuel Divestment|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0008|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198813248.003.0008}}</ref> Site n'ime ihe ndị a, ndị na-eme mkpọsa a chọrọ ime ka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke isi obodo dị oke mkpa kpochapụ ma akụrụngwa na mmetụta nke ụlọ ahịa a nwere.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gunningham|first=Neil|date=October 2017|title=Building Norms from the Grassroots Up: Divestment, Expressive Politics, and Climate Change|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lapo.12083|journal=Law & Policy|volume=39|issue=4|pages=372–392|doi=10.1111/lapo.12083|issn=0265-8240}}</ref> A na-eji mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mee ihe maka okwu ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze n'oge gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebidola mkpọsa iji kwụsị itinye ego na South Africa n'oge apartheid, Israel, na Sudan, yana megide ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, mkpọsa mbupụ elekwasịla anya na ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ. Oku nlegharị anya ndị a anatala nlebara anya nke ukwuu nwere nsonaazụ dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Apfel|first=Daniel C.|date=2015|title=Exploring Divestment as a Strategy for Change: An Evaluation of the History, Success, and Challenges of Fossil Fuel Divestment|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44282147|journal=Social Research|volume=82|issue=4|pages=913–937|issn=0037-783X}}</ref>   Ozi ọma maka mkpọsa mgbapụ mmanụ ọkụ bụ na atụmatụ ha nwere ike ịdị irè. Nke a bụ n'ihi na e nwewo mmụba na nkwa mgbapụ mmanụ ọkụ kemgbe 2000. Nkwekọrịta ndị a na-eme mgbanwe emewo ka mbelata nke isi obodo na mpaghara gas na mmanụ, dị ka ahụmahụ na mba 33 n'ofe ụwa n'etiti afọ. 2000 na 2015. Nnyocha achọpụtala na ịba ụba gas na nkwa mgbapụ mmanụ na mba dị iche iche emetụtawokwa mkpọsa mgbapụ. Ndị ọchịchị na-amata mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe iyi egwu na mba ha, ewepụtala iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike karịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cojoianu|first=Theodor F|date=2021-02-23|title=Does the fossil fuel divestment movement impact new oil and gas fundraising?|url=https://academic.oup.com/joeg/article/21/1/141/6042790|journal=Journal of Economic Geography|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=141–164|doi=10.1093/jeg/lbaa027|issn=1468-2702}}</ref> N'ezie, iwepụ mmanụ ala enwetala ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga. Ọ gbanwere site n'ịbụ echiche dịpụrụ adịpụ gaa n"ịghọ ihe omume dị ugbu a nke ruru ihe dị ka ijeri $ 14.5. O nwere ihe karịrị otu puku onyinye, atụmatụ ezumike nká, na ndị isi na-etinye ego. O meela ka ọtụtụ ndị na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ taa na ndị ọrụ na'inye ego ha na ego ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Carlin"/>   == Mgbalị ọha na eze na-eme maka gburugburu ebe obibi == Ụdị mmemme ụmụ amaala dị mkpa iji mepụta ụzọ maka mgbanwe usoro nke ga-abara gburugburu ebe obibi uru. Enwere ike inye aka ngbanwe a site na itinye aka na gọọmentị site n'ime usoro iwu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe niile ga-adị mkpa iji mee mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi. Atụmatụ, omume, na usoro dị iche iche na-eji ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi nwa amaala maka ebumnuche ịkwado na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-achọ mgbanwe ndị a gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, enwere nsogbu ndị ụdị mmemme a na-eche ihu. Okwu ndị dị ka enwere ike ịdaba na ihu ọma na nsonye na mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na mba BRIC, ihe mgbochi nye ụmụ amaala gburugburu ebe obibi itinye aka na mkpokọta, na ọdịiche dị na ebumnuche n'etiti mmegharị gburugburu. === Ịmepụta mgbanwe === Onye ọ bụla, ọrụ afọ ofufo ezughị iji mee nnukwu ọdịiche na nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe a ma ama, mgbanwe usoro bụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=BOOTH|first=CAROL|date=November 2012|title=Bystanding and Climate Change|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41714201|journal=Environmental Values|volume=21|issue=4|pages=397–416|doi=10.3197/096327112X13466893627987|issn=0963-2719}}</ref> Carol Booth na-ekwu na mmerụ ahụ dị na "n'ihi iwu, ụkpụrụ na mmemme ezughi oke na ọ na'ezie na a na - na na: na<ref name=":0" /> Iji belata ikuku, otu n'ime ọtụtụ nsogbu mgbanwe ihu igwe, ga-eme n"ọ̀tụ̀ nke nwere mmetụta dị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi, a ga'achọ ọrụ gọọmentị.<ref name=":0" /> N'ozuzu, mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado ma na'ihu site na mmegide na òtù.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Buttel|first=Frederick H.|date=September 2003|title=Environmental Sociology and the Explanation of Environmental Reform|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086026603256279|journal=Organization & Environment|volume=16|issue=3|pages=306–344|doi=10.1177/1086026603256279|issn=1086-0266}}</ref> Frederick Buttel na-ekwu na ihe kpatara nke a bụ na ndị na'ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mmegharị ahụ na na ha na - na<ref name=":1" /> Usoro gọọmentị nwere ike ịkpụzi ma gbochie ihe ndị na-eme ihe ọha na eze nwere ikike ime, ọkachasị usoro ndị dị na mba ndị dịka US na European Union.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Bomberg|first=Elizabeth|date=May 2012|title=Mind the (Mobilization) Gap: Comparing Climate Activism in the United States and European Union: Comparing Climate Activism|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00566.x|journal=Review of Policy Research|language=en|volume=29|issue=3|pages=408–430|doi=10.1111/j.1541-1338.2012.00566.x}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi na-abịa site na akụkụ ụlọ ọrụ nke usoro gọọmentị nke na na'ime ka o sie ike ịmepụta iwu na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ a ma ama na - na<ref name=":2" /> Ọganihu nke ịhazi onwe n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-adabere na ndị na'ime ihe iji chọta ụzọ isi mee ihe mgbochi ndị a hụrụ na usoro gọọmentị ndị ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu ha nwere mmetụta na nsonaazụ ụfọdụ. "...omume obodo, àgwà n'ebe ọha mmadụ nọ, na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme nke atụmanya maka arụmọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mkpa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọbụnakwa nsonaazụ akụ na ụba.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=PRESS|first=DANIEL|date=1998|title=Local Environmental Policy Capacity: A Framework for Research|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24888443|journal=Natural Resources Journal|volume=38|issue=1|pages=29–52|issn=0028-0739}}</ref> Mgbe ị na-ele iwu California, a chọpụtara na mmetụta nke ime ihe omume ụmụ amaala na'ime nhọrọ ndị na - dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi site n'aka ndị nwere mmetụta na ndị dị ike, dị ka iwu na isi obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Nnyocha nyocha nke 2023 bipụtara na One Earth kwuru na nyocha echiche na-egosi na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na'echiche mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe na na - na nso.<ref name="OneEarth_20230421" /> Nnyocha ahụ kwubiri na ịhụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe dị anya anaghị akpata obere omume ihu ọha, na ibelata anya nke uche anaghị eme ka omume ọnọdụ ihu ihu ọma dịkwuo elu.<ref name="OneEarth_20230421">{{Cite journal|author=van Valkengoed|first=Anne M.|title=The psychological distance of climate change is overestimated|journal=One Earth|date=21 April 2023|volume=6|issue=4|pages=362–391|doi=10.1016/j.oneear.2023.03.006|url=https://www.cell.com/one-earth/fulltext/S2590-3322(23)00140-9}}</ref> === Usoro na omume na mmegide ọha na eze === A na-eji atụmatụ, usoro, na omume dị iche iche eme ihe na mbọ ọha na eze na gburugburu ebe obibi. Omume ụfọdụ nwere ike ọ gaghị adị maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị na-eme ihe ọha na eze dabere na echiche akụ na ụba. A na-eji echiche Erik Wright banyere mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nyochaa mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke omume ndị mmeghachi omume ha nke jikọtara ya na "atụmatụ mgbanwe" Wright.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Stuart|first=Diana|date=2020-05-28|title=The climate crisis as a catalyst for emancipatory transformation: An examination of the possible|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580920915067|journal=International Sociology|volume=35|issue=4|pages=433–456|doi=10.1177/0268580920915067|issn=0268-5809}}</ref> Nke a na-agụnye "atụmatụ interstitial", nke bụ atụmatụ ndị na'anwa ịgbanwe ma ọ bụ ịma usoro dị ugbu a aka, a hụrụ ya n'omume ụmụ amaala dị ka ịzụta ngwa ndị dị irè na omume ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":4" /> "Atụmatụ mmegide" "na-emebi usoro dị ugbu a site na esemokwu".<ref name=":4" /> Atụmatụ ndị dị ka ndị a na-ejikọta na omume na gburugburu ebe obibi iji mee ngagharị iwe na ngazogide.<ref name=":4" /> N'ikpeazụ, "atụmatụ symbiotic" na-elekwasị anya na mmekorita site na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dịka ịkwalite na imezigharị iwu iji mee ka ahụike ihu igwe dị mkpa karịa uru.<ref name=":4" /> Ụdị atụmatụ ndị ọzọ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị obodo na - "iwulite nghọta, iwu njikọ aka, na ntọala netwọk".<ref name=":2"/> "Omume nchedo", njikere ọha na eze maka ndụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, a hụla ka ọ na'ụzọ na na - na "ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na" na.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dalton|first=Russell J.|date=2015-07-04|title=Waxing or waning? The changing patterns of environmental activism|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09644016.2015.1023576|journal=Environmental Politics|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=530–552|doi=10.1080/09644016.2015.1023576|issn=0964-4016}}</ref> N'ime nyocha nke mba BRIC, nke a ka na-ewere na ha na ọ na'oge na - na "a na" ọ bụrụ na a na na (ọrụ ndị na) na mba ndị a anaghị arụ ọrụ zuru ezu, ụmụ amaala nwere ike iwere ya n'onwe ha "ịtụgharị mbọ ha maka mgbanwe ndụ dị ka ụdị ọzọ nke inye aka".<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Lo|first=Alex Y|date=December 2016|title=Public support for environmental organisations in BRIC countries: Public support for environmental organisations in BRIC countries|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/geoj.12163|journal=The Geographical Journal|language=en|volume=182|issue=4|pages=438–443|doi=10.1111/geoj.12163}}</ref> "Nkwado uwe ụmụ amaala" nke United States bụ ụdị usoro nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ọha na eze.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Tseming|date=2011|title=Public Participation in Environmental Enforcement . . . with Chinese Characteristics?: A Comparative Assessment of China's Environmental Complaint Mechanism|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1920611|journal=SSRN Electronic Journal|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1920611|issn=1556-5068}}</ref> A na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ iwu gburugburu ebe obibi dị mkpa maka mmanye gburugburu Ebe obibi, ma gbochie ndị na'agbasoghị iwu site n"aka ụlọ ọrụ ndị mehiere ma gosipụta mmasị ọha na eze na ọchịchọ.<ref name=":6" /> Usoro ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ "usoro mkpesa gburugburu obodo nke China".<ref name=":6" /> Usoro a na-ewe akụkọ ụmụ amaala banyere mmebi iwu gbasara nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ma jiri ya mee ihe maka ọha na eze iji kwupụta "nchegbu na nkụda mmụọ na nsogbu ndị gbara gburugburu ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwalite mmata gburugburu na itinye aka na ọha.<ref name=":6" /> Nnyocha ahụ tụrụ aro na "ọrụ itinye aka ọha na eze dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ọchịchị sara mbara [usoro] nke ọ na-etinye n"ime ya, nakwa na ịhazi ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n "gọọmentị" nwere ike imetụta ịdị irè ya.<ref name=":6" /> === Ihe mgbochi === Public activism faces challenges due to differences in economic development as well as differences in government and law. There have been "signs of declining confidence and membership in environmental [organizations]"<ref name=":5"/> in the BRIC countries as well as "barriers to public involvement and social [mobilization] due to close monitoring and censorship, notably in China and Russia.<ref name=":5" /> Issues facing more long-term environmental discourse are feelings of unconcern and helplessness are cited as obstacles that public activist groups face in trying to promote change.<ref name=":4"/> In addition, mainstream environmental movements are "increasingly being challenged by environmental counter-movements"(pg 309).<ref name=":1"/> There are also many different goals and gaps between these types of movements, as well as barriers to producing an effective, influential message to inspire other to enact change.<ref name=":1" /> This prevents a solid, widespread message and specific goal from all environmental groups being produced. === Ebumnuche nke ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe === Gọọmentị United States site na ọrụ nzuzo ya nke ụlọ, dị ka "ndị na-eyi ọha egwu n'ụlọ," ndị na'ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na òtù mgbanwe ihu igwe, gụnyere site n"ịmụ ha, ịjụ ha ajụjụ, na itinye ha na "watchlists" nke mba nke na - mere ka o sie ha ike ịbanye n-ụgbọelu na nke nwere ike ịkpali nlekota iwu mpaghara.<ref>The Guardian, 24 Sept. 2019, [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/23/revealed-how-the-fbi-targeted-environmental-activists-in-domestic-terror-investigations?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other "Revealed: How the FBI Targeted Environmental Activists in Domestic Terror Investigations: Protesters Were Characterized as a Threat to National Security in What One Calls an Attempt to Criminalize their Actions"]</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a na'amaghị ama jikwa ndị ọkachamara na nzuzo were n'ọrụ iji malite mwakpo hacking megide ndị na - eme ihe gbasara ihu igwe bụ ndị a haziri<ref>The Guardian, 11 June 2020, [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jun/11/exxon-hack-for-hire-climate-activists-campaign?CMP=Share_iOSApp_Other "Hack-for-Hire Group Targeted Climate Activists behind #ExxonKnew Campaign"]</ref> Na Septemba 16, 2022, e jidere ihe karịrị mmadụ iri ise na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ihu igwe ma tụọ ha mkpọrọ na UK maka igbochi okporo ụzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na'ụlọ ikpe, a tọhapụrụ ụfọdụ n"ụgwọ. Alice Reid, onye na-ekwuchitere otu Rebels in Prison Support, na'ihi na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na - na na<ref>{{Cite web|author=Macalister|first=Terry|date=2022-09-23|title=UK climate activists held in jail for up to six months before trial|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/23/uk-climate-activists-held-in-jail-for-up-to-six-months-before-trial|accessdate=2022-10-20|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe omume == === 2014 Ndị mmadụ na-eme njem ihu igwe === [[Usòrò:People's_Climate_March_2014.jpg|thumb|People's Climate March 2014, kpọkọtara ọtụtụ narị puku mmadụ maka ime ihe siri ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe.]] Mgbanwe ihu igwe ahụ kpọkọtara otu ihe omume ya kachasị ukwuu na 21 Septemba 2014, mgbe ọ kpọgidere ndị ọrụ 400,000 na New York n'oge People's Climate March (gbakwunyere ọtụtụ puku ndị ọzọ n"obodo ndị nkaka), nke People 'Climate Movement haziri, iji chọọ ka ndị isi ụwa gbakọta maka 2014 UN Climat Summit.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Alter|first=Charlotte|date=September 21, 2014|title=Hundreds of Thousands Converge on New York to Demand Climate-Change Action|publisher=time.com|url=http://time.com/3415162/peoples-climate-march-new-york-manhattan-demonstration/|accessdate=December 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=People's Climate March - Wrap up|url=http://peoplesclimate.org/wrap-up/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014061824/http://peoplesclimate.org/wrap-up/|archivedate=2014-10-14|accessdate=2014-12-30}}</ref> === Mgbalị Maka Ọnọdụ Ihu igwe === E nweela njikọ nke ndị na-etinye ego n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị kwadoro ọrụ ihu igwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|author=Condon|first=Madison|date=March 2020|title=Externalities and the Common Owner|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/992|journal=Washington Law Review|volume=95|issue=1}}</ref> Ihe omume ndị a gụnyere mgbalị ndị otu na-agbasawanye, dị ka Climate Action 100+ - njikọ aka karịrị ụlọ ọrụ 300 (gụnyere ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na'ịmepụta okpomọkụ kachasị).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Global Investors Driving Business Transition|url=https://www.climateaction100.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212192514/http://www.climateaction100.org/|archivedate=2017-12-12|accessdate=2021-05-15|work=Climate Action 100+}}</ref> Mgbalị ụlọ ọrụ abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị, n'agbanyeghị echiche a ma ama na ọdịmma ndị nwere òkè ga-emegide omume dị otú ahụ.<ref name="auto" /> Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ụlọ ọrụ niile iji belata ihe ize ndụ ihu igwe na-abụkarị maka ọdịmma nke ụlọ ahịa dịgasị iche iche, dịka mgbanwe ihu ọha nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na akụ na ụba ụwa.<ref name="auto" /> === Mgbanwe ihu igwe === Ebe ọ bụ na 2014, akụkụ ndị na-eto eto nke ihu igwe, karịsịa na United States na-ahazi maka nzaghachi akụ na ụba mba ụwa maka mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ogo nke nchịkọta nke ebe obibi America n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], na ebumnuche nke igbutu ikuku carbon ngwa ngwa. na ịtụgharị na 100% ume dị ọcha ngwa ngwa karịa ahịa efu nwere ike ikwe. N'ime afọ 2015 na 2016, Mkpokọta ihu igwe duuru mkpọsa nke ahịhịa na US maka oke ọchịchọ a, na July 2016, ndị na-eme ihe ike nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta ederede n'ime ikpo okwu mba Democratic Party na-akpọ maka nchịkọta ihu igwe nke WWII..<ref>{{Cite news|author=Greene|first=Russell|date=19 July 2016|title=Beyond Paris: Finding the Courage to Face the Climate Emergency|work=CommonDreams|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views/2016/07/19/beyond-paris-finding-courage-face-climate-emergency}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2015, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Bill McKibben bipụtara otu isiokwu na New Republic na ọ na'ịkpọkọta ndị America ka ha "kwupụta agha megide mgbanwe ihu igwe".<ref>{{Cite news|author=McKibben|first=Bill|date=15 August 2016|title=We Need to Literally Declare War on Climate Change|work=New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/135684/declare-war-climate-change-mobilize-wwii}}</ref> [[Usòrò:"FridaysForFuture"_protest_Berlin_14-12-2018_07.jpg|thumb|[[School Strike for Climate|Ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe]] na Berlin (2018).]] === Ọgbaghara ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe ===   Strike School for Climate (Swedish: Skolstrejk för klimatet), nke a maara n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka Fridays for Future (FFF), Youth for Climate, Climate Strike or Youth Strike for Climate, bụ mmegharị mba ụwa nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-amapụ klaasị Fraịde iji sonye na ngosi. ịrịọ ka ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mee ihe iji gbochie mgbanwe ihu igwe yana maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ na-agbanwe gaa na ume ọhụrụ. Mgbasa ozi na nhazi zuru oke malitere mgbe nwa akwụkwọ [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Greta Thunberg]] mere ngagharị iwe n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018 n"èzí Riksdag (parliament), na-ejide ihe ịrịba ama nke na'akwụkwọ "Skolstrejk för klimatet" ("Ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ihu igwe").<ref name="Crouch">{{Cite news|title=The Swedish 15-year-old who's cutting class to fight the climate crisis|date=1 September 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/01/swedish-15-year-old-cutting-class-to-fight-the-climate-crisis|accessdate=1 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The youth have seen enough|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/20260/the-youth-have-seen-enough/|accessdate=22 January 2019|publisher=[[Greenpeace International]]|date=4 January 2019}}</ref> Ọgbaghara zuru ụwa ọnụ na 15 Machị 2019 kpọkọtara ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na 2,200 ngagboro a haziri na mba 125.<ref name="Carrington19.03.2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/mar/19/school-climate-strikes-more-than-1-million-took-part-say-campaigners-greta-thunberg|title=School climate strikes: 1.4 million people took part, say campaigners|date=19 March 2019|accessdate=19 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="Guardian_20190315">{{Cite news|title=Climate strikes held around the world – as it happened|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2019/mar/15/climate-strikes-2019-live-latest-climate-change-global-warming|accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBC strike 2" /><ref name="Barclay">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/3/15/18267156/youth-climate-strike-march-15-photos|title=Photos: kids in 123 countries went on strike to protect the climate|date=15 March 2019|accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2019, na ngagharị iwe nke abụọ n"ụwa niile, ngafe 1,600 gafere mba otu narị na iri ise dọtara ọtụtụ narị puku ndị na-eme ngajinia. E mere ngagharị iwe nke Mee ka ọ daba na ntuli aka 2019 European Parliament.<ref name="BBC strike 2">{{Cite news|title=Students walk out in global climate strike|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-48392551|accessdate=24 May 2019|date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='We're one, we're back': Pupils renew world climate action strike|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/pupils-renew-climate-action-world-strike-190524051317704.html|accessdate=24 May 2019|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Gerretsen_20190524">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/world/global-climate-strike-school-students-protest-climate-change-intl/index.html|title=Global Climate Strike: Record number of students walk out|first=Isabelle|author=Gerretsen|work=CNN|date=24 May 2019|accessdate=20 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920101801/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/24/world/global-climate-strike-school-students-protest-climate-change-intl/index.html|archivedate=20 September 2019}}</ref> 2019 Global Week for Future bụ usoro nke 4,500 strikes gafee ihe karịrị mba 150, lekwasịrị anya na Friday 20 September na Fraịde 27 September. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ọgbaghara ihu igwe kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụwa, ọchụnta ego nke 20 Septemba kpọkọtara ihe dịka nde mmadụ anọ na-eme ngagharị iwe, ọtụtụ n"ime ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere nde 1.4 na [[Jémanị|Germany]].<ref>Largest climate strike: </ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Septemba, e mere atụmatụ na nde mmadụ abụọ sonyere na ngagharị iwe n"ụwa niile, gụnyere ihe karịrị otu nde ndị na-eme ngalivishọn na Ịtali na ọtụtụ narị puku ndị ngafe iwe na [[Kánada|Canada]].<ref name="Guardian 6 million">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/27/climate-crisis-6-million-people-join-latest-wave-of-worldwide-protests|title=Climate crisis: 6 million people join latest wave of global protests|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Taylor|first=Matthew|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208055719/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/sep/27/climate-crisis-6-million-people-join-latest-wave-of-worldwide-protests}}</ref><ref name="Repubblica million">{{Cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/09/27/news/clima-237064333/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I237047295-C8-P2-S1.8-T1|title=Fridays for future, al via i cortei in 180 città italiane: 'Siamo più di un milione'|work=[[la Repubblica]]|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=27 September 2019|archivedate=2020-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221065558/https://www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/09/27/news/clima-237064333/?ref=RHPPLF-BH-I237047295-C8-P2-S1.8-T1}}</ref><ref name="BBC Canada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-49856860|title=Hundreds of thousands join Canada climate strikes|publisher=[[BBC]]|author=Murphy|first=Jessica|date=27 September 2019|accessdate=28 September 2019|archivedate=2019-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017043823/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-49856860}}</ref> === Otu nke Ndị Ntorobịa === Ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ụwa niile na-ama jijiji, na-akwado ma na-ewepụta onwe ha maka ngwọta ihu igwe. Otu ndị ntorobịa na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka SustainUS, Fraịde maka Ọdịnihu, na Sunrise Movement akpọọla ndị na-eto eto ka ha jide ndị isi zaa ajụjụ, ma ọ bụ site na ịga ogbako, ịpụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ịmanye ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha gee ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ntị, ma ọ bụ na-akpọ oku maka ọrụ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ka ukwuu na ịkwado ike ịtụ vootu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-14|title=Our Impact {{!}} SustainUS|url=https://sustainus.org/our-impact/|accessdate=2021-12-14|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fridays for Future – How Greta started a global movement|url=https://fridaysforfuture.org/what-we-do/who-we-are/|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=Fridays For Future|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About The Sunrise Movement|url=https://www.sunrisemovement.org/about/|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=Sunrise Movement|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations malitere otu ndị ntorobịa zuru ụwa ọnụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-ahọrọ ndị otu asaa na'agbakọta iji nọchite anya mgbanwe ndị ndị na -eto eto na na.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=To the Secretary-General: youth press for climate priorities|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/yag-meeting|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=United Nations|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=The Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/youth-in-action/youth-advisory-group|accessdate=2021-12-14|work=United Nations|language=en}}</ref> Mmekọrịta ndị ntorobịa na-akwado ihu igwe amụbaala nke ukwuu na narị afọ nke 21, ma sie ike n'ime afọ ole na ole gara aga.<ref>1. Budziszewska, Magdalena, and Zuzanna Głód. "“These are the very Small Things that Lead Us to that Goal”: Youth Climate Strike Organizers Talk about Activism Empowering and Taxing Experiences." Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 19, 2021, pp. 11119. doi:<nowiki>http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131911119</nowiki>.</ref> Ndị na-eto eto na ọnọdụ ihu igwe ejirila usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta dị ka ụgbọ ala iji tinye aka ma mee mkpesa na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a. Mgbe Greta Thunberg malitere òtù ndị ntorobịa "Strikes for Climate" site na ime ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu Sweden na 2018, o dere njem ya na Twitter, ebe o wuru netwọk iji kwalite ebumnuche ya ma kpọọ ndị mmadụ ka ha mee ihe.<ref>Astor, Maggie. 2018. “7 Times in History When Students Turned to Activism.” New York Times, March 05. Retrieved February 18, 2021 (<nowiki>https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/05/us/student-protest-movements.html</nowiki>).</ref> Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke ndị ntorobịa na-amalite ịkwaga site n'ụzọ ọdịnala gaa na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ma ọ ga-aga n"ihu n-abịa nʼihu. Ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto na'ilebara ihe omume ụwa anya, ọkachasị mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nnyocha na-egosi na mgbanwe ihu igwe na'etiti ndị na -eto eto karịa ndị okenye. Ihe karịrị 70% nke ndị America dị afọ 18 ruo 34 na-echegbu onwe ha banyere okpomọkụ ụwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere 62% nke 35 ruo 54 na 56% ndị dị 55 ma ọ bụ karịa.<ref name="Reinhart, RJ. 2021">Reinhart, RJ. “Global Warming Age Gap: Younger Americans Most Worried.” Gallup.com, Gallup, 20 Nov. 2021, news.gallup.com/poll/234314/global-warming-age-gap-younger-americans-worried.aspx.</ref> Corner na-ekwu na n'ofe mba Europe, ndị na'eto eto na na - na: - ndị nwere nchegbu yiri nke ahụ ma ọ bụ karịa ndị okenye ma nwee mmetụta dị elu nke ihe ize ndụ.<ref name="Reinhart, RJ. 2021" /> O yikarịrị ka ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto ga-amụta site na agụmakwụkwọ n'ozuzu banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe n"ụlọ akwụkwọ ha, yana ịmara mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha wetara nʼụwa. Na mgbakwunye, ha na-ahụkwa mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe omume zuru ụwa ọnụ dị njọ nke metụtara onwe ha n'ihi na ha ga-enwe mmetụta karịa, ya mere ha kwesịrị ibute ụzọ n"ịkwado mgbanwe ọnọdụ ihu ọha. Mgbe ọrịa a malitere, a nọgidere na-eme ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe ụlọ akwụkwọ gburugburu ụwa, mana ọ gara n'ihu na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta (Twitter, Facebook, wdg), na'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala. Otú ọ dị, itinye aka na mmegharị ihu igwe ndị ntorobịa na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nọgidere na-arị elu. Mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta nyere ndị ntorobịa ụzọ ha ga-esi kesaa nchegbu ha, mepụta ihe ọmụma, ma bụrụ ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ebe ọ bụ na ha enwebeghị ike ịtụ vootu ma chee nsogbu nhazi ihu na ihu.<ref>Seo, Hyunjin et al. “Teens’ Social Media and Collective Action.”New Media and Society 16(6):883-902.</ref><ref>Velasquez, Alcides and Robert LaRose. 2015. “Youth Collective Activism through Social Media: The Role of Collective Efficacy.” New Media and Society 17(6):899-918.</ref> Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na nyocha ha mepụtara mmetụta nke njikọ na ụmụ okorobịa ndị ọzọ na onye na'ihe gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>Wielk, Emily and Alecea Standlee. 2021. “Fighting for Their Future: An Exploratory Study of Online Community Building in the Youth Climate Change Movement.” Qualitative Sociology Review 1 7(2):22-37. R etrieved M onth, Year ( <nowiki>http://www.qualitativesociologyreview</nowiki>. org/ENG/archive_eng.php). DOI: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.17.2.02</nowiki></ref> Ha na-edekarị njirimara ndị na'ọrụ ha na profaịlụ akaụntụ mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ha. (Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, @GretaThunberg, onye na-eto eto na - na Ihe ha na-ekerịta bụ na ha gbalịrị ịkpali ndị ọzọ ime otu ihe ahụ na obodo ha site n'igosi onwe ha dị ka ndị na'ahụ maka ihu igwe nwere olu siri ike. Atụmatụ maka ndị na-eto eto na'ime ọrụ bụ itinye onwe ha n'otu ọrụ iji mepụta njirimara dị mkpa nye ndị ọzọ ma soro ndị mmadụ ndị nkaka nwee njikọ na ịntanetị. Ya mere, n'agbanyeghị akụkụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ga-akwado, ha na'iji mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ha dị ka ụzọ isi soro ndị ọzọ kwurịta okwu n"ụzọ ha. Ha na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na itinye aka na ọtụtụ ndị na'akwado n'ụwa niile iji sonye na ndị ntorobịa na ihu igwe. YOUNGO bụ mpaghara ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa nke UNFCCC, nke nwere ndị otu ruru afọ 35. Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị isi nke otu a bụ idepụta nkwupụta ọnọdụ ndị ntorobịa zuru ụwa ọnụ iji nye ndị ọrụ na Nzukọ UNFCCC nke ndị otu kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YOUNGO|url=https://unfccc.int/topics/education-youth/youth/youngo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913021202/https://unfccc.int/topics/education-youth/youth/youngo|archivedate=2021-09-13|work=United Nations Climate Change}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young People Demand Action to Protect Their Futures at COP26|url=https://unfccc.int/news/young-people-demand-action-to-protect-their-futures-at-cop26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109051447/http://unfccc.int/news/young-people-demand-action-to-protect-their-futures-at-cop26|archivedate=2021-11-09|work=UNFCCC}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Omume azụmahịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe * [[Climate action|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe]] * Mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe * [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi]] * [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi]] * [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] * Ndepụta nke ngagharị iwe gburugburu ebe obibi * Ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị sayensị ihu igwe na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7hfm8x405s291n2uzql96q52bv7dtt5 People's FM 0 27236 195282 174996 2024-11-18T17:01:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Our People's '''FM''' (104.1 MHz) bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio Naijiria dị na mpaghara Fajuyi na Ado-Ekiti, [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]]. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na 14 Febrụwarị 2019, ndị uwe ojii na-emegide iyi ọha egwu steeti wakporo ọdụ ahụ wee mechie ya n'ike ruo nwa oge.  Ihe ekwuru maka imechi ya bụ na ụlọ ebe ọdụ ọdụ ahụ mebiri iwu mmepe ala obodo maka enweghị atụmatụ akwadoro maka ụlọ elu nnyefe..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Ekiti Seals off Radio Station Allegedly Owned by Fayose|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/02/14/ekiti-seals-off-radio-station-allegedly-owned-by-fayose/|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-NG|first=Victor|author=Ogunje}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-14|title=Ekiti govt seals radio station allegedly owned by Fayose|url=https://championnews.com.ng/ekiti-govt-seals-radio-station-allegedly-owned-fayose/|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=Champion Newspapers LTD|language=en-NG|archivedate=2021-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208181314/https://championnews.com.ng/ekiti-govt-seals-radio-station-allegedly-owned-fayose/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, a na-ebo ebubo na mmechi ahụ nwere akụkụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ bụ na onye bụbu gọvanọ Ayodele Fayose nwe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, onye kwuru na mmechi bụ ihe na-eme ka ntuli aka dị n'ime ụlọ na All Progressives Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-15|title=Ekiti seals radio station for allegedly flouting building laws|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/ekiti-government-seals-radio-station-for-allegedly-flouting-building-laws/|accessdate=2021-12-08|first=Ayodele|author=Afolabi|work=The Guardian|language=en-NG|archivedate=2021-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208181313/https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/ekiti-government-seals-radio-station-for-allegedly-flouting-building-laws/}}</ref> Ụlọ ahụ na ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ Fayose nwere bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission mechiri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/photos-efcc-seals-off-alleged-fayoses-properties-in-ekiti/|first=Sam|author=Nwaoko|title=PHOTOS: EFCC storms Ekiti, seals 13 properties allegedly linked to Fayose|date=22 November 2018|accessdate=18 February 2022}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} t8bgodmlxpn8yg2w28urd4snhsvcrcy Elijah Amoo Addo 0 27386 195357 140235 2024-11-19T00:29:30Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Elijah Amoo Addo|image=|image_size=|caption=|birth_name=Elijah Amoo Addo|birth_date=1 August 1990|birth_place=[[Accra]], [[Ghana]]|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|other_names=|known_for=Running food bank for the less privileged|education=Sphinx Hospitality school <br> [[University of Cambridge]]|employer=|occupation=Social Entrepreneur/Chef/Food stylist|title=|spouse=|partner=|children=|parents=late Ebenezer Awuku Addo and Naomi Amiokor Ntreh|relatives=|signature=|footnotes=|nationality=Ghanaian}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Elijah Amoo Addo (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ [[Ghana|onye Ghana]] na-esi nri na onye na-emepụta nri nke ghọrọ onye ọchụnta ego ọha na eze site n'ịmepụta Food for All Africa . E guzobere ya na 2014, Food for All Africa bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkwado nri mbụ nke West Africa. Dabere na isi obodo Ghana, Accra, nzukọ ahụ na-eji nkwado na ngwa ekwentị mkpanaaka na-ekerịta nri iji nye ọtụtụ puku ụmụaka na-adịghị ike nri site na iweghachite nri na nkesa. Na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, ụlọ ọrụ nkesa nri, na ndị ọrụ ugbo dị n'ime ime obodo, nzukọ Addo na-anakọta nri fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ nri a na-achọghị nke dị nso na ojiji ya site na ụbọchị ma na-ekesa ya na ụmụaka nwere nsogbu na ogige ụmụ mgbei, ụlọ ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-enweta ego dị ala. Nzukọ ahụ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ọkwa iwu mba iji mee ka ọ dịrị ndị na-eweta ihe mfe inye nri ma kwuo uru ụtụ isi. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe a chọpụtara na ihe ruru 46% nke nri a na-emepụta n'ugbo dị na Ghana na-emebi emebi n'ihi okporo ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ụgbọala mebiri emebi na ahịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, Food for All Africa na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ndị metụtara na ụlọ ọrụ nri Ghana iji chọta ụzọ iji belata mmebi nri. N'afọ 2017, Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke Abụọ nyere Addo onyinye Queen's Young Leaders Award na Buckingham Palace maka enyemaka ya maka mgbanwe nke usoro nkesa nri nke Ghana iji belata ihe mkpofu, merie agụụ, ma belata ịda ogbenye na nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ. O nwetakwara onyinye Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award site na Takeda Foundation na 2018. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Addo na 1 August 1990 na Accra, [[Ghana]] mana o si Akuapem-Mampong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanstylesandculture.com/2017/07/20/elijah-amoo-ghanaian-chef-26-running-a-food-bank-for-the-less-privileged/|title=Elijah Amoo, Ghanaian Chef, 26, Running A Food Bank for the Less Privileged|date=2017-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090743/https://africanstylesandculture.com/2017/07/20/elijah-amoo-ghanaian-chef-26-running-a-food-bank-for-the-less-privileged/}}</ref> Naanị nwa nwoke n'ime ụmụ anọ, nne na nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ wee soro nwanne nne ya biri na Lagos, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na njem agụmakwụkwọ ya na St. Thomas Aquinas Secondary School na Accra, Ghana wee mechaa ọmụmụ nri na ụlọ akwụkwọ Sphinx Hospitality na ọrụ nri na Lagos, Nigeria. O nwere asambodo na ọchụnta ego na njikwa site na YALI West Africa RLC-GIMPA ma nweta asambodo Leading Change site na Mahadum Cambridge na 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/785690/food-for-all-africa-founder-receives-queens-young.html|title=Food For All Africa Founder Receives Queens Young Leader Award|work=Modern Ghana|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qyl.ice.cam.ac.uk/stories/elijah-amoo-addo-food-for-all-africa|title=Elijah Amoo Addo with Food for all Africa|author=Admin|work=QYL|accessdate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729124223/https://qyl.ice.cam.ac.uk/stories/elijah-amoo-addo-food-for-all-africa|archivedate=29 July 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ Onye isi nri na Mgbalị<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africanstylesandculture.com/2017/07/20/elijah-amoo-ghanaian-chef-26-running-a-food-bank-for-the-less-privileged/|title=Elijah Amoo, Ghanaian Chef, 26, Running A Food Bank for the Less Privileged|date=2017-07-20|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090743/https://africanstylesandculture.com/2017/07/20/elijah-amoo-ghanaian-chef-26-running-a-food-bank-for-the-less-privileged/}}</ref> == Njem Addo dị ka onye isi nri malitere na Lagos, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] mgbe ọ malitere ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ dị ka onye na-ebu nri na kichin iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ ya. Otu ụbọchị, n'ịga ngwa ngwa n'ụlọ, ọ tụbara ofe oliv nke onye isi nri kwadebere, na-eche na ọ bụ ihe efu. Nke a mere ka onye isi nri ahụ were iwe ruo n'ókè nke ịkparị ya. Ọ malitere iti ákwá ma tie mkpu "Ị na-eche na ọ bụrụ na ndị mụrụ m dị ndụ, m ga-anọ ebe a dị ka onye na-ehicha ihe mgbe ndị ọrụ ibe m nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ?" Nke a metụrụ Onye isi nri ahụ aka nke kpebiri iduzi ya ma kwado ya site na ọmụmụ nri na Sphinx Vocational Training School na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chefsinafrica.fr/Nos-pionniers/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo|work=Chefs in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> Mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ, ọ nwetara ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Marios, mgbe ahụ otu n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọfụma kachasị na Lagos, na 2010 laghachiri Ghana iji nyere onye ọchụnta ego [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] aka nke hụrụ ọrụ ya na Lagos iji mepee ụlọ oriri na nkwari Chase. Mgbe otu afọ gasịrị, ọ laghachiri Lagos na oku nke onye nkuzi ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na họtel ha ruo ọnwa isii wee bụrụ Sous Chef.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chefs4dev.org/index.php/chefs-network/elijah-amoo-addo/|title=Elijah Amoo Addo|date=2019-04-15|work=Chefs for Development|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090742/https://chefs4dev.org/index.php/chefs-network/elijah-amoo-addo/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/innovation/saint-of-the-streets-elijah-amoo-addo-is-feeding-accras-needy/wwq6pq1|title=Elijah Amoo Addo is feeding Accra's needy|date=2016-01-13|work=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> Addo laghachiri Ghana ma n'afọ 2011, ọ zutere otu nwoke nwere nsogbu uche nke na-enweta nri fọdụrụ n'aka ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá iji nye ndị ọrụ ibe ya nwere nsogbu uche n'okporong ámá nri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2019/06/03/chef-elijah-amoo-addo-confirmed-to-address-about-how-food-can-foster-stronger-relations-between-europe-and-africa/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo confirmed to address about How Food Can Foster Stronger Relations Between Europe and Africa|author=APO|date=2019-06-03|work=CNBC Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090741/https://www.cnbcafrica.com/apo/2019/06/03/chef-elijah-amoo-addo-confirmed-to-address-about-how-food-can-foster-stronger-relations-between-europe-and-africa/}}</ref> Nke a kpaliri ya ịmalite Chefs for Change Ghana Foundation, otu NGO nke weghachiri nri karịrị akarị site na ụlọ ọrụ ile ọbịa iji nye ndị na-adịghị ike nri ma kwado megide mmebi nri na agụụ. N'afọ 2015, Chefs for Change ghọrọ mmemme Food for All Africa, ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ akụ nri mbụ nke West Africa site n'ịmepụta ụzọ na-edozi ahụ maka ụmụaka na-adịghị ike, ndị agadi na ndị isi mgbaka site na ụlọ akụ nri, ọrụ ugbo na nzukọ maka ndị nwere mmasị n'ime usoro nri Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chefsinafrica.fr/Nos-pionniers/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo|work=Chefs in Africa|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanews.com/2017/07/13/meet-elijah-amoo-addo-ghanaian-chef-26-who-got-queen-s-award-dressed-in-work/|title=Meet Elijah Amoo Addo: Ghanaian chef, 26, who got Queen's award dressed in work gear|author=AfricaNews|date=2017-07-13|work=Africanews|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713030543/http://www.africanews.com/2017/07/13/meet-elijah-amoo-addo-ghanaian-chef-26-who-got-queen-s-award-dressed-in-work/|archivedate=13 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topafricanews.com/2019/06/03/chef-elijah-amoo-addo-confirmed-to-address-about-how-food-can-foster-stronger-relations-between-europe-and-africa/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo confirmed to address about How Food Can Foster Stronger Relations Between Europe and Africa|author=TOPAFRICANEWS|date=2019-06-03|work=TOP AFRICA NEWS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1426586/ghanaian-chef-waste-feed-hungry|title=A Ghanaian chef works against waste to feed the hungry|work=www.newvision.co.ug|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi kichin na +233 Jazz Bar na Accra wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke Greater Accra Chefs Association, ebe ya na ndị isi nke Association rụkọtara ọrụ iji gbanwee ma lekwasị anya n'ịzụ ndị isi nri ụmụ akwụkwọ iji melite ụkpụrụ nnyefe n'ahịa ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://futureofghana.com/tag/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo {{!}} The Future of Ghana|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090741/http://futureofghana.com/tag/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na Burger na Relish mana n'afọ 2015 ọ gbara arụkwaghịm iji lekwasị anya n'ịduzi mmemme Food For All Africa. N'afọ 2017, ọ malitere ngwa mkpanaka Okumkom ("Ọ na-akwụsị agụụ") dị ka ikpo okwu iji weta ngwaahịa nri dị ọnụ ala maka obodo ndị a lekwasịrị anya, yana ụlọ ahịa obodo mbụ ya dị na Teshie, Accra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/ghanaian-chef-elijah-amoo-addo-wins-award-with-his-okumkom-app-in-japan/|title=Ghanaian chef, Elijah Amoo Addo wins award with his 'Okumkom' App in Japan|author=Debrah|first=Ameyaw|date=2019-02-03|work=AmeyawDebrah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> Òtù ya Food for All Africa na-agbake n'etiti $ 8,000 na $ 10,000 nke nri kwa afọ iji kwado ihe karịrị 5485 ndị na-erite uru gafee Ghana na 2014 ahọpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime 100 Global Best practices iji kwụsị agụụ na ịda ogbenye na Ghana site na Dubai International Awards for Best practices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africayouthawards.org/elijahamooaddo/|title=Elijah Amoo Addo|author=Akpah|first=Prince|date=2017-08-29|work=Africa Youth Awards|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/ghanaian-chef-aims-to-cut-food-waste-and-feed-the-hungry-1.224504|title=Ghanaian chef aims to cut food waste and feed the hungry|work=The National|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> Ọ na-atụ anya iru ma metụta 1 nde ndị na-enweta ego dị ala ka ọ na-erule 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foodtank.com/news/2018/06/elijah-amoo-addo-ghanaian-chef-food-waste-hero/|title=This Ghanaian Chef is Reducing Food Waste as well as Hunger|date=2018-06-14|work=Food Tank|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme mgbanwe site n'Africa na Commonwealth maka Queen's Young Leaders Award site n'aka [[Elizabeth II|Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke Abụọ]] nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Buckingham Palace iji kwado ọrụ ya maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya gafee Commonwealth, na-enye ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù ma na-agbanwe usoro nkesa nri Ghana iji merie ihe oriri, agụụ, ịda ogbenye na nsogbu na-edozi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/07/ghanaian-chef-to-cook-waakye-for-queen-elizabeth/|title=Ghanaian chef to cook 'waakye' for Queen Elizabeth|date=2017-07-02|work=Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://truvalu-startups.com/news/gbt-entrepreneur-elijah-amo-addo-receives-award-from-the-queen-of-the-uk|title=GBT Entrepreneur Elijah Amo Addo Receives Award from the Queen of the UK|work=Impact Booster|language=en-EN|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090742/https://truvalu-startups.com/news/gbt-entrepreneur-elijah-amo-addo-receives-award-from-the-queen-of-the-uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africacablenetwork.com/queen-honors-ghanaian-born-chef-passion-cooking/|title=Queen honors Ghanaian-born chef over passion for cooking|date=2017-07-24|work=Africa Cable Network|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2023-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150521/http://africacablenetwork.com/queen-honors-ghanaian-born-chef-passion-cooking/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.takeachef.com/en-en/chef/elijah-amoo-addo|title=Chef at home Elijah Amoo Addo|author=Chef|first=Take a|work=Take a Chef|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://futureofghana.com/tag/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo {{!}} The Future of Ghana|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090741/http://futureofghana.com/tag/chef-elijah-amoo-addo/}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, e nyere ya onyinye Takeda Young Entrepreneurship Award nke afọ 2018 na nnọkọ Takeda kwa afọ na Tokyo, [[Japan]] maka ngwa mkpanaka Okumkom ya na ụlọ ahịa nri obodo, nke na-eweta ngwaahịa nri dị ọnụ ala na nke dị mfe na obodo site na ngwa mkpanụ, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na ụlọ ahịa obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/ghanaian-chef-elijah-amoo-addo-wins-award-with-his-okumkom-app-in-japan/|title=Ghanaian chef, Elijah Amoo Addo wins award with his 'Okumkom' App in Japan|author=Debrah|first=Ameyaw|date=2019-02-03|work=AmeyawDebrah.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> == Onyinye na Nkwado == * 2015, A họpụtara ya maka onyinye ọdịnihu Africa na Community Action<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/tfaa-2015-nominees-profiles/|title=The Future Awards Africa 2015 Nominees Profiles - Page 5 of 9|date=2015-11-22|work=The Future Awards Africa|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> * 2017, Onyinye Ndị Ntorobịa Eze Nwanyị * 2017 100 Ndị Ntorobịa Afrịka Kasị Mmetụta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africayouthawards.org/elijahamooaddo/|title=Elijah Amoo Addo|author=Akpah|first=Prince|date=2017-08-29|work=Africa Youth Awards|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> * 2018, Onyinye Ọchụnta ego Ndị Ntorobịa nke Takeda Foundation * 2019, E wepụtara pitch na EuroAfrican Forum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.topafricanews.com/2019/06/03/chef-elijah-amoo-addo-confirmed-to-address-about-how-food-can-foster-stronger-relations-between-europe-and-africa/|title=Chef Elijah Amoo Addo confirmed to address about How Food Can Foster Stronger Relations Between Europe and Africa|author=TOPAFRICANEWS|date=2019-06-03|work=TOP AFRICA NEWS|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-09-06}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190906090743/https://africanstylesandculture.com/2017/07/20/elijah-amoo-ghanaian-chef-26-running-a-food-bank-for-the-less-privileged/ Elijah Amoo, onye isi nri Ghana, 26, Na-elekọta ụlọ akụ nri maka ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150521/http://africacablenetwork.com/queen-honors-ghanaian-born-chef-passion-cooking/ Eze Nwanyị na-asọpụrụ onye isi nri a mụrụ na Ghana maka mmasị maka isi nri]    [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jcpbntqlmged5r8j343efqyeoxdylil Sahar Nasr 0 27756 195329 140661 2024-11-18T22:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahar Nasr''' (Arabic, amụrụ n'afọ 1964) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt nke jere ozi dị ka Minista nke itinye ego na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa nke Arab Republic of Egypt (afo 2015-2019).<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4hTBIKKplA Video: Minister Sahar Nasr speaks on the evening program of DMC]</ref> A mụrụ ya na afọ 1964, Nasr gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum America na afọ 1985 na nzere na akụ na ụba na mgbakọ na mwepụ, na afọ 1990 natara nzere masta. N'afọ 1993-1995, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na American Chamber of Commerce nke obodo Ijipt. N'afọ 1995-1996, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Arthur Andersen audit company privatization project. Ọ nwetara PhD ya na ngalaba nke Economics na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Mahadum Cairo na ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ na Mahadum America kemgbe ahụ.<ref name="manhom">[https://manhom.com/شخصيات/سحر-نصر-2/ Sahar Nasr]</ref> N'afọ 2002-2011, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Associate Professor, Department of Economics, American and British University in Egypt. N'afọ 1996-2014, ọ ghọrọ onye ọkachamara, onye isi akụ na ụba, onye nhazi, onye nduzi mpaghara nke World Bank Fund.<ref name="Nasr">[https://www.mobtada.com/details/571745 A proper summary of the Minister of Investment and International Cooperation]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[https://aliqtisadi.com/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1-2/ Full biography of Minister Sahar Nasr]</ref> N'afọ 2015-2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka itinye ego na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa nke Arab Republic nke Ijipt.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBVavW3XuNo Video: Speech by Minister Sahar Nasr at the World African Forum]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenewkhalij.news/article/26701/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA |title=Egyptian Minister of International Cooperation visits Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates to receive funds |accessdate=2023-06-16 |archivedate=2021-05-22 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522124141/https://thenewkhalij.news/article/26701/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA }}</ref><ref>[https://elmydannews.com/news/29240/30-9-2017/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1-..-%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%80%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1-%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7 Investment meeting of Egyptian Minister Sahar Nasr and the President of Armenia]</ref> N'afọ 2021, ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ na Mahadum Al-Yamamah, Saudi Arabia. Ọ ghọkwara onye otu na "<ref name="manhom"/> == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ay9b89xbirdxxiq41o3x7x11gtrv41t Akpụkpọ anụ 0 27871 195371 180166 2024-11-19T02:24:46Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1241341079|Stuffed squid]]" 195371 wikitext text/x-wiki   Stuffed squid[a] bụ aha a na-akpọkarị maka nri e ji isi oliv, Yabasị Spanish, galik, osikapa, tomato, nnu, ose ojii, akwụkwọ mint, parsley, squid na mmirika tomato mee.  Ọ na-ewu ewu na Gris, Ịtali, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia, na Turkey. ụmụaka squids nke Tunisia na- , ma ụmụaka iche n'ụdị ụmụaka nke mba ahụ.  A na-eri ha dị ka isi nri, ma ọ bụ naanị ha na harissa na tomato sauce ma ọ bụ dị ka nke nri couscous..<ref>{{Cite book|author=Fabien Bellahsen, Daniel Rouche|title=Délices de Tunisie|publisher=Ed. consulaires|year=2010|isbn=2-906750-67-0|pages=106-107 & 134-135|language=fr}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Kalamar_dolma.jpg|thumb| "Kalamar dolma", chipirones jupụtara na Turkish.]] Na mpaghara Central Sahel (Sousse, Monastir na Mahdia), ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka chard ma ọ bụ spinach, nke a na-agwakọta ya na ọtụtụ parsley ọhụrụ na yabasị a pịrị apị.  .  A na- obere osikapa, bulgur, barley semolina ma ọ bụ chickpeas e siri esi na protein nke nwere ike ịbụ siri ike na onye aka squids nke a pịrị apị, ma ọ bụ onye nke ụkwụ, imeju ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ.  , na ihu a na-esighị esi iji chịkọta ihe ndị na-etinye ọnụ.  A na-etinye ihe na-atọ ụtọ na harrissa ma ọ bụ paprika sere nkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ na-esi ụtọ dị ka galik, mint nkụ ma ọ bụ fenel ntụ ma ọ bụ ndidi coriander na caraway. [[Faịlụ:Tunisian_couscous_with_stuffed_calamari.JPG|thumb|Couscous nke Tunisia na calamari]] N'ndị na-ekiri nke mmiri osimiri Tunisia, na mpaghara Gabès, ihe a na- na-- jiida obere ma ọ tinye akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, mana ọ na-eji dị ka isi ihe ndị a pịrị apị na chickpeas e siri esi.  , nke a na-ahụ karọt, yabasị, galik, coriander na mmetụta carraway kama harissa, ubi ubicitous (yabasị na-acha igwe). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Ben Jemaa|first=Zouhair|title=La cuisine tunisienne, Patrimoine et Authenticité|publisher=Simpact|year=2010|isbn=978-9973-02-074-1|location=Tunis|pages=101}}</ref> N'Ịtali, na Sardinia na Apulia, a na-etinye ihe na ya na ya na-egosi aka, charị, galik, na parsley. == Ihe odide == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki>{{Reflist}} 5gotcluu4v7nuv4vbv1wk6o2l1xgydf Ugo Monye 0 28013 195389 140062 2024-11-19T05:49:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Usòrò:Ugo_Monye.jpg|thumb|Ugo Monye]] {{infobox rugby biography|name=Ugo Monye|image=Ugo Monye.jpg|caption=Ugo Monye in January 2013|alt=|birth_name=Ugochukwu Chiedozie Monye|birth_date={{birth date and age|1983|4|13|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Islington]], London, England|death_date=|death_place=|height={{convert|1.88|m|ftin|abbr=on}}|weight={{convert|92|kg|stlb|abbr=on}} <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.union.quins.co.uk/rugby/1stXV.php?player=4789&includeref=dynamic |title=Harlequins 1st XV |year=2011 |work=web page |publisher=Harlequins |access-date=13 June 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2023 |archivedate=14 December 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214163917/http://www.union.quins.co.uk/rugby/1stXV.php?player=4789&includeref=dynamic }}</ref>|school=[[Lord Wandsworth College]]|university=|spouse=|children=|relatives=|occupation=|ru_currentteam=|ru_position=[[Wing (rugby union)|Wing]] / [[Centre (rugby union)|Centre]] / [[Fullback (rugby union)|Fullback]]|youthyears1=&nbsp;|youthclubs1=[[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]|ru_clubyears=2002–2015|ru_proclubs=[[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]|ru_clubcaps=241|ru_clubpoints=(435)|ru_clubupdate=7 March 2015|ru_provinceyears=|ru_province=|ru_provincecaps=|ru_provincepoints=|super14years=&nbsp;|super14=|super14caps=|super14points=|ru_nationalyears=2008–2012 <br/>[[2009 British & Irish Lions tour to South Africa|2009]]<br/>2006–2015|ru_nationalteam=[[England national rugby union team|England]]<br/>[[British & Irish Lions]]<br/>[[Barbarian FC]]<br/>[[England Saxons]]|ru_nationalcaps=14 <br/> 2 <br/> 3|ru_nationalpoints=(10)<br/> (5)<br/> (5)|ru_ntupdate=10 November 2012|repsevensyears1=2002–2005|repsevensteam1=[[England national rugby sevens team|England]]|repsevenscomp1=|ru_coachyears=|ru_coachclubs=|ru_refereeyears=|ru_refereecomps=|ru_refereeapps=}} '''Ugochukwu Chiedozie Monye''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1983) bụ onye England na-ahụ maka egwuregwu na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu rugby, Monye gbara bọọlụ ugboro iri na anọ maka England, ugboro narị iri anọ na otu maka naanị klọb ya bụ a kpọrọ Harlequins ma gbaa bọọlụ ugboro abụọ maka British & Irish Lions na njem ha n'afọ 2009 na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ugo Monye|url=https://www.theguardian.com/profile/ugo-monye|accessdate=2022-03-02|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC One - Strictly Come Dancing - Ugo Monye|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2XCF7nys7Fjmxmmq4PSyQ3R/ugo-monye|accessdate=2022-03-02|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> Monye meriri ma nkewa nke abụọ na aha na ihe a kpọrọ Premiership na Harlequins, o mmeri kwara na ihe a kpọrọ European Rugby Challenge Cup. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ ntorobịa === Dị ka onye dị afọ iri na asatọ, Monye sonyere na asọmpi egwuregwu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ England na mita otu nari, ma mecha dịka onye nke ise na okpomọkụ ya, n'ime oge nke nkeji iri na otu sekọnd iri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esaa.net/2001/tf/national/sb.html|title=Ugo Monye 100m personal best English Schools Championships|year=2001|work=web page|publisher=ESAA|accessdate=6 July 2001|archivedate=10 August 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010810010842/http://www.esaa.net/2001/tf/national/sb.html}}</ref> Ya na ndị Olympians, Mark Lewis-Francis na Tyrone Edgar, bụ ndị sonyekwara na asọmpi English Schools' Championship bụ enyi. Monye gbaara ndị Hampshire RFC bọọlụ ha maka ndị na-erughị afọ iri na asaa na ndị na-erughị afọ iri abụọ. === Ọganihu na asaa === Harlequins nyere ya nkwekọrịta ọkachamara ma n'iiri na abụọ ọnwa 12 ọ bụ ondị a kpọrọ nye otu England RFU Sevens nkendị a kpọrọ meriri Hong Kong Sevens. Monye dịomkpa n'nye a kpọrọ ndị otu Sevens n'oge 2002-03 na n'ihe a kpọrọ 2003-04 IRB World Sevens Series, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime sonyere ndị otu na-kesa kpọrọ ọmpi na 2005 Rugby World Cup Sevens na Hong Kong. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị England RFU Saxons meriri Churchi'lfọl Cup na 2005 na 2008. O bu ụzọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Harlequins na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Glasgow Warriors RFC n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2002, malite oge na-esote site na ịnwale ise na egwuregwu abụọ, gụnyere otu hat trick megide Rotherham Titans na Millmoor. Monye nyere goolu ise megide ndị a kpọrọ Exeter Chiefs na mmeri 70-5 nke Harlequins na Twickenham Stoop ka akụkụ ahụ laghachiri na ihe a kpọrọ Guinness Premiership mgbe oge na nke mba ahụ gasịrị nke Monye gbara mgbalị iri na isii. Tupu oge 2009-10, ọ gbara ọsọ na iri anọ na asaa na egwuregwu otu narị na ise maka klọb ahụ. === Mbido mba ụwa === Monye nyeere ndị England goolu nke mbụ mbụ ya mgbe ha gbara megide Scotland na Twickenham na Mba Isii n'ụbọchị nke iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Maachị n'afọ 2009. Monye nyeere England goolu mbụ ya na mmeri 39-13 nke England meriri ndị Pacific Islanders na Twickenham n'afọ 2008 wee malite ndị ọzọ na-eme egwuregwu mba ụwa n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ megide Australia, South Africa na New Zealand. Mgbe a họpụtara ya maka njem ndị Lions jere na South Africa n'afọ 2009 Monye nwetara ihe a kpọrọ XV nke mbụ ya na Durban. N'ime ọkara mbụ, e gbochiri ya ịnye goolu ka ọ na-abanye n'elu akara nnwale mgbe Jean de Villiers tinyere aka ya n'okpuru bọọlụ iji gbochie mgbali ya. Na ọkara nke abụọ, Monye gafere iji gbaa bọọlụ mana Morne Steyn jidere ya ma mee ya ka Ọ ghara ịchịkwa bọọlụ ya. Lions tụfuru ule ahụ nke mere ka Monye tụfuo ọnọdụ ya, Luke Fitzgerald nọchiri ya. Lions tụfuru ule nke abụọ ma kpo ha chi Monye, onye gbapụtara onwe ya site na mgbalị mịta iri asaa nke e jidere n'agbanyeghị na Lions tụfuru usoro 2-1. Ọ bụ onye kachasị elu Lions na-agba mbọ ịgba goolu na njem ahụ na mgbalị ise. === Ihe ịga nke ọma nke klọb === N'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2010, Ugo tara ahụhụ mmerụ ahụ na-eyi ọrụ egwu ma mgbe a wasịrị ya ahụ, a hapụrụ ya izu iri na abụọ. Nke a wepụrụ ya pụa na ndị otu a kpọrọ Martin Johnson's England Squad maka Usoro ule mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Autum ma wepụ kwa ya na asọmpi mba isii nke afọ 2011. Ọ laghachiri I gwụrụ Harlequins egwu bụ ndị o nyeere aka imeri ihe kpọrọ a imeri Amlin Challenge Cup, tupu a kpọọ aha ya na ndị otu ọzụihe a kpọrọ zụ England maka 2011 Rugby World Cup na ngwụcha oge ahụ. Monye malitere rubara Harlequins ọrụ na mmeri ikpeazụ ha meriri ndị a kpọrọ Leicester Tigers n'oge 2011-12.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/18154802|title=Harlequins 30–23 Leicester|publisher=BBC Sport|date=26 May 2012|accessdate=2 March 2016}}</ref> N' ubochi nke iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, Monye kwupụtara na ọ na-ala ezumike nká na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/32022612|title=Ugo Monye: Harlequins winger to retire at end of season|work=BBC Sport|date=24 March 2015}}</ref> === Onye isi oche nke otu ndụmọdụ onwe onye na-ahụ maka ọdịiche === N'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Monye ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke otu ndụmọdụ nọọrọ onwe ya nke Rugby Football Union na-ahụ maka ọdịiche.<ref>{{Cite news|title='I want everyone to feel rugby is for them'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/56709956|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> N'ọnwa June n'afọ 2022, n'oge a na-agba ya ajụjụ ọnụ na The Telegraph, Monye kwuru na ọ dị mkpa ka ndị otu akpọrọ Rugby Union na-alụso "ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè" na omenala a kpọrọ "laddish" ọgụ iji bụrụ ndị zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Monye says rugby must tackle 'drinking culture'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/rugby-union/61808049|accessdate=2022-06-16}}</ref> === Onye nnọchi anya akara === Kwa izu Ugo Monye na-ewepụta pọdkastị ndị akpọrọ Rugby Union maka BBC na mmekorita ya na onye nta akụkọ Chris Jones.<ref name=":0"/> Ha abụọ arụkọwo ọrụ ọnụ kemgbe Jenụwarị 2017. N'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, a mara ọkwa na ọkarandị a kpọrọ Danny Care nke England ga-akwado pọdkastị ahụ mgbe ọ bụla Jones na-anọghị. Ọ na-egosikwa ugbu a na BT Sport, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya onye a kpọrọ Maximuscle. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, a mara ọkwa na Monye na Sam Quek ga-abụ ndị isi otu ọhụrụ na ihe ngosi ajụjụ akpọrọ BBC's Question of Sport.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-08|title=Paddy McGuinness replaces Sue Barker as A Question of Sport host|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-57761226|accessdate=2021-07-08}}</ref> bido n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2021 Monye bụ onye asọmpi maka usoro nke iri na itoolu nke ihe akpọrọ ''Strictly Come Dancing'', e jikọtara ya na ọkachamara ịgba egwu Oti Mabuse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2XCF7nys7Fjmxmmq4PSyQ3R/ugo-monye|title=BBC One - Strictly Come Dancing - Ugo Monye|work=BBC}}</ref> Di na nwunye a mechara n'ọkwa iri na otu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/strictly-results-ugo-monye-2021-b1944348.html|title=The latest celebrity to leave Strictly has been named|date=24 October 2021|work=The Independent}}</ref> N'ubochị nke iri abụọ na otu n'onwa Oktoba Monye mara ọkwa na ya na nwunye ya kewara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/celebs/strictly-come-dancing-ugo-monye-21925143|title=Strictly's Ugo Monye's split from wife of 5 years and 'curse' that was to blame|first=Josh|author=Bolton|date=21 October 2021|work=MyLondon}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nna Monye nwụrụ obere oge tụpụ Ọ puta n'ihe a kpọrọ BBC's ''Strictly Come Dancing''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/celebrities/20210925122565/ugo-monye-reveals-dad-died-before-strictly-debut/|title=Strictly star Ugo Monye dedicates first dance to late dad|date=25 September 2021|work=HELLO!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ugo-monyes-strictly-come-dancing-tribute-on-day-of-fathers-funeral-5wtdtl9qk#:~:text=The%20Strictly%20Come%20Dancing%20star,aged%2081%20on%20September%201.|title=Ugo Monye's Strictly Come Dancing tribute on day of father's funeral}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye otu Kraịst kweyesiri ike n'okwukwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Harrison|first=Maxine|date=2021-09-03|title=Everything you need to know about A Question of Sport's Ugo Monye|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/celebs-tv/question-sport-who-team-captain-5863829|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=BristolLive|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930225151/http://www.quins.co.uk/playerdisplay.ink?skip=22&season=2006/2007&playertype=P Akụkọ banyere arlequins] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014656/http://www.england-rugby.com/englandrugby/index.cfm?fuseaction=News.News_Detail&storyid=10912 Nkọwa nke England] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120629022501/http://www.maximuscle.com/ugo Ugo Monye - Maximuscle Ambassador profaịlụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230608173354/https://www.engagehospitality.co.uk/ Ugo Monye - Engage Ambassador profaịlụ] {{British and Irish Lions 2009}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ai5eesopcx78e5sju6vxjalmj7sqh9f Ogwe ụra 0 28081 195343 125092 2024-11-19T00:22:18Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Capsules_-_Capsule_In_Akihabara.jpg|alt=Stacked sleeping capsules, looks like enclosed bunk beds|thumb|363x363px|Capsule na Akihabara]] Ogwe ụra, nke a makwaara dị ka ogwe ụra, '''ogwe ụra''' ma ọ bụ '''mkpuru ogwu''', bụ ụdị ihe owuwu pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ oche nke na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ihi ụra. Ndị ọrụ na-eji ogwe ura na-ehi ụra onwe onye, na-enyekarị aka site na teknụzụ na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ apụtala na gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ, ụlọ ọgwụ, mahadum, ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ebe ọha na eze ndị ọzọ. Ihe a na-eche na ha dị irè na-adabere na nyocha nke na-atụ aro na ụra nkeji iri abụọ nwere ike belata ihe ịrịba ama nke ike ọgwụgwụ, bulie ike, bulie uche, bulie mmepụta ihe, bulie ọnọdụ, bulie mmụta, belata nrụgide ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa obi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rest.works/benefits/|title=Napping Benefits backed up by Science}}</ref> == Mmalite ya == Mmepe nnka na uzuu nke ogwe uraụra na-apụta site na mmata na-eto eto banyere uru ahụike nke ụra na ụra gụnyere mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ọgụgụ isi. Ọ bụ Kisho Kurokawa mepụtara oghere ihi ụra mbụ na 1979, na imewe ya maka ulo mkpuru ogwu Osaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kaven|first=W|date=April 1992|title=Japan's hotel industry: An overview|journal=The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly|volume=33|issue=2|pages=26–32|doi=10.1016/0010-8804(92)90079-k|issn=0010-8804}}</ref> == Ihe osise ndị dị ugbu a == [[Usòrò:Nappuccino_café_napping_pods_Barcelona.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nwanyị na-ehi ụra n'ime ebe a na-ehu ụra, na kọfị Nappuccino na Barcelona, Spain]] UK haziri oghere ezumike na-ezube inye onye ọrụ 'oghere kachasị mma iji zuo ike', site na ịmepụta 'ebe zuru oke' iji kwụsị. Ọ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mkpuru ogwu ọdịnala nke [[Japan]] na oghere ya zuru oke. Ebe ezumike ahụ nwere ihe na-egbochi ụda, ọkụ dị mma, ntụgharị uche na-achịkwa olu na ikuku dị ọcha. E wuru atụmatụ ahụ maka ntụsara ahụ site na iji osisi na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What we do {{!}} Rest Space|url=https://www.restspaceldn.com/what-we-do|accessdate=2020-10-07|work=RestSpace LDN|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922045314/https://www.restspaceldn.com/what-we-do}}</ref> === MetroNaps EnergyPod === [[Usòrò:EnergyPod_at_Wesleyan_University.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ike ogwe ura n'ime obere ụlọ ihi ụra na Olin Memorial Library nke Mahadum Wesleyan na Middletown, Connecticut]] 'Oche oche' nke nwere akara ahịa bụ oche mbụ n'ụwa maka ihi ụra n'ebe ọrụ. A na-akọwa atụmatụ ahụ dị ka nke nwere mmetụta ọdịnihu ma gosipụta ọta nzuzo 360-degree yana ezumike ụkwụ nke enwere ike idozi iji kwado ahụ onye ọrụ. Akụkụ dị ala e welitere na-ebuli ụkwụ elu, ka ọ na-ahapụ ikpere gbagọrọ agbagọ iji belata nrụgide n'azụ na ụkwụ. Nke a na-eme ka nrugharị ahụ dịkwuo mma ma belata nrụgide na usoro obi, na-eme buru ọ dịkwuo mfe izu ike. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịpị bọtịnụ mmalite iji malite ụra nkeji iri abụọ a kwadebere. Ha nwere ike izu ike mgbe ha na-ege egwu ụra ma na-akpọte ha mgbe nkeji iri abụọ gachara site na njikọta nke ìhè na ịma jijiji. Nhazi ahụ gosipụtara ọkà okwu BOSE, mana enwere ike iji ya na ekwesi nke ya. Ogwe ike na-enyekwa ohere maka nsuso ojiji, nke mere na onye na-enweta ikikere nwere ike ịnakọta data banyere otu esi eji ngwaọrụ ahụ eme ihe mgbe niile na oge ole. Mpụga nke ogwe na-egosipụtakwa 'ihe ngosi ọnọdụ' nke na-agụ mgbe ogwe ga-anọ n'efu. === Igbe ihi ụra === N'ịbụ nke otu arch mepụtara na 2009, a na-etinye igbe ihi ura n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na ụlọ ahịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekwusi ike na ngwaahịa na-enye 'nchebe na ịdị ọcha na akụrụngwa obodo. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịgbazite ogwe na ngongo nkeji iri atọ. A na-eji MDF eme ihe nlereanya mkpanaka, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enweta ụdị omenala na ígwè, ugegbe na ọdịiche roba siri ike. Enwere ike iwu igbe àkwà (2.5 m x 1.6 x 3m) ma ọ bụ n'otu n'otu ma ọ bụ na usoro nke ruru 3. Ogwe ọ bụla nwere ohere maka ndị ọrụ iji chekwaa akpa ha na uwe ha, yana idina ala. Ihe ndị na-eme n'ebe obibi gụnyere ọkụ ụlọ, ọkụ ighu akwukwo, electric kpuru isi na ikuku ikuku yana oghere eletrik maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ngwaọrụ onwe onye. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ihuenyo onyonyo, ohere wifi na ọkụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ dị maka atụmatụ omenala. === Napcabs === Ụdị dị iche iche nke igbe ụra nke ndị Germany, nke na-enye obere okpokoro n'akụkụ àkwà. Enwere ike ịgbazite ogwe ndị a site n'otu awa, ma nwee oke awa 12 maka onye ọrụ ọ bụla. A na-emeziwanye ha maka nkwụsị n'etiti ụgbọ elu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Airport Sleep Pods Are Here for Stranded Passengers|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-13/airport-sleep-pods-are-here- for-stranded-passenger|author=Bachman|first=J|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> === Narita awa itoolu === Na-esite na Narita odu mba uwa, oghere ụra awa itoolu na-eme ka ọnụ ụlọ dị na mkpuru ogwu nke ndị ọbịa nwere ike ịdebanye aha maka ụra dị mkpirikpi yana ịnọ n'abalị. Ogwe ọ bụla dị 110 cm n'obosara, 220 cm n'omimi na 110 cm n"ogologo, nke nwere matarasị dị ka ntọala. Mkpuru ogwu na-enye nzuzo zuru oke ma nwee ike igbochi ya site n'ime. Ndị ọrụ na-achịkwa usoro ọnọdụ ụra nke gụnyere ìhè, ụda na okpomọkụ. N'ihi obere nha nke akpa ndị ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị nduzi njem na-adọ aka ná ntị na ezumike nke awa itoolu adịghị mma maka ndị ọrụ nwere claustrophobia. === Oge ezumike === Ihe mejupụtara oghere a bụ tube polycarbonate nwere ọnụ ụzọ oyi maka nzuzo. A na-etinye nke ọ bụla na matarasị omenala na nha nke tube ma nwee ikuku. Nhazi nke imewe ahụ gụnyere agba dị iche iche, matarasị akpụkpọ anụ na redio dijitalụ. Enwere ike iwepu ezumike ma buru ya n'ụzọ dị larịị. Nhazi a pụrụ iche ghọrọ ihe a ma ama mgbe etinyere ya n'ulo oru Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Podtime: Napping tubes for pod people|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/podtime-napping-tubes-for-pod-people/|author=Kooser|first=Amanda|work=CNET|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> == Omenala ụra n'ebe ọrụ == A na-eji ngwaahịa na atụmatụ ndị dị ugbu a mee ihe karịsịa maka ndị ọkachamara na ndị njem. Site n'ịmepụta oche pụrụ iche nke na-agba ume ụra dị mkpirikpi, nke a haziri ahazi n'ehihie, ndị ọkachamara dị ka Dr James B Mass, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ 'nri ike', na-ede banyere ebumnuche ya ịgbanwe ọdịbendị ọrụ dị na West iji melite uche na ike.<ref>{{Cite book|author=James|first=Mass|title=Power Sleep|publisher=Quill/Harper Collins|year=1999|location=New York}}</ref> Nke a kwekọrọ na omenala omenala dịka Siesta na Spain, ezumike n'etiti ehihie ebe ọrụ na ọrụ kwụsịrị. Omume ndị Japan nke Inemuri, ihi ụra n'ọrụ, a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe akaebe nke nraranye ruo n'ókè nke ike ọgwụgwụ, ọ na-emetụtakwa ojiji nke ụra gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Steger|first=Brigitte|date=September 2006|title=Sleeping through Class to Success|journal=Time & Society|volume=15|issue=2–3|pages=197–214|doi=10.1177/0961463x06066952|issn=0961-463X|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00571017/file/PEER_stage2_10.1177%252F0961463X06066952.pdf}}</ref> Arianna Huffington ekwuputala mkpa ọ dị ihi ụra na izu ike n'ebe ọrụ. Akwụkwọ ya bụ The mgbanwe ura gụnyere okwu nke na-agba ume ka ọ dị mma maka mkpa maka izu ike na gburugburu ọrụ nrụgide dị elu, a na-esokwa ya site na mmalite nke Thrive Global, mmalite nke na-enye ọzụzụ ahụike maka ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere ndụmọdụ iji gbaa ndị ọrụ ume ka ha hie ụra kwesịrị ekwesị mgbe ọ dị mkpa. Huffington dere "Echiche ahụ na ụra bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ihe ịrịba ama nke adịghị ike nakwa na ike ọgwụgwụ na enweghị ụra bụ ihe ịrịbaanya nwoke nke ike bụ ihe na-ebibi ihe karịsịa, Ya mere ịgbanwe ụzọ anyị si ekwu maka ụra bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mgbanwe ọdịbendị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Huffington, Arianna Stassinopoulos, 1950- author.|title=The sleep revolution : transforming your life, one night at a time|year=2017|isbn=978-1-101-90402-2|oclc=957022651}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ na-eduga na-agba ume ka a gbanwee nghọta ọdịbendị dị ugbu a banyere ike ọgwụgwụ gụnyere Matthew Walker, onye ọkà mmụta akwara na onye dere Why We Sleep: The New Science of Sleep and Dreams, onye kpọrọ ihe a kpọrọ "n'etiti ọrịa na-efe efe zuru ụwa ọnụ". Ọ kwadoro n'ihu ọha na-ehi ụra n'ọfịs "ọbụlagodi na ha na-egosi na ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu ghọtara mkpa ụra dị n'ebe ọrụ".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Walker|first=M|title=Why We Sleep|publisher=Scribner}}</ref> Ọkachamara n'ụra na ''onye'' na-ahụ maka ọrịa uche Rita Aoud gwara The Guardian, n'ihi data dị ugbu a na "Nnyocha na-egosi na ụra nke ihe dị ka nkeji iri abụọ n'ehihie nwere mmetụta dị mma na nlebara anya, anya, ọnọdụ na ịma aka.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=A|date=2017|title=Clocking off: the companies introducing nap time to the workplace|work=the guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business-to-business/2017/dec/04/clocking- off-the-companies-introducing-nap-time-to-the-workplace}}</ref> Omume nke nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-eguzobe teknụzụ ụra n'ebe ọrụ ha na-egosi na nyocha na ndụmọdụ ọkachamara banyere mkpa ụra na ịdị irè nke ụra ehihie na-emetụta omenala ụlọ ọrụ.gdf == References in science fiction == Nkpu ezumike bu njuputa nke nka na uzu Mkpu akwa,nke n'ejide ozu kponwuru akponwu na ihe ngosi kwusituru putara n'ulo oru ohu obia''.'', ''Avatar'', ''2001: a oghere Odyssey'', ''ndi ngafe'', and ''Event Horizon''. Na nke a,kompat akwa ezumike do ka ihe a na-ewu ka a na aru mkpu ezumike do adi ka a na-egosiputa na-echekwa ahu ndi na ehi ura n'oge njem ogologo oge. Mmiri ụra na ihe nkiri obia nke afọ 1979 bụ capsules na-acha ọcha n'ìgwè asatọ, na ọta iko gafee n'elu. Ndị ọrụ nọ n'ime ụlọ ahụ nọ n'ọnọdụ a kwụsịtụrụ, na-amaghị onwe ha ruo mgbe 'rụrụ ọrụ', na-eto eto ma nwee ike isonyere ndị ọrụ. A na-ahụkwa ihe nkiri a kwụsịtụrụ na ezumike na usoro ''ihe'' nkiri onyonyo fury efu na mbara igwe, ''Star Trek'', na ''Futurama''. N'ihe omume dibia oria onye nke afọ 2015, ehila ura ozo, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ nyocha mbara igwe na-ahapụ usoro ụra nkịtị site na iji 'Morpheus' ura ezumike , nke nwere ike ime ka ọtụtụ ọnwa ụra banye na nkeji abụọ. N'ịbụ nke a na-ejedebe n'i ogweds, a na-agbanwe ọrụ ụbụrụ mmadụ iji bulie mmepụta ihe n'ụgbọ mmiri. == Ebe ndị a ma ama == A na-etinye nka na uzu nke ogwe ura ma tinye ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ọha na eze na nke onwe. Ha dị n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu maka ndị njem iji n'etiti na tupu ụgbọ elu na ọdụ ụgbọ elu JFK, ọdụ ụgbọ elu Berlin, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Munich, ọdụ ụgbọelu Dubai na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Atlanta. Ụlọ ọrụ nka na uzu [[Google]], [[Samsung]] na Facebook etinyela ogwe ụra gafee isi ụlọ ọrụ ha na ọfịs maka iji ndị ọrụ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ Nike na Portland, [[Oregon]] nwere ọnụ ụlọ na saịtị ebe ndị ọrụ nwere ike ihi ụra ma ọ bụ tụgharịa uche. Ben & Jerry's enweela ụlọ ihi ụra n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ya kemgbe afọ 2010. Mahadum gụnyere King's College [[London]], Mahadum Sydney, Mahaduma Western Sydney, Maazị Miami, Mahadim Wesleyan, Mahadam Stanford na Mahadum Washington State nwere ogwe na ọbá akwụkwọ campus na ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ndị otu Sydney Swans AFL wụnyere 'ọnụ ụlọ ihi ụra' abụọ maka ndị egwuregwu iji n'etiti ọzụzụ na oge egwuregwu na SCG Stadium. Na UK, NHS etinyela ogwe ụra n'ụlọ ọgwụ ọha na eze maka ndị dọkịta, ndị nọọsụ na ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-04|title=Sleep pods for night staff|journal=Nursing Standard|volume=35|issue=3|pages=7|doi=10.7748/ns.35.3.7.s6|issn=0029-6570}}</ref> 79hbmb98x269571d6solcgxx65fi4h2 Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri 0 28127 195352 163690 2024-11-19T00:27:36Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:SymptomsFeverCoughSOB (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri]]]] Iku ume ntakiri ntakiri ('''SOB'''), nke a makwaara dị ka dyspnea (na AmE) ma ọ bụ '''dyspnoea''' (na BrE), bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke enweghị ike iku ume nke ọma. American Thoracic Society na-akọwa ya dị ka "ahụmahụ nke nsogbu iku ume nke nwere mmetụta dị iche iche dị iche iche nke dịgasị iche iche na ike", ma na-atụ aro ịtụle dyspnea site n'ịtụle ike nke mmetụta ya dị iche iche, ogo nke nsogbu na ahụ erughị ala, yana ibu arọ ya ma ọ bụ mmetụta ya na ọrụ onye ọrịa nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Mmetụta dị iche iche gụnyere mgbalị / ịrụ ọrụ iku ume, obi sie ike ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu, na "agụụ ikuku" (mmetụta nke ikuku oxygen ezughi ezu).<ref name="Mahler">{{Cite book|author=Donald A. Mahler|title=Dyspnea: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Management, Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4BcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3|year=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-0869-6}}</ref> A na-ewere ọnọdụ tripod dị ka ihe ịrịba ama. Dyspnea bụ ihe mgbaàmà nkịtị nke ịrụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme n'ọnọdụ a na-atụghị anya ya, mgbe ị na-ezu ike ma ọ bụ n'oge ịrụsi ọrụ bụ ihe na-akpata uche, dị ka nsogbu egwu na nchegbu.<ref name="Shiber06"/><ref name="Pal2010"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Mukerji|first=Vaskar|title=Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK213/|accessdate=15 August 2014|year=1990|publisher=Butterworth Publishers|chapter=11|isbn=9780409900774|quote=In addition, dyspnea may occur in febrile and hypoxic states and in association with some psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and panic disorder.}}</ref> Ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma iji belata ma ọ bụ ọbụna wepụ iku ume mkpụmkpụ na-adabere na ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="Z2009"/> == Nkowa ihe == Dyspnea, n'okwu ahụike, bụ "obere ume". The American Thoracic Society na-akọwa dyspnea dị ka: "Nlegharị anya nke nsogbu iku ume nke nwere mmetụta dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche. "<ref name="AmericanThoracicSociety">{{Cite journal|author=American Heart Society|title=Dyspnea mechanisms, assessment, and management: a consensus statement|journal=American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=159|issue=1|pages=321–40|year=1999|doi=10.1164/ajrccm.159.1.ats898|pmid=9872857}}</ref> Nkọwa ndị ọzọ na-akọwa ya dị ka "ihe isi ike na iku ume", "ikuku na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ iku ume na-ezughị oke", "ịmara na-adịghị ahụkebe iku ume", yana ahụmịhe nke "enweghị iku ume" (nke nwere ike ịbụ nke siri ike ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ala ala).<ref name="Uptodate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-the-adult-with-dyspnea-in-the-emergency-department|title=UpToDate|work=www.uptodate.com}}</ref><ref name="Pal2010"/><ref name="Shiber06"/><ref name="Z2009"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=825557022|title=Dyspnea&nbsp;– General Practice Notebook|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613170052/http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/simplepage.cfm?ID=825557022|archivedate=2011-06-13}}</ref> == Nchoputa ndi di iche iche ==   Mgbe nsogbu nke obi ma ọ bụ usoro iku ume na-akpata nkụchi ume, ndị ọzọ dị ka usoro akwara, ọkpụkpụ, endocrine, hematologic, na usoro uche nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="ch8139" /><ref name="Sarkar2006"/> DiagnosisPro, usoro ọkachamara ahụike n'ịntanetị, depụtara ihe 497 dị iche iche na-akpata ya n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/poisoning-specific-agent-dyspnea/25103-154-100.html|title=Differential Diagnosis for Dyspnea: Poisoning (Specific Agent)|accessdate=2012-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116101702/http://en.diagnosispro.com/differential_diagnosis-for/poisoning-specific-agent-dyspnea/25103-154-100.html|archivedate=2010-11-16}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa obi na akwara bụ ọrịa obi siri ike na nkụchi obi ebe ihe ndị na-ahụkarị n'akpa ume gụnyere ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ụkwara ume, oyi [[Iba|ịba]] n'ahụ, ọzịza nke akpa ume na oyi ịba.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Na ndabere pathophysiological, enwere ike kewaa ihe kpatara ya na: (1) mmụba nke iku ume dị ka n'oge nchegbu, (2) mmụba n'ọrụ iku ume na (3) ihe na-adịghị mma na usoro iku ume ma ọ bụ iku ume.<ref name="ch8139">{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=8|editor=Willy E. Hammon III|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006}}</ref>ooria ndia adighi mma ufodu na ime na egbu Mmadu ya mere mmadu the kwesiri inyere onwe ya aka Jebe ulo ogwu Oge mmalite na oge nke dyspnea bara uru n'ịmara ihe kpatara dyspnea. A na-ejikọkarị nkwụsị iku ume na mgbanwe mberede, dị ka akpịrị akpịrị, bronchospasm, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, ma ọ bụ pneumothorax. Ndị ọrịa na-arịa COPD na idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) nwere mmalite dị nro na ọganihu nke dyspnea na mgbalị, nke nwere oke ume ọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ọtụtụ ndị na-arịa ụkwara ume ọkụ anaghị enwe mgbaàmà kwa ụbọchị, mana ha nwere oge na-adịghị mma nke dyspnea, ụkwara, na obi mgbu nke na-ejikọkarị na ihe ụfọdụ, dị ka ọrịa iku ume elu ma ọ bụ ikpughe ihe na-adịghị anabata ya.<ref>D. L. Kasper et al. (ed), ''Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine'', 20th edition (2018), p. 1943</ref> === Oria obi isi ike === Acute coronary syndrome frequently presents with retrosternal chest discomfort and difficulty catching the breath it however may typically presents with shortness of breath alone risk factors include old age smoking hypertension hyperlipidemia and diabetes An electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes are important both for diagnosis and directing treatment treatment involves measures to decrease the oxygen requirement of the heart and efforts to increase blood flow === Oria korokoro ===   People that have been infected by Covid 19 may have symptoms such as fever dry cough loss of smell and taste and in [[moderate]] to severe cases shortness of breath === Ọrịa nke ime obi === Ọrịa obi na-ejikarị ume ọkụ na-eme ka ume na-adịghị mma na mgbalị, orthopnea, na paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Ọ na-emetụta n'etiti 1-2% nke ndị bi na United States n'ozuzu ya ma na-eme na 10% nke ndị karịrị afọ 65.<ref name="Shiber06" /><ref name="Old2007"/> Ihe ize ndụ maka nkwụsịtụ dị oke egwu gụnyere iri [[Ńnú|nnu]] dị elu, enweghị nkwenye ọgwụ, ọrịa obi, obi na-akụ ụfụfụ, nkụchi akụrụ, emboli akpa ume, ọbara mgbali elu, na ọrịa.<ref name="Old2007" /> A na-elekwasị anya na mgbalị ọgwụgwọ iji belata nkụchi akpa ume.<ref name="Shiber06" /> === Ọrịa na egbochi iku ume === Ndị na-arịa ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala (COPD), nke a na-ahụkarị emphysema ma ọ bụ bronchitis na-adịghị aga ala, na-enwekarị ume na-adịghị mma na ụkwara na-adịghị emepụta ihe.<ref name="Shiber06">{{Cite journal|title=Dyspnea|journal=Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=90|issue=3|pages=453–79|date=May 2006|pmid=16473100|doi=10.1016/j.mcna.2005.11.006}}</ref> Ọrịa siri ike na-egosi na ume na mmepụta sputum na-abawanye.<ref name="Shiber06" /> COPD bụ ihe ize ndụ maka oyi bara ya n'ahụ; ya mere, a ga-ewepụ ọnọdụ a.<ref name="Shiber06" /> N'ọgwụgwọ siri ike bụ na njikọta nke anticholinergics, beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, steroid na ikekwe ikuku ikuku dị mma.<ref name="Shiber06" /> === Ukwara ume oku === Ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ịbịakwute ụlọ mberede na ume ọkụ.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Ọ bụ ọrịa akpa ume a na-ahụkarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe na ndị mepere emepe na-emetụta ihe dị ka 5% nke ndị bi na ya.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere iku ume, nkwụsi ike n'obi, na ụkwara na-adịghị arụpụta ihe.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Corticosteroids a na-eku ume bụ ọgwụgwọ kachasị mma maka ụmụaka, agbanyeghị ọgwụ ndị a nwere ike belata uto.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/treatment.html|title=How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904052615/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/treatment.html|archivedate=2012-09-04}}</ref> A na-agwọ mgbaàmà ndị siri ike na broncho-dilators na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. [citation needed] === Pneumothorax ===   Pneumothorax presents typically with pleuritic chest pain of acute onset and shortness of breath not improved with oxygen physical findings may include absent breath sounds on one side of the chest jugular venous distensionand tracheal deviation === Oria oyi === Mgbaàmà nke oyi bara ya n'ahụ bụ ahụ ọkụ, ụkwara na-arụpụta ihe, iku ume dị mkpụmkpụ, na obi mgbu.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Enwere ike ịnụ ụda na-akpali akpali n'oge ule.<ref name="Shiber06" /> X-ray nke obi nwere ike ịba uru iji mee ka oyi bara n'ahụ dị iche na nkụchi obi.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Dị ka ihe kpatara ya na-abụkarị nje bacteria, a na-ejikarị ọgwụ nje eme ihe maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Shiber06" /> === Akpa ume nke embolism === Embolism nke akpa ume na-egosikarị mmalite dị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ na-egosi na-agụnye ihe mgbu obi, ụkwara, hemoptysis, na ahụ ọkụ.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Ihe ize ndụ gụnyere deep vein thrombosis, ịwa ahụ na nso nso a, kansa, na thromboembolism gara aga.<ref name="Shiber06" /> A ghaghị ịtụle ya mgbe niile na ndị nwere mmalite dị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume n'ihi nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ọnwụ.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Otú ọ dị, nchọpụta nwere ike isi ike ma na-ejikarị Wells Score nyochaa ohere ahụike.<ref name="Shiber06" /> Ọgwụgwọ, dabere na oke mgbaàmà, na-amalite site na anticoagulants; ọnụnọ nke ihe ịrịba ama dị egwu (mmiri ọbara dị ala) nwere ike ịkwado iji ọgwụ thrombolytic.<ref name="Shiber06" /> === Oria enweghi obara === Oria enweghi obara nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-amalite na-egosipụtakarị dyspnea, ike ọgwụgwụ, adịghị ike, na tachycardia.<ref name="Will2010">{{Cite journal|title=Pitfalls in the evaluation of shortness of breath|journal=Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am.|volume=28|issue=1|pages=163–81, ix|date=February 2010|pmid=19945605|doi=10.1016/j.emc.2009.09.011}}</ref> Ọ nwere ike ibute nkụchi obi.<ref name="Will2010" /> Anaemia na-abụkarị ihe na-akpata nsogbu iku ume. Ịhụ nsọ, ọkachasị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gabigara ókè, nwere ike itinye aka na ụkọ ọbara na nsogbu iku ume n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. Isi ọwụwa bụkwa ihe mgbaàmà nke dyspnea n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere anaemia. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrịa na-akọ na ha nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'isi ha, ndị ọzọ na-akọkwa ọhụụ na-adịghị ike nke ọbara mgbali elu n'azụ anya n'ihi enweghị ikuku oxygen na nrụgide; ndị ọrịa a akọwakwala nnukwu isi mgbu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-eduga na mmebi ụbụrụ na-adịgide adịgide. Mgbaàmà nwere ike ịgụnye enweghị uche, ilekwasị anya, ike ọgwụgwụ, nkwarụ ikike asụsụ na enweghị ncheta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anemia Affects Body...And Maybe The Mind|publisher=Johns Hopkins medicine|year=2006|url=https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2006/09_13_06.html|accessdate=15 May 2020|archivedate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021051703/https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/Press_releases/2006/09_13_06.html}}</ref> === Ọrịa kansa === Ịdị mkpụmkpụ iku ume bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nwere ọrịa kansa ma nwee ike ịbụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. N'ime ndị nwere ọrịa kansa, oge nwere oke ume ọkụ nwere ike ime, yana mmetụta na-aga n'ihu nke enweghị ume.<ref name=":0"/> Ọgwụgwọ gụnyere ma ọgwụgwọ na-abụghị ọgwụ na ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dy|first=Sydney M.|date=2020-11-19|title=Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review|url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/dyspnea-advanced-cancer/report|journal=|doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer232}}</ref> ona egbu mmadu ngwa ngwa Oria kansa adighi mma === Ndị ọzọ === Ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka iku ume dị mkpụmkpụ gụnyere tamponade obi, anaphylaxis, ọrịa akpa ume interstitial, nkụchi ụjọ, na ọbara mgbali elu nke akpa ume.<ref name="Z2009">{{Cite journal|author=Zuberi, T.|title=Acute breathlessness in adults|journal=InnovAiT|volume=2|issue=5|pages=307–15|year=2009|doi=10.1093/innovait/inp055}}</ref><ref name="Sarkar2006"/><ref name="Will2010"/> Ọzọkwa, ihe dị ka 2/3 nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe ume dị mkpụmkpụ dị ka akụkụ nke [[Afọ ime|ime ime]] dị mma.<ref name="Uptodate"/> Obi tamponade na-egosi dyspnea, tachycardia, nrụgide jugular venous, na pulsus paradoxus.<ref name="Will2010"/> Ụkpụrụ ọla edo maka nchọpụta bụ ultrasound.<ref name="Will2010" /> Anaphylaxis na-amalite n'ihe karịrị nkeji ole na ole n'ime onye nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga.<ref name="Z2009"/> Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere urticaria, mgbu akpịrị, na nsogbu eriri afọ.<ref name="Z2009" /> Ọgwụgwọ bụ isi bụ epinephrine.<ref name="Z2009" /> Ọrịa akpa ume interstitial na-egosi mmalite nke ume mkpụmkpụ nke na-enwekarị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="Sarkar2006">{{Cite journal|title=Evaluation of the dyspneic patient in the office|journal=Prim. Care|volume=33|issue=3|pages=643–57|date=September 2006|pmid=17088153|doi=10.1016/j.pop.2006.06.007}}</ref> Ịdị mkpụmkpụ iku ume na-abụkarị naanị mgbaàmà na ndị nwere tachydysrhythmias.<ref name="Old2007"/> Ọrịa ụjọ na-ejikarị ikuku na-efe efe, ọsụsọ, na amaghị ihe.<ref name="Z2009"/> Otú ọ dị, ha bụ nchọpụta nke nchụpụ.<ref name="Sarkar2006"/> Ọnọdụ akwara dị ka mmerụ ahụ ọkpụkpụ azụ, mmerụ ahụ akwara phrenic, ọrịa Guillain-Barré, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis na muscular dystrophy niile nwere ike ime ka onye ọ bụla nwee ume dị mkpụmkpụ.<ref name="ch8139"/> Ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume nwekwara ike ime n'ihi nsogbu nke eriri olu (VCD).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ibrahim|first=Wanis H.|date=2007-03-01|title=Paradoxical vocal cord motion disorder: past, present and future|url=http://pmj.bmj.com/content/83/977/164|journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal|language=en|volume=83|issue=977|pages=164–72|doi=10.1136/pgmj.2006.052522|issn=1469-0756|pmid=17344570}}</ref> Sarcoidosis bụ ọrịa na-afụ ụfụ nke a na-amaghị ihe kpatara ya nke na-ejikarị ụkwara kpọrọ nkụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, na ume mkpụmkpụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ usoro akụkụ ahụ nwere ike imetụta, na itinye aka na ebe ndị dị ka anya, akpụkpọ ahụ na nkwonkwo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Bokhari|first=SRA|title=Sarcoidosis in StatPearls|date=January 2021}}</ref> == Ọrịa na ahụike == Ụzọ dị iche iche nke ahụike nwere ike iduga na ume mkpụmkpụ gụnyere site na ASIC chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors na ndị na-anabata akpa ume.<ref name="Old2007">{{Cite journal|title=Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient|journal=Clin. Geriatr. Med.|volume=23|issue=2|pages=307–25, vi|date=May 2007|pmid=17462519|doi=10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007}}</ref> A na-eche na isi ihe atọ na-enye aka na dyspnea: mgbaàmà afferent, mgbaàmà efferent, na nhazi ozi etiti. Ekwenyere na nhazi etiti n'ime ụbụrụ na-atụnyere akara afferent na efferent; na dyspnea na-apụta mgbe "enweghị nkwekọ" na-eme n'etiti ha abụọ: dịka mgbe mkpa maka ikuku (afferent signaling) anaghị emezu site na iku ume anụ ahụ (efferent signals).<ref name="Harrisons">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Ihe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà akwara nke na-arịgo na ụbụrụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ akwara ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na dyspnea na-esite n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite gụnyere ahụ carotid, medulla, akpa ume, na mgbidi obi. Chemoreceptors na carotid bodies na medulla na-enye ozi gbasara ọkwa gas ọbara nke O2, CO2 na H+.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dyspnea|url=http://www.mywhatever.com/cifwriter/content/70/4942.html#:~:text=Elevations%20in%20carbon%20dioxide%20levels,an%20independent%20stimulus%20of%20dyspnea.|accessdate=2022-04-21|work=www.mywhatever.com|archivedate=2022-07-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706021506/http://www.mywhatever.com/cifwriter/content/70/4942.html#:~:text=Elevations%20in%20carbon%20dioxide%20levels,an%20independent%20stimulus%20of%20dyspnea.}}</ref> N'ime akpa ume, ndị na-anabata juxtacapillary (J) na-emetụta pulmonary interstitial edema, ebe ndị na-anata mgbatị na-egosi bronchoconstriction. Mkpịsị aka dị na mgbidi obi na-egosi ịgbatị na nrụgide nke uru ahụ iku ume. Ya mere, ikuku na-adịghị mma na-eduga na hypercapnia, nkụchi obi aka ekpe na-edughachi na interstitial edema (mgbanwe gas na-emebi), ụkwara ume ọkụ na-akpata bronchoconstriction (na-egbochi ikuku) na ike ọgwụgwụ nke na-edungola ọrụ iku ume na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma nwere ike inye aka na mmetụta nke iku ume ọkụ.<ref name="Harrisons">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Ihe mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà akwara na-agbadata na uru iku ume. Mkpụrụ ume kachasị mkpa bụ diaphragm. Mkpụrụ ume ndị ọzọ na-agụnye uru ahụ intercostal nke dị n'èzí na nke dị n"ime, uru ahụ dị n'afọ na uru ahụ na-eku ume.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unit V - Respiration|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~jsapirst/textbook/chapter_19.html#:~:text=Efferent%20Pathways%20for%20Respiration:,thoracic%20segments%20of%20the%20cord.|accessdate=2022-04-21|work=www3.nd.edu}}</ref> Ka ụbụrụ na-enweta ọtụtụ ozi afferent metụtara ikuku, ọ nwere ike iji ya tụnyere ọkwa iku ume ugbu a dịka akara efferent kpebiri. Ọ bụrụ na ọkwa iku ume adabaghị maka ọnọdụ ahụ mgbe ahụ dyspnea nwere ike ime. Enwekwara akụkụ nke uche na dyspnea, ebe ụfọdụ ndị nwere ike ịmara na ha na-eku ume n'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ mana ha anaghị enwe nsogbu nke dyspnea.<ref name="Harrisons">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> == Nchoputa == {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center" |+MRC enweghị ume !Ọnọdụ !Ọnọdụ nke akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ |- |1 |Enweghị nkụchi ume ma e wezụga mmega ahụ siri ike |- |2 |dyspnea mgbe ị na-aga n'elu ugwu ma ọ bụ na-eme ngwa ngwa na ọkwa |- |3 |na-aga nwayọọ karịa ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ọkwa ahụ, ma ọ bụ na-akwụsị mgbe nkeji iri na ise gachara n'ọkwá ahụ |- |4 |na-akwụsị mgbe nkeji ole na ole nke ịga ije na ọkwa |- |5 |na obere ọrụ dị ka iyi uwe, dyspneic nke ukwuu ịpụ n'ụlọ |} Ụzọ mbụ maka nyocha na-amalite site na nyocha nke ụzọ ikuku, iku ume, na mgbasa na-esote akụkọ ahụike na nyocha ahụike.<ref name="Shiber06"/> Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà ndị na-anọchite anya oke njọ gụnyere hypotension, hypoxemia, ntụgharị tracheal, ọnọdụ uche gbanwere, dysrhythmia na-adịghị akwụsi ike, stridor, intercostal indrawing, cyanosis, tripod positioning, ojiji a na-ahụkarị nke uru ahụ (sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) na ụda iku ume na-adịghị.<ref name="Sarkar2006"/> Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mee ihe iji chọpụta ogo nke ịdị mkpụmkpụ nke iku ume.<ref name="Rate2007">{{Cite journal|author=Saracino A|title=Review of dyspnoea quantification in the emergency department: is a rating scale for breathlessness suitable for use as an admission prediction tool?|journal=Emerg Med Australas|volume=19|issue=5|pages=394–404|date=October 2007|pmid=17919211|doi=10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00999.x}}</ref> Enwere ike ịtụle ya na ọkwa site na 1 ruo 10 na nkọwa ndị metụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ (The Modified Borg Scale).<ref name="Rate2007" /> MRC iku ume na-egosi ọkwa ise nke dyspnea dabere na ọnọdụ na ịdị njọ nke ọ na-ebilite.<ref name="Williams">{{Cite journal|author=Williams|first=N|title=The MRC breathlessness scale.|journal=Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)|date=2017-08-01|volume=67|issue=6|pages=496–97|doi=10.1093/occmed/kqx086|pmid=28898975}}</ref> === Ule obara === Ọtụtụ ụlọ nyocha nwere ike inye aka n'ịchọpụta ihe kpatara ume ọkụ. D-dimer, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bara uru iji wepụ embolism nke akpa ume n'ime ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ala, abaghị uru dị ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mma, ebe ọ nwere ike ịdị mma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-eduga na ume mkpụmkpụ.<ref name="Old2007"/> Ọdịdị dị ala nke ụbụrụ natriuretic peptide bara uru n'iwepụ nkụchi obi; Otú ọ dị, ọkwa dị elu, mgbe ọ na-akwado nchọpụta ahụ, nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi agadi, nkụchi akụrụ, ọrịa obi siri ike, ma ọ bụ nnukwu embolism akpa ueme.<ref name="Old2007" /> === Onyonyo === X-ray nke obi bara uru iji kwado ma ọ bụ wepụ pneumothorax, ọzịza nke akpa ume, ma ọ bụ oyi a n'ahụ.<ref name="Old2007"/> Spiral computed tomography na intravenous radiocontrast bụ nyocha ihe oyiyi nke nhọrọ iji nyochaa maka embolism akpa ume.<ref name="Old2007" /> == Ogwugwo == Ọgwụgwọ bụ isi nke iku ume na-elekwasị anya na isi ihe kpatara ya.<ref name="Z2009"/> Mgbakwunye oxygen dị irè na ndị nwere hypoxia; Otú ọ dị, nke a enweghị mmetụta na ndị nwere ikuku oxygen dị mma n'ọbara.<ref name="Pal2010">{{Cite journal|title=Emergencies in palliative care|journal=Cancer J|volume=16|issue=5|pages=514–20|year=2010|pmid=20890149|doi=10.1097/PPO.0b013e3181f28a8d}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abernethy AP|title=Effect of palliative oxygen versus medical (room) air in relieving breathlessness in patients with refractory dyspnea: a double-blind randomized controlled trial|journal=Lancet|volume=376|issue=9743|pages=784–93|date=September 2010|pmid=20816546|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61115-4}}</ref> === Ogwugwo oria === Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike irite uru site na usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ dịgasị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=8|editor=Willy E. Hammon III|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006}}</ref> Ndị nwere nsogbu akwara / akwara nwere ike inwe nsogbu iku ume n'ihi nkwarụ intercostal, afọ na / ma ọ bụ uru ahụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa maka ikuku.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=22|editor=Donna Frownfelter|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006}}</ref> Ụfọdụ usoro ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ maka ndị a gụnyere usoro ụkwara na-enyere aka, mmụba olu dị ka iku ume, agụmakwụkwọ banyere ọnọdụ ahụ na usoro ikuku na usoro mmegharị iji mee ka iku ume dị mfe.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=22|editor=Donna Frownfelter|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006|pages=368–71}}</ref><ref name="ch32">{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=32|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006|pages=569–81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Frownfelter|first=Donna|title=Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physical Therapy|chapter=23|editor=Donna Frownfelter|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="ch32" /> Mgbanwe nke akpa ume nwere ike belata mgbaàmà n'ime ụfọdụ ndị, dịka ndị nwere COPD, mana ọ gaghị agwọ ọrịa ahụ.<ref name="Puh2016">{{Cite journal|author=Puhan|first=Milo A.|date=2016-12-08|title=Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=12|issue=11|pages=CD005305|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub4|issn=1469-493X|pmid=27930803}}</ref><ref name="Zainuldin">{{Cite journal|author=Zainuldin|first=Rahizan|date=2011-11-09|title=Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2014|issue=11|pages=CD008008|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008008.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=22071841}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọgwụgwọ fan na ihu iji belata ume ọkụ n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa dịgasị iche iche gụnyere ọrịa kansa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Matsushima|first=Eisuke|date=2018-10-01|title=Fan Therapy Is Effective in Relieving Dyspnea in Patients With Terminally Ill Cancer: A Parallel-Arm, Randomized Controlled Trial|url=https://www.jpsmjournal.com/article/S0885-3924(18)30336-1/abstract|journal=Journal of Pain and Symptom Management|language=en|volume=56|issue=4|pages=493–500|doi=10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.07.001|issn=0885-3924|pmid=30009968}}</ref> A na-eche na usoro ọrụ ahụ bụ ịkpali akwara trigeminal. === Ọgwụ palliativu === YUsoro ntọhapụ ozugbo opioids bara uru n'ibelata ngwa ngwa nke mgbaàmà nke iku ume mkpụmkpụ n'ihi ma ọrịa kansa na ihe na-abụghị ọrịa kansa; a na-ejikwa opioids na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge / na-adịgide adịgide iji gbochie / gaa n'ihu na ọgwụgwọ nke dyspnea na ọnọdụ palliative.<ref name="Pal2010"/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Evidence-based review of interventions to improve palliation of pain, dyspnea, depression|journal=Geriatrics|volume=64|issue=8|pages=8–10, 12–14|date=August 2009|pmid=20722311}}</ref> Enweghị ihe akaebe iji tụọ aro midazolam, nebulised opioids, iji ngwakọta gas, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ akparamagwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=DiSalvo|first=WM.|title=Putting evidence into practice: evidence-based interventions for cancer-related dyspnea|journal=Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs.|volume=12|issue=2|pages=341–52|date=Apr 2008|doi=10.1188/08.CJON.341-352|pmid=18390468}}</ref> === Ihe ndi na esoghi na ngwa eji agwo oria === Ntinye aka na-abụghị nke ọgwụ na-enye ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka njikwa iku ume.<ref name=":0"/> Ụzọ ndị nwere ike ịba uru gụnyere njikwa siri ike nke nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (nchegbu, ịda mbà n'obi, wdg), na mmejuputa usoro njikwa onwe onye, dị ka usoro ntụrụndụ anụ ahụ na nke uche, usoro ịga ije, usoro nchekwa ike, mmega ahụ mmụta iji chịkwaa iku ume, na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":0" /> Ojiji nke fan nwere ike ịba uru.<ref name=":0" /> Usoro ọgwụgwọ akparamagwa nwekwara ike inye aka.<ref name=":0" /> === Igwo oria olaa kpam kpam === Maka ndị nwere nsogbu iku ume siri ike, nke na-adịghị ala ala, ma ọ bụ nke a na-apụghị ịchịkwa achịkwa, enwere ike ijikọta usoro ọgwụgwọ na-abụghị ọgwụ iji gwọọ enweghị iku ume na ọgwụ. Maka ndị nwere ọrịa kansa nke na-akpata enweghị ume, ọgwụ ndị a tụrụ aro gụnyere opioids, benzodiazepines, oxygen, na steroid.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Haywood|first=Alison|date=2019-02-20|title=Systemic corticosteroids for the management of cancer-related breathlessness (dyspnoea) in adults|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=2|issue=2|pages=CD012704|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012704.pub2|issn=1469-493X|pmid=30784058}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke nyocha sistemụ na nso nso a na meta-analysis chọpụtara na opioids anaghị ejikọta ya na ịdị irè karị na ọgwụgwọ maka ndị ọrịa kansa dị elu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Feliciano|first=Josephine L.|date=2021-02-25|title=Pharmacologic Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776899|journal=JAMA Network Open|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=e2037632|doi=10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37632|issn=2574-3805|pmid=33630086}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dy|first=Sydney M.|date=2020-11-19|title=Interventions for Breathlessness in Patients With Advanced Cancer|url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/dyspnea-advanced-cancer/report|journal=|doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer232}}</ref> 6Iji hụ na nguzozi dị n'etiti mmetụta ndị ọzọ na mmetụta ọjọọ sitere na ọgwụ na mmelite ndị nwere ike isi na ọgwụ kwesịrị ka a tụlee ya nke ọma tupu edepụta ọgwụ.<ref name=":0"/> Ojiji nke usoro corticosteriods na nlekọta palliative maka ndị nwere kansa bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, agbanyeghị na arụ ọrụ na mmetụta ọjọọ nke usoro a na ndị okenye nwere kansa amụbeghị nke ọma.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrịa na efe efe == Ọrịa iku ume bụ isi ihe kpatara 3.5% nke ndị nọ na ngalaba mberede na United States. N'ime ndị a, ihe dị ka 51% nabatara n'ụlọ ọgwụ na 13% nwụrụ n'ime otu afọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Stephen J. Dubner|title=SuperFreakonomics: Tales of Altruism, Terrorism, and Poorly Paid Prostitutes|publisher=William Morrow|location=New York|year=2009|pages=[https://archive.org/details/superfreakonomic00levi/page/77 77]|isbn=978-0-06-088957-9|url=https://archive.org/details/superfreakonomic00levi/page/77}}</ref> Nnyocha ụfọdụ atụwo aro na ihe ruru pasent iri abụọ na asaa nke ndị nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-enwe nsogbu iku ume ọkụ, ebe ndị ọrịa na-anwụ anwụ pasent iri asaa na ise ga-enwe ya.<ref name="Murray">Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 4th Ed. Robert J. Mason, John F. Murray, Jay A. Nadel, 2005, Elsevier</ref><ref name="Harrisons">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, et al. (eds)) (16th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref> Ọrịa iku ume bụ ihe kachasị eme ka ndị mmadụ chọrọ nlekọta palliativu gaa na ngalaba mberede.<ref name="Pal2010"/> Ihe ruru 70% nke ndị okenye nwere ọrịa kansa na-enwekwa dyspnoea.<ref name=":0"/> == Mmalite okwu na mkpuoputa == English dyspnea sitere na Latin dyspnoea, site na Greek dyspnoia, site na ''dyspnoos'', nke pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị "ikuku na-adịghị mma".<ref name="Sarkar2006"/> Ụdị njikọta ya (''[[wiktionary:dys-#Prefix|dys-]]'' + -pnea) bụ nke a maara site na okwu ahụike ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''dysfunction'' (dys + ''[[wiktionary:function#Noun|ọrụ]]'') na ''apnea'' (''[[wiktionary:a-#Prefix|a-]]'' + -mnea). Nkwupụta a na-ahụkarị na Bekee ahụike bụ /dɪspˈniːə/ disp-NEE-ə, na p gosipụtara na nrụgide na /niː/ syllable. Mana ịk''p''ọpụta okwu na p na-adịghị ekwu okwu na ''pn'' (dị ka ọ dịkwa na ''[[wiktionary:pneumo-#Prefix|pneumo-]]'') bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị (/dɪsˈniːə/ ma ọ bụ /ˈdɪsniə/), dịka ndị nwere nrụgide na nkeji okwu mbụ (/ˈdɪspniə/ maọ bụ /ˈdiɪsni/).<ref name="MW_Medical" /> N'asụsụ Bekee, okwu dị iche iche -''p''nea-suffix nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ọgwụ anaghị agbaso otu usoro doro anya ma a na-ekwusi ike /niː/ ma ọ bụ nke bu ya ụzọ; a na-egosikarị p ma ọ na-agbachi nkịtị mgbe ụfọdụ dabere na okwu ahụ. [[wiktionary:collation#Noun|Nchịkọta]] ma ọ bụ ndepụta na-esonụ na-egosi ihe dị mkpa nke otu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ndị dị mkpa si akpọpụta ma depụtaghachi ha (a na-ewepụ ụdị ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe): {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" ! scope="col" style="width: 22%;" |Ìgwè ! scope="col" style="width: 12%;" |Okwu ! scope="col" style="width: 18%;" |Ụdị jikọtara ọnụ ! scope="col" style="width: 48%;" |Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa (akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ndị dị mkpa) |- |ezi ihe |eupnea |''[[wiktionary:eu-#Prefix_2|eu-]]'' + -pnea |/juːpˈniːə/ yoop-NEE-ə |- |ihe ọjọọ |nsogbu iku ume |''[[wiktionary:dys-#Prefix|dys-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụra]]'' |/dɪspˈniːə/ disp-NEE-ə,<ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="AHD" /> /ˈdɪspniə/ DISP-nee-ə<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /> |- |ngwa ngwa |tachypnea |''[[wiktionary:tachy-#Prefix|tachy-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụda]]'' mmụọ |/ˌtækɪpˈniːə/ TAK-ip-NEE-ə<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /><ref name="OxfordDictionaries" /> |- |nwayọ |bradypnea |''[[wiktionary:brady-#Prefix|brady-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụda]]'' mmụọ |/ˌbreɪdɪpˈniːə/ BRAY-dip-NEE-ə<ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /> |- |kwụ ọtọ |ọkpụkpụ azụ |''[[wiktionary:ortho-#Prefix|ortho-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụra]]'' |/ɔːrˈθɒpniə/ or-THOP-nee-ə,<ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="OxfordDictionaries" /><ref name="Dorlands" />: audio  /ɔːrθəpˈniːə/ or-thəp-NEE-ə<ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="Dorlands" />: print  |- |dị ala |platypnea |''[[wiktionary:platy-#Prefix|platy-]]'' + -pnea |/pləˈtɪpniə/ plə-TIP-nee-ə<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="Stedmans" /> |- |gbagọrọ agbagọ |bendopnea |''[[wiktionary:bend#Verb|Gbanwee]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-o-|-o-]]'' + -mnea |/bɛndˈɒpniə/ bend-OP-nee-ə |- |oke oke |hyperpnea |''[[wiktionary:hyper-#Prefix|hyper-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụra]]'' |/ˌhaɪpərpˈniːə/ HY-pərp-NEE-ə<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /> |- |ezughi oke |hypopnea |''[[wiktionary:hypo-#Prefix_2|hypo-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụra]]'' |/haɪˈpɒpniə/ hy-POP-nee-ə,<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="AHD" /><ref name="OxfordDictionaries" /> /ˌhaɪpəpˈniːə/ high-pəp-NEE-ə<ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /> |- |enweghị ya |apnea |''[[wiktionary:a-#Prefix|a-]]'' + ''[[wiktionary:-pnea#Suffix|-ụda]]'' mmụọ |/ˈæpniə/ AP-nee-ə,<ref name="Dorlands" /><ref name="Stedmans" /><ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /><ref name="OxfordDictionaries" />: US  /æpˈniːə/ ap-NEE-ə<ref name="MW_Medical" /><ref name="AHD" /><ref name="OxfordDictionaries" />: UK  |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke okwu nke ngugu ikpa ume na ọrụ * Ọrịa ikuru ume * Ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rrqhojlh5qb7p0ibien8kdsz8wp4obe Sustainable Development Goal 6 0 28134 195375 195014 2024-11-19T02:46:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195375 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:No local image but image on Wikidata]] [[Usòrò:Objetivo_Desenvolvimento_Sustentável_6_PT.webp|thumb|Sustainable Development Goal 6]] Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6 ma ọ bụ Global Goal 6) bụ maka "mmiri dị ọcha na idebe ihe ọcha maka mmadụ niile". Ọ bụ otu n'ime ebumnuche 17 Sustainable Development Goals guzobere na United Nations General Assembly na 2015, okwu gọọmentị bụ: "Hụkwa na nnweta na njikwa na-adịgide adịgide nke mmiri na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile." <ref name="SDG6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation|work=UNDP|accessdate=28 September 2015}}</ref> Ebumnobi a nwere ebumnobi asatọ a ga-enweta na 2030. A ga-eji akara ngosi iri na otu tụọ ọganihu na ebumnuche ndị a. <ref name=":17"/> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii nke "nkwalite pụta" gụnyere: Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala; kwụsị ikpochapụ oghere ma nye ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha, melite ogo mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na ijikwa ya eme ihe nke ọma, na- abawanye arụmọrụ nke mmiri na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha mee ihe, mejuputa IWRM, chebe ma weghachite ihe ndị metụtara mmiri . Ebumnuche abụọ a "ụzọ isi nweta" bụ ịgbasa nkwado mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, na ịkwado itinye aka na mpaghara na mmiri na nlekọta ịdị ọcha. <ref name=":110">{{Cite book|author=United Nations|url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637|title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation|publisher=United Nations, New York|year=2018|isbn=9789211013702|oclc=1107804829}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ijeri mmadụ 2.2 enweghị mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ a na-achịkwa nke ọma yana ijeri mmadụ 4.2 enweghị idebe ọcha nke edoziri n'enweghị nsogbu. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6|accessdate=2020-09-02|work=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> Ijeri mmadụ atọ n'ụwa niile enweghị akụrụngwa ịsa aka n'ụlọ. <ref name=":5" /> Abụọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ise n'ụwa niile enweghị ncha na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mmanya na-egbu egbu (2016). <ref name=":5" /> Ọrịa COVID-19 emeela ka ebumnuche a dịkwuo mkpa. <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Otú ọ dị, ọrịa na-efe efe a nwere ike imetụta ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri iji mezuo ebumnuche a site n'ịbawanye mfu na ego a ga-enweta nke a ga-eji tinye ego. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The impact of covid 19 on water and sanitation|url=https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/industry_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/infrastructure/resources/the+impact+of+covid-19+on+water+and+sanitation}}</ref> [[Usòrò:SustainableDevelopmentGoals Cmr6.jpg|thumb|Sustainable Development Goal 6]] SDG 6 nwere njikọ chiri anya na ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable (SDGs) ndị ọzọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọganihu na SDG 6 ga-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma ( SDG 3 ) ma melite ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, nke abụọ na-enye aka n'ibelata ịda ogbenye . N'April 2020, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations António Guterres kwuru, sị: "Taa, Sustainable Development Goal 6 adịghị mma" na ọ "na-egbochi ọganihu na Agenda 2030, mmezu nke ikike mmadụ na mmezu nke udo na nchekwa gburugburu ụwa. ụwa". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blazhevska|first=Vesna|title=United Nations launches framework to speed up progress on water and sanitation goal|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/07/united-nations-launches-framework-to-speed-up-progress-on-water-and-sanitation-goal/|accessdate=2020-09-02|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|date=11 July 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> == ndabere == Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (UN) ekpebiela na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na ebe a na-edebe ihe ọcha bụ ihe bụ́ isi ruuru mmadụ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/themes/water-security/wwap/wwdr/2019|title=World Water Development Report 2019 - Leaving No One Behind|date=2019-02-11|work=UNESCO|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-01}}</ref> . Otú ọ dị, mba ole na ole etinyela ikike mmadụ inwe mmiri n'ime iwu nwere ike imenye ya. Ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ abụọ n'ụwa enweghị mmiri na-enweghị ihe egwu ahụike. Site na 2017, mba iri asatọ nyere ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha maka ihe karịrị 99% nke ndị bi na ha. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_2014">{{Cite book|title=Progress on sanitation and drinking-water: 2014 update|date=28 July 2014|isbn=9789240692817|oclc=889699199}}</ref> Site na 2000 ruo 2017, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-enweghị ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha gbadara site na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20% ruo ihe ruru 10%. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Ịkwụsị ịsa afọ ghe oghe ga-achọ inye ụlọ mposi na idebe ọcha maka ijeri mmadụ 2.6 yana mgbanwe omume nke ndị mmadụ. <ref name="JMP2017"/> Iji zute ebumnuche SDG maka ịdị ọcha n'afọ 2030, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba ga-adị mkpa iji mee ka ọganihu dị ngwa iji kwụsị ịsa afọ, gụnyere [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Ndia|India]], Indonesia, [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], na Pakistan . <ref name="SDGChildren20182">{{Cite web|title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf|accessdate=2 April 2018|work=UNICEF}}</ref> Nke a ga-achọ nkwado n'etiti gọọmentị, ọha mmadụ na ndị ọrụ nzuzo . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Kellogg|first=Diane M.|title=Beyond the bottom line: integrating sustainability into business and management practice|publisher=Greenleaf Publishing|others=Gudić, Milenko,, Tan, Tay Keong,, Flynn, Patricia M.|year=2017|isbn=9781783533275|location=Saltaire, UK|chapter=The Global Sanitation Crisis: A Role for Business|oclc=982187046}}</ref> Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma na ụlọ mposi dị ọcha na-echebe ndị mmadụ pụọ na ọrịa ma mee ka ọha mmadụ nwee ike na-arụpụta ihe n'ụzọ akụ na ụba. Ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ na ọrụ na-enweghị nkwụsịtụ na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ. Ya mere, ụlọ mposi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na n'ebe ọrụ gụnyere na nke abụọ ebumnuche ("nweta ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha zuru oke na nke ziri ezi na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile"). Ihe ngwọta ziri ezi na ịdị ọcha na-edozi mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ adịghị ike, dị ka ndị agadi ma ọ bụ ndị nwere nkwarụ. Na June 2019, United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) na World Health Organisation wepụtara akụkọ ha nwere peeji 138 "Ọganihu na mmiri ọṅụṅụ ụlọ, ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha 2000-2017: lekwasịrị anya pụrụ iche na enweghị aha." Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na n'afọ 2017, ijeri mmadụ 5.3 - nke na-anọchite anya 71% nke ndị bi n'ụwa - jiri "ọrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ a na-achịkwa nke ọma - nke dị n'ime ụlọ, dị mgbe ọ dị mkpa, na enweghị mmetọ <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> . <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017, ijeri mmadụ 6.8 - nke na-anọchite anya 90% nke ndị bi n'ụwa - jiri "opekata mpe ọrụ bụ isi", nke gụnyere "isi iyi mmiri ọṅụṅụ ka mma n'ime njem nkeji iri atọ iji nakọta mmiri". <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Otú ọ dị, na 2017, a ka nwere nde mmadụ 785 na-enweghị "ọbụna ọrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ isi, gụnyere nde mmadụ 144 bụ ndị dabeere na mmiri dị n'elu." <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Akuko a kwuru na ihe ruru ijeri mmadụ abụọ ji “ebe a na-aṅụ mmiri a na-aṅụ na nsị”. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Akụkọ ahụ dọrọ aka ná ntị na ọrịa ndị gụnyere “[[afọ ọsịsa]], ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ, ọnyụnyụ ọbara, typhoid, na polio” na-ebute site na mmiri mmetọ, bụ́ nke na-akpata ọnwụ ihe dị ka 485,000 afọ ọsịsa kwa afọ. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị na 50% nke ndị bi n'ụwa ga-ebi "n'ebe nsogbu mmiri na-enwe" site na 2025. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> N'ihe dị ka 2017, 22% nke ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike na mba ndị mepere emepe enweghị ọrụ mmiri, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị yiri ya enweghị ọrụ ịdị ọcha na nlekọta mkpofu. <ref name="UNICEF_WHO_Progress_201906" /> Nyochaa ọganihu SDG sitere n'aka UN na 2020 chọpụtara na "ịbawanye nkwa ndị na-enye onyinye na mpaghara mmiri ga-anọgide na-adị mkpa iji nwee ọganihu na mgbaru ọsọ 6". <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Nke a bụ ya mere UN ji tinye aka n'otu n'otu na-akwalite nkwado mba ndị a maara dị ka SDG 6 Global Acceleration Framework. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SDG6 action space|url=https://unwater.org}}</ref> == Ebumnuche, egosi na ọganihu == SDG 6 nwere ebumnuche asatọ. A ga-enweta isii n'ime ha ka ọ na-erule afọ 2030, otu n'ime afọ 2020, otu onye enweghị afọ ebumnuche. <ref name="SDG6_targets">{{Cite web|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/|title=Goal 6 Targets|work=United Nations Development Programme|accessdate=16 November 2017|archivedate=19 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219061511/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation/targets/}}</ref> Nke ọ bụla n'ime ebumnuche ahụ nwekwara otu ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ abụọ nke a ga-eji tụọ ọganihu. Na mkpokọta enwere ihe ngosi 11 iji nyochaa ọganihu maka SDG6. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6|title=SDGs|work=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|accessdate=17 November 2017}}</ref> Isi mmalite data maka ebumnuche SDG 6 na ihe ngosi sitere na Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 nke UN-Water na- ahazi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=United Nations|url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3637|title=Sustainable Development Goal. 6, Synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation|publisher=United Nations, New York|year=2018|isbn=9789211013702|oclc=1107804829}}</ref> Gọọmenti ọ bụla ga-ekpebi ka ọ ga-esi tinye ha n'ime usoro nhazi mba, atumatu na atumatu dabere na eziokwu obodo, ikike, ọkwa mmepe na ihe ndị dị mkpa. <ref name=":1" /> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii nke "nkwalite pụta" gụnyere: Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala; kwụsị ikpochapụ oghere ma nye ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha, melite ogo mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na ijikwa ya eme ihe nke ọma, na- abawanye arụmọrụ nke mmiri na-eme ka mmiri dị ọcha mee ihe, mejuputa IWRM, chebe ma weghachite ihe ndị metụtara mmiri . Ebumnuche abụọ a "ụzọ isi nweta" bụ ịgbasa nkwado mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, na ịkwado itinye aka na mpaghara na mmiri na nlekọta ịdị ọcha. <ref name=":110"/> Ebumnuche atọ mbụ metụtara inye mmiri ọñụñụ, ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha na ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na ijigharị ya. <ref name="SDG6_targets"/> Otu SDG 6 Baseline Report na 2018 chọpụtara na ihe na-erughị pasenti 50 nke mba nwere atụmatụ ntọala yiri nke ọtụtụ SDG 6 n'ụwa niile. <ref name=":1"/> : 31 Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na ọtụtụ SDG 6 zuru ụwa ọnụ egosi dị ọhụrụ, na ọtụtụ nwere nanị obere oge usoro, na-eme ka o sie ike ikpebi ọnụego nke ọganihu. <ref name=":1" /> : 31  === Ebumnuche 6.1: Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma yana ọnụ ala === Aha n'uju nke Target 6.1 bụ: "Ka ọ na-erule 2030, nweta ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ na nha anya inweta mmiri ọñụñụ dị mma ma dị ọnụ ala maka mmadụ niile". <ref name=":17"/> Ebumnuche a nwere otu ihe ngosi: Ngosipụta 6.1.1 bụ "ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na-eji ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-achịkwa nke ọma". <ref name=":3">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 6)] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website''</ref> Nkọwa nke " ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-achịkwa nke ọma " bụ: "Iri mmiri si n'ebe mmiri dị mma nke dị na ogige, dị mgbe achọrọ ya na enweghị mmetọ kemịkalụ na ụzọ mbụ." <ref name="JMP2017"/> : 8 N'agbata afọ 2000 na 2015, pasentị nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile na-eji mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ ejiri nke ọma abawanyela site na pasenti 61 ruo 71. Mana nke a agbanwebeghị na 2017. Na mkpokọta, nde mmadụ 785 gburugburu ụwa ka enweghị isi ọrụ mmiri ọñụñụ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. Report of the Secretary-General.|url=https://undocs.org/E/2019/68|accessdate=2019-11-21|work=undocs.org}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, naanị pasentị 71 nke ndị bi n'ụwa niile ji mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ ejirila nke ọma mee ihe. Nke a pụtara na ijeri mmadụ 2.2 ka enweghị mmiri ọñụñụ ejirighị nke ọma na 2017. <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Tụnyere 2017, 74% nke ndị bi n'ụwa ga-enweta mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ ejirila nke ọma na 2020. Nke a bụ mmụba n'oge gara aga, mana mmadụ ijeri 2 ka na-enwetaghị mmiri ọñụñụ dị mma, ọkachasị n'ime ime obodo na mba ndị mepere emepe. Na 2020, nde mmadụ 771 ka na-enwetaghị ọbụna ọrụ mmiri ọñụñụ. 8 n'ime mmadụ iri n'ime ndị a bi n'ime ime obodo, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara bi na mba ndị mepere emepe; Ọ nweghị mpaghara SDG a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-enweta mkpuchi zuru ụwa ọnụ site na 2030, na na ndịda Sahara Africa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-enweghị ohere ịnweta mmiri ọñụñụ ejirila nke ọma amụbaala karịa 40% kemgbe 2000. N'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ ọganihu a na-enwe ugbu a, ebumnobi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke inweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ a na-achịkwa nke ọma na 2030 ga-adị mkpa okpukpu anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Summary Progress Update 2021: SDG 6 — water and sanitation for all|url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/summary-progress-update-2021-sdg-6-water-and-sanitation-for-all/|accessdate=2021-12-18|work=UN-Water|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ebumnuche 6.2: Kwụsị ịsa ahụ na-emeghe ma nye ohere ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha === Aha zuru ezu nke Target 6.2 bụ: "Ka ọ na-erule 2030, nweta ohere ịnweta ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha zuru oke na nke ziri ezi maka mmadụ niile wee kwụsị ikpochapụ oghere, na-elebara mkpa ndị inyom na ụmụ agbọghọ anya na ndị nọ n'ọnọdụ adịghị ike." <ref name=":17"/> Ebumnuche a nwere otu ihe ngosi: Ngosipụta 6.2.1 bụ "ọnụọgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji (a) ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha na-achịkwa nke ọma yana (b) ebe a na-asa aka nke nwere ncha na mmiri". <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> Nkọwa nke "ọrụ ịdị ọcha a na-achịkwa nke ọma" bụ: "Ojiji nke ụlọ ọrụ emeziwanye nke a na-ekekọrịtaghị na ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ yana ebe a na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu na ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ bufee ma mesoo ya n'èzí." <ref name="JMP2017">WHO and UNICEF (2017) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170716004247/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/jmp-2017/en/ Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2017</ref> : 8 Ụlọ ọrụ ịdị ọcha emelitere bụ nke e mere iji kewapụ ihe dị ọcha na mkpochapụ na kọntaktị mmadụ. <ref name="JMP2017" /> : 6  A na-akọkọkarị ebumnuche 6.1 na 6.2 ọnụ n'ihi na ha abụọ so na ngalaba ịsa ahụ ma nwee otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP). <ref name="JMP2017"/> Ọnụọgụ dị na atụmatụ ntọala 2017 site na Mmemme Nlebaanya Njikọta maka Ịnye Mmiri na Ịdị ọcha (JMP) bụ na ijeri mmadụ 4.5 ugbu a enwebeghị ihe ọ bụla ejisiri ịdị ọcha. <ref name="JMP2017"/> N'ụwa niile, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eji ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha ejiri n'enweghị nsogbu rịgoro site na pasenti 28 na 2000 ruo pasenti 45 na 2017. Latin America na Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, na [[Asia|East na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia]] dekọtara mmụba kachasị ukwuu. Na mkpokọta, a ka nwere nde mmadụ 701 gburugburu ụwa bụ ndị ka na-eme ịsa ahụ n'afọ 2017. <ref name=":2"/> Ọnụọgụ a belatara n'afọ 2020 ruo nde mmadụ 673 bụ ndị na-eme ịsa ahụ. <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Dị ka nke 2017, ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mba enweghị atụmatụ ntọala maka ihe ngosi SDG na ịsacha aka, mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-achịkwa nke ọma na ọrụ ịdị ọcha. <ref name="SDGChildren2018">{{Cite web|title=Progress for Every Child in the SDG Era|url=https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Progress_for_Every_Child_V4.pdf|accessdate=2 April 2018|work=UNICEF}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ihe dị ka pasentị 60 nke ndị mmadụ n'ụwa niile nwere ihe eji eji ncha na mmiri akwọ aka n'ụlọ. Agbanyeghị, n'ime mba ndị mepere emepe, naanị pasenti 38 nwere akụrụngwa dị otú ahụ, na-asụgharị ihe ruru ijeri mmadụ 3 ka enweghị akụrụngwa ịsa aka n'ụlọ. <ref name=":2"/> Na 2020, akụkọ sitere na ọgbakọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị High-Level Forum on Sustainable Development chọpụtara na "ọtụtụ ijeri mmadụ n'ụwa niile ka enweghị ohere ịnweta mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha na akụrụngwa ịsa aka n'ụlọ, nke dị oke mkpa iji gbochie mgbasa nke COVID. -19 ". <ref name="UNESC2020">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General], High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</ref> Agbanyeghị, otu ọrịa na-efe efe a emeela ka mbelata ohere ịnweta idebe ihe ọcha jikwaa n'enweghị nsogbu. <ref>BMGF (2020) [https://www.gatesfoundation.org/goalkeepers/downloads/2020-report/report_a4_en.pdf Covid-19 A Global Perspective - 2020 Goalkeepers Report], Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, USA</ref> === Ebumnuche 6.3: Melite ogo mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri na ijikwa ya dị mma === A haziri ebumnuche 6.3 dị ka "Ka ọ na-erule 2030, kwalite ogo mmiri site na ibelata mmetọ, iwepụ mkpofu na ibelata ntọhapụ nke kemịkalụ na ihe dị ize ndụ, ibelata oke nke mmiri mkpofu na-adịghị edozi ma na-abawanye ụbara imegharị na nchekwa eji eme ihe n'ụwa niile". <ref name=":17"/> Nke a bụkwa ebumnuche metụtara ịdị ọcha, n'ihi na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu bụ akụkụ nke ịdị ọcha. Ebumnuche nwere ihe ngosi abụọ: <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> * Ihe ngosi 6.3.1: Oke mmiri mkpofu ụlọ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-edozi nke ọma * Ihe ngosi 6.3.2: Oke ozu mmiri nwere ezigbo mma mmiri gburugburu Ọnọdụ ugbu a maka Indicator 6.3.2 bụ na: "Ntụmatụ mbụ sitere na 79 bụ mba ndị na-akpata ego dị elu na nke dị elu na 2019 na-atụ aro na, n'ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mba ahụ, a na-edozi ihe na-erughị ọkara nke mmiri mkpofu ụlọ n'enweghị nsogbu. " <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Ichekwa isi iyi mmiri dị oke mkpa iji nweta ohere zuru ụwa ọnụ iji nweta mmiri ọñụñụ dị mma yana ọnụ ala. === Ebumnuche 6.4: Na-abawanye arụmọrụ iji mmiri wee hụ na ọ na-enweta mmiri dị ọhụrụ === A haziri 6.4 Target dị ka "Ka ọ na-erule 2030, na-abawanye n'ụzọ dị ukwuu iji mmiri na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ niile ma hụ na a ga-ewepụ ya na inye mmiri dị ọcha iji gboo ụkọ mmiri ma belata nke ukwuu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-ata ahụhụ n'ụkọ mmiri ." <ref name=":17">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> Ebumnuche a nwere ihe ngosi abụọ: <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> * Ihe ngosi 6.4.1: Mgbanwe na arụmọrụ iji mmiri na-agafe oge * Ihe ngosi 6.4.2: Ọkwa mgbakasị mmiri: mwepu mmiri dị ọcha dịka oke nke akụrụngwa mmiri dị A chịkọtara ọnọdụ dị ugbu a gbasara nrụgide mmiri dị ka ndị a: "N'afọ 2017, [[Asia|Central na Southern Asia]] na Northern Africa debara aha oke nrụgide mmiri - nke a kọwara dị ka oke mmiri dị ọhụrụ wepụrụ na mkpokọta mmiri ọhụrụ a na-emegharị - nke karịrị pasent 70". Nke a na-esote Western Asia na Eastern Asia, na oke nrụgide mmiri nke 54 pasent na 46 pasent, n'otu n'otu. <ref name="UNESC2020"/> === Ebumnuche 6.5: Mejuputa IWRM === A haziri 6.5 Target dị ka: "Site na 2030, mejuputa njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri agbakwunyere na ọkwa niile, gụnyere site na imekọ ihe ọnụ dị ka o kwesịrị." <ref name=":17"/> Ihe ngosi abụọ a gụnyere: <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> * Ihe ngosi 6.5.1 ogo njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri agbakwunyere * Ngosipụta 6.5.2 Oke nke mpaghara mmiri na-agafe agafe nwere nhazi ọrụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mmiri Ntụleghachi na 2020 kwuru na: "N'afọ 2018, pasent 60 nke mba 172 kọrọ ọkwa dị ala, nke dị ala na nke dị ala nke mmejuputa iwu nke njikwa mmiri mmiri na-ejikọta ya na o yighị ka ọ ga-emezu ebumnuche mmejuputa ya na 2030." <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Otu nyocha ahụ kwuru na: "Dịka data sitere na mba 67 si kwuo, nkezi pasentị nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke mba nke usoro arụ ọrụ kpuchiri bụ pasent 59 n'ime oge 2017-2018. Naanị mba 17 kọrọ na usoro ndị dị otú ahụ kpuchiri basins ha niile na-agafe agafe." <ref name="UNESC2020"/> === Ebumnuche 6.6: Chedo ma weghachi gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara mmiri === Ebumnuche 6.6 bụ: "Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2020, chebe ma weghachi ihe ndị dị ndụ metụtara mmiri, gụnyere ugwu, oke ọhịa, ala mmiri, osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri ." <ref name=":17"/> O nwere otu ihe ngosi: Ihe ngosi 6.6.1 bụ "Mgbanwe n'ókè nke gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara mmiri ka oge na-aga". <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> A na-atụ anya na mmetụta ọjọọ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike ibelata oke mmiri dị ọcha, si otú ahụ na-akawanye njọ gburugburu ebe obibi na ebe obibi . <ref name="UNESC2020"/> === Ebumnuche 6.a: gbasaa nkwado mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe === Ebumnuche 6.a bụ: "Site na 2030, gbasaa nkwado mba ụwa na nkwado ikike ike nye mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe n'ime mmiri na mmemme metụtara mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha, gụnyere iwepụta mmiri, mkpochapụ, nrụpụta mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, imegharị ihe na iji teknụzụ eme ihe." <ref name=":17"/> O nwere otu ihe na-egosi: Ihe ngosi 6.a.1 bụ "Ogo nke enyemaka mmepe nke mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha bụ akụkụ nke atụmatụ mmefu gọọmentị na-ahazi". <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> N'afọ 2015, oke ODA zuru ụwa ọnụ na mpaghara mmiri ruru anyị ijeri $8.6, gụnyere ịgba mbọ hụ na isi mmiri na ịdị ọcha, na ịkwalite akụrụngwa mmiri ugbo na ike mmiri. Agbanyeghị, 80% nke mba anaghị emezu ebumnuche mmiri na ịdị ọcha n'ihi enweghị ego zuru oke [6]. SDG 6 adịghị aga nke ọma n'ihi mmejuputa iwu na-adịghị mma, ụkọ ndị ọrụ, ego ezughị oke na mmetụta dị nta nke ego enyemaka mgbe etinyeghị ntinye ego ogologo oge na-agbanwe agbanwe. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Abellán|first=Javier|date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|pages=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194}}</ref> Nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ na njikwa dị irè karị bụ ntọala maka ịkwalite SDG 6 n'ọnọdụ mkpirisi ego enyemaka. Ya mere, ibelata mmefu ego nwere ike ịzọpụta nnukwu ego. Maka ime obodo na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, ọ dị mkpa iji ihe ndị kwesịrị ekwesị, kwalite ịzụ ahịa na kpochapụ ndị etiti[7]. N'afọ 2019, akwụkwọ sitere na UN chọpụtara na: "Mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke mmụba na-aga n'ihu na mgbe ha ruru ijeri $ 9 na 2016, enyemaka mmepe gọọmentị (ODA) na mpaghara mmiri jụrụ site na 2 pasent site na 2016 ruo 2017. Agbanyeghị, nkwa ODA maka mpaghara mmiri wee jiri pasentị 36 gbagoro n'etiti 2016 na 2017, na-egosi nlebara anya ọhụrụ nke ndị na-enye onyinye na mpaghara ahụ." <ref name="UNESC2019">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2019) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2019/68 Special edition: progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals], Report of the Secretary-General (E/2019/68), High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (8 May 2019)</ref> Otu afọ ka e mesịrị n'April 2020 ka ekwuru na "ego ODA na mpaghara mmiri ruru ijeri $9, ma ọ bụ pasent 6, na 2018, na-eso mbelata ego ndị dị otú ahụ na 2017". <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Ihe karịrị ijeri mmadụ abụọ enweghị mmiri ọñụnụ ejirizi nke ọma. Ijeri 1.6 ọzọ bụ ndị na-adịghị ọcha ọcha. Ọ bụrụ na ọnọdụ a na-aga n'ihu, ụwa agaghị enwe mmiri zuru oke iji gboo mkpa site na 2030 ya mere na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume izute SDG 6-mmiri dị mma na ịdị ọcha maka mmadụ niile. Mgbanwe ihu igwe na-emekwa ka ọnọdụ nnweta mmiri ka njọ ka ọ na-emetụta usoro mmiri nke ụwa site na ụbara nke ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, idei mmiri na mmiri ozuzo na-enweghị ntụkwasị obi. Iji merie nsogbu nke nsogbu mmiri, Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership (GWSP) na-arụkọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ mba iji mee ka mmiri dịịrị nwa amaala ya. Na 2020, GWSP jikọrọ aka na Dominican Republic na mpaghara Espaillat rụkwaa ma nabata ụzọ ọhụrụ nke nchịkọta na ọgwụgwọ mmiri ebe usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-adịghị arụ ọrụ kemgbe 2004. Nke a emela ka ịdị ọcha, ịdị ọcha na ịnweta mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha ka mma. === Ebumnuche 6.b: Kwado itinye aka na mpaghara na njikwa mmiri na ịdị ọcha === Ebumnuche 6.b bụ: "Na-akwado ma wusie ike nsonye nke ndị obodo na imeziwanye mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha." <ref name=":17"/> O nwere otu ihe na-egosi: Ngosipụta 6.b.1 bụ "Ozi nke ngalaba nhazi mpaghara nwere ụkpụrụ na usoro arụ ọrụ na usoro maka itinye aka na mpaghara mmiri na njikwa mmiri". <ref name="UN2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/71/313)]]</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa === Ndị ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na-ahụ maka ịkọ akụkọ ihe ngosi ndị a: <ref name="JMP2017"/> <ref name=":1"/> * Ihe ngosi 6.1.1 na 6.2.1: Mmemme nleba anya ọnụ maka inye mmiri na ịdị ọcha (JMP). JMP bụ mmemme nkwonkwo nke UNICEF na WHO ma na-achịkọta data iji nyochaa ọganihu nke Target 6.1 na Target 6.2. * Ihe ngosi 6.3.1: UN-Habitat na WHO * Ihe ngosi 6.3.2: Global Environment Monitoring System for Freshwater (GEMS / Water), International Center for Water Resources and Global Change ( UNESCO -IHP); Ụlọ ọrụ Federal Institute of Hydrology, [[Jémanị|Germany]] ; Mahadum University Cork, Ireland * Ihe ngosi 6.4.1 na 6.4.2: FAOSTAT - AQUASTAT * Ihe ngosi 6.5.1: United Nations Environment Programme -DHI Center * Ihe ngosi 6.5.2: UNECE na UNESCO-IHP * Ihe ngosi 6.6.1: Mmemme gburugburu ebe obibi nke United Nations, World Conservation Monitoring Center, International Water Management Institute (IWMI) * Ihe ngosi 6.a.1 na 6.b.1: UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) == Ihe ịma aka == === Mmetụta nke ọrịa COVID-19 === Ọrịa COVID-19 emetụtala ndị ogbenye bi n'ime ime obodo na-enweghị obere mmiri dị ọcha ma ọ bụ enweghị ohere. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Heidari|first=Hadi|date=2021|title=Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Urban Water Cycle|url=http://www.lidsen.com/journals/aeer/aeer-02-03-021|journal=Advances in Environmental and Engineering Research|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=1|doi=10.21926/aeer.2103021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staddon|first=C.|title=Water insecurity compounds the global coronavirus crisis|journal=Water International|date=3 July 2020|volume=45|issue=5|pages=416–422|doi=10.1080/02508060.2020.1769345}}</ref> Ọrịa ọjọọ ahụ egosila mkpa ịdị ọcha, ịdị ọcha na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha nke ọma iji gbochie ọrịa. Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ịsacha aka bụ otu n'ime ihe kacha dị irè mmadụ nwere ike ime iji belata mgbasa nke nje na igbochi ọrịa, gụnyere nje COVID-19. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Martin|title=Water and Sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-arịọ ụwa ka ọ kwọọ aka ọtụtụ ugboro n'ụbọchị, saa na sachapụ ihe ọ bụla e si n'èzí pụta, sachapụkwa ụgbọ njem ọha n'otu oge n'otu ụbọchị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-08|title=Impact of Covid-19 on SDG Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/sustainable-thoughts/impact-of-covid-19-on-sdg-goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation-21187/|accessdate=2020-09-25|work=Times of India Blog|language=en}}</ref> Oriri mmiri, yana ọgbọ mmiri mkpofu n'ụwa niile, abawanyela okpukpu abụọ ugbu a. UN-Habitat na ndị mmekọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji kwado ịnweta mmiri pọmpụ na ịsacha aka na ebe ndị na-adịghị mma. <ref name=":4"/> Site na mmụba nke akụrụngwa mmiri na 2020, o kwuru na n'afọ 2030 nde mmadụ 700 nwere ike chụpụ ya n'ihi ụkọ mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The sustainable development goals report 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2020.pdf}}</ref> '''Ihe iyi egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe''' Mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ nnukwu ihe ịma aka iji nweta ebumnuche mmepe na-adigide 6 na mmiri dị ọcha na idebe ihe ọcha maka mmadụ niile. Mmetọ sitere na mmanụ ọkụ ebutela mmetọ nke mmiri na-emebi ohere ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha ma na-ebute mgbanwe ihu igwe na-agbanwe ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-abawanye ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mpaghara ụfọdụ yana idei mmiri na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Renzaho et al. (2017) na-atụ aro mkpa maka biofuels iji belata mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha. Ho & Goethals (2019) SDG 6 na-eyi egwu egwu egwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na-apụta gụnyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, mbuso agha ndu, mbelata mmiri, na mmụba nke ala nke na-etinye ihe egwu na ọdọ mmiri na-adigide n'ọdịnihu. Ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu dị na ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri n'ọdịnihu na-egosi ka SDG 6 n'etiti SDG ndị ọzọ si egwu mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ime obodo, mgbochi mmiri, microplastics, na ụdị mmetọ ndị ọzọ na-abawanye mbibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ma na-emebi nkwado nke ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri. Mycoo (2018) na-atụ aro ka ekwesịrị ileba anya n'ihe ịma aka nchịkwa mmiri iji kwado na nzute SDG 6. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka e nwekwuo atumatu, ngwá ọrụ, na omume dị mma iji dozie okwu na-arịwanye elu nke nchekwa mmiri ma nwetakwa mmepe na-adịgide adịgide n'okpuru egwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'otu aka ahụ, Delany-Crowe et al. Amụma (2019) gbadoro ụkwụ na inweta SDG 6 na 13 gbakwunyere 14 chọrọ ijikọ usoro mgbanwe ihu igwe ebe ewepụtara usoro mbelata zuru oke. Holcomb (2021) na-akọwa isi nkwusi okwu ike na mgbanwe ihu igwe iyi egwu na SDG 6 na ụzọ nha gburugburu. '''Mbunye na ihe ịma aka n'akụkụ ihe achọrọ''' Mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha na-emetụta ọ bụghị nanị na usoro nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ha na-emetụtakwa nnukwu ebumnuche ụlọ ọrụ na àgwà oriri mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bo|first=Yan|date=2021|title=Additional surface-water deficit to meet global universal water accessibility by 2030|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=320|issue=3|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128829}}</ref> Ka mba ndị na-emepe emepe na Sub-Saharan Africa na South-South-East Asia na-aba ụba nke ukwuu, mba ndị a nwere ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche iji megharịa na ichekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ mmiri. Na nguzobe Sustainable Development Goals na 2015, MDGs gara aga hapụrụ nde 663 chọrọ inweta mmiri dị mma. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Labat|first=Ashley|date=2018|title=Measuring Progressive Realization of Sustainable Development Goal 6 A Review of Implementation Outcomes for Improvement|url=https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/concern/masters_papers/jq085p33n|journal=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=29|doi=10.17615/tmpr-5f64}}</ref> Na 2019, GLAAS [UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water] chọpụtara na ọ bụ naanị mba 6 n'ime 101 nwere akụrụngwa ego na nke mmadụ iji gboo nhicha na nhicha mmiri n'ime obodo nke ha. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=World Health Organization|date=2019|title=UN-Water GLAAS 2019: National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene – Global status report 2019|url=https://www.unwater.org/publications/un-water-glaas-2019-national-systems-to-support-drinking-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-global-status-report-2019/|journal=UN Water|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=144}}</ref> Na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihe na-erughị 15% nke mba na-emezu ebumnuche nke ịkwado mmiri dị ọcha nke ọma na mbọ idebe ihe ọcha n'ime obodo nke ha [ibid]. Mbelata ego a na-emetụta akụkụ ndị ọzọ metụtara SDG 6 na ihe ngosi ọganihu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe agbagoro mbọ mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha nke ọma, idebe ihe ọcha, njikwa mmiri mkpofu, na ebe ịdị ọcha akwụsịla n'ọganihu ha ruo 2030. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cai|first=Jialiang|date=2021|title=Match words with deeds: Curbing water risk with the Sustainable Development Goal 6 index|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353631930|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|language=en|volume=318|issue=4|pages=14|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128509}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'ime afọ iri na-abịanụ bụ na mba ndị dị na Sub Saharan Africa bụ ndị na-agaghị emeli ihe ha chọrọ ma ọ bụrụ na ego na-eto eto adịghị echekwa n'ime afọ iri na-abịanụ. Libey et.al, (2020) mara na ọbụlagodi n'ebe abụọ ahọpụtara na North-Eastern Africa ebe ụtụ isi ụlọ ọrụ dị elu karịa mpaghara ha gbara ya gburugburu, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na-achọ mmiri mgbe niile. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Libey|first=Anna|date=2020|title=Who pays for water? Comparing life cycle costs of water services among several low, medium and high-income utilities|journal=World Development|language=en|volume=136|pages=13|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105155}}</ref> N'ịgbasa okwu a n'ihu, ọchịchị ọtụtụ ọkwa ka bụ ihe dị mkpa na-eduzi ego nke ọma n'ebe achọrọ ha. Nkiaka et.al, (2021), dere na omume nlekọta mmiri na-adịgide adịgide ga-ekwe omume ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ngwọta mpaghara maka Sub-Saharan Africa nke na-ejikọta usoro na omume nlekọta mmiri dị ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nkiaka|first=Elias|date=2021|title=Water security in sub-Saharan Africa: Understanding the status of sustainable development goal 6|journal=WIREs Water|language=en|volume=8|issue=6|pages=13|doi=10.1002/wat2.1552}}</ref> == Nleba anya na ọganihu == A na-ebipụta akụkọ ọganihu dị elu maka SDG niile n'ụdị akụkọ sitere n'aka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations . Nke kacha ọhụrụ bụ site na Eprel 2020. <ref name="UNESC2020"/> Akụkọ tupu nke ahụ sitere na Mee 2019. <ref name="UNESC2019"/> Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike ịhụ mmelite na ọganihu na webụsaịtị SDG nke United Nations na-elekọta. <ref name=":5"/> '''<big>Nleba anya ọganihu site na ọnọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ</big>''' Ileba anya n'ọganihu ọkwa mba nke Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 site na akara ngosi mba ụwa kwadoro bụ ihe nyocha siri ike na nnukwu ego sitere n'aka ndị otu mba ụwa na gọọmentị mba. SDG 6 nwere ebumnuche isi isii na ihe nrịbama itoolu, yana ụzọ abụọ e ji emejuputa (MoI) lekwasịrị anya na ihe nleba anya. A ga-enyocha ihe ngosi maka SDG 6 wee kọwapụta ya na ọkwa mba ụwa site n'aka ndị ọrụ nlekọta United Nations (UN) n'okpuru UN-Water managed Integrated Monitoring Initiative for SDG 6 (IMI), n'agbanyeghị data na nsonaazụ mba ga-abụ ntọala nke nlekota niile. na akuko. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Guppy|first=Lisa|date=2019-03-01|title=Sustainable development goal 6: two gaps in the race for indicators|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0649-z|journal=Sustainability Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=501–513|doi=10.1007/s11625-018-0649-z|issn=1862-4057}}</ref> N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a ga-eji akara ngosi akara iji tụọ ọganihu (ma ọ bụ enweghị ya). Ya mere, mmejuputa atumatu SDG na-egosi nleba anya na-aga n'ihu na nleba anya n'oge iji lelee ma uzo na uzo mmepe ziri ezi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bhaduri|first=Anik|date=2016|title=Achieving Sustainable Development Goals from a Water Perspective|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|volume=4|pages=64|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2016.00064|issn=2296-665X}}</ref> Enwere ihe ngosi 11 zuru ụwa ọnụ iji soro ọganihu ruo SDG 6. Atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ gbadoro ụkwụ na data obodo, ndị ụlọ ọrụ United Nations na-ahụ maka ya chịkọtara ma kwado ya, mgbe ụfọdụ data sitere na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-akwado ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Snapshots {{!}} SDG 6 Data|url=https://www.sdg6data.org/snapshots?country=#demo-wrapper|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=www.sdg6data.org}}</ref> * Ihe ngosi 6.1.1 - Mmiri ọṅụṅụ : 74% nke ndị bi n'ụwa na-eji ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-achịkwa nke ọma (egosi SDG 6.1.1, 2007-2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.2.1a - ịdị ọcha : 54% nke ndị bi n'ụwa na-eji ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha ejiri n'enweghị nsogbu (SDG egosi 6.2.1a, 2016-2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.2.1b - ịdị ọcha : 71% nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ohere ịnweta ebe eji asa aka (SDG egosi 6.2.1b, 2014-2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.3.1 - Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu : A na-edozi 56% nke mmiri mkpofu ụlọ n'ụwa n'enweghị nsogbu (egosi SDG 6.3.1, 2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.3.2 - Ogo mmiri : 72% nke mmiri mmiri a na-enyocha nwere ezigbo mma mmiri gburugburu (SDG 6.3.2, 2017-2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.4.1 - Ịrụ ọrụ nke mmiri : 19 $/m3 bụ ọnụ ahịa dollar agbakwunyere na oke mmiri ejiri mee ihe na ọkwa ụwa (SDG 6.4.1, 2017-2018) * Ihe ngosi 6.4.2 - Nchegbu mmiri : A na-ewepụ 17% nke akụrụngwa mmiri mmeghari ohuru n'ụwa, mgbe etinyechara n'uche ihe ndị chọrọ ịgbasa gburugburu ebe obibi (SDG egosi 6.4.2, 2018) * ihe ngosi 6.5.1 - njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri jikọtara ọnụ : 54% bụ ogo nke mmejuputa iwu njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri (IWRM) na ọkwa ụwa (SDG egosi 6.5.1, 2017-2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.5.2 - imekọ ihe ọnụ mmiri : 58% nke mpaghara mmiri na-agafe agafe nwere nhazi ọrụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ mmiri (SDG 6.5.2, 2020) * Ihe ngosi 6.6.1 - Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara mmiri : N'ọkwa zuru ụwa ọnụ, a kọwapụtaghị data obodo zuru oke na 2016 iji chọpụta mgbanwe n'ókè nke gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara mmiri (SDG egosi 6.6.1) * egosi 6.a.1 - Mmekọrịta mba ụwa : 9.3 b$ bụ ego zuru ụwa ọnụ nke enyemaka mmepe gọọmentị metụtara mmiri na ịdị ọcha enwetara na 2019 (SDG egosi 6.a.1) * egosi 6.b.1 - nsonye obodo : A na-atụle nsonye obodo site n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi nke na-ejikọtaghị n'otu uru n'ozuzu ya (SDG 6 egosi 6.b.1) Na 2015, Sustainable Development Solutions Network (2015, p.&nbsp;7) dere na ihe ngosi siri ike ga-eme ihe abụọ: mee ka ebumnuche SDG rụọ ọrụ dị ka ngwá ọrụ nchịkwa iji nyere mba na obodo ụwa aka ịmepụta atụmatụ mmejuputa ihe àmà na-egosi ma kesaa ihe onwunwe ya; ma mee dị ka kaadị akụkọ iji tụọ ọganihu SDG. <ref name=":7"/> Ntụnyere ihe ngosi SDG 6 ndị a na ọkwa mba na-enye anyị ohere inyocha ọganihu nke mba dị iche iche n'ihe gbasara SDG. Dịka ọmụmaatụ: Na [[Kánada|Canada]], 99% nke ndị bi na ya na-eji ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ a na-achịkwa nke ọma (egosi SDG 6.1.1, 2020); 84% nke ndị bi na ya na-eji ọrụ idebe ihe ọcha na-achịkwa nke ọma (egosi SDG 6.2.1a, 2020); A na-edozi 82% nke mmiri mkpofu ụlọ na Canada nke ọma (egosi SDG 6.3.1, 2020), wdg. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Country (or area) {{!}} SDG 6 Data|url=https://www.sdg6data.org/country-or-area/Canada#anchor_6.1.1|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=www.sdg6data.org}}</ref> Site n'ịtụle ihe ngosi ndị a dị n'elu, nke a na-egosi na Canada arụpụtala nnukwu nsonaazụ n'inweta SDG 6. '''<big>Ụkwụ mmiri</big>''' Akara ụkwụ mmiri na-egosi oke ojiji mmiri n'ihe gbasara oriri ndị mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoekstra|first=A. Y.|date=2007-01-01|title=Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x|journal=Water Resources Management|language=en|volume=21|issue=1|pages=35–48|doi=10.1007/s11269-006-9039-x|issn=1573-1650}}</ref> Akara ukwu mmiri (WF) bụ ihe nrịbama nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ, na-atụ ma oriri mmiri (WF na-eri nri) na mmetọ mmiri (WF na-emebi emebi). WF na-eri nri na-ekewa n'ime WF ndụ ndụ, na-atụ oriri nke mmiri ozuzo, yana WF na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, na-atụ oriri nke mmiri ala ma ọ bụ mmiri elu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hoekstra|first=Arjen Y.|date=June 2017|title=Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6|journal=Water|language=en|volume=9|issue=6|pages=438|doi=10.3390/w9060438}}</ref> Kedu ka akara ụkwụ mmiri nwere ike isi nyere aka nyochaa ọganihu na SDG 6.3 na 6.4? * Akara ukwu mmiri isi awọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi dị mkpa maka ịlele ọganihu na ebumnuche 6.3. Enwere ike igosipụta akara ukwu mmiri isi awọ n'usoro nke oke mmiri emetọọ n'otu nkeji nke usoro ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa akọwapụtara. * Ụkwụ mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi dị mkpa maka ịlele ọganihu na ebumnuche 6.4. Enwere ike igosipụta akara ukwu mmiri na-acha anụnụ anụnụ n'usoro nke oke mmiri a na-eri kwa nkeji nke otu usoro ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa. '''<big>Ọganihu nke Water Action Afọ iri</big>''' '''<big>''2005-2015: Mmiri maka Ndụ''</big>''' Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ' Water for Life ' bụ ịkwalite mbọ iji mezuo nkwa mba ụwa emere n'ihe metụtara mmiri na mmiri. Nkwenye ndị a gụnyere ebumnuche mmepe nke Millennium iji belata ọkara ọkara nke ndị mmadụ na-enwetaghị mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha n'afọ 2015 na ịkwụsị iji mmiri na-eme ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide. Na Mgbakọ Mba Ụwa na Johannesburg na 2002, a nakweere ihe mgbaru ọsọ abụọ ọzọ: iji bu n'obi ịmepụta usoro nhazi mmiri na nhazi mmiri site na 2005 na ibelata ọkara, site na 2015, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-enweghị ohere ịdị ọcha. Ụbọchị Mmiri Ụwa, 22 Maachị 2005, bụ akara mmalite nke afọ iri nke 'Water for Life'. '''<big>''2018-2028: Ịkwụsị nsogbu mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ''</big>''' Mbelata 40% na akụrụngwa mmiri dị ọhụrụ site na 2030 yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'ụwa na-arị elu dịka atụmatụ ugbu a siri dị ka ụwa na-eche maka nsogbu mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'ịghọta ihe ịma aka na-eto eto, UN General Assembly weputara [https://wateractiondecade.org/ Water Action Decade] n'ihu ọha International Decade for Action "Water for Sustainable Development" na 22 Maachị 2018, iji chịkọta ihe ga-enyere aka gbanwee otú anyị si ejikwa mmiri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Martin|title=Water Action Decade|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-action-decade/|accessdate=2021-10-23|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|language=en-US}}</ref> Afọ iri ọhụrụ ahụ ga-elekwasị anya na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na njikwa njikọ nke akụrụngwa mmiri maka mmezu nke ebumnuche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe, akụ na ụba na gburugburu ebe obibi yana mmejuputa na nkwalite mmemme na ọrụ ndị metụtara ya, yana ịkwalite nkwado na mmekorita na ọkwa niile. iji nyere aka nweta ebumnuche na ebumnuche metụtara mmiri nke mba ụwa kwenyere, gụnyere ndị dị na [https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development] . <ref name=":0" /> == Njikọ na SDG ndị ọzọ == SDGs na-adabere nke ukwuu. Ya mere, inye mmiri dị ọcha na idebe ihe ọcha maka mmadụ niile bụ ihe mmalite iji nweta ọtụtụ n'ime SDG ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2017|title=Sustainable sanitation and the SDGs: interlinkages and opportunities|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/susana-publications/details/2859|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117064658/http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/susana-publications/details/2859|archivedate=2017-11-17|accessdate=16 November 2017|work=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance Knowledge Hub}}</ref> Ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ịsa ahụ ekwuola na ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị ọganihu na ebumnuche 6, a gaghị enwe ike imezu ebumnuche ndị ọzọ na ebumnuche. <ref name="IPSnews">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2015/10/opinion-sanitation-water-hygiene-for-all-cannot-wait-for-2030/|title=Opinion: "Sanitation, Water & Hygiene For All" Cannot Wait for 2030|author=Rao Gupta|first=Geeta|date=October 2015|work=Inter Press|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> <ref name="batty">{{Cite web|url=https://www.devex.com/news/beyond-the-sdgs-how-to-deliver-water-and-sanitation-to-everyone-everywhere-86975|title=Beyond the SDGs: How to deliver water and sanitation to everyone, everywhere|author=Batty|first=Margaret|date=25 September 2015|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkwalite ịdị ọcha nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ọrụ ( SDG 8 ) nke ga-edugakwa na uto akụ na ụba. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Andersson|first=Kim|date=2016-12-08|title=Towards "Sustainable" Sanitation: Challenges and Opportunities in Urban Areas|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=8|issue=12|pages=1289|doi=10.3390/su8121289}}</ref> Ọganihu SDG 6 na-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma ( SDG 3 ) na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ ( SDG 16 ). <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2014|title=Press release – UN General Assembly's Open Working Group proposes sustainable development goals|url=http://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/4538pressowg13.pdf|accessdate=2016-10-18|work=Sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> Iweghachi ihe ndị dị na excreta na mmiri mkpofu (dị ka nri, mmiri na ike) na-enye aka nweta SDG 12 ( oriri na-adịgide adịgide na mmepụta ) na SDG 2 (kwụsị agụụ). Ịhụ na ịdị ọcha zuru oke na njikwa mmiri mkpofu n'akụkụ dum uru dị n'ime obodo na-enye aka na SDG 11 ( obodo na obodo na-adigide ) na SDG 1 (enweghị ịda ogbenye). <ref name=":10" /> Sistemu idebe ihe ọcha nwere mgbake akụrụngwa na mgbake ọzọ na-enweta nlebara anya. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|author=Paranipe|first=Nitin|date=14 November 2017|title=The rise of the sanitation economy: how business can help solve a global crisis|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20170919145350-bovq7|accessdate=14 November 2017|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation News}}</ref> Ha nwere ike inye aka n'inweta opekata mpe iri na anọ nke SDG, ọkachasị n'ime obodo. <ref name=":10"/> == Ụlọ ọrụ == Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) emeela ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ya iji nyere aka nweta ebumnuche 6.2 na 6.3. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vision|url=http://www.susana.org/en/about/vision-mission|accessdate=16 November 2017|work=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|archivedate=19 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419043556/http://www.susana.org/en/about/vision-mission}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|title=Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017|year=2017|publisher=SuSanA, Eschborn, Germany|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185906/http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|archivedate=2017-11-16}}</ref> Òtù zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka Oxfam, UNICEF, WaterAid na ọtụtụ obere NGO yana mahadum, ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmenti nwere wdg bụ akụkụ nke SuSanA ma raara onwe ya nye iji nweta SDG 6. <ref>{{Cite web|year=2017|title=Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017|url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2715|publisher=SuSanA, Eschborn, Germany}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ dabere na US[edit] === Na US enwere ihe karịrị puku ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụtụ isi atọ na-arụ ọrụ n'okwu metụtara UN SDG 6, dịka data etinyere na Ọrụ Internal Revenue Service -IRS yana nke X4Impact gbakọtara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Release: X4Impact, a Market Intelligence Platform for Social Innovation, Announced U.S. Launch During the 2020 Un General Assembly - NextBillion|url=https://nextbillion.net/news/x4impact-a-market-intelligence-platform-for-social-innovation-announced-u-s-launch-during-the-2020-un-general-assembly/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=nextbillion.net|language=en-US}}</ref> X4Impact, site na nkwado nke Rockefeller Foundation, Ford Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web|author=X4Impact|title=Ford Foundation Fuels Tech for the Public Interest with X4Impact|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ford-foundation-fuels-tech-for-the-public-interest-with-x4impact-301324241.html|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=www.prnewswire.com|language=en}}</ref> Hewlett Foundation, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Release: Hewlett Foundation Becomes X4Impact Founding Partner to Advance Technology for the Public Interest With Focus on Entrepreneurs Creating Tech for Good Solutions - NextBillion|url=https://nextbillion.net/news/press-release-hewlett-foundation-becomes-x4impact-founding-partner-to-advance-technology-for-the-public-interest-with-focus-on-entrepreneurs-creating-tech-for-good-solutions/|accessdate=2021-11-16|work=nextbillion.net|language=en-US}}</ref> na Ịnye Tech Labs, kere ngwá ọrụ ntanetị n'efu dị [https://x4i.org/clean-water-sanitation-in-the-us-report ọcha na mmiri dị ọcha na US] . Ngwá ọrụ dị n'ịntanetị a na-enyere ndị ọrụ aka ịhụ ihe ngosi mmiri na ịdị ọcha metụtara mba na steeti yana ozi dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ karịrị puku atọ na-akwụ ụtụ isi na US na-arụ ọrụ n'okwu metụtara UN SDG 6. A na-emelite data abaghị uru na ngwaọrụ ahụ kwa ụbọchị 15 ka a na-emelite ihe ngosi kwa afọ. == Ntụaka == 1. Mycoo, M. A. (2018, February). Inweta SDG 6: nkwado nke ihe onwunwe mmiri na Caribbean Small Island Developing States site na nchịkwa mmiri ka mma. Na Natural Resources Forum (Mpịakọta 42, Nke 1, peeji nke 54-68). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Delany-Crowe, T., Marinova, D., Fisher, M., McGreevy, M., & Baum, F. (2019). Iwu Australia banyere njikwa mmiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe: ha na-akwado ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na imeziwanye ahụike na ọdịmma?. Ịmekọrịta ụwa na ahụike, 15 (1), 1-15. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ohere na ihe ịma aka maka nkwado nke ọdọ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri n'ihe gbasara ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (SDGs). Mmiri, 11 (7), 1462. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmepụta mmanụ na mmetụta ya na nchekwa nri na mba ndị na-enweta ego dị ala na nke dị n'etiti: Mmetụta maka ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-esote 2015. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78, 503-516. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmiri na ahụike seminarị na mbipụta pụrụ iche na-eme ka echiche ndị ga-agbanwe mpaghara ahụ pụta ìhè. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa nke ịdị ọcha na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, 226, 113529. Ntuziaka Nlekọta Jikọtara maka Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide Ihe Ebumnuche 6 na Mmiri na Medo Mmiri - Ebumnucha na ihe ngosi ụwa [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Global Water Funding: Innovation na arụmọrụ dị ka ndị na-enyere aka maka nchekwa, nchekwa na ọnụ ala. Springer International Publishing. Ọganihu na imekọ ihe ọnụ mmiri mba ụwa (SDG target 6.A). Ihe na-egosi SDG 6 Data. (n.d.Ọpụpụ ọzọ == Njikọ mpụga == {{offline|med}} *   * [https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 Platform Ihe Ọmụma Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240627013759/https://www.watersecurityhub.org/ Ebe Nchebe Mmiri na Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide] * [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform SDG 6] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220215110959/https://www.globalgoals.org/6-clean-water-and-sanitation Mgbasa ozi zuru ụwa ọnụ - SDG 6] * [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation SDG-Track.org - SDG 6] * [https://x4i.org/clean-water-sanitation-in-the-us-report UN SDG 6 na US] 4ftotl0wfhnw563vj1zd4hjrewgqr74 Global Ecovillage Network 0 28702 195346 174260 2024-11-19T00:23:44Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195346 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Global Ecovillage Network''' ('''GEN''') bụ njikọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ndị mmadụ na obodo (ecovillages) raara onwe ha nye ibi ndụ "na-adịgide adịgide" site na iweghachi ala na ịgbakwunye ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ka a na-ewere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gen.ecovillage.org/|title=Global Ecovillage Network|work=Global Ecovillage Network|accessdate=2016-04-11|archivedate=2007-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630035125/http://gen.ecovillage.org/}}</ref> Ndị otu netwọk na-ekerịta echiche na ozi, na-ebufe teknụzụ ma mepụta mgbanwe ọdịbendị na agụmakwụkwọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Hildur na Ross Jackson si Denmark guzobere [[Gaia Trust]], ntọala ọrụ ebere, na 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gaia.org/gaia/|title=gaia.org|work=www.gaia.org|accessdate=2016-04-11}}</ref> Gaia kwadoro nyocha nke Robert Gilman na Diane Gilman banyere obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide gburugburu ụwa. E wepụtara akụkọ ahụ, Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities, n'afọ 1991.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnlOAAAAYAAJ|title=Eco-villages and Sustainable Communities: A Report for Gaia Trust by Context Institute|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Context Institute|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ ecovillage na-adọrọ mmasị, ecovillaage zuru oke adịbeghị. Otú ọ dị, n'ozuzu, ọrụ dị iche iche kọwara ọhụụ nke ọdịbendị na ụzọ ndụ dị iche nke nwere ike ịga n'ihu. N'afọ 1991, Gaia Trust kpọkọtara nzukọ na [[Denmark]] nke ndị nnọchi anya obodo gburugburu ebe obibi iji kwurịta atụmatụ maka ịkwalite echiche ecovillage. Nke ahụ dugara n'ịmepụta Global Ecovillage Network. N'afọ 1994, a malitere Ecovillage Information Service. N'afọ 1995, e nwere nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ndị otu ecovillage, nke akpọrọ Ecovillages and Sustainable Communities for the 21st Century na Findhorn, Scotland. Nzukọ ahụ toro ngwa ngwa na-esote nzukọ a. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2001, GEN enwetala ọnọdụ ndụmọdụ na United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gen-europe.org/networks/united-nations/index.htm|title=GEN Global Ecovillage Network Europe: Home|work=gen-europe.org|accessdate=2016-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090430/http://gen-europe.org/networks/united-nations/index.htm|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2005, na ogbako ahụ iji mee ememe ncheta nke iri nke GEN, otu ìgwè ndị na-eto eto sonyeere NextGEN (Ọgbọ na-abịa nke Global Ecovillage Network). GEN enweghị usoro nkwenye iji họrọ ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndenye aha ndị otu na webụsaịtị ya. Emepụtala ngwa nleba anya nkwado obodo nke na-enye ụzọ iji chọpụta etu otu ụlọ obibi na-aga nke ọma n'ịkwalite nkwado ya.. == Ndị otu == Njikọ ahụ gụnyere ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ebe obibi na obodo ndị na-adịgide adịgide: * Obodo gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka Auroville na South India na Federation of Damanhur na Ịtali; * ime obodo, dị ka Gaia Asociación na Argentina na Huehuecoyotl, na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]]; * Ebe ndị a na-azụ anụ, gụnyere Crystal Waters, Queensland, [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Cochabamba, Bolivia na Barus, Brazil; * oru ngo ime ka [[Los Angeles EcoVillage|obodo]] dị ọhụrụ, dị ka Los Angeles EcoVillage na Christiania na Copenhagen, na * Ebe agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka Findhorn Foundation na Scotland, Centre for Alternative Technology na Wales, na Ecovillage Training Center na [[Tennessee]]. == Ebumnuche == Ebumnuche nke Global Ecovillage Network bụ "ịkwado ma gbaa ume ka mmepe nke ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide n'ụwa niile". Netwọk ahụ na-eme nke a site na: * Ọrụ nkwukọrịta n'ime na n'èzí; na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mfe na mgbanwe nke ozi gbasara obodo na ebe ngosi; * Njikọ netwọk na nhazi ọrụ na mpaghara ndị metụtara ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, na * Njikọ / mmekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ (UN Best Practices, EU Phare, EYFA, ECOSOC). == Mpaghara == GEN nwere mpaghara ụwa ise: Africa (GEN Africa), Europe (GEN Europe), Latin America (CASA), North America (GENNA) na Oceania & Asia (GENOA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecovillage.org/region/gen-africa/|title=GEN Africa - African Region of Global Ecovillage Network|work=Global Ecovillage Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gen-europe.org/home/index.htm|title=Home|work=GEN Global Ecovillage Network Europe|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2020-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417101452/https://gen-europe.org/home/index.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecovillage.org/region/casa/|title=CASA - Council of Sustainable Settlements of Latin America - GEN Latin America|work=Global Ecovillage Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecovillage.org/region/genna/|title=GENNA Alliance &#124; Regenerative Communities in North America|work=Global Ecovillage Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecovillage.org/region/genoa/|title=GENOA - Global Ecovillage Network Region of Oceania & Asia|work=Global Ecovillage Network}}</ref> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Edensibia == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050217142458/http://gen.ecovillage.org/about/history/1995/history01.php Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke GEN, 1990-1995] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203540/http://gen.ecovillage.org/about/history/2002/history03.php Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke GEN 2000-2001] == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130611131527/http://hermesprojekt.de/ German Info: Global Ecovillage Network] nw6qs6lrjem8sksub8x183gfqv9iuzk Onye Agha Oké Osimiri m 0 29607 195263 118778 2024-11-18T13:33:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195263 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox ship begin|display title=MY ''Ocean Warrior''}} {{Infobox ship image|Ship image=|Ship caption=}} {{Infobox ship career|Hide header=title|Ship country=[[Netherlands]]|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|60px|Dutch Flag]]|Ship name=''Ocean Warrior''|Ship builder=[[Damen Group]], Turkey|Ship original cost={{AUD|12 million|link=yes}}|Ship registry=[[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]]|Ship owner=[[Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]]|Ship operator=Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|Ship laid down=18 August 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dtOirqOK8Mc|title=Keel laying Ceremony of new Sea Shepherd ship|last=Sea Shepherd|date=12 October 2015|publisher=|accessdate=4 May 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>|Ship launched=1 July 2016|Ship commissioned=9 September 2016|Ship decommissioned=|Ship in service=Since 2016|Ship out of service=|Ship identification=*[[Maritime call sign|Call sign]]: PB4400 *{{IMO Number|9791262}} *{{MMSI Number|244890807}}|Ship renamed=|Ship honours=|Ship fate=|Ship status={{Ship in active service}}|Ship notes=}} {{Infobox ship characteristics|Hide header=|Header caption=|Ship class=Damen Stan 5009 "Sea Axe"|Ship tonnage=|Ship displacement=|Ship length={{Convert|50.20|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name='specs'/>|Ship beam={{Convert|9.32|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}|Ship height=|Ship draught={{Convert|3.50|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}|Ship depth={{Convert|4.45|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}|Ship ice class=|Ship sail plan=|Ship power=5–10{{nbsp}}MW; 4× diesel engine|Ship propulsion=4× fixed-pitch propellers|Ship speed={{convert|25|to|30|kn}}<ref name='specs'/>|Ship range=1,125 [[nautical mile]]s, at maximum speed<ref name='specs'>[http://products.damen.com/-/media/Products/Images/Clusters-groups/High-Speed-Crafts/Stan-Patrol-Vessel/Stan-Patrol-5009/Documents/Product_Sheet_Damen_Stan_Patrol_5009_Sea_Axe_07_2012.pdf Damen Stan Patrol 5009] - Product Sheet at Damen Group (PDF)</ref>|Ship capacity=|Ship aircraft=1× [[MD Helicopters MD 500|MD 500]] helicopter can be embarked|Ship crew=|Ship notes=}} |}MY Ocean Warrior bụ ụgbọ mmiri naebibi ihe nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]] nwere ma naarụ ọrụ dị ka ụgbọ mmiri nyocha / nyocha. A naeji ya eme ihe na [[Ọrụ nke Sea Shepherd Conservation Society|mkpọsa]] ha naeme megide igbu whale na ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu naakwadoghị. == Nchịkọta == Na Jenụwarị 26, 2015, na Goed Geld Gala (Good Money Gala) kwa afọ na Amsterdam, Sea Shepherd natara onyinye nke € 8.3 nde ($ 9.4 nde) site na Nationale Postcode Loterij na Netherlands, iji zụta ụgbọ mmiri ọhụrụ maka ọrụ nrọ Sea Shepherd nyere "Stop Illegal Fishing in the Southern Ocean".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.postcodeloterij.nl/goede-doelen/goed-geld-gala|title=Goed Geld Gala 2018|author=|date=|work=Nationale Postcode Loterij|accessdate=4 May 2018|archivedate=4 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225336/https://www.postcodeloterij.nl/goede-doelen/goed-geld-gala}}</ref><ref name="Executive'">{{Cite news|url=http://www.maritime-executive.com/article/sea-shepherd-names-new-patrol-vessel|title=Sea Shepherd Names New Patrol Vessel|work=The Maritime Executive|date=March 22, 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Dutch naewu ụgbọ mmiri Damen Group na Turkey wuru ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, na ọnụahịa ikpeazụ nke $ 12 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seashepherdglobal.org/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-receives-8-3-million-euros-from-the-dutch-postcode-lottery.html|title=Sea Shepherd receives 8.3 million Euros from the Dutch Postcode Lottery for the Protection of the Southern Ocean|publisher=Sea Shepherd Global|date=January 27, 2015|accessdate=June 10, 2015|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150126234140/http://www.seashepherdglobal.org/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-receives-8-3-million-euros-from-the-dutch-postcode-lottery.html|archivedate=January 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Flitton">{{Cite news|author=Flitton|first=Daniel|url=http://www.theage.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/sea-shepherds-12m-new-custombuilt-vessel-arrives-in-australia-20161115-gspqkf.html|title=Sea Shepherd's $12m new custom-built vessel arrives in Australia|work=The Age|date=15 November 2016|accessdate=2016-11-15}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri a e wuru nụzọ omenala bụ ụgbọ mmiri Damen Stan 50 m nogologo na 9 m nobosara. E debere ya nafọ 2015 ma malite ya nebe a naarụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Damen Group na Antalya Turkey na 1 Julaị 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sea Shepherd Global Launches New Patrol Vessel, Ocean Warrior|url=https://www.seashepherd.org.uk/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-global-launches-new-patrol-vessel-ocean-warrior.html|work=seashepherd.org|accessdate=25 February 2020}}</ref> Ocean Warrior nwere injin anọ, tankị mmanụ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ naagafe ogologo oge, na ebe helikopta naada. A naejikwa egbe mmiri dị arọ nazụ ya. Njem mbụ ya bụ Southern Ocean.<ref name="Flitton"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://products.damen.com/-/media/Products/Images/Clusters-groups/High-Speed-Crafts/Stan-Patrol-Vessel/Stan-Patrol-5009/Documents/Product_Sheet_Damen_Stan_Patrol_5009_Sea_Axe_07_2012.pdf Damen Stan Patrol 5009] - Akwukwo ngwaahịa na Damen Group (PDF) {{SSCS}} cacqk2sypv45kz3f64hj5q79pe27bx6 Alex Pacheco (onye na-eme ngagharị iwe) 0 29659 195353 182112 2024-11-19T00:28:03Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=https://600milliondogs.org https://alexpacheco.org}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Alexander Fernando Pacheco''' (am{{Databox}}ụrụ nọnwa Ọgọstụ nafọ 1958) bụ onye America naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere 600 Million Dogs, onye guzobere na onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) na onye otu ndụmọdụ nke [[Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa|Sea Shepherd Conservation Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.600milliondogs.org/|title=Developing a spay and neuter cookie – a cure for animal overpopulation|work=600 Million Dogs|accessdate=2020-02-12}}</ref> Pacheco bu ụzọ soro Captain [[Paul Watson]] rụọ ọrụ na 1979 nụgbọ mmiri Sea Shepherd gafee [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]], noge mkpọsa nke mmegide megide ''Sierra'', ụgbọ mmiri naegbu whale nke Portugal. Ma The Sea Shepherd na ''Sierra'' mikpuru mgbe ndị ọchịchị Portugal weghaara ha. Pacheco bịara nihu ọha na 1981 maka ọrụ ya, ya na Ingrid Newkirk, nihe a maara dị ka ikpe Silver Spring, mkpọsa iji tọhapụ 17 craberi macaques ndị naeme nnwale na Institute for Behavioral Research na Silver Spring, Maryland. Onye naeme ihe nkiri Oliver Stone dere na mkpọsa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji zọpụta enwe ahụ mere ka e nwee òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ na United States.<ref>Stone, Oliver. Foreword in Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case That Launched the Animal Rights Movement''. National Press Books, 1993.</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Pacheco na Joliet, Illinois, mana ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Mexico mgbe ọ dị obere, ebe nna ya bụ onye Mexico, onye dọkịta, na nne ya, onye nọọsụ America, zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya abụọ nakụkụ oké osimiri. Kathy Snow Guillermo dere na Monkey Business (1993) na ndụ Pacheco jupụtara na ụmụ anụmanụ; ụmụ oke bi nosisi rọba dị nihu ya, agwọ naehi ụra nazụ nkume ndị dị nso, ndị ọkụ azụ naadọkpụ dolphin mgbe niile nime mmiri gaa nụsọ osimiri. Kama igbu anụmanụ maka nri nebe a naegbu anụ, a naegbakarị ezì, ehi, ọkụkọ, na [[Turkéy|turkey]] nihu ya.<ref name="Guillermo30">Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement.'' National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ hapụrụ Mexico mgbe Pacheco nọ na obere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, wee kwaga netiti Ohio, Indiana, na Illinois. Mmasị ya nanụmanụ gara nihu. Ọ zụrụ mbe na nnụnụ nụlọ ahịa anụ ụlọ, na nwa naeri crabs, onye ọ kpọrọ Chi Chi na onye gaanọ nubu ya ka ọ naagagharị nụlọ ahụ.<ref name="Guillermo30">Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement.'' National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.</ref> Ọ gara mahadum Katọlik dị na Ohio, naezube ịbanye nọrụ ụkọchukwu, mana mgbe ọ nọ na Canada nafọ mbụ ya na mahadum ahụ, ọ gara leta enyi ya naarụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ naetinye anụ. Guillermo dere na ọ wụrụ ya akpata oyi nhụ ịhụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ naatụba nwa ehi a mụrụ ọhụrụ, nke e wepụrụ nakpa nwa nne ya e gburu egbu, nime ihe mkpofu. Ka e mesịrị nizu ahụ, otu enyi ''nyere'' ya akwụkwọ Peter Singer's Animal Liberation, ọ laghachiri Ohio dị ka onye naeri akwụkwọ nri. Obi ya abụghịzi ịbụ onye ụkọchukwu, o kpebiri ịga Mahadum steeti Ohio<ref name="Guillermo30">Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement.'' National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.</ref> dị na Columbus, Ohio ma tinye onwe ya ninyere ihe ọ kpọrọ "ndị ọzọ karịa mmadụ" aka.<ref name="Guillermo30" /> == Mgbalị == === Onye Ọzụzụ Atụ nke Oké Osimiri === Na mahadum, Pacheco haziri mkpọsa megide iji ọnyà legold na ịkpụ ezì na ehi naenweghị ọgwụ anesthetic. Guillermo dere na, ebe ọ bụ na Ohio bụ steeti ọrụ ugbo, mmegide ya zutere mmegide siri ike na oku ekwentị a naamaghị aha ya mgbe ụfọdụ naeyi egwu ịgbapụ isi ya.<ref name="Guillermo30">Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement.'' National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.</ref> Nafọ 1979, ọ gara okwu na Columbus, Ohio, site n'aka Cleveland Amory nke Saturday Review, onye bụkwa ''onye'' guzobere Fund for Animals, nke kwadoro ụgbọ mmiri naegbochi igbu whale Sea Shepherd. Ọ chọtara Amory mgbe okwu ahụ gasịrị wee wepụta onwe ya. Pacheco bu ụzọ soro Paul Watson rụọ ọrụ nụgbọ mmiri noge ọkọchị nafọ 1979 (na ọzọ n'afọ 2003), nàkwà mmiri ahụ, n'ime ụlọ injin na dị ka ''onye'' naarụ ọrụ nelu mmiri, n'oge mkpọsa nchedo whale mbụ nke Sea Shepherd, nke a maara dị ka The Sierra Campaign, gafee Atlantic, nke kwụsịrị na Sea Shepherd na ''Sierra'' naemikpu, na Portugal na 1980.<ref name="Guillermo30">Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business: The Disturbing Case that Launched the Animal Rights Movement.'' National Press Books 1993. p. 30-33.</ref> === Akụkọ banyere enwe Silver Spring === [[Usòrò:Silver-Spring-monkey.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Otu nime foto Pacheco sere n'ime Institute for Behavioral Research, 1981|321x321px]] Ikpe nke ụmụ enwe Silver Spring malitere na 1981, mgbe Pacheco nwetara ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ime Institute for Behavioral Research na Silver Spring, Maryland. Edward Taub, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na ụbụrụ, naebibi ganglia sensory nke naenye akwara na mkpịsị aka, aka, aka na ụkwụ nke enwe 17 - usoro a maara dị ka "defferentation" - ka enwe wee ghara inwe mmetụta ha. (Ụfọdụ nime ha nwere ogidi ọkpụkpụ azụ ha niile.) Taub jiri njigide na ọkụ eletrik mee ihe iji manye enwe iji aka ha naenweghị ike ịnụ. Ọ chọpụtara na, mgbe agụụ naagụbiga ihe ókè ma ọ bụ ọchịchọ izere ọkụ eletrik kpaliri ha, ha nwere ike iji aka ha naenweghị isi mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=r08klY4_ENoC&pg=PA68|author=Franks, David D.|editor=Salvo|title=Studies in Symbolic Interaction|chapter=The Controversy of Mind Over Matter|year=2008|publisher=Emerald Group Publishing|isbn=9781848551251}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ dugara nakụkụ ụfọdụ na nchọpụta nke neuroplasticity n'ime usoro mmegharị nke primate na ọgwụgwọ ọhụrụ maka ndị ọrịa strok a naakpọ mgbochiinduced movement therapy nke nyeere aka weghachite ojiji nke aka naemetụta aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3029931|title=Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy|accessdate=2010-07-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103113915/http://www.strokeassociation.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3029931|archivedate=2007-01-03}}, excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," ''Stroke Connection Magazine'', September/October 2004, accessed June 26, 2010.</ref> Pacheco kọrọ Taub maka imebi iwu obi ọjọọ anụmanụ dabere na ọnọdụ ndụ anụmanụ. Ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ nyocha ahụ, jide enwe ahụ ma boo Taub ebubo 119 nke obi ọjọọ anụmanụ na enweghị ike inye nlekọta anụmanụ zuru oke, ebubo mbụ dị otú ahụ e wetara na United States megide onye ọkà mmụta sayensị naeme nchọpụta. ebubo 113 ka a jụrụ na ikpe mbụ.<ref name="Doidge">{{Cite book|author=Doidge, Norman|title=The Brain That Changes Itself|date=2007|publisher=Viking Penguin|pages=141–145}}</ref> A mara Taub ikpe na mbụ maka ebubo isii nke enweghị ike inye nlekọta anụmanụ zuru oke. A chụpụrụ ikpe ise mgbe ikpe nke abụọ gasịrị, a tụgharịrị ikpe ikpeazụ na mkpegharị ikpe mgbe ụlọ ikpe kpebiri na iwu Maryland nke mgbochi obi ọjọọ nye anụmanụ emetụtaghị ndị nchọpụta. Nafọ 1990, magazin ''Washingtonian'' bipụtara otu isiokwu naekwu na foto Pacheco nke enwe nọ n'oche njide bụ "e mere". PETA tinyere akwụkwọ mkpegharị $ 3 nde, nke e doziri nèzí ụlọ ikpe mgbe magazin ahụ kwetara ịrịọ mgbaghara ma nye ego a naakọwaghị akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ naahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1991-10-17|title=MAGAZINE APOLOGIZES IN 3RD SUIT|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/10/17/magazine-apologizes-in-3rd-suit/a719ee17-b32f-40d0-a2d0-105c8a35358a/|accessdate=2019-08-17}}</ref> Agha iwu maka nlekọta nke enwe, mgbe PETA wepụrụ ha, ruru Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States. Ọ bụ ikpe mbụ gbasara ikike ụmụ anụmanụ mere nke a, ọ bụ ezie na PETA e guzobere ọhụrụ mechara daa nọgụ ya iji nweta ntọhapụ ụmụ anụmanụ ahụ.<ref name="NewkirkFree">Newkirk, Ingrid. ''Free the Animals''. Lantern, 2000.</ref> Ihe omume ahụ, nke were ọtụtụ afọ, mere ka a mara PETA nke ukwuu, naagbanwe ya site na ihe Ingrid Newkirk kpọrọ "ndị ise nọ nokpuru ala" nime òtù mba.<ref>Schwartz, Jeffrey and Begley, Sharon. ''The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force''. HarperCollins, 2002 p. 161.</ref> Nihi ikpe ahụ, Kọmitii nke House of Representatives na Sayensị, Nnyocha na Teknụzụ nwere ikpe nke dugara na Iwu Ahụike Anụmanụ nke 1985, na 1986 mgbanwe na ntuziaka United States Public Health Service maka ụmụ anụmanụ eji eme nchọpụta ụmụ anụmanụ gụnyere ihe achọrọ na ụlọ ọrụ ọ bụla naachọ ego gọọmentị etiti nwere Kọmitii Nlekọta na Ojiji Ụmụ anụmanụ nke ọrụ ya bụ ilekọta ụmụ anụmanụ nime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/pl99198.htm|title=Archived item|accessdate=2008-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231193557/http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/pl99198.htm|archivedate=2007-12-31}}</ref> === Ịnọba ezì ọhịa na ewu na Hawaii === Nafọ 1992, Pacheco na onye ọrụ gara nàgwàetiti Hawaiian nke Molokai ma bibie ọtụtụ narị ọnyà waya nke naeme ka ezì na ewu jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ nwụọ nihi nkụchi, agụụ, na mmiri ịpụ nahụ. Ọnyà ndị ahụ bụ ndị Nature Conservancy setịpụrụ na mgbalị iji chekwaa ụdị ala site na igbu ụdị ndị naabụghị nke ala. Mgbe a kpọsara nke a, Nature Conservancy kwụsịrị ịchụ nta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/0105/05072.html|title=Snaring of Hawaii's Feral Pigs Angers Animal Activists|date=1994-01-05|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emagazine.com/attack-of-the-feral-pigs/|title=Attack of the Feral Pigs|author=Magazine|first=From the Editors of E.|date=2005-06-10|work=Emagazine.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref> === Nkịta na ụlọ nyocha ọnyá Pentagon === Nọnwa Julaị nafọ 1983, akwụkwọ akụkọ ''The New York Times'' kọrọ na Pacheco bụ onye na-ahụ maka odeakwụkwọ nchekwa Caspar Weinberger na-akwụsị atụmatụ Pentagon ịgba nkịta égbè na "ụlọ nyocha nke ọnyá" nlọ ọgwụ ndị agha dị nso na Washington, D.C. Pacheco mụtara banyere ọrụ ahụ ma gwa ma Congress na The Washington Post. Weinberger nwere collie, mgbe ọ gụrụ isiokwu ahụ, ọ machibidoro iji nkịta eme ihe na nnwale ahụ ozugbo. Ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, o nyekwara Pentagon iwu ka ha nyochaa atụmatụ ahụ ma kwụsị ịgba ezì, ewu, na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe a gaemecha nyocha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/30/us/rare-victory-for-dogs-best-friends.html|title=Rare Victory for Dogs' Best Friends|author=Gailey|first=Phil|date=1983-07-30|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Military Plan to Shoot Dogs Raises Hackles|first=Saundra|author=Saperstein|work=Washington Post|date=July 26, 1983|page=A1}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kọntaktị ndị omeiwu na mgbasa ozi iji mee ka ndị agha kwenye ime ka mgbanwe ahụ bụrụ nke naadịgide adịgide ma tinye ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ụdị ndị ọzọ. Nọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1983, ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu nyere Ngalaba Nchebe iwu ka ha ghara iji nkịta na nwamba mee ihe na ụlọ nyocha ọ bụla nke ọnyá, iwu ahụ wee malite na Jenụwarị afọ 1984.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shapiro, Margaret|title=Hill Agrees to Prohibit Wounding Dogs, Cats|work=Washington Post|date=November 17, 1983|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1983/11/17/hill-agrees-to-prohibit-wounding-dogs-cats/cebe354b-2aee-4c15-bb9c-06a4b33a60a7/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Brisbane, Arthur|title=Animal Crusaders Briefed on Jail|work=Washington Post|date=June 10, 1984|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/06/10/animal-crusaders-briefed-on-jail/1e7c9648-0b0e-4a9b-ad55-2428a2360320/}}</ref> Na ngwụcha afọ 1984, mgbe nrụgide ọha na eze na mmezu nke nyocha nke odeakwụkwọ Weinberger nyere iwu, ndị odeakwụkwọ nke ndị agha na ndị agha ụgbọelu machibidoro iji nkịta na nwamba eme ihe ọ bụghị naanị na ụlọ nyocha ọnyá, kamakwa na nyocha niile nke ahụike n'okpuru nchịkwa ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Richburg|first=Keith B.|title=Army, Air Force Cease Tests on Dogs and Cats|work=The Washington Post|date=October 4, 1984|page=1}}</ref> === Ogbugbu ịnyịnya na Texas === Na ngwụcha afọ 1983, Pacheco gara Falls County, Texas, iji nyochaa akụkọ banyere ịnyịnya na-anwụ n'ọhịa. Ọ dịkarịa ala, ụlọ ọrụ a naakpọ Horses Unlimited chịkọtara ịnyịnya 14,000, nke mere atụmatụ ime ka ha buru ibu maka igbu na ire na Europe dị ka anụ ịnyịnya. Kama nke ahụ, ịnyịnya 2,000 nwụrụ nihi ụnwụ nri, otu ụzọ nụzọ atọ nke ndị ọzọ nwere nsogbu nri naedozi ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/us/2000-horses-starve-as-plan-to-sell-meat-fails.html|title=2,000 Horses Starve as Plan to Sell Meat Fails|date=1984-01-29|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref> Pacheco na ndị ọzọ nwara inyere ịnyịnya ahụ aka mana ndị ọchịchị Falls County yiri ha egwu ijide ha, PETA gwara ndị nta akụkọ.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|title=An animal rights group today called on France to boycott United States horse meat|work=UPI Archive: Domestic News|date=24 January 1984}}</ref> O weere nyocha ya na ihe akaebe nke obi ọjọọ na mgbasa ozi mba na mbido afọ 1984. Ndị naeme nchọpụta steeti kpọrọ ya "otu nime ikpe kachasị njọ nke mmetọ anụmanụ nakụkọ ihe mere eme nke steeti ahụ", Jacy Reese Anthis kọwara ya dị ka "nnyocha nzuzo mbụ nke oge a banyere mmetọ ụmụ anụmanụ" nakwụkwọ ya nke 2018 The End of Animal Farming .<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/us/2000-horses-starve-as-plan-to-sell-meat-fails.html|title=2,000 Horses Starve as Plan to Sell Meat Fails|date=1984-01-29|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-08-04}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/29/us/2000-horses-starve-as-plan-to-sell-meat-fails.html "2,000 Horses Starve as Plan to Sell Meat Fails"]. ''The New York Times''. 1984-01-29. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-04</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The end of animal farming : how scientists, entrepreneurs, and activists are building an animal-free food system|author=Reese, Jacy|isbn=9780807019450|location=Boston|oclc=1023099335|year=2018}}</ref> Nihi mgbalị ya, a kpọtara Pacheco nihu nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe maka ebubo mpụ. Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu a ma ama bụ Richard "Racehorse" Haynes nọchitere anya ya, e wepụrụ ebubo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newspapers.com/newspage/9476241/|title=Del Rio News Herald from Del Rio, Texas on February 14, 1984 · Page 10|work=Newspapers.com|date=14 February 1984|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref> Notu ọnwa ahụ, ọrụ igbu ọchụ mechiri kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=THE COLLAPSE OF A HORSE-TRADING DEAL: A TRAIL OF DEAD ANIMALS and FINANCIAL DISASTER|author=Lyon, Pamela|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=2 February 1984|page=A.8|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/172170933/}}</ref> === Nnyocha nke nnụnụ naahụ maka mmerụ ahụ n'isi na Pennsylvania === Na Mee 1984, Pacheco chịkọtara vidiyo nkeji iri atọ a naakpọ Unnecessary Fuss dabere na awa iri isii nke vidio e si na [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] Head Injury Lab nweta site na nzukọ nzuzo Animal Liberation Front.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ANIMAL RIGHTS GROUP TO GIVE JURY EVIDENCE|work=Morning Call|date=4 October 1984|page=A.06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Newkirk|first=Ingrid|title=Free the Animals|date=2000|publisher=Lantern Books}}</ref> Vidio ndị ahụ, nke ndị nchọpụta mere, gosipụtara nnụnụ naenweta nnukwu mmerụ ahụ nisi na olu site na igwe naeme ka isi gbasaa. Vidio ndị ahụ gụnyekwara ihe nkiri nke ndị nchọpụta naachị anụmanụ merụrụ ahụ, nke ụbụrụ mebiri emebi ọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Animal rights group shows stolen videotapes|work=UPI Archive: Washington News|date=30 May 1984}}</ref> Mgbe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ nke mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji kwụsị gọọmentị etiti ka ọ ghara ịga nihu naakwado ụlọ nyocha a, na July 1985 Pacheco duuru ihe dị ka 100 ndị naeme ngagharị iwe na oche na isi ụlọ ọrụ National Institutes of Health, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị naakwado nnwale ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Nation|work=Los Angeles Times|date=16 July 1985|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=90 Animal Rights Activists Stage Sit-In at NIH to Protest Experiments|work=Washington Post|date=July 16, 1985|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1985/07/16/90-animal-rights-activists-stage-sit-in-at-nih-to-protest-experiments/001ca918-7f07-4a82-b85f-2e91f425ba38/?noredirect=on}}</ref> Nọdụ ahụ were ụbọchị anọ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, odeakwụkwọ nke ahụike na ọrụ mmadụ Margaret Heckler kwupụtara nihu ọha na ọ kwụsịrị ego maka ụlọ nyocha nke $ 14 nde na Mahadum Pennsylvania.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/11/weekinreview/the-rights-of-animals-and-requirements-of-science.html|title=The Rights of Animals and Requirements of Science|author=Boffey|first=Philip M.|date=1985-08-11|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-08-04|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nnyocha na ụmụ anụmanụ; ire ahịa ajị anụ naebelata === Nime afọ 20 ọ nọrọ dị ka onyeisi oche nke PETA, Pacheco tinyere aka nịdọrọ uche ọha na eze nụzọ a na-emeso ụmụ anụmanụ na ule ntecha na ịgba ụlọ ọrụ ume ịhapụ omume a. Mgbasa ozi ndị a mere ka nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Avon, Revlon, na Benetton kwụsị nyocha anụmanụ na ngwaahịa ndị a naere na US, na ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ naekwe nkwa ime otu ihe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/People-for-the-Ethical-Treatment-of-Animals|title=People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals {{!}} organization|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-10-vw-33666-story.html|title=When the Feds Locked Up Jonathan Paul for Refusing to Testify, the Animal Rights Movement Gained an . . . : Accidental Hero|date=1993-05-10|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-ap-fact-check-cosmetic-companies-didnt-resume-animal-tests-2017-2|title=AP FACT CHECK: Cosmetic companies didn't resume animal tests|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2019-08-04|archivedate=2019-08-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804110137/https://www.businessinsider.com/ap-ap-fact-check-cosmetic-companies-didnt-resume-animal-tests-2017-2}}</ref> O tinyekwara aka nịgwa ọha na eze banyere ọgwụgwọ ụmụ anụmanụ eji eme ajị anụ. Mgbasa ozi PETA, ọha na eze, na ụfọdụ na ụlọ ọrụ ajị anụ weere na ọ kpatara mbelata nke ahịa ajị anụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Government Spends 6 Million to Promote U.S. Mink Industry|work=Washington Post|date=January 2, 1992|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1992/01/02/government-spends-6-million-to-promote-us-mink-industry/3426418f-276f-4338-8638-1aa248dbbfb4/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-30-fi-928-story.html|title=Furrier Seeks Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection|date=1989-12-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-04}}</ref> === Ọnụ naekwuchitere Animal Liberation Front === Pacheco bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ndị ọka ikpe nyocha nihi na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ naenweta ozi site na, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ naekwuchitere, Animal Liberation Front nke dị nokpuru ala, nke banyere nụlọ anụmanụ iji wepụ ụmụ anụmanụ, naanakọta ihe akaebe nke obi ọjọọ, na mgbe ụfọdụ mebie ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ANIMAL RIGHTS LEADER SUBPOENAED FOR TAPES|work=Morning Call|date=3 October 1984|page=A.04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dixon, Jennifer|title=WEEKLY FARM: Farmers, Researchers Hope New Law Chills Animal Terrorism|date=October 25, 1992|publisher=BC cycle. Advance.lexis.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Official concedes stolen lab animals in good condition|work=Globe & Mail|date=4 January 1985|page=M1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Satchell|first=M.|title=Pursuing PETA|work=U.S. News & World Report|page=19|date=1992}}</ref> === 600 nde nkịta === Nafọ 2010, Alex Pacheco guzobere 600 Million Dogs na ebumnuche iji mepụta usoro ọgwụgwọ anụmanụ dị nchebe iji kwụsị ihe kpatara nhụjuanya na ọnwụ maka nkịta na nwamba nụwa niile - oke nkịta na nkịta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.600milliondogs.org/about-us|title=Meet the Founder {{!}} 600 Million Dogs {{!}} Alex Pacheco|work=600 Million Dogs|accessdate=2020-02-11}}</ref> Usoro izizi na mmepe bụ Spay na Neuter Cookies, nke a naemepụta iji mee ka ndị furu efu ghara ịwa ahụ n'enweghị nsogbu - naenweghị ịwa ahụ. Ebumnuche bụ ịkwụsị usoro nhụjuanya maka ọtụtụ iri nde nwamba furu efu na US ma kwụsị usoro nhụjụ maka nde nkịta 600 furu efu n'ụwa niile, ndị naamụ ihe karịrị otu ijeri ụmụ nkịta furu efu kwa afọ. Nzukọ ahụ raara onwe ya nye ibelata nsogbu nke nde mmadụ iri abụọ na itoolu a naagwọ ọrịa rabies kwa afọ, yana igbochi ọnwụ nke mmadụ iri ise na itoolu naanwụ site na ọrịa [[Rabis|rabies]] Kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rabies|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/rabies|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Rabies|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies#tab=tab_1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021132552/https://www.who.int/health-topics/rabies|archivedate=2019-10-21|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == Peace Abbey, nke Sherborn, Massachusetts, nyere Alex Pacheco onyinye Courage of Conscience na 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peaceabbey.org/awards/cocrecipientlist.html|title=The Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Recipients List|accessdate=2007-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207195509/http://www.peaceabbey.org/awards/cocrecipientlist.html|archivedate=2009-02-07}}</ref> Nafọ 2001, a nabatara Pacheco na US Animal Rights Hall of Fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|title=Hall Of Fame|work=Arconference.org|accessdate=2016-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206180318/http://www.arconference.org/hall-of-fame.htm|archivedate=2016-02-06}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ihe omuma na-enweghị isi, 1984 * Ndepụta nke ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ anụmanụ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Pacheco, Alex na Francione, Anna. "[http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/pacheco01.htm The Silver Spring Monkeys]" na Singer, Peter. N'ịgbachitere ụmụ anụmanụ. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985, peeji nke 135-147. * Pacheco, Alex Adreesị na 2007 Animal Rights Conference na , weghachiri Febụwarị 16, 2008. * Sideris, Lisa na ndị ọzọ "Roots of Concern with Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Ethics", ''Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal'', Mpịakọta nke 4, mbipụta nke 1, 1999. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m67osenuzezevmegpeyfbdnxchn18pk Tunji Olurin 0 30716 195388 178138 2024-11-19T05:30:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Adetunji Idowu Ishola Olurin''' mni (Yoruba; 3 Disemba 1944 - 20 Ọgọst 2021) bụ onye ọchịagha Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka Gọvanọ ndị agha nke Oyo Steeti site na 1985 ruo 1988 na Field Commander nke ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force na Liberia site na 1992 ruo 1993 n'oge Agha Obodo Mbụ nke [[Liberia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1560&Itemid=34|title=NewsWatchngr – Explore news that is trending now|work=NewsWatchngr|language=en-US|accessdate=22 December 2017|archivedate=13 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713030211/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1560&Itemid=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/just-in-ex-military-governor-olurin-dies-at-76/|title=Ex- MIlitary Governor Olurin dies at 76|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=21 August 2021|accessdate=21 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="oduyela">{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/oduyela/111504.html|title=OWNERS OF NIGERIA|date=15 November 2004|publisher=Nigeriaworld website|accessdate=27 February 2010|archivedate=23 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223064124/http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/oduyela/111504.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rulers.org/nigastat.html|title=Nigerian states|work=rulers.org|accessdate=22 December 2017}}</ref> Olurin lara ezumike nká n'ọrụ na 1993, ọ bụkwa onye otu Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). Ọ bụ onye nchịkwa nke [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] site na 8 Ọktoba 2006 ruo 27 Eprel 2007. == Ọmụmụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Tunji Olurin na Ilaro na Chief M. A. O. Olurin, [[Zaina Agoro|Agoro]] nke Ilaro, na Madam Abigail Fola Olurin. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Egbado College (nke bụzi Yewa College), wee gaa Technical College, Ibadan (nke bụ ugbu a Ibadan Polytechnic) n'afọ 1966. Ọ ghọrọ onye a na-enye ọzụzụ na Times Press na [[Apapa]], Lagos. N'afọ 1967, ọ banyere na Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), [[Kaduna]], ebe ọ nwetara asambodo NDA nke agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ gara ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ọkachamara n'oge ọrụ agha ya. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na School of Infantry, Quetta, Pakistan, Command and Staff College, Jaji, [[Ȯra Kaduna|Kaduna]] na National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies, Kuru, [[Jos]].<ref name="aworibio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yewa-awori.com/site/article-3,0.html|title=PROFILE OF BRIGADIER-GENERAL ADETUNJI IDOWU OLURIN (RTD)|date=13 December 2007|publisher=Yewa Awori People's Website|accessdate=12 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426113657/http://www.yewa-awori.com/site/article-3,0.html|archivedate=26 April 2010}}</ref> == Ọrụ agha == Olurin debanyere aha na ndị agha Naijiria n'afọ 1967 dị ka onye isi cadet nke 3rd Regular Course ebe ọ nwetara NDACE (Nigerian Defence Academic of Education) ma nye ya ọrụ lieutenant nke abụọ na ndị agha na-achị Naijiria na Machị 1970. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi Brigade Battalion na Kainji n'afọ 1973, ọ bụkwa osote onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna. Ọ bụ osote onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa na Kọmitii Ukwu Naịjirịa na India (1975-1978) na ọkwa nke onye isi. Mgbe ọ gachara Staff College na 1978, e zigara ya na United Nations Peace Keeping Operation na Lebanọn, ebe ọ nyere ndị agha Naijiria iwu na United Nations Interim Force na [[Lebanon|Lebanone]] (UNIFIL). E zigara ndị agha ya n'etiti ndị agha Palestine na ndị agha Israel. N'afọ 1981, dị ka General Staff Officer Operations na Army Headquarters, ọ kwadoro ndị agha na-ahụ maka udo nke OAU na [[Chad]]. Ndị agha a gụnyere ndị agha si Nigeria, [[Senegal]], [[Kenya]] na Zaire. N'afọ 1981, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Kano]] iji gbochie ndị nnupụisi nke ndị okpukpe na-eduga.<ref name="aworibio"/> N'oge nnupụisi nke August 1985, mgbe a chụpụrụ Major General Muhammadu Buhari ma jiri Major General Ibrahim Babangida dochie ya. Tunji Olurin bụ Commander nke 1st Mechanized Brigade, [[Minna]]. Ọ "maara" mana ọ bụghị "na-arụsi ọrụ ike" n'ọchịchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.waado.org/nigerdelta/nigeria_facts/MilitaryRule/Omoigui/PalaceCoup-1985.htm|title=NIGERIA: THE PALACE COUP OF AUGUST 27, 1985|author=Nowa Omoigui|publisher=Urhobo Historical Society|accessdate=12 December 2009|archivedate=8 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608090914/http://www.waado.org/nigerdelta/nigeria_facts/militaryrule/omoigui/PalaceCoup-1985.htm}}</ref> Mgbe nnupụisi ahụ gasịrị, a họpụtara ya dịka Gọvanọ Ndị Agha nke Oyo Steeti (1985-1988). N'oge ọ bụ gọvanọ, ọ bụ onye otu National Council of States.<ref name="aworibio"/> N'afọ 1987, o guzobere kọmitii nke na 1988 tụrụ aro ka e guzobe ihe ghọrọ Mahadum Teknụzụ Ladoke Akintola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lautech.edu.ng/aboutlautech.php|title=Overview of LAUTECH|publisher=Ladoke Akintola University of Technology|accessdate=12 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127073938/http://www.lautech.edu.ng/aboutlautech.php|archivedate=27 November 2009}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, Olurin ghọrọ onye isi ndị agha na-achịkwa 3rd Armoured Division na Jos na onye otu Armed Forces Ruling Council.<ref name="aworibio"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Field Commander na ECOMOG Peacekeeping Force na [[Liberia]] site na Disemba 1992 ruo Septemba 1993, mgbe Brigadier General John Nanzip Shagaya wepụrụ ya. O jiri mmekọrịta a tụkwasịrị obi ya na onye isi ala Naijiria, General [[Ibrahim Babangida]], nweta ndị agha ọzọ maka ọrụ ahụ, na Jenụwarị 1993 nwere ndị agha 16,000 n'okpuru ya nke 12,000 bụ ndị Naijiria. Olurin kpebisiri ike ịmanye Charles Taylor ka ọ gbachitere onwe ya. Atụmatụ ime ihe ike ya nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'agha, na-amanye NPFL ịmalite mkparịta ụka na July 1993, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ebo ya ebubo na ọ na-egosi ihu ọma nye ụfọdụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Liberia.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Liberia's civil war: Nigeria, ECOMOG, and regional security in West Africa|author=Adekeye Adebajo|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2002|isbn=1-58826-052-6}}</ref> == Ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị == Na 9 Machị 2002, a họpụtara Tunji Olurin dị ka onye isi oche nke Yewa Group (YG), nke e guzobere iji zụlite Yewaland na Ogun State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/29/20020329news41.html|title=Olurin Advocates Self Sustenance|author=Sony Neme|publisher=ThisDay|date=29 March 2002|accessdate=12 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050517164447/http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2002/03/29/20020329news41.html|archivedate=17 May 2005}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ụlọ omebe iwu nke Ekiti steeti chụpụrụ gọvanọ, Ayodele Fayose na osote ya [[Abiodun Olujimi|Abiodun Christine Olujimi]], na-ebo ebubo na ha mere ihe ọjọọ. N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2006, Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] kwupụtara ọnọdụ mberede na [[Ȯra Ekiti|Ekiti Steeti]] ma kwụsị gọvanọ, osote gọvanọ na ụlọ nzukọ nke steeti ahụ. Ọ họpụtara Tunji Olurin, dị ka "Onye nchịkwa" na Ekiti State. Nzukọ nke Mba kwadoro ọnọdụ mberede na 26 Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dawodu.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=164|title=Do Fayose And Olujimi Still Have Immunity?|author=Mobolaji E. Aluko, PhD|date=27 October 2006|publisher=Dawodu|accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6065706.stm|date=19 October 2006|title=Fears over Nigeria emergency rule|author=Senan Murray|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe a họpụtara ya, Olurin gbasara kansụl gọọmentị ime obodo, ndị ụlọ ọrụ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) na-enyocha maka ebubo na ha na-emebi ihe dị ka ijeri naira 7.3.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/special/10225101502.htm|title=What Ekiti Elders Want|date=25 February 2007|author=Tunji Ola|publisher=NewsWatch|accessdate=12 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104825/http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/allaccess/special/10225101502.htm|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2007, Tunji Olurin nyere iwu ka ụlọ ọrụ redio na telivishọn nke Ekiti State ghara ịgbasa mmemme nke onye na-azọ ọkwa gọvanọ nke steeti, Kayode Fayemi, ka ọ na-enye ohere mgbasa ozi site na PDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.triumphnewspapers.com/archive/DT12032007/ac123207.html|title=AC blasts Ekiti administrator for partisanship|date=12 March 2007|publisher=Daily Triumph|accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref> Olurin nọgidere na-achị ruo mgbe Tope Ademiluyi nọchiri ya na 27 Eprel 2007.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_ekiti.htm|title=CONSTITUENCIES – EKITI STATE|publisher=Office of the Speaker, Nigeria House of Representatives|accessdate=12 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418163943/http://www.speakersoffice.gov.ng/constituencies_ekiti.htm|archivedate=18 April 2010}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-echefu ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe e meriri ya na ntuli aka Gọvanọ Ogun Steeti na 2011. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Olurin akụziwo banyere idebe udo na International Peace Academy, National War College, na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe nke United Nations na Ghana, Nigeria, na Senegal. N'afọ 2006, Gọvanọ Gbenga Daniel nke Ogun Steeti họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Chancellor nke Mahadum Mbụ nke Mmụta na Naijiria, TASUED.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=ADETUNJI OLURIN, OGUN PDP GOVERNORSHIP CANDIDATE FLAGS OFF CAMPAIGN IN ILARO|url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2011/04/adetunji-olurin-ogun-pdp-governorship.html|work=Brandiconimage|accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> Olurin abụwo onye natara ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ gụnyere United Nations Peace Medal na Knight Commander of the Humane Order of African Redemption (KCHOAR), ihe nrite nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke mba Liberia. Ọ bụ onye isi nsọpụrụ nke Republic of Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=ADETUNJI OLURIN, OGUN PDP GOVERNORSHIP CANDIDATE FLAGS OFF CAMPAIGN IN ILARO|url=https://www.brandiconimage.com/2011/04/adetunji-olurin-ogun-pdp-governorship.html|work=Brandiconimage|accessdate=26 January 2019}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{OyoStateGovernors}}{{Nigeria Babangida Governors}}{{EkitiStateGovernors}}{{Nigerian state governors 2003-2007 term}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] apznla40ljhfi6vz73a0fv01erxotyv Òtù Nchebe Mba 0 31448 195421 143358 2024-11-19T10:18:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195421 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} National Security Organization (NSO) nke Naijiria, ma ọ bụ Nigerian Security Organization, e guzobere n'okpuru Iwu nke 27 nke 1976 site n'ọchịchị ndị agha nke Gen. National Security Organization Nigeria Nigerian Security Organisation ọchịchị ndị agha Olusegun Obasanjo, mgbe nnupụisi Dimka dara nke gburu onye bụbu onye isi ala Gen. Oluseguna Obasanjo Dimka Murtala Mohammed Murtala Mohammed E nyere NSO ikike ịhazi Internal Security, Foreign Intelligence na ọrụ mgbochi nzuzo. Nchebe Nzuzo nke Nchebe E boro ya ebubo ịchọpụta na igbochi mpụ ọ bụla megide nchekwa nke steeti, na nchebe nke ihe nzuzo, yana ịrụ ọrụ nchekwa ọ bụla ọzọ nke onye isi ala nyere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/nigeria/nso.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024191216/http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/nigeria/nso.htm|archivedate=24 October 2002|publisher=globalsecurity.org|title=National Security Organization (NSO)|author=globalsecurityrtsa.org|accessdate=17 December 2011}}</ref> N'oge ọchịchị ndị agha, na ịga n'ihu site na Republic nke Abụọ nke Naijiria, a na-ebo NSO ebubo na ha na-emebi ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị a na-ahụ ka ha na-akatọ gọọmentị. Naịjirịa Republic nke Abụọ Otu onye nnupụisi kpọrọ ha "Gestapo in Black". Ndị Gestapo<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E2DD173BF930A25752C0A963948260 New York Times. TOPICS; LOST IN AFRICA, 13 January 1985].</ref> == Ndị isi nchịkwa nke NSO == {| class="wikitable" !Ndị isi nchịkwa nke NSO !Oge O jere ozi |- |Colonel Abdullahi Mohammed Abdullahi |1976-1979 (Ọktoba) |- |Alhaji Umaru Shinkafi Alhaji umaru Shinkabi |1979 (Ọktoba) - 1983 (December) |- |Onye nnọchi anya Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi Mohammed Lawal |1984 (Jenụwarị) - 1985 (Ọgọst) |- |(Na-eme ihe nkiri) Brigadier-General Aliyu Mohammed Gusau Brigadier General Aliyu Mohammed Gustau |1985 (September) - 1986 (July) |} == Mmalite ya == E kere NSO dị ka ọdịda nke nnupụisi Dimka. Tupu nnupụisi ahụ, ndị uwe ojii Special Branch, ndị uweojii nzuzo, na-ahụ maka nchekwa na nzuzo, ebe ndị uweozuzu na-ahụ sambu na nzuzo bụ ndị Ngalaba Nnyocha (RD), otu nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ. Ndị uwe ojii nzuzo pụrụ iche<ref name="Nosa James-Igbinadolor">{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/article/failing-perform-reason-reform|publisher=saharareporters.com|title=NIGERIA: Failing To Perform As A Reason To Reform|author=Nosa James-Igbinadolor|accessdate=17 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222110036/http://saharareporters.com/article/failing-perform-reason-reform|archivedate=22 December 2010}}</ref> Ngalaba pụrụ iche enwetaghị ihe ọmụma banyere nnupụisi ahụ na ndị na-akpa nkata nnupụis ahụ tupu e gbuo nnupụise ahụ; onye nyocha nke ndị uwe ojii n'oge ahụ MD Yussuf gbaghara ọdịda a dị ka enweghị ike nke Ngalaba pụrụpụrụ adịpụ iji mee ka ndị uwe ojii. onye nlekota Ndị uwe ojii enweghị nkwado iwu iji rụọ ọrụ nzuzo na ndị agha.<ref name="Nowa Omoigui">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamji.com/nowa/nowa35.htm|publisher=gamji.com|title=The Palace Coup of August 27, 1985 (PART 3)|author=Nowa Omoigui|accessdate=17 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325071754/http://www.gamji.com/nowa/nowa35.htm|archivedate=25 March 2011}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, e nwere asịrị na-ekwu na onye bụbu onye isi ala Gen. Yakubu Gowon mere atụmatụ iwe ọchịchị site n'ebe ọ na-ezo n'ebe a chụgara ya. Yakubu Gowon<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20080202202603zg/nigeria-watch/dimka-coup-obasanjo-set-me-up-says-gowon/|publisher=nigerianmuse.com|title=Obasanjo Set Me Up, Says Gowon|author=Collins Edomaruse|accessdate=17 December 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114161608/http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20080202202603zg/nigeria-watch/dimka-coup-obasanjo-set-me-up-says-gowon/|archivedate=14 November 2011}}</ref> A chụpụrụ Gowon n'ọchịchị na-enweghị ọbara nke onye nwụrụ anwụ Murtala Mohammed duziri mgbe ọ nọ na Uganda na-aga nzukọ nke Organization of African Unity (OAU), ma were ebe mgbaba nwa oge na Togo dị ka ọ dị n'oge nnupụisi ahụ. Murtala Mohammed Uganda Organization of African Unity Togo Onye ndú nke ndị na-akpa nkata ọchịchị bụ Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka, di nwa Gowon na onye otu agbụrụ Angas na Plateau State. Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka Plateau State Dimka gara Gowon na UK ma n'okpuru ajụjụ ọnụ kwuru na ọ natara ngọzi Gowon maka nnupụisi ahụ; Gowon gọnahụrụ ya na ya kwurịta banyere nnupụis ahụ.<ref name="Siollun">{{Cite book|title=Oil, politics and violence: Nigeria's military coup culture (1966–1976)|first=Max|author=Siollun|year=2009|isbn=978-0-87586-708-3}}</ref> Asịrị banyere itinye aka Gowon ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ihe akaebe nwere ike imebi ntụkwasị obi ọ bụla onye isi nwere na RD dị ka ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo mpụga. Onye isi ala ọhụrụ, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo, mepụtara NSO site na ijikọta ngalaba pụrụ iche na RD ma họpụta Colonel Abdullahi Mohammed onye bụbu onye nduzi nke ndị agha (DMI) dị ka onye isi nchịkwa mbụ ya. Abdullahi Mohammed NSO ọhụrụ ahụ guzobere ọfịs na steeti iri na itoolu nke njikọ ahụ ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na ụlọ steeti dị na Lagos.<ref name="www.nigerianwiki.com">{{Cite web|url=http://nigerianwiki.com/wiki/Nigerian_Security_Organization|publisher=nigerianwiki.com|title=Nigerian security Organization|author=nigerianwiki.com|accessdate=17 December 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/63zu5Z5cD?url=http://nigerianwiki.com/wiki/Nigerian_Security_Organization|archivedate=17 December 2011}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mechara kwaga n'isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na-adịgide adịgide na 15, Awolowo road, Ikoyi, Lagos. Adreesị a mechara bụrụ isi ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke onye nọchiri NSO, State Security Service. Ọrụ Nchebe Steeti Onye kachasị ọhụrụ bi n'otu adreesị a bụ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, EFCC. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ Akụ na Akụ na Ụgwọ == 1976 - 1979 == N'oge mbụ nke NSO, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ nzuzo nke ndị agha, ụfọdụ ndị ọhụrụ, ndị ọrụ RD na ndị ọrụ pụrụ iche nke ndị uwe ojii n'etiti ha bụ Albert Horsfall. Albert Horsfall A na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ site na usoro ntụziaka; ntụziaka gụnyere ọrụ, ọgụgụ isi mpụga (Nnyocha Ngalaba), nchebe nchebe (ọfịs nchebe ụlọ ọrụ), nchebe n'ime, ego na nchịkwa na ọrụ iwu. Ebumnuche bụ isi n'oge a bụ ichebe Onye isi ala na ndị agha site na egwu dị n'ime na nke dị n'èzí. == 1983 - 1985 == N'ihi arụkwaghịm mberede nke Umaru Shinkafi, Onye isi ala Shagari họpụtara onye nnọchi anya Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi ozugbo dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ọhụrụ nke NSO (DG). Onye isi ala Shagari Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi Ambassador Rafindadi bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ na mba ọzọ na onye ọsụ ụzọ na ngalaba nzuzo nke Ngalaba Nnyocha. N'adịghị ka Shinkafi onye nzụlite ya dị na ndị uwe ojii Naijiria, Rafindadi bụ onye ọrụ nzuzo nwere ahụmahụ na ọtụtụ post ndị mba ọzọ gụnyere alaeze United, Republic of Ireland na Germany. Republic nke Ireland N'ịtụle oge dị mkpirikpi ọ nọrọ n'ọchịchị, Lawal Rafindadi bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke NSO na-ese okwu n'ihi ọrụ n'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa na mgbe e wepụrụ ya n'ọfịs. NSO nwetara n'ezie ihe kachasị njọ n'okpuru nduzi nke Lawal Rafindadi, a na-ebo ebubo n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na ọ bụ naanị General Buhari, Tunde Idiagbon na onye isi nchịkwa nke NSO na-achịkwa gọọmentị; "NSO dị elu karịa ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo ndị ọzọ niile". Ọchịagha Buhari Tunde Idiagbon<ref name="Mike Akpan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/backissues/2000/ng311.htm|work=Newswatch|title=NIGERIA: In Search of Justice; Rafindadi, Agila royal families give evidence before Oputa, receive sermon on peace|author=Mike Akpan|accessdate=17 December 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6401aH8Tx?url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/editorial/prime/backissues/2000/ng311.htm|archivedate=17 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="Desmond Mgboh">{{Cite web|url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12448|publisher=The Sun Newspapers|title=I was the first person contacted to abduct Dikko from UK – Capt Sagir Mohammed (retd)|author=Desmond Mgboh|accessdate=17 December 2011|archivedate=30 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430122337/http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=12448}}</ref> == Ihe Nketa == Site n'ịmepụta State Security Service (SSS), Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) na National Intelligence Agency (NIA), ndị ọrụ NSO n'oge gara aga batara n'ime òtù ndị a nọchiri; ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa dị n'ime SSS ketara ebe ndị ọrụ nke NIA batara n"ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo mpụga. State Security Service Defence Intelligence Agency National Intelligence Agency Gọọmentị ndị agha ọhụrụ ahụ họpụtara Alhaji Ismaila Gwarzo onye bụbu onye uwe ojii dị ka onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke SSS, ebe a họpụtara Lt. Col A.K Togun, onye bụbu nke DMI, dị ka osote ya. Alhaji Ismaila Gwarzo A họpụtara Chief Albert Horsfall, onye bụbu osote onye nduzi nke NSO dị ka onye isi nchịkwa mbụ nke NIA, onye Ambassador Abdullahi Ibrahim Atta, onye bụzi onye nduzi nzuzo mpụga na NSO, nyeere ya aka. Chief Albert Horsfall Ndị ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na NSO gụnyere Maazị Peter Nwaodua, DG SSS nke isii (n'ezie nke atọ mana SSS na-ewere ndị niile bụbu NSO DG dị ka SSS DGs) onye bụkwa onye bụbu onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba nye onye isi ala Gambia. Gambia Maazị Jonathan Ogwugwua Obuseh sonyekwara na SSS site na NSO ebe ọ lara ezumike nká dị ka onye nduzi, o mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa onwe onye, Sovereign Guards. Jonathan Ogwugwua Obuseh Alhaji Bello Lafiaji, onye bụbu onyeisi oche nke National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), onye bụkwabu onye uwe ojii na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke NSO, edepụtara n'ime SSS ọhụrụ dị ka onye isi ọrụ mbụ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ Ajaokuta. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Iwu Ọgwụ Babangida chọrọ ime ka aha ndị ọrụ nzuzo dị ọcha site na Iwu 19, mana enwere nnukwu ọganihu n'etiti NSO na SSS. N'ezie, onye isi mbụ nke DIA bụ onye bu Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi ụzọ dị ka onye isi nke NSO, General Aliyu Gusau. Mohammed Lawal Rafindadi Aliyu Gusau<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://gusau2007.com/about.htm |title=A fact trumpeted in the literature of Gusau's recent campaign for president, along with the suggestion that the NSO played some role in the coup. |accessdate=2023-10-03 |archivedate=2007-10-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010083208/http://gusau2007.com/about.htm }}</ref> Na Septemba 1990, nchịkwa Babangida gbanwere idu ndú nke SSS na NIA na Horsfall weghaara dị ka DG SSS na Haliru Akilu, onye bụbu DG nke DIA na-ewere ọnọdụ DG NIA ebe Alhaji Ismaila Gwarzo hapụrụ ọnọdụ ya dị ka DG RSS iji bụrụ minista nke steeti maka ihe gbasara ndị uwe ojii. Haliru Akilu Alhaji Ismaila Gwarzo Ambassador Zakari Y. Ibrahim, onye isi nchịkwa nke atọ nke NIA na onye nhazi nke mba na-alụso ndị na-eyi ọha egwu ọgụ na osote onye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba n'oge ọchịchị Babangida, bụkwa onye bụbu onye nduzi ego na nchịkwa na onye bụbu onyeisi nzuzo na NSO. Zakari Y. Ibrahim A katọrọ SSS maka ịrụ ọrụ dịka onye bu ya ụzọ bụ NSO. Ọtụtụ n'ime omume NSO apụtala ọzọ na SSS, nke onye isi ala na-achịkwa, a na-ebo ya ebubo imebi ikike mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Men in plainclothes abduct provincial newspaper editor|url=https://rsf.org/en/news/men-plainclothes-abduct-provincial-newspaper-editor|accessdate=19 September 2017|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|date=4 July 2014|language=fr-FR}}</ref> N'afọ 1986, ihe dị ka ọnwa anọ ka e guzobesịrị SSS, onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Alhaji Ismaila Gwarzo na osote ya bụ Lt. Col. Ismaila Gwarazo E boro Tunde Togun ebubo na ọ gburu onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin Newswatch, Maazị Dele Giwa site na akwụkwọ ozi e bugara n'ụlọ ya. Newswatch Dele Giwa Akwụkwọ ozi Bọmbụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3605&Itemid=1|work=Newswatch|title=Dele Giwa|author=Demola Abimboye|accessdate=17 December 2011|archivedate=10 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510234920/http://www.newswatchngr.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3605&Itemid=1}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 946wzdz4uesyytnmmdkskssa6y7rsfo Tunji Disu 0 32072 195387 175143 2024-11-19T05:28:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder}} Olatunji Disu (amụrụ na 13 Eprel 1966) bụ onye uwe ojii Naijiria, onye otu International Association of Chiefs of Police, na onye isi nke Intelligence Response Team (IRT) nke ndị uwe ojii na Naijiria. Olatunji Disu Onye uwe ojii Naịjirịa International Association of Chiefs of Police Force Abba Kyari<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-08|title=FACT CHECK: Born in 1960? Is Tunji Disu, new head of Police IRT, due for retirement?|url=https://www.thecable.ng/fact-check-born-in-1960-is-tunji-disu-new-head-of-police-irt-due-for-retirement|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi ndị ọrụ nke onye na-anọchite anya Inspector General nke ndị uwe ojii Kayode Egbetokun. Kayode Egbetokun<ref>{{Cite web|author=Omonobi|first=Kingsley|date=July 16, 2023|title=Acting IGP Egbetokun appoints CP Tunji Disu, PSO to IGP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/06/acting-igp-egbetokun-appoints-cp-tunji-disu-pso-to-igp/}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Lagos State (LASU) ma nwee nzere masta abụọ, otu na nchịkwa na Mahadim Adekunle Ajasin, Ondo State, nke ọzọ na Criminology, Security, na Legal Psychology na Mahadamị Lagos State. Mahadum steeti Lagos Adekunle Ajasin Mahadum Steeti Lagos == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ == Tunji Disu gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Holy Cross Cathedral ma gụchaa akwụkwọ praịm ya na Mayflower Junior School na Ikenne, Ogun State na 1979. Mayflower Ọ gakwara Pobuna Secondary Grammar School na Epe, na St Gregory's College, Lagos ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na 1985. St Gregory's College, Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunji Disu Biography|work=Naija Biography|url=https://naijabiography.com/biography/tunji-disu-biography/|accessdate=2022-08-29}}</ref> O mechara nweta ikike ịmụ Bekee (Mmụta) na Mahadum Lagos State ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ Bekee na 1990. Mahadum Lagos State O nwetara diplọma post-graduate na International Relations and Strategic Studies na Lagos State University, na asambodo na Personal Protection site na United Kingdom. Mahadum Lagos State Disu nwere nzere masta abụọ na Public Administration nakwa na Criminology, Security, na Legal Psychology site na Mahadum Adekunle Ajasin, Akungba (2010) na Mahaduma Lagos State (2022) n'otu n'otu. Mahadum Adekunle Ajasin Mahadum Lagos State<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-02|title=Former RRS boss Tunji Disu replaces Abba Kyari as head of IRT|url=https://guardian.ng/news/unji-disu-replaces-abba-kyari-as-head-of-irt/|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=The Guardian|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828235839/https://guardian.ng/news/unji-disu-replaces-abba-kyari-as-head-of-irt/}}</ref> Ọ gakwara ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọkachamara dị iche iche n'ime na n'èzí Naijiria gụnyere Small Arms Smuggling Training na Botswana, Internet Fraud Training na Mahadum Cambridge, United Kingdom, Strategic Leadership Command Course na Police Staff College, Jos, Forensic Investigations na Criminal Intelligence Course na Mahadim Lagos, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Mahadum Cambridge Mahadum Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-01|title=IGP Appoints Replacement For Suspended Abba Kyari|url=https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/2021/08/03/igp-appoints-replacement-for-suspended-abba-kyari/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Radio Nigeria|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807185714/https://radionigeriaibadan.gov.ng/2021/08/03/igp-appoints-replacement-for-suspended-abba-kyari/}}</ref> == [https://web.archive.org/web/20230811093050/https://flycablenews.com/breaking-irt-commandertunji-disu-promoted-cp/ Ọrụ] == A mụrụ Tunji na Lagos Island, Lagos steeti na Eprel 13, 1966, wee sonye na ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa na Mee 18, 1992. Steeti Lagos<ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|title=Corrected: Wetin you suppose know about Tunji Disu wey dey replace Abba Kyari|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/58053283|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> Disu jere ozi dị ka DPO na Ago Iwoye (Ogun State), Ikare (Ondo State), Owo (Ondo Steeti), Elimbu na Elelenwo, ha abụọ nọ na Rivers State. Ọ bụkwa onye isi na-ahụ maka Special Anti-Robbery Squad (SARS) na mgbochi ntọrọ na River State. Ọ bụ onye isi SARS na Ondo, Oyo na Rivers States. Ọ bụkwa onye nke abụọ na iwu (2IC) State Criminal Investigations Department (CID), Rivers States.<ref name="BBC"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Odeyemi|first=Joshua|date=2022-08-01|title=10 things about Disu, Deputy Police Commissioner who won at U.S Judo competition|url=https://dailytrust.com/10-things-about-disu-deputy-police-commissioner-who-won-at-u-s-judo-competition|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Daily Trust|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2005, dị ka onye isi ndị uwe ojii, ọ duziri ndị uwe ojii Naijiria mbụ na African Union Mission na Sudan (AMIS) na ọrụ udo. Mgbe ọ nọ na Darfur, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ndị ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'afọ 2006.<ref name="BBC"/> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke Lagos State Rapid Respond Squad (RRS) n'etiti June 13, 2015, ruo August 2021. Mgbe ọ nọ na RRS, Disu kpọrọ ndị ọrụ ya 'The Good Guys', ihe nyeere ndị ọrụ mgbanwe aka itinye iwu n'ọrụ, ma na-anọgide na-enwe omume enyi na ụmụ amaala mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ ha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ogunyinka|first=Victor|date=2021-08-03|title=DCP Tunji: 10 things you need to know about the new IRT head|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/08/dcp-tunji-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-irt-head/|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'okpuru Disu, RRS nyere ọrụ ya site na mmekọrịta na-adabere na usoro idozi nsogbu nke ndị uwe ojii, na-elekwasị anya na itinye aka na obodo, mgbochi mpụ na mmanye iwu. RRS jikwa mee ihe dị irè nke eserese mpụ na ndị uwe ojii na-ekpo ọkụ, nke mere ka a hụ ọnọdụ nke ụgbọala ndị uwe ojii maka ibelata mpụ gafee Lagos.<ref name="thenationonlineng.net">{{Cite news|title=Our battle against criminals, by Lagos anti-robbery chief|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/our-battle-against-criminals-by-lagos-anti-robbery-chief/|accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref> RRS na nzaghachi nwere nkwado na mmasị nke ndị Lagosians. A kọrọ na ndị uwe ojii na-enyere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala mebiri emebi aka ma na-enyere aka n'ihe mberede. N'afọ 2020, ndị ọrụ Disu kpọgara otu nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge mkpọchi COVID-19 na Lagos.<ref>{{Cite news|title=RRS Rewards Police Officers who Assisted Woman in Labour|url=https://www.newsmakerslive.org/rrs-rewards-police-officers-who-assisted-woman-in-labour/|accessdate=2022-09-16}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, Usman Alkali Baba, onye nyocha nke ndị uwe ojii jara ndị Disu-led Force Intelligence Bureau Intelligence Response Squad (FIB-IRT) mma maka ihe ịga nke ọma ndị na-adịbeghị anya, nke gụnyere njide nke ndị na-agba akwụna na-ahụ maka imebi akaụntụ ụlọ akụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria Inspector-General appoint replacement for Abba Kyari|url=https://securityfocus.ng/2022/07/04/igp-lauds-fib-irt-over-arrest-of-bank-officials-planning-robbery-in-oyo/|accessdate=2022-08-28}}</ref> DCP Tunji Disu ka e buliri n'ọkwa Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii na Machị 2023 site na Kọmishọna Ọrụ Ndị Uwe Ojii Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Award-Winning Cop, Tunji Disu Promoted CP|url=https://thepledge.ng/award-winning-cop-tunji-disu-promoted-cp/|accessdate=2023-04-06}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Olatunji_Disu_DCP_Rank.jpg|thumb|Disu na-achọ mma site n'aka Akinwunmi Ambode, onye bụbu gọvanọ nke Lagos Steeti, na ọkwa nke Deputy Commissioner of Police na 2019.]] == Ndị otu == Tunji Disu bụ onye otu ndị ọkachamara dị iche iche nke obodo na nke mba ụwa gụnyere; International Association of Chiefs of Police, Nigerian Institute of Public Relations (NIPR), Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPM), International Institute of Certified Forensics Investigation Professionals, International Academy of Forensics na National Association of Investigative Specialist, US (NAIS). International Association of Chiefs of Police Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development<ref>{{Cite web|title='TUNJI DISU: REPOSITIONING SWIFT RESPONSE|url=https://pmexpressng.com/tunji-disu-repositioning-swift-response/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Full profile of New IRT boss, Tunji Disu as IGP removes Abba Kyari|url=https://barristerng.com/full-profile-of-new-irt-boss-tunji-disu-as-igp-removes-abba-kyari/}}</ref> == Onyinye == * N'okpuru nche ya, RRS nke Lagos Police Command natara ihe nrite kachasị mma na West Africa, site na Security Watch Africa (SWA) na 2016<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-24|title=Lagos receives award as best security, safety conscious state in Africa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/216238-lagos-receives-award-best-security-safety-conscious-state-africa.html|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=Premium Times|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onye uwe ojii kachasị mma na West Africa. (RRS Commander, Olatunji Disu, onye enyemaka Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii) na 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-25|title=Lagos emerges best security, safety conscious State in Africa|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/lagos-emerges-best-security-safety-conscious-state-in-africa/|accessdate=2022-08-28|work=The Eagle|language=en-US}}</ref> * A kpọrọ Lagos steeti kachasị mma na nke kachasị echebara nchebe n'Africa site na Security Watch Africa (SWA) na Johannesburg, n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=Tunji Disu: Tribute to a super cop|url=https://www.thecable.ng/tunji-disu-tribute-to-a-super-cop|accessdate=2022-09-16|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> * N'afọ 2019, Olatunji Disu, (Commander RRS) meriri Onye isi ndị uwe ojii kachasị mma na West na Central Africa, ebe e nyere otu ahụ Onye isi ndị agha kachasị mma na Urban Crime Control Command na West na Center Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-09|title=anguard's Asst. Crime Editor wins most outstanding Crime Correspondent in Dubai|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/11/vanguards-asst-crime-editor-wins-most-outstanding-crime-correspondent-in-dubai/|accessdate=2022-09-16|work=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2019 Nwoke nke Afọ Award site na Crime Reporters Association of Nigeria (CRAN)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-11|title=RRS Commander Wins CRAN Man Of The Year|url=https://www.thepledge.ng/rrs-commander-wins-cran-man-of-the-year/|accessdate=2022-09-11|work=ThePledge|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pp3q0upl5oom7iny4jgy41pzlzry209 Phil Kingston 0 32363 195289 138897 2024-11-18T17:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Phil Kingston''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1936) bụ onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị otu ihu igwe Christian Climate Action na Extinction Rebellion.<ref name="I">{{Cite web|title=Veteran climate activist among protesters to be removed from train|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-25/police-remove-extinction-rebellion-activists-from-london-stock-exchange/|work=[[ITV News]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=25 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="T">{{Cite web|author=Burgess|first=Kaya|title=Judge in awe of climate activist Phil Kingston, 83, who climbed on DLR train roof|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/judge-in-awe-of-climate-activist-phil-kingston-83-who-climbed-on-dlr-train-roof-g0gmk83kp|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=27 April 2019}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Tupu ọ banye n'ọrụ, Kingston bụ onye nkuzi na Mahadum Bristol.<ref name="BP">{{Cite web|author=Cork|first=Tristan|title=Why 'little to lose' Phil, 82, tried five times to get arrested outside Parliament|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/climate-change-parliament-square-arrest-2178488|work=[[Bristol Post]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=4 November 2018}}</ref> === Mgbalị === N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, e jidere Kingston mgbe ọ gbochiri okporo ụzọ site na igbochi ụzọ dị n'èzí Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu. Akụkọ kwuru na mgbe ndị uwe ojii wepụrụ ya n'okporo ụzọ, ọ nwara ugboro ugboro ịlaghachi n'okporong ụzọ.<ref name="BP"/> N'ọnwa Eprel 2019, e jidere ya ọzọ maka òkè ya na ngagharị iwe nke mebiri Docklands Light Railway mgbe ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe rịgooro n'elu ụgbọ okporo ígwè mgbe onye ọzọ na-emegide onwe ya na otu n'ime ọnụ ụzọ. <ref name="I"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Extinction Rebellion: the arrestables – a photo essay|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/07/extinction-rebellion-arrestables-photo-essay|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hartley-Parkinson|first=Richard|title=Climate change protesters bring DLR to halt by targeting train at Canary Wharf|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/04/17/extinction-rebellion-protesters-glue-dlr-train-canary-wharf-9231433/?ito=article.desktop.share.top.twitter|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|The Metro]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=17 April 2019}}</ref>E nyere ya mgbapụta n'ọnọdụ na ọ ga-agbaso iwu na ọ gaghị aga London.<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web|author=Hornall|first=Thomas|title=Bristol climate change activist grandfather, 83, bailed after court hearing|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/extinction-rebellion-philip-kingston-court-2804569|work=[[Bristol Post]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=26 April 2019}}</ref> N'oge nnupụisi nke Ọktoba nke Extinction Rebellion na 2019, e jidere Kingston ọtụtụ ugboro mgbe o dere ihe odide ma wụsa ọbara adịgboroja n'ụlọ Treasury, gbochie ụzọ isi banye n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu London City, ma tinye aka ya na ụgbọ okporo ígwè DLR na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Shadwell. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Busby|first=Mattha|title=Extinction Rebellion protesters spray fake blood on to Treasury|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/oct/03/extinction-rebellion-protesters-spray-fake-blood-treasury-london|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=11 October 2019|date=3 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bawden|first=Tom|title=Extinction Rebellion: 83-year-old man and Paralympian join arrests after airport shutdown is attempted|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/extinction-rebellion-london-city-airport-arrest-paralympian-698426|work=[[i (newspaper)|i News]]|accessdate=11 October 2019|date=10 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Extinction Rebellion protester, 83, arrested at London City airport – video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2019/oct/10/extinction-rebellion-protester-83-arrested-at-london-city-airport-video|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=10 October 2019|accessdate=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tristan Cork|title=Bristol grandad, 83, glues himself to Tube train in London over 'suffering and death on enormous scale'|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/extinction-rebellion-tube-london-disruption-3437035|work=[[Bristol Live]]|accessdate=30 December 2020|date=17 October 2019}}</ref>O mechara kwuo na ọ kwara ụta maka ịrapara n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè ahụ n'ihi na ọ matara mmetụta ọ na-enwe na ndị njem na n'ihi ya "chọrọ" ilekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ na ngalaba gọọmentị".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alex Ross|title=Veteran Extinction Rebellion supporter Phil Kingston, 83, admits regret over DLR protest|url=https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/news/bristol-news/extinction-rebellion-protest-london-dlr-3460980|work=[[Bristol Live]]|accessdate=30 December 2020|date=24 October 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2021, a tọhapụrụ Kingston maka ịrapara onwe ya n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'ọnwa Eprel 2019, ya na ndị ọzọ ise na-eme ngagharị iwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kevin Rawlinson|title=Jury clears Extinction Rebellion activists who targeted commuters|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/dec/10/jury-clears-extinction-rebellion-activists-who-targeted-commuters|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=26 January 2022|date=10 December 2021}}</ref> Ikpe ya maka ịrapara onwe ya n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2019, ya na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe rịgooro n'elu otu n'ime ụgbọ ala, malitere na Inner London Crown Court na Jenụwarị 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=XR protesters went 'too far' when they stopped DLR train, court told|url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-01-11/xr-protesters-went-too-far-when-they-stopped-londo-train-court-told|work=[[ITV News]]|accessdate=26 January 2022|date=11 January 2022}}</ref>Ha atọ gọnahụrụ otu ebubo nke igbochi injin ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'okporo ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma mesịa bụrụ ndị a tọhapụrụ n'otu olu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=XR protester, 85, tells court he glued himself to London DLR train 'for grandchildren'|url=https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2022-01-13/man-85-tells-court-he-glued-himself-to-train-for-his-grandchildren|work=[[ITV News]]|accessdate=26 January 2022|date=13 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Samuel Webb|title=Climate protester priest who climbed on rush hour train tells court 'we tried everything else'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/climate-crisis-extinction-rebellion-b1991624.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/climate-crisis-extinction-rebellion-b1991624.html|archivedate=26 May 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|accessdate=26 January 2022|date=12 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Matthew Taylor|title=Extinction Rebellion activists cleared over London rush hour disruption|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jan/14/extinction-rebellion-activists-cleared-london-rush-hour-2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=26 January 2022|date=14 January 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kingston nwere ụmụ ụmụ anọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Extinction Rebellion spray fake blood on Treasury using fire engine|url=https://rebellion.earth/2019/10/03/extinction-rebellion-spray-fake-blood-on-treasury-using-fire-engine/|work=[[Extinction Rebellion]]|accessdate=10 October 2019|date=3 October 2019}}</ref>Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Swarming' – Stories from Christian Climate Action Affinity Group -Part Two of Three|url=https://xrblog.org/category/xr-author-list/phil-kingston/|work=XR Blog|accessdate=10 October 2019|archivedate=10 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010180230/https://xrblog.org/category/xr-author-list/phil-kingston/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Sadie|title=Extinction Rebellion protesters take on aviation industry with occupation at London City Airport|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/art/49066/Extinction+Rebellion+protesters+take+on+aviation+industry+with+occupation+at+London+City+Airport|work=[[Socialist Worker]]|accessdate=11 October 2019|date=10 October 2019}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] at5o089uidwkfibhosg1a2mkfn405on Aja ahihia 0 32943 195340 167251 2024-11-19T00:20:42Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <references responsive="1"></references> [[Usòrò:MOD13A2_M_NDVI.ogv|thumb| Maapụ ndị a na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ, ma ọ bụ ndeksi nke akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe: ọnụọgụ na ụdị osisi, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na ahụike osisi. N'ebe akwụkwọ ndụ ya dị oke ma osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa, ndepụta ahụ dị elu, na-anọchi anya ya na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara ọchịchịrị. A na-egosi mpaghara ndị nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa na obere ahịhịa ahịhịa na tan. Dabere na nha sitere na Spectroradiometer Resolution Imaging (MODIS) na satịlaịtị NASA's Terra. Ebe enweghị data na-acha ntụ ntụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI|title=Global Maps|date=8 May 2018|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|accessdate=8 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711024610/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/GlobalMaps/view.php?d1=MOD13A2_M_NDVI|archivedate=11 July 2017}}</ref>]] Ahhịa bụ mkpokọta ụdị osisi na aha ala ha na-enye.  [1] Ọ bụ okwu n'ozuzu, na- Nche Core kpọmkwem maka ụtụ isi, ụdị ndụ, nhazi, oke nhọrọ, ma ọ bụ ihe ọ nà ọzọ iche na-egosi botanical ma ọ bụ ala.  Ɔ sara mbara okwu flora nke na-ezo aka n'ụdị ụdị .  Ma eleghị anya nke kacha nso synonym bụ osisi obodo, ma tera nra ike, na mgbe na-eme, na-ezo aka a wider nso nke oherekpa ka okwu ahụ na-eme, esekpa dị ka nnukwu ka ụwa.  Oke Redwood Primeval, ụgbọ mmiri mmiri dị n'elu oke osimiri, sphagnum bogs, spagnum bogs, spagnum bogs.  ihe niile gbara ya gburugburu site na okwu ahihia A na-achọta ụdị ahụ site n'ụdị ama ama, ma ọ bụ ihe a na-akụkọ nke mkpokọta, dị ka oke elu ma ọ bụ ihe gburugburu ebe obibi.  [1] Ojiji a na-eji mgbaka eme ihe n'oge a dị ka nke ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ Frederic Clements' okwu mgbasa ụwa, okwu nke Ndị Ọrụ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nlekọta Ala ka na-eji . . <ref name="Coutinho">Coutinho, L. M. (2006). O conceito de bioma. ''Acta Bot. Bras.'' 20(1): 13-23, {{Cite journal|title=O conceito de bioma|journal=Acta Botanica Brasilica|volume=20|pages=13–23|doi=10.1590/S0102-33062006000100002|year=2006|author=Coutinho|first=Leopoldo Magno}}.</ref>Jules Thurmann (1849) mere ihe dị iche n'etiti mgba (ọdịdị obodo n'ozuzu) na-agụ (ihe ọmụmụ taxonomic nke obodo).  Tupu nke a, a na-eji okwu abụọ ahụ (ahịhịa na-achọpụta) mee ihe na- ike isi, [1] [2] ma ka dị n'ụdị ụfọdụ.  Augustin de Candolle (1820) mekwara ihe yiri nke ahụ mana o ji okwu "ọdụ" (ụdị ebe obibi ) na "ebe obibi" ( mpaghara botanical ).  [3] [4] Mgbe e hụrụ, echiche nke echiche ga-emetụta ojiji nke okwu biome na nsonye nke anụ mmewere. N'ịpụ na Linnean taxonomy, Humboldt guzobere sayensị ọhụrụ, na-ekewa ihe ọkụkụ dị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka taxonomist bụ ndị na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka taxa na ndị na-ahụ maka geographers bụ ndị na-amụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ka ahịhịa. <ref>Ebach, M.C. (2015). ''Origins of biogeography. The role of biological classification in early plant and animal geography''. Dordrecht: Springer, p. 89, . </ref> Usoro physiognomic n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na-arụ ọrụ ahịhịa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe enweghi ihe ọmụma taxonomic nke ebe ụfọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ebe okpomọkụ, ebe ụdị ndụ dị iche iche na-adịkarị elu). <ref name="Beard">{{Cite book|editor=Whittaker|author=Beard|first=J.S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFr-CAAAQBAJ|title=Classification of Plant Communities|date=1978|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|pages=33–64|isbn=978-94-009-9183-5|language=en}}</ref> Echiche nke " ụdị ahịhịa " dị mgbagwoju anya karị. Nkọwa nke otu ụdị ahịhịa nwere ike ịgụnye ọ bụghị naanị physiognomy kamakwa akụkụ floristic na ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Eiten|first=George|date=June 1992|title=How names are used for vegetation|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.2307/3235768|journal=Journal of Vegetation Science|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=419–424|doi=10.2307/3235768}}</ref> <ref>Walter, B. M. T. (2006). ''Fitofisionomias do bioma Cerrado: síntese terminológica e relações florísticas''. Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de Brasília, p. 10, {{Cite web|url=http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2016-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826132951/http://www.pgecl.unb.br/images/sampledata/arquivos/teses/2000a2010/2006/Bruno%20M.T.%20Walter.pdf|archivedate=2016-08-26}}.</ref> Ọzọkwa, usoro phytosociological n'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọkụkụ na-adabere na ngalaba bụ isi, njikọ osisi, nke akọwara n'elu osisi. <ref>Rizzini, C.T. 1997. ''Tratado de fitogeografia do Brasil: aspectos ecológicos, sociológicos e florísticos''. 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: Âmbito Cultural Edições, p. 7-11.</ref> Atụmatụ nhazi nke nwere mmetụta, doro anya ma dị mfe maka ụdị ahịhịa bụ Wagner & von Sydow (1888) wepụtara. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Cox|first=C. Barry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBcWCgAAQBAJ|title=Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach|date=2016-05-31|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-96858-1|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Wagner">{{Cite web|title=Sydow-Wagners Methodischer Schul-Atlas (1888-1944)|url=http://www.atlassen.info/atlassen/perthes/sywms.html#belgische_uitgave|accessdate=2023-02-07|work=www.atlassen.info}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na usoro physiognomic gụnyere Grisebach (1872), Warming (1895, 1909), Schimper (1898), Tansley na Chipp (1926), Rübel (1930), Burtt Davy (1938), [[John Stanley Beard|Beard]] (1944, 1955), André Aubréville (1956, 1957), Trochain (1955, 1957), Küchler (1967), Ellenberg na Mueller-Dombois (1967) (lee nhazi nke ahịhịa ). [[Usòrò:Vegetation-no-legend.PNG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|400x400px|Biomes nkewa site na ahịhịa<br /><br /><br /><br />]] Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nhazi nke physiognomy, flora, ecology, wdg).  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nhazi nke sitere na Europe na North America ndị na-eche n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, ha ndị ụzọ dị iche iche.  Na North America, ụdị na- adabere na nchikota nke njirisi ndị a:Bụrọ ihu igwe,-ema osisi, phenology na/ma ọ bụ ụdị uto, na ụdị ndị na-achị achị.  N'ụkpụrụ US dị ugbu a (nke Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC nakweere), nke UNESCO na The Nature Conservancy mebere ya, nhazi ọkwa bụ usoro nhazi ma tinye akwụkwọ na isi nke ndị n'ime elu (kachasị izugbe) ọkwa  ise na oke. floristic njirisi naanị n'ime ala (kachasị kpọmkwem) ọkwa abụọ. Na Europe, nhazi ọkwa na-adaberekarị nke ukwuu, mgbe ụfọdụ kpamkpam, na nhazi floristic (ụdị) naanị, na-Mẹ ntụaka doro anya na ihu igwe.  , phenology ma ọ bụ ụdị uto.Ọ na-emesi ike na -egosikarị ma ọ bụ ụdị elele nke nwere ike ike dị n'otu nhazi na nke ọzọ. N'ọkọlọtọ FGDC, ɔkwakwa, site na ọtụtụ izugbe ruo nke mmalite, bụ: sistemu, klas, klaasi, otu, nguzobe, njikọ aka, na ibu .  Ọkwa kacha ala, ma ọ bụ mbụ, bụ nke mbụ nke ọma, wee tinye aha ụdị nke otu ruo atọ (na-ihe abụọ) nke ụdị.  Ihe atụ nke ụdị nnwe nke akọwara na ọkwa klas ike ịbụ "Channel, amara> 60% ";  n'ogo nke a guzobe dị ka " Oyi mmiri mmiri, sara mbara-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, mechiri emechi-canopy arịa ";  n'ogo nke njikọ aka dị ka " Arbutus menziesiisii";  na n'ọkwa nke mbụ dị ka " Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus dense flora forest", na-ezo aka Pacific madrone-tanoak ozi nke na-eme na [[California]] na [[Oregon]], US.  Na omume, ọkwa nke njikọ aka na / ma ọ bụ otu bụ nke a na-eme eme ihe, na nkewa aro, dị ka a na-mọ Latin binomial na-e see ụdị dị iche iche na taxonomy na n'ozuzu n'okwu  . Dị ka usoro ihe niile dị ndụ, obodo osisi na-adịru nwa oge na ebe dị ike; ha na-agbanwe n'ụzọ ọ bụla nwere ike ime. A kọwapụtara mgbanwe n'ihe ọkụkụ dị ka mgbanwe n'ụdị nhazi na/ma ọ bụ nhazi ahịhịa. N'otu oge, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke usoro ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ike ime mgbanwe, ma n'ihi ihe mfe, ikiri ike ha dị ka ike ma ọ bụ ozi.  A na-akpọ ókè ike dị ka nsogbu;  ndị a na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, nnukwu ifufe, mkpọda, idei mmiri, ifufe ifufe na ihe ndị yiri ya.  Ihe ihe oyiyi ha na-oso panel ( exogenous ) na obodo - ha bụ usoro okike na-eme (amakarịsịa) na- adabereghị na usoro okike nke obodo (ike germination, uto, ọnwụ, wdg).  Ihe omume ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike nhazi nhazi na nhazi ngwa ngwa na ogologo oge, ha see ike ime ya ebe buru ibu.  Sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ole na ole na-iche ụdị ọgbaghara dị ka nke sistemu ogologo oge na-agbanwe agbanwe.  Ọkụ na ọgba aghara ikuku na-ama n'ọtụtụ ụdịdị dị n'ụwa niile.  Ọkụ dị ike, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ibibi ọ bụghị naanị osisi ndụ dị, ihe àmà, spores, na meristems dị ndụ na-ama anya ụgbọ na-ahụ n'ihu, na n'ihi ọkụ ọkụ na-emetụta  ụmụ anụmanụ, iche ala na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro (maka).  ntụle ọzọ nke isiokwu a na-ahụ ọkụ ecology). Mgbanwe nwa oge n'iji akwado na-adị ebe niile;  ọ na-agụnye nke ngalaba n'otu ebe obibi .  Ihe ịga nke ọma bụ ihe ngbanwe nke nta nke nta na nhazi na nhazi taxonomic nke na-ebilite ka ilẹ n'onwe ya na agbanwe agbanwe dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi ka oge na-aga, ìhè ìhè, mmiri na ọkwa nri .  Mgbanwe ndị a na-agbanwe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị a na-emekarị ka ha too, dị ndụ na ipụta pụta n'otu mpaghara, na-ebute ihe nke ngwaahịa.  Mgbanwe ndị a floristic na-enye aka na nhazi nhazi nke dị na uto osisi na akara ụdị (ịkarịsịa ebe osisi nwere nnukwu oke, ya osisi bụ osisi), na-eme ka ụzọ dị iche na nke sara mbara na osisi.  Enwere ike izi ọbịbịa n'oge ọ alụla site na ọgba aghara, na-edozi usoro ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ jụrụ azụ na steeti gara aga, ma ọ bụ ikike na ọnọdụ ọzọ kpamkpam.  N'ihi nke a, usoro n'usoro nwere ike ma ọ bụ ọ mudu eduga n'usoro kwụ ọtọ, nke ikpeazụ .  Ọzọkwa, ụzọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi ike nke steeti dị otú ahụ, ọta na ọ na-ebilite, ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ ga-ekwe omume.  Na nkenke, obodo mgbanwo na-edo onwe ya n'okpuru okpuru iwu nke àmà oke na mgbasa ozi n' mkpu. === Ọnọdụ oghere === Dịka iwu n'ozuzu, ka nnukwu mpaghara a na-atụle, ka o yikarịrị ka ahịhịa ga-adị iche iche n'ofe ya. Isi ihe abụọ na-arụ ọrụ. Nke mbu, ihe ngbanwe nke nwa oge nke ọgbaghara na nchighari na-adighi ka ọ ga-emekọrịta ihe n'akụkụ ọ bụla ka oke mpaghara ahụ na-abawanye. Ya bụ, mpaghara dị iche iche ga-anọ na ọkwa mmepe dị iche iche n'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo dị iche iche, ọkachasị oge ha kemgbe nnukwu nsogbu gara aga. Eziokwu a na-emekọrịta ihe na mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi (dịka ọmụmaatụ na ala, ihu igwe, ọdịdị elu, wdg), nke bụkwa ọrụ nke mpaghara. Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na-amachibido ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị ndị nwere ike ịnwe mpaghara enyere, ihe abụọ ahụ na-emekọkwa ọnụ iji mepụta mosaic nke ọnọdụ ahịhịa n'ofe ala ahụ. Naanị n'usoro ọrụ [[Oru ugbo|ugbo]] ma ọ bụ ihe ọkụkụ ka ahịhịa na-abịaru nso n'otu zuru oke. Na usoro okike, a na-enwe heterogeneity mgbe niile, n'agbanyeghị na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na ike ya ga-adịgasị iche. == Ntụaka == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122032744/http://conserveonline.org/docs/2001/03/vol1.pdf Osisi terrestrial nke United States Mpịakọta I&nbsp;- Sistemụ nhazi ọkwa ahịhịa nke mba: Mmepe, ọnọdụ, na ngwa] Archived </link> (PDF) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051028140442/http://biology.usgs.gov/fgdc.veg/ Kọmiti na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke Federal Geographic] * [http://www.fgdc.gov/standards/projects/FGDC-standards-projects/vegetation/vegclass.pdf/view Ọkọlọtọ Nhazi Ahịhịa] [FGDC-STD-005, Jun 1997] (PDF) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903061004/http://www.daffa.gov.au/brs/forest-veg/vast Nkewa Ọnọdụ ahịhịa: Steeti akụ akụ na mgbanwe (VAST)] * Archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20180928225953/http://www.zoolex.org/walter.html eserese ihu igwe] </link> * [http://www.climatediagrams.com ClimateDiagrams.com] Na-enye eserese ihu igwe karịa ọdụ ihu igwe 3000 yana maka oge ihu igwe dị iche iche sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile. Ndị ọrụ nwekwara ike iji data nke ha mepụta eserese nke ha. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181021022914/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/plot/diagram.htm Eserese ihu igwe WBCS zuru ụwa ọnụ] igq3fvwgp806hq7c27pe835lnhm7q5y Olusoga Sofola 0 33391 195261 139709 2024-11-18T12:56:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olusoga Sofola''' bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] Prọfesọ nke Physiology na onye bụbu osote chancellor nke Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Olusoga Sofola Archives|url=https://m.guardian.ng/tag/prof-olusoga-sofola/|accessdate=2021-06-12|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/serenades-for-septuagenarian-thespian-oba-sonuga-unites-culture-aficionados/|title=Serenades for Septuagenarian thespian Oba Sonuga unites culture aficionados|work=The Sun News|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref> bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Nigerian Academy of Science ugbu a.Ọ bụbu onye ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]], ebe ọ kụziri Physiology.   <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/prof-olusoga-sofola/|title=Prof Olusoga Sofola|work=The Nation News|accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Provost nke College of Medicine, Mahadum Lagos tupu ọ rịgoro n'ọkwa Deputy Vice Chancellor (Academics). [1]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=25976|title=The Sofolas set up foundation to promote robotics|work=The Guardian News|accessdate=June 6, 2015|archivedate=July 7, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707001534/http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=25976}}</ref>'afọ 2009, a họpụtara ya dị ka osote onye isi nke Mahadum Olabisi Onabanjo, Ogun State, Nigeria. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1867iu3a97lp5sw4n7tz8v1f2bvi84h Semni Karouzou 0 33715 195354 141549 2024-11-19T00:28:30Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/persons/Semni_Karouzou.pdf|title=Semni Karouzou|work=Archaeological Society at Athens}}</ref> gụrụ nkà mmụta ihe ochie Mahadum Athens, ebe onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Christos Tsountas kụziiri ya. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Rolley|first=Claude|date=1995|title=Semni Karouzou (1898-1994)|journal=Revue Archéologique|language=fr|issue=2|pages=333–335}} [[Òtù:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> sonyeere Greek Archaeological Service na 1921 dị ka onye nlekọta nke ihe ochie na National Archaeological Museum nke Athens, na-aghọ nwanyị mbụ mere ya. <ref name=":3" /> [2] Karouzou rụrụ ọrụ <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/|title=Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance|author=Hardy|first=Sam|work=TrowelBlazers|date=8 May 2014}}</ref>'igwu ala na ebe ndị Bronze Age na Herakleion, na Krit, na oge ochie nke Eretria, na Euboea. <ref name=":3" /> [2] <ref name=":3" />'afọ 1928, e nyere ya (ya na Christos Karouzos) Humboldt Fellowship iji mụọ na mahadum Munich na Berlin; mgbe ọ laghachiri [[Greece|Gris]] n'afọ 1930, e buliri ya n'ọkwa Ephor nke Antiquities (isi nke ephorate, mpaghara nchịkwa ihe ochie), ihe a rụzuru nke onye na-eme ihe ike bụ Avra Theodoropoulou kọwara dị ka "mmeri ụmụ nwanyị". <ref>Semni Karouzou, Το Ναύπλιο [Nafplio]. Εμπορική Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος, 1979.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://argolikivivliothiki.gr/2010/09/30/%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%8d%ce%b6%ce%bf%cf%85-%e2%80%93-%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%83%cf%80%cf%85%cf%81%ce%af%ce%b4%ce%b7-%cf%83%ce%ad%ce%bc%ce%bd%ce%b7-1889-8-%ce%b4%ce%b5%ce%ba%ce%b5%ce%bc/|title=Καρούζου – Παπασπυρίδη Σέμνη (1889 – 8 Δεκεμβρίου 1994)|date=30 September 2010|work=ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ|language=el|accessdate=22 November 2019}} [[Òtù:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)]]</ref> nwere post <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|date=1933–1935|title=Anaskafi tafon tou Argous (Excavation of tombs at Argos)|journal=Archaiologikon Deltion|volume=15|pages=16–53}}</ref> Thessaly na mgbe ahụ na Argolid, ebe ọ gwupụtara ili site na oge Mycenaean na oge ochie; <ref name=":3" /> rụrụ ọrụ na Epidaurus oge ochie; ma rụọ ọrụ iji chekwaa ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme n'obodo Nafplio, ebe o mechara bipụta akwụkwọ nduzi. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ọrụ nhazi == N'afọ 1933, Karouzou ghọrọ onye nlekọta nke nchịkọta ceramic na National Archaeological Museum na Athens, ọrụ ọ rụrụ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ (ruo 1964). 'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge a, a machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị isonye na Archaeological Service n'okpuru iwu nke onye ọchịchị aka ike Ioannis Metaxas wepụtara na 1936, a jụkwara nkwalite ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'òtù ahụ n'ọkwa kachasị elu dị ka ndị nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma ọ bụ ephors. <ref name=":4">Semni Karouzou (1984), Βιώματα και μνημόσυνα (Experiences and memorials), ΗΟΡΟΣ 2.2, pp.1-61: quoted in Nikolaidou & Kokkinidou (1998)</ref> Karouzou gụnyere ịhazigharị nchịkọta - ịchọpụta ihe ndị a na-edeghị aha ha nke ọma, idekọ ha, na ịhazi ngosipụta ọhụrụ - ọrụ ọ kọwara dị ka 'ọrụ a na-adịghị ahụ anya'. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Angeia tou Anagyrountos|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|year=1963|location=Athens}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|date=1945|title=Vases from odos Pandrosou|journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies|volume=65|pages=38–44|doi=10.2307/626338}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|date=1952|title=Archaika mnimeia tou Ethnikou Mouseiou (Archaic monuments of the National Museum)|journal=Archaiologiki Ephemeris|pages=137–66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Grèce 2: Athènes, Musée National 2|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|year=1954|location=Paris}}</ref> dekwara ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ihe ndị e gwupụtara n'ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie <ref name=":3" /> na ihe ncheta nkume, [2] yana nchọpụta ihe ochie ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cook|first=R. M.|date=1957|title=Semni Karouzou: The Amasis Painter. Pp. xii + 46; 44 plates. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956. Cloth, 75s. net.|journal=The Classical Review|language=en|volume=7|issue=3–4|pages=271–272|doi=10.1017/S0009840X00177571|issn=1464-3561}}</ref> onye nyocha kọwara akwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Amasis Painter|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1956|location=Oxford}}</ref> na Amasis Painter, onye isi na-ese ihe nke Attic black-figure pottery, [1] dị ka "ọmụmụ ihe mmụta na nke bara uru". [2] Nnyocha mbụ Karouzou banyere onye na-ese ihe laghachiri na 1931, a kpọkwara ya ka o dee akwụkwọ ya banyere onye na na-ese Ihe na 1938. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bothmer|first=Dietrich von|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CA2AgAAQBAJ&q=%22Semni+Karouzou%22&pg=PA11|title=The Amasis Painter and his World|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-500-23443-3|pages=11, 37|language=en}}</ref> bipụtara akwụkwọ a mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị na 1956. [1] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/persons/Semni_Karouzou.pdf|title=Semni Karouzou|work=Archaeological Society at Athens}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.archetai.gr/images/persons/Semni_Karouzou.pdf "Semni Karouzou"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Archaeological Society at Athens''.</cite></ref> Agha Gris na [[Italy|Ịtali]] malitere na 1940, Karouzou na di ya (ya na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie ndị ọzọ, ndị na-eche ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, na ezinụlọ ha) kpochapụrụ ihe ngosi ihe mgbe mgbe ochie maka nchekwa n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Karouzou mechara cheta <ref name=":4">Semni Karouzou (1984), Βιώματα και μνημόσυνα (Experiences and memorials), ΗΟΡΟΣ 2.2, pp.1-61: quoted in Nikolaidou & Kokkinidou (1998)</ref> "Ọ bụ mpako maka ndị anyị ka e mesiri m obi ike, na njedebe nke agha mgbe emeghere igbe ahụ ma nata ihe ochie, n'agbanyeghị [nlekọta] na-ezughị ezu [nke usoro nkwakọba] ọ bụghị otu ihe ọlaedo, ọ dịghị nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa furu efu". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/|title=Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance|author=Hardy|first=Sam|work=TrowelBlazers|date=8 May 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardy2014">Hardy, Sam (8 May 2014). [https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/ "Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance"]. ''TrowelBlazers''.</cite></ref> Ndị agha [[Jémanị|Germany]] weghaara Athens na 1941, ndị Karouzous bụ naanị ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie na Gris wepụrụ ndị otu ha na German Archaeological Institute na mkpesa. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ biri, ha bụ ndị na-ahụ maka iweghachi ihe ngosi nka, na-eji katalọgụ Karouzou mere; a rụzuru nrụzigharị a na 1947. <ref name=":3" /> == Ọrụ mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká == N'afọ 1964, Karouzou gbara afọ 67 ma manye ya ịla ezumike nká na Archaeological Service n'ihi iwu ọhụrụ na-etinye afọ ole ndị ọrụ gọọmentị. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, ndị agha Gris batara n'ọchịchị, otu ọnwa mgbe di Karouzou nwụsịrị site na nkụchi obi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/|title=Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance|author=Hardy|first=Sam|work=TrowelBlazers|date=8 May 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHardy2014">Hardy, Sam (8 May 2014). [https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/ "Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance"]. ''TrowelBlazers''.</cite></ref> ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere nnwere onwe, a kpọrọ Karouzou onye na-emegide ma machibido ya ịnweta ihe na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie site n'aka onye isi nchịkwa nke Antiquities, Spyridon Marinatos. Enweghị ike ime nchọpụta - reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":":4"},"body":{"html":"Semni Karouzou (1984), Βιώματα και μνημόσυνα (Experiences and memorials), ΗΟΡΟΣ 2.2, pp.1-61: quoted in Nikolaidou <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Kokkinidou (1998)"}}' id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[3] na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka - ọnọdụ nke ọ kọwara dị ka "ịchụpụ ihere site na ebe nyocha nke ọrụ oge ochie a na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta" [1] - ọ hapụrụ mba ahụ na nzuzo iji nọrọ na German Institute na Rome wee gaa Munich site na oku sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe ya. Mgbe ọ lọtara, e boro ya ebubo na ọ bụ onye Kọmunist ma machibido ya ịhapụ mba ahụ ọzọ. Mkpesa mba ụwa bilitere maka mmachibido iwu a; e bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi nke otu ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Britain dere (gụnyere Bernard Ashmole na John Boardman) n'ihu akwụkwọ akụkọ The Times. Nke <ref name=":3" /> mere ka e kwe ka Karouzou hapụ mba ahụ iji wepụta oge na-eleta ndị Gris a chụgara na Rom na Lyon ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkà mmụta a kpọrọ na mahadum nke Tübingen na Geneva. Mgbe ọdịda nke junta na 1974, Karouzou nwere ike ịlaghachi na Gris wee bụrụ oche nke aka ndị Gris nke 'Lexicon Iconographicarum Mythologicae Classicae' ('Lexico of the Iconographies of Classical Mythology'). <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Rolley|first=Claude|date=1995|title=Semni Karouzou (1898-1994)|journal=Revue Archéologique|language=fr|issue=2|pages=333–335}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/persons/Semni_Karouzou.pdf|title=Semni Karouzou|work=Archaeological Society at Athens}}</ref> 1975 ruo 1977, ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Archaeological Society na Athens, [1] <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://argolikivivliothiki.gr/2010/09/30/%ce%ba%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%bf%cf%8d%ce%b6%ce%bf%cf%85-%e2%80%93-%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%83%cf%80%cf%85%cf%81%ce%af%ce%b4%ce%b7-%cf%83%ce%ad%ce%bc%ce%bd%ce%b7-1889-8-%ce%b4%ce%b5%ce%ba%ce%b5%ce%bc/|title=Καρούζου – Παπασπυρίδη Σέμνη (1889 – 8 Δεκεμβρίου 1994)|date=30 September 2010|work=ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ|language=el|accessdate=22 November 2019}}</ref> ma mee ya onye isi oche of the International Congress of Classical Archaeology na 1983. <ref name=":3" /> nyere ya nzere doctorate nke Mahadum nke Lyon, Tübingen, na Thessaloniki maka agụmakwụkwọ ya na onyinye ya n'ọhịa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=National Museum: Illustrated Guide to the Museum|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|publisher=Εκδοτική Αθηνών|year=2000}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://trowelblazers.com/semni-karouzou-visible-resistance/|title=Semni Karouzou: Visible Resistance|author=Hardy|first=Sam|work=TrowelBlazers|date=8 May 2014}}</ref>'ozuzu, Karouzou bipụtara akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ihe karịrị otu narị na iri abụọ isiokwu n'oge ọrụ ya; o nyekwara aka n'inweta ọha na eze na nkà mmụta ihe ochie site na mbipụta nke akwụkwọ nduzi na National Archaeological Museum na ebe ndị a na-amụ banyere ihe ochie. <ref name=":3" /> [2] Ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Nikolaidou Kokkinidou (ndị ọkachamara na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nkà mmụta ihe ochie nke Gris) kọwara Karouzou dị ka "ma eleghị anya nwanyị kachasị mkpa na nkà mmụta ihe ubi nke Gris", ma na-ezo aka na "mgbalị mmụta ya na-aga n'ihu, echiche ọgụgụ isi sara mbara, onyinye mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmetụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya" na ọdịdị ọhụrụ nke ụzọ ọ na-esi eme ihe ochie, ọkachasị ihe oyiyi na ite, nke ọ "gafere ihe oyiyi ndị mmadụ na ndụ ha, àgwà na echiche ha kwa ụbọchị". Karouzou kọwara usoro nyocha nke <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Karouzou|first=Semni|date=1945–1947|title=Ai epta thygateres tou Atlantos (The seven daughters of Atlas)|journal=Archaiologiki Ephemeris|pages=22–36}}</ref> dị ka ịnwa ikpughe "ihe a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke ọrụ oge ochie pụtara". == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * National Museum: Ihe osise nduzi maka Museum, Εκδοτική Αθηνών, 2000. * Βιώματα και μνημόσυνα (Nnyocha na ihe ncheta), ΗΟΡΟΣ 2.2, 1984, peeji nke 1-61&nbsp; * Nauplion (n'asụsụ Grik: Το Ναύπλιο). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * The Amasis Painter, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956''.'' * ''Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum. Gris 2: Atens, National Museum 2'', Paris, 1954 (mbipụta nke nchịkọta ite oge ochie nke National Museum) == Ihe edeturu == {{notelist}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} btoluq6czh9hgqhc5xb7ve7n93994jq Una Leonora Weatherby 0 34754 195391 144855 2024-11-19T05:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]]   [[Usòrò:Botanical_illustration_by_Una_Weatherby_(née_Foster).jpg|thumb|Ihe osise botanical nke Una Leonora Weatherby (née Foster) nke ''Erigeron pulchellus'' (plantain nke Robin).]] [[Usòrò:Onoclea_Sensibilis_Una_Leonora_Foster.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise botanical nke Una Leonora Weatherby (née Foster), nke ''Onoclea sensibilis'' (fern na-emetụ n'ahụ) specimens.]] '''Una Leonora Foster Weatherby''' (11 Ọktoba 1878 - 17 Ọgọst 1957) bụ onye America na-ese ihe osise, onye na-anakọta ihe ọkụkụ, na onye na-eme nchọpụta banyere ili. Nwa nwanyị nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọka iwu Texas, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji ma zụọ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na nwata. N'oge njem Europe, ọ zutere onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ Charles Alfred Weatherby, e nyere ya ọrụ iji gosipụta ọrụ ya, ha abụọ mechara lụọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-anakọta ma na-ese ihe osise nke osisi, na-enwe mmasị pụrụ iche na ferns, ma hapụ ihe nketa na American Fern Society mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Ya na di ya nwekwara mmasị na ili America oge ochie na ihe ịchọ mma ha. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref name="Paddock">{{Cite book|author=Paddock|first=B.B.|date=1906|title=History and Biographical Record of North and West Texas|url=https://electricscotland.com/history/america/south/texas.pdf#page=746|location=Chicago|publisher=Lewis Publishing Co.|pages=564–566}}</ref> mụrụ ya na 11 Ọktoba 1878 na Texas, United States of America, ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Arthur Crawford Foster, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ bara ọgaranya, onye ọka iwu na onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ. Nne bụ Margaret Ellen Edwards, onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ Foster nke nwụrụ mgbe Una dị afọ atọ, na-ahapụ ya naanị nwa. <ref name="TXgenweb">{{Cite web|url=https://www.txgenwebcounties.org/haskell/photos/foster-photo.htm|title=Foster Family Photos|work=Haskell County, TXGenWeb genealogy & history|publisher=TXGenWeb|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=|archivedate=11 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711010702/https://www.txgenwebcounties.org/haskell/photos/foster-photo.htm}}</ref> lụrụ <ref name="Paddock" /> ọzọ ma mụọ ụmụ ndị ọzọ, nke otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ lanarịrị mgbe ha bụ nwa ọhụrụ. <ref name="Paddock"/> gara Mahadum Baylor na Waco, Texas, site na 1896, tupu ọ nata agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ nzere Bachelor of Science na Shorter Female College na Rome, Georgia. gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1899.<ref name="Paddock" />'afọ 1902, Una gara Boston, nke mbụ iji mụọ na Eric Pope Art School, wee gaa na Normal Art School na ebumnuche nke ịghọ onye nkuzi nka. == Ọrụ == Na Febụwarị 1910, Una gara Europe, ọ bụkwa mgbe ọ na-eleta gallery Uffizi na Florence ka Una zutere onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na onye na-elekọta herbarium Charles Alfred Weatherby, nke kpaliri mmekọrịta ọrụ chiri anya nke mere ka Una nye ọrụ iji gosipụta akwụkwọ na isiokwu ya. <ref name="Wood">{{Cite journal|author=Wood|first=Emily W.|date=2010|title=Gray's Herbarium to the Gray Herbarium to the Harvard University Herbaria.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41761703|journal=Harvard Papers in Botany|volume=15|issue=2|pages=321–342|doi=10.3100/025.015.0212|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> ogologo oge nke akwụkwọ ozi <ref name="Warnement">{{Cite journal|author=Warnement|first=Judith A.|date=2010|title=Charles Alfred Weatherby: botanist and scientific editor.|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/E0260954109001740?journalCode=anh|journal=Archives of Natural History|volume=37|issue=1|pages=170–174|doi=10.3366/E0260954109001740|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> nleta oge ụfọdụ na United States gasịrị, ha lụrụ na 1917, n'agbanyeghị mmegide sitere n'aka nne Weatherby. <ref name="Wood" /> "nyere ihe osise dị oke egwu nke ụdị" ma soro Charles gaa Europe iji see foto ma gosipụta ihe osise ndị ọzọ. == Ihe nketa nke osisi == A maara Una maka onyinye ya na ngalaba botany, ọkachasị ọmụmụ nke ferns, site na ihe osise ya na nchịkọta ya.<ref name="Rhodora">{{Cite journal|author=Weatherby|first=C.A.|date=1917|title=Colour forms of Impatiens biflora.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23297543|journal=Rhodora|volume=19|issue=223|pages=115–118|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> gụnyere usoro ihe osise mmiri nke ''Impatiens biflora,'' nke e sere n'ihe dị ka 1912, nke New England Botanical Club nwere. <ref name="Coley">{{Cite book|author=Coley|first=M|date=1915|title=Wild Flower Preservation: A Collector's Guide|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29220|location=New York|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes Company}}</ref> akwụkwọ Bekee nke 1913 Wild Flower Preservation, nke Mae Coley na-eme ka ọ daba n'ahịa US, iji gosipụta ụdị North America, e nyere Una ọrụ ịmepụta ihe osise ọhụrụ nke Robin's Plantain. <ref name="Virginia">{{Cite journal|author=Gray|first=Fred W.|date=1924|title=Ferns of Eastern West Virginia. II.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1544372|journal=American Fern Journal|doi=10.2307/1544372|volume=14|pages=1–13|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> nyekwara aka na ''Ferns nke Eastern West Virginia.'' . [1] <ref name="Liberia">{{Cite journal|author=Harley|first=Winifred J.|date=1955|title=The Ferns of Liberia.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41764627|journal=Contributions from the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University|volume=177|issue=177|pages=58–101|doi=10.5962/p.336375|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> nyekwara ihe osise nke ''Ctenopteris punctata'' na The Ferns of Liberia na 1955. Ọ bụkwa onye na-anakọta ihe ọkụkụ. Ọ chịkọtara ụdị ụdị nke ''Impatiens biflora Walter f. platymeris'' Weatherby, <ref name="Impatiens">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00061750|title=Isotype of Impatiens biflora Walter f. platymeris Weatherby|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref> ma soro Charles Alfred Weatherby chịkọta ụdị ihe maka: * ''Alnus rugosa f. hypomalaca'' Fernald, M.L.,<ref name="Alnus">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.us00089328|title=Isotype of Alnus rugosa f. hypomalaca Fernald, M.L. 1945 [family BETULACEAE]|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref> * ''Hypericum nke Canada Linnaeus var. Magninsular Weatherby''<ref name="Hypericum">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00067585|title=Holotype of Hypericum canadense Linnaeus var. magninsulare Weatherby|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref> * ''Pedicularis canadensis Linnaeus var. dobbsii'' Fernald<ref name="Pedicularis">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00091082|title=Type of Pedicularis canadensis Linnaeus var. dobbsii Fernald [family OROBANCHACEAE]|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref> * ''Rubus mananensis'' L. H. Bailey<ref name="Rubus-mananensis">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00040259|title=Isotype of Rubus mananensis L. H. Bailey [family ROSACEAE]|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref> * Rubus weatherbyi <ref name="Rubus-weatherbyi">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00040496|title=Isotype of Rubus weatherbyi L. H. Bailey [family ROSACEAE]|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref>. H. Bailey [1] * <ref name="Solidago">{{Cite web|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.gh00012566|title=Holotype of Solidago sempervirens Linnaeus f. ochroleuca Weatherby [family ASTERACEAE]|work=JSTOR Global Plants|publisher=ITHAKA|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref>''Solidago sempervirens Linnaeus f. ochroleuca'' Weatherby [1] A na-ahụ ụdị osisi ya na herbaria n'ụwa niile, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'ime North America. Ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="Bionomia">{{Cite web|url=https://en.bionomia.net/Q108828084/deposited-at|title=Una Leonora Weatherby: Specimens deposited and curated at the following institution(s).|work=Bionomia|accessdate=9 July 2023|quote=}}</ref>-elekọta ụdị ya gụnyere Smithsonian Institution, Harvard University Herbaria, na New England Botanical Club herbarium. <ref name="Bionomia" />'èzí North America, a na-enwe obere nchịkọta nke ụdị ya na ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Mahadum nke Oslo herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, National Herbarium nke Victoria - Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria, na Australian National Herbariam. Una nwụsịrị, American Fern Society, otu nzukọ ọ bụ onye otu ya kemgbe 1914, nyere onyinye na-enweghị mgbochi nke e ji kwado ''American Fern Journal.'' == Nnyocha banyere ili == na di ya Charles, Una sere foto ili ndị America oge ochie ma mụọ ihe osise ha. <ref name="Cornish">{{Cite journal|author=Cornish|first=Michael|date=Fall 1977|title=Old Tombstones by [Mrs] C.A. Weatherby.|url=https://archive.org/details/newsletterofasso113asso/page/n169/mode/2up|journal=The Association for Gravestone Studies Newsletter|volume=1|pages=7|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref>'ime afọ 1920, Una sere nkume ili na New England niile, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, a tụleghachiri ọrụ ya dị ka "onye ọsụ ụzọ" n'oge nkume ili na ihe ịchọ mma ha nwetara obere nlebara anya ndị ọkà mmụta. Nchịkọta Una F. Weatherby na Robert S. Cox Special Collections & University Archives Research Center, Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst gụnyere ihe odide a na-ebipụtaghị na foto nke ili. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Otu F. Weatherby. 1952. "The English Names of North American Ferns." American Fern Journal 42 (4): 134-51.<ref name="Names">{{Cite journal|author=Weatherby|first=Una F.|date=1952|title=The English Names of North American Ferns.|url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1545441|journal=American Fern Journal|doi=10.2307/1545441|volume=42|pages=134–151|accessdate=9 July 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9zo7tgzqlrysvihqcpo51eaay3muhrq Priscilla Baker 0 34961 195307 147181 2024-11-18T18:02:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Priscilla Gloria Lorraine Baker</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Cape Town, South Africa</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" |South Africa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[University of Cape Town|Mahadum nke Cape Town]] Mahadum of the Western Cape University of Stellenbosch<br /><br />[[University of Stellenbosch|Mahadum Stellenbosch]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Analytical chemistry, Electrochemistry, Nanoscience, Environmental scienceSayensị gburugburu ebe obibi |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mahadum nke Western Cape |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Priscilla Baker''' bụ prọfesọ nke analytical chemistry na Mahadum nke Western Cape . Ọ bụ onye isi nke SensorLab, ikpo okwu nyocha na electrochemistry nke na-ahụ maka electrodynamics nke ihe na sensọ. Ọ bụ onye otu Academy of Science nke South Africa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Members|url=https://www.assaf.org.za/index.php/about-assaf/members|work=[[Academy of Science of South Africa]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> European Scientific Network for Artificial Muscles (ESNAM) na Marie Curie International staff exchange scheme (IRSES). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Priscilla Baker|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/Biography/Pages/Priscilla-Baker.aspx|work=www.uwc.ac.za|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-us}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Baker nwetara BSc ya na Mahadum nke Cape Town wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Ocean na Atmospheric Science dị ka naanị nwanyị ojii na klas ya. Ọ gụsịrị National Diploma ya na Analytical Chemistry, na Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị mmasị na electrochemistry, o mere BSc Honours (Chemistry) ma mezue MSc dissertation ya (Chemology) na nyocha nke trace metals na ikuku na Mahadum nke Western Cape. N'afọ 2004, ọ natara PhD ya (Chemistry) na mpaghara nke ihe ọhụrụ metal oxide composites dị ka anodes maka mmebi phenol, na Mahadum Stellenbosch . <ref>{{Cite web|title=UWC's Prof Priscilla Baker wins Women in Science Award|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/News/Pages/-Priscilla-Baker.aspx|work=www.uwc.ac.za|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women in Science Awards winners making their mark|url=https://www.gov.za/women-science-awards-winners-making-their-mark|work=[[Government of South Africa]]|accessdate=22 July 2019|language=en-us}}</ref>'afọ 2014, Baker natara ihe nrite Distinguished Woman Scientist Award na ngalaba nke Physical and Engineering Sciences site na mmemme Women in Science Awards nke Ngalaba Sayensị na Teknụzụ kwa afọ. Baker ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Southern African Systems Analysis Centre (SASAC) na Nọvemba 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Priscilla Baker takes over reins at SASAC|url=http://sasac.ac.za/news/priscilla-baker-takes-over-reins-at-sasac/|work=www.sasac.ac.za|accessdate=22 July 2019|language=en-us}}</ref> Baker jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke mmemme SASAC na onye otu ndị isi mmemme, site na 2017-2019. O nyere aka n'ịkwalite nghọta nyocha na ịkwalite itinye aka na nyocha usoro na South Africa na Africa, site na usoro nchịkọta kwesịrị ekwesị, ogbako a lekwasịrị anya na nlekọta ma ọ bụ mmekorita site na IIASA na Austria, oche nke nyocha usoro. Site na mmemme SASAC, a kpọbatara ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ PhD 60 sitere na South Africa na Africa n'ime nyocha interdisciplinary na trans-boundary metụtara mkpa mba, mpaghara, na ụwa. N'afọ 2018, e nyere Prọfesọ Baker DSI / NRF South African Research Chair (SARChI) na Analytical Systems and Processes for Priority and Emerging Contaminants (ASPPEC). Ngalaba Sayensị na Teknụzụ (DST) na National Research Foundation (NRF) guzobere South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) na ebumnuche nke ịdọta na ijigide ịdị mma na nyocha na ihe ọhụrụ na mahadum ọha na eze South Africa site na ịmepụta Research Chairs. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/study/research-and-innovation/nrf-sarchi-chairs|title=NRF SARChI Chairs|accessdate=14 January 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Priscilla Baker-Nanostructured semi-conductive interfaces for real time analytical solutions|url=https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions|work=ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/|accessdate=14 January 2023|language=en-us|archivedate=2023-01-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115025343/https://ti-coast.yvent.nu/en/event/2020-11-05-fastest-2020-e-lectures/session/priscilla-baker-nanostructured-semi-conductive-interfaces-for-real-time-analytical-solutions}}</ref> bụ onye nduzi nke otu nyocha SensorLab [1] na nyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na usoro nyocha jikọtara ọnụ iji dozie nsogbu nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi, ahụike na nchekwa. N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Baker dị ka Fellow in Residence na Mahadum CY Cergy Paris na Paris-Seine Initiative for Excellence . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Internationally-acclaimed Senior Professor Priscilla Baker becomes research fellow at the University of Cergy-Pontoise|url=https://www.uwc.ac.za/about/alumni/news-events/internationally-acclaimed-senior-professor-priscilla-baker-becomes-research-fellow-at-the-university-of-cergy-pontoise-311|work=[[University of the Western Cape]]|author=Heever|first=Aidan van den|date=22 July 2019|accessdate=14 January 2023|language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labo.u-cergy.fr/~senergylab|title=Welcome on SENERGYLAB|date=25 November 2020}}</ref>'oge nhọpụta ya, o guzobere ụlọ nyocha mba ụwa Senergylab n'etiti otu nyocha SensorLab (Mahadum nke Western Cape) na ụlọ nyocha polymer LPPI na Mahadum CY Cergy Paris, France. Njikọ ọzụzụ postgraduate afọ 4 dabeere na ịkekọrịta ihe onwunwe na nka, iji nye mmemme PhD anọ edebanyere aha (nkwado) na mgbakwunye na mmemme njikọta nke ịmepụta ikike site na nleta nkuzi na nyocha mgbanwe, maka ndị Masters na PhD natara na mmekọrịta ahụ. Baker jere ozi na mba ụwa dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke Electroanalytical Chemistry Division nke International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE, Switzerland) site na 2013 ruo 2016 dị ka onye nnọchi anya mpaghara ISE maka South Africa na Africa, site na 2016-2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ise-online.org/ise-committees/reg-rep.php|title=International Society of Electrochemistry|work=[[International Society of Electrochemistry]]|accessdate=14 January 2023}}</ref> Baker <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla|title=Baker Priscilla|work=[[African Academy of Sciences]]|accessdate=14 January 2023|archivedate=26 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526092815/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/baker-priscilla}}</ref> Fellow nke African Academy of Science, kemgbe 2018 [1] na Fellow nke Royal Society of Chemistry (UK, 2019) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e01wozweqalt4euia2jfg6proexv4hy Nils Bang 0 35102 195341 145992 2024-11-19T00:21:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195341 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Nils_Bang_oceanographer_15_Feb_1966.JPG|thumb|Nils Bang n'ụgbọ HMS ''Hecla'' na 15 Febụwarị 1966, n'oge njem nyocha Benguela Current]] {{Databox}}'''Nils Daniel Bang''' (13 Septemba 1941 - 2 Disemba 1977) bụ onye sayensị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị n'oké osimiri na South Africa bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ na ọmụmụ nke ọdịdị dị mma nke usoro mmiri na-asọba n'ụsọ oké osimiri. <ref>''Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis'' (January 1978) Vol 7</ref> <ref>''South African Journal of Science'' (January 1978) Vol 74.</ref> Machị 1969, Bang malitere, hazie ma mezuo ọrụ nyocha ụgbọ mmiri mbụ nke South Africa, [1] Agulhas Current Project, n'ogologo nke ugbu a. <ref>Schumann, E.H. (1987) The coastal ocean off the east coast of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 46, 215–229</ref><ref>Walker, N.D. (1986) Satellite observations of the Agulhas Current and episodic upwelling south of Africa. Deep-Sea Research 33, 1083–1106</ref><ref>Lutjeharms, J.R.E. (1981) Features of the southern Agulhas Current circulation from satellite remote sensing. South African Journal of Science 77, 231–236</ref><ref>''Sciendaba'', Vol XII No 48, 15 December 1977</ref> bụ ezie na e mere nnyocha ahụ na mmefu ego pere mpe na ngwá ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma, [1] ọmụmụ ihe Bang na-eji ọtụtụ puku bathythermograph dịpụrụ adịpụ emechara site na foto satellite [2] na radiation thermometry. N'ọhịa nke oceanography anụ ahụ, na nhazi dị mma nke usoro mmiri na-eto n'ụsọ oké osimiri, <ref>''Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis'' (January 1978) Vol 7</ref> Bang - tinyere W.R.H (Bill) Andrews na Larry Hutchings, ndị ibe ya na biological oceanography - mepụtara ọrụ nke a nabatara n'ọhụrụ ha. Ọrụ Bang <ref>Mooers, C.N.K. (1978) Coastal Upwelling Ecosystems Analysis (CUEA) Newsletter Vol 7, No 1, January 1978</ref>-enye ìhè na ọganihu nke mmiri na-agbanye n'akụkụ ihu na usoro mmiri na-arịgo n'ụsọ oké osimiri na meandering nke ihu. N'oge ọnwụ ya, mgbe ọ dị afọ 36, Bang bụ onye isi nke Physical Oceanography Division nke National Research Institute for Oceanology na Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (South Africa). <ref>''Sciendaba'' (15 December 1977). Vol XII No 48</ref> == Ọrụ sayensị == Nnyocha nke Nils Bang malitere na 1965 mgbe ọ sonyeere ngalaba Naval Oceanographic Research na Youngsfield, nso Cape Town. Mgbe ahụ <ref>''South African Journal of Science'' (January 1978) Vol 74</ref> kwagara na Oceanographic Institute na Mahadum nke Cape Town, ebe a rụzuru nyocha ya dị mkpa. Na June 1965, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa n'ụgbọ mmiri nyocha US, Atlantis II, ụgbọ mmiri nke Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, iji sonye na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri International Indian Ocean Expedition, nke ọ sonyeere na njem nke kọntinent site na Maputo ruo Durban - na-eme nchọpụta banyere evolushọn na mkpa nke canyons n'okpuru mmiri - wee gaa [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na-eleta ụlọ ọrụ oceanographic n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ post-doctoral na Geophysical Institute, Mahadum Bergen, [[Norway]], ọ sonyeere National Research Institute of Oceanography nke Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo ọnwụ ya. === Ọrụ Agulhas ugbu a === Emere ya n'ogologo nke ugbu a, n'ebe ndịda nke latitude 27°S, ọrụ ụbọchị iri na asatọ a, site na 6 ruo 24 Machị 1969, gụnyere ụgbọ mmiri atọ: ụgbọ mmiri nyocha nke Mahadum Cape Town ''Thomas B. Davie'', CSIR's Meiring Naude, na Ngalaba Azụmaahịa Oké Osimiri Africana II. A na-enweta ọtụtụ n'ime data ndị a chịkọtara site na ndekọ thermograph nke ụgbọ mmiri: <ref>Bang, N.D. (1970) Dynamic Interpretations of a Detailed Surface Temperature Chart of the Agulhas Current Retroflexion and Fragmentation Area. South African Geographical Journal Volume 52, Issue 1, 1970</ref> ''Thomas B. Davie'' na-arụ ọrụ site n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gaa n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na-arụkọ ọrụ n'etiti Mossel Bay na Great Fish River (ruo kilomita 500 n'ebe ndịda), ebe Meiring Naude na Africana II na-arụ otu oge site n'ọwụwa anyanwụ gaa n"ebe ọdịda Anyanwụ, nke mbụ na-ekpuchi Kosi Bay ruo n'akụkụ Ọwụ [[London]] na nke ikpeazụ Mossel Bay ruo St Helena Bay. Ụgbọelu CSIR - nke nwere thermometer radiation infrared maka ịlele okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri site na ịdị elu nke 1,000 ụkwụ - na-efefe gafee mmiri site na Cape St Lucia ruo Cape Town. <ref>''The Cape Argus'', 26 March 1969</ref> weere ihe dị ka 10,000 mmiri mmiri n'oké osimiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ yiri nke ahụ nke okpomọkụ. A na-akpọ ugwu mmiri a na-amaghị ama nke dị mita 9,500 n'oge njem ahụ Davie Seamount. === Mgbanwe === Nchọpụta nke Agulhas Current Project gosipụtara <ref>Bang, N. D. and F. C. Pearce (1970) Hydrological data. Agulhas Current Project, March 1969. Institute of Oceanography, University of Cape Town. Data Report No.4, 26pp.</ref> isi ihe iji ghọta ihe na-eme ugbu a bụ ụzọ ọ si laghachi azụ n'onwe ya, <ref>Bennett, Sara L (1988). ''Where Three Oceans Meet: The Agulhas Retroflection Region''. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Massachusetts Institute of Technology</ref> ihe omume Bang kọwara dị ka "retroflection", <ref>J. R. E. Lutjeharms (2006). ''Three decades of research on the greater Agulhas Current''. Ocean Sci. Discuss., 3, 939–995</ref> <ref>''The Agulhas Current retroflection'' (2007), Related Papers, South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (SA MOC) workshops, Physical Oceanography Division (PhOD), Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory National Oceanic & Atmostpheric Administration. [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/SAMOC/Related_Papers.html South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation workshop related papers]</ref> nke a na-ejikarị akọwa ụzọ eriri afọ ma ọ bụ akpa nwa nwere ike isi laghachi azụ. Okwu a aghọwo okwu a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri. === Ezigbo Ụgbọelu Olileanya === <ref>''South African Journal of Science'' (January 1978) Vol 74</ref>'ịgbaso ọmụmụ nke usoro Southern Benguela n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke South Africa, Bang na Andrews tụrụ anya ma mesịa chọpụta ụgbọ elu dị n'ihu nke dị n'akụkụ etiti nke Cape Peninsula - mmetọ nke mmiri Agulhas Current - nke ha kpọrọ Good Hope Jet . <ref>Bang, N. D., and W. R. H. Andrews (1974), ''Direct current measurements of a shelf-edge frontal jet in the southern Benguela system'', ''[[Journal of Marine Research]]'', 32, 405 – 417</ref> Jet na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibu àkwá na igurube nke azụ dịgasị iche iche site na ebe ha na-enweghị nri <ref>Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem Programme (2007) The Changing State of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem: Expert Workshop on Climate Change and Variability and Impacts Thereof in the BCLME Region. 15–16 May 2007. Workshop report compiled by Jennifer Veitch</ref> Agulhas Bank na-amụ nwa na ebe ndị ọzọ na-azụ ụmụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri. <ref>Shannon L.V. and M.J. O'Toole (1999) Synthesis And Assessment of Information on the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME). Thematic Report No 2. Integrated Overview of the Oceanography and Environmental Variability of the Benguela Current Region. Windhoek, Namibia</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Nils Bang na Durban, South Africa, na 13 Septemba 1941. Nna ya bụ Daniel Nielson Bang, onye ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zulu na nwa nke ndị ozi ala ọzọ Norwegian, nne ya bụ Anna Maria Bang (née Linde), nwa nwanyị nke ndị ozi ọzọ [[Sweden]]. O nwere nwanne nwanyị na nwanne nwoke, Anaida na Knut Olav. Ọ gara Merchiston Preparatory School na mgbe e mesịrị Harward, ha abụọ nọ na Pietermaritzburg. N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ma gaa ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Commonwealth na Britain. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ na Mahadum Natal ma mesịa na Mahadim Cape Town ebe e nyere ya PhD na 1974. (Nkwupụta: Southern Benguela System: Ọdịdị Oceanic dị mma na Ihe Na-ekpebi Okpomọkụ). === Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ === Ọ lụrụ Mary Alison Coombe, onye na-amụ nwa, na 21 Ọgọst 1965, na Pietermaritzburg. O kwuru na ihe mere o ji mee ihe atụ nke "retroflection" bụ nwunye ya onye kụziiri ya okwu ahụ n'oge ọ na-amụ nwa. N'afọ 1967, a mụrụ nwa ha nwanyị mbụ, Kirsten, na Cape Town, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ọzọ, Solveig na 1970 na Janice na 1973. === Ọnwụ === Nils Bang nwụrụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ 36, n'ọrịa kansa eriri afọ, n'ụlọ ọgwụ Entabeni nke Durban na 2 Disemba 1977. <ref>South African Journal of Science (January 1978) Vol 74</ref> N'isi ụtụtụ na 27 Jenụwarị 1978, ndị ọrụ CSIR tinyere enyi ya, Port Captain Jimmy Deacon, nke lara ezumike nká, n'ụgbọ mmiri nyocha Meiring Naude, tinyere ntụ ya n'oké osimiri dị n'etiti Umkomaas na Scottburgh n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda Natal. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] l51ct9746yzcv3oroienox2mz1fyf3h Òtù Na ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị na Ụzọ Na eme na Ụzọ Mmiri 0 35244 195420 146702 2024-11-19T10:16:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195420 wikitext text/x-wiki E hiwere '''Danish Astronomical Society (Dansk Astronomisk Selskab) ''' na 1916 'na ebumnuche nke ime ihe maka mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma na mmasị na nkà mmụta mbara igwe na nyocha mbara igwe'. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netvaerksportalen.dk/astronomisk-selskab-danmark|title=Vejen til nye netværk! Foreninger og netværk i Danmark|publisher=Netvaerksportalen.dk|date=|accessdate=2013-02-12|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223432/http://www.netvaerksportalen.dk/astronomisk-selskab-danmark}}</ref> Dabere na nkọwa ya, adreesị ya dịgasị iche. Society <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronomisk.dk/?Dr._N.P._Wieth-Knudsen_Observatoriet|title=Dr. N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatoriet|publisher=Astronomisk.dk|date=|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref> emeghe maka onye ọ bụla nwere ọchịchọ ịmụtakwu banyere nkà mmụta mbara igwe, ma na enye ndị otu ohere ịnweta okwu na nkuzi site n'aka ndị na enyocha mbara igwe na ndị na ahụ maka mbara igwe, [1] ma na ekwe ka ha jiri ngwá ọrụ na N.P. Wieth-Knudsen Observatory na Tisvilde <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronomisk.dk/?Foredrag:K%F8benhavn_og_Aarhus|title=København og Aarhus|publisher=Astronomisk.dk|date=|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref> iji hụ ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.astronomisk.dk/?Foreningen|title=Foreningen|publisher=Astronomisk.dk|date=|accessdate=2013-02-12}}</ref> na agbasa akụkọ banyere nzukọ, nkuzi na ihe omume na abịanụ, yana ozi n'ozuzu banyere ihe omume mbara igwe na abeghachi dị ka eclipses na [[Comet|Comets]], na ndepụta nke ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. [1] Onye isi oche nke Danish Astronomical Society ugbu a bụ Majken B. E. Christensen. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke òtù ndị na enyocha mbara igwe == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} 9vzbgv2c2tmpgguzl9tjl99tqnm0x42 Onye na achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na akwadoghị 0 36003 195264 149653 2024-11-18T13:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195264 wikitext text/x-wiki   Poacher bụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi [[Kenya|Onye Kenya]] / Britain nke Tom Whitworth duziri na 2018. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nlebara anya mba ụwa mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya na Netflix na Septemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Onyango|first=Fred|date=2020-10-07|title=Why Netflix is a lifeline for African film-makers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/oct/07/netflix-lifeline-for-african-film-makers-fred-onyango|accessdate=2020-10-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=pm|first=Michael Musyoka on 3 September 2020-12:17|title=Award-winning Kenyan Film to Make History on Netflix|url=https://www.kenyans.co.ke/news/57023-award-winning-kenyan-film-make-history-netflix|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=Kenyans.co.ke|language=EN}}</ref> ghọkwara ihe nkiri Kenya mbụ a tọhapụrụ site na Netflix. == Atụmatụ == N'ịbụ onye e sere n'ụdị ihe nkiri dị egwu, Poacher na ak mmetụta ịhụnanya onye ọrụ ugbo na ike nke na ịbanye na nsogbu mgbe ọ zuru ike ịgbanye n'aka otu ndị na eyi ọha egwu mba ụwa. Ihe nkiri na achọ ime ka nsogbu mba ụwa dị mkpa nke akara ịdọrọ iwu na akwadoghị ìhè site n'ịkwado nsogbu nke ọnụ enyí Africa nọ n'ihe ndụ ize. == Ndị na eme ihe nkiri == * Brian Ogola dị ka Mutua * Davina Leonard dị ka Nicola Betts * Lenny Juma dị ka Juma * Shiviske Shivisi dị ka Ngina * [[Olwenya Maina]] dị ka Hassan == Mmepụta == E mere ihe nkiri Poacher ihe karịrị ụbọchị isii na Tsavo West National Park na South East nke isi obodo Kenya, Nairobi. Mmepụta ahụ gụnyere ihe karịrị ndị na eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọrụ 30 . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/poacher-kenyan-wildlife-conservation-drama-kalasha-awards/|title=For Your Consideration: Kalasha-Nominated ‘Poacher’ Is a Triumph of Conservation Filmmaking|author=Mworia|first=Tim|work=KenyaBuzz|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye nduzi Tom Whitworth kwara onye isi mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ ọchị na 10 Eprel 2018, na ekwupụta na ihe nkiri bụ nke Nathan Prior na Ishmael Azeli. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BhY6B_XjRKJ/|title=Whitworth Instagram Post|author=Whitworth|first=Tim|work=Instagram|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> kpughere na e chepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ dị mkpirikpi dị ka ihe nkiri TV. == Ntọhapụ == <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://spunepescurt.ro/2018/09/26/congratulations-to-our-august-2018-award-winners/|title=SHORT TO THE POINT – AUGUST 2018 AWARDS|author=thepoint|first=shortto|work=STTP|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> tọhapụrụ Poacher (2018) n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2018, ebe a gosipụtara ya na Short To The Point (STTP) Festival, ma họrọ ya maka Best Editing Award. Ihe nkiri ahụ gosipụtara <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kenyafilmcommission.com/images/pdf/UPDATED_SCREENING_SCHEDULE-_10th_NOVEMBER_2018.pdf|title=Kalasha International Film Awards Screening Schedule|author=Commission|first=KenyaFilm|work=KenyaFilmCommission|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Kenya na ANGA IMAX Theatre na 10 Nọvemba 2018 na Kalasha International Film Awards na Nairobi. [1] Poacher egosila <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.moscowshorts.com/2018/10/09/september-2018-moscow-shorts-official-selection/|title=September 2018 – Moscow Shorts Official Selection|author=Shorts|first=Moscow|work=MoscowShorts|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> 2018 ''Moscow Shorts International Short Film Festival'' na Septemba 2018 na Moscow. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Poacher {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81312943|accessdate=2020-10-09|work=www.netflix.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214231550/https://www.netflix.com/title/81312943}}</ref> gosipụtara ihe nkiri ahụ site na Netflix na 30 Septemba 2020. == Ndị a nabatara == * <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/full-list-of-kalasha-awards-2018-winners/|title=Full List of Kalasha Awards 2018 Winners|author=Buzz|first=Kenya|work=Kenya Buzz|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> họpụtara ya maka Best Short Film, Best Director, Best Director of Photography, Best Supporting Actor in a Film na Best Actor in an Film maka 8th Kalasha TV & Film Awards. * Ihe nrite maka Best Short Film <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/full-list-of-kalasha-awards-2018-winners/|title=Full List of Kalasha Awards 2018 Winners|author=Buzz|first=Kenya|work=Kenya Buzz|accessdate=2018-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> 8th Kalasha TV & Film Awards na Nairobi, Kenya na 24 Nọvemba 2018. [1] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|8360146}} * Onye na achụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na akwadoghịnaNetflix 369wwh38s9b3m5ve4oy8o0dahuof0ua Rise of the Saints 0 36075 195319 150038 2024-11-18T20:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rise of the Saints''''', bụ ihe nkiri [[Naijiria]] e meputara na 2020 nke Samuel O. Olateru duziri ma Bolanle Olasunde mebere ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-22|title=Rise of the Saints in Cinemas October 2020|url=https://acceleratetv.com/rise-of-the-saints-in-cinemas-october-2020/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=AccelerateTv|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004143411/https://acceleratetv.com/rise-of-the-saints-in-cinemas-october-2020/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rise of the Saints|url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/rise-of-the-saints/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Ozone Cinemas|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029131503/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/rise-of-the-saints/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] na [[Rachel Oniga]] na ndị isi ọrụ ebe [[Tina Mba]], [[Peter Fatomilola]], na Teleola Kuponiyi rụrụ ọrụ nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tv|first=Bn|date=2020-04-09|title=Take a First Look at the Trailer for "Rise of the Saints" starring Deyemi Okanlawon, Racheal Oniga & Tina Mba|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/04/rise-of-the-saints-movie/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gbasara akụkọ akụkọ ndị Yoruba bụ Queen Moremi Ajasoro. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-13|title=Fun facts you didn't know about 'Rise of the saints' movie|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/fun-facts-you-didnt-know-about-rise-of-the-saints-movie/etpqnwf|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-17|title=Nollywood Epic, ‘Rise of the Saints’ Berths|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/10/17/nollywood-epic-rise-of-the-saints-berths/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Naijaray|title=DOWNLOAD: Rise Of The Saints – Nigerian Nollywood Movie 2020 — Naijaray|url=https://naijaray.com.ng/download-rise-of-the-saints-nigerian-nollywood-movie-2020/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=naijaray.com.ng|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ mere ọkwa mbụ ya na 9 Ọktoba 2020 na fim ụlọ IMAX, Lekki ka afọ ise nke mmepụta ya gasịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2020-09-23|title="Rise of the Saints" is Heading to the Big Screen Soon|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/rise-of-the-saints-cinemas/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Bolaji|first=Esan|date=2020-09-24|title=Rise Of The Saints; The Movie- {{sic|Annou|ces|nolink=y}} October 9th As New Cinema Release Date, Drops New Trailer.|url=https://brandspurng.com/2020/09/24/rise-of-the-saints-the-movie-annouces-october-9th-as-new-cinema-release-date-drops-new-trailer/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gbadeyanka|first=Modupe|date=2020-09-24|title=Rise of the Saints Gets October 9 Cinema Release Date|url=https://businesspost.ng/showbiz/rise-of-the-saints-gets-october-9-cinema-release-date/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnyocha di iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=nollywoodreinvented|date=2020-10-07|title=COMING SOON: Rise of the Saints|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/coming-soon-rise-of-the-saints.html|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Nollywood Reinvented|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị mere ihe nkiri a == * Teleola Kuponiyi dị ka Luke * [[Deyemi Okanlawon]] dị ka Wale * [[Rachel Oniga]] dị ka nwanne nne Tolu * [[Tina Mba]] dị ka Onye Amụma * [[Peter Fatomilola]] dị ka Orula * Olufunmi Ronke Disu dị ka Dena * Daniel Ugbang == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|11878680}} snn5980tv1a7sr5m53kaoy6benw0mnq Our Jesus Story 0 36080 195272 178057 2024-11-18T15:21:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195272 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Our Jesus Story,''''' bụ ihe nkiri okpukpere chi [[Naijiria]] nke afọ 2020 nke [[Tchidi Chikere]] duziri wee bụrụ Ojiofor Ezeanyaeche maka mmepụta OJ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-04|title=Frederick Leonard is an afro-haired Jesus in 'Our Jesus Story' trailer|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/frederick-leonard-is-an-afro-haired-jesus-in-our-jesus-story-trailer/wjj6m4n|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gosiputara [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] dịka Jesus the Christ, ebe [[Zack Orji]], [[Sam Dede]], [[Eucharia Anunobi]] na [[Adjetey Anang]] rụrụ ọrụ nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story Movie - Flixanda|url=https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125321/https://flixanda.com/movie/437/our-jesus-story}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story|url=https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Ozone Cinemas|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125322/https://ozonecinemas.com/movie/our-jesus-story/}}</ref> Nke a bụ nkọwa ọhụrụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Afrịka nke mbụ maka akụkọ Jizọs Kraịst nwere ndị oji na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Africa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-12|title=‘Our Jesus Story’ Now in Cinemas|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/12/12/our-jesus-story-now-in-cinemas/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-07|title=Our Jesus story, new movie from OJ Productions|url=https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004125317/https://guardian.ng/life/our-jesus-story-new-movie-from-oj-productions/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ mere nke mbụ na 27 Machị 2020 na Imax Cinema na Lekki, Lagos<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-19|title='Our Jesus Story' - A Summary of the Story of Jesus From Nollywood|url=https://nollymania.com/our-jesus-story-a-summary-of-the-story-of-jesus-from-nollywood/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=NollyMania|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-04|title='Our Jesus Story' hits cinemas on Mar 27 - starring Frederick Leonard|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/our-jesus-story-hits-cinemas-on-march-27-staring-frederick-leonard/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nnyocha di mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Jesus Story Trailer! Frederick Leonard is Jesus in NollyWood Insider|url=https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/|accessdate=2021-10-04|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070030/https://nollywoodinsider.com/our-jesus-story-frederick-leonard-is-black-jesus-in-much-anticipated-remake/}}</ref> == Ndị mere ihe nkiri a == * [[Frederick Leonard (Nigerian actor)|Frederick Leonard]] dị ka Jizọs Kraịst * [[Zack Orji]] * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Eucharia Anunobi]] * [[Adjetey Anang]] * [[Ofia Mbaka]] * [[Tchidi Chikere]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ihe nkiri Naịjirịa]] [[Òtù:Ihe nkiri 2020]] cj6yugni0xnjo9sge2m8ffjw7120xkn Ịnọ Nwee Nleanya 0 36181 195426 150725 2024-11-19T11:11:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195426 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Holding Hope bụ Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Naijiria nke Uduak Isong Oguamanam dere n'afọ 2010, nke Emem Isong na Uche Jombo mepụtara, nke [[Desmond Elliot]] duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2010/04/scenes-from-movie-hope.html|title=scenes from the movie 'HOLDING HOPE'|publisher=Stella Dimoko Korkus|date=19 April 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Korkus, Stella}}</ref> <ref name="BellaNaija">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/07/15/a-heartwrenching-yet-heartwarming-family-tale-holding-hope-set-to-premiere-in-july/|title=A Heartwrenching yet Heartwarming Family Tale – 'Holding Hope' set to premiere in July|publisher=bellanaija|work=Bella Naija|date=15 July 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref>-eme ya bụ [[Desmond Elliot]], [[Uche Jombo]] na [[Nadia Buari]], na-ewebata Abiola Segun Williams. Emere <ref name="BellaNaija" /> na Lagos na 8 Ọgọstụ 2010, tinyere Bursting Out ma nwee nyocha dị mma. <ref name="BON Winners">{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/|title=BON Winners|publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace|work=Nollywood Mindspace|date=9 September 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015035529/http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/09/09/best-of-nollywood-awards-list-of-nominees/|archivedate=15 October 2014}}</ref> họpụtara [[Nadia Buari]] na [[Moyo Lawal]] maka "onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri Bekee" na "Most Promising Act (female) " na [[2012 Best of Nollywood Awards]] maka ọrụ ha na ihe nkiri ahụ. == Nchịkọta atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akọ akụkọ nke Mrs. Badmus (Abiola Segun Williams) onye nwere ọtụtụ nde azụmaahịa (Da Costa Holdings), mana nwa ya nwoke Olumide (Desmond Elliot) bụ onye na-enweghị isi ma ọ nweghị mmasị na-elekọta azụmahịa ahụ. Oriakụ Badmus mechara kpughere nwa ya nwoke na ọ na-anwụ n'ọrịa kansa ma o nwere ọnwa ole na ole fọdụrụ ndụ. Ọ na-enye ọnọdụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ chọrọ ka ọ nwee obi ụtọ, ọ dị ya mkpa ịlụ Hope (Uche Jombo), onye isi ego nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na onye ọrụ raara onwe ya nye. Oriakụ Badmus na-eche na Hope bụ nwunye zuru oke nke nwere ike ijide mmefu ego nwa ya nwoke mgbe ọ na-adịghịzi. Olumide na enyi ya nwanyị, Sabina (Nadia Buari) na-eme atụmatụ ma Olumide malitere ime ka ịhụnanya ya maka Hope, na-echere ụbọchị nne ya ga-anwụ. Otú ọ dị, Mrs. Badmus' Will na-ekwu na Olumide ga-alụ Hope iji nwee ihe onwunwe ya; Ọ bụrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ emee, Hope kwesịrị inwe ihe onwunwa ahụ. Olumide enweghị ihe ọzọ ọ ga-eme ma ọ bụghị ịlụ Hope, mana ọ na-eme ka ihe niile na-eme ya nkụda mmụọ mgbe ha lụsịrị di, mgbe ha ka na-eso Sabina. Hope, onye na-aga n'ihu na-eme ezigbo nwunye na-eguzosi ike n'ihe n'agbanyeghị àgwà di ya, chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa [[Leukemia|Ọrịa leukemia]]. Olumide mechara hụ Hope n'anya nke ukwuu, mana oge agafeela n'ihi na ọ nwere ọnwa ole na ole fọdụrụ ndụ. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Desmond Elliot]] dị ka Olumide Sydney Badmus * [[Nadia Buari]] dị ka Sabina * [[Uche Jombo]] dị ka Olileanya * [[Ngọzi Nwosu|Ngozi Nwosu]] dị ka nne Sabina * Abiola Segun-Williams dị ka Oriakụ Badmus * [[Rukky Sanda]] dị ka Chioma * [[Moyo Lawal]] dị ka nwa nwanne nne Hope * Ken Odurukwe dị ka Maazị Rotimi * Emeka Duru dị ka Onye Nlekọta == Mmepụta == Ihe odide <ref name="Golden Icons">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenicons.com/trailer-holding-hope/|title=Trailer: Holding Hope|publisher=Golden Icons|date=24 July 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Ojo, Bode}}</ref> Holding Hope sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke akụkọ nke mmadụ atọ lanarịrị ọrịa kansa; Desmond Elliot na Uche Jombo kwenyere nke ukwuu na ihe nkiri ahụ, ya mere ha abụọ sonyeere Emem Isong iji mepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. N'ikwu okwu banyere ihe nkiri ahụ, Jombo na-ekwu, sị: "anyị chọrọ ime ka ndị mmadụ tie mkpu, chịa ọchị ma eleghị anya kwụsịtụ ma chee echiche n'otu oge ahụ". <ref name="gidilounge">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/nollywood-and-gollywood-converge-for-bursting-out-and-holding-hope/|title=Nollywood and Gollywood converge for Bursting Out and Holding Hope|publisher=Gidilounge|work=Gidi Lounge|date=3 August 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Deji, Sam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072054/http://www.gidilounge.com/movies/nollywood-and-gollywood-converge-for-bursting-out-and-holding-hope/|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref> <ref name="jaguda">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaguda.com/2010/07/28/nollywood-double-feature-holding-hope-bursting-out/|title=Nollywood Double Feature: Holding Hope + Bursting Out|publisher=Jaguda.com|work=Jaguda|date=28 July 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014|archivedate=9 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809191829/http://www.jaguda.com/2010/07/28/nollywood-double-feature-holding-hope-bursting-out/}}</ref> Uche Jombo <ref name="BellaNaija"/>-ebelata ibu dị ukwuu iji rụọ ọrụ Hope na ihe nkiri ahụ; [1] Ọ ga-aga nri ma "na-agụ" onwe ya. N'oge a na-eme ihe nkiri, a na-emekwa ka ọ na-ehi ụra naanị ihe dị ka awa abụọ n'ụbọchị, ka o wee nwee ọdịdị dị ọcha, a gbakwunyere obere ihe ntecha na ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịgba ihe ruru kilogram 50 nke abụba ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/53102/3/actress-uche-jombo-speaks-on-new-look.html|title=ACTRESS UCHE JOMBO SPEAKS ON NEW LOOK|publisher=The Nigerian Voice|accessdate=11 August 2014|author=Akintomide, Akinnagbe}}</ref> pụtara <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/what%E2%80%99s-up-with-uche-jombo%E2%80%99s-new-look/|title=What's up with Uche Jombo's new look|publisher=Vanguard|work=Vanguard Newspaper|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> ụfọdụ ihe omume red carpet tupu a mara ọkwa ihe nkiri ahụ nke kpaliri asịrị banyere ya na ọnọdụ ahụike ya. <ref name="Golden Icons" /> [2] [3] E sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Lagos. Otu <ref name="Golden Icons" />'ime ndị ọrịa kansa nke akụkọ ya kpaliri ime ihe nkiri ahụ ma na-akọwa ya n'otu n'ime ihe odide ahụ nwụrụ n'oge ihe nkiri ahụ. == Ntọhapụ == A tọhapụrụ ụgbọala na-adọkpụ nke Holding Hope na 14 Julaị 2010. <ref name="BellaNaija"/> Emere ya na 8 August 2010 na Silverbird Cinemas na Lagos, n'akụkụ Bursting Out, ihe nkiri ọzọ nke Royal Arts Academy. <ref name="BellaNaija" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanmoviesnews.com/2011/09/nigerian-premiere-of-the-movie-%E2%80%9Cholding-hope%E2%80%9D-video/|title=Nigerian Premiere of the movie "Holding Hope" (Video)|publisher=African Movies News|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=5 August 2014|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808064851/http://www.africanmoviesnews.com/2011/09/nigerian-premiere-of-the-movie-%E2%80%9Cholding-hope%E2%80%9D-video/}}</ref><ref name="jaguda"/> <ref name="gidilounge"/> bụ oge nke abụọ Royal Arts Academy ga-egosi ihe nkiri abụọ n'otu ụbọchị, mgbe emesịrị ya ugboro abụọ nke Guilty Pleasures ''Ndị Nollywood Hustlers'' n'afọ gara aga. Ihe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/08/09/bursting-out-holding-hope-have-landed-in-cinemas-first-photos-from-the-premiere-of-the-year/|title="Bursting Out" & "Holding Hope" have landed in cinemas – First Photos from the Movie Premiere of the Year!|publisher=bellanaija|work=Bella Naija|date=9 August 2010|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Aduwo, Bola}}</ref> ahụ meghere n'ụlọ ihe nkiri jupụtara; ụlọ nzukọ nke mbụ jupụtara n'oge na-adịghị anya ma meghee ụlọ nzukọ nke abụọ iji nabata ìgwè mmadụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenicons.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Premiere-Holding-Hope.jpg|title=Premiere HOLDING HOPE|publisher=Golden Icons|accessdate=5 August 2014|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055913/http://www.goldenicons.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Premiere-Holding-Hope.jpg}}</ref> nkiri ahụ gosipụtara <ref name="Golden Icons"/> [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|US]] na 5 Septemba 2010 na Dallas, [[Texas]]. [1] [2] == Nnakwere == === Mmeghachi omume === Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma. <ref name="NR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/07/holding-hope.html|title=Holding Hope - Nollywood Reinvented|publisher=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]|work=Nollywood Reinvented|date=20 July 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Unilag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unilagmasscomm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=621:review-of-the-movie-holding-hope|title=REVIEW OF THE MOVIE HOLDING HOPE|publisher=Unilag Mass Comm|work=[[University of Lagos]]|date=13 August 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Rubel, Agu Odira|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045414/http://www.unilagmasscomm.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=621:review-of-the-movie-holding-hope}}</ref> na-eto ya nke ọma maka ihe nkiri ya, ozi mmetụta uche, egwu na arụmọrụ Uche Jombo, ebe a na-akatọ ya maka ụda ọjọọ ya, nhazi na-adịghị mma, egwu egwu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe ụfọdụ na mmepụta na-adịghị ike. Nollywood Reinvented nyere <ref name="NR" />% rating, toro arụmọrụ Uche Jombo, ụda nke ihe nkiri ahụ wee kwuo, sị: "N'akụkụ ka ukwuu, ọ [Holding Hope] nwere ihe ndị anyị hụrụ na mbụ. E nwere ihe ịrịba ama doro anya nke nwere ike ịbụ nnukwu ihe nkiri n'ime ihe nkiri a, mana enweghị m ike ịghọta ihe mere na mberede ụcha na ụcha ga-agbanwe mgbe ọ bụghị flashback, nrọ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla nke ụdị ahụ, olu ahụ bụkwa ihe dị ịtụnanya. Slam's Bia! NollywoodForever.Com nyere <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nollywoodforever.com/holding-hope/|title=Holding Hope|publisher=NollywoodForever.com|work=Nollywood Forever Movie Reviews|date=19 July 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055054/http://nollywoodforever.com/holding-hope/}}</ref>% rating, too ihe nkiri ahụ wee mechie, sị: "A kpọgara m na njem na-emetụ n'ahụ site na iwe n'ụzọ Olumide na-emeso nwunye ya, na mwute maka ya wee nwee obi ụtọ mgbe mmekọrịta ahụ laghachiri n'ụzọ. Ahụrụ m Uche na Desmond na-eme ihe n'akụkụ ibe ha, enwere ezigbo kemịkal dị mfe nke na-asụgharị n'ụzọ zuru oke na ihuenyo". Aghwana Amelia nyere akara nke <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/holding-hope-part-2/#sthash.H6wGfin6.dpbs|title=HOLDING HOPE|publisher=Movie Evolution|work=[[Covenant University]]|date=19 October 2013|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Amelia, Aghwana|archivedate=8 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808213556/http://movieevolution.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/index.php/holding-hope-part-2/#sthash.H6wGfin6.dpbs}}</ref> n'ime 10, na-ekwu, sị: "Holding Hope bụ ihe nkiri nwere ọtụtụ omume ọma. Onye nduzi ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe okike site na iji ụdị akụkụ dị iche iche, foto, mmetụta, mmegharị na enweghị ike igbochi onwe ya. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwere ike igosi ezigbo nkà ime ihe nkiri, nke gosipụtara ihe odide dịka a ga-ahụ ha. " === Ndị a nabatara === <ref name="BON Winners"/> họpụtara Nadia Buari maka "Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ nkwado na ihe nkiri Bekee" na [[2012 Best of Nollywood Awards]], ebe a họpụtakwara Moyo Lawal maka "Most Promising Act (female) " n'otu onyinye ahụ. == Mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ == Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ nke a tọhapụrụ otu ihe nkiri na VCD n'akụkụ abụọ, akụkụ nke ọ bụla na-ewe ihe dịka otu awa. E weputara ihe nkiri ahụ na VOD dịka Distrify <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romancemeetslife.com/2013/10/watch-nigerian-movies-online-holding.html|title=Watch Nigerian Movies Online - Holding Hope|publisher=Romance Meets Life|date=6 October 2013|accessdate=5 August 2014|author=Whitman, Myne}}</ref> na Iroko TV . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://liveofofo.com/14661/royal-arts-academy-presents-kiss-and-tell-holding-hope-on-irokotv-plus/|title=ROYAL ARTS ACADEMY Presents "Kiss and Tell & Holding Hope" On iROKOtv Plus|publisher=LIveOfofo|date=23 July 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810000009/http://liveofofo.com/14661/royal-arts-academy-presents-kiss-and-tell-holding-hope-on-irokotv-plus/|archivedate=10 August 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2010 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ịnọ n'Ụzọ Na-adọkpụnaYouTube * Ịnọ Nwee NleanyanaNollywood e mepụtara ọzọ ncx3l1yr3ocifmvyrzht4flo34teone Paradaịs Gangsta 0 36527 195274 166051 2024-11-18T16:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195274 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ otu egwu nke onye America na-eti egwu bụ Coolio, nke Tommy Boy, Warner Bros. na MCA wepụtara na August 1, 1995 <ref name="RIAA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Coolio&ti=gangsta%27s+paradise&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section|title=RIAA – Gold and Platinum Searchable Database|work=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]|accessdate=September 9, 2020|archivedate=November 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106182401/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Coolio&ti=gangsta%27s+paradise&lab=&genre=&format=&date_option=release&from=&to=&award=&type=&category=&adv=SEARCH#search_section}}</ref> . N'ịgwakọta egwu Stevie Wonder "Pastime Paradise" (1976), "Gangsta's Paradise" gosipụtara olu sitere n'aka onye na-agụ egwu America L.V. onye jere ozi dị ka onye na-ede egwu na onye na-edebanye aha ya na Coolio na Doug Rasheed, ebe a na-ekwukwa na Wonder maka ihe osise na okwu ya. N'ịbụ Platinum n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a gụnyere abụ ahụ na abọm nke abụọ nke Coolio, Gangsta's Paradise, na Nọvemba 1995. Ọ bụ Antoine Fuqua duziri vidio egwu ya ma gosipụta Michelle Pfeiffer. A na-ewere abụ ahụ na ihe nkiri Pfeiffer, Dangerous Minds . Vidio egwu ahụ na-elekwasịkwa anya na ihe nkiri ahụ. A<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm|title=Top 100 Hits of 1995/Top 100 Songs of 1995|work=musicoutfitters.com|accessdate=February 8, 2009|archivedate=November 11, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222343/https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1995.htm}}</ref> ahụ bụ nke mbụ na-ere ahịa na 1995 na US ''Billboard''. N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya na ọnụọgụ 38 na VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".<ref name="blog.vh1.com">{{Cite web|author=Macnie|first=Jim|date=2008-09-24|title=The 100 Greatest Hip Hop Songs Ever|url=http://blog.vh1.com/2008-09-24/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217063457/http://blog.vh1.com/2008-09-24/100-greatest-hip-hop-songs/|archivedate=2015-02-17|work=VH1 Blog Reality TV News and Gossip}}</ref> ''NME'' depụtara egwu ahụ na nọmba 100 na ọkwa ha nke "100 Best Songs of the 1990s" na 2012 [1] na magazin ''Billboard'' depụtara ya n'etiti "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time" na 2023. [2] E nyere Coolio Grammy maka Best Rap Solo Performance, abụọ MTV Video Music Awards maka Best Rap Video na Best Video from a Film na Billboard Music Award maka egwu / album. A họpụtara abụ ahụ dị ka egwu kachasị mma n'afọ na ntuli aka ndị nkatọ Village Voice Pazz &amp;amp; Jop. Egwú ahụ ereela ihe karịrị nde ise <ref name="German certifications">{{Cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|language=de|accessdate=April 11, 2012|archivedate=February 13, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213130048/http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/}}</ref> United States, United Kingdom, na Germany. <ref name="RIAA"/> <ref name="UK sales">{{Cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-chart-millionaires-revealed__20459/|title=The UK's Official Chart 'millionaires' revealed|author=Copsey|first=Rob|date=September 19, 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=June 17, 2018|archivedate=September 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919122703/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-official-chart-millionaires-revealed__20459/}}</ref> Coolio kụrụ egwu a na 1995 Billboard Music Awards na L.V. na Wonder, na 38th Annual Grammy Awards na L'V. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Lamb, Bill|url=https://www.liveabout.com/top-songs-from-the-90s-3245307|title=The Best 100 Songs From the 1990s|work=[[About.com]]|date=September 7, 2019|accessdate=April 7, 2020|archivedate=May 17, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517170314/https://www.liveabout.com/top-songs-from-the-90s-3245307}}</ref>, L.V. na Doug Rasheed dere "Gangsta's Paradise" ma dee okwu ya, ebe Rasheed na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta egwu ahụ. Stevie Wonder natara otuto maka ihe osise na okwu ya n'ihi ntinye nke egwu ya "Pastime Paradise" site na album ya nke 1976 Songs in the Key of Life . Abụ ahụ na-amalite site na ahịrị sitere na [[Abụ Ọma 23|Abụ Ọma 23:4]]: "Ka m na-agafe ndagwurugwu nke onyinyo ọnwụ", mana mgbe ahụ ọ na-agbagha na: "M na-ele ndụ m anya ma chọpụta na ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ. "Na-agbakwunye na ụfọdụ n'ime ụda okpukpe bụ olu abụ n'azụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theretuned.com/adventures-in-missing-the-point-gangstas-paradise/|title=Adventures in Missing the Point: 'Gangsta's Paradise'|work=RETUNED|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224145435/http://www.theretuned.com/adventures-in-missing-the-point-gangstas-paradise/|archivedate=February 24, 2015}}</ref> Coolio wepụtara ahịrị abụọ mbụ n'efu, ebe okwu ndị ọzọ na-abịakwute ya ngwa ngwa n'otu oge. ga-emecha kwuo na abụ ahụ sitere na isi iyi dị n'èzí onwe ya, na-asị: "'Gangsta's Paradise' chọrọ ka a mụọ; ọ chọrọ ịlọghachi, ọ họọrọ m dị ka arịa". == Ihe osise == Otu ahụ ruru nọmba mbụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], Ireland, [[France]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Italy|Ịtali]], [[Sweden]], [[Austria]], [[Denmark]], The [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Switzerland]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], na New Zealand, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu Coolio kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. 'Australia, abụ ahụ nọrọ na No. 1 ruo izu iri na anọ, ndekọ nke Ed Sheeran "Shape of You" ga-emebi naanị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ ka e mesịrị. Mgbe Coolio pụtara na Celebrity Big Brother 6, ọ batara ọzọ na chaatị UK na-arị elu na No. 31. Na United Kingdom, "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ egwu rap mbụ rere ihe karịrị otu nde. Mgbe ọnwụ Coolio gasịrị na Septemba 28, 2022, "Gangsta's Paradise" malitere ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị na nọmba 5 na UK Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-sales-chart/20220930|title=Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 - 30 September 2022 - 06 October 2022|work=Official Charts|date=30 September 2022|accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> wee banyeghachi na Official Top 100 Singles Chart na 7 Ọktoba 2022 na nọmba 55. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/20221007|title=Official Singles Chart Top 100. 07 October 2022 - 13 October 2022|work=Official Charts|date=7 October 2022|accessdate=7 October 2022}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume == <ref name=":0"/>About.com kọwara abụ ahụ dị ka "ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na ikuku". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Masterton|first=James|title=Week Ending October 28th 1995|url=https://chart-watch.uk/archives/1995/week-ending-october-28th-1995|work=Chart Watch UK|date=October 22, 1995|accessdate=September 25, 2021|authorlink=James Masterton|archivedate=September 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925165951/https://chart-watch.uk/archives/1995/week-ending-october-28th-1995}}</ref>James Masterton maka ''Dotmusic'' kwuru na "ọmarịcha a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha" nke egwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Tom|author=Ewing|title=68. COOLIO ft LV – "Gangsta's Paradise"|work=Freaky Trigger|date=September 20, 1999|accessdate=April 20, 2020|url=http://freakytrigger.co.uk/ft/1999/09/68-coolio-ft-lv-gangstas-paradise/|archivedate=November 20, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120095825/http://freakytrigger.co.uk/ft/1999/09/68-coolio-ft-lv-gangstas-paradise/}}</ref>David Browne nke Entertainment Weekly kwuru na ọ "ma eleghị anya abụ kachasị njọ n'elu chaatị egwu egwu egwu. "Ọ gbakwụnyere, "Site na ndị ukwe ya na okwu gbasara onye gbara egbe dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ nke na-egbu ikpere n'okporo ámá na-eche ma ọ ga-adị ndụ ịhụ 24, ọ na-enyocha abyss ahụ na ịdị jụụ nke ndị nta akụkọ". [1] Freaky Trigger kwupụtara ya dị ka "nnukwu pop zuru oke". Idolator kpọrọ <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wood, Mike|title=The 50 Best Pop Singles Of 1995 (Featuring New Interviews With Alanis Morissette, Garbage, Kylie Minogue, Monica, Ace Of Base & More!)|work=[[Idolator (website)|Idolator]]|date=December 9, 2015|accessdate=April 7, 2020|url=https://www.idolator.com/7615149/the-50-best-pop-singles-of-1995-alanis-morissette-garbage-kylie-minogue-monica-ace-of-base-interview}}</ref> "rap rhapsody". [1] Pan-European Music & Media kwuru, sị: "N'afọ gara aga, onye na-eti egwu a kụrụ paydirt site na ịmegharị "Fantastic Voyage" nke Lakeside. N'oge a, ọ na-eji otu aghụghọ ahụ eme ihe na akụkọ a dị ogologo nke dabeere na Stevie Wonder's "Pastime Paradise". N'adịghị ka nke mbụ, nke dị ịtụnanya na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu, nke a bụ nọmba US 1 ma nwee ohere ọ bụla nke ịga nke ọma na Europe. [1] Onye nyocha si na Music Week nyere ya anọ n'ime ise, na-agbakwunye: "A na magazin ahụ na-atụgharị uche". == Vidio egwu == Ọ bụ Antoine Fuqua duziri vidiyo egwu ahụ ma gosipụta Michelle Pfeiffer na-emegharị ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka US Marine LouAnne Johnson na ihe nkiri Dangerous Minds . Vidio ahụ gụnyekwara ihe nkiri sitere na ihe nkiri ahụ. Na mbido, Coolio nwere nchegbu banyere ọgwụgwọ vidiyo ahụ na-ekwu, "Achọrọ m ụfọdụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya na ụfọdụ ihe na ya; Ana m agbalị iwere ya 'hood'. " N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ tụkwasịrị Fuqua obi ma nwee obi ụtọ na nsonaazụ ikpeazụ. Maka vidiyo egwu ahụ, Coolio meriri Best Rap Video na MTV Video Music Awards na 1996. egwu ahụ ruru otu ijeri [[YouTube]] n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022. === Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri === * Michelle Pfeiffer * Coolio * Onye duziri ya bụ: Antoine Fuqua * Onye nchịkọta ụda: Jeff Clark == Mmetụta na ihe nketa == 'afọ 1996, a kpọrọ "Gangsta's Paradise" Best Rap 12-inch na International Dance Music Awards na Miami. N'afọ 1999, The Village Voice depụtara abụ nke anọ na ndepụta ha nke "Top Singles of the 90's". N'afọ 2008, a họpụtara ya na ọnụọgụ 38 na VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop".<ref name="blog.vh1.com"/> 'afọ 2012, ''NME'' depụtara egwu ahụ na nọmba 100 na ọkwa ha nke "100 Best Songs of the 1990s". [1] ' 2019, magazin ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Billboard]''_(magazine)" id="mwzw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard debere ya na ọnụọgụ 20 na ọkwa ha nke "Billboard's Top Songs of the '90s". [1] <ref>{{Cite web|first=Jacob|author=Osborn|title=Best 90s pop songs|work=Stacker|url=https://thestacker.com/stories/2971/best-90s-pop-songs#10|date=2019-04-30|accessdate=2020-04-22|archivedate=July 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731231822/https://thestacker.com/stories/2971/best-90s-pop-songs#10}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, Stacker debere ya na ọnụọgụ 19 na ndepụta ha nke "Best 90s pop songs". [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pudding.cool/2020/07/song-decay/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200731060910/https://pudding.cool/2020/07/song-decay/|archivedate=July 31, 2020|title=Defining the '90s Music Canon|work=[[The Pudding]]|first=Matt|author=Daniels|date=July 2020|accessdate=April 16, 2022}}</ref>'ọnwa Julaị 2020, mbipụta dijitalụ The Pudding mere nnyocha banyere egwu ndị kachasị ewu ewu site na '90s na egwu ndị Millennials na ndị Generation Z maara nke ọma. "Gangsta's Paradise" bụ abụ nke iri na abụọ kachasị elu. [1] N'ọnwarị 2023, magazin ''Billboard'' debere ya na nọmba 166 na "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time". [1] Ha toro "Oge anwansi nke egwu ahụ na obi ha maara, mgbe Coolio, amụrụ m, m, m ga-akpọ m, "Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla ga-eji m ga-aghọta m, "Na ọ bụla" == Parodies na mkpuchi == E nwere ọtụtụ egwu egwu, gụnyere "Amish Paradise" nke "Weird Al" Yankovic, nke a tọhapụrụ n'afọ sochirinụ, na-eru ọnụọgụ 53 na chaatị US. Coolio kwuru na o nyeghị ikike maka parody ahụ, nke dugara na nghọtahie n'etiti ha abụọ. Yankovic kwuru na a gwara ya na Coolio enyewo ikike site na akara ndekọ ya, ma rịọ mgbaghara. N'ihi ihe omume a, Yankovic na-achọ ugbu a nkwado maka egwu egwu site na ndị na-ese egwu n'onwe ha, kama ikwurịta okwu site na ndị ogbugbo. Coolio 'onwe ya kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ 2011 na ọ "rịọrọ ya mgbaghara (Yankovic) ", <ref>{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Billy|title=Coolio Did Not Want Weird Al to Spoof 'Gangsta's Paradise'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/coolio-did-not-want-weird-al-spoof-gangsta-205954306.html|work=Yahoo|publisher=Yahoo! Music|accessdate=December 23, 2015|date=August 1, 2013|archivedate=December 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224052603/https://www.yahoo.com/music/bp/coolio-did-not-want-weird-al-spoof-gangsta-205954306.html}}</ref> na-ekwukwa na ihe ngosi Rolling Stone na-emegide parody "bụ ma eleghị anya otu n'ime ihe ndị na-enweghị isi m mere kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. " L.V. wepụtara otu egwu nke egwu ahụ na 1996 na abọm izizi ya, I Am L.V., Nke a enweghị Coolio, ma gosipụta okwu ndị ọzọ nke L.V n'onwe ya dere, yana okwu rap nke Scarface na Dani Blooms dere. N'afọ 1996, Battery kpuchiri egwu ahụ maka nchịkọta ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche nke electro-industrial Operation Beatbox na album ha nke afọ 1996, Distance . <ref>{{Cite journal|first=Chris|author=Christian|url=http://www.sonic-boom.com/review/operation.beatbox.html|title=Various Artists: ''Operation Beatbox''|journal=Sonic Boom|date=August 1996|volume=4|issue=7|accessdate=November 17, 2016}}</ref> Ndị America na-akpọ post-hardcore band In Fear And Faith kpuchiri egwu ahụ na 2008. Otu egwu egwu egwu nke Austria bụ Artas kpuchiri egwu ahụ na 2008 na album The Healing . N'afọ 2014, ndị otu post-hardcore Falling in Reverse kpuchiri egwu ahụ maka album nchịkọta ''Punk Goes 90s Vol. '' ''2''. Vidio ahụ gụnyere ngosipụta nke Coolio. N'afọ 2015, Postmodern Jukebox mepụtara ụdị jazz nke afọ 1920. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/gangsters-paradise-mt0051081543|title=Gangster's Paradise – Like a Storm {{!}} Song Info|publisher=AllMusic|language=en-us|accessdate=2020-01-23|archivedate=July 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731220920/https://www.allmusic.com/song/gangsters-paradise-mt0051081543}}</ref>'otu afọ ahụ, ndị otu egwu rock siri ike nke [[New Zealand]] Like a Storm kpuchiri egwu ahụ na abọm studio nke abụọ ha, Awaken the Fire . [1] == Na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ == * E ji ya mee ihe na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke 1995 Dangerous Minds ma gosipụta ya na ụda ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Coker|first=Cheo Hodari|authorlink=Cheo Hodari Coker|date=February 25, 1996|work=Los Angeles Times|title=Rap Gets Soft (Really)|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-02-25-ca-40044-story.html|accessdate=October 13, 2022}}</ref> * <ref name="Vulture">{{Cite web|author=Barshad|first=Amos|date=August 10, 2011|work=Vulture|title=Nostalgia Fact-Check: How Does Coolio's Gangsta's Paradise Hold Up?|url=https://www.vulture.com/2011/08/nostalgia_fact_check_how_does_1.html|accessdate=October 13, 2022|archivedate=June 14, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614164852/https://www.vulture.com/2011/08/nostalgia_fact_check_how_does_1.html}}</ref>'afọ 2011, abụ ahụ gosipụtara na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị Bad Teacher . [1] * Egwú ahụ gosipụtara <ref name="Vulture" /> ihe nkiri dike The Green Hornet . [1] * Abụ ahụ pụtara <ref>{{Cite web|author=Foundas|first=Scott|date=April 25, 2013|work=Variety|title=3-View: 'Pain & Gain'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-3-view-mark-wahlberg-dwayne-johnson-pic-pain-and-gain-1200413152/|accessdate=October 13, 2022|archivedate=October 13, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013022836/https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/film-3-view-mark-wahlberg-dwayne-johnson-pic-pain-and-gain-1200413152/}}</ref> ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke afọ 2013 bụ Pain & Gain . [1] * E gosipụtakwara abụ ahụ na trailers dị iche iche maka ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke US nke afọ 2014 ''Tammy'', nke Melissa McCarthy na-eme. * 'afọ 2019, e ji abụ ahụ mee ihe na trailer mbụ maka ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' . [1] * Abụ ahụ pụtara na Season 1 Episode 1 nke 2019 show Raising DionỊzụlite Dion == Ndị a nabatara == '''Billboard''' * Billboard Year-End Chart-Toppers 1995 ** Top Hot 100 Single number one ** Top Hot 100 Single Sales nọmba otu (2.5 nde) (2× platinum) '''Ihe nrite Grammy''' * Egwuregwu Rap Kasị Mma * Ihe ndekọ nke Afọ (onye a họpụtara) '''MTV''' * MTV Video Music Awards 1996 ** Vidio Rap Kasị Mma == Ndepụta egwu ==     == Chaatị == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995–1996) !Peak<br />position |- {{Single chart|Australia|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Austria|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Flanders|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Canadatopsingles|29|chartid=2794|rowheader=true|access-date=November 26, 2019}} |- {{Single chart|Canadadance|3|chartid=2783|rowheader=true|access-date=November 26, 2019}} |- !scope="row" |Canada (''[[The Record (magazine)|The Record]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JA0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA84|title=HITS OF THE WORLD|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 16, 1995|access-date=December 29, 2018}}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row" |Denmark ([[IFPI Denmark|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite magazine|date=January 20, 1996|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3g4EAAAAMBAJ|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_3g4EAAAAMBAJ/page/n46 47]|title=Denmark everything but the girl.|access-date=November 30, 2010}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope=row |El Salvador ([[UPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Discos populares en Latinoamérica|url=http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1996/01/20/29/Ar02900.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=10987&PageLabelPrint=29&skin=%45%6c%53%69%67%6c%6f&AppName=%32&sLanguage=%45%6e%67%6c%69%73%68&Content=%41%4c%4c&selLanguage=&sPublication=%45%44%54&sDateFrom=%30%31%25%32%46%30%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%36&sDateTo=%31%32%25%32%46%33%31%25%32%46%31%39%39%36&dummy=%31%39%39%36&sQuery=%43%6f%6f%6c%69%6f&x=%31%33&y=%31%31&ViewMode=HTML|website=[[El Siglo de Torreón]]|date=January 20, 1996|access-date=September 29, 2022|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929192030/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=EDT/1996/01/20/29/Ar02900.xml&CollName=EDT_1990_1999&DOCID=10987&PageLabelPrint=29&skin=ElSiglo&AppName=2&sLanguage=English&Content=ALL&selLanguage=&sPublication=EDT&sDateFrom=01%252F01%252F1996&sDateTo=12%252F31%252F1996&dummy=1996&sQuery=Coolio&x=13&y=11&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- !scope="row" |Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-11-11.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=12|issue=45|page=21|date=November 11, 1995|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row" |Europe ([[European Dance Radio Chart|European Dance Radio]])<ref>{{cite magazine|title=European Dance Radio Top 25|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-02.pdf|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=December 2, 1995|page=14|accessdate=April 24, 2023}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{Single chart|Finland|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|France|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Germany|1|artist=Coolio feat. LV|song=Gangsta's Paradise|songid=3110|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Iceland ([[Íslenski listinn|Íslenski Listinn Topp 40]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timarit.is/files/12276740.pdf#navpanes=1&view=FitH|title=Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 (9 December 1995 – 15 December 1995)|publisher=Dagblaðið Vísir – Tónlist|access-date=February 3, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{single chart|Ireland2|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|access-date=January 5, 2018|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row"|Italy (''[[Musica e dischi]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-23.pdf|title=Top National Sellers|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=12|issue=51/52|page=11|date=December 23, 1995|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- {{Single chart|Dutch40|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Dutch100|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|New Zealand|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Norway|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Scotland|1|date=19951029|access-date=January 5, 2018|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Spain ([[Productores de Música de España|AFYVE]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|edition=1st |date=September 1996|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}<!--|access-date=January 26, 2011--></ref> |align="center"|20 |- {{Single chart|Sweden|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|Swiss|1|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|UK|1|date=19951022|rowheader=true|refname=uk1}} |- {{single chart|UKrandb|1|date=19951022|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true|refname=uk2}} |- {{single chart|Billboardhot100|1|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrandbhiphop|2|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardrhythmic|2|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|Billboardpopsongs|17|artist=Coolio|access-date=January 5, 2019|rowheader=true}} |- !scope="row" |Zimbabwe ([[List of record charts|ZIMA]])<ref>* Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. ''Zimbabwe: singles chart book''. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |} {|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2021–2022) !Peak<br />position |- {{single chart|Wallonia|50|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true|access-date=October 9, 2022|refname=WAL2022}} |- {{single chart|Czechdigital|27|year=2022|week=40|rowheader=true|access-date=October 10, 2022}} |- {{Single chart|Billboardglobal200|21|artist=Coolio|rowheader=true|access-date=October 11, 2022}} |- {{Single chart|Germany|27|artist=Coolio feat. LV|song=Gangsta's Paradise|songid=3110|rowheader=true}} |- ! scope="row"| Greece International ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Official IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) |url=https://www.ifpi.gr/digital_ien.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012064411/https://www.ifpi.gr/digital_ien.html|archive-date=October 12, 2022|access-date=October 12, 2022|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]}}</ref> | align=center|17 |- {{single chart|Hungarysingle|2|year=2022|week=40|rowheader=true|access-date=October 14, 2022}} |- ! scope="row"| Iceland ([[Music of Iceland|Plötutíðindi]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|title=Tónlistinn – Lög|trans-title=The Music – Songs|language=is|publisher=[[Music of Iceland|Plötutíðindi]]|access-date=October 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011181310/http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|archive-date=October 11, 2022}}</ref> | align=center|14 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuania ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s40/|title=2022 40-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=October 7, 2022|access-date=October 7, 2022|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007072923/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s40/|url-status=live}}</ref> | align=center|62 |- ! scope="row"| Luxembourg (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/coolio/chart-history/i12/|title=Coolio Chart History (Luxembourg Songs)|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=October 14, 2022}}</ref> | align=center|22 |- {{single chart|Poland|65|chartid=4232|year=2022|rowheader=true|access-date=October 3, 2022}} |- {{single chart|Portugal|83|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true|access-date=October 18, 2022}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovakia ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Singles Digitál Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=D|title=ČNS IFPI|publisher=IFPI ČR|id=Note: Select SK SINGLES DIGITAL TOP 100 and insert 202239 into search.|access-date=October 3, 2022|archive-date=December 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217095331/http://hitparada.ifpicr.cz/index.php?hitp=D|url-status=live}}</ref> | align=center|99 |- ! scope="row"| South Africa ([[Recording Industry of South Africa|RISA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-40-2022/|title=Local & International Streaming Chart Top 100 Week 40-2022|website=[[The Official South African Charts]]|publisher=[[Recording Industry of South Africa]]|access-date=October 14, 2022|archive-date=October 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014002614/https://theofficialsacharts.co.za/charts/local-international-streaming-chart-top-100-week-40-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> | align=center|100 |- {{Single chart|Swiss|14|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|song=Gangsta's Paradise|rowheader=true}} |- {{Single chart|UK|55|date=20221007|rowheader=true}} |- {{single chart|UKrandb|9|date=20221007|rowheader=true|accessdate=October 8, 2022|refname=uk3}} |} {{col-2|rowheader=true}} === Year-end charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1995) !Position |- !scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>1995 Australian Singles Chart [http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm aria.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803041226/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-50-singles-1995.htm |date=August 3, 2015 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/1995_single.asp|title=JAHRESHITPARADE 1995|language=de-at|publisher=austriancharts.at|access-date=December 4, 2019|archive-date=October 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011041443/https://austriancharts.at/1995_single.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|21 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>1995 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330022958/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1995 |date=March 30, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|4 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>1995 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414112334/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1995 |date=April 14, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- !scope="row"|Canada Dance/Urban (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2842&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=b276f8ju3l7iljpnkpteccdbh2|title=Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada|work=collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=January 14, 2012|archive-date=September 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040757/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2842&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=b276f8ju3l7iljpnkpteccdbh2|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|45 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-12-23.pdf |title=1995 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles |access-date=December 2, 2019 |magazine=Music & Media }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row"|France (SNEP)<ref>1995 French Singles Chart [http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 Disqueenfrance.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307201551/http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/monopage.xml?id=259376&year=1995 |date=March 7, 2012 }} (Retrieved January 30, 2009)</ref> |align="center"|7 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1995 |title=Top 100 Single-Jahrescharts |language=de |publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]] |access-date=August 7, 2015 |archive-date=May 9, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509002256/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1995 |url-status=live }}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- !scope="row"|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timarit.is/page/2935413?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up|title=Árslistinn 1995|newspaper=[[DV (newspaper)|Dagblaðið Vísir]]|language=is|page=16|date=January 2, 1996|access-date=May 30, 2020|archive-date=July 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714210153/https://timarit.is/page/2935413?iabr=on#page/n15/mode/2up|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref name="Dutch">{{cite web |url=http://www.top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |title=Single top 100 over 1995 |publisher=Top40 |language=nl |access-date=April 19, 2010 |archive-date=December 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=December 6, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206105203/http://top40.nl/pdf/Top%20100/top%20100%20-%201995.pdf }}</ref> |align="center"|23 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1995&cat=s |title=JAAROVERZICHTEN – Single 1995 |access-date=December 4, 2019 |publisher=dutchcharts.nl |archive-date=November 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129105839/https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1995&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- !scope="row"|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 |title=New Zealand End Of Year Charts 1995 |publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |access-date=November 2, 2016 |archive-date=May 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511182133/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 |url-status=live |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=May 11, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511182133/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3884 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1995&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1995|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609144911/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1995&dspp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Top 100 Singles 1995|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=9|date=January 13, 1996}}</ref> |align="center"|2 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web |url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 |title=Billboard Top 100 – 1995 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 |archive-date=August 15, 2009 |accessdate=February 21, 2024 |archivedate=August 15, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815124541/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1995 }}</ref> |align="center"|1 |- !scope="row"|US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1995/BB-1995-12-23.pdf|title=1995 The Year in Music|magazine=Billboard|volume=107|issue=51|page=YE-38|date=December 23, 1995|access-date=August 27, 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628190958/https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/90s/1995/BB-1995-12-23.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|30 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (1996) !Position |- !scope="row"|Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>1996 Austrian Singles Chart [http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp Austriancharts.at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040521/http://austriancharts.at/statistic_1996.asp |date=September 10, 2017 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|6 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)<ref>1996 Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011135058/http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1996 |date=October 11, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|16 |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)<ref>1996 Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart [http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 Ultratop.be] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018211900/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1996 |date=October 18, 2014 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|8 |- !scope="row"|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1996/MM-1996-12-21.pdf|title=1996 Year-End Sales Charts: Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|access-date=December 17, 2019|magazine=Music & Media}}</ref> |align="center"|3 |- !scope="row"|Germany (Official German Charts)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1996|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts – Offizielle Deutsche Charts|website=offiziellecharts.de|access-date=May 25, 2017|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328020325/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-1996|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- !scope="row"|Italy (''Musica e dischi'')<ref name="itayearend">{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2w8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Chart Watch – Top Selling Singles of 1996|date=June 14, 1997|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> |align="center"|7 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1996|title=Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1996|publisher=Dutch Top 40|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=October 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023221026/https://www.top40.nl/bijzondere-lijsten/top-100-jaaroverzichten/1996|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|66 |- !scope="row"|Netherlands (Single Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1996&cat=s|title=Jaaroverzichten – Single 1996|website=dutchcharts.nl|access-date=February 27, 2020|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018035305/https://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1996&cat=s|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|55 |- !scope="row"|Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1996&dspp=1|title=Årslista Singlar, 1996|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|language=sv|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200826130544/https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/43?dspy=1996&dspp=1|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|24 |- !scope="row"|Switzerland (Scweizer Hitparade)<ref>1996 Swiss Singles Chart [http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 Hitparade.ch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021195623/http://hitparade.ch/year.asp?key=1996 |date=October 21, 2013 }} (Retrieved April 20, 2008)</ref> |align="center"|15 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|first=|last=|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1997/Music-Week-1997-01-18.pdf|title=Top 100 Singles 1996|magazine=[[Music Week]]|date=January 18, 1997|page=25|accessdate=May 6, 2022}}</ref> |align="center"|86 |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboardtop100of.com/1996-2/|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1996|website=Billboardtop100of.com|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=February 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224040033/http://billboardtop100of.com/1996-2/|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|33 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2022) !Position |- !scope="row"|Global 200 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2022/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2022|magazine=Billboard|access-date=December 2, 2022}}</ref> |align="center"|79 |- !scope="row"|Hungary (Single Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/single_db/2022|title=Single Top 100 – eladási darabszám alapján – 2022|publisher=Mahasz|language=hu|access-date=February 3, 2023|archive-date=February 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203162441/https://slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/single_db/2022|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|78 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuania (AGATA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/2022m/|title=2022 metų klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|access-date=February 28, 2023|archive-date=February 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225172647/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/2022m/|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|88 |} {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Chart (2023) !Position |- ! scope="row"| Global 200 (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2023/billboard-global-200/|title=Billboard Global 200 – Year-End 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=November 22, 2023}}</ref> |align="center"|118 |} === Decade-end charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- !Chart (1990–1999) !Position |- !scope="row"|Belgium (Ultratop Flanders)<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612145841/https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=1|archive-date=12 June 2018|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratop_nineties_500.asp?page=1|title=Ultratop Nineties 500: 1-50|language=nl|website=[[Ultratop]]|access-date=May 4, 2022}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|7 |- !scope="row"| US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref name="1990sbb">{{cite magazine|first=Geoff |last=Mayfield|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA4|title=1999 The Year in Music Totally '90s: Diary of a Decade – The listing of Top Pop Albums of the '90s & Hot 100 Singles of the '90s|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=December 25, 1999|access-date=October 15, 2010}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|13 |} ===All-time charts=== {|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !scope="col"|Chart !scope="col"|Position |- !scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100 (1958–2018)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100-60th-anniversary|title=Billboard Hot 100 60th Anniversary Interactive Chart|magazine=Billboard|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> | style="text-align:center;"|89 |- !scope="row"|UK Singles (Official Charts Company)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|title=The UK's biggest selling singles of all time|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624234820/http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-uks-biggest-selling-singles-of-all-time__21298/|archive-date=24 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> |align="center"|31 |} {{col-end}} == asambodo na ahịa == {{Certification Table Top}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|certyear=1996|access-date=July 14, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Austria|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Belgium|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995|certyear=1996}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=single|artist=Coolio feat. L.V.|title=Gangsta's Paradise|award=Platinum|id=11731|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|access-date=October 11, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Multi-Artistes|title=Gangsta's Paradise|nocert=true|salesamount=300,000|type=single|relyear=1995|note=1995-1996 sales|salesref=<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ugkEAAAAMBAJ&dq=dangerous+minds+soundtrack+nielsen+soundscan&pg=PA40|title= Germany: Movie Synergy Moves Units|magazine=Billboard|date=November 23, 1996|page=40|volume=108|issue=47|issn=0006-2510|access-date=August 18, 2021}}</ref>|access-date=October 21, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Multi-Artistes|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=2020|certyear=2020|note=2020 release|accessdate=October 21, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Germany|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995|certyear=2019|access-date=July 1, 2019}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Netherlands|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio feat. LV|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|id=5421|access-date=October 8, 2022}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Norway|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=1995|certyear=1996|nosales=true}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Portugal|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995|certyear=2023|id=file_2023-08-11-15-58-12.pdf|access-date=September 16, 2023}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Switzerland|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1995|certyear=1995}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio ft LV|type=single|award=Platinum|number=4|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|access-date=October 7, 2022|id=2461-2121-1}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=Gangsta's Paradise|artist=Coolio|type=single|award=Platinum|number=3|relyear=1995|salesamount=3,100,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Coolio Stays True To Sound of His 'Soul'|last=Shawnee|first=Smith|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=August 30, 1997|access-date=August 14, 2023|page=10|issn=0006-2510}}</ref>|note=([[CD single|physical]])}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|nocert=true|salesamount=1,900,000|salesref=<ref name="usdownlaods"/>|note=([[Music download|digital]])}} {{Certification Table Separator|title=Streaming}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Greece|artist=Coolio|title=Gangsta's Paradise|award=Platinum|type=single|relyear=1995|certyear=2022|id=20220613082930|access-date=September 30, 2022}} {{Certification Table Bottom|streaming=true|streamsonly=true}} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.rockonthenet.com/artists-c/coolio_main.htm Nkume n'Ịntanet] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/29/arts/music/coolio-gangstas-paradise.html Akụkọ nke "Paradaịs nke Gangata", Ihe Kasị Ukwuu nke Coolio] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fka9tzfu7s9tudoszbvh1f4qlpmnou4 The Island of Contenda 0 38210 195381 153849 2024-11-19T04:03:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195381 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |The Island of Contenda |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Leão Lopes]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Written by | class="infobox-data" |[[Henrique Teixeira de Sousa]]<br /><br />José Fanha<br /><br />[[Leão Lopes]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Paulo de Sousa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |João Lourenço<br /><br />Camacho Costa<br /><br />Luísa Cruz |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edited by | class="infobox-data" |Denise Vindevogel |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |Manuel Paulo Felgueiras |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Production<br /><br />companies</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Vermédia<br /><br />RTP<br /><br />MBSA<br /><br />Saga Film<br /><br />Instituto Cabo-verdiano de Cinema</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Distributed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Marfilmes]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |1996 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |110 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Cape Verde]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |} '''''The Island of Contenda''''' (original title: O Ilhéu de Contenda)bụ ihe nkiri ejije 1995 nke Leão Lopes duziri. == Nkọwa okwu == Cape Verde, 1964. N'ụkwụ nke nnukwu ugwu mgbawa, obodo Cape Verdean ọdịnala na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ọchịchị ochie nke nwere ala na-agbasa. Otu klas nke mulatto na-amalite ịpụta, na-enwe ike ego dabere na ahia nke na-eyi ndị nwe ụlọ egwu. Amụma ọhụrụ na-ebilite, ngwakọta nke ochie na nke ọhụrụ, omenala Africa na Portuguese, anụ ahụ na ike. Egwu Cesária Évora na-agbaso mgbanwe a na-apụghị izere ezere na ọmarịcha odida obodo nke Fogo, Cape Verde dị ka ọmarịcha. == Nkedo == * João Lourenço - Eusébio * Camacho Costa - Felisberto * Luísa Cruz - Esmeralda * Filipe Ferrer - Alberto * Betina Lopes - Soila * Cecília Guimarães - Nha Noca * Marina Albuquerque * Henrique Espírito Santo - Governor * José Fanha - Carneiro * Laurinda Ferreira - Alice * Leandro Ferreira - Father Vitório * Isabel de Castro - Nha Caela * Teresa Madruga - Beliha * Luís Mascarenhas - Inspector * Mano Preto - Chiquinho * Carlos Rodrigues - Augusto Foleiro * Horácio Santos - Anacleto * Diogo Vasconcelos * Pedro Wilson - Dr. Vicente == Hapụ == E wepụtara ihe nkiri a na 1996 na Cape Verde<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/africa_%28Enciclopedia_del_Cinema%29/|title=Africa in "Encyclopedia of Cinema"|year=2003|publisher=Treccani|author=Gariazzo|first=Giuseppe|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref> == Ememme == * * * * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110404035927/http://www.milanofilmfestival.it/eng/ Milan Film Festival, Italy] (1997) * Ememme ihe nkiri nke Amiens International, November 10, 1997 * Best Original Score at FESPACO - Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (1997) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080428221354/http://www.ouff.org/ First Prize at Festival de Cine Internacional de Ourense, Spain] (1997) == Hụkwa == * Leão Lopes * Cinema of Cape Verde == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|0116609}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071128041159/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/136635/Ilheu-De-Contenda/overview New York Times review] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207105927/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/492234 BFI] === Akụkọ akụkọ === * [http://www0.rtp.pt/programas-rtp/index.php?p_id=13143&e_id=&c_id=8&dif=tv At RTP (Portuguese Broadcasting Network)] * [http://cinecartaz.publico.pt/Filme/18743_ilheu-de-contenda News in ''Público'' (article in Portuguese)] * [http://www.portalangop.co.ao/motix/pt_pt/noticias/africa/Filme-quot-Ilheu-Contenda-quot-Bienal-Culturas-Lusofonas-quot-Malaposta-quot,473f3621-3373-40be-8ed0-03bc8d850bd0.html News at ''2ª Bienal de Culturas Lusófonas na Malaposta'' (article in Portuguese)] * [http://brito-semedo.blogs.sapo.cv/51934.html 'Ilhéu de Contenda' (article in Portuguese)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175044/http://deambularlivre.blogspot.com/2006/02/ilhu-de-contenda-o-romance-e-o-filme.html No blog ''Deambulações'' (article in Portuguese)] rmswsvpc6tp44uopaflgq8g11hnycvh Ịlaghachi Bollene 0 38317 195425 153574 2024-11-19T11:04:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195425 wikitext text/x-wiki . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Return to Bollene (Retour à Bollène)|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/film/341650/|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=[[Cineuropa]]|language=en}}</ref> Nlaghachi na Bollene bụ ihe nkiri 2018 Franco-Moroccan nke Saïd Hamich duziri.  Ihe nkiri a na-esote pasta Nassim, onye dị afọ 30 nke la n'azụ n'obodo ya nke Bollène, nkeji ya na ọnọdụ n'okpuru ngwaọrụ nke South, na dị njọ na nna ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Retour à Bollène|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/retour-a-bollene/2030057833/|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=TVGuide.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Return to Bollene de Saïd Hamich (2018) - Unifrance|url=https://japan.unifrance.org/%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB/45461/return-to-bollene|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=japan.unifrance.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Return to Bollene|url=https://www.famousfix.com/topic/return-to-bollene|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=FamousFix.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Return to Bollene de Saïd Hamich (2018) - Unifrance|url=https://es.unifrance.org/pelicula/45461/return-to-bollene|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=es.unifrance.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=LA MER AU LOIN|url=https://atlasateliers.marrakech-festival.com/en/selection/2022/la-mer-au-loin|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=Atlas Ateliers|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mii6tv|url=https://mii6tv.com/titles/147377/return-to-bollene|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=mii6tv.com|archivedate=2024-02-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220054911/https://mii6tv.com/titles/147377/return-to-bollene}}</ref>Nassim, onye ya na kpà ọ ga-alụ agha bi ugbu a na Abu Dhabi, na-eche ihe ịma aka nke oge gara aga na ugbu a ihu ka ọ na-eme njem n'okwu ndị agha nkịtị na eze na ndị agha agha  nke obodo ya.  Ihe nkiri a na-egosi ihe ngosi, ọnọdụ, na egbochi mgbasa na eze na-egosi onwe onye. . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Brody|first=Richard|date=2019-05-10|title=“Return to Bollène,” Reviewed: An Arab Man’s Painful Homecoming in the South of France|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/return-to-bollene-reviewed-an-arab-mans-painful-homecoming-in-the-south-of-france|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Retour à Bollène-en – Barney Production|url=https://barneyproduction.com/en/blog/2018/05/30/1805_retour-a-bollene-en/|accessdate=2024-02-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-18|title=Screen International Berlin 2018 Day 4 by Media Business Insight - Issuu|url=https://issuu.com/mb-insight/docs/screen_international_berlin_day_4_e4cf3ed7565469|accessdate=2024-02-20|work=issuu.com|language=en}}</ref>Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, Laghachi na Bollene ike dị mma.  Muriel Joudet si In the world toro ihe nkiri a maka nlere anya nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo ọ so na ya.  Julien Gester si na Libération kwuputara echiche echiche nke ihe nkiri ahụ n'ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ.  Otú ọ dị, Pierre Vavasseur si Le Parisien mmetụta ụfọdụ ndakpọ na omimi nke ahụ s8y0y37dh7etplbb8yq9vi7anvwlw3t Paula Fray 0 38997 195280 190254 2024-11-18T16:52:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Paula_Fray.jpg|thumb| Paula Fray, CEO nke '''fray''' intermedia na '''fray''' kọleji.]] {{Databox}}'''Paula Maria Fray''' mụrụ {{Birth date and age|1966|4|6}} bụ onye nta akụkọ South Africa, onye ọchụnta ego na onye nkuzi mmepe mgbasa ozi. Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Saturday Star nke South Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-08-04|title=Book of SA Women: Media|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2009-08-04-sa-women-media/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wright|first=Joanna|date=2013-08-27|title=The Media celebrates women in media|url=https://themediaonline.co.za/2013/08/the-media-celebrates-women-in-media/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=The Media Online|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ndabere == A mụrụ Fray na Mthatha na mpaghara Eastern Cape nke South Africa wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Holy Trinity Primary School na Elsies River. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Athlone, na-agụ akwụkwọ na 1983 ịga Mahadum Rhodes . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ akụ na ụba na Mahadum Rhodes na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1986 na nzere bachelọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name=":0"/> Site na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA), Fray nwetara asambodo na ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ iwu na 1996 ma emesịa, ọ malitere nzere masta na nchịkwa azụmahịa na 2008. <ref name=":0" /> Na mbu na 2000, akpọrọ ya onye Nieman Fellow na Mahadum Harvard maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ 2000 – 2001. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Foreign Journalists Join Neiman Fellows {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2000/5/24/foreign-journalists-join-neiman-fellows-ptwelve/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na June 1999, Fray ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nwanyị mbụ nke South Africa [https://www.independentmedia.co.za/our-brands/newspapers/saturday-star/ Saturday Star] akwụkwọ akụkọ, ọkwa ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee sonye na Blackrock Communications dị ka onye isi ọrụ. Na 2005, Fray tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo Fray na Associates (Paula Fray & Associates), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=The New Humanitarian welcomes Paula Fray as new board president|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/new-humanitarian-welcomes-paula-fray-new-board-president|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=Paula Fray|url=https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/team/paula-fray/|accessdate=2023-04-28|work=New Voices Fellowship|language=en-US}}</ref> taa a maara dị ka [https://www.frayintermedia.com/ '''fray''' intermedia] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=frayintermedia|date=2020-03-26|title=Join our #LockdownJournal challenge|url=https://www.frayintermedia.com/post/join-our-lockdownjournal-challenge|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=frayintermedia|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627075841/https://www.frayintermedia.com/post/join-our-lockdownjournal-challenge}}</ref> Fray hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji meziwanye ụkpụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, n'ịghọta na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche na nka ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ukwuu yana site n'ịkwado usoro na mgbanwe kachasị ọhụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ewepụta onwe ya iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọdịnala ọdịnala. . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-11-10|title=Fray Intermedia: Paula Fray|url=https://www.experthub.info/success/success-stories/snapshots/fray-intermedia-paula-fray/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=ExpertHub|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728211806/https://www.experthub.info/success/success-stories/snapshots/fray-intermedia-paula-fray/}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2008, a họpụtara Fray ka ọ bụrụ Inter Press Service Regional Director maka Africa ebe ọ jere ozi ruo Mee 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ferial Haffajee appointed as chairperson of the Inter Press Service Africa board|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/9259/ferial-haffajee-appointed-as-chairperson-of-the-inter-press-service-africa-board|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Media Update|date=10 March 2008|language=en}}</ref> Ọ weghaara dị ka CEO nke '''fray''' intermedia ma rụọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ na ndụmọdụ na mgbakwunye na ije ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye nlekọta maka òtù dị iche iche na atumatu. Site na 2012 ruo 2016 Fray bụ onye nlekọta nke [https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/ BrandSA] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mafika|date=2008-05-16|title=Brand South Africa Trustees|url=https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/about-brand-south-africa/brand-south-africa-trustees|accessdate=2020-07-30|work=Brand South Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye nta akụkọ Ombud: South African Press Council malite na Jenụwarị 2016 ruo Jenụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Press Ombudsman|url=http://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/prince-mokotedi-vs-daily-maverick-3011|accessdate=2020-07-30|work=presscouncil.org.za|archivedate=2024-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314051925/http://presscouncil.org.za/Ruling/View/prince-mokotedi-vs-daily-maverick-3011}}</ref> Na 2018, mgbe nnukwu uto na ọchịchọ maka ọzụzụ na ndụmọdụ nke '''fray''' intermedia na-enye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wepụrụ ụlọ ọrụ nwanne ya nwanyị, [https://www.fraycollege.com/ kọleji '''fray'''] <ref>{{Cite web|title=Online Media and Communications Training {{!}} Fraycollege {{!}} Africa|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en}}</ref> nke na-enye ọtụtụ nkuzi e-Learning <ref>{{Cite web|title=eLearning {{!}} Fraycollege {{!}} Africa|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/elearning|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815071815/https://www.fraycollege.com/elearning}}</ref> yana in- klaasị onye Fray n'onwe ya kuziri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Communications training {{!}} journalism training|url=https://www.fraycollege.com/training|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=fraycollege|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918063147/https://www.fraycollege.com/training}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye isi oche nke The New Humanitarian . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=The New Humanitarian welcomes Paula Fray as new board president|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/new-humanitarian-welcomes-paula-fray-new-board-president|accessdate=2020-07-31|work=The New Humanitarian|language=en}}</ref> Fray na-ejekwa ozi ugbu a dị ka onye nnọchi anya ọha na [https://www.presscouncil.org.za/ Press Council of South Africa] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tshabalala|first=Tshepo|date=2018-02-08|title=Press Council appoints Latiefa Mobara as new executive director|url=https://journalism.co.za/press-council-appoints-latiefa-mobara-as-new-executive-director/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=Journalism.co.za|language=en-GB}}</ref> na dịka onye isi oche maka [https://africacheck.org/ nyocha Africa] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Press Ombudsman|url=https://www.presscouncil.org.za/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=www.presscouncil.org.za}}</ref> Na 2019 ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere [https://www.accountabilitylab.org/about-us/country-office-south-africa/ Accountability Lab South Africa] ma na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu bọọdụ. === Ajuju banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntị mgbasa ozi === Na 1998 South African Human Rights Commission natara arịrịọ sitere na Black Lawyers Association (BLA) na Association of Black Accountants of South Africa (ABASA) iji nyochaa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ na Johannesburg, Mail na Guardian na Sunday Times . Ọtụtụ ndị editọ, gụnyere Fray, ka anabatara na mkpegharị ikpe ahụ. Mgbe mkparịta ụka gasịrị, ndị editọ kwetara ịgba akaebe. <ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=August 2000|title=SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION|work=FAULTLINES: INQUIRY INTO RACISM IN THE MEDIA|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf|accessdate=28 July 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf "SOUTH AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FAULTLINES: INQUIRY INTO RACISM IN THE MEDIA''. August 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Fray kwuru, "na echere m ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, akụkụ nke ọzọ nke mmekọahụ bụ mmegbu nke ime ihe na ọ ga-abụ nnọọ ihe nzuzu ka m chee na mgbe m banyere na Saturday Star dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nwanyị ojii nke m na-ejighị m ụzọ ụfọdụ. na-eche echiche, otu ụzọ arụ ọrụ nke emepụtara site na ọtụtụ afọ nke ikwere na m bụ nwanyị na ihe a niile jikọtara ya na ịbụ nwa na nwanyị". <ref name=":02" /> N'August 2000, kọmịshọn ahụ weputara akụkọ ' [https://www.sahrc.org.za/home/21/files/Reports/Racismin%20the%20media.pdf2000.pdf Fultlines: Ajụjụ banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mgbasa ozi] ' na nchọpụta ha. Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na "Enwere ike ịkọwa mgbasa ozi South Africa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" mana ọ gara n'ihu na-arịba ama "anyị ahụbeghị ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke mgbasa ozi bụ isi na-etinye aka n'ịkwado ịkpọasị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ịkpali ime ihe ike agbụrụ" <ref name=":02"/> === Ihe nrite na ihe nrite === Mahadum Rhodes na-asọpụrụ Alumni Award 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni awards – JMS50|url=https://jms50.ru.ac.za/alumni-awards/|accessdate=2023-09-07|language=en-ZA}}</ref> SANEF Stephen Wrottesley Award 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Wrottesley » SANEF {{!}} Protecting Media Freedom|url=https://sanef.org.za/stephen-wrottesley/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=SANEF {{!}} Protecting Media Freedom|language=en-US}}</ref> PDMSA 2015 Bipute & Digital Media SA Fellows <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Peter Magubane honoured at 2015 Standard Bank Sikuvile Journalism Awards|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/79398/dr-peter-magubane-honoured-at-2015-standard-bank-sikuvile-journalism-awards|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=Media Update|date=30 June 2015|language=en}}</ref> Klas ụmụ nwanyị na-emeri azụmaahịa EY nke 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-24|title=EY launches Entrepreneurial Winning Women Class of 2015|url=https://www.experthub.info/news/experthub-today/ey-launches-entrepreneurial-winning-women-class-of-2015/|accessdate=2020-07-28|work=ExpertHub|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-07-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728210210/https://www.experthub.info/news/experthub-today/ey-launches-entrepreneurial-winning-women-class-of-2015/}}</ref> Ahọpụtara dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Elle “The Elle 30” (January 2000) <ref name=":0"/> Cosmopolitan's "21 maka narị afọ nke 21: SA's Awesome Young Women" (December 1999) Onyinye Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ahịa 1991 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Paula Maria Fray - South African Journalists' Wiki|url=http://zajournos.wikifoundry.com/page/Paula+Maria+Fray|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=zajournos.wikifoundry.com|archivedate=2020-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210152433/http://zajournos.wikifoundry.com/page/Paula+Maria+Fray}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''zajournos.wikifoundry.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Award Checkers/Shoprite Investigative Journalism (N'ozuzu) 1991 Ihe nrite Checkers Merit 1988 <ref name=":0"/> Trophy Olleman (Argus Cadet na-ekwe nkwa) 1987 <ref name=":0"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Fray lụrụ Desmond Latham ma bụrụ nne mụrụ ụmụ atọ. <ref name=":0"/> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sibxq3s40osxivffppvv2wh1z8ny6tb Zulfat Suara 0 39842 195419 182758 2024-11-19T09:52:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Zulfat Suara|image=Zulfat Suara (1).jpg|caption=|birth_name=<!-- same as name -->|birth_place=[[Ibadan, Nigeria]]|children=5|education=[[The Polytechnic, Ibadan]]}} {{Databox}}'''Zulfat Suara''' bụ onye Naijiria-American onye ndọrọndọrọ, nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na Septemba 2019, ọ ghọrọ [[Ndi áláküba|onye Alakụba]] izizi ka ahọpụtara na Ọchịchị Obodo Nashville na Davidson County <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara becomes first Muslim elected to Nashville office, winning at-large Metro Council seat|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2019/09/12/nashville-metro-council-at-large-election-results/2269428001/|accessdate=2021-10-24|work=Tennessean|language=en-US}}</ref> na onye mbubata mbubata họpụtara n'ọkwa buru ibu. Ọ bụkwa nwanyị Alakụba mbụ a họpụtara na steeti Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara claims victory, becoming first Muslim elected to Nashville city government|url=https://fox17.com/news/local/zulfat-suara-becomes-first-muslim-elected-to-nashville-city-government|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Fox 17|date=12 September 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Nigerian may become first Muslim lawmaker in American state|url=https://guardian.ng/news/a-nigerian-may-become-first-muslim-lawmaker-in-american-state/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=The Guardian|date=8 August 2019|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302034605/https://guardian.ng/news/a-nigerian-may-become-first-muslim-lawmaker-in-american-state/}}</ref> na nwanyị Naijiria mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa ọ bụla na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara For Metro Council At-Large – Nashville, TN|url=https://zulfatsuara.com/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Zulfat Suara {{!}} Metro Council At-Large|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103011427/https://zulfatsuara.com/}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ == Suara si [[Ibadan|Ibadan, Nigeria]] . Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ma bụrụ Amira maka kọleji na ngalaba steeti nke Muslim Students Society of Nigeria . Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Higher National Diploma in Accountancy with High Honors (Upper Credit) na [[Polytechnic, Ibadan|The Polytechnic, Ibadan]] . Ọ bịara US na 1993 mgbe enyere di ya mkpakọrịta na Mahadum Vanderbilt . Mgbe ọ kwagara Tennessee, ọ nwetara asambodo District nke Columbia Certified Public Accountant (CPA) na 1996 yana ikike ikike CPA steeti Tennessee na 1999. Ruo afọ abụọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ oge niile dị ka CPA maka KPMG na Nashville. <ref>{{Cite web|title=In 2001, friends and co-workers kept Zulfat Suara and her family from being hungry and homeless|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2020/02/10/nashville-council-zulfat-suara-serves-pay-back/4625473002/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Tennessean|language=en-US}}</ref> Suara mechara guzobe ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ego nke ya na ọtụtụ gọọmentị mpaghara na mpaghara West Tennessee rụkọrọ ọrụ. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke onyinye na nkwekọrịta na Meharry Medical College . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/zulfat-suara-a7213183/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Linkedin|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership Tennessee Announces New Class featuring Chamber Staff and Members|url=https://www.nashvillechamber.com/blog/2020/leadership-tennessee-announces-new-class-featuring-chamber-staff-and-members|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Nashville Area Chamber of Congress|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntinye aka obodo == N'etiti 2009 na 2011, Suara jere ozi abụọ dị ka onye isi ala nke azụmahịa na ndị ọkachamara Women's Foundation (BPW). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hear what members have to say about BPW/TN|url=http://www.bpwtn.org/members-stories.html|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Business and Professional Women-TN|language=en-US}}</ref> Site na ọrụ a, ọ ghọrọ ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị Tennessee na oche ugwu ruo afọ asaa, na-eduga mmemme kwa afọ nke na-enye ndị otu nkwado ụmụ nwanyị ohere igosi ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tennessee ozugbo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Contributor – Women's Day On The Hill Draws Crowd|url=https://thenextdoor.org/contributor-womens-day-hill-draws-crowd/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=The Next Door|date=13 March 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Suara bụkwa onye otu bọọdụ nke Women's Fund of Community Foundation of Middle TN, <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Women's Fund Board|url=https://www.cfmt.org/community-leadership/community-initiative/the-womens-fund/board/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=The Community Foundation of Middle Tennessee|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120152541/https://www.cfmt.org/community-leadership/community-initiative/the-womens-fund/board/}}</ref> onye otu bọọdụ 2020 nke Women Business Collaborative, na onye na-ekwu okwu kwa afọ na Machị ụmụ nwanyị Tennessee. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Estimated 15,000 come out for women's march 2.0|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/estimated-15-000-come-out-for-womens-march-2-0/article_69d65705-2fe7-54e8-8f95-04488d0535ce.html|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Nashville Scene|date=20 January 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Third annual statewide Women's March in Nashville this weekend|url=https://clarksvillenow.com/local/third-annual-statewide-womens-march-in-nashville-this-weekend/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=ClarksvilleNOW|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2015, a kpọbatara ya n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Nwanyị Tennessee . Na 2004, Suara malitere Hardeman County, Tennessee Isi nke Junior Achievement iji kwalite ohere mmụta na nsonaazụ na ime obodo Tennessee. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tennessee Achiever|url=http://www.pdfs.bpwtn.com/Publications/Newsletters/Achiever/2014-01.pdf|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Business and Professional Women-TN|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara|url=https://www.nwpc.org/zulfat-suara/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=National Women's Political Caucus|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814032927/https://www.nwpc.org/zulfat-suara/}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ọ meriri ihe nrite onye isi ndị isi FBI Community Leadership na Jenụwarị 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Memphis-Zulfat Suara|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about/community-outreach/dcla/2015/memphis-zulfat-suara|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Federal Bureau of Investigation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ntọala PENCIL na Nashville, TN. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Leadership|url=https://pencilforschools.org/leadership/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=PENCIL|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nnata nke National Education Association's Mary Hatwood Futrell Human Rights Award (2020). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nashville Councilwoman Zulfat Suara wins National Education Association civil rights award|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2020/07/02/nashville-councilwoman-zulfat-suara-wins-national-civil-rights-award/3283437001/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Tennessean|language=en-US}}</ref> Suara sokwa na American Muslim Advisory Council (AMAC), nzukọ emebere ka ọ bụrụ nzaghachi na ụgwọ "emegide Shariah" na 2012. E wezụga ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye guzobere nzukọ a, ọ bụ onye isi site na 2012-2016 na 2018-2019, na 2021 ọ bụ onye na-echekwa AMAC. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership|url=https://www.amactn.org/who-we-are|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=American Muslim Advisory Council|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2018, Islamic Society of North America ghọtara ya dị ka ISNA Muslim Advocate nke afọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Your Money at Work|url=https://isna.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/18-Year-End-Newsletter-NB.pdf|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Islamic Society of North America|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Ọchịchị obodo === Suara buru ụzọ zọọ ọkwa n'afọ 2014 dịka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi nke Hardeman County School Board. Mgbasa ozi ya họpụtara ya dị ka nwanyị Alakụba mbụ ga-azọ ọkwa ọ bụla na steeti Tennessee. Ọ kwụsịrị ntuli aka ahụ na 41% nke votu megide onyeisi oche nke bọọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=County-by-county and state primary results|url=https://www.jacksonsun.com/story/news/politics/elections/2014/08/08/county-county-state-primary-results/13762369/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ malitere mkpọsa nke abụọ ya dị ka onye ndoro-ndoro maka Nashville Metro Council . N'ịkwalite “Nashville maka mmadụ niile”, ọ kpalitere maka mmejuputa mmemme gọọmentị na-ahụ maka mmefu ego, itinye ego dabere na obodo, yana nweta nkwalite mmụta dị mma maka ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'oge mkpọsa ya, Suara chere mgbagha ihu n'ihi okpukperechi ya, ọbụna na-anata egwu ọnwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Council Candidate Tries to Ignore Her Anti-Muslim Harassers|url=https://www.nashvillescene.com/news/pithinthewind/council-candidate-tries-to-ignore-her-anti-muslim-harassers/article_c5147fe1-3adc-51a0-b299-41cf425a3de3.html|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Nashville Scene|date=28 June 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Muslim Advocates Condemns Anti-Muslim Harassment and Threats on Rashida Tlaib, Qasim Rashid & Zulfat Suara|url=https://muslimadvocates.org/2019/07/muslim-advocates-condemns-anti-muslim-harassment-and-threats-on-rashida-tlaib-qasim-rashid-zulfat-suara/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Muslim Advocates|date=2 July 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye ihe karịrị puku vootu 34, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Zulfat_Suara|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Ballotpedia|language=en-US}}</ref> meriri oche Metro Council wee bụrụ nwanyị Alakụba mbụ a họpụtara na steeti Tennessee <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara claims victory, becoming first Muslim elected to Nashville city government|url=https://fox17.com/news/local/zulfat-suara-becomes-first-muslim-elected-to-nashville-city-government|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Fox17|date=12 September 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A Nigerian may become first Muslim lawmaker in American state|url=https://guardian.ng/news/a-nigerian-may-become-first-muslim-lawmaker-in-american-state/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=The Guardian|date=8 August 2019|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302034605/https://guardian.ng/news/a-nigerian-may-become-first-muslim-lawmaker-in-american-state/}}</ref> na nwanyị Nigeria mbụ a họpụtara n'ọfịs ọ bụla na United States. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara For Metro Council At-Large – Nashville, TN|url=https://zulfatsuara.com/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Zulfat Suara {{!}} Metro Council At-Large|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103011427/https://zulfatsuara.com/}}</ref> Ọ ga-arụ ọrụ na Council ruo 2023. N'ọfịs, Suara jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke kọmitii na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ, osote onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Mmụta, na onye otu nke Budget/Finance, Audit, and Personnel/Public Relations kọmitii. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Metropolitan Council Committees|url=https://www.nashville.gov/departments/council/council-committees|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwụ nke onye nnọchi anya John Robert Lewis nwụsịrị, Suara duziri mgbalị iji sọpụrụ onye omeiwu nwụrụ anwụ wee gosipụta ọrụ Nashville na mmegharị ikike obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nashville to host dedication to civil rights icon John Lewis|url=https://apnews.com/article/tn-state-wire-john-lewis-nashville-ff83a63829e6bde95cbd86a1b4f7266d|accessdate=2022-01-03|work=NBC News|date=7 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ịrụ ọrụ na ndị obere obere na ndị isi obodo ndị ọzọ, ọ kwadoro iwu obodo na Nọvemba 2020 iji nyegharịa Fifth Avenue site na Jefferson Street ruo I-40 gaa na Rep. John Lewis Way. A nabatara aha ọhụrụ a n'afọ mbụ nke ọnwụ Rep. Lewis. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nashville renames prominent city street 'Rep. John Lewis Way' after late civil rights icon|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nashville-renames-prominent-city-street-rep-john-lewis-way-after-n1246778|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=NBC News|date=6 November 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọchịchị steeti na mba === Suara na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-echekwa ego nke National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara|url=https://www.nwpc.org/zulfat-suara/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=National Women's Political Caucus|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814032927/https://www.nwpc.org/zulfat-suara/}}</ref> Tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ a, ọ jere ozi dịka Onye-isi-nhọpụta nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị Tennessee. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye na-echekwa ego na osote onye isi oche nke atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọgbakọ ahụ na ọkwa steeti. N'afọ 2020, Suara bụ onye so na kọmitii Platform DNC, ebe o debere ndezigharị gbasara ọgwụgwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba ofesi ghọrọ akụkụ nke ikpo okwu mba pati ahụ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche steeti Tennessee nke mkpọsa onye isi oche Bernie Sanders na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bernie Sanders Campaign Announces Co-Chairs Across All Super Tuesday States|url=https://blog.4president.org/2020/2020/02/bernie-sanders-campaign-announces-co-chairs-across-all-super-tuesday-states.html|accessdate=2021-01-03|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919002547/https://blog.4president.org/2020/2020/02/bernie-sanders-campaign-announces-co-chairs-across-all-super-tuesday-states.html}}</ref> === Na-agba akaebe n'ihu kọmitii nke ụlọ US === Na Maachị 1, 2022, Zulfat, ya na ndị isi obodo ndị ọzọ gbara akaebe n'ihu Kọmiti Ụlọ na-ahụ maka Iwu, ikike obodo, na nnwere onwe obodo na ịkpa oke na ikike obodo nke ndị Alakụba, Arab, na South Asia Communities. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Discrimination and the Civil Rights of the Muslim, Arab, and South Asian American Communities {{!}} U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee|url=https://judiciary.house.gov/calendar/eventsingle.aspx?EventID=4857|accessdate=2022-09-08|work=judiciary.house.gov|language=en}}</ref> Ihe akaebe Zulfat dere na nke ọnụ gosipụtara ọtụtụ ihe ịkpa oke n'ime obodo ndị Alakụba na mpaghara, steeti na gọọmentị etiti. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Suara|first=Zulfat|date=2022-03-01|title=Suara Testimony|url=https://docs.house.gov/meetings/JU/JU10/20220301/114438/HMTG-117-JU10-Wstate-SuaraZ-20220301.pdf|accessdate=2022-09-08|work=Judiciary.house.gov}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Zulfat Suara lụrụ Dr. Rahaman Suara na 1990. Ha si na Naijiria kwaga na 1993 wee biri na ụmụ ha ise na Nashville, TN. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zulfat Suara|url=https://zulfatsuara.com/bio/|accessdate=2021-01-03|work=Zulfat Suara {{!}} Metro Council At-Large|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112051050/https://zulfatsuara.com/bio/}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8mivh2bovb4j1k3l8w4cmarclrd7y1b Samuel A. Simon 0 40308 195330 158144 2024-11-18T23:14:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195330 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theactualdance.weebly.com/company.html |title=''The Actual Dance website'', retrieved September 29, 2019 |accessdate=April 3, 2024 |archivedate=September 17, 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917163648/https://theactualdance.weebly.com/company.html }}</ref>Samuel A. Simon bụ onye America na-ede egwuregwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye edemede, na onye na-eduzi onye na-akwado mba na onye edemede maka ndị nkụzi na-enyere aka ikpe ziri ezi. <ref>[http://www.abouttheartists.com/artists/463896-samuel-a-simon ''About the Artists'' website, retrieved September 29, 2019]</ref> == Ọrụ == === Afọ mbụ === Simon toro na El Paso, Texas;  ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Mesita, na 1963 akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na El Paso High School .  Ọ gara n'ihu gụchaa na Mahadum Texas na El Paso, wee nwere akara ugo ojiji JD na Mahadum Texas Law School dị na Austin . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ephs63.com/class_profile.cfm?member_id=5663045 |title=El Paso High School website, retrieved October 2, 2019 |accessdate=April 3, 2024 |archivedate=February 4, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204023538/http://www.ephs63.com/class_profile.cfm?member_id=5663045 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://theactualdance.weebly.com/actual-blog/the-actual-dance-of-el-paso-broken-hearts-guns |title=''The Actual Dance'' website, retrieved October 2, 2019 |accessdate=April 3, 2024 |archivedate=October 3, 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003030403/https://theactualdance.weebly.com/actual-blog/the-actual-dance-of-el-paso-broken-hearts-guns }}</ref> === Nkwado ndị ahịa === <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/29/archives/naderraiding-no-plush-job.html?searchResultPosition=1 ''Nader‐Raiding No Plush Job'', by Nan Robertson, The New York Times, January 29, 1971, retrieved September 29, 2019]</ref>Mgbe ọ dị afọ 25, ọ ntọala onye ntọala nke Nader's Raiders, otu nri ọha na eze dị elu na Nkwado Nkwado nke Ralph Nader na-edu nke nchacha nke ọma Federal Trade Commission .  N'ihi ọrụ otu ahụ, FTC ego ma mesie ike akara ndị akara ya na mmanye ihu obi Ọ gbara na Congress, [1] wee bipụta ọtụtụ ndị na akwụkwọ gbasara okwu Nkwado ndị aha.  [2] [3] [4] Na 1980s, ọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke National Citizens Committee for Broadcasting, otu mba na-akwado nkwado Nader nke dọtara uche na ime ihe ike gabigara ókè na mmemme TV .  [5] Otu a, nke na-agbasikarị ike na okwu gbasara ego, [6] na-anọ na-eso, na-mgbe nkewa nke AT&T monopoly — onye ọrụ inye ndị na-azụ kaadị ozi iji ọrụ ọrụ ogologo oge nke ndị na  -ebu dị iche iche na-enye<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1984/08/05/choosing-a-phone-company/ca15ec2f-98c5-4606-9c30-280c1a71b53f/ ''Choosing A Phone Company'', by Elizabeth Tucker, The Washington Post, August 5, 1984, retrieved September 29, 2019]</ref> === Ụlọ ihe nkiri === Simon dere egwuregwu nke onwe ya siri ike na 2012 egosi The Actual Dance, bụ nke na-akọ ihe mgbaàmà uche nke mmetụta nke mgbe ihe na-egosi nwere ọrịa ara.  "Ọ dị mwute mgbe mmetụta obi abụọ n'anya chere ihu ihu ibe ha n'ihi ọrịa na-eyi ndụ egwu," ọ gwara onye nta aka Houston na 2018. [1] Emere egwuregwu a ọtụtụ ugboro eje 2013. === Na-ede === <ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 Medalists- General Categories 1-58|url=https://ippyawards.com/164/2022-medalists|accessdate=2022-07-27|work=ippyawards.com|archivedate=2022-08-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815013303/https://ippyawards.com/164/2022-medalists}}</ref>N’October, 2021, Simon akwado The Actual Dance, ihe ebe ihe dabere egwuregwu nke otu aha ahụ, "kwuru site n'anya na obi di ka ọ na-adagha na egwu ya njọ n'oge ihe onye ọ na-agha na-  atụ anya na ọ ga-abụ agha na-efunahụ nri ya.  [1] Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ onye mmeri nke 2022 IPPY Bronze Medal maka ọgbakọ gbasara ịka nká / ịnwụ na ịnwụ. == Nkeonwe == Nna Simon bụ onye na-ere aha na-eje n'ejegharị, nne ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-edebe akwụkwọ.  Na 1966, ọ ngosi ya, Susan (née Kalmans), onye bụbu onye nkuzi na onye ọrụ uche.  Ha bi ugbu a na McLean, Virginia, ma nwee ụmụ abụọ toro eto na ụmụ ụmụ anọ.  Nwa ha nwoke, Marcus Simon, bụ onye steeti na-eje ozi na Virginia;  nwa ha amụrụ, Dr. Rachael Simon Proper, bụ hazi ezé na Catonsville, Maryland <ref>[https://health.usnews.com/dentists/rachael-simon-1634377 U.S. News Health medical professionals listing, retrieved October 2, 2019]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ephs63.com/class_profile.cfm?member_id=5663045 |title=El Paso High School profiles, retrieved October 2, 2019 |accessdate=April 3, 2024 |archivedate=February 4, 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204023538/http://www.ephs63.com/class_profile.cfm?member_id=5663045 }}</ref> Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo ya.  Na 2016, Gọvanọ Terry McAuliffe nchọpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ ndị isi oche nke Virginia Recreational Facilities Authority <ref>[https://www.insidenova.com/news/fairfax/mclean-great-falls-notes-edition/article_eb8fe678-96ab-11e6-8d9a-6f9c546994cc.html ''Inside NOVA'', October 20, 2016, retrieved September 2019]</ref> <ref>[https://law.lis.virginia.gov/authorities/virginia-recreational-facilities-authority-act/ Virginia Recreational Facilities Authority Act, retrieved September 29, 2019]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jw6wgtwke7joh83on6n2ezgc2c3pe32 Osisi ndị a na-akpọ Tiguerones 0 40943 195269 158563 2024-11-18T14:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195269 wikitext text/x-wiki   Los Tiguerones bụ òtù mpụ Ecuadorian nke na-ahụ maka ọrụ ndị ọrụ ọgwụ, igbu ọchụ, na mpụ ndị ọzọ.  Ndị otu a kewara na Los Choneros na 2020, yana Los Lobos na Los Chone Killers mgbe ogbugbu nke onye ndu Los Choneros Jorge Luis Zambrano .  Otu a dabere na Esmeraldas . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Mgbe e gburu onye isi Los Choneros Zambrano na 2020, Los Chone Killers na ọtụtụ ndị otu ndị ọzọ kewara n'ihi nghọtahie na onye isi José Adolfo Macías Villamar.[1]  Ọgba aghara na mgbuchapụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ dị n'ofe Ecuador dara ka nkewa nkewa gasịrị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Medina|first=Fernando|date=February 23, 2021|title=Los Pipos, Los Lobos, Los Chone Killers y Los Tiguerones desencadenaron los ataques que terminaron con la vida de 62 presos, segun autoridades|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/seguridad/bandas-criminales-carceles-muerte-violencia.html|accessdate=January 10, 2024|work=El Comercio}}</ref> Na 2021, Los Tiguerones, yana ndị otu ndị ọzọ chọrọ aka na Los Choneros, Los Chone Killers, Los Pipos, na Los Lobos, njikọ njikọ nke ihuenyo Nueva Generación mgbe ha na Jalisco New Generation Cartel aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title=Choneros|url=http://insightcrime.org/ecuador-organized-crime-news/los-choneros/|accessdate=2024-01-10|work=InSight Crime|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-08|title=Lobos|url=https://insightcrime.org/ecuador-organized-crime-news/lobos-ecuador/|accessdate=2023-08-11|work=InSight Crime|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Solano|first=Allen Panchana And Gonzalo|date=2021-11-14|title=Signs abounded that deadly Ecuador prison attack was coming|url=https://www.cp24.com/world/signs-abounded-that-deadly-ecuador-prison-attack-was-coming-1.5665976?cache=%2F7.471810%3FclipId%3D104070%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue|accessdate=2024-01-10|work=CP24|archivedate=2022-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130202851/https://www.cp24.com/world/signs-abounded-that-deadly-ecuador-prison-attack-was-coming-1.5665976?cache=%2F7.471810%3FclipId%3D104070%3FautoPlay%3Dtrue}}</ref>Na 28 Septemba 2021, esemokwu dị n'etiti Los Lobos na Los Choneros na ụlọ mkpọrọ Litoral, Guayaquil, butere ọgbaghara nke gburu ndị mkpọrọ 123 ma merụọ ihe karịrị 80, bụrụ ọgba aghara ụlọ mkpọrọ kacha egbu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme Ecuador.[1]  N'ọgba aghara ahụ, ndị òtù Los Tiguerones wakporo ndị mkpọrọ n'ụlọ ezumike 1 na 3 ma gbupụ mmadụ ise n'ime ha isi.[2]  Los Chone Killers na Tiguerones gburu ndị mkpọrọ iri isii na asatọ na Nọvemba 2021 na ọgba aghara ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ mkpọrọ Litoral. == Hụkwa == * Tren de Aragua == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] c9vb3htza4o7dmhegsnyk59ojr9u9u6 Otu Ọrụ Na-enweghị Ebe Obibi 0 41430 195271 163912 2024-11-18T15:13:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195271 wikitext text/x-wiki Single Homeless Project bụ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere ndị na-alụ nwanyị di na London aka site na ndị mmadụ ebe obibi, inye nkwado na ebe obibi, ụdị agba, agba na ịbụ olu maka iwu. Na 2020–2021, Single Homeless Project kwadoro ihe karịrị ndị London 10,000 n'ofe mpaghara 32 niile, site na ịkwado ndị nọ na nsogbu ruo n'inyere ndị mmadụ aka iwere nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ maka nnwere onwe na ọrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Our mission, vision & values|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/values|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309101340/https://www.shp.org.uk/values}}</ref> Maka ndị na- mama ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịbụ ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi, Single Homeless Project na-enye mmemme dabere na obodo iji nyere ha aka idowe ụlọ ha.  Ndị mmadụ nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ, dị ka kansụl, ụlọ ụlọ, na ndị mbụ onwe, yana ndị na-anọ n'àkwà na nri ụtụtụ na ebe obibi ndị ọzọ nwa oge, ụlọ Ndị ọrụ na-enye nkwado na nsogbu ahụike uche na nke anụ ahụ, ụgwọ, ụgwọ ụlọ, na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, yana ọnọdụ nsogbu ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibute enweghị ebe obibi. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == .N'afọ 1975, Stuart Clark bụ nwoke na-achọ ebe obibi na onye nchoputa nke Single Homeless Project mere ka otu ụlọ obibi dị na Pimlico kwenye ka o jiri ihe were dị mee onwe ya na ndị ikom ise ndị ọzọ na- Man ebe  obibi, akpọ Dennis Handfield, mgbe onye na-akwado ụlọ mbikọ na.  E mechara mechara Camden Ngwongwo Pimlico bụ ntọala maka ihe ghọrọ Single Homeless Project. N'ihi onyinye enyemaka obodo, Single Homeless Project nwere ike guzobe onwe ya na 1977, mgbe ọ ghọrọ ọrụ ebere edebanyere aha na Stuart ghọrọ onye ọrụ mbụ akwụ ụgwọ. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Mgbe otu kwuputara mmechi nke nnukwu ụlọ ma nye ego maka obere ụlọ mbikọ na ọrụ ụlọ, Single Homeless Project butere ụzọ n'ụzọ ọzọ maka nsogbu ebe obibi, nke dabere na obere ụlọ agbanweela n'ichere otu ọnụ ụlọ kama nke ahụ.  .  nke ebe obibi.  Nke a na-achọrị mkpa, na-enye ndị bi na ya aka ọkụ nke ha na inye echiche nke 'echere'.  Kama 'mmelite onwe', Nkwado lekwasịrị anya n'ịwulite ikike ndị mmadụ ịga n'ihu na ibi ndụ onwe ha Ọ bụ ezie na Project enweghị ebe obibi agbanweela ọtụtụ ihe n'ime afọ iri ise gara aga, akụkọ ihe mere eme na mmalite na-aga n'ihu na-akwụ ụgwọ dị mkpa na-emetụta ọrụ ebere ahụ n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Our history|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/history|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308104734/https://www.shp.org.uk/history}}</ref> == Ọrụ na mmemme == === Ọrụ egwuregwu === Ọrụ egwuregwu ahụ ewepụtala gyms n'ime ụlọ na ọrụ Single Homeless Project, na-enye oge aerobic na yoga enwere ike ịnweta, ndozi igwe kwụ otu ebe na klọb ịgba ọsọ, ịkụ ọkpọ, bọọlụ, ịkụ azụ na egwuregwu tenis, na-agbagha akụkọ ifo ndị mmadụ na-enwe enweghị ebe obibi. enweghị mmasị na ma ọ bụ nwee ike isonye na egwuregwu. National Lottery Sport England, London Housing Foundation, na KKR enyela nnukwu ego, nkwado na nkwado na-aga n'ihu maka ọrụ a. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sport Project|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/Listing/Category/sports-project|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308104733/https://www.shp.org.uk/Listing/Category/sports-project}}</ref> === Na-emezu ndụ Islington na Camden (FLIC) === Imezu na ndụ Islington & Camden bụ mmemme akwadoro lọtrị apụta na Mee 2014 wee mechie na Mee 2022. Emebere ya iji kwado ndị mmadụ na-enwe ọtụtụ ndụ ma na-ahụ ike usoro iji edinam na-eme maka mmadụ ndị na-enweta  ọrụ N'ozuzu, mmemme ahụ egosipụtala nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, ma nwetakwa ọkwa dị elu nke njikọ aka na-adịgide adịgide na ndị mmadụ na-echekarị 'ọ siri ike itinye aka'. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fulfilling Lives in Islington and Camden|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/fulfillinglives|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308104735/https://www.shp.org.uk/fulfillinglives}}</ref> === Mmemme Ndụmọdụ ndị ọgbọ === Mmemme Ndụmọdụ Ndị Ọgbọ Otu Na-enweghị Ebe Obibi na-achọ ịṅomi mgbake a na-ahụ anya, ya na ndị ndụmọdụ ndị ọgbọ – ndị nwerela ahụmahụ nke enweghị ebe obibi – ịkwado na inye ndị ọzọ ike ịchịkwa mgbake ha. Ndị ndụmọdụ ọgbọ na-eji ahụmịhe ha na-akwado ndị ọzọ site na njem mgbake yiri nke ahụ, ma ọ bụ enweghị ebe obibi, iji ọgwụ eme ihe na mgbake na/ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike uche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Peer Mentor Programme|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/peer-mentor-programme|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308104735/https://www.shp.org.uk/peer-mentor-programme}}</ref> Na 2020, Project Kali, ọrụ lekwasịrị anya nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe enweghị ebe obibi na akụkọ mmejọ ewepụtara iji kwado ụmụ nwanyị nwere mkpa siri ike ịhapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Project Kali|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/about-project-kali|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164218/https://www.shp.org.uk/about-project-kali}}</ref>Ọrụ ahụ ahụla gosiri ìhè, yana 93% nke ụmụ ekiri na-akwado site na ọrụ na-akpasu iwe obere na ihe ọkara na- kpamkpam kpamkpam;  na 2021, e nyere oru ngo a 'Projectlessness Project of the Year' na UK Housing Awards. <ref>{{Cite web|title=And the winner is... Project Kali|url=https://www.shp.org.uk/News/the-winner-is-project-kali|accessdate=2022-03-08|work=Single Homeless Project|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164220/https://www.shp.org.uk/News/the-winner-is-project-kali}}</ref> === Mmemme ohere === ከፋchara na-enye ụzọ imekọ ihe ọnụ na ihe okike maka ndị na-enwe ebe obibi iji sonye nke ọma, ọrụ, kesaa na itolite.  Ahụmahụ ndụ dị mma enwetara, na-achọ tolitere, na-enye echiche ọhụrụ nke echiche, echiche obi na mma.  Ihe ndị a na- ọkwa mgbatị maka ndị mmadụ na mgbake ha == Hụkwa == * Ndị ọrụ ebere na-enweghị ebe obibi na United Kingdom * Enweghị ebe obibi na United Kingdom == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.shp.org.uk/ weebụsaịtị SHP] * [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p4viqckohm3m3qr83ldava12c21f3od Roseanne A. Brown 0 44312 195325 193894 2024-11-18T21:56:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195325 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Roseanne A. Brown''' (amụrụ Ọgọst 26, 1995) bụ onye Ghana onye America ode akwụkwọ akụkọ ifo, akụkọ sayensị na akụkọ ifo ndị okenye.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-30|title=Q&A With Roseanne A. Brown, A Psalm of Storms and Silence|url=https://diversebooks.org/qa-with-roseanne-a-brown-psalm/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=We Need Diverse Books|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụta mbụ ya bụ A Song of Wraiths and Ruin, nke ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma na New York Times., <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-31|title=Roseanne A. Brown Discusses A Song of Wraith and Ruin – The Children's Book Review|url=https://www.thechildrensbookreview.com/2020/08/rosanne-a-brown-discusses-a-song-of-wraith-and-ruin|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=www.thechildrensbookreview.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/roseanne-brown/a-song-of-wraiths-and-ruin/|title=A SONG OF WRAITHS AND RUIN {{!}} Kirkus Reviews|language=en}}</ref> na ihe sochiri ya, Abụ Ọma nke Oké Ifufe na Ịgbachi nkịtị . <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=SteveDunk|date=2021-11-04|title=Everything Is Canon: A Psalm Of Storms And Silence|url=https://www.cinelinx.com/off-beat/shows/everything-is-canon-a-psalm-of-storms-and-silence/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Cinelinx {{!}} Movies. Games. Geek Culture.|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=8 Best Young Adult SFF Duologies|url=https://culturedvultures.com/best-young-adult-sff-duologies/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Cultured Vultures|language=en-US}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Roseanne A. Brown na Kumasi, [[Ghana]] na nne na nna abụọ Ghana; nne ya si n'ebo Akan. Ọ kwagara na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=5 Questions with Roseanne A. Brown Author of A Song of Wraiths and Ruin|url=https://frolic.media/roseanne-a-brown-but-even-though-i-loved-fantasy-it-did-not-love-me-back/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Frolic|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208001604/https://frolic.media/roseanne-a-brown-but-even-though-i-loved-fantasy-it-did-not-love-me-back/}}</ref> Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara United States. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ malitere ide akụkọ ma gee ntị n'ọtụtụ akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka gụnyere nke [[Anansi]] nke nne na nna ya kọrọ.<ref name=":0"/> Brown gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Maryland na Bachelor's na Journalism ma bụrụkwa onye enyemaka nkuzi maka mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ Jiménez-Porter Writers" House. Brown edeela ọtụtụ ọrụ mgbasa ozi maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Voice of America . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Roseanne A Brown|url=https://roseanneabrown.com/about|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Roseanne A. Brown|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Brown nke sitere n'ihe nketa Ghana ya na akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, A Song of Wraiths and Ruin ka HarperCollins bipụtara n'afo 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manusos|first=Lyndsie|date=2020-08-20|title=25 Must-Read New Fantasy Books In 2020|url=https://bookriot.com/best-new-fantasy-books/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=BOOK RIOT|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ akwụkwọ kachasị mma nke Kirkus Reviews nke afo 2020 na akwụkwọ kachasị mma na New York Times. Ọ nwetara mmeghachi omume dị mma n'ozuzu. Ọ sochiri; A Psalm of Storms and Silence nke e bipụtara na Nọvemba n'afo 2021 <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=8 Best Young Adult SFF Duologies|url=https://culturedvultures.com/best-young-adult-sff-duologies/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Cultured Vultures|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=SteveDunk|date=2021-11-04|title=Everything Is Canon: A Psalm Of Storms And Silence|url=https://www.cinelinx.com/off-beat/shows/everything-is-canon-a-psalm-of-storms-and-silence/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Cinelinx {{!}} Movies. Games. Geek Culture.|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a mara ọkwa na Rick Riordan Presents enwetala ikike ibipụta Serwa Boateng's Guide to Vampire Hunting, akwụkwọ mbụ na usoro nke abụọ nke Brown dabere na akụkọ ifo Akan. A tọhapụrụ ya na Septemba 6, n'afo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Serwa Boateng’s Guide to Vampire Hunting (Serwa Boateng #1) by Roseanne Brown|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781368066365|work=PublishersWeekly.com|accessdate=8 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jones|first=Iyana|title=Series Openers: Six Authors on Their New Beginnings|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/90274-series-openers-six-authors-on-their-new-beginnings.html|work=PublishersWeekly.com|date=8 September 2022|accessdate=8 March 2023}}</ref> '''Ọrụ Ndị Ọzọ''' Na Disemba n'afo 2021, Marvel kwupụtara na Brown na ndị na-ese ihe osise Dika Araújo, Natacha Bustos na Claudia Aguirre ga-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ na-ese onyinyo nke dabeere na Black Panther nke akpọrọ Shuri na T'Challa: N'ime Heartlands . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Travel 'Into the Heartlands' with Shuri and T'Challa|url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/shuri-tchalla-black-panther-into-the-heartlands-graphic-novel|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Marvel Entertainment|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=shireenwrites|title=20 Really Great Graphic Novels Everyone Should Read In 2022|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/shireenwrites/graphic-novels-everyone-should-read-in-2022|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=BuzzFeed|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=B. G. N.|date=2021-11-19|title=New Wakanda Fantasy Book 'Shuri and T’Challa: Into the Heartlands' Arrives This Spring!|url=https://blackgirlnerds.com/new-wakanda-fantasy-book-shuri-and-tchalla-into-the-heartlands-arrives-this-spring/|accessdate=2022-02-08|work=Black Girl Nerds|language=en-US}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya na Eprel 19,n'afo 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asked & Answered with the Women of Marvel': Roseanne A. Brown|url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/culture-lifestyle/asked-answered-women-of-marvel-roseanne-a-brown|accessdate=2022-04-22|work=Marvel Entertainment|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''[[:en:A_Song_of_Wraiths_and_Ruin|A Song of Wraiths and Ruin]]'' (2020 Balzer + Bray) * Abụ Ọma nke Oké Ifufe na Ịgbachi Akpọ (2021, Balzer + Bray) * Shuri na T'Challa: N'ime Heartlands (2022, Marvel) * Serwa Boateng's Guide to Vampire Hunting (2022, Rick Riordan Presents) == Ebensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] o1e1pist12rx50k561v0sfc6ruswh8w Zainab Fasiki 0 44431 195414 179658 2024-11-19T09:28:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Zainab Fasiki <br> {{lang|ar|زينب فاسيكي}}|image=Zainab Fasiki.jpg|birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|7|21}}|birth_place=[[Fez, Morocco|Fez]], Morocco|occupation=[[Graphic designer|graphic artist]], activist|awards=|education=[http://portal.ensem.ac.ma/ ENSEM]|years_active=2017–present|website=[https://www.facebook.com/zainab.fasiki.art Zainab Fasiki on Facebook]}} Zainab Fasiki (Arabic: زينب فاسيكي; amuru Julaị 21, 1994) bu onye omenkà eserese Moroccan, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na injinia igwe site na ọzụzụ.{{Lang-ar|زينب فاسيكي}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.euromedwomen.foundation/pg/en/resources/view/7938/art-for-promoting-equality-and-fighting-patriarchy-in-morocco|title=Art for promoting equality and fighting patriarchy in Morocco - Euro-Mediterranean Women's Foundation|date=2018-05-10|work=Euromedwomen.foundation|accessdate=2019-03-11|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://democracychronicles.org/censorship-in-arab-comic-books/|title=VIDEO: Feminism and Censorship in Arab Comic Books|date=2018-04-19|work=Democracy Chronicles|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref>Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama n'ụwa niile ka afọ 2019 gasịrị, na-agbaso akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese ya Hshouma, corps et sexité au Maroc nke a sụgharịrị site na French gaa na Moroccan Arabic, Spanish, Galician na Italian. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya n'obodo Fez, ọ malitere ise ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ.<ref name=":0"/> N'afọ 2014, ọ kwagara Casablanca, ebe ọ bi kemgbe ahụ. Fasiki sonyeere otu akwụkwọ na-atọ ọchị Skefkef, na 2017 bipụtara ihe nkiri na-atọ ụtọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, nke a na-akpọ ''Omor'' (Ihe), nke ọ nyochara ihe isi ike nke ndụ nwanyị na Morocco. Site na agwa ụmụ nwanyị Moroccan atọ na-eto eto, ọ katọrọ ahaghị nhata n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zainab Fasiki : l'illustratice marocaine qui parle de sexualité|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/nos-vies-intimes/20170831.OBS4042/zainab-fasiki-l-illustratice-marocaine-qui-parle-de-sexualite.html|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=L'Obs|date=31 August 2017|language=fr}}</ref> Ọrụ ya, nke ọ na-ebipụta na mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese, na-akatọ mmachi, taboos na echiche nke ihere na Morocco.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.h24info.ma/culture/video-avec-hshouma-project-zainab-fasiki-tente-de-briser-les-tabous/|title=Vidéo. Avec "Hshouma Project", Zainab Fasiki tente de briser les tabous|author=Achraf|first=Zineb|date=2018-07-17|work=H24info|language=fr-FR|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20180111-new-morocco-initiative-to-help-gender-equality-through-art/|title=New Morocco initiative to help gender equality through art|date=2018-01-11|work=Middle East Monitor|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/au-maroc-zainab-fasiki-bedeiste-culottee-201840|title=Au Maroc, Zainab Fasiki, bédéiste culottée|date=2017-11-06|work=TV5MONDE|language=fr|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref>Ewezuga ịrụ ọrụ onwe ya, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere otu "Women Power" na-akwado ụmụnwaanyị iri abụọ ka ha sonye na nkuzi gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe atụ Fasiki bụ ihe onyonyo nke onwe, na-adịkarị na ịgba ọtọ, nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na hammam ọdịnala Moroccan ma ọ bụ eserese dị ka ihe na-atọ ọchị dị ka Wonder Woman. .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://insidearabia.com/illustrator-zainab-fasiki-patriarchy-with-art/|title=Illustrator Zainab Fasiki Takes on Taboos and Patriarchy with Art - Inside Arabia|work=insidearabia.com|date=22 September 2018|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref> Otu n'ime ihe onyonyo ya ama ama bụ ịgba ọtọ, ụdị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ niile nke onwe ya na-eche nche na Casablanca. N'ịbụ onye akpọrọ The Nchebe nke Casablanca, ọ na-ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị ka mgbalị ịlụ ọgụ megide iyi egwu kwa ụbọchị n'okporo ámá.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://time.com/collection-post/5692973/zainab-fasiki-next-generation-leaders/|title=How This Moroccan Artist Is Using Comic Books to Fight Sexism|author=Hincks|first=Joseph|work=TIME.com|accessdate=2019-11-25}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri ya, ụmụ nwanyị anaghị enwe anya mgbe ụfọdụ, n'ihi na ọ na-ekwu na "Ahụrụ m ụmụ nwanyị ka ihe akpurukpu n'ime obodo m, achọrọ m ka ha bụrụ ndị nwere onwe ha.."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.it/news/diritti/2018/10/08/le-donne-in-marocco-statue-da-liberare-per-essere-di-nuovo-esseri-umani|title=Zainab Fasiki: "Disegno per liberare le donne marocchine"|date=2018-10-08|work=VanityFair.it|language=it|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref>Otu n'ime ihe nkiri ya dabere na ahụmahụ onwe onye nke mmekpa ahụ n'ụgbọ njem ọha ma kpọọ ya "A na-eme ụgbọ ala na-ebufe ndị mmadụ, ọ bụghị iji dina ụmụ agbọghọ n'ike."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zainab Fasiki : l'illustratice marocaine qui parle de sexualité|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/nos-vies-intimes/20170831.OBS4042/zainab-fasiki-l-illustratice-marocaine-qui-parle-de-sexualite.html|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=L'Obs|date=31 August 2017|language=fr}}</ref>O kwukwara na ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe ọ nwere onwe ya na Morocco ma ọ bụ na-ese ihe osise ya, ebe ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ anaghị achọ ibipụta ọrụ ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Ávalos|first=Almudena|date=2018-07-19|title=Zainab Fasiki: cómo derrocar al patriarcado marroquí con un simple lápiz|url=https://smoda.elpais.com/feminismo/zainab-fasiki-como-derrocar-al-patriarcado-marroqui-con-un-simple-lapiz/|accessdate=2019-03-11|work=S Moda EL PAÍS|language=es-ES}}</ref>Ọ na-ahọrọ igosi ụmụ nwanyị na-eyighị uwe, dị ka ndị siri ike na ndị na-adịghị atụ egwu, na-agbalịkwa igosi ahụ ụmụ nwanyị na nkà na mgbasa ozi na-enweghị ihe mgbochi. Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe nkiri ya gbasara agụmakwụkwọ mmekọahụ nke o bipụtara na magazin Skefkef, ọ chọrọ imegide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na echiche ndị nna nna nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ihe mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017|title=Morocco Debates A Law to Protect Women, Passing It is Another Matter|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/morocco-debates-a-law-to-protect-women-passing-it-is-another-matter/2017/11/05/8aa859d8-ba7e-11e7-be94-fabb0f1e9ffb_story.html|work=Washington Post}}</ref> === Hshouma na ihe osise eserese ndị ọzọ === A bịara mara Fasiki n ụwa niile maka nchịkọta eserese ya nke afọ 2018, nke a na-akpọ Hshouma project, ebe ọ gosipụtara ihe onyonyo ụdị ọchị nke ụmụ nwanyị gba ọtọ, na-akpọ oku megide ụkpụrụ abụọ na mmegide mmekọahụ. Hshouma ("ihere" na Moroccan Arabic) bụ nke izizi gosipụtara na 2018 na ihe ngosi na-esochi ogbako na etiti nka nka Matadero na Madrid, Spain, <ref name=":1"/> ma emesịa bipụta ya dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese na Moroccan Arabic, French, Spanish na asụsụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Results for 'Hshouma' [WorldCat.org]|url=https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=Hshouma+|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=www.worldcat.org|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018, ya na UN Refugee Agency na Morocco rụkọrọ ọrụ iji mee akụkọ banyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ anọ sitere na Sub Saharan Africa, gụnyere otu nwanyị nke egburu ibe ya. Na Nọvemba 2018, e gosipụtara ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ nka Le Cube na Rabat,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lecube-art.com/artiste/zainab-fasiki/?lang=en|title=Zainab Fasiki|work=Le Cube|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-11}}</ref> na Ọktoba 2019, akpọrọ ya akwụkwọ akụkọ TIME "Onye Ndú Ọgbọ Na-abịa" maka akwụkwọ ọchị ya Hshouma.<ref name=":3"/>N'afọ 2020, o ji ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ French L'amour fait loi gbasara ịkpa oke mmekọahụ, yana ederede Morocco na ndị odee France dịka Abdellah Taïa, Leïla Slimani na ndị ọzọ.ï<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qui sommes-nous?|url=https://www.lamourfaitloi.com/qui-sommes-nous|accessdate=2021-08-20|work=L'amour fait loi|language=fr|archivedate=2021-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820162153/https://www.lamourfaitloi.com/qui-sommes-nous}}</ref> Fasiki akpọọla onye edemede nwanyị Egypt Nawal El Saadawi na onye na-ese ihe osise French-Iran Marjane Satrapi dị ka mmetụta, ma chọọ ịgbagha akụkọ ọdịda anyanwụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Middle East na North Africa dị ka “ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ onye mmegide".<ref name=":3"/> == Ọrụ ebipụtara == * ''L'amour fait loi'' - Illustrations by Zainab Fasiki, Éditions Le Sélénite, 2020 * ''Hshouma: Corps et Sexualité au Maroc''. Arabic and French editions, Massot Éditions, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/entry/la-bd-hshouma-de-zainab-fasiki-sort-bientot_mg_5d6fd597e4b0cdfe0579738d|title=La BD "Hshouma" de Zaïnab Fasiki sort bientôt|date=2019-09-04|work=Al HuffPost Maghreb|language=fr|accessdate=2019-09-10}}</ref> * ''Feyrouz versus the World'' (2018) * ''Omor: Only between us'' (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-19|title=Zainab Fasiki, la féministe de la bande dessinée marocaine|url=https://www.huffpostmaghreb.com/2017/02/19/zainab-fasiki-bd-feministe_n_14819726.html|accessdate=2019-03-11|work=HuffPost Maghreb|language=fr}}</ref> {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == * Official site of the Hshouma project: https://www.hshouma.com/ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130013944/https://www.arte.tv/en/videos/100747-000-A/4-arab-women-comic-book-artists/ Documentary film ''4 Arab Comic Book Artists''] by ARTE TV {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a2x0mkfcful834kdctajum74lsrph6q Rosalie Van der Gucht 0 44436 195324 166832 2024-11-18T21:51:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} '''Rosalie Van der Gucht''' (27 Ọktoba 1908 - 31 Ọktobe 1985) bụ onye nkụzi ihe nkiri England na onye isi nke ngalaba okwu n'ihe nkiri na Mahadum Cape Town, nke onye n'akatọ akwụkwọ akụkọ chetara dị ka "otu n'ime ndị ukwu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe nkiri South Africa". == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Rosalie Else Van der Gucht na British Burma. Nne ya Florence Roberts, onye amụrụ na Tasmania, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye n'elekọta ụmụ eze Siam tupu ọ lụọ di; nna ya a mụrụ n'England bụ Claude Van der Gucht rụrụ ọrụ na Bombay-Burma Trading Company. Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, e zigara Rosalie van der Gucht ka ya na ndị ikwu ya biri na England. Ọ gara Tudor Hall na Chislehurst na Lycee Victor Duruy na Paris, ebe ọ nwetara diplọma n'omenala French. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Elsie Fogerty ma mesịa nweta diplọma na Dramatic Art na Mahadum London . == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ ka nọ n'England, Van der Gucht kuziri okwu na ihe nkiri na Malvern Girls' College site na 1927 ruo 1933. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na kansụl London maka ndị nkuzi nke okwu na ihe nkiri, British Drama League's Panel of Adjudicators, ma kuzieri na Stanhope Women's Evening Institute na ụlọ akwụkwọ Croftdown. Ọ kuziri ma mee ihe nkiri dị ka onye otu Questors Theatre Club . <ref name="Thesis">Gay Morris, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161029044107/https://open.uct.ac.za/bitstream/item/24694/thesis_hum_1989_morris_gay_1.pdf?sequence=1 "A Critical Biography of Rosalie Van der Gucht: Investigating her Contribution to Education in South Africa with Special Reference to Speech and Drama"] (M. A. thesis, University of Cape Town 1989).</ref> Na 1939, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], Van der Gucht hapụrụ England gaa South Africa, ịrụ ọrụ na Grahamstown Training College. N'afọ 1942, e were ya n'ọrụ ka ọ sonye na ngalaba na Mahadum Cape Town; ọ rụrụ ọrụ ma kuzieri ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1971. Ọ ghọrọ onye isi nke ngalaba okwu na ihe nkiri na 1946. N'afọ 1956, ọ haziri ihe nkiri Cape Town maka ndị ntorobịa. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ya, ọ gara njem ma kuzieri ihe nkiri. E nyere ya onyinye Three Leaf Award maka iduzi ya, na onyinye AA Mutual Life maka ọrụ na ihe nkiri, yana onyinye AA Vita maka onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ya. Taa, e nwere Rosalie van der Gucht Prize maka ndị nduzi ọhụrụ, aha ya bụ na ncheta ya.<ref>[http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/fleur-du-cap-theatre-award-winners-2000082 "Fleur du Cap Theatre Award Winners"] ''Cape Times'' (20 March 2016).</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Otu onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ chetara Van der Gucht dị ka "onye n'eme ihe n'adịghị mma, ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ dị njọ onye n'eme egwu punk tupu oge ya, onye n'emegide mmadụ na nwa agbọghọ n'amaghị nwoke, onye n'eme nwalee Merlin na onye nkuzi n'erigbu mmadụ. " Rosalie Van der Guqt nwụrụ na 1985, na Cape Town. <ref>Alfred Emmet, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210615155859/http://archive.questors.org.uk/obit/vandergucht.html "In Fondest Memory: Rosalie van der Gucht (d. 1985)"] ''The Questors Archives'' (January 1986).</ref> Akwụkwọ ya dị na Human Sciences Research Council na Mahadum nke Cape Town Archives . <ref name="Thesis"/> == Ebensidee == kggv6d4xrct7c05ltmaxgm93seebzjs Ceet Fouad 0 44452 195342 166223 2024-11-19T00:21:46Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 195342 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Ceet Fouad</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Ceet_Fouad.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ceet Fouad</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |1971 (afọ 52&#x2D;)53 <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="65">[https://www.voelklinger-huette.org/fileadmin/allgemein_huette/Internetshop/Lageplan_UrbanArt.pdf "Lageplan_UrbanArt.pdf"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="66">''voelklinger-huette.org''.</span></cite></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" |Onye na-ese ihe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.megaceet.com www.megaceet.com]</span> |} '''Ceet Fouad''' [nke a na-akpọ: "see-TEE"] (amụrụ n'afọ 1971) bụ onye France-Algeria na-ese ihe. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Ceet Fouad na [[Algeria]] n'afọ 1971, onye Moroccan, wee kwaga Toulouse, [[France]], n'afọ 1978 mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa.   Kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na atọ 2003, Fouad anọwo na Shenzhen, n'ebe ugwu Hong Kong. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Playful Ceet Fouad has journeyed from graffiti to sought-after commercial artist|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/article/1541680/playful-ceet-fouad-has-journeyed-graffiti-sought-after|work=South China Morning Post|language=en|date=29 June 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pannetier|first=Guillaume|title=Ceet Fouad, un street artiste jusqu'à la fin de sa vie|url=https://www.le24heures.fr/2021/02/16/ceet-fouad-un-street-artiste-jusqua-la-fin-de-sa-vie/|work=Le 24 heures|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Toulouse. CEET, le graffeur toulousain qui a conquis la Chine|url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2019/03/03/ceet-le-graffeur-toulousain-qui-a-conquis-la-chine,8047349.php|work=ladepeche.fr|language=fr}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, o dechara mgbidi dị mita 40 n'ogologo n'otu ụlọ dị na Toulouse, France.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rimbert|first=Par Julie|title=Des poulets géants sur un immeuble de Toulouse|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/des-poulets-geants-sur-un-immeuble-de-toulouse-30-07-2019-8125854.php|work=leparisien.fr|language=fr-FR|date=30 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Street art : un vote organisé pour choisir le graff qui ornera prochainement un immeuble de Toulouse|url=https://actu.fr/occitanie/toulouse_31555/street-art-vote-organise-choisir-graff-ornera-prochainement-immeuble-toulouse_20731790.html|work=actu.fr|date=11 January 2019|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe mgbe niile na Montresso Foundation's art estate na Marrakech, "Jardin Rouge", kemgbe afọ pụkụ abụọ na iri na anọ 2014. * 1997 Lyon Biennale of Contemporary Art * 1999 Museum of Modern Art na ViennaEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Oge A na Vienna * 2000 National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions na Paris * 2001 Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Castres * 2007 Shenzhen - Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism and Architecture * 2015 UrbanArt Biennale na Germany <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voelklinger-huette.org/fr/patrimoine-culturel-mondial-voelklinger-huette/projets-dartistes/fouad-ceet/|title=Weltkulturerbe Völklinger Hütte: Fouad Ceet|accessdate=2018-09-08|archivedate=2018-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908164658/https://www.voelklinger-huette.org/fr/patrimoine-culturel-mondial-voelklinger-huette/projets-dartistes/fouad-ceet/}}</ref> * 2016 Pop-Up Show na Pompidou Centre na Paris. * 2017 Amanda Wei Gallery [[Hong Kong]] - Art Stage (Off The Wall) Jakarta - Affordable Art Fair Hong Kong - Jardin Orange gallery Shenzhen. * 2018 Alain Daudet gallery Toulouse - Idroom Gallery Geneva - Galerie Very Yes Saint-Pierre, Réunion. * 2019 Biennale Urban Art Museum Völklingen - Art Fair Taipe Taiwan<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Let there be light at Art Taipei in October {{!}} Taiwan News {{!}} 2019/09/17|url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3778562|work=Taiwan News|date=17 September 2019}}</ref> - Amanda Wei Gallery Hong Kong. * 2022 Amanda Wei Gallery, Hong Kong<ref>Lepetitjournal</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] h73ekbr7c65pvbv82r6tzi0bubq8ww9 Ronald Moody 0 44559 195322 167967 2024-11-18T21:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195322 wikitext text/x-wiki Ronald Moody (12 Ọgọst 1900 – 6 Febrụwarị 1984) bụ onye ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama n’osisi osisi. Ọrụ ya na mkpokọta gụnyere National Portrait Gallery na Tate Britain na London, yana National Gallery nke Jamaica. Ọ bụ nwanne nke onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ Harold Moody na ọkà mmụta physiologist Ludlow Moody nwetara ihe nrite.. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Moody Ronald Clive Moody na 1900 na [[Kingston|Kingston, Jamaica]], n'ime ezinụlọ ọkachamara bara ọgaranya. Ọ gara Calabar College, Jamaica, kwaga England na 1923 iji mụọ ọgwụ ezé na King's College London, nweta akara ugo mmụta ya na 1930.<ref name="UCL">[https://www.ucl.ac.uk/equianocentre/education/a-fusion-of-worlds/artists/moody "Ronald Moody: Sculpture and interwar Britain"], The Equiano Centre, UCL, 16 June 2015.</ref> Na London, ihe British Museum na-anakọta ihe osise ndị na-abụghị nke ọdịda anyanwụ kpaliri ya ma kpebie ịghọ onye na-ese ihe. Nnyocha mbụ ya na ụrọ mere ka ọ kụziere onwe ya otu esi akpụ ihe. O mepụtara ihe oyiyi mbụ ya a tụrụ n'osisi oak. A kpọrọ ya ''Wohin'' (nke pụtara na German "ebe ị ga-aga?", aha abụ nke Schubert), Marie Seton zụrụ ihe a tụrụ atụ na 1935 . <ref name="Manheim">Manheim, James, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2873200050.html "Moody, Ronald 1900–1984"], ''Contemporary Black Biography'', 2002. Encyclopedia.com.</ref><ref>Indepth Arts News: [http://www.absolutearts.com/artsnews/2003/03/26/30871.html "Ronald Moody 1900 – 1984: A Reputation Restored"], absolutearts.com, 2002.</ref> [[Usòrò:"Annie"_-_NARA_-_559113.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|''Annie'' (1938) ]] Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke Moody site n'oge a bụ nnukwu isi nwanyị ya, ''Midonz'' (1937), <ref name="Midonz">[http://vads.ac.uk/large.php?uid=72922 ''Midonz''] at The African & Asian Visual Artists Archive.</ref> nke ọ kọwara dị ka "chi nwanyị nke mgbanwe". <ref>[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/moody-midonz-t13324 "Ronald Moody | Midonz | 1937"], Tate.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1930, ọ chịkọtara ọrụ dị egwu ma nwee ihe ngosi onwe ya na Paris, France. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke ihe ngosi ahụ gbara ya ume ịkwaga Paris na 1938. N'afọ ahụ, e zigara ihe oyiyi iri na abụọ na Harmon Foundation na United States ka etinye ha n'ihe ngosi na Baltimore Museum of Art na Dallas Museum of Art.<ref>Bridget R. Cooks, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxHCWUnRGyQC&q=ronald+moody+&pg=PA28 ''Exhibiting Blackness: African Americans and the American Art Museum''], University of Massachusetts Press, 2011 , pp. 26, 28, 29, 30, 34.</ref> Ihe ịga nke ọma Moody na France dị mkpụmkpụ site na mmalite nke [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. N'afọ 1940, ụbọchị abụọ tupu Paris adaa n'aka ndị Germany, a manyere ya ịgbapụ n'obodo ahụ, na-ahapụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ya.<ref name="Tate">[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/ronald-moody-2298 Ronald Moody - Artist biography], Tate website.</ref> (A natara ha mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, tinyere ọrụ ndị e zigara na US maka ngosi.) <ref name="UCL"/> Mgbe ọ gbapụrụ na Paris, Moody gara France, gafee Pyrenees banye na [[Spain]], ma mesịa laghachi England n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1941.<ref name="Tate"/> Ihe ịga nke ọma ya na Paris sochiri ya gaa London, ebe ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị ma nwee ihe ngosi otu onye na Mee 1946 na Arcade Gallery, na Bond Street.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140503060109/http://primoartdiscoverytours.co.uk/published-work/76-black-british-history-extract-2 "Black British artists who have risen to prominence post-1945"], Black British History Extract 2.</ref> N'afọ 1946, o mere isi ọla nchara nke nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Harold Moody (1882-1947, onye guzobere League of Coloured Peoples). <ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=6380#artist "Harold Moody"], National Portrait Gallery, reference 6380.</ref> Site na 1950 ruo na mbido afọ 1960 ihe ngosi London mere ka Ronald Moody nwee ọnụnọ na-arịwanye elu na nka Britain. N'afọ 1964, o mepụtara ihe a tụrụ atụ a na-akpọ ''Savacou'' maka Mahadum nke West Indies (UWI), <ref>[http://www.petrinearcher.com/ronald-moody Petrine Archer website.]</ref> ihe ngosi nke nnụnụ, nke dị na ogige UWI na Mona, Jamaica. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe jikọtara ya na Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) nke e guzobere na London (1966-72). <ref>[[Errol Lloyd|Lloyd, Errol]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20231027225710/https://www.bl.uk/windrush/articles/caribbean-artists-movement-1966-1972 "Caribbean Artists Movement (1966–1972)"], ''Windrush Stories'', [[British Library]], 4 October 2018.</ref> Moody nwụrụ na London na 1984, ọ dị afọ 83. Nwa nwanne ya bụ Cynthia Moody, bụ onye ketara ala ya, mechara tinye onwe ya n'ịdekọ na ịkwalite ọrụ nwanne nna ya..<ref>[[Anne Walmsley]], [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jul/15/cynthia-moody-obituary "Cynthia Moody obituary"], ''The Guardian'', 15 July 2013.</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ihe nketa == N'afọ 1977 E nyere Moody ihe nrite ọla edo nke Musgrave nke Jamaica, na na 1980 na Centenary Medal site na Institute of Jamaica, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya mere n'agwaetiti obodo ya n'oge ndụ ya.<ref>[[Eddie Chambers (artist)|Eddie Chambers]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=OfBeBAAAQBAJ&dq=ronald+moody+sculptor&pg=PT23 "Chapter One: The Pioneering Generation of Caribbean Artists"], ''Black Artists in British Art: A History since the 1950s'', London: I.B.Tauris, 2014.</ref> N'afọ 2000, ihe ngosi mbụ nke ọrụ ya mere na National Gallery of Jamaica . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230113104907/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=48&table=artists "Ronald Moody"], Diaspora Artists.</ref> Ọrụ ya gosipụtara na ngosi No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960-1990 nke emere na Guildhall Art Gallery, London, site na 10 Julaị 2015 ruo 24 Jenụwarị 2016. <ref>[https://www.nocolourbar.org/ronald-moody "Ronald Moody"], ''No Colour Bar'' website.</ref> A gụrụ oghere Moody na Mercury aha ya na Nọvemba 2008. <ref>[http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?page=1&gallery_id=2&image_id=300 "Moody Sculpts Mercury's Surface"], ''MESSENGER'', 14 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA12044 "PIA12044: Moody Sculpts Mercury's Surface"], ''Photojournal'', NASA.</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == 1kz7bj0sshetqll51k6raxi26dzvykb Taos Pueblo (akwụkwọ) 0 45153 195379 169996 2024-11-19T03:32:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195379 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ansel_Adams-St_Francis_Church.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| St. Francis Church, Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico, otu n'ime foto iri na abụọ nke Ansel Adams na Taos Pueblo .]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.franklinbooks.com/servlet/the-1497/Taos-Pueblo-by-Ansel/Detail|title=Taos Pueblo by Ansel Adams|accessdate=2011-09-06|archivedate=2012-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326025318/http://www.franklinbooks.com/servlet/the-1497/Taos-Pueblo-by-Ansel/Detail}}</ref> <ref name="ursus">{{Cite web|title=Ansel Adams, Mary Austin /Taos Pueblo|url=http://www.ursusbooks.com/item143137.html|accessdate=2011-09-06|archivedate=2012-03-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322204350/http://www.ursusbooks.com/item143137.html}}</ref>Taos Pueblo bụ akwụkwọ Ansel Adams na Mary Hunter Austin .  E ndidi ya na 1930, ọ bụ akwụkwọ mbụ nke foto Adams.  Ọrụ seminal na ọrụ ya, ọ na-akara mmepụta nke , ụdị ihe mbụ ọrụ ya na mbinye aka ya na-anya na ihe oyiyi nke ike.  A kọwawo ya dị ka "ihe na-atụ n'anya na- akara n'ahụ..." na "ihe ngosi ihe osise kasị ukwuu nke America West." == Santa Fe == <ref name="Auto">{{Cite book|first=Ansel|author=Adams|title=Ansel Adams: An Autobiography|publisher=NY: Little, Brown & Co|year=1996|pages=72–74|isbn=0-8212-2241-4}}</ref>N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1929 Adams na nri ya gara New Mexico ka ha see ala ebe ahụ na ileta ndị enyi ya.  Na Santa Fe, New Mexico, ha ngosi ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụgbụ abụọ na onye edemede Mary Hunter Austin, na n'ime obere oge Adams na Austin ihe na ha kwesịrị imekọ ihe ọnụ na akwụkwọ gbasara gburugburu Santa Fe.  Austin kpọbatara Adams enyi ya na Santa Fe arts patron Mabel Dodge Luhan, onye di Tony Lujan [ọ kpọpụtara aha ikpeazụ ya dị iche na di ya] bụ onye so na kansụl nri Taos.  Site na nchebe Lujan, ndị Taos India nyere Adams ikike ka ọ see foto na gburugburu Taos Pueblo na-ama mgbe ahụ. Mgbe o nwesịrị ụfọdụ foto mbụ, Adams pịaụrụ enyi ya na onye Nkwado Albert M. Bender, bụ onye na-ahụ mbụ Adams Pọtụfoliyo nke akara Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras .  Bender ji ọkụ ọkụ n'obi kwenye akwụkwọ dabere na ọrụ ọhụrụ a, ma ọ kụọụrụ ndị enyi ya na Grabhorn Press ka ha wepụta ya.  Adams na Austin gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ onwe ha na akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ha;  ha ahụghị ọrụ ibe ha ruo mgbe akwụkwọ ahụ dị ibipụta.  [1] Adams kwuru na ya ihe foto ikpeazụ nke dabara na prose Austin, na ụfọdụ n'ihi nke a, ekwuru na ederede ya emeela ka "mgbanwe siri ike nke ụlọ ọrụ pueblo" [1] dị ka a mụrụ n'able  foto. == San Francisco de Asis Mission Church == N'agbanyeghị aha akwụkwọ ahụ otu n'ime ihe oyiyi mbinye aka Adams sitere na akwụkwọ ahụ e weere na San Francisco de Asis Mission Church, nke na-akpata nke pueblo n'onwe ya mana ọ dị ọtụtụ kilomita.  Nnukwu mkpa na ụlọ ndị ahụ masịrị ya, na-ekwu na ha "dị ka ihe a na-akpapụ n'ụwa kama ịbụ nanị ihe e wuru n'elu ya."  [1] N'otu oge ahụ, ụka bụ ihe ngosi nke ọma omenala na-aga n'ihu na mpaghara n'etiti omenala India na Hispanic;  ọ bụ ụka ụka nke e wuru n'ụdị India ma na-amị anya otu esi enweta ndụ ndụ ndị Taos India n'otu ụdị site na omenala site na mkpa. == Akwụkwọ pụrụ iche == <ref name="Auto"/>Ọ bụ ebe na e ndidi ya n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, e ji ezi akara foto nke Adams ji aka mee ihe atụ Taos Pueblo .  Adams siri ọnwụ na akwụkwọ ahụ nwere na- agbanwe agbanwe n'oge nile, na iji akwụkwọ ya dị elu e kere akwụkwọ iche nke e ji mee ihe ma ederede na foto.  Iji mee nke a, ọpụta nke Will Dassonville, enyi na onye na-akwụkwọ akwụkwọ foto na mpaghara Bay.  Dassonville nyere iwu ka mpempe akwụkwọ na-acha ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke si na igwe igwe New England wee kewaa usoro ahụ ụzọ abụọ.  Nke mbụ gara na Grabhorn Press maka ibe ederede, na nke abụọ bụ nke Dassonville kpuchiri omenala ya na emulsion silver-bromide.  Adams nwere ike ibipụta akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ahụ, nke nwere oke ike na elu matte, wee jide ya n'ime ụlọ gbara ụmụaka ya.  N'ime ọtụtụ ọnwa n'oge àmà nke 1929, Adams n'onwe ya mere ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1,300 akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ ahụ. == Mbipụta == E bipụtara akwụkwọ a na mbipụta nwere oke nke 100 bịanyere aka na ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ, gbakwunyere mbipụta ndị nka asatọ, nke ọ bụla nwere mbipụta izizi iri na abụọ. Bender debere ọnụ ahịa akwụkwọ ahụ na $75 kwa nnomi, nke bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị oke elu n'oge oke ịda mba n'oge nkezi ego ezinụlọ America kwa afọ bụ ihe dị ka $1,300. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/1930-lifestyles-social-trends-american-decades/making-do-family-life-depression|title=1930's Lifestyles and Social Trends|accessdate=2011-09-06|archivedate=2011-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108052541/http://www.enotes.com/1930-lifestyles-social-trends-american-decades/making-do-family-life-depression}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, Bender ruru ndị enyi ya bara ọgaranya, n'ime afọ abụọ, e rere mbipụta ahụ. <ref name="Auto"/> Bender jụrụ, sị: "Ahụrụ m na Market Market na-akọ naanị foto Ansel Adams dị ka naanị ngwa ahịa na-arị elu." <ref name="devine">{{Cite book|first=Ann|author=Hammond|title=Ansel Adams: Devine Performance|publisher=New Haven: Yale University Press|year=2002|pages=20–22|isbn=0-300-09241-5}}</ref> Site na nkwado nke Adams, na 1977 New York Graphic Society bipụtara mbipụta facsimile nke izizi, na-eji mbipụta gravure kama foto ndị mbụ. E mepụtara ya na mbipụta 950 nwere ntakịrị, nke ọ bụla Adams bịanyere aka na ya. N'okwu ikpeazụ nke mbipụta ahụ, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme foto Weston Naef dere:   Na Septemba, 2011, e nyere otu mbipụta mbụ nke 1930 maka ọrịre maka $85,000. <ref name="ursus"/> N'afọ 2014, ndị na-ere akwụkwọ na-adịghị ahụkebe na-enye akwụkwọ mbụ dị maka $65,000 na $75,000 yana n'etiti $1,500 na $3,000 maka mbipụta facsimile 1977. <ref>[http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/taos-pueblo/author/ansel-adams/sortby/1/page-1/ Abebooks query]</ref> == Ihe ndetu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Taos Pueblo as photographed by Ansel Adams at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fq7lsdf3ktw9rmg5usr32q762b3iuxo Ron Hickman 0 45303 195345 167635 2024-11-19T00:23:16Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Ronald Price Hickman|image=<!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] -->|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|birth_date={{Birth date|1932|10|21|df=yes}}.|birth_place=Greytown, KwaZulu - Natal, South Africa|death_date={{Death date and age|2011|02|17| 1932|10|21|df=yes}}|death_place=St Lawrence, Jersey|nationality=South African|occupation=Inventor, automobile designer|years_active=|known_for=Lotus Elan, Lotus Europa, B&D Workmate|notable_works=}} '''Ronald Price Hickman''' OBE (1932–2011) bụ onye [[South Africa]] mụrụ, onye nrụpụta ụgbọ ala dabere na Jersey na onye mepụtara ihe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ma ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala Ford na Lotus, ebe o mere Lotus Elan mbụ, Lotus Elan +2 na Lotus Europa . Otú ọ dị, a maara ya nke ọma maka nhazi nke oche na-arụ ọrụ osisi a na-akpọ Black &amp;amp; Decker Workmate . {{R|RegisterObit}} == Nhazi ụgbọ ala == [[Usòrò:Four_Elans.jpg|thumb| Lotus Elans anọ: Elan S3, Elan S4, M100 Elan, Elan +2]] Na 1954 ka ọ bịarutere [[London]] site na South Africa, onye na-ebipụta egwu na-arụ ọrụ na mbụ, ma ọ chọtara ọrụ na [[Ụlọ ọrụ Moto Ford|Ford Motor Company]] na Dagenham mbụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ụrọ na mgbe e mesịrị o nyere aka ịmepụta 105E Ford Anglia . {{R|GuardianObit}} Ọ zutere Colin Chapman, onye injinia a ma ama na onye guzobere Lotus Cars, na ihe ngosi moto na Earls Court . Mgbe afọ atọ na Ford gasịrị, Hickman kwagara na ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ nke Chapman tọrọ ntọala na North London wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye mmepụta mmepụta ihe na onye isi njikwa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụgbọ ala mbụ nke Lotus, Elite mepụtara, bụ nke e weere na ọ mara mma na draịva mara mma, mana ọ gbagwojuru anya nke ukwuu iji wuo yana adịghị ike nke ọha na eze na-achọsi ike. {{R|GuardianObit}} Hickman na John Frayling rụkọrọ ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ndị otu haziri Elan, bụ nke batara na 1962. Ọ hazikwara Lotus Europa nke mbụ dịka akụkụ nke nkwado ọrụ Lotus GT40 . {{R|IndependentObit}} Ọ hapụrụ Lotus na 1967 wee kwaga Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Cunard na prototypes maka oche na QE2 na n'onwe ya mepụtara, Workmate. [[Usòrò:QE2_Port_Melbourne_20080229.JPG|thumb| Ebe QE2 dị na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, Port Melbourne]] == Onye ọrụ == Mkpali Hickman maka onye ọrụ ibe bịara na 1961. Mgbe ọ na-ewu uwe mwụda, o jiriwo oche [[Sweden]] dị oké ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịnyịnya ịkwọ ụgbọala ma bepụ ya ụkwụ n'amaghị ama. Nwunye ya enweghị mmasị na Hickman wee wepụta oche dị mfe, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche - nchikota sawhorse na vice on a foldable alloy frame. O kwere ka onye ọrụ ya jiri osisi na-ahụ ihe n'ejighị akụkụ oche ma ọ bụ tebụl. O guzobeziri ụlọ ọrụ imewe nke ya, Mate Tools, n'elu ụlọ ọba dị na Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, wee gaa n'ihu na-emezi nhazi ọrụ ibe ya. {{R|TelegraphObit}} [[Usòrò:Black_&_Decker_Workmate.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| A "Workmate Plus", ejiri oghere oghere wee rachaa ya, dịka akụkụ nke ime N'onwe Gị izugbe]] Arịrịọ ya maka ikikere maka ngwaahịa ọ mepụtara bụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ jụrụ, gụnyere Stanley Works bụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịhụ nnukwu ahịa maka ya. Hickman rere oche ndị ahụ n'onwe ya nye ndị na-ewu ụlọ ọkachamara na ihe ngosi ahia ruo mgbe Black &amp;amp; Decker hụrụ ìhè na 1973 wee malite ịmepụta ha. Hickman nwetara 3% eze na ire nke WorkMate. Ka ọ na-erule 1981 ọ rerela bench nde iri yana site na 2011 karịa 100 nde. Hickman aghaghị ịgbachitere patent ya ọtụtụ oge megide ndị nrụpụta na-anwa iṅomi ya. {{R|RegisterObit|IndependentNews|TimesObit}} == Villa Devereux == Hickman kwagara Jersey na 1977, ebe o mere ma wuo ụlọ ya Villa Devereux. Ụlọ ahụ sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ụlọ ndị ọ hụrụ na [[California]], ma na-eji ihe ndị dị na Jersey: slate roofing na textured granite mgbidi. A kọwara ime ụlọ ahụ dị ka "eclectic" na "70s ụtọ". Ọ gụnyere perspex chandelier na ọdọ mmiri ime ụlọ nke akwụkwọ ahụaja nkwụ nwere gburugburu gbara ya gburugburu. Ime ụlọ ahụ nwere oche ndị alaka gbagọrọ agbagọ nke John Makepeace mere. == Patent ndị ọzọ == Hickman nwere ọtụtụ patent ndị ọzọ gbara akwụkwọ gụnyere: * enyo nwere ike ịnọpụ iche na ogwe aka elongate (patent 4039818, Ọgọst 2, 1977); * ubube a na-atụgharị akwụkwọ (patent 4016954 Eprel 12, 1977); * akwụkwọ ntuziaka (patent D243505 March 1, 1977); na * ogwe aka ndọtị maka osote (patent D243820 Maachị 29, 1977). {{R|JustiaPatents}} == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Hickman na 21 October 1932 na Greytown, Natal, [[South Africa]] nye Cyril Price Hickman (onye na-ede akwụkwọ) na Helena Alberta Hickman. {{R|Geni}} Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ ụlọ ikpe na Pietermaritzburg mgbe ọ na-agụ iwu afọ isii. Ụgbọ ala na-achọsi ya ike na mgbe ọ gụchara ọzụzụ gbasara iwu na 1954, ọ gbaziri £100 n'aka nna ya wee gaa London n'ebumnobi ịchọta ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Ford na Lotus mana ọ bụ ihe mepụtara nke ya, Workmate, nke nyere ya ohere ịla ezumike nka ọgaranya site n'ụgwọ eze nke Black & Decker kwụrụ na ire ngwaọrụ ahụ. Onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mbụ Derek Warwick (1990 Formula One, Team Lotus) kwuru na multimillionaire bụ agwa pụrụ iche nwere mmụọ imepụta ihe pụrụ iche. O kwuru, sị: "O jiri atụmatụ ọhụrụ bịa n'ụlọ ọrụ m ugboro ole na ole, ha na-akpalikwa m mgbe niile." "Ọ na-echekarị ụzọ aghụghọ nke ime ihe. Ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ, ihe ọ bụla o metụrụ, ọ chọrọ ịmaliteghachi ya. Nke ahụ bụ uche ya." Mazị Warwick gbakwụnyere na Mr Hickman “dị ntakịrị n'ahụ mgbidi ahụ, ntakịrị ihe na-adịghị mma, ntakịrị ihe na-adịghị mma”. "Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụdị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-agba ara. Ha adịghị ka ụkpụrụ; ha bụ naanị ndị dị iche iche. Ị naghị emepụta Elan ma ọ bụ Black & Decker [Workmate] ọ gwụla ma ị bụ nwoke nwere ọgụgụ isi." {{R|IndependentNews}} == Ntụaka == na Jersey na onye mepụtara ihe. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ma ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala Ford na Lotus, ebe o mere Lotus Elan mbụ, Lotus Elan +2 na Lotus Europa . Otú ọ dị, a maara ya ụlọ nke akwụkwọ ahụaja nkwụ nwere gburugburu gbara ya gburugburu [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9q6y8evbd827aa4m7wid4o2qeducw1l Ogologo Maịlị 0 45542 195337 177512 2024-11-19T00:19:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website={{URL|www.mileslong4real.com}}}} [[File:Miles-long-2011-AVN-awards.jpg|thumb|Ogologo Maịlị]] Miles Long (amuru na Nọvemba 4, 1968) bụ onye ntụzi America, [1] onye na-ahụ ihe, [1] omee, onye edemede, [2] onye na-ese foto [3] na onye nwe akara ngosi. . <ref name="AVNmags">{{Cite web|title=Magazine Covers|publisher=AVN.com|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/novelty/miles-long-continues-to-grow-photography-career-other-ventures-594373.html|accessdate=2015-03-16}}</ref> <ref name="AVNEDM">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long's EDM Label Announces Chip E. Appearances|publisher=AVN.com|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html|accessdate=2018-11-14}}</ref> == Mgbalị Mainstream == Ogologo oge gụsịrị akwụkwọ na UC Berkeley na Degree na Legal Studies ma bụrụ onye MENSA kemgbe ọ bụ nwata, ihe ịrịba ama nke a na-ekwu maka ya na N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka Cover of Forbes [[Morocco]] na December 2023, <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|title=The Multifaceted Journey of Miles Long: Breaking Barriers and Redefining Success|publisher=Forbes|url=https://forbesmorocco.com/2023/12/19/the-multifaceted-journey-of-miles-long-breaking-barriers-and-redefining-success/|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka Cover of CEO Times na Febụwarị 2024, <ref name="CEOTimes">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long: The Visionary Shaping Success Beyond Limits|publisher=CEO Times|url=https://ceotimesmag.com/leadership/miles-long-the-visionary-shaping-success-beyond-limits/|accessdate=2024-02-17}}</ref> yana ajụjụ ọnụ ya maka mkpuchi akwụkwọ akụkọ Los Angeles na Machị 2024. <ref name="LosAngelesMag">{{Cite web|title=Unveiling Miles Long: A Connoisseur of Limitless Possibilities|publisher=CEO Times|url=https://losangelesmag.com/unveiling-miles-long-a-connoisseur-of-limitless-possibilities/|accessdate=2024-04-07}}</ref> Ọchịchọ ya maka Dance Music mere ka ọ mepee Ndekọ Ndekọ ya, nke na-elekwasị anya na EDM na House Music DJs and Artists, yana Social Media Management na Branding. The Label, Sights & Sounds Productions, emela ọtụtụ ihe omume na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị na ebe egwuregwu na US. <ref name="EDM 1">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Shoots Billboard for MGM Grand Las Vegas|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/miles-long-shoots-billboard-for-mgm-grand-las-vegas-731191.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="EDM 2">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long's EDM Label Announces Chip E. Appearances|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-longs-edm-label-announces-chip-e-appearance-769124.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="EDM 3">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Co-Sponsoring FHM Magazine Release Party Tonight|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-co-sponsoring-fhm-magazine-release-party-oct-12-922245.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="EDM 4">{{Cite web|title=Nikki Phoenix Co-Hosts Party, Radio Show as Directorial Debut 'Candy Lickers' Streets From Juicy|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/Nikki-Phoenix-Co-Hosts-Party-Radio-Show-as-Directorial-Debut-Candy-Lickers-Streets-From-Juicy-604086.html|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="EDM 5">{{Cite web|title=AEE 2016 - AVN Show Party at Foxtail Nightclub|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/galleries/AEE-2016-AVN-Show-Party-at-Foxtail-Nightclub-629104|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> <ref name="EDM 6">{{Cite web|title=Nikki Phoenix's Jackeld Phoenix Event at CliQue|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/galleries/nikki-phoenixs-jackeld-phoenix-event-at-clique-717645|accessdate=2024-01-11}}</ref> Na 2021 Long malitere ijikọta foto ya, eserese vidiyo na imepụta ihe ngosi maka asọmpi Lingerie Fighting, mmemme MMA na mgba PPV ụmụ nwanyị niile nke bidoro ọwa nke ya na netwọkụ Roku. <ref name="Roku">{{Cite web|title=LFC Network on Roku|publisher=Roku|url=https://channelstore.roku.com/en-gb/details/7c200a43c78d889bf769ccc8c2be1726/lfc-networka|accessdate=2022-05-25}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ya, ''Modz & Bodz'' nwetara ọtụtụ ajụjụ ọnụ na-atụle mmasị ya maka iwu ụgbọ ala ngosi omenala na igosi igwe kwụ otu ebe mgbe ọ naghị achụso ịhụnanya ya maka foto na mmepụta ihe nkiri. Ajụjụ ọnụ na ihe nkiri a pụtara na mbipụta n'ụwa nile gụnyere US, <ref name="LA Weekly">{{Cite web|title=ENTERTAINMENT ENTREPRENEUR MILES LONG LAUNCHES CAR SHOW FEATURING LINGERIE-CLAD MODELS|date=25 May 2022|publisher=LA Weekly|url=https://www.laweekly.com/entertainment-entrepreneur-miles-long-launches-car-show-featuring-lingerie-clad-models/|accessdate=2022-05-25}}</ref> UK, <ref name="Deadline News">{{Cite web|title=EBUSINESS OWNER MILES LONG LAUNCHES CAR SHOW WITH A DIFFERENCE|date=28 April 2022|publisher=Deadline News|url=https://www.deadlinenews.co.uk/2022/04/28/business-owner-miles-long-launches-car-show-with-a-difference/|accessdate=2022-04-28}}</ref> Singapore, <ref name="IBT">{{Cite web|title=Entertainment entrepreneur Miles Long launches car show featuring Lingerie-Clad models|work=International Business Times|date=22 April 2022|url=https://www.ibtimes.sg/entertainment-entrepreneur-miles-long-launches-car-show-featuring-lingerie-clad-models-64189|accessdate=2022-04-22}}</ref> & [[Ndia|India]]. <ref name="The WEEK">{{Cite web|title=An entertainment entrepreneur is combining his two passions to create a car show with a difference|publisher=The WEEK|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2022/04/22/an-entertainment-entrepreneur-is-combining-his-two-passions-to-c.html|accessdate=2022-04-22}}</ref> Malite na 2022, Long malitere ịgbapụ nke ukwuu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Mainstream, yana foto ya gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ mkpuchi, okirikiri nhọrọ ukwuu yana na Centerfolds nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama n'ụwa niile gụnyere FHM na Playboy . <ref name="FHM1">{{Cite web|title=Rachael Cavalli Scores Aussie FHM Cover & Playboy Feature|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/rachael-cavalli-delights-with-aussie-fhm-cover-amp-playboy-feature-908037.html|accessdate=2022-06-08}}</ref> <ref name="FHM2">{{Cite web|title=Jenna Starr Graces Cover of 'FHM' Magazine - French Edition|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/jenna-starr-graces-cover-of-fhm-magazine-french-edition-908339.html|accessdate=2022-06-23}}</ref> <ref name="FHM3">{{Cite web|title=Eva Long - Living the Dream|publisher=FHM South Africa|url=https://fhmsa.co.za/amp/living-the-dream/|accessdate=2022-06-01}}</ref> <ref name="Playboy 1">{{Cite web|title=Shay Lynn|publisher=Playboy South Africa|url=https://playboy.co.za/2022/07/01/sensual/|accessdate=2022-07-01}}</ref> <ref name="FHM4">{{Cite web|title=Exhilarating Sofie Marie|publisher=FHM Australia|url=https://fhmaustralia.com/2022/08/01/exhilarating/|accessdate=2022-08-01}}</ref> <ref name="FHM5">{{Cite web|title=Good vibes Only Veronika Valentine|publisher=FHM Australia|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CjQroDGLA0y/?hl=en|accessdate=2022-10-01}}</ref> <ref name="Playboy 3">{{Cite web|title=We Heart Angel Beau|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CbzvWkDD-sn/|accessdate=2022-04-01}}</ref> <ref name="Playboy 4">{{Cite web|title=Miss Burlesque World 2022 Shimmy La Roux|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeRREQwA29Y/|accessdate=2022-06-01}}</ref> <ref name="Playboy 5">{{Cite web|title=Exotic Hochi Bound|publisher=Playboy Afrika|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CeRaR7ZAogx/|accessdate=2022-06-01}}</ref> <ref name="Playboy 6">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Receives NightMoves Lifetime Achievement Award|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-receives-nightmoves-lifetime-achievement-award-910601.html|accessdate=2022-10-13}}</ref> <ref name="PBandFHM1">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Spotlights Tori Black on Playboy Africa, FHM Sweden|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-spotlights-tori-black-on-playboy-africa-fhm-sweden-915591.html|accessdate=2023-01-12}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023, Long gbara Shimmy La Roux maka mkpuchi na Centerfold maka onye egwuregwu egwuregwu Playboy [[Denmark]] nke afọ. <ref name="PMOY">{{Cite web|title=Playmate of the Year Shimmy La Roux|publisher=Playboy Denmark|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CwpqLENNUZI/|accessdate=2023-09-01}}</ref> N'October 2023, Long Co kwadoro ma kwadoo otu FHM Magazine Release Party na Vegas na-egosipụta mkpokọta ụgbọ ala ya nke na-egosi na ihe ngosi ya ''Modz na Bodz'' yana Model ndị pụtara na mbipụta 2024 FHM Top 100. Getty Images na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese foto na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi kpuchiri ihe omume a. <ref name="FHMtop100">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Co-Sponsoring FHM Magazine Release Party Tonight|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-co-sponsoring-fhm-magazine-release-party-oct-12-922245.html|accessdate=2023-10-12}}</ref> <ref name="Getty1">{{Cite web|title=FHM's "Top 100 Sexiest Women In The World" Issue Release Party|publisher=Getty|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/fhms-top-100-sexiest-women-in-the-world-issue-release-party?assettype=image&family=editorial&phrase=FHM%27s%20%22Top%20100%20Sexiest%20Women%20In%20The%20World%22%20Issue%20Release%20Party&events=776048438|accessdate=2023-10-12}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="AAIA">{{Cite web|title=Miles Long Inducted Into AAIA Hall of Fame|publisher=AVN|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-inducted-into-aaia-hall-of-fame-918499.html|accessdate=2023-05-15}}</ref>Long began working as a photographer and director of photography for Michael Ninn.  [1] Long spent on mainstream TV in 2007 as director of photography of the television series Untold Stripclub Disclosure.  [2] In 2011, he kept his stage name and successfully sued a company that used his stage name to sell products without his license.  [3] In April 2020, Newsweek magazine interviewed him about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on his company.  [4] In 2021 he started writing articles as a reporter for NightMoves Magazine interviewing stars he knew personally for interviews that allowed him to show the private parts of the girls he was interviewing  .  [5] [6] He continues to make radio appearances, being on LATalkRadio with Amber Lynn [7] and Vivid Radio on SiriusXM with Christy Canyon [8] & Lisa Ann .  [9] [10] In June 2021 he appeared on the UK TV show This Morning and talked about his career, personal life and love life.  In TV interviews and his articles related to the Daily Mirror [11] and LADBible [12] As of 20233 he was inducted into the AVN, NightMoves, AAIA, Urban X and XRCO Halls of Fame, winning NightMoves Triple.  Sports Award for excellence in more than one field and also received Lifetime Achievement Award.  [13] [14] He is the first non-Australian to be inducted into the Australian Adult Industry Awards. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="infobox" style="width: 20em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;" |+<span style="font-size: 9pt">'''Ndepụta otuto nke Miles Long nwetara'''</span> | colspan="3" | {| class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%" ! colspan="3" style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | Ihe nrite na nhọpụta |- |- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;" | style="text-align:center;" | '''Ihe nrite''' | style="text-align:center; background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''meriri''' | style="text-align:center; background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''Ahọpụtara''' |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; AVN Awards |{{Won|4}}|{{Nom|55}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Fleshbot Awards |{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|3}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; NightMoves Awards |{{Won|5}}|{{Nom|4}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Ndị AAIA |{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|0}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Ihe nrite XBIZ |{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|16}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Ihe nrite XRCO |{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|10}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Urban X Awards |{{Won|3}}|{{Nom|7}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; Ihe nrite Mmekọahụ |{{Won|0}}|{{Nom|1}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | ; IAFD Awards |{{Won|1}}|{{Nom|1}} |} |- style="background:#d9e8ff;" | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ; '''Ngụkọta ọnụọgụ mmeri na nhọpụta''' |-|{{Won|'''Totals'''}}|{{Won|'''14'''}}|{{Nom|'''97'''}} |} {| class="wikitable" !Year !Ceremony !Result !Category !Work |- | rowspan="2" |'''2002''' | rowspan="2" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avnawards.com/nomin-list.html|title=This Year's Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011208103701/http://www.avnawards.com/nomin-list.html|archivedate=December 8, 2001}}</ref> | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" |Best Music <small>(shared with Tommy Ganz)</small> |''Bad Wives 2'' |- | {{Nom}} |''Marissa'' |- | rowspan="2" |'''2006''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000010/2006/1?ref_=nmawd_ev_1|title=AVN AWARDS 2006 NOMINEES|accessdate=2022-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best New Video Production Company |''Miles Long'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0852567/awards/|title=AVN AWARDS 2006 NOMINEES|accessdate=2022-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Series |''Muff 2'' |- | rowspan="2" |'''2007''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avn.com/imagearchive/27/84/74/2784742007UpdatedNominations|title=AVN AWARDS 2007 NOMINEES|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070423104247/http://www.avn.com/imagearchive/27/84/74/2784742007UpdatedNominations|archivedate=April 23, 2007}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director – Non-Feature |''Addicted Again'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+2/year=2006/addicted+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Sex Release |''Addicted Again'' |- | rowspan="4" |'''2008''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=ties+that+bind+2/year=2007/ties+that+bind+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Sex Release |''Ties That Bind 2'' |- | rowspan="3" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+3/year=2007/addicted+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best High-End All Sex Release |''Addicted 3'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best High Definition Release |''Addicted 3'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Editing |''Addicted 3'' |- | rowspan="4" |'''2009''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+4/year=2008/nylons+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Continuing Series |''Nylons 4'' |- | rowspan="2" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=big+loves+4/year=2008/big+loves+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Gonzo Release |''Big Loves 4'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Gonzo Series |''Big Loves'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+1/year=2008/cougar+club+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Best MILF Release |''The Cougar Club'' |- | rowspan="6" |'''2010''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0840274/awards?ref_=tt_awd|title=IMDb Movie Awards Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Best All-Sex Series |''Addicted'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+5/year=2009/nylons+5.htm|title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2011 AVN Awards|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Nylons 5'' |- | rowspan="3" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=addicted+6/year=2009/addicted+6.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Sex Series |''Addicted 6'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best High-End All Sex Release |''Addicted 6'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Vignette Series |''Addicted 6'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+2/year=2009/cougar+club+2.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best MILF Release |''The Cougar Club 2'' |- | rowspan="12" |'''2011''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/director-miles-long-inducted-into-2011-avn-hall-of-fame-425936.html|title=Director Miles Long Inducted Into 2011 AVN Hall of Fame|accessdate=2011-02-04|date=2018-11-25|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Hall of Fame | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |AVN Award<ref name="IAFD Movie Page">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+7/year=2010/nylons+7.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Nylons 7'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Specialty Tape: Other Genre |''Nylons 7'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=kittens+and+their+milf/year=2010/kittens+and+their+milf.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Older Woman/Younger Girl Movie |''Kittens And Their MILF'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1667906/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Packaging Innovation |''Vajazzled'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1623664/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Group Sex Scene |''Girlfriends 2'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1692228/reference/|title=IMDB Movie Page|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=IMDB}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Anal Sex Scene |''Upskirts 2'' |- | rowspan="3" |Urban X Award | {{Won}} |Best Couples Sex Scene<ref name="AVN Bio Page">{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/porn-stars/miles-long-260024.html|title=Miles Long Bio Page|accessdate=2019-10-27|publisher=AVN}}</ref> |''Vajazzled'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Gonzo Director<ref name="IAFD Director Page">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002654/2011/1|title=IMDb Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> | {{n/a}} |- | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year<ref name="IAFD Director Page" /> | {{n/a}} |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002080/2011/1|title=IMDb Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year - Body of Work | {{n/a}} |- |XBIZ Award<ref name="IAFD Movie Page" /> | {{Nom}} |Gonzo Release of the Year |''Nylons 7'' |- | rowspan="15" |'''2012''' |AVN Award<ref name="iafd.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+8/year=2010/nylons+8.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Nylons 8'' |- |AVN Award<ref name="iafd.com" /> | {{Nom}} |Best Director – Non Feature |''Nylons 8'' |- |AVN Award<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+3/year=2011/girlfriends+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Release |''Girlfriends 3'' |- |AVN Award<ref name="ReferenceC" /> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Group Sex Scene |''Girlfriends 3'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=young+thighs+in+knee+highs+1/year=2010/young+thighs+in+knee+highs+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Young Thighs in Knee Highs'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cougar+club+3+(ii)/year=2011/cougar+club+3+(ii).htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best MILF Release |''The Cougar Club 3'' |- |Urban X Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Urban-X-Awards-Announces-2012-Winners-482109.html|title=Urban X Awards Announces 2012 Winners|accessdate=2015-01-28|date=2012-06-22|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archivedate=2016-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319051237/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/Urban-X-Awards-Announces-2012-Winners-482109.html}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Hall of Fame | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=2012 Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131025101/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=January 31, 2012}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year - Body of Work | {{n/a}} |- | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year - Individual Project |''The Cougar Club 3'' |- | rowspan="2" |XBIZ Award<ref name="iafd.com" /> | {{Nom}} |Fetish Release of the Year |''Nylons 8'' |- | {{Nom}} |Vignette Release of the Year |''Nylons 8'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nooners/year=2011/nooners.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |All Sex Release of the Year |''Nooners'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=official+deal+or+no+deal+parody/year=2011/official+deal+or+no+deal+parody.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Parody Release of the Year |''Official Deal or No Deal Parody'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=sleazy+riders/year=2011/sleazy+riders.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Vignette Release of the Year |''Sleazy Riders'' |- |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/XRCO-Announces-2012-Hall-of-Fame-Class-469121.html|title=XRCO Announces 2012 Hall of Fame Class|accessdate=2015-01-27|author=Peter Warren|date=2012-03-19|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archivedate=2013-01-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130022923/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/XRCO-Announces-2012-Hall-of-Fame-Class-469121.html}}</ref> | {{Won}} |XRCO Hall of Fame | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="10" |'''2013''' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+4/year=2012/girlfriends+4.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Series |''Girlfriends'' |- |AVN Award<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=nylons+9/year=2012/nylons+9.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Nylons 9'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=laid+in+lingerie+1/year=2011/laid+in+lingerie+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release |''Laid In Lingerie'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=more+than+you+bargained+for/year=2012/more+than+you+bargained+for.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Vignette Release |''More Than You Bargained For'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=cheerleaders+gone+bad+1/year=2012/cheerleaders+gone+bad+1.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Young Girl Release |''Cheerleaders Gone Bad'' |- |The Sex Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD Director Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002672/2013/1|title=IMDB Awards Show Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Favorite Director | {{n/a}} |- |XBIZ Award<ref name="ReferenceA" /> | {{Nom}} |Fetish Release of the Year |''Nylons 9'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=office+politics/year=2012/office+politics.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Vignette Release of the year |''Office Politics'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=2013 Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225104526/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=December 25, 2012}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year - Non-Feature Release |''Office Politics'' |- | rowspan="3" |'''2014''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=girlfriends+5/year=2012/girlfriends+5.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Series |''Girlfriends'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|title=Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=XBIZ Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101433/http://xbizawards.xbiz.com/nominees.php|archivedate=October 6, 2014}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year - Non-Feature Release |''Angelic Asses'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=angelic+asses/year=2013/angelic+asses.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |All Sex Release of the Year |''Angelic Asses'' |- | rowspan="4" |'''2015''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://avnawards.avn.com/pages/4|title=2015 AVN Award Nominees|accessdate=2015-01-27|publisher=AVN Awards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125015310/http://avnawards.avn.com/pages/4|archivedate=November 25, 2014}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Web Director | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |AVN Award<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.iafd.com/title.rme/title=angelic+asses+3/year=2014/angelic+asses+3.htm|title=IAFD Movie Page|accessdate=2018-11-25|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Anal Series |''Angelic Asses'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Big Butt Release |''Angelic Asses'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref name="ReferenceB" /> | {{Nom}} |All Sex Series of the Year |''Angelic Asses'' |- | rowspan="2" |'''2016''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.die-screaming.com/2016-avn-award-nominees-54469/|title=AVN 2016 Nominees|date=21 November 2015|accessdate=2015-11-21|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best New Imprint |''Little Dragon Pictures'' |- |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-2016-nominations-649580.html|title=XRCO Announces 2016 Nominations|accessdate=2016-04-08|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director: Web | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="4" |'''2018''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2018 Nominees|accessdate=2018-01-27|publisher=AVN}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000010/2018/1|title=IMDb Awards Nominations Page|accessdate=2018-01-27|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Oral Movie |''POV Mania #9'' |- |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominations-announced-for-2018-xrco-awards-773548.html|title=XRCO Announces 2018 Nominees|accessdate=2018-04-20|author=Peter Warren|date=2018-04-20|publisher=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Web Director | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |Urban X Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002654/2018/1|title=IMDb - 2018 Awards Show Nominees|accessdate=2018-04-20|author=IMDb|date=2018-11-14|publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Studio of the Year<ref name="AVN Bio Page" /> |''Bangbros'' |- | {{Nom}} |Best Girl Girl Release |''Pussy Crazy 4'' |- | rowspan="10" |'''2019''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2019 Nominees|accessdate=2018-11-16|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web Channel/Site | {{n/a}} |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2019 Nominees|accessdate=2018-11-16|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Oral Movie |''POV Mania #12'' |- |XBIZ Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/240128/xbiz-announces-finalist-nominees-for-2019-xbiz-awards|title=XBIZ 2019 Nominees|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=2018-11-15|publisher=XBIZ}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director or the Year - Web | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="2" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/243622/2019-xrco-award-nominees-announced|title=XRCO Awards Nominees Announced|date=23 April 2019|accessdate=2019-04-25|publisher=XBIZ}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Non Feature |{{n/a}} |- | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web |{{n/a}} |- |IAFD Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.iafd.com/2019/05/13/and-the-2019-spank-bank-award-goes-to/|title=IAFD Announces 2019 Winners|accessdate=2019-06-26|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Director or the Year - Web | {{n/a}} |- |NightMoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aan.xxx/27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-were-a-huge-success/|title=Winners for 27th Annual NightMoves Awards|accessdate=2019-10-14|publisher=Nightmoves Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-announced-of-27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-849603.html|title=Winners Announced Of 27th Annual NightMoves Awards|accessdate=2019-10-14|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Triple Play Award | {{n/a}} |- |NightMoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/245428/nominees-for-27th-annual-nightmoves-awards-announced|title=Nominees for 27th Annual NightMoves Awards Announced|date=15 July 2019|accessdate=2019-07-15|publisher=XBIZ}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Non-Feature Director | {{n/a}} |- |Urban X Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/miles-long-receives-urban-x-awards-director-of-year-nomination-836291.html|title=AVN Announces 2019 Urban X Director Nominees|accessdate=2019-06-21|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year | {{n/a}} |- |Urban X Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aiwards.com/news/urban-x-awards-2019-nominations-full-list-revealed|title=Urban X Awards 2019 Nominations Full List Revealed|accessdate=2019-06-22|publisher=AIwards}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Studio of the Year | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="8" |'''2020''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web Channel/Site | {{n/a}} |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Oral Production |''POV Mania #20'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Gonzo Production |''Full Service POV #7'' |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/nominees|title=AVN 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2019-11-22|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best POV Sex Scene |''Shooting With Sexy Eliza Ibarra'' / Eliza Ibarra & Miles Long |- |IAFD Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.iafd.com/2020/05/28/the-2020-spank-bank-award-nominations/|title=IAFD Announces 2020 Nominees|accessdate=2020-06-02|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director or the Year - Web | {{n/a}} |- |NightMoves Award<ref name="avn.com">{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/voting-for-the-the-28th-annual-nightmoves-awards-started-886387.html|title=Nominees for 28th Annual NightMoves Awards Announced|accessdate=2020-08-17|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Non-Feature Director | {{n/a}} |- |NightMoves Award<ref name="avn.com" /> | {{Nom}} |Best Fetish/Taboo/Specialty Release |''Are You Rough Enough #4'' |- | rowspan="1" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-awards-announces-2020-nominees-in-video-on-avn-stars-890600.html|title=XRCO Awards Nominees Announced|accessdate=2020-11-07|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan="7" |'''2021''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web Channel/Site | {{n/a}} |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best POV Sex Scene |''Luna's 5 Star Vacation Day 1'' - Luna Star & Miles Long |- |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2021_nominees|title=AVN 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2020-11-19|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Double-Penetration Sex Scene |''Brooklyn Chase'' |- |Nightmoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-nightmoves-dates-announced-901877.html|title=Nightmoves 2021 Nominees|accessdate=2021-07-29|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Sex/ Gonzo Release |''POV Mania #21'' |- |Nightmoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-nightmoves-award-winners-announced-903127.html|title=Nightmoves 2021 Winners|accessdate=2021-10-12|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Hall of Fame | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-2021-award-nominees-902859.html|title=XRCO Announces 2021 Award Nominees|accessdate=2020-09-22|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |Fleshbot Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2021-fleshbot-awards-nominees-announced-903261.html|title=2021 Fleshbot Awards Nominees Announced|accessdate=2021-10-20|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="4" |'''2022''' |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2022_nominees|title=AVN 2022 Nominees|accessdate=2021-11-18|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Banner/Network | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-nominees-for-2022-xrco-awards-906954.html|title=XRCO Announces 2022 Award Nominees|accessdate=2022-04-07|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |NightMoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-30th-annual-nightmoves-awards-announced-910567.html|title=30th annual Nightmoves Awards Announces 2022 Award Winners|accessdate=2022-10-11|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Lifetime Achievement | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |Fleshbot Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominees-announced-for-2022-fleshbot-awards-910486.html|title=Nominees Announced for 2022 Fleshbot Awards|accessdate=2022-10-11|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="8" |'''2023''' | rowspan="1" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Non-Narrative | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Mainstream Venture | {{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2023_nominees|title=AVN 2023 Nominees|accessdate=2022-11-06|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Solo/Tease Performance |''When Girls Are Alone'' |- | rowspan="1" |AAI Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/press-release/video/miles-long-inducted-into-aaia-hall-of-fame-918499.html|title=Miles Long Inducted Into AAIA Hall of Fame|accessdate=2023-05-15|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Hall of Fame |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |Urban X Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iafd.com/person.rme/perfid=mileslong/gender=d/miles-long.htm|title=IAFD performer awards page|accessdate=2023-06-29|publisher=IAFD}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Director of the Year |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/xrco-announces-nominations-for-39th-annual-awards-show-918040.html|title=XRCO Announces 2023 Award Nominees|accessdate=2023-04-28|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan="1" |Fleshbot Awards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fleshbot.com/8976662/the-nominees-for-the-2023-fleshbot-awards/|title=Nominees Announced for 2023 Fleshbot Awards|date=19 October 2023|accessdate=2023-10-20|publisher=Fleshbot}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Oral Scene |''POV Mania #22'' / Miles Long & Kay Carter |- | rowspan="1" |NightMoves Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nightmovesonline.com/the-nightmoves-awards-history/|title=31st annual Nightmoves Awards Announces 2023 Award Winners|accessdate=2023-11-15|publisher=Nightmoves}}</ref> | {{Won}} |Best All Girl Release |''Kenzie Loves Girls'' |- | rowspan="3" |'''2024''' | rowspan="1" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees|title=AVN 2024 Nominees|accessdate=2023-11-14|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best All Girl Release |''Kenzie Loves Girls'' |- | rowspan="1" |AVN Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/awards/2024_nominees|title=AVN 2024 Nominees|accessdate=2023-11-14|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Mainstream Venture |''Modz And Bodz'' |- | rowspan="1" |XRCO Award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nominees-announced-for-40th-annual-xrco-awards-930181.html|title=XRCO Announces 2024 Award Nominees|accessdate=2024-04-07|publisher=AVN}}</ref> | {{Nom}} |Best Director - Web |{{n/a}} |- |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6u6gwcsmyayyhmdbk9e4118vdq1hmpn Xbills Ebenezer 0 45633 195406 191972 2024-11-19T08:06:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} {{Databox}}'''Xbills Ebenezer''' (amụrụ '''Annor Ebenezer''' ) bụ onye ntụzi vidiyo egwu [[Ghana]] na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na CEO nke Xpress Philms, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe nkiri, telivishọn, na vidiyo egwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flexgh.com/xbills-ebenezer-the-magic-hand-behind-ghanas-best-music-videos/|title=Xbills Ebenezer, The Magic Hand Behind Ghana's Best Music Videos|publisher=Flexgh|date=29 March 2016|accessdate=23 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/xbills-ebenezer|title=Xbills Ebenezer|publisher=Music in Africa|date=13 August 2015|accessdate=23 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicarenagh.com/top-10-music-video-directors/|title=TOP 10 MUSIC VIDEO DIRECTORS|publisher=Showbiz Punch|date=1 September 2016|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=6 December 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206050724/https://www.musicarenagh.com/top-10-music-video-directors/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.showbizpunch.com/exclusive-video-directorx-bills-releases-first-hit-song-now-musician/|title=Exclusive: Video Director,X Bills Releases First Hit Song Now As A Musician|publisher=Showbiz Punch|date=3 December 2017|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=15 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815045743/https://www.showbizpunch.com/exclusive-video-directorx-bills-releases-first-hit-song-now-musician/}}</ref> Xbills eduzila vidiyo egwu maka ndị na-ese ihe na-edekọ ihe n'ofe ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere, Bisa Kdei, [[Shatta Wale]], [[Becca Bernstein|Becca]], Kofi Kinaata, Edem, [[Eazzy]], Gurunkz, VVIP, Obrafour, Dobble, AK Songstress, Tic Tac, [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]], [[Jupiter Bokondji|Jupitar]], na ndị ọzọ. . <ref name="helpinghana">{{Cite web|url=https://helpinghana.com/index.php/2017/12/26/photos-best-music-directors-ghana//|title=Photos of Best Music Directors in Ghana|publisher=Helpin Ghana|date=5 March 2015|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=19 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119125048/https://helpinghana.com/index.php/2017/12/26/photos-best-music-directors-ghana/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opera.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-bisa-kdei-mansa-id4094063.html|title=Music Video Bisa Kdei Mansa|publisher=PulseGH|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=26 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326202934/http://opera.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-bisa-kdei-mansa-id4094063.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.netnaija.me/videos/music/3892-becca-beshiwo-feat-bisa-kdei-xbills-ebenezer|title=Becca – Beshiwo (feat. Bisa Kdei) [Dir. by Xbills Ebenezer]|publisher=Showbiz Punch|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=23 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kuulpeeps.com/2016/04/see-behind-the-scenes-photos-of-the-making-of-shatta-wales-kakai-video/|title=See Behind The Scenes Photos Of The Making Of Shatta Wale's 'Kakai' Video|publisher=Kuulpeeps|date=13 April 2016|accessdate=23 March 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Ebenezxar mụrụ nye Miss Juliet Gladys Osafo na Mr Fred K. Annor na 17 Eprel 1987 na obodo Kukurantumi-Akim na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ghana]]. Ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ nke abụọ n'ime ụmụnne isii ahụ. Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ n'Asafo-Akim wee sonye na Ofori Panin Senior High School ebe ọ gụrụ Visual Arts. Na Ofori Panin Senior High School, Xbills Ebenezer meriri nwa akwụkwọ Visual Arts kacha mma na klaasị ya ugboro abụọ. N'ịbụ onye na-akpali akpali site na ọdịdị mara mma na nka nke omenala Michael Jackson n'oge ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ malitere ịbụ abụ na-akụ ma na-egwu egwu. Ọ rọrọ nrọ imepụta ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo nwere ike ịdị ka anụ ọhịa, yana egwu karịa nke Michael Jackson. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-ese ihe nkiri na mpempe akwụkwọ n'ụdị eserese; nke onye ọ bụla gụrụ ha ghọtara nke ọma. Ụdị ihe osise ndị a nwekwara ezigbo ihe odide. Ọ malitere mmepụta vidiyo egwu oge niile na 1997, vidiyo ọ rụpụtara bụ Gurunkz "''Lapaz Toyota''" nke agbagburu na 2011. == Aduziri vidiyo == Nke a bụ ndepụta vidiyo egwu nke Xbills Ebenezer duziri. Edepụtara ihe karịrị vidiyo egwu 37 ugbu a ebe a. {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Year ! style="width:22em;" |Video !Artist |- |2011 ! scope="row" |"Lapaz Toyota" |Gurunkz |- |2012 ! scope="row" |"Seke"<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Music Video: "Seke" By Dr. Slim and Double|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/201211/145152.php?storyid=100&|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Peacefm|date=November 9, 2012}}</ref> |Dr. Slim feat. Dobble |- |2013 ! scope="row" |"Boys Abre/Alkayida"<ref>{{Cite news|title=GURU – ALKAYIDA (BOYS ABRE) (OFFICIAL VIDEO)|url=http://www.worldofafrica.tv/videos/guru-alkayida-boys-abre-official-video/|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=World of Africa TV|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- | rowspan="12" |2014 ! scope="row" |"Obaa Jackie Chan"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Video Guru – Obaa Jackie Chan|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-guru-obaa-jackie-chan-id3371069.html|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Pulse GH|date=December 26, 2014}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Here We Go Again"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gh.newshub.org/new-videos-edem-releases-koene-and-here-we-go-again-850797.html|title=NEW VIDEOS: EDEM RELEASES 'KOENE' AND 'HERE WE GO AGAIN'|publisher=GH News Hub|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Edem |- ! scope="row" |"Pum Pum"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=leHSQ781qWE|title=Tic-Tac – Pum Pum (Feat. Edem)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |TicTac feat Edem |- ! scope="row" |"Mpaebo"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2014/08/music-video-guru-mpaebo-directed-by-xbills-ebenezer/|title=Music Video Guru Mpaebo Directed by Xbills Ebenezer|publisher=Loudsound|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Mama Ne Dada"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ktkk-nfhv6A|title=Mama ne Dada|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |D2 |- ! scope="row" |"Nkwadaa Nkwadaa"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/music/201302/156027.php|title=New Music Video: "Nkwaada Nkwaada" By Guru Featuring Double And Afia Schwarzenegger|publisher=Peace FM|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Baba God"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nydjlive.com/new-music-video-guru-baba-god-ft-iyk-wonder/|title=New Music Video: Guru-Baba God ft Iyk Wonder|publisher=Nydjlive|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Pooley Swag"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-guru-pooley-swag-id3474821.html|title=Music Video Guru – Pooley Swag|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Aboa Onni Dua"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/33416/obrafour-releases-video-for-aboa-onni-dua-featuring-redeye.html|title=Obrafour Releases Video For 'Aboa Onni Dua' Featuring Redeye|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Obrafour |- ! scope="row" |"Pimpinaa"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-obrafour-pimpinaa-feat-bisa-kdei-id3766589.html|title=Music Video Obrafour – Pimpinaa feat. Bisa Kdei|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Obrafour |- ! scope="row" |"Enemies"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-jupitar-enemies-feat-sarkodie-id3519659.html|title=Music Video Jupitar – Enemies Feat. Sarkodie|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |[[Jupitar (musician)|Jupitar]] |- ! scope="row" |"Skolom"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/vvip-skolom-feat-sena-dagadu-official-video/|title=VVIP – Skolom (Feat Sena Dagadu) (Official Video)|publisher=GhanaNdwom|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |VVIP |- |2015 ! scope="row" |Otan Hunu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dobble Otan Hunu Official Video|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/dobble-otan-hunu-official-video/|accessdate=August 31, 2015|work=Ghana Motion}}</ref> |Dobble |- | rowspan="17" |2016 ! scope="row" |"Bie Gya"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-shatta-wale-bie-gya-id4964452.html|title=Music Video Shatta Wale – Bie Gya|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |[[Shatta Wale]] |- ! scope="row" |"Hello"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/akwaboah-hello-feat-sarkodie-official-video/|title=Akwaboah – Hello (Feat. Sarkodie) (Official Video)|publisher=GhanaNdwom|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |[[Akwaboah Jnr]] feat [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] |- ! scope="row" |"Beshiwo" |Becca (Ghanaian singer) feat Bisa Kdei |- ! scope="row" |"Life"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://enewsgh.com/2016/11/22/video-life-bisa-kdei-ft-patoranking/|title=VIDEO: Life – Bisa KDei ft. Patoranking|publisher=EnewsGH|accessdate=March 26, 2018|archivedate=February 12, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212214240/https://enewsgh.com/2016/11/22/video-life-bisa-kdei-ft-patoranking/}}</ref> |Bisa Kdei feat [[Patoranking]] |- ! scope="row" |"Na Na"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Eazzy-drops-Na-Na-video-featuring-Stonebwoy-489511|title=Eazzy drops 'Na Na' video featuring Stonebwoy|publisher=Ghanaweb|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |[[Eazzy]] feat [[Stonebwoy]] |- ! scope="row" |"Meba Be Tia Wo"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Video-Guru-features-Lil-Win-in-Meba-Be-Tia-Wo-404844|title=Video: Guru features Lil Win in 'Meba Be Tia Wo'|publisher=Ghanaweb|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Gurunkz |- ! scope="row" |"Hw3"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-becca-hw3-remix-feat-bisa-kdei-id4714780.html|title=Music Video Becca – Hw3 Remix feat. Bisa Kdei|publisher=Pulse|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Becca (Ghanaian singer) feat Bisa Kdei |- ! scope="row" |"Susuka"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXaEvauHXYM|title=Kofi Kinaata – Susuka (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Kofi Kinaata |- ! scope="row" |"Mansa"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KXaEvauHXYM|title=Kofi Kinaata – Susuka (Official Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |Bisa Kdei |- ! scope="row" |"PumPum"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/west/songs-download/rudebwoy-ranking-pumpum-ghana-ft-episode|title=RudeBwoy Ranking – "PumPum from Ghana" ft. Episode|publisher=[[TooXclusive]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018|archivedate=October 27, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027053640/https://tooxclusive.com/west/songs-download/rudebwoy-ranking-pumpum-ghana-ft-episode/}}</ref> |RudeBwoy Ranking |- ! scope="row" |"Kakai"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cuemusicworld.co.uk/index.php/2018/01/30/shatta-wale-kakai-official-video/|title=Shatta Wale – Kakai (Official Video)|publisher=Cuemusicworld|accessdate=March 26, 2018|archivedate=March 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327023758/http://cuemusicworld.co.uk/index.php/2018/01/30/shatta-wale-kakai-official-video/}}</ref> |[[Shatta Wale]] |- ! scope="row" |"Holiday"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/audio/artikel.php?ID=352773|title=AK Songstress releases new video "Holiday"|publisher=Ghanaweb|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |AK Songstress |- ! scope="row" |"Baby"<ref>{{Cite news|title=VIDEO: Petrah ft. Reekado Banks – Baby|url=https://notjustok.com/video-download/video-petrah-ft-reekado-banks-baby/|accessdate=March 27, 2018|work=Notjustok|date=July 10, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hot new Music Video: Petrah feat. Reekado Banks – Baby|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/music-video-7/|accessdate=March 27, 2018|work=Ameyaw Debrah|date=July 4, 2016}}</ref> |Petrah feat [[Reekado Banks]] |- ! scope="row" |"Fefeefe"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2016/10/20/new-video-el-drops-visuals-fefeefe/|title=NEW VIDEO: EL Drops Visuals For 'Fefeefe'|publisher=Ghana Celebrities|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |EL |- ! scope="row" |"One Tin"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kubilive.com/eazzy-drops-new-hot-video-one-tindirected-by-xbills-ebenezer/|title=Watch: Eazzy Drops New Hot Video "One Tin"(Directed by Xbills Ebenezer)|publisher=[[Kubilive]]|accessdate=March 26, 2018}}</ref> |[[Eazzy]] |- ! scope="row" |"Kpakposhito" <ref>{{Cite news|title=New Music Video: 'Kpakposhito' By Eazzy|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2016/03/11/new-music-video-kpakposhito-by-eazzy/|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Ghana Celebrities|date=November 10, 2016}}</ref> |[[Eazzy]] |- |Hello <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adinkra|first=Fiifi|date=2016-10-28|title=Akwaboah – Hello (Feat Sarkodie)|url=https://ghanandwom.net/akwaboah-hello-feat-sarkodie/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaNdwom.net|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Akwaboah Jnr|Akwaboah]] feat. [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] |- | rowspan="7" |2017 ! scope="row" |"Boom Boom"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Video Kuami Eugene – Boom Bang Bang|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-kuami-eugene-boom-bang-bang-id6953921.html|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Pulse GH|date=July 6, 2017}}</ref> |Kuami Eugune |- ! scope="row" |"Mawuli"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music: 2Fresh4God – Mawuli (Directed By XBills Ebenezer)|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/42504/music-2fresh4god-mawuli-directed-by-xbills-ebenezer.html|accessdate=March 27, 2018|work=ModernGhana|date=April 14, 2017}}</ref> |2Fresh4God |- ! scope="row" |"Feeling" |Kurl Songz feat Ebony Reigns |- ! scope="row" |"Bronya"<ref>{{Cite news|title=BTS Photos Wutah finally shoot video for "Bronya"|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/bts-photos-wutah-finally-shoot-video-for-bronya-id7479870.html|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Pulse GH|date=October 18, 2017}}</ref> |Wutah |- ! scope="row" |"Rewind"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Video MzVee – Rewind feat. Kuami Eugene|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-mzvee-rewind-feat-kuami-eugene-id6117075.html|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Pulse GH|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref> |MzVee feat Kuami Eugene |- |Daavi <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-07|title=Mzvee releases latest track 'Daavi'|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Mzvee-releases-latest-track-Daavi-526696|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> |Mzvee |- |We Run Dem <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crafty|first=Arthur|date=2023-06-21|title=MzVee – We Run Dem ft Article Wan Mp3 Download » Naijamz|url=https://naijamz.com/download-mp3/3350/mzvee-we-run-dem-ft-article-wan|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=naijamz.com|language=en}}</ref> |MzVee ft Article Wan |- | rowspan="3" |2018 ! scope="row" |"Come And See My Moda"<ref>{{Cite news|title=Music Video MzVee Come and See My Moda feat Yemi Alade|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/music-video-mzvee-come-and-see-my-moda-feat-yemi-alade-id7838982.html|accessdate=March 26, 2018|work=Pulse GH|date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> |MzVee feat. [[Yemi Alade]] |- |Mamee <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jasper|first=Kevin|date=2018-04-11|title=Efya x Mr Eazi – Mame (Give Me) MP3 DOWNLOAD|url=https://www.naijavibes.com/mp3-download/efya-x-mr-eazi-mame-give-me-audio/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=NaijaVibes|language=en-GB}}</ref> |Efya ft. [[Mr Eazi]] |- |Bend Down <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dwomoh|first=Bright|date=2018-09-26|title=DOWNLOAD MP3 : MzVee ft. Kuami Eugene – Bend Down (Prod. by MoG Beatz) {{!}} GhanaSongs.com – Ghana Music Downloads|url=https://www.ghanasong.com/download-mp3-mzvee-ft-kuami-eugene-bend-down-prod-by-mog-beatz/|accessdate=2023-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> |MzVee feat. Kuami Eugene |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |Dw3<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-06|title=Watch "Dw3" by Mr Drew x Krymi ft. Sarkodie {{!}} Video & Download MP3|url=https://notjustok.com/videos/video-mr-drew-x-krymi-ft-sarkodie-dw3-download-mp3/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=NotjustOk|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621150438/https://notjustok.com/videos/video-mr-drew-x-krymi-ft-sarkodie-dw3-download-mp3/}}</ref> |Mr Drew ft Krymi & [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] |- |Fire Burn <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=DOWNLOAD: Kwamz & Flava – Fire Burn ft Sarkodie|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/download-kwamz-flava-fire-burn-ft-sarkodie/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=www.ghgossip.com|language=en-AU|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164403/https://www.ghgossip.com/download-kwamz-flava-fire-burn-ft-sarkodie/}}</ref> |Kwamz & Flava Feat. [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] |- |Shooo (Remix) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tomiwa|date=2023-02-19|title=Kwamz & Flava – "Shooo (Remix)" ft. Medikal x Joey B|url=https://tooxclusive.com/kwamz-flava-shooo-remix-ft-medikal-x-joey-b-new-song/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=tooXclusive|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801094754/https://tooxclusive.com/kwamz-flava-shooo-remix-ft-medikal-x-joey-b-new-song/}}</ref> |Kwamz & Flava Feat. Medikal & Joey B |- |Weather <ref>{{Cite web|author=E|first=A. D. C.|date=2019-06-22|title=Watch: Sista Afia Ft Medikal & Quamina MP - Weather - Africa.com|url=https://www.africa.com/watch-sista-afia-ft-medikal-quamina-mp-weather/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=www.africa.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Sista Afia ft Medikal & Quamina MP |- | rowspan="10" |2020 |"Enjoyment"<ref>{{Cite web|author=naija|first=prey|date=2020-01-30|title=KiDi – Enjoyment {{!}} VIDEO • NaijaPrey|url=https://www.naijaprey.com/music-kidi-enjoyment-video/,%20https://www.naijaprey.com/music-kidi-enjoyment-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=www.naijaprey.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[KiDi|KIDI]] |- |No Dulling<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=Top 10 most watched Ghanaian music videos in 2020|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Top-10-most-watched-Ghanaian-music-videos-in-2020-1142957|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> |Keche Feat. Kuami Eugene |- |Let Me Know <ref>{{Cite web|author=invisible|first=quame|date=2020-09-04|title=Download Mr Drew – Let Me Know (Prod. By MOG) {{!}} HitxGh.Com|url=https://www.hitxgh.com/mr-drew-let-me-know-prod-by-mog/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=hitxgh|language=en-US}}</ref> |Mr Drew |- |Turn Up <ref>{{Cite web|author=chyme|date=2023-06-16|title=VIDEO: Kuami Eugene – Turn Up|url=https://247naijabuzz.com/video-kuami-eugene-turn-up/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=247NaijaBuzz|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621153444/https://247naijabuzz.com/video-kuami-eugene-turn-up/}}</ref> |Kuami Eugene |- |Wedding Song <ref>{{Cite web|author=JNR|first=KELLY|date=2023-06-21|title=DOWNLOAD MP3: Wendy Shay – Wedding ft. Kuami Eugene|url=https://naijatunez.com/download-mp3-wendy-shay-wedding-ft-kuami-eugene/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=NaijaTunez|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164406/https://naijatunez.com/download-mp3-wendy-shay-wedding-ft-kuami-eugene/}}</ref> |[[Wendy Shay]] feat. Kuami Eugene |- |Pray For The World <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title=MUSIC: Wendy Shay – Pray For The World|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/music-wendy-shay-pray-for-the-world/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Gossip|language=en-AU|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164404/https://www.ghgossip.com/music-wendy-shay-pray-for-the-world/}}</ref> |[[Wendy Shay]] |- |Duna <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Eazzy and Quamina MP go wild in new 'Duna' music video (WATCH)|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/eazzy-and-quamina-mp-go-wild-in-duna-music-video-with-twerking-moves-watch/1lnrp9k|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Pulse Ghana|language=en}}</ref> |[[Eazzy]] Feat Quamina Mp |- |Here For You <ref>{{Cite web|author=kofixerda|date=2020-10-14|title=Vanilla Karr Drops Official Video For "Here For You" – Watch Here|url=https://ghanandwom.net/vanilla-karr-drops-official-video-for-here-for-you-watch-here/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaNdwom.|language=en-US}}</ref> |Vanilla Karr |- |Bestie <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-25|title=DOWNLOAD: Queen Ayorkor – Bestie ft Kelvyn Boy|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/download-queen-ayorkor-bestie-ft-kelvyn-boy/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Gossip|language=en-AU|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164423/https://www.ghgossip.com/download-queen-ayorkor-bestie-ft-kelvyn-boy/}}</ref> |Queen Ayorkor Ft. Kelvyn Boy |- |Paper <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Ghana|date=2020-01-20|title=Video Premiere: Paper by Sista Afia feat. Victor AD|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2020/01/20/video-premiere-paper-by-sista-afia-feat-victor-ad/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> |Sista Afia feat. [[Victor AD]] |- | rowspan="10" |2021 |Mood <ref>{{Cite web|author=Orlazd|first=great1|date=2021-04-18|title=VIDEO: Mr Drew – Mood » NaijaRemix|url=https://www.naijaremix.com/mp4-videos/video-mr-drew-mood/|accessdate=2023-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> |Mr Drew |- |Shoulder <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zatunes|date=2021-09-17|title=Adina Thembi & Mr JazziQ – Shoulder|url=https://zatunes.co.za/2021/adina-thembi-mr-jazziq-shoulder|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=ZAtunes|language=en-US}}</ref> |Adina feat. Mr JazziQ |- |Dollar On You <ref>{{Cite web|author=Live|first=ThePrince|date=2021-04-30|title=WATCH: Kuami Eugene – Dollar On You (Official Video)|url=https://eonlinegh.com/watch-kuami-eugene-dollar-on-you-official-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=EonlineGH.Com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Kuami Eugene |- |Today <ref>{{Cite web|author=kodecx|date=2023-03-09|title=DopeNation – Today (Official Video) MP4 Download {{!}} BaseNaija|url=https://basenaija.com/dopenation-today-2/|accessdate=2023-06-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621153445/https://basenaija.com/dopenation-today-2/}}</ref> |DopeNation |- |Shuperu <ref>{{Cite web|author=Orlazdgreat1|date=2021-09-13|title=VIDEO: Mr Drew – Shuperu Ft. KiDi Mp4 Download » NaijaRemix|url=https://www.naijaremix.com/mp4-videos/video-mr-drew-shuperu-ft-kidi/|accessdate=2023-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> |Mr Drew feat. [[KiDi]] |- |S3k3 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Ghana|date=2021-11-18|title=Video Premiere: Sɛkɛ by Mr Drew feat. Medikal|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2021/11/18/video-premiere-sɛkɛ-by-mr-drew-feat-medikal/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> |Mr Drew feat. Medikal |- |Good Mood <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=MUSIC: Keche ft Fameye – Good Mood|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/music-keche-ft-fameye-good-mood/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaGossip|language=en-AU|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164413/https://www.ghgossip.com/music-keche-ft-fameye-good-mood/}}</ref> |Keche ft Fameye |- |Mind Your Business <ref>{{Cite web|author=naijaprey|date=2021-12-03|title=DopeNation – Mind Your Business (Video) Mp4 Download • NaijaPrey|url=https://www.naijaprey.com/dopenation-mind-your-business-video/,%20https://www.naijaprey.com/dopenation-mind-your-business-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=naijaprey.|language=en-US}}</ref> |Dopenation |- |Amen <ref>{{Cite web|author=kodecx|date=2023-03-09|title=VIDEO: Kuami Eugene – Amen {{!}} BaseNaija|url=https://basenaija.com/kuami-eugene-amen/|accessdate=2023-06-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164405/https://basenaija.com/kuami-eugene-amen/}}</ref> |Kuami Eugene |- |Abodie <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=2021 in review: Captain Planet makes history with monster hit song 'Abodie'|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/2021-in-review-Captain-Planet-makes-history-with-monster-hit-song-Abodie-1431997|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=GhanaWeb|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164403/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/2021-in-review-Captain-Planet-makes-history-with-monster-hit-song-Abodie-1431997}}</ref> |Captain Planet (4x4) feat. Kuami Eugene |- | rowspan="5" |2022 |<nowiki>''Metua''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-25|title=WATCH: Amerado – Metua Featuring Kuami Eugene – Ameyaw Debrah|url=https://ameyawdebrah.com/watch-amerado-metua-featuring-kuami-eugene/|accessdate=2022-03-05|language=en-US}}</ref> |Amerado feat. Kuami Eugene |- |"Friday Night" <ref>{{Cite web|author=IYKE|first=DJ|date=2022-09-02|title=Official Video: Lasmid – Friday Night|url=https://afromusik.com/official-video-lasmid-friday-night/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Afromusik|language=en-US}}</ref> |Lasmid |- |"Sweetie" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kumasi|date=2022-12-28|title=Download: Kwabena Kwabena – Sweetie (Official Video)|url=https://www.kumasinaija.com/download-kwabena-kwabena-sweetie-official-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Kumasi Naija|language=en-US}}</ref> |Kwabena Kwabena |- |"Jo" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cap|first=Blogger In|date=2022-08-13|title=FBS – JO (Dance) feat Mr Drew (Official Video)|url=https://viviplay.net/fbs-jo-dance-feat-mr-drew-official-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=ViViPlay|language=en-US}}</ref> |FBS feat. Mr Drew |- |Blow <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyame|first=Dominic|date=2022-05-12|title=Official Video: Mona 4Reall – Blow (Official Video)|url=http://www.hitzmakers.com/mona-4reall-blow-official-music-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=HitzMakers.com|language=en-US}}</ref> |Mona 4Reall |- | rowspan="5" |2023 |Cryptocurrency <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Ghana|date=2023-03-29|title=Video: Cryptocurrency by Kuami Eugene & Rotimi|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2023/03/29/video-cryptocurrency-by-kuami-eugene-rotimi/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> |Kuami Eugene Feat. Rotimi |- |Love You <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wisdom|first=Daniel|date=2023-06-21|title=Bisa Kdei – Love You ft. KiDi (Mp3 Download)|url=https://xclusiveloaded.com/bisa-kdei-love-you-ft-kidi/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Xclusiveloaded|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621150438/https://xclusiveloaded.com/bisa-kdei-love-you-ft-kidi/}}</ref> |Bisa Kdei feat. [[KiDi]] |- |Something Must Happen <ref>{{Cite web|author=invisiblequame|date=2023-03-01|title=Download Keche – Something Must Happen (Official Music Video) {{!}} HitxGh.Com|url=https://www.hitxgh.com/keche-something-must-happen-official-music-video/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=hitxgh|language=en-US}}</ref> |Keche |- |Carry Go <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Ghana|date=2023-02-22|title=Video: Carry Go by Sista Afia|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2023/02/22/video-carry-go-by-sista-afia/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> |Sista Afia |- |My Darling <ref>{{Cite web|author=Music|first=Ghana|date=2023-01-27|title=Video: My Darling by Akwaboah feat. Kwabena Kwabena|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/video/music-videos/2023/01/27/video-my-darling-by-akwaboah-feat-kwabena-kwabena/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=Ghana Music|language=en-GB}}</ref> |[[Akwaboah Jnr|Akwaboah]] Feat. Kwabena Kwabena |} == Ntụaka == omenala Michael Jackson n'oge ụbọchị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ malitere ịbụ abụ na-akụ ma na-egwu egwu. Ọ rọrọ nrọ imepụta ihe nkiri akụkọ ifo nwere ike ịdị ka anụ{{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Xbills Ebenezer on LinkedIn * Xbills Ebenezer's channel on YouTube * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181218030729/http://www.fruttiboxxafrica.com/tag/xbills-ebenezer/ Fruttiboxx Africa] * Official website [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f1p4u1hop4gfcgzir90bk2nv0v41o3j Omar Victor Diop 0 45838 195262 177275 2024-11-18T13:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195262 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Omar Victor Diop Paris Photo.jpg|thumb|Omar Victor Diop Paris Photo.]] Omar Victor Diop ( 1980 ná mmalite) bụ onye na-ese foto Senegal onye ọrụ ya bara nke echiche na-ama gburugburu ụwa.  [1] [2] Ọ bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Dakar na Paris, France. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Omar Victor Diop egwuregwu na Dakar, Senegal.  Ọ bụ ya bụ ụdọdụ nwa n’ime ụmụ isii, ndị ọrụ ya jikwa ịma ihe dị ka ụzọ isi nri.  Ya na ike ya gara akwụkwọ kacha mma site na nwata, nke butere ọrụ na ego na nzi ozi ụlọ ọrụ.  [1] [2] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ESCE International Business School na Paris tupu ọ ọrụ na Ernst & Young dị ka onye isi, wee soro British American Tobacco na ngalaba mba ụwa.. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Buggenhagen|first=Beth|date=May 2017|title=If You Were in My Sneakers: Migration Stories in the Studio Photography of Dakar‐Based Omar Victor Diop|journal=AnthroSource|volume=33|pages=38–50|doi=10.1111/var.12120}}</ref> Mgbe ụbọchị izu ike nke afọ site na ndụ ụlọ ọrụ, Diop mere ike maka ọrụ nka na 2010. [1] Ihe omume mbụ ya, Ejiji 2112, Ọdịnihu nke Mma, bụ foto foto nke egosiri na Pan African Exhibition nke African Biennale of Photography  na Bamako, Mali (2011).  Ọganihu na nke ọrụ a rụpụtara nlebara anya Diop na foto naanị. == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ ebe na Diop egwu ọrụ ya na ọrụ, na 2010 ọ kwagara na mpaghara foto ejiji na-arụsi ọrụ ike.  Tupu nke a, ọ nwalere na foto nke odida obodo, ma ndị ọrụ maka ahịrị ejiji Bantu Wax na Adama Paris, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.  Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2013, ọ rụpụtala 70 nke mgbasa ozi azụmahịa na Dakar.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ ahịa, ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ya na-adabere n'ụdị nke Fine Art portraiture;  na-enwekarị ihe osise onwe ya.  Ọ na- ọrụ na usoro, na, dị ka onye na-ese foto Mali Seydou Keïta, na-aga n'ihu na omenala nke foto studio nke Africa. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondationlouisvuitton.fr/en/the-collection/artists/omar-victor-diop.html|title=Omar Victor Diop|author=|first=|date=|work=Foundation Louis Vuitton|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=November 1, 2019}}</ref> == Usoro == Diop ewepụtala ọtụtụ usoro, gụnyere: * ''Na-agwakọta Hollywood'' (2013) - mmekorita ya na onye na-ese foto America nke French Antoine Tempé . N'ịbụ nke nwere foto 20, usoro a dabeere na oge ngosi nke ihe nkiri America na French na-ewu ewu mgbe ha na-eji ndị Senegal na [[Côte d'Ivoire]] dochie isiokwu ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zhang|first=Michael|date=2015-09-17|title=Photographers Give Iconic Hollywood Movie Shots an African Remake|url=https://petapixel.com/2015/09/17/photographers-give-iconic-hollywood-movie-shots-an-african-remake/|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=PetaPixel|language=en}}</ref> * ''Project Diaspora'' (2015) - usoro ihe osise nke Diop na-emegharị ihe osise Europe nke narị afọ nke 15 na nke 16 nke ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ndị mara mma na ndị nwere obi ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=O’Hagan|first=Sean|date=2015-07-11|title=Omar Victor Diop: ‘I want to reinvent the heritage of African studio photography’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jul/11/mar-ictor-ioi-want-to-reinvent-great-heritage-of-african-studio-photography|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=The Observer|language=en-GB}}</ref> Diop na-ezube ịgbasa oke ''Project Diaspora'' na Eshia, America na Middle East. * ''Olileanya Blues'' (2015) - usoro nke na-enyocha olileanya na nkwụsi ike site na foto nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ nke UN Refugee Agency . (Akụkụ nke ihe ngosi ya akpọrọ ''REFUGEE.)'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-17|title=Omar Victor Diop Captures the Beauty and Resilience of Refugees in 'Hopeful Blues'|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/news/g29121/photos-omar-victor-diop/|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=ELLE|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Une exposition de photos présente les réfugiés sous un nouveau jour - Le HCR collabore avec la Fondation Annenberg.|url=https://www.unhcr.org/africa/fr/actualites/une-exposition-de-photos-presente-les-refugies-sous-un-nouveau-jour-le-hcr-collabore|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=UNHCR Afrique}}</ref> * ''Nnwere onwe'' (2016) - usoro onyonyo nke na-agụgharị, na-akọwa na juxtapose na-akọwa oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ojii. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Striking images of black struggle|url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180724-striking-images-of-black-struggle|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=www.bbc.com}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Diop esonyela n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na mba ụwa, gụnyere: === Ihe ngosi otu <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.magnin-a.com/en/artistes/presentation/1199/omar-victor-diop|title=Omar Victor Diop- Exhibitions|author=|first=|date=November 1, 2019|work=MAGNIN-A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504200441/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.0/jquery.min.js|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=}}</ref> === * ''Miami Beach na-enweghị aha,'' Miami, Florida (2016) * ''Art Folk Africa?'' '': Ihe okike nke oge a na Sub-Saharian Africa,'' FRAC, Aquitaine, France (2016) * ''Foto Paris,'' Grand Palais, Paris, France (2017) * ''Foto Ememme,'' La Gacilly '','' Brittany, France (2017) * ''Art/Afrique, le nouvel atelier,'' Louis Vuitton Foundation, Paris, France (2017) * ''Ọchịchọ Afrịka,'' Obí Cadaval, Evora, Portugal (2018) * ''Ime Africa: Kọntinenti nke Nhazi Ọdịnaya,'' Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein, Germany (2019) * <nowiki><i id="mwYw">1.54</i></nowiki> Contemporary African Art Fair, Avenue Bad Jdid, Marrakech (2019) * ''Ndị na-atụgharị uche na Radical: Ndị omenkà Africa nke oge a na-eche ihu n'oge gara aga na ugbu a'', Moody Center for Arts, Houston, Texas (2020) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-11|title=Radical Revisionists: Contemporary African Artists Confronting Past and Present|url=https://moody.rice.edu/exhibitions/radical-revisionists-contemporary-african-artists-confronting-past-and-present|accessdate=2020-06-13|work=Moody Center for The Arts|language=en}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi solo <ref name=":0"/> === * ''Nnwere onwe/ Diaspora, Autograph, London, England (2018)'' * ''Arts Visual Biennal nke Mercosul, Santander Cultural, Porto Alegre, Brazil (2018)'' * ''Africa Africa, Palazzo Litta, Milan, Italy (2018)'' * ''Queen Inin Adorned Archetypes,'' Museum of Pop Culture, Seattle, Washington (2019) == Nchịkọta == A na-eme ọrụ Diop n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta ọha, gụnyere: * Louis Vuitton Foundation, Paris, France <ref name=":4"/> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Brooklyn, New York, US <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/220184|title=El Moro|author=|first=|date=|work=Brooklyn Museum|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=November 1, 2019}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka Tang na Skidmore College, New York, US <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/collection/artworks/577-ken|title=Ken|author=|first=|date=|work=Tang Museum|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=November 1, 2019}}</ref> * Block Museum of Art na Mahadum Northwwest, Illinois, US <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nublockmuseum.blog/2017/01/25/collection-spotlight-project-diaspora-omar-victor-diop/|title=Juan de Pareja and Ayuba Suleiman Diallo|author=|first=|date=25 January 2017|work=Block Museum of Art|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=November 1, 2019}}</ref> == Ahịa nka == Omar Victor Diop bụ ihe ngosi MAGNIN-A <ref>{{Cite web|title=Omar Victor Diop - Biography|url=https://www.magnin-a.com/en/artists/89-omar-victor-diop/biography/|accessdate=2024-02-18|work=MAGNIN-A|language=en}}</ref> dị na Paris, yana Elaine Harris na AfricaLive Productions nọchitere anya ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=omar victor diop – elaine harris productions.|url=https://elaine-harris.com/artists-management/omar-victor-diop/|accessdate=2024-02-18|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Ndị nka nka == * [[J. D. 'Okhai Ojeikere|JD 'Okhai Ojeikere]] * [[Malick Sidibé]] * [[Samuel Fosso]] * [[Pieter Hugo]] * [[Rotimi Fani-Kayode]] * [[Phumzile Khanyile]] * [[Edson Chagas]] * [[Aïda Muluneh|Aida Muluneh]] * [[Leonce Raphael Agbodjelou]] * [[Yinka Shonibare]] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gc0nzej4zmxg4x1rsfk6ton0zknq66d Carlos Martiel 0 46460 195350 170380 2024-11-19T00:26:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195350 wikitext text/x-wiki   Carlos Martiel (amuru 1989) bu nrụnye na ihe nka n’oge <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Carlos Martiel|url=https://mellon.org/programs/arts-and-culture/latinx-artist-fellowship/carlos-martiel/|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105181213/https://mellon.org/programs/arts-and-culture/latinx-artist-fellowship/carlos-martiel/}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Driven by Self-inflicted Physical Pain|url=https://www.cifo.org/index.php/cifo-artists/item/440-carlos-martiel|accessdate=November 5, 2021|work=Cisneros Fontanals Art Foundation}}</ref> Egwuregwu Martiel na Havana, Cuba .  [1] [2] Ọ na-mpụta dị ka quer na Afro-Latinx, ya na mmepụta Haitian na Jamaica .  [2] [3] [4] [5] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Cuba Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes "San Alejandro" na 2009. Na mgbakwunye, ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Cátedra Arte de Conducta ( akwụkwọ Nkà Omume) n'okpuru Tania  Bruguera site na 2008 ruo 2010. Martiel bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Havana na New York City <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Carlos Martiel (Cuba, 1989)|url=https://molaa.org/martiel|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=Museum of Latin American Art|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Carlos Martiel: 2019-2020 Artist In Residence|url=https://hemisphericinstitute.org/en/artists-in-residence/carlos-martiel.html|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=Hemispheric Institute}}</ref> .Enwere ike ọrụ Martiel dị ka nka ntachi obi .  Omume nka ya na-eji ahụ nke ya eme ihe, na-ሰር ịgba ɔtɔ, iji dọta uche gaa na ime nke Blackness n'okpuru usoro ime ihe ike na nrigbu.  [1] [2] [3] N'ime ihe ngosi ya ogologo oge, Martiel na-edobe onwe ya n'ahụ mgbu na ọdịdị ahụ .  [4] Nke a na-agụnyeghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya na obere ọkọlọtọ nke na-efe efe ọkọlọtọ America, na-enwe onye na-ekpochapụ pests na-efesa ahụ ya na ọgwụ ụmụ, na-kpọ ụkwụ ya n'okpuru ibu.  ogwe osisi pear, na-ekekọta olu akwa uwe na-acha ndị eze na akpụkpọ ahụ n'olu ya., na ịwapụtara ya otu ibe n'akpọ ahụ́ ya ma ikike ya n'ihe nrite ọla edo nke o mere.  [5] [1] [6] [3] [7] N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ya na-ahụ gosiri ókè o nwere ike, okike, mbata na ndidi, na ihe nketa nke European colonialism na United States.<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carlos Martiel, 'Monumento II' ('Monument II') Program Information|url=https://www.guggenheim.org/box-office/carlos-martiel-monumento-ii-monument-ii-program-information|accessdate=2022-09-21|work=The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụbọchị Martiel ndabere na nchịkọta nke Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Pérez Art Museum Miami, na Museum of Modern Art, [[Rio de Janeiro]] .  [1] Ihe nrite ya sitere sitere na Franklin Furnace Fund (2016), onyunyo onyunyo onyanyo na mmemme mmemme sitere na Cisneros Fontanals Foundation (2014), na Arte Laguna Prize (2013).  [2] Na 2021, ọ natara Latinx Art Fellowship saịtị na Ford Foundation, Mellon Foundation, na US Latinx Art Forum.  [3] Na 2023, ọ ọrụ onye mmeri mbụ nke Maestro Dobel Latinx Art Prize site na Museo del Barrio <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2023-09-08|title=Carlos Martiel Wins Museo del Barrio's Inaugural Maestro Dobel Latinx Art Prize|url=https://www.artforum.com/news/carlos-martiel-wins-museo-del-barrios-inaugural-maestro-dobel-latinx-art-prize-252967/|accessdate=2023-09-25|work=Artforum|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi == * ''Arquitectura para un cuerpo'', Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art (2022) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Arquitectura para un cuerpo {{!}} Carlos Martiel|url=https://crystalbridges.org/calendar/arquitectura-para-un-cuerpo-carlos-martiel/|accessdate=2022-09-23|work=Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ncheta II,'' Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York (2021) * ''Isi ojii - Ụgha ọcha'', K Contemporary, Denver (2020) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Urzua|first=Barbara|date=2020-08-13|title=Cuban Performance Artist Carlos Martiel Brings His Powerful Art Back to Denver|url=https://303magazine.com/2020/08/carlos-martiel-denver-2/|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=303 Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Afro Syncretic'' [ihe ngosi otu], King Juan Carlos I Center, Mahadum New York (2020) <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Flores|first=Tatiana|date=2021-04-01|title=Dialogues|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/lalvc/article/3/2/46/117328/DialoguesAfro-Latinx-Art-and-Activism|journal=Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=46–49|doi=10.1525/lavc.2021.3.2.46|issn=2576-0947}}</ref> * Sabor a Lagrimas, Sharjah Biennial 14, United Arab Emirates (2019) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Parton|first=John|date=2019|title=Sharjah Biennial 14: Leaving the Echo Chamber [review]|url=https://www.artmonthly.co.uk/magazine/site/issue/may-2019|journal=Art Monthly|issue=426|pages=24–25}}</ref> * Gente de agba (Ndị Agba), Cuenca nke iri na anọ, Cuenca, [[Ecuador]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rodriguez|first=Yelaine|date=2021-04-01|title=Afro-Latinx at NYU|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/lalvc/article/3/2/50/117334/Afro-Latinx-at-NYUHow-Multiple-Facets-of-Black|journal=Latin American and Latinx Visual Culture|language=en|volume=3|issue=2|pages=50–59|doi=10.1525/lavc.2021.3.2.50|issn=2576-0947}}</ref> * ''Intruder (America)'', AC Institute, New York (2018) * ''América'', Pacific Standard Time: LA/LA Performance Art Festival, Museum of Latin American Art, Long Beach (2018) * ''Mediterráneo'', 57th Venice Biennale (2017) * ''CUBA: Tatuare la storia'' [ihe ngosi otu], Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea, Palermo, Italy (2016) <ref>{{Cite web|title=CUBA.Tatuare la storia {{!}} PAC|url=http://www.pacmilano.it/en/exhibitions/cuba-tatuar-la-historia/|accessdate=2021-11-05|work=Padiglione d'Arte Contemporanea (PAC)|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Anyị ndị mmadụ'', Biennale Internationale de Casablanca, Hassan II Mosque, [[Morocco]] (2016) * ''Intersección'', Museo de Arte Contemporáneo del Zulia (MACZUL), Maracaibo, Venezuela (2016) * 30th Anniversary Havana Biennial, Wilfredo Lam Center of Contemporary Art (2014) * ''Condecoración Martiel, Carlos'', Cisneros Fontanals Art Foundation (2014) <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Perugini|first=Flavia|date=2016-06-01|title=Surgery, conservation, art: An unusual collaboration|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00393630.2016.1191004|journal=Studies in Conservation|language=en|volume=61|issue=sup2|pages=315–318|doi=10.1080/00393630.2016.1191004|issn=0039-3630}}</ref> * La Otra Bienal de Arte, Art Art nke Central America na Caribbean, La Macarena, Bogota, Colombia (2013) * ''Vanishing Point,'' Nitch Museum, Naples, Italy (2013) <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Flores|first=Tatiana|date=2016|title=Contemporary Art of the Hispanophone Caribbean Islands in an Archipelagic Framework|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/small-axe/article/20/3%20(51)/80-99/33454|journal=Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism|language=en|volume=20|issue=3|pages=80–99|doi=10.1215/07990537-3726878|issn=0799-0537}}</ref> * ''Nwa Prodigal'', Ụlọ Amoosu, Liverpool, UK (2010) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rlgvv1y31tqrehzrhbhi5j2j6xv94pm Randy D. Johnson 0 46466 195314 177612 2024-11-18T19:03:15Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Randy Johnson Old Capitol Tallahassee.JPG|thumb|Randy D. Johnson]] {{Infobox officeholder|predecessor1=Florida|website=[http://myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4167&LegislativeTermId=80 Official House Website]}} '''Randy Johnson''' (amụrụ na Disemba n’afo otu puku nari itolu na iri ise na itolu) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America nke jere ozi dị ka onye otu Florida House of Representatives site n’afo otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato ruo puku abuo na isii, na-anọchite anya Distrikiti nke iri ano na otu, nke gụnyere akụkụ nke Osceola, Lake na Orange counties. N'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ Florida, Johnson jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ọtụtụ kọmitii, gụnyere Transportation & Economic Development Appropriations, Growth Management, Finance and Tax, The Select Committee on Affordable Housing na The Select Commission on Post-9/11 Economic Development.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Representatives/details.aspx?MemberId=4167&SessionId=4|title=Official Page}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-03-04/news/0103030059_1_randy-johnson-fiscal-responsibility-monroe|title=Randy Johnson|publisher=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=2024-06-02|archivedate=2019-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014347/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2001-03-04/news/0103030059_1_randy-johnson-fiscal-responsibility-monroe}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Randy Johnson na Nampa, Idaho wee kwaga Central Florida n’afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asaa na otu. Johnson gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Florida n’afo otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na otu na nzere bachelọ na akụ na ụba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-08-21/news/0008210243_1_lake-county-schneider-johnson|title=House Hopefuls Agree: Growth Is Big Issue|publisher=Orlando Sentinel|accessdate=2024-06-02|archivedate=2017-12-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202153008/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-08-21/news/0008210243_1_lake-county-schneider-johnson}}</ref> O mechara nweta nzere masta na Applied Economics na Mahadum nke Central Florida mana enwetaghị nzere. == Ọrụ == Johnson jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Central Florida Sports Commission, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe akụ na ụba metụtara egwuregwu. N'ime afọ iri na abụọ ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa, Central Florida Sports Commission ghọrọ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu na America.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Page|url=http://www.centralfloridasports.org/|publisher=Central Florida Sports Commission}}</ref> Mgbe Johnson rụchara ọrụ na Florida Legislature, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Chief Operating Officer nke Osceola Land Company, na-elekọta ọrụ ranchi nke Basra abasa rue puku iri na asaa na usoro ikike na-esote. === Ọrụ agha === Ensign Johnson natara Wings of Gold ya dị ka onye na-efe ụgbọ mmiri n'afọ otu puku nari itolu na iri asato na isii ma nọrọ afọ itoolu na United States Navy, na-efe ihe karịrị ọrụ nari abuo n'ụgbọelu ụgbọelu USS Saratoga (CV-60), USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71) na USS Independence (CV-62) . N'oge ọ na-eje ozi, e nyere Johnson ihe ịchọ mma maka ịzọpụta ndị agha ise, ndị furu efu n'oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/27/news_pf/State/Two_for_CFO_set_cash_.shtml|title=House Hopefuls Agree: Growth Is Big Issue|publisher=Saint Petersburg Times}}</ref> Johnson mechara bụrụ onye isi ndị ọrụ na onye enyemaka nke ndị Admiral Navy abụọ na Naval Training Center, Orlando. N'oge Johnson nọ n'ọkwa, o nyere aka ịmalite ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka mmeso ụmụ nwanyị na ndị agha mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/27/news_pf/State/Two_for_CFO_set_cash_.shtml|title=House Hopefuls Agree: Growth Is Big Issue|publisher=Saint Petersburg Times}}</ref> === Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha mmiri, Randy Johnson jere ozi dị ka onye isi ndị ọrụ maka Orange County Board of County Commissioners . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ulferts|first=Alisa|date=2006-08-27|title=Two candidates vying for the Republican nomination for chief financial officer have healthy personal finances.|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/08/27/news_pf/State/Two_for_CFO_set_cash_.shtml|work=Saint Petersburg Times|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> N'afọ otu puku nari itolu na iri itolu na asato, Johnson gbara ọsọ maka oche Distrikiti nke iri ano na otu na House of Representatives. A họpụtara ya na ndị Conservative Republican nke hụkwara Jeb Bush na Marco Rubio. Johnson mechara merie ntuli aka ọzọ n’afo puku abuo, afo puku abuo na abuo na n’afo puku abuo na ano. Nhọrọ iji nọchie Johnnie Byrd dị ka onye isi oche nke ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya Florida bụ asọmpi pụrụ iche, na-egosi Johnson (R-Celebration), Gaston Cantens (R-Miami) na Allan Bense (R-Panama City) dị ka ndị na-azọ ọkwa. N'ikpeazụ, Bense nwere ike ịnakọta vootu zuru ezu iji nata nhọpụta ahụ ma bụrụ onye isi oche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/11/08/news_pf/State/GOP_tightens_legislat.shtml|title=GOP tightens legislative grip|publisher=Saint Petersburg Times}}</ref> N'afọ puku abuo, Johnson rịọrọ $ nari abuo na iri ise maka enyemaka nchekwa akụkọ ihe mere eme maka etiti Winter Garden. Ọ bụ naanị onyinye obodo Gọvanọ Jeb Bush emeghị veto n'afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Red|date=2000-08-18|title=Johnson in Primary Election|url=http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2000-08-18/news/0008180432_1_osceola-county-randy-johnson-mark-schneider|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> N'afọ puku abuo na otu, Johnson weputara Iwu Nchedo Ezinụlọ Earnhardt. Ụgwọ ahụ, nke akpọrọ aha onye ama ama NASCAR Dale Earnhardt, mere foto nyocha, vidiyo na ndekọ ọdịyo nzuzo. Enwere ike ibo ndị na-emebi iwu ebubo mpụ nke atọ nke nwere ike ịta ahụhụ n'oge mkpọrọ na ihe ruru $puku ise. Johnson tinyere akwụkwọ iwu ahụ mgbe Dale Earnhardt nwụrụ n'ihe mberede na agba ikpeazụ nke Daytona nari ise nke afọ puku abuo na otu. Earnhardt bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọala NASCAR nke anọ n'ihe na-erughị otu afọ ịnwụ n'ihe mberede na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gbara akwụkwọ iji hụ foto maka akụkọ gbasara nchekwa ịgba ọsọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Williams|first=David|date=2007-02-09|title=Johnson in Primary Election|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/LAW/02/09/smith.pictures/index.html?eref=yahoo|accessdate=2017-12-01}}</ref> N'afọ puku abuo na abuo, mgbe Johnson na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Nkwado Nkwado na Mmepe Akụ na Ụba, Johnson nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịtụ aro mgbanwe iwu, nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka kwadoro n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, iji gbochie mmezigharị na-enweghị ego na Iwu Florida nke nyere iwu ka steeti ahụ wuo usoro ụgbọ okporo ígwè dị elu nke ijeri dollar iri abuo na asaa. N'ịzaghachi Ndezigharị a, Johnson tụrụ aro Ndezigharị 2, nke ga-achọ nkwupụta mmetụta ego iji soro mmezigharị iwu ọ bụla ga-eme n'ọdịnihu nke ụmụ amaala na-atụ aro, tupu ọha na eze atụ vootu na mmezigharị. Mgbanwe ahụ gafere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, na-enweta pasent iri asaa na asato nke votu, na-eme ka Johnson bụrụ naanị onye omeiwu nọ ọdụ iji gbanwee Iwu Steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php/Florida_Economic_Impact_Statements,_Amendment_2_%282002%29|title=Florida Economic Impact Statements, Amendment 2 (2002)|publisher=Ballotpedia}}</ref> A na-ekwu na mmezigharị iwu nke Johnson gbochiri ọtụtụ atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa dị elu, wee chekwaa ọtụtụ ijeri dollar na steeti ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-10-16/news/0210150721_1_high-speed-rail-amendment-johnson-s-proposal-bullet-train|title=Amendment 2 Asks For Price Tags|publisher=Sun Sentinel|accessdate=2024-06-02|archivedate=2014-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032448/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2002-10-16/news/0210150721_1_high-speed-rail-amendment-johnson-s-proposal-bullet-train}}</ref> N'afọ puku abuo na ano, Johnson jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke "No Casinos", njikọ aka na steeti niile na-emegide mgbasawanye ịgba chaa chaa na Florida. A na-eto otu ya maka ọdịda nke mmụba ịgba chaa chaa na Miami-Dade County n'oge Nzukọ Iwu nke afọ puku abuo na ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-12-02/news/0512011246_1_vegas-style-slots-bingo-style-casinos|title=No Casinos Inc. Names Leader|publisher=Sun Sentinel|accessdate=2024-06-02|archivedate=2016-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214000/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-12-02/news/0512011246_1_vegas-style-slots-bingo-style-casinos}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.gofbw.com/news.asp?ID=3487 www.gofbw.com/news.asp?ID=3487] (free registration req'd)</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.com/2004/11/16/State/Slot_machine_opponent.shtml Slot machine opponents sue to get recount] November 16, 2004 ''St Petersburg Times Online" Retrieved 2013-01-11''</ref> N'oge Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu nke afọ puku abuo na ise, Randy Johnson duziri mbọ ụlọ ahụ na-eme iji mee ka iwu nchịkwa uto ọhụrụ dị iche iche. Onye na-akwado ikike ihe onwunwe siri ike, Johnson kwadoro iwu nke nyere usoro maka ndị mmepe iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmetụta mmepe ọhụrụ nwere na obodo ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ tụkwara aro ka e mepụta Kọmitii Narị Afọ, otu ndị isi obodo na steeti niile na-ahụ maka idozi mmepe na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọdịnihu, yana inye ndị omeiwu ihe ngwọta.<ref>[http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?DocumentType=Press%20Release&FileName=51 House Growth Management Committee to Meet Throughout Florida] January 17, 2005 Florida House of Representatives Retrieved 2013-01-11</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.1000fof.org/reform/05wrapup.asp|title=Growth Management Process Revision|accessdate=April 4, 2012|archivedate=January 8, 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108181821/http://1000fof.org/reform/05wrapup.asp}}</ref> N'ihi mgbalị ya, a kpọrọ ya n’afo puku abuo na ise Legislator of The Year site na Florida Association of Realtors . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035832/http://media.floridarealtors.org/releases/johnsonaward.htm Florida Realtors® Name Rep. Randy Johnson As 2005 Legislator of Year Co-Recipient] floridarealtors.org Retrieved 2013-01-11</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Johnson bi na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] na nwunye ya Nichelle na nwa ha nwoke Warren. === Akụkọ banyere ntuli aka === {{Election box begin no change|title=2000 Florida 41st House District Primary Election<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.elections.myflorida.com/|title=Official Results September 5, 2000 Republican Primary Election|date=September 5, 2000|access-date=December 1, 2017|work=Florida Department of State}}</ref>}} {{Election box winning candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Randy Johnson|votes=8,006|percentage=72}} {{Election box candidate with party link no change|party=Republican Party (United States)|candidate=Mark Schneider|votes=3,100|percentage=27}} {{Election box end}} == Hụkwa == * Gọọmentị nke Florida * Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya Florida * Òtù Republican nke Florida == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/ Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya Florida] * https://www.followthemoney.org/ == Ihe odide == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:Igbo wikimedians user Group]] nx2rusvof9x6uemfow7l03yqrt8fc2t Devin Kenny 0 46575 195349 177628 2024-11-19T00:25:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195349 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Devin Kenny - 3TmLznmg.jpg|thumb|Devin Kenny]] <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tao|first=W|title=Devin Kenny: rootkits rootwork|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2019/09/artseen/Devin-Kenny-rootkits-rootwork|accessdate=23 February 2022|publisher=The Brooklyn Rail|date=September 2019}}</ref>Devin Kenny ( Arab 1987) bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-agụ egwu, onye ode akwụkwọ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe na-arụ ọrụ n'ofe egwu, ederede, ihe ọkpụkpụ, eserese, foto, uwe.  , na ihe ngosi.  [1] Ụbọchị Kenny kụla akụkụ akụkụụ na Black Atlantic, gentrification, akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ, egwu, subculture na countercultures, yana akụ na-ama ụzo. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Devin Kenny - Interview by Barbara Calderón|url=https://foundwork.art/dialogues/devin-kenny|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Foundwork|date=2019}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A Mini Kenny na Hyde Park, Chicago, ma biri obere oge ka e ịhụ na West Hollywood, [[California]], ebe nne ya Deranne Kenny nọ na-ekiriso ngosi ya.  Ọ na-akwagakarị n'oge ọ bụ nwata n'ihi nne ya gburu site na ọrịa kansa ara mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Ya na nwanne ya ọkara bi nke nọ na ndị agha mmiri, bi na Silver Spring, Maryland na Jacksonville, North Carolina, wee n'akụkụ Hyde Park / Kenwood na Chicago's South Side, ebe ọ ga-anọ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 18  . == Agụmakwụkwọ == Kenny matsayin nzere bachelọ na Fine Arts site na Cooper Union na 2009. Na 2008, mgbe ọ nọ na Cooper Union, ọ dechara mmemme inye na Gerrit Rietveld Academie na Amsterdam . Ọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Caroline Woolard haziri na akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Bruce High Quality Foundation, nke bụbu ọrụ Nkwado sitere na Oge okike .  Site na 2011 ruo 2013, ọ gara Mahadum California Los Angeles, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na New Genres Department na Masters in Fine Arts na 2013 <ref>{{Cite news|title=Interview: Devin Kenny & Coleman Collins|url=https://arts.ucla.edu/single/interview-devin-kenny-coleman-collins/|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture|date=December 13, 2021}}</ref> Kenny etinyela aka na otutu mmemme obibi, sere Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture na 2009, Whitney Independent Study Programme (ISP) site na 2014 ruo 2015, SOMA na 2013, Core Program Museum of Fine Arts, Houston site na 2017 ruo 2019, Shandaken  Projects 2018, na ebe obibi Rauschenberg #44 na oyi/mmiri 2020. == Nkuzi == Kenny nnyonyeerela ihe na Mahadum Rutgers, Parsons New School of Design, Mahadum Houston, malite Block na Glassell School of Art, ma bụrụ onye nka nke ụlọ na Mahadum Yale.. == Ọrụ == Ọrụ nka nke Kenny gụnyere ihe akpụrụ akpụ, eserese, ihe ejikere, egwu, na ọrụ ụda/olu, ma gosi ya na ihe ngosi nka solo na ihe ngosi otu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Edwards|first=Adrienne|title=Spectacle of Concealment|url=https://flash---art.com/article/spectacle-of-concealment-adrienne-edwards/|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Flash Art|date=July 4, 2019}}</ref> Banyere ọtụtụ isiokwu Kenny na-ewelite n'ahụ ya, achọpụta 2019 nke ihe ngosi solo ya na MoMA PS1 kwuru:   Ụbọchị Kenny na- agbanwe n'etiti nsogbu na eze na ọchịchị, ma kwuo okwu: ndị mmadụ, mkpochapụ ojii na-eme ihe mere eme nke NYC, Nkwụghachi, Ethnomathematics, Hiphop na ime obodo <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cascone|first=Sarah|title=Editors' Picks: 19 Things Not to Miss in New York's Art World This Week|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/editors-picks-august-5-1609009|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Art Net|date=August 5, 2019}}</ref> Kenny emeela na ụlọ ọrụ na mmemme ụwa, Artists Space, The Hammer Museum, The Kitchen, Performance Space, Artspace Auckland, REDCAT, Kunsthall Stavanger, Julia Stoschek Collection, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, na Performa === Edemede arụmọrụ === A maara Kenny maka ọtụtụ ụdị arụmọrụ, gụnyere "edemede arụmọrụ" ma ọ bụ "ngụ akwụkwọ arụmọrụ", usoro ngosi nnwale na-ejikọta okwu mbụ, egwu, na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ, n'akụkụ multimedia na nka dijitalụ, uri na egwu. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huurdeman|first=Emily|title=Essaying art: An unmethodological method for artistic research|journal=Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication|date=2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=25–42|doi=10.1386/ejpc_00010_1|url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/intellect/ejpc/2020/00000011/00000001/art00003}}</ref> === Egwu === Kenny kere egwu n'okpuru utu aha Devin KKenny, "egwu na eziokwu ahụ bụ na aha a na-amaghị ama na-enwekarị ike ịsụgharị", Lil Resin, Chainz Problematic, na Wieder Care, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/made-in-la-2014/devin-kenny|publisher=Hammer Museum|accessdate=11 August 2022|title=Devin Kenny – Hammer Museum}}</ref> Ọrụ egwu ya na- albums echiche ewepụtara onwe ya, a na-egosikwa ya na ike (nke n'elu ikpo okwu Newhive ugbu a) ma ọ bụ na oghere nka dị ka NYC's The High Line, wee pụta na redio nọọrọ onwe ya  dị ka WFMU na KCHUNG, ụlọ ọrụ TV dị ka.  KCET, ebe a na-eme onwe ya, na ebe egwu na egwu ndị ọzọ. Kenny's Studio Workout usoro rap mixtapes oru ngo soro blọgụ Tumblr na-adị ogologo oge nwere otu aha. Studio/WRKOUT ya bụ nyocha nke tropes nke oke oke nwoke na rap site na usoro na eserese Lacanian, yana mmekorita na-akwadoghị na mmepụta Chuck Inglish. Ụfọdụ usoro Kenny's Studio Workout bụ ihe ngosi na Julia Stoschek Collection Düsseldorf. Naanị anyị na-egwu egwu, nyocha nke njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịnala ịntanetị na ndụ okporo ámá na obodo US. Ọ bụ Jarrod Turner duziri vidiyo egwu maka ọrụ a wee wepụta ya site na MOCATV. Los Giros De la Siguiente (n'okpuru dkyk utu aha) na-esetịpụ myirịta n'etiti ịbụ isiokwu nke mmegbu na-edu na-enyere mkparị.  Ihe oru ngo a na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti cumbias rebajadas na igbutu na screwed hip-hop ma oge Kenny nwere ike dị ukwuu na Houston, [[Texas]].  E mkpa nke ọrụ a na CAMH Houston, Santiago, [[Chile]] (arịa nke ihe ngosi Crónicas de estar y desaparecer nke MARICRUZ ALARCÓN haziri na MARGARITA SÁNCHEZ, Stavanger, Norway dị ka nke LEAN, Curated site na Legacy Russell, Associate Curator,  Ihe ngosi. Ndị dike ihe ngosi Studio dị na Harlem, Shanghai, China (dị ka nke ihe ngosi More More, Berlin (egwu mpempe akwụkwọ dị ka nke ihe ngosi Strange Attractors na Berlin Biennale 2018) nke Nomaduma Masilela na Long Island  City, Queens, NY che dị ka akara nke ihe ngosi Rootkits Rootwork.  na ọrụ egwu egwu na NYC's High Line dị ka nke Brain Brain Haziri site na Melanie Kress High Line Art Associate Curator. Na 2021 Kenny akara ngosi avant-garde nke New York PTP (nke dị ka Purple Tape Pedigree). Devin Kenny emela egwu maka otu GHE20G0TH1K a ma ama, ma nwee ike ya na Chino Amobi aka Diamond Blackhearted Boy avant-garde turntablist Maria Chavez na onye na-egwu egwu/dijitalụ Albert Vyle Johnson.  O mebekwara ihe ngosi nka gbadoro ụkwụ na egwu dị ka 2Maintain for the Storefront for Art and Architecture nke gbadoro ụkwụ na iji okwu a bụ 'nọgide' na 1990s hiphop na mere ya na nnupụisi mba niile dị iche iche ojii na Black Lives Matter na 2020. == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == === Ihe ngosi solo === * "Na-aga n'ihu, Ngbanwe nke Onwe Onye ma ọ bụ Otu esi akwụsị ịkwụsị", Whitney Museum of American Art, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Devin Kenny: Ongoing, Individual Adaptability or How to Quiet Quit 2022|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/ongoing-individual-adaptability|work=Whitney.org|publisher=Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * "Rookits mgbọrọgwụ", MoMA PS1, June 9-September 2, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Devin Kenny: rootkits rootwork, June 9-Sep 2, 2019, MoMA PS1|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/5087|work=moma.org|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * "Ohere ezighi ezi", Aran Cravey Gallery, Febụwarị 13 ruo Eprel 4, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Devin Kenny: Wrong Window, February 13-April 4, 2015|url=https://www.arancravey.com/exhibitions/135/wrong-window|work=arancravey.com|publisher=Aran Cravey|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-abọ ọbọ (Onye REPO MAN na-abụ gị abụ, SPEAKING IMPLEMENT na-agụ maka unyi)," Goethe-Institut / Ludlow 38, Septemba 20-October 18, 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Markbreiter|first=Charlie|title=Punk Punishes Pundits with Puns: Devin Kenny's 'Revenge Body Politics' at the Goethe Institut|url=https://www.artspace.com/magazine/news_events/on_trend/devin-kenny-at-the-goethe-institut-looks-at-the-prison-industrial-complex-where-blackness-equals-55678|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Artspace|date=October 11, 2018}}</ref> === Ihe ngosi otu === * "Coop Fund, Amalle Dublon & Constantina Zavitsanos, Devin Kenny, John Neff", Artists Space, February 11-March 31, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Coop Fund, Amalle Dublon & Constantina Zavitsanos, Devin Kenny, John Neff|url=https://artistsspace.org/exhibitions/coop-fund-amalle-dublon|work=artistsspace.org|publisher=Artists Space|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * "Ọrụ Ọhụrụ na-adịghị arụ ọrụ na", Onye so na Inc. September 9-October 14, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Participant Inc.|url=http://participantinc.org/seasons/season-17/a-new-job-to-unwork-at|work=participantinc.org|publisher=Participant Inc|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * "Mgbe ahụ Ha Na-etolite Anyị", Museum of Contemporary Art Santa Barbara, August 8, 2015 - October 25, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Then They Form Us: Xavier Cha, Constant Dullaart, Cecile B. Evans, Devin Kenny, Hayal Pozanti, and Julien Previeux|url=https://www.mcasantabarbara.org/exhibition/then-they-form-us/|work=www.mcasantabarbara.org|publisher=Museum of Contemporary Art Santa Barbara|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara == === Abụ === * "Nwoke Ochie", Ọrụ uri, Febụwarị 25, 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kenny|first=Devin|title="CLASSIC MAN" by Devin Kenny with Amethyst Amelia Kelly, Jonathan Shave, Kurtis Mckenzie, John Turner, and Charlotte Aitchison|url=https://www.2009-2019.poetryproject.org/14988-2/|work=Poetry Project|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> === Edemede === * Afọ iri nke Devin Kenny na ịntanetị, Rhizome, Disemba 30, 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Kenny|first=Devin|title=Devin Kenny's Decade in Internet|url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2019/dec/30/devin-kennys-decade-in-internet/|accessdate=21 November 2022|publisher=Rhizome|date=December 30, 2019}}</ref> * N'ileghachi anya azụ: BOMB na afọ iri gara aga na nka], BOMB, Disemba 23, 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Looking Back: BOMB on the Past Decade in Art|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/looking-back-bomb-on-the-past-decade-in-art/|publisher=Bomb Magazine|date=December 23, 2019}}</ref> * Ememme N'okpuru akwa akwa, Ajụjụ Ọhụrụ. Ọgọst 7, 2015. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kenny|first=Devin|title=Feasts Under the Bridge|journal=The New Inquiry|url=https://thenewinquiry.com/feasts-under-the-bridge/|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> * Afọ nke ájá/Akwụkwọ nke Ledgers, Unbag, mmiri 2017. * Steeti agbanweela, Ndụ n'ezie. Eprel 24, 2018. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kenny|first=Devin|title=Altered States|journal=Real Life Magazine|date=April 24, 2018|url=https://reallifemag.com/altered-states/|accessdate=21 November 2022}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == * Whitney Museum of American Art, [https://whitney.org/collection/works/61434 Ọ bụghị Nke a na-egosi Betty Shelby, Brian Encinia, Jason Stockley, Jeronimo Yanez, na Peter Liang], (vidiyo), 2018. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * http://devin-kkenny.bandcamp.com/ [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d2dst474fkxazivatrncw69eqlfl1ow Xan Phillips 0 47357 195405 174655 2024-11-19T08:04:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Xan Forest Phillips''' bụ onye America na-ede uri na onye na-ese ihe n'ime ime obodo Ohio. <ref> {{Cite web|url=https://www.brown.edu/academics/race-ethnicity/people/xandria-phillips|title=Xan Forest Phillips|work=Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America|publisher=Brown University}} </ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.xanphillips.com/about.html|title=About Xan Phillips|publisher=XanPhillips.com|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2023-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201224834/https://www.xanphillips.com/about.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=April 28, 2023|title=Xan Phillips – Nightboat Books|url=https://nightboat.org/bio/xan-phillips/|accessdate=April 28, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428084904/https://nightboat.org/bio/xan-phillips/|archivedate=April 28, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=yourdailyqueer|title=Xan Phillips|url=https://yourdailyqueer.tumblr.com/post/715388539026718720/xan-phillips-gender-transgender-man-sexuality|accessdate=April 28, 2023|work=Tumblr}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Na 2014, Phillips nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts site na Oberlin College, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Creative Writing na nwata na Africana Studies . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=CV|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ehyLcpMCXvrHVcvNSKcqkFT9eWxxmb31/view?usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Xan Phillips}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Oberlin, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche maka Center for Women and Trans People wee mechaa mkpakọrịta nyocha afọ abụọ na Black Poetics. Ọ nwetara Master of Fine Arts na uri sitere na Virginia Tech na 2016. == Na-ede == Edepụtala abụ uri Phillips na ''BOMB'', ''Poets.org'', ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', ''The Offing'', ''The Journal'', ''Nashville Review'', ''[[Akwụkwọ ozi nke itoolu|Akwụkwọ ozi itoolu]]'', ''Scalawag ,'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=February 13, 2018|title=A Poem by Xandria Phillips|url=https://lambdaliterary.org/2018/02/xandria-phillips/|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Lambda Literary|language=en}}</ref> ''Ihe Nlebanya kacha mma'', na ''Anyị Chọrọ Ya niile: Anthology of Radical Trans Poetics'' . == Ihe osise == Ihe osise Phillips apụtala na ''Kenyon Review'', ''Poetry Project'', na ''American Poets Magazine'' . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Xandria Phillips {{!}} Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America|url=https://www.brown.edu/academics/race-ethnicity/people/xandria-phillips|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Brown University}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.brown.edu/academics/race-ethnicity/people/xandria-phillips "Xandria Phillips | Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in America"]. ''Brown University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Onyinye na iche == Phillips enwetala mkpakọrịta site na Oberlin College, Cave Canem (2016-2017), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Phillips, Xandria|url=https://cavecanempoets.org/retreat-fellows-2019/phillips-xandria-2/|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Cave Canem|language=en|archivedate=January 20, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120021704/https://cavecanempoets.org/retreat-fellows-2019/phillips-xandria-2/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Blog Archive » Phillips, Xandria|url=https://cavecanempoets.org/fellow/phillips-xandria/|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Cave Canem|language=en}}</ref> The Conversation Literary Festival (2018), <ref>{{Cite web|title=2018 Fellows|url=http://theconversationlit.com/2018-fellows|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=#ConvoLit2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Callaloo, Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing (2019-2020), Brown University ( 2020 – 2021), <ref name=":1"/> na Mahadum Pittsburgh 's Center for African American Poetry and Poetics (2021 – 2023). <ref>{{Cite web|author=McKenzie|first=Jessica|date=June 23, 2021|title=CAAPP names poet Xandria Phillips as new creative writing fellow|url=https://pittnews.com/article/165797/arts-and-entertainment/caapp-names-poet-xandria-phillips-as-new-creative-writing-fellow/|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=The Pitt News}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=July 2, 2021|title=Xandria Phillips selected as next CAAPP creative writing fellow|url=https://www.utimes.pitt.edu/news/xandria-phillips-selected|journal=University Times|volume=53|issue=22}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.utimes.pitt.edu/news/xandria-phillips-selected "Xandria Phillips selected as next CAAPP creative writing fellow"]. ''University Times''. '''53''' (22). University of Pittsburgh. July 2, 2021.</cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Onyinye maka ide Phillips ! Afọ ! Ọrụ ! Award / Sọpụrụ ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref. |- | 2021 | rowspan="2" | ''HULL'' | Whiting Award maka uri | Onye mmeri | <ref name=":2"/> |- | 2020 | Akwụkwọ edemede Lambda maka Trans Poetry | Onye mmeri | <ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Winners|url=https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/2020-winners/|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Lambda Literary|language=en|archivedate=February 6, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206094210/https://lambdaliterary.org/awards/2020-winners/}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''Ihe kpatara ịṅụ sịga'' | Asọmpi Chapbook ''Review Seattle'' | Onye mmeri | <ref name=":1"/> |- | 2016 | "Maka olili nke shark efu" | Asọmpi ''Gigantic Sequins'' maka uri | Onye mmeri | <ref>{{Cite web|title=Contests|url=http://www.giganticsequins.com/contests.html|accessdate=January 20, 2022|work=Gigantic Sequins: a literary arts journal|language=en}}</ref> |} == Mbipụta == * ''Ihe kpatara ịṅụ sịga'' (2018) * ''Hull'' (2019) === Onyinye anthology === * ''Bettering American Poetry Volume 2'', nke Amy King deziri, Jayy Dodd, Camile Rankine, Muriel Leung, Sarah Clark, Michael Wasson, Joshua Jennifer Espinoza, na Héctor Ramírez (2017) * ''Ifuru na-ewe iwe: Ịgha ọdịnihu nke abụ uri America'', nke Joanne V. Gabbin na Lauren K. Alleyne (2019) deziri == Ntụaka == Canem (2016-2017), The Conversation Literary Festival (2018), Callaloo, Wisconsin Institute for Creative Writing (2019-2020), Brown University ( 2020 – 2021), {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ksrqh75px461837tlxmz7dqakreltky Richard Twine (onye na-ese foto) 0 47362 195318 171387 2024-11-18T20:41:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}} {{Databox}}'''Richard Aloysius Twine''' (Mee 11, 1896 – Septemba 27, 1974) bụ onye na-ese foto ọkachamara na ngalaba Lincolnville nke St. Augustine, Florida (ugbu a Lincolnville Historic District ) na 1920s. A mụrụ Twine na St. Augustine nye Harriet na David Twine; ọ bụ nke ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. <ref name="LOC1">{{Cite web|title=Twine, Richard Aloysius, 1896-1974 - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n94090549.html|work=Library of Congress|accessdate=13 July 2022}}</ref> <ref name="jax" /> A na-eche na ọ mụtara nkà foto ya na New York City. <ref name="jax" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Richard Twine’s World: Life in 1920s Lincolnville – The Flagler College Gargoyle|url=https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2023/04/richard-twines-world-life-in-1920s-lincolnville/|accessdate=2024-04-05|work=gargoyle.flagler.edu|archivedate=2024-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405033245/https://gargoyle.flagler.edu/2023/04/richard-twines-world-life-in-1920s-lincolnville/}}</ref> Na Lincolnville, ọ gbara ma foto n'okporo ámá yana na studio ya, nke dị na 62 Washington Street. N'afọ 1927, ọ kwagara Miami ma rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ tupu ya guzobe ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. <ref name="jax">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejaxsonmag.com/article/photographing-lincolnville-richard-a-twine/|title=Photographing Lincolnville: Richard A. Twine|first=Sarah|author=Dumitrascu|work=The Jaxson}}</ref> N'afọ 1988, a chọtara nchịkọta efere iko n'ime igbe dị n'uko ụlọ dị n'okpuru mbibi nke bụbu ụlọ Twine. Ndị St. Augustine Historical Society nwetara nchịkọta ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sahs.pastperfectonline.com/photo/6DD8DF6F-77B0-44FA-AAC5-447712244093|title=Richard A. Twine Glass-plate Collection (79 images) – Negative, Glass Plate|work=St. Augustine Historical Society Research Library}}</ref> <ref>"[https://www.staugustine.com/story/news/history/2021/03/14/st-augustine-photographer-richard-twine-recorded-life-lincolnville/4679920001/ The city's lost (and found) treasure of Richard Twine]", ''The St Augustine Record'', March 14, 2021.</ref> Ọ sere ndị bi na Lincolnville foto ka ha na-echeta ụbọchị nnwere onwe na emume a na-eme kwa afọ na 1920. <ref>Florida Memory. "[https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/322317 The Forgotten History of Lincolnville]." Floridiana, 2016</ref> Ọ sere foto onye nkuzi na ụmụ akwụkwọ Excelsior School na Florida Normal and Industrial Institute . Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe osise onwe ya. <ref>[https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/132503 Self-portrait of Richard A. Twine], Florida Memory.</ref> [[Usòrò:Lincolnville_residents_commemorating_Emancipation_Day.jpg|thumb| Ngame ụbọchị nnwere onwe na Lincolnville]] Mahadum North Florida na Lincolnville Museum etinyela aka n'ịdekọ isiokwu dị na foto dị ka ha na-emetụta akụkọ Lincolnville. <ref name="jax"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jacksonville.com/story/entertainment/2019/10/01/museum-features-unf-students-restored-work-of-famed-african-american-photographer/2641212007/|title=UNF students help bring 'Lincolnville' exhibit to life|work=The Florida Times-Union}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị ikwu ya, Henry L. Twine (1923-1994) bụ onye ndú nke obodo ikike ije na St. Augustine nke dugara ozugbo na Itie nke ala Civil Rights Act nke 1964 na a na-akpali akpali n'azụ aquisition nke Fort Moses. site na steeti Florida. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii ahọpụtara ogologo oge na St. Augustine na narị afọ nke 20, na onye osote onye isi ojii mbụ nke Obodo ochie. <ref>https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMAYKA_Henry_L_Twine_St_Augustine_FL</ref> == Hụkwa == * Lincolnville Museum na Cultural Center * [[James Van Der Zee]], onye na-ese foto dabeere na Harlem == Ntụaka == York City. Na Lincolnville, ọ gbara ma foto n'okporo ámá yana na studio ya, nke dị na 62 Washington Street. N'afọ{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUqGcAowwWg|title=St John's County Public Library Local History Spotlight – Richard A. Twine – 2/11/2021}} naacfuwp57m69g8ag6hu608uzsteppf James G. Spady 0 47568 195334 174855 2024-11-19T00:17:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195334 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">James G. Spady</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1224" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="892" decoding="async" height="302" resource="./File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/220px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/330px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg/440px-James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:James_G._SpadyJames_G._Spady.jpg|frameless]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Nke Anọ 2, 1944 |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Febụwarị 17, 2020 <span style="display:none">(2020-02-17)</span> (agadi&nbsp;75) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | odee, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, odeakụkọ ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ ama ama</span> | class="infobox-data" | Marcus Garvey, Africa na UNIA (1985) National Conscious Rap (1991) Global Cipha: Omenala Hip Hop na Amamihe (2006) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ihe nrite | class="infobox-data" | Akwụkwọ nrite America (1988) Ihe nrite nturu ugo nke otu ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke mba |} '''James G. Spady''' (Eprel 2, 1944 - Febụwarị 17, 2020) bụ onye odee, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ meriri. N'ime ọrụ afọ iri ise ya, Spady dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, rụọ ọrụ na redio, telivishọn, na ihe nkiri, dee ọtụtụ narị akụkọ akụkọ maka mgbasa ozi dị iche iche na-ebipụta, ma nata National Newspaper Publishers Association 's Meritorious Award. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillytrib.com/obituaries/james-g-spady-writer-and-historian/article_4e576aa6-815b-5376-bc86-6cde6b556ad6.html|title=James G. Spady, 75, writer and historian|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|work=The Philadelphia Tribune|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.beforecolumbusfoundation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Aba2001prior.pdf|title=Previous Winners of the American Book Award}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013|title=Socially Grounded Ontology and Epistemological Agency: James G. Spady's Search for the Marvelous/ Imaginative Within the Expansive and Expressive Domain of Rap Music and Hip Hop Self-Consciousness|journal=Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=66–79}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Dị ka nwa okorobịa, James G. Spady sonyeere Philadelphia NAACP Youth Council, ebe o zutere onye ndu obodo, onye ọka iwu, na Philadelphia NAACP President, Cecil B. Moore . N'okpuru nduzi Moore, Spady sonyeere mkpesa akụkọ ihe mere eme 1965 iji wepụrụ Girard College, ụlọ akwụkwọ K-12 na-acha ọcha naanị maka ụmụ ogbenye na ụmụ mgbei. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Countryman|first=Matthew|title=Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|year=2006|pages=168–178}}</ref> Mgbalị ahụ na-aga nke ọma gụnyere ọnwa 7 nke ịtụ n'ihu mgbidi mpụta nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ nke - mgbe ọ gara na ngagharị iwe ahụ - [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Dr.]] [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]] kpọrọ "ụdị mgbidi Berlin iji mee ka ụmụ Chineke nwee agba." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543|title=The Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Visit to Philadelphia · Digital Exhibitions|work=northerncity.library.temple.edu|accessdate=2020-03-15|archivedate=2020-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502124519/http://northerncity.library.temple.edu/items/show/15543}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Spady ga-aga n'ihu na mmemme ya site n'inyere aka ịhazi nleta [[Muhammad]] Ali [https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967 na 1967 na Mahadum Howard ebe Ali nyere okwu "Black is Best" ya] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VlEqcWjlMI&feature=youtu.be&t=5236|title='Eyes on the Prize' documentary film - footage of Muhammad Ali speech at Howard University featuring James G. Spady to Ali's left, wearing sunglasses|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.weta.org/boundarystones/2014/04/14/muhammad-alis-speech-howard-university-1967|title=Muhammad Ali's Speech at Howard University, 1967|author=WETA|work=Boundary Stones: WETA's Washington DC History Blog|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-15}}</ref> Ọrụ mmụta Spady malitere n'oge na-adịghị anya ka nke ahụ gasịrị, na-esochi njem dị ukwuu gafee kọntinent Africa na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe. Karịsịa, na May 1968, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe hiwere Black History Museum Library na Heritage House na North Philadelphia (mgbe e mesịrị ịkwaga na YWCA na Girard Avenue na n'akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme African American social club, The Pyramid Club ). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Poets Write On!: An Anthology of Black Philadelphia Poets|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1970|location=Philadelphia|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ nwere—dị ka ihe ndekọ nke oge a si kwuo—“akwụkwọ mpịakọta atọ, akwụkwọ nta, broshuọ, traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” <ref>{{Cite news|title=The 1972 Issue of Stolen Legacy|date=May 1972|work=Black History Museum Umum Newsletter|pages=2–3}}</ref> Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM'' malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye mbụ sitere n'aka ndị edemede na ndị ọkà mmụta n'ofe United States na karịa. A manyere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie / ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike imechi site na 1973 mgbe ọkụ na izu ohi sochirinụ, mana ọ gara n'ihu wepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ya wee bipụta akwụkwọ ruo ọtụtụ afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị n'okpuru ụdị dị iche iche nke Black History Museum UMUM akara. N'ụzọ dị mkpa, Black History Museum Library tupu-ma nye aka ịtọ ntọala maka-Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka African American Museum na Philadelphia ), onye nduzi mbụ, Charles H. Wesley, bụ onye ndụmọdụ Spady. na onye na-akwado mbọ mbụ a. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Burns|first=Andrea|title=From Storefront to Monument: Tracing the History of the Black Museum Movement|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press|year=2013|location=Amerst|pages=41–71}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmụta == N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye nta akụkọ, James G. Spady gbara ajụjụ ọnụ, dee banyere ya, na ụfọdụ ndị enyi dị iche iche nke ndị ọkà mmụta, ndị na-agụ egwú, na ndị edemede nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, gụnyere: Nina Simone, James Brown, [[Fela Kuti|Fela. Kuti]], Stevie Wonder, [[Bob Marley]] ,&nbsp;Miles Davis, na Dizzy Gillespie ; James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, Ntozake Shange, na Sterling Brown ; Cheikh Anta Diop, Mercer Cook, Merze Tate, Adelaide Cromwell, Charles H. Wesley, na Benjamin Quarles . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name="Jackson 80">{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Leandre|date=2013-06-22|title=Discourse Methodology in Service of Narrative Strategy: Nommo Seeking in a Hip Hop Universe, James Spady's Hip Hop Oeuvre|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007245/discourse-methodology-in-service-of-narrative-strategy|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=80|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> Mana Spady nyekwara nnukwu ihe nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ na ịsọpụrụ ndụ na ọrụ nke trailblazing mana ndị omenala, ndị ọgụgụ isi na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-elegharakarị anya. O duuru mgbalị idetu ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ọsụ ụzọ Africa American architect [[Julian Abele]] . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|title=Julian Abele and the Architecture of Bon Vivant|publisher=Black History Museum Committee|year=1982|location=Philadelphia|pages=1–8}}</ref> O bipụtara akwụkwọ nta, ''[https://www.amazon.com/Julian-Abele-architecture-Bon-Vivant/dp/B000723WSS/ref=sr_1_11?qid=1583075614&refinements=p_27%3AJames+G.+Spady&s=books&sr=1-11&text=James+G.+Spady Julian Abele na Architecture of Bon Vivant]'' (1982), wee kwenye na Philadelphia Museum of Art and University of [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] ka ọ mara ọrụ Abele n'ichebe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie yana ọtụtụ ụlọ Penn . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/14630077/credit-where-it-is-overdue-julian-abele/|title=Credit where it is Overdue, Julian Abele|date=1982-03-27|work=Philadelphia Daily News|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hine|first=Thomas|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/15634173/the-philadelphia-inquirer/|title=Black architect gave shape to an idea|date=1982-03-27|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=2020-03-15|pages=B1}}</ref> Spady nyekwara aka n'iweta nlebara anya ọhụrụ na ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ nke onye na-ede uri, onye na-agụ akụkọ ọdịnala, na prọfesọ, Sterling A. Brown, site n'ịhazi nnukwu ụtụ ọha na eze na Washington, DC's Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library na 1976 na itinye onye na-ede uri [[Robert Hayden|Robert. Hayden]] ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche maka mmemme ụbọchị ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1977|title=Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, DC|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=8|issue=5|pages=40–44|doi=10.1080/00064246.1977.11413895}}</ref> Ihe omume ahụ gosipụtara ụtụ sitere na Ruby Dee na Ossie Davis, AB Spellman, Dr. Montague Cobb, Dr. Allison Davis, na Milford Graves, yana Loïs Mailou Jones bụ onye na-ese ihe osise unyi nke Sterling Brown na-ebi n'oge ihe omume ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> Spady na Black History Museum ''UMUM'' Committee mechara dezie ma bipụta ya, ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000212759 Sterling A. Brown: A UMUM Tribute]'' (1976 na 1982), nke gosipụtara onyinye sitere n'aka Amiri Baraka, Alan Lomax, Ophelia Egypt, Houston Baker, Léon Damas, Arthur Huff Fauset, na Léopold Sédar Senhgor . <ref name=":1" /> Na 1979, Washington, DC City Council kwupụtara ụbọchị ọmụmụ Brown, Mee 1, ''Sterling A. Brown Day'', ma kpọọ ya onye na-ede uri obodo na 1984 ''.'' <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Whitaker|first=Joseph D.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1989/01/16/poet-sterling-allen-brown-dies/24de727b-a93b-4e2c-a9d4-35ef1a845b16/|title=POET STERLING ALLEN BROWN DIES|date=1989-01-16|work=Washington Post|accessdate=2020-03-16|language=en-US}}</ref> Brown kwuru na N'ajụjụ ọnụ The Washington Post : "Enweghachila m, mweghachi, megharịa ma nwetaghachi." <ref name=":2" /> Spady rụrụ ụdị ọrụ a maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ dị ịrịba ama ọnụ ọgụgụ, gụnyere African American dere William L. Dawson . Ya na kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi nka Black History bipụtara akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/William_L_Dawson.html?id=nhHxfYxljS4C William L. Dawson: A UMUM Tribute and a Marvelous Journey] ,'' na 1981. <ref>Huff, Vernon Edward. "William Levi Dawson: An Examination of Selected Letters, Speeches, and Writings." DMA Dissertation, Arizona State University, 2013, pp. 2-3.</ref> Mgbe a gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na ime enyi onye Senegalese Cheikh Anta Diop na njedebe 1960s, Spady dere otu n'ime akwụkwọ edemede mbụ nke Bekee iji nyochaa ọrụ ya ( [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/001132557200500104?journalCode=cbaa "Negritude, PanBanegritude, na Diopian Philosophy of African History"] na 1972). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Spady|first=James G.|date=1972-01-01|title=Negritude, PanBanegritude and the Diopian Philosophy of African History|journal=A Current Bibliography on African Affairs|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=11–29|doi=10.1177/001132557200500104|issn=0011-3255}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clarke|first=John Henrik|date=July 1974|title=The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cToDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22mercer+cook%22+%22diop%22+%22spady%22&pg=PA51|journal=Black World|volume=XXIII|pages=51}}</ref> Mgbe nke atọ World Press bipụtara nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Diop, [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002208241 ''The Cultural Unity of Black Africa'' (1978)], ọ gụnyere okwu ikpeazụ nke James G. Spady na-arịọ Diop n'onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_109244|title=The cultural unity of Black Africa : the domains of patriarchy and of matriarchy in classical antiquity / by Cheikh Anta Diop; introd. by John Henrik Clarke; afterword by James G. Spady|work=Smithsonian Institution|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady mechara nye ọrụ ma bipụta abụ atọ nke onye na-ede uri na prọfesọ Mwatabu Okantah nke isiokwu ya bụ [https://books.google.com/books/about/Cheikh_Anta_Diop.html?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ ''Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem For The Living'' (1997)] ; nke a bụ uri epic n'asụsụ atọ nke mbụ e bipụtara na Bekee, French na Wolof . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Okantah|first=Mwatabu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ini2GAAACAAJ|title=Cheikh Anta Diop: Poem for the Living : a Poem|date=1997|publisher=Black History Museum, UMUM/LOH Pub.|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye bi na Filadelfia ogologo oge, akụkọ ihe mere eme na onyinye obodo ahụ na-abụkarị isiokwu nke ọrụ Spady. O dere akụkọ ndụ nke enyi ya nwụrụ anwụ, onye Philadelphia ibe ya, na onye ọhụụ Black Arts Movement, Larry Neal, nke aha ya bụ ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Larry_Neal.html?id=CCZbAAAAMAAJ Larry Neal: Onye Ntọhapụ Black Philly Poet na Blues Streak of Mellow Wisdom]'' (1989). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George D.|title=Larry Neal: Phenomenological Facets|date=1992|journal=CLA Journal|volume=36|issue=1|pages=41–51|issn=0007-8549}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Spady lụrụ ọgụ maka ncheta ndụ na ọrụ nke onye ndụmọdụ ya, onye ọka iwu, na onye ndu obodo, Cecil B. Moore, onye o bipụtara obere akwụkwọ nta akụkọ, ''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/22223026 Cecil B. Moore: A Soldier for Justice]'' (1985). Obere oge tupu Spady anwụọ, o dere ederede nke kpụrụ ntọala maka ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke SEPTA arụnyere na nso nso a na ọdụ ụgbọ oloko Cecil B. Moore na Philadelphia's Broad Street Line. <ref name=":0"/> A jụkwara Spady site na Philadelphia redio DJ a ma ama na onye ọrụ ikike obodo Georgie Woods ka ọ dee akụkọ ndụ ya, nke ghọrọ akwụkwọ, ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m Naanị Nwoke!]'' ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Georgie_Woods.html?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ ': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, Onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo]'' (1992). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI2VGQAACAAJ|title=Georgie Woods: I'm Only a Man : the Life Story of a Mass Communicator, Promoter, Civil Rights Activist|date=1992|publisher=Snack-Pac Book Division|language=en}}</ref> Spady bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge nke [https://www.garveyfoundation.com/ Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation], òtù agụmakwụkwọ kwadoro na 1961 site n'aka onye ndụmọdụ ya, Thomas W. Harvey, bụ onye jere ozi dị ka onye na-anọchi anya [[Marcus Garvey]] dị ka President-General nke Universal Negro Improvement Association ( UNIA). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|title=The History of The Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|date=2009-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906171238/http://garveyfoundation.com/about/history.htm|accessdate=2020-03-16|archivedate=2009-09-06}}</ref> Na 1985, Spady bipụtara ''[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894 Marcus Garvey, Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association]'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Spady|first=James G.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002059894|title=Marcus Garvey, Africa, and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: a UMUM perspective on concentric activity in the Pan African world|date=1985|publisher=Marcus Garvey Memorial Foundation|location=New York City, N.Y.}}</ref> Na 2011, o dere ''[https://www.amazon.com/Marcus-Garvey-Reggae-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677100 Marcus Garvey, Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora]'' na kwadoro ''[https://www.amazon.com/Perspectives-History-Marcus-African-Diaspora/dp/0984677119/ New Perspectives na History of Marcus Garvey, UNIA, na African Diaspora]'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaihs.org/global-garveyism/|title=Global Garveyism: Mapping Those at Home and Abroad|author=Ewing|first=Adam|work=African American Intellectual History Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> Spady raara onwe ya nye ihe ka ukwuu n'ime afọ 35 ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya n'ịdekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Meghelli|first=Samir|date=2013-06-22|title=Remixing the Historical Record: Revolutions in Hip Hop Historiography|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007246/remixing-the-historical-record-revolutions-in-hip|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=94|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Yancy|first=George|date=2013-06-22|title=Introductory Remarks from the Guest Editor|url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-346007243/introductory-remarks-from-the-guest-editor|journal=The Western Journal of Black Studies|volume=37|issue=2|pages=63|doi=10.1007/s10762-011-9835-0|issn=0197-4327}}</ref> <ref name="Jackson 80"/> Ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ atọ nke mbụ gbasara [[Hip hop music|Hip Hop]], ya na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Nation_conscious_rap.html?id=pDoUAQAAIAAJ Nation Conscious Rap]'' (1991), ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Twisted_Tales.html?id=LWAiAQAAMAAJ Twisted Tales: In the Hip Hop Streets of Philly]'' (1995), na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Street_conscious_rap.html?id=meITAQAAIAAJ Street Conscious Rap]'' (1999), n'ikpeazụ na-agbakwunye ụda nke anọ na ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Tha_Global_Cipha.html?id=cYPNAAAACAAJ The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness]'' (2006). == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Ndị na-ede uri ojii dee na!'' '': Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Black Philadelphian Poets'' (1970) * ''Sterling A. Brown : A UMUM Tribute'' (1976 na 1982) * ''Indigené: Anthology of Future Black Arts'' (1978) * ''William L. Dawson : Ụtụ UMUM na njem dị ebube'' (1981) * ''9 ruo Eluigwe na Ala: Ndị nka ojii'' (1983) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Africa, na Universal Negro Improvement Association'' (1985) * ''Larry Neal : Onye na-ede uri Black Philly tọhapụrụ ya na blu Streak of Mellow Wisdom'' (1989) * ''National Conscious Rap'' (1991) * ''Georgie Woods - 'Abụ m naanị nwoke!'' ''<nowiki/>': Akụkọ ndụ nke onye mgbasa ozi Mass, onye nkwalite, onye na-eme ihe ruuru obodo'' (1992) * ''Akụkọ gbagọrọ agbagọ: N'okporo ụzọ Hip Hop nke Philly'' (1995) * ''Okporo Amụma Rap'' (1999) * ''360 Degreez nke Sonia Sanchez : Hip Hop, Akụkọ, Iqhawe na Oghere Ọha nke ịbụ'' (2000) * ''The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness'' (2006) * ''[[Marcus Garvey]], Jazz, Reggae, Hip Hop, na African Diaspora'' (2011) * ''Echiche ọhụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Marcus Garvey]], UNIA, na African Diaspora'' (2011) === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === * "Dr. William Leo Hansberry: The Legacy of an African Hunter," ''Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 3, No. 11-12 (1970), 25–40. * "The Ancient [[Zimbabwe]] Empire," ''Negro History Bulletin'', (1971), 33-34. * "The Cultural Unity of Cheikh Anta Diop, 1948-1964," ''Black Images: A Critical Quarterly on Black Arts and Culture'', I, III-IV (1972), pp.&nbsp;14–22. * "Negritude, PanBanegritude, and the Diopian Philosophy of African History," ''A Current Bibliography on African Affairs'', Vol. 5, No. 1 (1972), pp.&nbsp;11–29. * "Memorial Services for Arna Bontemps," ''CLA Journal'', Vol. 17, No. 1 (Sept. 1973), pp. 117-119. * "The Afro-American Historical Society: The Nucleus of Black Bibliophilies, 1897-1913," ''Negro History Bulletin,'' Vol. 37, No. 4 (June/July, 1974), pp.&nbsp;254–257. * "Major Richard R. Wright: Scholar and Activist," ''Umoja: Southwestern Black Journal'' (1975), pp. 11-17. * "Sterling A. Brown Honored at UMUM Fete in Washington, D.C." ''The Black Scholar,'' Vol. 8, No. 5 (1977), pp.&nbsp;40–44. * "Tri-Muse: The Historiography of Joel A. Rogers, Drusilla Dunjee Houston and William Leo Hansberry," in ''Y'Bird'', Vol. I, No. 2 (1978), pp.&nbsp;98–116. * "Indigene = Folkski Equations in the Black Arts," ''The Black Scholar'', Vol. 10, No. 3/4 (Nov/Dec 1978), pp. 24-33. * Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe: Portrait of a Pan African Giant," ''Black Collegian'', Dec. 1980/Jan. 1981. * "Surrealism and the Marvelous Black Plunge in Search of Yemanga and the Human Condition," ''Cultural Correspondence'', 12-14 (Summer 1981), pp. 92-95. * "Dr. W. Montague Cobb: Anatomist, Physician, Physical Anthropologist, Editor Emeritus of ''The Journal of the National Medical Association'', and First Black President of NAACP," ''Journal of the National Medical Association'', Vol. 76, No. 7 (1984), 739–744. * "The Changing Perception of Cheikh Anta Diop and His Work," ''Journal of African Civilizations'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (June 1986), pp.&nbsp;89–101. * "Dr. Cheikh Anta Diop and The Background of Scholarship on Black Interest in Egyptology and Nile Valley Civilizations," ''Présence Africaine'', No. 149/150, HOMMAGE à Cheikh Anta Diop (1er et 2e TRIMESTRES 1989), pp.&nbsp;292–312. * "'IMA PUT MY THING DOWN': Afro-American Expressive Culture and the Hip Hop Community," ''TYANABA: Revue de la Société d'Anthropologie,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (1993), 93-98. * "Moving in Silence: Motion, Movement and Music in a Hip Hop Centered Cultural Universe," ''Black Arts Quarterly'', Vol. 6, No. 3 (2002). * "Jean Harvey Slappy's Philosophy and the Tradition of Marcus Garvey and Thomas W. Harvey" (with Giles R. Wright), ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 57-60. * "Dreams, Memories and X-Ray Stars in 2003: The Distinctive Role of DMX in the Poetics of African American Identity" (book review of: Smokey D. Fontaine and Earl Simmons, ''E.A.R.L.: The Autobiography of DMX'') ''American Philosophical Association's Newsletter on Philosophy and the Black Experience'', Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 89-90. * "The Hip Hop Nation as a Site of African-American Cultural and Historical Memory," ''Drumvoices Revue'', Vol. 12, No. 1 & 2 (2004), pp. 154-168. * "The Fluoroscope of Brooklyn Hip Hop: Talib Kweli in Conversation," ''Callaloo'', Vol. 29, No. 3 (Summer 2006), pp. 993-1011. * "Mapping and Re-Membering Hip Hop History, Hiphopography and African Diasporic History," in ''Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp.&nbsp;126–157. === Isi akwụkwọ === * "Dr. J.: The Interstellar Connector," na ''Free Spirits: Annals of the Insurgent Imagination'', eds. Paul Buhle, Jayne Cortez, Philip Lamantia, Nancy Joyce Peters, Franklin Rosemont, Penelope Rosemont (San Francisco: Akwụkwọ ọkụ City, 1982). * "Blackspace," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1983), p.&nbsp;258–265. * "Drusilla Dunjee Houston: A Umum Commentary, A Search, and Personal Notes" na ''ebube ndị Etiopia nke alaeze Cushite oge ochie'', nke Drusilla Dunjee Houston (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1985). * "Gwendolyn Brooks na ụkpụrụ nke mmesapụ aka: Abalị na North Philly," na ''Say That The River Turns: Mmetụta Gwendolyn Brooks'', ed. Haki Madhubuti (Chicago, IL: Mgbasa Ozi Ụwa nke Atọ, 1987), p. 70-71. * "Marcus Mosiah Garvey: Nwoke nke Ọchịchị na Omume Mass," na ''nnukwu ndị isi ojii: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (Edison, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1988). * "Elmer Samuel Imes: Onye ọsụ ụzọ Black Physicist," na ''Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (New Brunswick, NJ: Akwụkwọ azụmahịa, 1991). * "Ahụhụ na-agbanwe agbanwe nke CA Diop na Ọrụ ya: Ọkachamara nke Mmụọ Sayensị," na ''Great African Thinkers'', ''Vol.'' ''1: Cheikh Anta Diop'', ed. Ivan Van Sertima (1992). === Ndenye Encyclopedia === * "Robert Mara Adger," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 6-7. * "William Carl Bolivar," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 50. * "Leon Gardiner," n'akwụkwọ ''ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 251-252. * "Richard Robert Wright, Sr.," na ''Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke American Negro Biography'', eds. Rayford W. Logan & Michael R. Winston (New York: WW Norton & Ụlọ ọrụ, 1982), p. 674-675. == Ntụaka == traktị ndị ohu, akwụkwọ ozi, akwụkwọ ozi, ihe osise, ngwá egwú, ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971, bụ nke lekwasịrị anya na ntinye aka nke ndị Africa na Africa na akụkọ ntolite, sayensị, egwu, na akwụkwọ, ma gosipụta onyinye kaadịakwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,ihe ndekọ, ihe odide ndị a na-ebipụtabeghị, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na ihe ndị ọzọ.” Ọbá akwụkwọ ahụ bipụtara Akwụkwọ akụkọ Black History Museum UMUM malitere na Ọktoba 1971,{{Reflist}} qstd09omm2wkcl10p2fh2npb4zxp09p William Henry Chandler (onye na-ese ihe) 0 48047 195402 175185 2024-11-19T07:40:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195402 wikitext text/x-wiki William Henry Chandler (1854 - Febụwarị 26, 1928) bụ onye omenkà pastel America.  Ụbọchị ya egwu odida obodo, ebe oyi, mmiri na oke osimiri, egwu ndụ ndụ na anụ ufe <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pastelmasters.com/chandler |title=Pastel Masters: Chandler |accessdate=2024-06-14 |archivedate=2017-07-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730201543/http://pastelmasters.com/chandler }}</ref> Chandler mụrụ na New York City. Ọ bụ ndị nne na nna ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe nke okwukwe Ndị Kraịst zụlitere ya. Nke a ga-emetụta ya ndụ ya dum, n'ihi na ọ bụghị nanị na a maara ya maka nkà ya, kamakwa dị ka nnukwu mmadụ. Ụlọ mbụ Chandler bụ na Chicago dị ka onye na-ese cameos .  Mgbe ọ nọ na Chicago, ọ ngosi di na nke na ya na-egosi ya nwere ụmụ ekiri atọ.  Nwunye ya na nwa nke ọdụ ya nwụrụ n'oge agụ na egosi ya.  Mgbe ha nwụrụ, Chandler kwagara New Jersey, ka nwanne ya nwee ike inye aka lekọta ụmụ ya akara dị ndụ.  Mgbe ha kwagara New Jersey na 1887, Chandler na nwanne ya nwoke nwe ụlọ ọrụ William Henry Chandler na New York City.  Ọ bụ na ụlọ ọrụ a ka Chandler ga-ebe ihe ọrụ ya nke a mara ya taa.  E nyere nwanne ya nwoke onye na-ahụ maka ndụzi, ihekọkọ na ire ọrụ ndị ahụ.  A rere nka ya site na ụlọ egwuregwu na mba niile, Marshall Fields na The May Company.  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na pastels, nke o si France butere.  N'ọrụ ya, ọ na-arụ ọrụ 20 ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, ndị na-arụkwa ọrụ na pastel ike.  Ndị ọrụ ya na International Exposition na Paris na 1900-1901.  Akwụkwọ nka nke Hudson River nwere ike dị ukwuu.  N'aka nke ya, a na-ekwu na ọrụ ya mgbasa ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe, dị ka Maxfield Parrish . Chandler bụ onye na-ese ihe na-ewu ewu n'oge nke ya.  Ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ nke oge ahụ na-e ike ụdị ya.  Ndị ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ dị ka Taber-Prang, Hallen na Weiner (NY), Joseph Hoover (Philadelphia), na Mueller na Lucksinger Co. (NY), rụpụtara ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka akara na lithograph. Chandler nwụrụ na February 26, 1928, ma e wee lie ya na Rosedale Cemetery na Orange, New Jersey. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.worthpoint.com/articles/article/mystery-chandler-paintings Ihe omimi nke eserese 'Chandler' ejiri obere ọrụ nyocha], Mike Wilcox, 2009-03-23 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230628194333/https://weeklyvillager.com/i-inherited-a-chandler-pastel-painting-could-you-give-me-more-information-on-the-artist/ “Eketara m ihe osise pastel Chandler. Ị nwere ike ịnye m ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara onye na-ese ihe?], Mallory Durlak, 2014-11-10 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} k953qrdyyeuu6bhn5hfb0d3y057ewjn Saffron Hocking 0 48691 195328 173537 2024-11-18T22:48:05Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Saffron Olivia Hocking''' (amụrụ 5 Jenụwarị 1992) bụ onye omere Britain. A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na fim ''Strangeways Here We Come'' (2018) na usoro Netflix ''Top Boy'' (2019 – 2023), nke ikpeazụ nwetara ya nhọpụta ihe nrite Television Academy nke Britain . == Ndụ mbido == Hocking sitere na Greenwich, South East London. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Academy of Live and Recorded Arts (ALRA) na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellerheadshots.co.uk/single-post/2016/08/14/august-spotlight-saffron-hocking|title=August Spotlight - Saffron Hocking|work=Heller Headshots|first=Karolina|author=Heller|date=14 August 2016|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ALRA, a na-atụba Hocking na Richard Bean 's 2014 play ''Pitcairn'', nke nwere ihe ngosi ụwa ya na Minerva Theatre, Chichester tupu ya agba ọsọ na Shakespeare's Globe <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://1883magazine.com/saffron-hocking/|title=Saffron Hocking|journal=1883 Magazine|first=Kelsey|author=Barnes|date=19 March 2022|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> na-aga na njem na Out of Joint . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/World-Premiere-of-Richard-Beans-PITCAIRN-to-Be-Performed-at-Chichester-Festival-Theatre-20140715|title=World Premiere of Richard Bean's PITCAIRN to Be Performed at Chichester Festival Theatre|work=BroadwayWorld|first=Louisa|author=Brady|date=15 July 2014|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, Hocking mere mpụta mbụ ya na telivishọn na ngosipụta ndị ọbịa na BBC otu usoro ''Dọkịta'' na ''Ndị Mmekọ na Mpụ'' . Hocking gbara Lima na miniseries Irish 2016 ''Smalltown'' wee nwee ọrụ ugboro ugboro dị ka Emma Lyndsey na usoro izizi nke BBC Two sitcom ''White Gold'' na 2017. O mere ihe ngosi ihe nkiri mbụ ya na 2018 comedy-drama ''Strangeways Here We Come'' . O nwekwara obere ọrụ na usoro ndị uwe ojii Acorn TV ''London Kills'' . <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.express.co.uk/showbiz/tv-radio/1589223/Lauryn-Top-Boy-actress?int_source=mantis_rec&int_medium=web&int_campaign=more_like_this_comments|title=Who plays Lauryn in Top Boy? Meet Saffron Hocking|journal=Daily Express|first=Katie|author=Parker|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Hocking bụ onye nnọchi anya maka mgbaba, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themediaeye.com/News/45c49022-5081-4fab-b19f-aea200d053e1|title=Ranvir Singh and Saffron Hocking named Refuge ambassadors|work=The Media Eye|date=27 May 2022|accessdate=22 March 2023|archivedate=23 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323001349/https://www.themediaeye.com/News/45c49022-5081-4fab-b19f-aea200d053e1}}</ref> ka ọ gbagara ndị ọrụ ebere mgbe ọ na-achọ ịkọwa akụkọ mmetọ ụlọ nke ''Top Boy'' ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://notion.online/saffron-hocking-empathy-and-humanity/|title=Saffron Hocking: Empathy and Humanity|journal=Notion|first=Malvika|author=Padin|date=18 March 2022|accessdate=22 March 2023}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == Chichester tupu ya agba ọsọ na Shakespeare's Globe na-aga na njem na Out of Joint . N'afọ sochirinụ, Hocking mere mpụta mbụ ya na telivishọn na ngosipụta ndị ọbịa {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''Ndị dọkịta'' | Emily Cruz | Ihe omume: "Slipping through the cracks" |- | ''Ndị mmekọ mpụ'' | Onye nkwuputa | Ministri; ihe omume: "N ma ọ bụ M? Nkebi nke 1" |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''Obere obodo'' | Lima | Ụlọ ọrụ ministri |- | ''Ihe niile gbasara McKenzie'' | Annika | Ihe omume: "Karma" |- | 2017 | ''Ọla edo ọcha'' | Emma Lyndsey | Akụkụ 4 (usoro 1) |- | 2018 | ''Ụzọ dị iche iche ebe a ka anyị na-abịa'' | Sian | |- | 2019 | ''London egbu egbu'' | Eleanor Kemp | Ihe ngosi 2 |- | 2019-2023 | ''Top Boy'' | Lauryn Lawrence | nkeji iri na abụọ |- | rowspan="2" | 2022 | ''Ọnwa Knight'' | Dylan | Ihe omume: " Nsogbu Goldfish " |- | ''Akụ na ụba'' | Sasha Bailey | Ihe ngosi 5 |- | TBA | ''Oge Awa Ekwensu'' | | |- |TBA | ''Hedda''| {{TBA}} | Ịse ihe nkiri |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref. |- | rowspan="2" | 2023 | Ihe nrite nke Royal Television Society Programme | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri - nwanyị | rowspan="2" | ''Top Boy'' | {{Nom}} | |- | British Academy Television Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma | {{Nom}} | |- |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tu8zxs2mj2509waytj4hcwo6ilv3ibs Tom Fields (onye na-ese ihe) 0 48846 195385 173746 2024-11-19T04:53:39Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195385 wikitext text/x-wiki   Tom Fields ( mmalite 1951) bụ onye na-ese foto Muscogee Creek / Cherokee si Oklahoma .  [1] Ọ bụ ọrụ na foto azụmahịa yana mbụ nka n'oge ọrụ ya.  Ubi na-ahụ maka foto zuru oke, foto ojii na nke ọcha, gbagburu dịka o kwere mee, nke obodo ndị India America.  Maka Ubi, ọrụ ya na-enye "nkọwa anya nke ihe ọ dị ka ịbụ nwa amaala America na Oklahoma." <ref name="Oral history interview">{{Cite journal|author=Pearson - Little Thunder|first=Julie|date=April 11, 2013|title=Oral history interview with Tom Fields|url=https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/ona/id/232/rec/1|journal=Oklahoma Native Artists|accessdate=23 July 2020}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPearson_-_Little_Thunder2013">Pearson - Little Thunder, Julie (April 11, 2013). [https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/ona/id/232/rec/1 "Oral history interview with Tom Fields"]. ''Oklahoma Native Artists''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ mbido == A egwuregwu Tom Fields na Tahlequah, Oklahoma na 1951. Nna ya Muscogee bụ onye ozi, ya mere ngwa ahụ kwagara n'ebe egwuregwu Oklahoma na Kansas.  Nne ya bụ Cherokee.  Ebe mbụ m na foto bụ iji ndabere Instamatic nna ya nyere nna ya aka ike slide maka ọrụ ụka.  Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ, Fields kwagara California wee tinyekwuo aka na mmemme ndị America India, dị ka National Indian Youth Council <ref name="Oral history interview"/> N'afọ 1969, Fields bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Los Angeles, maka ogbako akụ nke echiche ike.  O mechara àgwà onyonyo ndị sochiri na mahadum.  Mgbe oge ya na California nchebe, Fields la ihie na Oklahoma ebe o pụtara na Mahadum Oklahoma na mmemme ụmụ akwụkwọ India.  N'ime etiti afọ 1970, Fields nyere aka na ọrụ ndetu na umu nke ịweta emume na mmemme ndị obodo na vidiyo na idobe ha.  Mgbe oru ngo a, ọ pụtara ịkwudo ndị enyi ya na Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA).  N'oge a, ntọala Fields na foto obibi akwụkwọ na ahụ usoro masịrị ya.  Mgbe m egwu egwu, ọ egwu ịgba égbè na ibipụta n'onwe ya.  Ubi na ndị enyi ya edi ụmụ akwụkwọ na IAIA, kama ha na-ekere òkè na foto na ihe nkiri na gburugburu ebe ahụ. <ref name="Oral history interview"/> Na 1978, Fields debara aha ya dị ka onye isi nka na Northeast State University na- ina anya na foto.  Ọrụ ubi n'oge ahụ sitere n'aka onye na-ese foto Life (magazine), Eugene Smith . Foto nke ubi bụ nke mbụ nabatara na ihe ngosi Kwa afọ nke India na Philbrook Museum of Art . <ref name="oklahoma historical society">{{Cite web|title=ART, AMERICAN INDIAN|url=http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=AR017|publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society|accessdate=4 September 2015}}</ref> == Ụdị == Foto nke Fields sitere na "ọdịdị mmetụta uche nke ndị obodo." <ref name="ok arts council">{{Cite web|title=Tom Fields|url=http://www.arts.ok.gov/Art_at_the_Capitol/North_Gallery/2011/Tom_Fields_North_Gallery_2011.html|publisher=Oklahoma Arts Council|accessdate=4 September 2015}}</ref> Foto ya na-egosipụtakarị oge nke mmụọ na/ma ọ bụ omenala. <ref name="Native Fields Art">{{Cite web|title=Photography|url=http://nativefieldsart.com/photographs/|publisher=Native Fields Art|accessdate=4 September 2015}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi na onyinye == Fields malitere igosi ọrụ ya na 1979. Ụfọdụ n'ime ebe ndị a gụnyere: * Institute of American Indian Arts, Santa Fe * National Museum nke American Indian * Ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian na Washington, DC * Ụlọ ọrụ Banff dị na Banff, Alberta, Canada * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke New Orleans Na 2011, ọrụ ya, "Nativescapes: A View from the Interior," ọmụmụ na Oklahoma State Capitol Complex na Oklahoma City . <ref name="Capitol Exhibit">{{Cite web|title=Capitol Exhibit Features Rare View into American Indian Culture|url=http://www.travelok.com/media_room/release/capitol-exhibit-features-rare-view-into-american-indian-culture|publisher=Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department|accessdate=4 September 2015}}</ref> Ọgbọ dị mma: Art nke Anita, Tom na Yatika Fields (2018) na Sam Noble Museum na Norman, Oklahoma, ọrụ ọrụ Tom, nyere ya na nwa nwoke.  [1] Curator Dan Swan dezikwara katalọgụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.library.okstate.edu/oralhistory/digital/oklahoma-native-artists-project/ Ndị nka nka Oklahoma Oral History Project -- OSU Library] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022633/http://archive.newsok.com/olive/apa/oklahoman/SharedView.Article.aspx?href=DOK/2001/03/16&id=Ar02803&sk=2F63311F "Gosi na-egosipụta njirimara omenala" ''Oklahoman''] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2fyrgom9z73olfxrkgzc9spe1tdpyqf Siena Kelly 0 48868 195361 173775 2024-11-19T00:59:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} '''Siena Nicole Kelly''' (amụrụ 1996) bụ onye omere Britain. O nwetara nhọpụta ihe nrite ihe nrite nke British Academy Television Award maka arụmọrụ ya na Channel 4 Drama ''Adult Material'' (2020). Ọ pụtakwara na Sky One series ''Temple'' (2019). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.themediaeye.com/news/?nf=62a29181-a14e-49bd-9a9f-aae800b8d108|title=Rising Stars: Siena Kelly|work=The Media Eye|date=16 October 2019|accessdate=20 July 2023|archivedate=20 July 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720214654/https://www.themediaeye.com/news/?nf=62a29181-a14e-49bd-9a9f-aae800b8d108}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Kelly na North London Borough nke Camden . Na mbụ ọ zụrụ azụ dị ka onye ịgba egwu ma na-eme asọmpi ịgba egwu. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/siena-kelly-adult-material|title=Siena Kelly Wants Adult Material To Start A Healthy Conversation About Porn|journal=Bustle|first=Niellah|author=Arboine|date=6 October 2020|accessdate=25 July 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/oct/05/sex-siena-kelly-porn-drama-adult-material-channel-4|title='How is this girl going to have sex? It's freezing': Siena Kelly on porn drama Adult Material|journal=The Guardian|first=Iman|author=Amrani|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=20 July 2023}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Arts Educational School (ArtsEd) na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsed.co.uk/news/on-the-town-artsed-lead-the-cast/|title=On The Town – ArtsEd Lead the Cast|work=ArtsEd|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=20 July 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ArtsEd, Kelly mere ya ọkachamara ogbo mpụta mbụ dị ka Ivy Green na ''Na Town'' na Regent's Park Open Air Theatre . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openairtheatre.com/blog/we-catch-up-with-miriam-teak-lee-and-siena-kelly/|title=We catch up with Miriam-Teak Lee and Siena Kelly|work=Regent's Park Open Air Theatre|date=17 June 2017|accessdate=17 April 2020}}</ref> Maka arụmọrụ ya, a họpụtara ya maka Best Actress na Musical na <nowiki><i id="mwJA">The Stage</i></nowiki> Debut Awards . Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na ''A Christmas Carol'' na Old Vic na Rhys Ifans . Kelly mere mpụta mbụ ya na telivishọn dị ka Rhoda Swartz na 2018 miniseries mmegharị nke ''Vanity Fair'' na ITV . N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ gbara Michelle Wilson na usoro mbụ nke Sky One ihe nkiri mpụ ahụike ''Temple'' . Ọ pụtara na ''Teenage Dick'' na Donmar Warehouse na 2019. == Ihe nkiri == ya, a họpụtara ya maka Best Actress na Musical na The Stage Debut Awards . Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ pụtara na A {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ ! Aha ! Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" | Ihe ndetu |- | 2018 | ''Ihe ngosi efu'' | Rhoda Swartz | Ihe ngosi 2 |- | 2019 | ''Ụlọ nsọ'' | Michelle Wilson | Isi ọrụ (usoro 1) |- | 2020 | ''Ihe ndị okenye'' | Amy Deighton | Isi ọrụ |- | 2021 | ''See &amp;amp; Gbaa ọsọ'' | Syd | Akụkụ 3 |- | 2024 | ''Ụbọchị Domino'' | Domino | Ọrụ ndu |- |} == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Otu ! Ọrụ ! Nsonaazụ ! Ref. |- | 2017 | Ihe nrite nke <nowiki><i id="mwvQ">Stage</i></nowiki> Debut | Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na egwu | ''Na Obodo''| {{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-41302598|title=Meet theatre's hottest new stars|author=McIntosh|first=Steven|date=2017-09-18|work=BBC News|accessdate=2018-02-07|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | 2021 | British Academy Television Awards | Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma | ''Ihe ndị okenye''| {{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-06|title=Bafta TV Awards 2021: Winners and nominees in full|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-56903795|accessdate=2021-06-06}}</ref> |- |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g4e2b60ejinzfy3wjcrweo7768ul6s9 William Foley (onye na-ese ihe) 0 48899 195401 177788 2024-11-19T07:39:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195401 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Foley94th.jpg|thumb|Williams Foley]]   William Arthur Foley Jr. (August 8, 1926 - ụgbọ 18, 2020) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe onye ọrụ, onye na-ese ihe, na onye ode akwụkwọ onye ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ onwe ya.  n'oge Agha IIwa nke egwu .  Mgbe ọ dị afụ iri na amị, Foley ngosi ogụ n'ihu agha nke The Bulge na 94th Infantry Division dị ka onye na-agba égbè .  Ka ọ na-alụ ogụ ọ pụtara na-ese pụta ya kwa ụbọchị.  Ihe osise ndị a na-esote mgbe agha ahụ, ọ ga-emesịa bụrụ ntọala maka ọrụ ya na aha ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye edemede.  Ọ nwụrụ n'April 2020 mgbe ọ dị afọ 93. <ref>[https://meritm.funeraltechweb.com/tribute/details/761/William-Foley-Jr/obituary.html William Arthur Foley, Jr. obituary]</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == N'oge Agha nke amaghị, Foley bụ onye na-agba égbè na 302nd infantry rejiment nke 94th Infantry Division "Ghost Corps" n'okpuru General George Patton, onye ndu ya lekwasịrị anya na ịgafe Siegfried Line, ma sonyekwa na Agha nke Bulge.  .  [1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na , Foley, ịse ịse nke ihe omume n'ọgbọ agha n'ime akwụkwọ sketch o ji ya.  A na-echekwa ihe ndị ọrụ ndị a n'otu otu n'ihi na-emetụta ike ọkụnye ha n'ime tube nke kaadiboodu nke na-ebubu shei ngwa agha .  [2] Mgbe e ihu, o sikwa n'uche wepụta ụfọdụ ihe nkiri agha.  [3] Foley gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe ma gaa gburugburu ụwa na- ozi ya mgbe ọ na-anabata ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ọrụ nka.  Maazị Foley nwere nyere ya Nadia Curto Foley, ụmụntakịrị, William A. Foley III na Irene Zitzner. == Nnukwu ọrụ == Ụdị ụfọdụ ọrụ Foley na National Guard Militia Museum of New Jersey, National World War II Museum, na Pritzker Military Library.  [1] [2] Ihe ngosi na nke ikpeazụ nwere ihe nna 40 ọrụ ya, linsụl na ike ink yana ike.  [3] Na 2003, Foley samun Mural 94th iji sọpụrụ 94th Infantry Division, nke egosiri na Massachusetts State House na Boston . <ref name="Pritzker">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/William-Foley.aspx|title=William Foley|publisher=Pritzker Military Library|date=|accessdate=2013-10-19|archivedate=2013-04-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428000601/http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/William-Foley.aspx}}</ref> Ihe odide Foley sitere na Foxhole: A Rifleman na Patton's Ghost Corps ka ebipụtara na 2007. Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ndị sitere n'oge agha, na-aghọ anya na omume na-eme na n'ọgbọ agha kama ibu ọnọdụ nke agha ahụ.  Ọ na-ekwu na mmeri n'ọgbọ agha egosipụta ihe na-eme eme, ma na- ikike ya ndị agha gbahapụrụ ọrụ ha, n'ihi ihe isi ike nke agha.  A kọwawo ndị Foley agha ahụ dị ka "otu n'ime ihe izi ozi pụtara ìhè na ebe na nso nso a", [1] ve prey mere Germany, nke e jiri ọkụ ala dịka Dante Alighieri kwuru.. <ref name="Hymel">{{Cite journal|author=Hymel|first=Kevin|title=Reviews: A Legacy of Service and Sacrifice|journal=Army Magazine|date=May 2004|url=http://www.ausa.org/publications/armymagazine/archive/2004/5/Documents/Reviews_0504.pdf|accessdate=19 October 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebipụtara == * ''Ọhụụ sitere na Foxhole: Onye na-agba egbe na Patton's Ghost Corps'' Novato, Calif.: Presidio Press, 2013.   == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=114707 AskArt.com profaịlụ na William Foley] * [http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/explore/museum/past-exhibits/visions-foxhole-wartime-sketches-william-foley/ ''Ọhụụ sitere na ihe ngosi Foxhole'' na Pritzker Military Museum & Library] * [http://www.pritzkermilitary.org/whats_on/pritzker-military-presents/william-foley-visions-foxhole/ Foley na-atụle akwụkwọ ya, ''Ọhụụ sitere na Foxhole: The Wartime Sketches of William Foley''] na Pritzker Military Museum &amp;amp; Library na March 23, 2010 2kawp6u1s484hxv7aq4x4y9obunix8u Timothy Hasenstein 0 49312 195383 174385 2024-11-19T04:34:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195383 wikitext text/x-wiki Timothy Hasenstein (amuru na Nọvemba 19, 1940) bu onye ese ihe, onye nka na onye nkuzi nke New York School of Abstract Expressionists metụtakwara.  Hasenstein bụ onye nchebe Milton Resnick, onye bụ onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ ma obodo na Sheboygan, Wisconsin, Hasenstein tolitere iji kwado akara ngosi;  ọkpụkpụ na alaka na ihe ndị ọzọ achọtara bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ọrụ na nkà ya.  Hasenstein na-enye ụdị ọkpụkpụ ihe ndị ọ na-eji sitere na okike.  Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya dị mma, nke sitere na ihe ndị a na-ahụ na njem, hikes na njem nlegharị anya. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison, Hasenstein abịare ụdị ụdị nke a na-akpọ nkịtị Abstract Impressionism, na- na-a na- HDMI mbubreyo nke French Impressionistic Monet yana onye ndu ya Resnick's Post Abstract Expressionism. == Ọrụ == Rudolf Arnheim odee Art and Visual Perception: Psychology of the Creative Eye bụkwa enyi na onye Hasenstein. Na 2007, Hasenstein gosipụtara na SPNN cable pụrụ iche ''Lowertown TV'' . Isi ihe ngosi Finn na-amị anya Hasenstein na 308 N. Arizona na Silver City, New Mexico .  Mgbe o biri na Lowertown Lofts, obodo ndị na-ese ihe na St. Paul, Minnesota ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ọ kwagara Silver City n'oge akwụkwọ 2008. == Nnukwu ọrụ == * Usoro "Voyage" (eserese) * Usoro "Nkasi obi nke Arch" (eserese) * Usoro "Ụgbọ mmiri Mmụọ" (ihe ọkpụkpụ) * "Osisi dị ka ihe atụ nke onwe" usoro (eserese) * Usoro “Ihu nke Evolushọn” (ihe ọkpụkpụ nkpuchi) == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240618225600/http://www.seedboatgallery.com/] https://web.archive.org/web/20240618225600/http://www.seedboatgallery.com/ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061004141741/http://www.arts.state.mn.us//aie/artists/hasenstein.htm] https://web.archive.org/web/20061004141741/http://www.arts.state.mn.us//aie/artists/hasenstein.htm * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060927205636/http://www.centennial.k12.mn.us/gle/Maskmaking/artist.htm] https://web.archive.org/web/20060927205636/http://www.centennial.k12.mn.us/gle/Maskmaking/artist.htm * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826044006/http://www.youngaudiencesofmn.org/programs/artist.php?ID=6&aID=57] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826044006/http://www.youngaudiencesofmn.org/programs/artist.php?ID=6&aID=57 https://web.archive.org/web/20070826044006/http://www.youngaudiencesofmn.org/programs/artist.php?] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070826044006/http://www.youngaudiencesofmn.org/programs/artist.php?ID=6&aID=57 ID=6&aID=57] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 13pzqhjdnqyqtnhvqz5nh8edv2nivo4 Oras (ụlọ ọrụ) 0 49384 195265 179994 2024-11-18T14:03:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oras Oy''' bụ onye Finland na-emepụta paịpụ na Kichin.<ref name="oras.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oras.com/en/consumer/company/Pages/Oras.aspx|title=Oras at a glance|publisher=Oras|accessdate=May 3, 2012|archivedate=May 19, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519171026/http://www.oras.com/en/consumer/company/pages/oras.aspx}}</ref> Erkki Paasikivi guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na Rauma na 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/talousvaikuttajat/?iid=2190|title=Vuorineuvos Pekka Paasikivi (1944–)|author=Vahe, Juha|date=September 5, 2008|work=[[Kansallisbiografia]]|publisher=[[Finnish Literature Society]]|language=Finnish|accessdate=May 3, 2012}}</ref> Oras bụ ónyé ọtú nke nke anọ kachasị emepụta paucet na Europe, ọ nwèkwàrà na ahụ pasent 30-80 nke òkè ahịa na Finland.<ref name="talouselama">{{Cite web|url=http://www.talouselama.fi/uutiset/paasikiven+iloiset+velikullat+tarttuvat+kemiraan/a2047527|title=Paasikiven iloiset velikullat tarttuvat Kemiraan|author=Kullas, Emilia|date=October 12, 2007|work=Talouselämä|publisher=Talentum|language=Finnish|accessdate=May 3, 2012}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ọrụ abụọ, nke dị na Olesno, Poland na Rauma. <ref name="oras.com" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/oras_keskittaa_tuotantoaan_raumalle_ja_puolaan/2200413|title=Oras keskittää tuotantoaan Raumalle ja Puolaan|date=December 7, 2010|publisher=[[Yle]]|language=Finnish|accessdate=May 3, 2012}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Isi ụlọ ọrụ Oras dị na Rauma na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya dị na Finland, Poland, Germany na Czech na Republic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orasgroup.com/fi/yritys/|title=Oras Group}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, ọ were ihe dịka mmadụ 920 n'ọrụ na Europe, nke ihe dịka ndị ọsọ ghọrọ ike akụkọ nke ọrụ 600 na ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na Finland. <ref name="Taloussanomat_Oras">{{Cite web|url=http://yritys.taloussanomat.fi/y/oras-oy/rauma/1988049-0/|title=Oras - Yrityshaku|work=Taloussanomat|publisher=Sanoma News|accessdate=April 28, 2011|archivedate=March 21, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321041639/http://yritys.taloussanomat.fi/y/oras-oy/rauma/1988049-0/}}</ref> A na-esikwa na Europe na Nweta nkasi na ihe ndị a na-emepụta na ihe ndị a. Oras nwere ụlọ ọrụ ahịa nke ya n'ihe karịrị mba 15 dị na Europe. Ụdị Oras kachasị mkpa bụ Oras na Hansa.<ref name="VM">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110407205655/http://www.vm.fi/vm/fi/03_tiedotteet_ja_puheet/01_tiedotteet/20110328Tuotta32803/name.jsp Valtiovarainministeriö: Tuottavuuden pyöreä pöytä jakoi vuoden 2011 tuottavuusyhteistyökunniamaininnat], 28.3.2011</ref> == Nrutuaka == {{Reflist}} a6izrkqldwnkxy9cjggidye6vycfoq5 Psunj 0 49670 195308 179016 2024-11-18T18:07:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195308 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:005. LCF desde base Lipik.jpg|thumb|Psunj]] '''Psunj''' bụ ugwu dị na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ mpaghara Slavonia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Kroatia|Croatia]] . Ọ bụ ugwu kachasị elu nke Slavonia, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke Brezovo polje na 984 masl <ref name="dzs-yb2k9-geo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2009/PDF/01-bind.pdf|title=Geographical and meteorological data|publisher=[[Croatian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=Statistical Yearbook|year=2009|accessdate=2011-06-01|archivedate=2016-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803172236/http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2009/PDF/01-bind.pdf}}</ref> N'ebe ugwu ọ na-erute Ravna gora na Papuk, ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ bụ obere ala gbara ya gburugburu. Ọ dị n'ebe ugwu Nova Gradiška na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Pakrac . Na Psunj, e nwere ụlọ elu lattice tower dị mita 128.5 nke ejiri maka mgbasa ozi FM na TV, nke Prof. Marjan Ivancic mere ma bụrụ nke Mostogradnja wuru na 1962/1963. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?id=s0006006|title=Psunj TV Tower (Psunj, 1963)}}</ref> Na mbụ ụlọ elu a enweghị onwe ya kpamkpam. Taa, a na-agbakwunye ya na ngalaba elu ya. A na-akpọ Psunj "Pisunus" n'oge ochie. Enwere ọtụtụ okwu etymologies tụrụ aro maka nke ahụ. Otu bụ na ọ si Indo-European mgbọrọgwụ * pekj (ehi). Nke ọzọ bụ na ọ sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Indo-European * peiH (nnukwu, n'echiche "ugwu") na * sen (ochie). Otu yiri nke ahụ bụ na ọ si na *peiH na * sewn (nwa). Nke ọzọ bụ na ọ metụtara okwu Latin "pinus", nke pụtara "osisi pine" ma ọ bụ "resin", n'onwe ya na-enweghị usoro ọmụmụ a nabatara nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://linguistforum.com/outside-of-the-box/croatian-toponyms/|title=Croatian toponyms - Linguist Forum}}</ref>  == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} t2s91uih825nkwae9xsbsunws3gtu2v Sokoto River 0 49754 195335 191277 2024-11-19T00:18:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|Osimiri Sokoto}} [[Usòrò:Sokotorivermap.png|thumb|Osimiri Sokoto Map]] Pịa Sokoto, (nke a na-akpọbu Gulbi 'n Kebbi ), bụ osimiri dị na ugwo egwu egwu Naijiria na nke dị na osimiri Niger .  [1] Isi iyi osimiri ahụ dị nso na Funtua na ndịda steeti Katsina, ihe dị ka 275 kilomita (171 mi) n'ahịrị kwụpụta ɔ si Sokoto .  Ọ na-aga n'ebe ugwu ụjọ ahụ na-agafe [[Gusau]] na Zamfara State, ebe Gusau Dam na-mmiri mmiri na-enye obodo ahụ mmiri.  [2] N'ụdị ala nke osimiri ahụ batara steeti Sokoto ebe ọ kpọrọ Sokoto wee banye n'osimiri Rima wee ọmụmụ na ndị nta akụkọ [[Birnin Kebbi]] na steeti Kebbi .  [3] Ihe dịka 120km (75 mi) south nke Birnin Kebbi, o rutere n'osimiri Niger . <ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Drainage-Map-of-Sokoto-Basin-Showing-Major-and-Minor-rivers-modified-from-Adelana-et-al_fig2_319007278</ref> A na-akọ ala dịdị n'àgwà ahụ nke ọma ma na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe dị ka isi iyi mmiri mmiri.  Aha ahụ bụkwa ụzọ dị mkpa eji ebu njem.  [1] Mmiri mmiri Bakolori, ihe dịka 100 kilometers (62 mi) upstream site na Sokoto, bu nnukwu mmiri mmiri n'osimiri Sokoto .  O nwela ike dị ukwuu n'ịkọ ubi ide mmiri dị n'okpuru. == Mmetọ == A na-akpọ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị dị ndụ dị na mmiri dị n'ime alafo ihe a na- six na mmiri dị ka "mmetọ mmirika" ma nwee ike ekiri ndụ ize na gburugburu ebe obibi na/ma ọ  bụ ụmụ.  A otu iwere kemịkalụ ịrịbare n'ime mmiri n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ mmadụ na-eme dị ka ụdị mmetọ mmirika.  N'agbanyeghị ihe ihe ha nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị mmadụ, ihe ọla na-egbu egbu na- mmirika <ref>{{Cite web|title=What Is Water Pollution {{!}} Environmental Pollution Centers|url=https://www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org/water/|accessdate=2023-07-16|work=www.environmentalpollutioncenters.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihu igwe == Otu n'ime obodo kacha ewu ewu na Nigeria bụ Sokoto, nke nwere okpomọkụ nke 28.3 Celsius C (82.9 Celsius F), oge okpomọkụ na-adịkarị n'afọ n'ozuzu n'okpuru 40 Celsius (104.0 ° F), ọnwa ndị na-ekpotụ ọkụ bụ February. ruo Eprel ebe okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 40 Celsius (104.0 Celsius F). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate in Sokoto, Temperature of Sokoto, Weather in Sokoto :: Traveltill.com|url=https://www.traveltill.com/destination/Nigeria/Sokoto/climate.php|accessdate=2023-10-03|work=Traveltill}}</ref> == Ebe dị mma maka nchekwa mmiri na Basin Sokoto == Na nlebanya a, e sere ebe ezi uche dị na ya maka ebe nchekwa nchekwa mmiri n'efere Sokoto-Rima site na isonye n'ụdị ngwaahịa ngwaahịa a na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa na nchọcha chọrọ maka nhazi mmiri .  Ihe ndị a tụlere bụ iji ala / mkpuchi, ala,Ụ ala, slant, plumfu, ụgbọ lineament, anya iji seepage na mmiri ozuzo .  E ji mara ihe ahụ na klaas ọ blela ekenyela ntụ ntụ n'ihi ndị sitere na nyọcha gara aga yana ozi na mpaghara mpaghara.  Achịkọbara ihe ndị a site na nyọpụta ihe dị arọ site n'iji ibu ibu ibu ụzọ ndị edebanyere aha site na Logical Order Interaction.  Nsonaazụ nke nsogbu ezi uche na a na-ele 3% (131.89 km2) nke nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima ka ọ dabara nke ọma, 9% (486.19 km2) nke mpaghara efere dabara nke ọma, 11% (596.05 km2) nke ọma.  mpaghara nnukwu efere.  nwere obere nkwụsi ike maka oyiyi ala mmiri ebe 77% (3967.62 km2) nke nnukwu efere adịghị mma.  Ngwakọta ọzọ nke oyi akwa dị mkpa, ihe seepage, ụdị nke ahụ nke emepụtara site na ụdị ihe elu kọmpụta ma dị na Unpredictable Organization (TIN) na-enye ike mpaghara isii a na-atụ anya ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịrị elu ntọala.  , elu mpụta, mpaghara elu, oke nkwakọba na Achọpụtara ogo idei mmiri. Ịgbanwe ihe atụ nke mmiri mmiri na-ebilite n'ụwa nile na-egosi na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ugbu a dị adị (Dore, 2005).  Okpomọkụ na-agbasawanye na-ebute n'iyi dị elu, si otú a na-akpọsa elu elu, nke na-ewulite ogologo oge na ike nke oge ọkọchị (Kevin, 2005).  Oke ikuku nke na-ejide mmiri na- Bri site na ihe dị ka 7% kwa 1 Celsius C, nke na-ebute uzu mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-enye mkpuchi mma na mmiri ozuzo.  Ọnọdụ ikuku ọ mgbasa na-ewe iwe, ịka ka ọ na-emetụta elu ụwa, nke na-enye site na iru mmiri na-agbasawanye, na- oge mmiri mmiri mpaghara nke bụ ihe na-emekarị ugbu a, ebe na mpaghara ebe.  mmiri mmiri niile na-adabere.  Nke a butere ihe egwu idei mmiri .  Nhazi mmiri ozuzo a na-agbanwe n'ọtụtụ ebe, na-agbasawanye nkụ na mpaghara akọrọ (site na nnukwu ebe niile) na mpaghara mmiri na-aghọ mmiri mmiri, na-eme n'etiti etiti dị elu (Kevin, 2005) Na Naijiria, mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe oke mgbochi na gburugburu gburugburu mmiri mmiri.  Ndị a na-agụnye akọrọ akọrọ, na-ekiri evaporating nke mmiri na glimmer idei mmiri na ugwu ibe nke mba ahụ, mgbe ndị na-etinye aka na okwu nke oké osimiri ịrị elu, [[Ńnú|nnu]] mmiri mmiri, rikpuru odida obodo na-ahụhụ  ka mma mmirika n'elu na na.  subsurface (Akujieze et al., 2003, Bello, 1998, Danladi et al., 2017).  ihu igwe siri ike na-emetụta gburugburu na-egosi na-egosi, na-esite na mgbaàmà nsogbu na eze na nke ego na-ike nri na ịma aka, nke ihe ike ịga ihe na North Nigeria (Urama na Ozor, 2010). Oria Sudano - Sahelian nke Nigeria nwere ihe mere eme na-adịgide nke ịgbasa achịchị ma zutewo ogologo oge ọkọchị na-agbasawanye site na gburugburu ebe obibi (James, 1973, Mortimore, 1973, Ola-Adams na Okali, 2006, Olofin  , 1985).  Ọnọdụ dị na mpaghara Sudano-Sahelian nke Nigeria bụ nke na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ Sahara na ịgbasa na-eme ka ቀጣ buru ibu nke ikpe ikpe na ala a na-akụ ihe na-aghọ.  ihe na- ike ike na mpaghara uru (Ajaero et al., 2015).  A na-ekwu na ihe ndị mere n'oge ọkọchị n'ebe ugwu Naijiria bụ na ọ bụ nkụda ikwu nke mmiri ozuzo na-ebute site n'Oké eji Atlantic iji bata nke ọma na mpaghara ahụ.  Ọzara mmiri n'aka nke ndị ọzọ, ejikọrọ na àmà dị iche iche nke ndị eze nke ịbụ ala, ọgba aghara nke usoro ndu site na iji ala na-adịghị mma, agha, shu ala, mkpali ihu igwe nke okike, na mgbasa ozi ekiri nke ịbụ ala.  nke a na-achọ ka emechara ya na akụ ala ala ike.  maka ihe eji arụ ọrụ ugbo iji gboo mkpa nri na-eto eto (Oladipo, 1993). ugwo atụmatụ nke Nigeria ahụla furutị, nha na mmega ahụ dị ka ihe owuwu, okporo ụzọ, ụzọ ihe, na igbutu ụfọdụ n'ụdị mmemme ndị ọzọ gbasara mmadụ nke nnukwu mgbasawanye na ọha mmadụ.  Nke a ewetala maka mmiri maka ihe ndị dị mkpa n'ime ime obodo, ọgbara ọhụrụ na nke mepere emepe.  Enweghị mmiri zuru oke iji nye nri maka ihe ndị a n'ozuzu na-eme ka ule dị ụkọ n'oge ọkọchị.  Enweghị ike nọrọ maka ojiji ihe mgbanaka ime obodo na-ebute na mgbasa ọrịa na nri, dịka ọmụmaatụ, eriri afọ na ụgbụgbọ na ọgbụgbọ na-eme ka afọ ojuju onye na-emebi emebi na mpaghara ahụ. Ịbanye na mmiri dị mma n'ime nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima nwere ike dị egwu na mmepụta, ọrụ ego na afọ ojuju nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu.  Ịkwado mkpa a bụ nnukwu nsogbu na-eche mpaghara ihu.  Ihe Jụrụ 70% nke ezina mmetụta na mpaghara mmetụtarute n'ihu nwere mmiri mmiri (Salih na Al-Tarif, 2012).  Ha na-adabere nanị na isi iyi efu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ozuzo, iyi na-adịgide adịgide, ɔdɔ mmiri na olulu mmiri na-agụnye ihe, nke na-eme ka ha mba ndị ọrịa na-ebute mmiri dị ka typhoid fever,  cholera na eriri afọ.  N'ihe ka ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na-ekere òkè n'ịkọ ihe, iwu dị ma na-agbasasị na nnukwu mpaghara, na-eme ka mmiri na-ebu ọkpọkọ na-enye nsogbu (Ishaku et al., 2011).  Arịrịọ ndị na-alụ na- egwu ugboro ugboro ule nke ajụjụ mmirika nhazi nke olulu mmiri na olulu mmiri .  N'ụzọ dị mwute, mgbochi maka mmiri dị n'ime ala siri ike gburugburu ebe a.  Ọnọdụ ala siri ike na dị elu nwere nnukwu ihe ịma aka aka hydrogeological na-eweta nnukwu ndakpọ, ebe ụfọdụ olulu mmiri bara uru na-amịpụta obere mmiri ma ọ bụ obere mmiri n'oge ọkọchị nke na- akwado ndị mmadụ, na  - mmasịte ọnọdụ na mmiri mmiri (Akujieze et al).  ., 2003).  Ọnọdụ a dị ugbu a na-edozi ma na-enye ezi ihe aka aka ụmụaka na-ama ụda ume n'ịga ogologo oge n'oge ọkọchị iji gbaa mmiri maka ụlọ.  Enweghị ike nke mmiri mmiri na-enye ume ọkụ na-egbo mkpa na-arrị elu echiche nke nhọrọ okike nwere uru dị na ogologo ogologo.  Ọ bụ ihe dị iji mkpa mkpali nke mkpagharị ihe ndị dị ugbu a yana ịgbasa mkpali n'ime.  Mmiri iwe ihe ubi na-eji usoro ikike eme ihe na-eleba anya na otu n'ime nhazi ngwa ngwa na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe ọ bụ na ọrụla ebe nchekwa dị oke mkpa na-ewere dị oke mkpa na nche gburugburu ebe.  obibi, na-agbasawanye na-ahụ anya Sahara Africa (Cofie na Amede, 2015). mmetụta ntụlegharị maka igbu ihe a bụ nnukwu efere iyi Sokoto-Rima (Fig 1) nke nwere ebe niile dị 126,174 km2.  Ọ na-ekpuchi steeti anọ dị na igwu egwu Naijiria wee dị na mpaghara nke nwere nkụ ma ọ bụ mpaghara Sudano-Sahelian nke dị ka IPCC (2007) si dị na-ebelata ihuenyo mgbochi gburugburu ebe obibi.  Ekpuchiri mpaghara ahụ n'ụzọ zuru oke na osisi osisi, osisi na osisi ndị nwere nkwanye.  Ọkachamara ikuku na-amachibido gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ama oge a na-enwe, bụ oge ọkọchị na mmiri .  Igwe ikuku bụ Tropical Oceanic na Tropical Mainland, na-efepụ site na Atlantic na Ọzara Sahara iche.  mgbaàmà a na-ezute oge ọkọchị na-egbu oge nke uzuzu uzu na-ekpukarị site na Ọktoba ruo ụgbọ.  Nri kacha mma na-ejighị n'aka na-adị na oke egwu ugwu Nigeria nke àmà nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima.  Dị ka US Office for Worldwide Turn of events (USIAD) (2012) si kwuo, mpaghara ahụ so na mpaghara "gbasara" n'okpuru ọnọdụ nchekwa nri nke afọ 2012 na Naijiria ga-enwe nnukwu nsogbu n'oge na-adịghị anya anya  .  Ọdịda dị n'otu n'otu na-agha ala (40%) maka dị mkpa nke awụ ma eso oge mmiri mmiri mgbe ọ na-arrịgoro na 80%.  Nkwenye nke a bụ isi n'azụ ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nkụchi nke mpaghara na mpaghara ugwu, bụ nke dị iche na ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ na nke dị mmiri ozuzo nwere na mpaghara Nigeria (Kowal na Knabe  , 1972).  ami nleba anya ruru n'etiti scopes 10°N na 14° N na longitudes 3°E na 9°E.  A na-e usoro mkpofu site na Waterway Rima framework nwere nnukwu feeders dị ka Gawon, Zamfara na Gubinka.  Ndị na-eri nri a na-arrịgoro na mpaghara Storm cellar Complex nke Sokoto steeti wee na-awụga n'ebe ike iji ngwaọrụ Waterway Rima.  Ka o sina dị, na ụgwọ ndị nke efere ahụ, e nwere iyi ndị ọzọ na-adị mkpa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Danzaki, Pop na Kasanu, nke niile na-aṣọba iji ngwaọrụ Waterway Rima (Ojo, 2014).  Enwere ike ike efere Sokoto Rima ka ọ bụrụ ntụ atɔ, ya bụ.  elu ugwu riri site were iche translucent nkume na mkpọda ugwu na ulo ịrị elu (inselbergs) na-eme na ndị na ndị na-eme egwuregwu, ubi na-eme n'ebe ugwu na-anya anya, na osimiri apịtị nke Niger na ala Rima .  na-eme n'ebe ahụ egwuregwu (Swindell)., 1986). A na-asachapụ ihe omume site na ụzọ mmiri n'ụzọ sara mbara ma njikere ihe na-agụnye ọka, owu, groundnut, owuwe ihe ubi tuber na osisi shuga.  Mmiri dị oke mkpa maka ụzọ mgbagharị a na-edozi n'ụdị mpaghara a, ebe ọ na-emetụta ụdị ole na ole nke nkwado, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ego, mmetụta, gburugburu ebe obibi na echiche ọha mmadụ (WWAP, 2015)  ).  Mmasị na-arrị elu na nri na-achọ ogbugbu na ịgbasi ike nke mmemme agribusiness, nke na-ebute ụzọ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na gburugburu mmiri.  Ịchịkọta mmirika na ebekọba ihe, dị ka ọmụmaatụ, ɔdɔ mmirika, ,, mmiri mmiri na obere obere nwere ike mechaa nye nke mmiri mmiri a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-ahụ-ahụ ihe a na-ahụ n'efere Sokoto-Rima.  Ọzọkwa, ọrịa ike iji ndị a mee ihe iji obi ụtọ ihe omume nke idei mmiri na-mịkalụ (Saher et al., 2013) mmetụta oke mmiri ozuzo dị ma dị oke egwu nke akara ngosi ahia na nnukwu efere Sokoto-Rima site n  'ịchịkwa oke mmiri dị na-ahọda n'okpuru mmiri mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo nchebe (Ola- Adams na Okali, 2006), na n'otu aka ahụ show mmiri dị n'ime ala na-akpọghachi ume n'ihi akwụkwọ nke mmiri ruo eruo.  ogologo oge. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Omolabi|first=Peter Oluwatobi|date=2019-01-01|title=Mapping suitable sites for water storage structure in the Sokoto-Rima basin of northwest Nigeria|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352938518301393|journal=Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment|language=en|volume=13|pages=12–30|doi=10.1016/j.rsase.2018.10.006|issn=2352-9385}}</ref> == General Hydrolọji nke Sokoto Basin == Sokoto Bowl nke dị n'ebe ugwu mgbanaka Nigeria dị na mpaghara ndịda Sahara Sudan nke ike isi Africa na mpaghara nke mpaghara dị ka savannah.  Mmiri mmiri, nkezi ihe dị ka 30 inches or 760 millimeters kwa afọ na dị mkpa nke nnukwu efere ahụ, na-eme n'oge mmiri mmiri nke na-adị site na May ruo October.  Oge ọkọchị na-egbu oge na-erute site na Ọktoba ruo ọkọlọtọ na-ekpur site na mgbagọ uzuzu uzu sitere na ihe elu ọmụmụ.  akpụkpọ na Mee bụ nwanyị kacha ekpo ọkụ, mgbe njọ na-erute 105 kwa mgbe mmiri na-arrị elu nke nnukwu efere Sokoto bụ ihe na-e ikpe n'elu ala.  Dị na nnọọ a dị na nke nke compass, lekọta site n'ala-mmiri ntọhapụ si sedimentary nkume, bụ iyi na-adịgide adịgide.  N'ime efere Stream Zamfara, ntọhapụ mmiri nke ala na-enye ihe dị ka 1 inch or 2.5 centimeters nke 3.33 inches or 8.5 centimeters na-arrị nke zuru oke kwa afọ.  Sokoto dị nso, iyi Rima na-aṣọfe n'afọ niile site na ntọhapụ mmiri sitere na mmiri ala gbanyere ndị ọrịa na nkume nzu nke nhazi Kalambaina.  N'elu nkume translucent ebe ihe ka ukwuu n'ime iyi na-ebili, ihe niile na-agbapụta kwa afọ nwere ike ịfe 5 inches or 12.7 centimeters, nke dị ụgbọ n'ime ya bụ ntọhapụ mmiri nke ala.  Nkume sedimentary nke nnukwu efere sitere na Cretaceous ruo Tertiary ma bụrụ nke a na-eme maka ọtụtụ saịtị na ajị ọnụ ọnụ, apịtị, na ụfọdụ nkume nzu;  akwa ndị ahụ na-agbada nke ọma n'ebe ugwu egwuregwu.  Alluvium nke Quaternary age na-adabere na swamps nke Stream Sokoto (nke dị ugbu a Sokoto) na ndị na-azụ ya.  Nkume ndị nwere nwere isi iyi artesian atọ dị ama, n'agbanyeghị mmiri ala na-achọ na mpaghara isi niile, yana mmiri gbanyere mgba na mpụtapụta Kalambaina.  Isi iyi Artesian na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe na Gundumi Arrangement, Rima Gathering, na Gwandu Development ma na-ekewapụ onwe ya site na akwa apịtị dị n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke Mgbakọ Rima na Nhazi Dange.  N'ebe dịpụrụ, ụwa dị n'usoro ihe egwu na-akwadokwa mmiri siri ike nke malitere Kalambaina.  Mmepe Gundumi, nke na-edobe n'elu akpụkpọ mmiri mmiri, sitere na ụwa, aja na nkume nwere agba dị iche iche. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=sokoto river basin: Topics by WorldWideScience.org|url=https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/sokoto+river+basin.html|accessdate=2023-08-06|work=worldwidescience.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806065734/https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/sokoto+river+basin.html}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} * ''Hydrology na Plankton nke River Sokoto'' . J. Holden, J. Green. Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Animal Ecology, Vol. 29, Nke 1 (Mee, 1960), p.&nbsp;65–84. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2271] * ''Isotope na Geochemical Characterization Of Surface and Subsurface Waters in the Semi-Arid Sokoto Basin, Nigeria'', Adelana et al., African Journal of Science and Technology (AJST), Science and Engineering Series Vol. 4, Nke 2, p.&nbsp;80–89, Disemba 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619110516/http://www.ansti.org/volume/adelana-final.pdf] 98km59corwghw7ot1sg3lb4ynsp0wqt Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi 0 49825 195424 179472 2024-11-19T10:46:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195424 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Ecosan_smaller.jpg|thumb|Echiche gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi nkewa nke iyi na-asọ asọ, ọgwụgwọ na iji ya eme ihe ọzọ; ihe osise 2014]] Ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi, nke a na-akpọkarị ecosan (nke a na-asụgharịkwa eco-san ma ọ bụ EcoSan), bụ ụzọ e si enweta ebe obibi ọcha nke na-achọ iji megharịa excreta na ọrụ ugbo n'enweghị nsogbu.[1] Ọ bụ ụzọ, kama teknụzụ ma ọ bụ ngwaọrụ nke e ji mara ọchịchọ nke "imechi akaghị", tumadi maka ihe oriri na ihe ndị dị ndụ n'etiti ịdị ọcha na ọrụ ugbo n'ụzọ dị nchebe. Otu n'ime ebumnuche a bụ ibelata iji akụrụngwa anaghị emeghari. Mgbe emebere ya nke ọma ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma, sistemu ecosan na-enye usoro nchekwa dị ọcha iji mee ka excreta mmadụ bụrụ ihe na-edozi ahụ nke a ga-eweghachi n'ime ala, na iweghachi mmiri n'ala. A na-akpọkwa Ecosan dabere na akụrụngwa   == Nkọwa == Nkọwa nke ecosan dị iche iche n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkachamara na Sweden chepụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke ecosan: "Sistemụ ịdị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro na-enye ohere maka ịmegharị ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ na-ebelata iji ihe ndị a na-adịghị emeghari emeghari. ike siri ike ịbụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikwa akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma " Tupu afọ 2012, a na-ejikọkarị ecosan na ntụgharị mamịrị na ọkachasị na ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na-eme ka mamịrị dị jụụ (UDDTs), ụdị ụlọ mposi akọrọ. N'ihi nke a, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ụlọ mposi ecosan" eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu maka UDDT.<ref>Rieck, C., von Münch, E., Hoffmann, H. (2012). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/874 Technology review of urine-diverting dry toilets (UDDTs) - Overview on design, management, maintenance and costs]. Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany</ref> Otú ọ dị, echiche ecoan ekwesịghị ịbụ naanị otu ụdị ụlọ mposi. Ọzọkwa, enwere ike iji UDDTs mee ihe n'enweghị ọrụ ọ bụla nke ha na-ekwekọghị na echiche ecosan (ihe atụ bụ UDDTs 80,000 nke eThekwini Municipality mejupụtara na nso Durban, South Africa). <ref>Roma, E., Holzwarth, S., Buckley, C. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/791 Large-scale peri-urban and rural sanitation with UDDTs, eThekwini Municipality (Durban), South Africa] - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)</ref> === Ojiji nke okwu "ecosan" === Nkọwa nke ecosan dị iche iche n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkachamara na Sweden chepụtara nkọwa zuru oke nke ecosan: "Sistemụ ịdị ọcha nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ usoro na-enye ohere maka ịmegharị ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ iji mepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụzọ na-ebelata iji ihe ndị a na-adịghị emeghari emeghari. ike siri ike ịbụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ejikwa akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'echiche ecoan, a na-ewere nsị mmadụ na mmiri na-adịghị mma dị ka ihe nwere ike isi mee - nke bụ ihe mere a na-akpọkwa ya "ihe mkpofu na-emetụta ihe". A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ bụ "mbu ọcha na-arụpụta ihe" eme ihe kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2006.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === N'iji ya tụnyere okwu ahụ bụ "nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide" === Nkọwa nke ecosan na-elekwasị anya na ahụike, gburugburu ebe obibi na akụkụ akụrụngwa nke ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide. Ya mere ecosan abụghị, kwa otu, ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, ma ecosan usoro nwere ike imejuputa ya n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee ikike siri ike maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-elekọta akụkụ teknụzụ, ụlọ ọrụ, mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke ọma. Sistemụ Ecosan nwere ike ịbụ “nke anaghị adịgide adịgide” dịka ọmụmaatụ ma ọ bụrụ na nnabata onye ọrụ pere mpe ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ahịa sistemụ ahụ dị oke maka otu ndị ọrụ ebumnuche enyere, na-eme ka usoro ahụ bụrụ nke enweghị ego n'ime ogologo oge..   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:EcoSanRes_(2005)._Closing_the_loop_on_Sanitation..jpg|thumb|Ihe ngosi site na mmemme EcoSanRes: Imechi loop na Sanitation (2005) ]] [[Usòrò:Ecosan_closing_the_loop_poster_by_CREPA.jpg|thumb|Ecosan na-emechi ihe ngosi loop (n'asụsụ French), site na NGO CREPA na 2005, a na-eji UDDTs eme ihe n'ihe atụ a]] Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi bụ iji belata ihe ize ndụ ahụike metụtara ịdị ọcha, mmiri na ihe mkpofu emetọ; iji gbochie mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala na mmetọ nke mmiri dị n"elu; yana iji ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ike dị n'ime ihe mkpofu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=GTZ, IWA|year=2003|title=Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium, 7th–11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA)}}</ref> === Nweghachi ihe onwunwe === Nkwupụta dị na nkọwa nke ecosan na "nweghachi n'enweghị nsogbu" gụnyere akụkụ dị ọcha, microbial na kemịkal. Ya mere, ihe nsị mmadụ a rụgharịrị arụgharị, n'ụdị siri ike ma ọ bụ mmiri, ga-enwe àgwà dị elu ma gbasara pathogens na ụdị kemịkal niile dị ize ndụ. Nkwupụta "iji ihe onwunwe ndị a na-apụghị imezigharị eme ihe na-ebelata" pụtara na uru nke ihe onwunwa site na imegharị ihe ga-adị ukwuu karịa ọnụahịa nke ihe onyinyo site na imeghachi ihe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ecosan dabeere n'echiche zuru oke nke ihe na-agafe dị ka akụkụ nke usoro nchịkwa mmiri na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba nke dabara na mkpa nke ndị ọrụ na ọnọdụ mpaghara dị iche iche. Ọ naghị akwado teknụzụ mkpofu a kapịrị ọnụ, kama ọ bụ nkà ihe ọmụma ụfọdụ n'ijikwa ihe ndị a na-ahụ ugbu a dị ka mmiri na-adịghị mma na mmiri na-ebute ihe mkpofu maka mkpofu.<ref name=":2"/> ==== Iji ya eme ihe ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza ==== Ndị mbụ na-akwado usoro gburugburu ebe obibi lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye mmepụta ugbo (site na iji nsị eme ihe ọzọ dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]]) wee si otú a melite ọnọdụ nri na-edozi ahụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu oge ahụ na-enye ha ịdị ọcha.<ref>Esrey, S., Andersson, I., Hillers, A., Sawyer, R. (2001). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/788 Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security]. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2000.</ref> Ebumnuche belata ọrịa bụ iji nweta ọ bụghị naanị site n'ibelata ọrịa a na-ebute site na ụzọ nsị na ọnụ kamakwa site n'iwelata nsogbu na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụmụaka. Njikọ a n'etiti WASH, nri na-edozi ahụ, ọrịa a na-akpọ entero-pathic gburugburu ebe obibi (ma ọ bụ entero-poty nke okpomọkụ) yana uto ụmụaka na-ebelata arịgoola n'elu usoro ihe omume nke ngalaba WASH kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Humphrey|first=J. H.|year=2009|title=Child undernutrition, tropical enteropathy, toilets, and handwashing|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1792|journal=The Lancet|volume=374|issue=9694|pages=1032–1035|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60950-8|pmid=19766883}}</ref> Ule ọrụ ugbo gburugburu ụwa egosila uru a na-ahụ anya nke iji nsị a gwọrọ agwọ n'ọrụ ugbo dị ka fatịlaịza na ihe na-edozi ala. Nke a na-emetụta karịsịa iji mamịrị eme ihe. Ule iji ya eme ihe ọzọ na [[Zimbabwe]] gosipụtara nsonaazụ dị mma maka iji mamịrị na ahịhịa ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ahịhịhịa dị ka spinach ma ọ bụ ọka yana osisi mkpụrụ osisi.<ref name=":3">Morgan, P. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/989 Ecological toilets - Start simple and upgrade from arborloo to VIP]. Harare, Zimbabwe</ref><ref>Morgan, P. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1285 Trees as recyclers of nutrients present in human excreta - Main tree report]. Aquamor, and Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ na Finland gosipụtara na ojiji nke mamịrị na ojiji na ntụ osisi "nwere ike ịmepụta 27% na 10% karịa red beet root biomass".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pradhan|first=Surendra K.|title=Human Urine and Wood Ash as Plant Nutrients for Red Beet (Beta vulgaris) Cultivation: Impacts on Yield Quality|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=58|issue=3|pages=2034–2039|doi=10.1021/jf9029157|pmid=20050665|year=2010}}</ref> E gosipụtara mamịrị n'ọtụtụ nnyocha ka ọ bụrụ ihe bara uru, nke dị mfe ijikwa fatịlaịza, nke nwere nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium na micro-nutrients dị mkpa.<ref>Richert, A., Gensch, R., Jönsson, H., Stenström, T., Dagerskog, L. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/757 Practical guidance on the use of urine in crop production]. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Sweden</ref> ==== Nlaghachi nke phosphorus ==== Akụkụ ọzọ nke usoro ecosan na-anwa idozi bụ ụkọ phosphorus na-abịa.<ref>Schröder, J., Cordell, D., Smit, A., Rosemarin, A. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1587 Sustainable use of phosphorus]. Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands</ref> Phosphorus nwere ọrụ dị mkpa maka uto osisi, ya mere na mmepụta fatịlaịza, mana ọ bụ obere akụrụngwa.<ref>Soil Association (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1591 A rock and hard place - Peak phosphorus and the threat to our food security]. Soil Association, Bristol, UK</ref> Ọnọdụ ahụ yiri nke ahụ maka potassium. Ebe nchekwa nkume phosphate a ma ama na-aghọ ihe dị ụkọ ma na-efuwanye ọnụ iji wepụ - a na-akpọkwa nke a "ihe kachasị elu phosphorus". Otu nyocha nke inye phosphate zuru ụwa ọnụ tụrụ aro na ọ bụrụ na anakọta ya, phosphate na mamịrị nwere ike inye 22% nke ngụkọta ihe achọrọ.<ref name="MihelcicFry2011">{{Cite journal|author=Mihelcic|first=James R.|title=Global potential of phosphorus recovery from human urine and feces|journal=Chemosphere|volume=84|issue=6|year=2011|pages=832–839|issn=0045-6535|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.046|pmid=21429554}}</ref> === Uru === Uru nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere: <ref name=":2"/> * Mbelata iwebata pathogens site na nsị mmadụ n'ime usoro mmiri (mmiri ala na mmiri dị n'elu) - dịka ọmụmaatụ mmetọ mmiri dị n"okpuru ala site na ụlọ mposi. * Nchekwa nke ihe onwunwe site na mbelata mmiri ojiji, dochie fatịlaịza mineral na ibelata mmetọ mmiri. * Obere ịdabere na phosphorus a na-egwupụta na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị imezigharị maka mmepụta fatịlaịza. * Mbelata ojiji nke ike na mmepụta fatịlaịza: Urea bụ isi ihe mejupụtara mamịrị, ma anyị na-emepụta urea buru ibu site na iji mmanụ ala. Site n'ịchịkwa mamịrị nke ọma, enwere ike belata ụgwọ ọgwụgwọ yana ụgwọ fatịlaịza. == Ihe ịma aka == A katọrọ usoro eco-sanism maka ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe ọzọ n'ọrụ ugbo, ebe ọ na-eleghara ụfọdụ n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide anya. N'ezie, usoro ecosan nwere ike ịbụ "ihe na-adịghị adịgide adịgide", dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere obere nkwenye onye ọrụ ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnụahịa nke usoro ahụ dị oke elu maka otu ndị ọrụ, na-eme ka usoro ahụ ghara ịdị irè n'ụzọ ego n'oge dị ogologo.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A katọrọ ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ecosan dị ka ndị na-agbasi mbọ ike, na-ekwusi ike na nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ilekwasị anya na nchedo ahụike ọha na eze na inye ịdị ọcha na ọnụ ala (dịka ọmụmaatụ UDDTs, nke ụfọdụ ndị na'ime ha na-akpọ "ụlọ mposi ecosan", nwere ike ịdị oke ọnụ iji wuo karịa ụlọ mposi, ọbụlagodi na ogologo oge ha dị ọnụ ala iji lekọta).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Nchebe nke usoro ecosan n'ihe gbasara mbibi pathogen n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche bụ isiokwu na-aga n'ihu nke arụmụka n'etiti ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide usoro ecosan. Otú ọ dị, mbipụta nke Ntuziaka WHO na Reuse, na echiche ya dị iche iche, agaala ogologo oge n'ịmepụta usoro a na-ahụkarị maka iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nchebe.<ref name=":0">WHO (2006). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater] - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland</ref> Ka o sina dị, ajụjụ ahụ ka bụ ma enwere ike ịbawanye usoro gburugburu ebe obibi iji ruo ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na otu esi eme ka ha dị nchebe iji rụọ ọrụ. Mmetụta mbụ na mbido afọ 2000 site n'aka ndị ọsụ ụzọ ecosan agbanweela ka ha ghọta na ịgbanwe àgwà na omume na ịdị ọcha na-ewe ndidi dị ukwuu. Acknowledgement for ecosan came with the awarding of the&nbsp;Stockholm Water Prizein 2013 to Peter Morgan, a pioneer of handpumps and ventilated pit latrines (VIPs) in addition to ecosan-type toilets (the [[Arborloo]], the Skyloo<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mallory|first=Adrian|date=2019-03-28|title=Agent-Based Modelling for Simulation-Based Design of Sustainable Faecal Sludge Management Systems|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|language=en|volume=16|issue=7|pages=1125|doi=10.3390/ijerph16071125|issn=1660-4601|pmid=30925829}}</ref> and the Fossa alterna). Peter Morgan is renowned as one of the leading creators and proponents of ecological sanitation solutions, which enable the safe reuse of human excreta to enhance soil quality and crop production. His ecosan-type toilets are now in use in countries across the globe, centred on converting a sanitary problem into a productive resource.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.siwi.org/prizes/stockholmwaterprize/laureates/2013-2/|title=Sanitation innovator named 2013 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate|date=2013|accessdate=13 July 2015|publisher=Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI)}}</ref> Ọzọkwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nyocha nke Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation na-enye ego kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 2011 na ịdị ọcha na-emeso mgbake akụ - nke a nwere ike ịbụ ihe nketa nke echiche ecosan, ọbụlagodi na ndị nchọpụta a ejighị okwu "ecosan" mee ihe. == Nkà na ụzụ eji eme ihe na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi == [[Usòrò:Possible_technology_components_for_sustainable_sanitation.jpg|thumb|Akụkụ teknụzụ nwere ike maka ịdị ọcha na-adịgide adịgide, nke ecosan bụ obere usoro na-elekwasị anya na ohere iji ya mee ihe ọzọ]] Ecosan na-enye usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe, ebe enwere ike ijikọta ihe ndị dị n'etiti na ndị dị nro, mmiri na-ebugharị na ịdị ọcha, teknụzụ dị ala na teknụzụ ala, wdg. Site n'ịtụle nhọrọ dị iche iche, enwere ike ịmepụta ngwọta kachasị mma na akụ na ụba maka ọnọdụ ọ bụla.<ref>Jenssen, P., Heeb, J., Huba-Mang, E., Gnanakan, K., Warner, W., Refsgaard, K., Stenström, T., Guterstam, B., Alsen, K. (2004). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/184 Ecological Sanitation and Reuse of Wastewater - A thinkpiece on ecological sanitation.] The Agricultural University of Norway</ref> Nkà na ụzụ eji eme ihe na usoro ecosan na-ejikarị - mana ọ bụghị mgbe niile - na-agụnye ihe ndị dị na nkewa nke isi iyi, ya bụ, idebe iyi mkpofu dị iche iche iche, n'ihi na nke a nwere ike ime ka ọgwụgwọ na iji ya mee ihe dị mfe. Nkà na ụzụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe na usoro ecosan bụ ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ na-eme ka mmiri na-emebi mmiri, mana usoro ecosan nwekwara ike iji teknụzụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụlọ mposi na-ekpo ọkụ jikọtara ya na ụlọ ọrụ biogas, ala mmiri e wuru, ụlọ mposi composting na ihe ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe atụ nke ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi n'ụwa niile na ndepụta nke GIZ bipụtara na 2012, yana n'ọnọdụ ndị ahụ ọmụmụ nke Sustainable Sanitation Alliance bipụtara nke lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ iji ya eme ihe ọzọ.<ref>GIZ (2012). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1423 Worldwide list of 324 documented ecosan projects by various organisations]. Gesellschaft für internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/case-studies|title=Case studies of sustainable sanitation projects|date=2013|accessdate=18 October 2014|publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|archivedate=14 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414080126/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/case-studies}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Ojiji nke nsị na usoro mkpofu === Nweghachi na ojiji nke mamịrị na nsị na "usoro nhicha mmiri", ya bụ, na-enweghị nsị ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ịgwakọta mmiri buru ibu na nsị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọdịbendị niile emeela ya. Ojiji a na-ejighị naanị maka mmepụta ugbo. Ndị Rom, dịka ọmụmaatụ, maara na ammonia na-acha ọcha n'ime mamịrị ma jiri ya mee ka uwe na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref name=":1"/> Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ọdịnala ghọtara uru nke ihe mkpofu mmadụ maka Ala na-eme nri ma na-eme nchịkọta "akọrọ" na iji ihe mkpofu mee ihe ọzọ. Nke a mere ka ha nwee ike ibi n'obodo ebe a na-eweghachi ihe oriri na ihe ndị dị n'ime nsị n'ala. Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere omume ndị a dị obere, mana a maara na a na-eji nsị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na Eshia (dịka ọmụmaatụ na China, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea) kamakwa na Central na South America. Otú ọ dị, ihe atụ a ma ama nke nchịkọta a haziri ahazi na ojiji nke nsị mmadụ iji kwado mmepụta nri bụ nke China. A matara uru nke "ala abalị" dị ka fatịlaịza site na usoro mepụtara nke ọma iji mee ka nchịkọta nsị si n'obodo ukwu na njem ya gaa n'ọhịa. Ndị China maara uru nke iji nsị na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ihe karịrị afọ 2500 gara aga, na-enyere ha aka ịkwado ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa usoro ọrụ ugbo ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name=":1"/> Na Mexico, ọdịbendị Aztec na-anakọta nsị mmadụ maka ọrụ ugbo. E dekọrọ otu ihe atụ nke omume a maka obodo Aztec nke Tenochtitlan nke e guzobere na 1325 ma bụrụ otu n'ime obodo ikpeazụ nke Mexico tupu ndị Hispanic (nke ndị Spain meriri na 1521): Ndị bi na ya tinyere ihe ndị ahụ n'ụgbọ mmiri pụrụ iche a kwụsịrị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri gburugburu obodo ahụ. A na-eji ngwakọta nke mkpocha na nsị eme ihe iji mee ka chinampas (ubi ọrụ ugbo) ma ọ bụ iji mee ka osimiri ndị dị n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ sie ike. A na-anakọta mamịrị n'ime akpa n'ụlọ niile, wee gwakọta ya na apịtị ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe na-acha ákwà. Ndị Aztec ghọtara mkpa ọ dị imegharị ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị dị na mmiri nsị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Becerril|first=J. E.|year=2007|title=Potable water and sanitation in Tenochtitlan: Aztec culture|journal=Water Science and Technology: Water Supply|volume=7|issue=1|pages=147–154|doi=10.2166/ws.2007.017}}</ref> Na Peru, ndị Inca nwere nkwanye ùgwù dị elu maka nsị dị ka fatịlaịza, nke a na-echekwa, kpọọ nkụ ma na-afụ ụfụ iji jiri ya mee ihe mgbe a na-akụ ọka.<ref name="Luethi book">{{Cite book|author=Lüthi|first=C.|title=Sustainable sanitation in cities : a framework for action|date=2011|publisher=Papiroz Publ. House|location=Rijswijk|isbn=978-90-814088-4-4|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1019|accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref> N'oge ụwa na-emepechabeghị anya, iji nsị na mmiri ntụ na mmepụta ugbo bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị. Obodo ndị Europe na-emepe obodo ngwa ngwa na ịdị ọcha na-aghọwanye nsogbu na-arịwanye elu, ebe n'otu oge ahụ, obodo ndị ahụ n'onwe ha na-aghọta isi iyi dị mkpa nke ihe oriri ugbo. Omume nke iji ihe na-edozi ahụ mee ihe n'ime nsị na mmiri na-adịghị mma maka ọrụ ugbo gara n'ihu na Europe ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. Ndị ọrụ ugbo, na-aghọta uru nke nsị, chọsiri ike inweta fatịlaịza ndị a iji mụbaa mmepụta na ịdị ọcha nke obodo.<ref name=":1">Lüthi, C., Panesar, A., Schütze, T., Norström, A., McConville, J., Parkinson, J., Saywell, D., Ingle, R. (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1019 Sustainable sanitation in cities: a framework for action]. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA), International Forum on Urbanism (IFoU), Papiroz Publishing House</ref> A na-akpọkwa omume a Onye ọrụ ugbo gong na England mana ọ na-ebu ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ ahụike maka ndị na-ebugharị nsị na nsị. E wezụga iji ya eme ihe n'onwe ya, a na-edozi nsị iji mepụta kemịkal dị ọcha. N'iji nitraries na nitre beds, mmadụ na-ewepụta nitrogen n'ime ya dị ka potassium nitrate (KNO<sub>3</sub>), ihe dị mkpa na ntụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Narihiro|first=Takashi|title=Microbial Community Structure of Relict Niter-Beds Previously Used for Saltpeter Production|journal=PLOS One|date=11 August 2014|volume=9|issue=8|pages=e104752|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0104752}}</ref> KNO<sub>3</sub> bụkwa ihe kpatara nchọpụta nke nitric acid na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. <ref name=":0b">{{Cite book|author=Gillispie|first=Charles Coulston|url=https://archive.org/details/edgeofobjectivit00char|title=The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1960|isbn=0-691-02350-6|location=Princeton, NJ|pages=223–24|authorlink=Charles Coulston Gillispie}}</ref> Ụdị ọdịnala nke ịdị ọcha na iji nsị eme ihe gara n'ihu n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ka bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'oge ọbịbịa nke mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ọbụna ka ụwa na-aghọwanye obodo mepere emepe, a ka na-eji ihe oriri ndị dị na nsị ndị a na-anakọta site na usoro nhicha obodo na-enweghị ngwakọta na mmiri n'ọtụtụ obodo dị ka ihe enyemaka iji mee ka ala na-eme nri, n'agbanyeghị mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ.<ref name=":1"/> === Mbelata nke mgbake nke ihe na-edozi ahụ site na nsị mmadụ na usoro akọrọ === Nweghachi nke ihe na-edozi ahụ site na nsị na usoro nhicha na-abụghị nke nsị na-edoza nsogbu nhicha na ebe obibi na Europe na ebe ndị ọzọ ma na-enye aka n'ịchekwa mmepụta ugbo.<ref name=":1"/> Otú ọ dị, omume ahụ aghọghị ụzọ kachasị mma maka ịdị ọcha n'obodo ukwu na narị afọ nke 20 ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ya na usoro ịdị ọcha nke na-enweghị mgbake na-edozi ahụ (ma e wezụga iji mmiri nsị eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ) - ọ dịkarịa ala maka obodo ndị nwere ike ịzụta ya. E nwere isi ihe anọ na-akpali akpali nke dugara na njedebe na mgbake na ojiji nke nsị na mmiri ntụ site na obodo ndị Europe na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu: <ref name=":1"/> * Uto nke obodo ukwu na ịdị anya site na ubi ugbo. * Ịbawanye ojiji nke mmiri na ojiji nke ụlọ mposi: Mmiri na-asacha na-abawanye oke nke nsị, n'otu oge ahụ na-agbari ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ka ha nwetaghachi ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka ha dị na mbụ. * Mmepụta nke fatịlaịza ndị dị ọnụ ala, na-eme mgbalị ọ bụla iji nwetaghachi ma jiri ihe na-edozi ahụ na ihe ndị sitere na nnukwu mpịakọta nke nsị. * Ntinye aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka nsonaazụ nke mkpa a ghọtara maka mgbanwe n'ihe gbasara otu esi emeso ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ: Ruo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, echiche kachasị na mgbasa nke ọrịa bụ echiche miasma. Echiche a kwuru na a ga-ewepụ ihe niile na-esi ísì n'ihi na a na-eche na iku ume ọjọọ na-eduga n'ọrịa. Ojiji nke nsị anụmanụ (nke na-esi ísì ụtọ) n'ọrụ ugbo anọgidewo na-aga n'ihu ruo taa, ma eleghị anya n'ihi na echeghị na nsị na-akpata ọrịa mmadụ. * Iji mmiri mkpofu eme ihe ma ọ bụ iweghachite ihe onwunwe: Ojiji nke mmiri mkpofu a na-emeghị, a na-edozi ma ọ bụ nke a na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịgba mmiri n'ọrụ ugbo (nke nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike ma ọ bụrụ na emere ya n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke na-emekarị na mba ndị na-emepe emepe); na * Ntinye nke nsị na ala ọrụ ugbo nke na-enweghị esemokwu n'ọtụtụ mba mepere emepe n'ihi ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ ala na ọla dị arọ na micropropinants ma ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nke ọma (lee Biosolids). === Nnyocha site na 1990s gaa n'ihu === [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency]] (Sida) kwadoro "SanRes R&D program" n'oge 1993 ruo 2001 nke tọrọ ntọala maka "EcoSanRes program" nke Stockholm Environment Institute mere (2002-2011).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Eds.|title=Ecological sanitation|date=2004|publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute|location=Stockholm|isbn=978-9188714985|edition=2., rev. and enlarged|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/487}}</ref><ref>Rosemarin, A. (2006). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1968 EcoSanRes Programme - Phase Two 2006-2010]. Joint seminar of DWA and GTZ, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Germany</ref> Otu mbipụta nke Sida kpọrọ "Ecological sanitation" na 1998 chịkọtara ihe ọmụma e mepụtara ruo ugbu a banyere ecosan n'akwụkwọ a ma ama nke e bipụtara dị ka mbipụta nke abụọ na 2004. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Eds.|title=Ecological sanitation|date=2004|publisher=Stockholm Environment Institute|location=Stockholm|isbn=978-9188714985|edition=2., rev. and enlarged|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/487}}</ref> A sụgharịwokwa akwụkwọ ahụ n'asụsụ Chinese, French na Spanish.<ref>Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/818 Ecological Sanitation (in Chinese)]. SIDA, Sweden</ref><ref>Esrey, S., Gough, J., Rapaport, D., Sawyer, R., Simpson-Hébert, M., Vargas, J., Winblad, U. (1998). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/868 Assainissement écologique (in French)] - Ecological sanitation. Département des Ressources Naturelles et de l'Environnement.</ref><ref>Winblad, U. (1999). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/412 Saneamiento ecológico (in Spanish)] - Ecological Sanitation. SIDA, FES</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị Germany GIZ nwekwara nnukwu "usoro ihe omume ecosan" site na 2001 ruo 2012. Ọ bụ ezie na a họọrọ okwu ahụ bụ "ecosan" na mbido nke mmemme a, site na 2007 gaa n'ihu, a na-eji okwu sara mbara "nchekwa na-adịgide adịgide" dochie ya. N'ezie, e guzobere Sustainable Sanitation Alliance na 2007 na mgbalị ịgbasawanye echiche ecoan na ijikọ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị iche iche n'okpuru otu nche anwụ. Nnyocha banyere otu esi eme ka ojiji nke mamịrị na nsị dị mma n'ọrụ ugbo bụ nke ndị Sweden na-eme, dịka ọmụmaatụ Hakan Jönsson na ndị otu ya, ndị akwụkwọ ha na "Ntụziaka maka Ojiji nke Mmiri na Mmepụta Ihe Nkume" <ref>Joensson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinneras, B., Salomon, E. (2004). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/187 Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production]. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden</ref> bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama nke e mesịrị tinye n'ime WHO "Ntụ isi maka Ojiji Dị Mma nke Mmiri Wastewater, Excreta na Greywater" site na 2006.<ref name=":0"/> Echiche ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi iji mee ihe ọzọ, nke bụ isi nkuku nke mbipụta a, emeela ka a ghọta nke ọma otu esi eme ihe ọzọ n'enweghị nsogbu. === Ọmụmụ ihe na nzukọ === Na mbido, e nwere "nkwurịta okwu ecosan" iji gosipụta ma kwurịta nyocha gbasara ọrụ ecosan: * E mere ogbako izizi banyere ịdị ọcha gburugburu ebe obibi na Balingsholm, Sweden na 1997, ebe ndị ọkachamara niile guzobere n'oge ahụ, dị ka Håkan Jönsson, Peter Morgan (onye mmeri nke 2013 Stockholm Water Prize), <ref name=":6"/> Ron Sawyer, George Anna Clark na Gunder Edström sonyere. * Ọmụmụ ihe na Mexico na 1999 n'aha "Closing the Loop - Ecological sanitation for food security" <ref>{{Cite book|first=Steven A.|author=Esrey|title=Closing the loop ecological sanitation for food security|date=2001|publisher=SIDA|location=[Stockholm]|isbn=978-9158689350}}</ref> * Nzukọ Ecosan na Bonn, Germany na 2000 * Nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ na Nanning, China na 2001 * Nzukọ nke abụọ na Lübeck Germany na 2003 <ref>GTZ, IWA (2003). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2090 Ecosan - closing the loop - Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium], 7th –11th April 2003, Lübeck, Germany. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH and International Water Association (IWA)</ref> * Nzukọ nke atọ na Durban, South Africa na 2005 * Nzukọ Ecosan na Fortaleza, Brazil kpọrọ "Nzukọ Mba Nile na Nchebe Na-adịgide adịgide - Mmiri na Ncheben Nri maka Latin America" na 2007 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/conference-materials-2/2007/117-conference-qwater-and-food-security-for-latin-americaq-brazil-2007|title="Water and Food Security for Latin America", Fortaleza|date=2007|accessdate=13 July 2015|work=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance|publisher=SuSanA|archivedate=14 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714032255/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/conference-materials-2/2007/117-conference-qwater-and-food-security-for-latin-americaq-brazil-2007}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a na-ejikọta isiokwu ecosan na nzukọ ndị ọzọ nke WASH, a naghịzi ahazi nzukọ ecosan dị iche iche. === Esemokwu n'etiti ndị ọkachamara === During the 1990s, when the term ecosan was something new, discussions were heated and confrontational.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Supporters of ecosan claimed the corner on containment, treatment and reuse. The proponents of conventional sanitation systems on the other side defended [[Ụlọ mposi|pit latrines]] and waterborne sewage systems. Ecosan supporters criticized conventional sanitation for contaminating waterways with nutrients and pathogens.&nbsp;Since about 2007, the two opposing sides have slowly found ways of dealing with each other, and the formation of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance in that year has further helped to provide a space for all sanitation actors to meet and push into the same direction of sustainable sanitation.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} == Ihe Nlereanya == * Sweden bụ onye ndu na Europe iji tinye ecoan n'ọrụ n'ụzọ ka ukwuu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Obodo Tanum dị na Sweden ewebatala ụlọ mposi nkewa nke mamịrị n'ihi ala ha siri ike na ihe ịma aka na mbụ, ma mesịa weghachite phosphorus.<ref>Kvarnström, E., Emilsson, K., Richert Stintzing, A., Johansson, M., Jönsson, H., Petersens, E. af, Schönning, C., Christensen, J., Hellström, D., Qvarnström, L., Ridderstolpe, P., Drangert, J. (2006). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/192 Urine Diversion - One Step Towards Sustainable Sanitation]. EcoSanRes, Report 2006-1</ref> * Sweden emeela ka o kwe omume na 2013 iji kwado mmiri ojii dị nchebe na nke dị ọcha (mmanụ na nsị mmadụ) site na usoro mmiri ojii na maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ dị ka fatịlaịza a ma ama. Usoro mmiri ojii dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ tankị septic. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Swedish Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Engineering mepụtara ụkpụrụ maka asambodo ahụ ma nwee ike ịkwadebe ụzọ maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji ihe mkpofu mmadụ maka mmepụta ugbo. Njikọ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Sweden anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mmepe a. Ọzọkwa, Swedish EPA na aro ikpeazụ ha na 2014 belatara ihe ize ndụ ịdị ọcha metụtara mamịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer6400/978-91-620-6580-5.pdf?pid=9620|title=Swedish EPA|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> * Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) mere nnukwu mmemme nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke a na-akpọ "Ecosanres" site na 2001 ruo 2011. Otu n'ime ọrụ nnwale "ecosan kpọrọ nkụ" (ya bụ site na iji Ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ) nke mmemme a bụ mmejuputa UDDTs buru ibu na ụlọ nwere ọtụtụ okpukpu yana teknụzụ ndị ọzọ iji nye ohere iweghachite ihe onwunwe site na nsị.<ref>McConville, J., Rosemarin, A. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629174343/http://www.susana.org/en/resources/case-studies/details/1049 Urine diversion dry toilets and greywater system, Erdos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China - Case study of sustainable sanitation projects]. Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)</ref> A kpọrọ ọrụ a Erdos Eco-Town Project n'obodo a na-akpọ Erdos na Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region nke China. Ọ bụ njikọ aka n'etiti gọọmentị Dongsheng District na Erdos na Stockholm Environment Institute ma chọọ ịchekwa mmiri ma nye ọrụ nhicha na mpaghara a na-emepe emepe nke ugwu China. Maka ọtụtụ ihe gbasara teknụzụ, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ụlọ ọrụ, ewepụrụ UDDTs mgbe naanị afọ ole na ole gachara ma ọrụ ahụ emeghị ka ọ dị n'ógbè mgbake nke ihe oriri. A na-edepụta ọrụ a nke ọma ugbu a ma mee ka a mara ihe ịma aka na ọghọm nke "ecosan obodo". <ref>Flores, A. (2010). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1172 Towards sustainable sanitation: evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation]. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, UK</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Rosemarin|first=Arno|title=The challenges of urban ecological sanitation : lessons from the Erdos eco-town project|date=2012|publisher=Practical Action Publishers|isbn=978-1853397684|pages=116|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2103}}</ref> * The Rich Earth Institute dị na Brattleboro, Vermont, US, bụ otu NGO raara onwe ya nye iweghachite mamịrị mmadụ dị ka fatịlaịza. Ha eguzobewo naanị mmemme na-edozi ahụ nke obodo na United States ma na-eme nchọpụta ma na-emepụta teknụzụ ọgwụgwọ iji melite ojiji nke mamịrị dị ka fatịlaịza. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://richearthinstitute.org/|title=Rich Earth Institute|accessdate=21 November 2019}}</ref> * [[Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ Na-adịgide Adịgide|SOIL]] na Haiti wuru ihe ha na-akpọ "ụlọ mposi ecosan" (UDDTs) dị ka akụkụ nke mgbalị enyemaka mberede na-esote ala ọma jijiji Haiti nke afọ 2010. Ihe karịrị ndị Haiti 20,000 na-eji ụlọ mposi SOIL eme ihe ugbu a ma SOIL emepụtala ihe karịrị lita 400,000 nke compost n'ihi ya.<ref>SOIL (2011). [http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1421 The SOIL guide to ecological sanitation]. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), Sherburne NY, US</ref> A na-eji compost ahụ eme ihe maka ọrụ ugbo na ime ka osisi dịghachi mma. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111027193954/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/111026-haiti-waste-poop-fertilizer-farms-soil-science-environment/ "Human Waste to Revive Haitian Farmland?"], ''The National Geographic'', Christine Dell'Amore, 26 October 2011</ref> Usoro composting nke SOIL dị irè n'ime ka àkwá ''Ascaris'' ghara ịrụ ọrụ - ihe na-egosi àkwá helminth n'ozuzu ya - na nsị a chịkọtara site na ụlọ mposi kpọrọ nkụ n'ime izu 16. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Ascaris and Escherichia coli Inactivation in an Ecological Sanitation System in Port-au-Prince, Haiti|journal=PLOS One|date=1 May 2015|pmid=25932948|pages=e0125336|volume=10|issue=5|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125336|first=David|author=Berendes}}</ref> Usoro composting na nlekota nke SOIL ji mee ihe na Haiti nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ maka ntọala mba ụwa ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":5" /> * Sanitation First, otu NGO na UK na-ewu ụlọ ọrụ ecoan (UDDTs) n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa na-emepe emepe. Ha na-arụkarị ọrụ na Tamil Nadu (India), ebe Gọọmentị Tamil Nadu State na-enye nkwado maka ọrụ ha. Ha ewuwokwa ecosan n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ime obodo [[Ndia|India]], [[Kenya]] na [[Sierra Leone]]. Dị ka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha si kwuo, mmadụ 58,000 n'ụwa niile na-eji ụlọ mposi ha eme ihe na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanitation First - Tackling Poverty One Toilet at a Time|url=https://sanitationfirst.org/|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=Sanitation First|language=en-GB}}</ref> * NGO CREPA nke na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara West Africa na-asụ French (nke a na-akpọ WSA - Mmiri na Ịdị ọcha n'Africa ugbu a) na-arụsi ọrụ ike na nkwalite gburugburu ebe obibi site na 2002 ruo 2010 na-elekwasị anya na UDDTs tinyere iji ya eme ihe ọzọ n'ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị na [[Burkina Faso]].<ref>Nana, C., Dagerskog, L. (2010). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/886 Productive sanitation initiatives in rural Burkina Faso and Niger – links to human rights - Good sanitation practices in relation to human rights]. EcoSanRes, SEI, CREPA (presentation at human rights seminar, Geneva, Switzerland)</ref><ref>Henry, L. (2011). [https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/1435 Agriculture as a Driver for Sanitation - CREPA's Experience (Burkina Faso)]. Presented on 20 July 2011 at a seminar at AfricaSan3 (Kigali, Rwanda) on Linkages between Agriculture and Productive Sanitation: Scaling up Ecosan in Africa</ref> == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0k538k18sgu4cj89y639jehposupt1s Łukasz Kohut 0 50967 195422 184066 2024-11-19T10:29:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific-prefix=|name=|honorific-suffix={{Post-nominals|size=100%|MEP}}|image=Łukasz Kohut.jpg|caption=|constituency_MP=[[Poland (European Parliament constituency)|Poland]]|term_start=|term_end=|parliament=European|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1982|09|10|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Katowice]], Poland|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=|party=[[New Left (Poland)|New Left]] (2021-2024)<br />[[Independent politician|Independent]] (Since 2024)|otherparty='''''{{flag|Poland|name=Poland}}:'''''<br />[[The Left (Poland)|The Left]] (2019-2024)<br />[[Civic Coalition (Poland)|Civic Coalition]] (Since 2024)<br>'''''{{flag|EU}}:'''''<br />[[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]] (Since 2019)|spouse=|relations=|children=|residence=|alma_mater=|occupation=|profession=|website=}} '''Łukasz Marcin Kohut''' (amụrụ na 10 Septemba 1982) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Poland nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu European Parliament kemgbe ntuli aka 2019. <ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197523 His MEP profile]</ref> , Kohut kemgbe na-eje ozi na Kọmitii na Industry, Research na Energy. O mechara sonye na Kọmitii na Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2020) [2] na Kọmitii Nyocha iji nyochaa ojiji nke Pegasus na spyware onyunyo (2022). . <ref>Mia Bartoloni (October 9, 2020), [https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/movers-and-shakers-9-october-2020 Movers and Shakers] ''[[The Parliament Magazine]]''.</ref> <ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sedcms/documents/PRIORITY_INFO/558/Composition%20nominative%20des%20commissions%20PEGA%20COVI%20ING2_24.03.2022_EN.pdf Members of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate the use of Pegasus and equivalent surveillance spyware] [[European Parliament]].</ref><ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220321IPR25923/parliament-names-meps-to-sit-on-three-new-committees Parliament names MEPs to sit on three new committees] [[European Parliament]], press release of 24 March 2022.</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ kọmitii ya, Kohut so na ndị nnọchi anya ndị omeiwu na EU-Serbia Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee, maka mmekọrịta ya na Switzerland na Norway na EU-Iceland Joint Parliamentary Committee na European Economic Area (EEA). <ref>[http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/197523/LUKASZ_KOHUT/home Łukasz Kohut] [[European Parliament]].</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara, European Parliament InterGroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages, na URBAN Intergroup.<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/files/organisation-and-rules/organisation/intergroups/list-of-members-western-sahara.pdf Intergroup on Western Sahara] [[European Parliament]].</ref><ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/about-parliament/files/organisation-and-rules/organisation/intergroups/list-of-members-traditional-minorities-national-communities-and-languages.pdf Intergroup on Traditional Minorities, National Communities and Languages] [[European Parliament]].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200218152625/http://urban-intergroup.eu/members/ Members] URBAN Intergroup.</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2gvlcnifu3f8lzetm41wzr5hcqqtzeq TERREWODE 0 52481 195376 194700 2024-11-19T03:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195376 wikitext text/x-wiki Otu Association for Rehabilitation and Re-orientation of Women for Development, nke ikiri TERREWODE, bụ ihe ize ndụ na Uganda .  Ọ sụrụ ụzọ kacha mma maka mkpochapụ fistula ime na Uganda ihe ụmụaka awụ 16.  [1] Isi ụlọ ọrụ na Soroti, [2] M ịgba TERREWODE gbadoro anya na ike na ikike nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto eto n'ime ime obodo.  Ihe omume TERREWODE gbadoro anya na ikike ụmụ nwere nra maka eserese nne, ikpughe nwa na nke agụụ, yana mgbakwunye na mweghachi nke ndị nwere fistula ime nwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/pmnch/about/members/database/terrewode/en/|title=PMNCH {{!}} The Association for Rehabilitation and Re-Orientation of Women for Development ( TERREWODE)|work=WHO|accessdate=2019-05-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.orangemedianetwork.com/daily_barometer/xosu-helps-ease-impact-of-obsteric-fistula-learns-business-skills/article_b7b49aea-3914-11e7-81bd-cfa9c192b8de.html|title=16xOSU helps ease impact of obsteric fistula, learns business skills|author=Barry|first=Brittnee|date=May 15, 2017|work=The Daily Barometer|accessdate=May 29, 2019}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == TERREWODE ntọala ntọala na 1999 site n'aka Alice Emasu.  [1] ahụ ahụ, ọ na-enyela otu n'ime ndị isi obodo na- mụrụ ndị [2] nwere mmemme zuru oke a na kwado kwado ma ndị nwere ihe ngosi ike na-akpa na ngwaọrụ.  ndị mgbasa ozi: Mmata na nkwado, Mgbochi, Ọgwụgwọ, na Ɔha na Ọha.  [3] TERREWODE e ima aka na Ministry of Health Uganda, United Nations, Amref Health Africa, na Gender Health iji kwado ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ 4,000 mpempe akwụkwọ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1472453/kadaga-launches-soroti-women-hospital|title=Kadaga launches Soroti's first women's hospital|work=www.newvision.co.ug|accessdate=2019-05-29}}</ref> === Mmata na nkwado === Ihe omume TERREWODE's Awareness and Advocacy na-achọghị mmekọ dị ka Obstetric Fistula Awareness and Advocacy Network (OFAAN), 5 nke ndị ọrụ apụ apụ a azụ bụ ndị na-ahụ ikpe ma ọ bụ mmata.  Ndị ọrụ afụ na-ahụ ụmụ photo ahụ ahụ wee pụha na TERREWODE maka nhọrọ nhọrọ.  [1] mkpa a na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara na ɔkwa obodo, na-egosi ya na ndị mpaghara.  [2] Ọ na-eji nyiwe dị ka ndị mmanye iwu, ọrụ ọkụ, mgbasa ozi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma ọ bụ otu obodo ndị ọzọ iji mgbanaka ihe na ndị otu.  TERREWODE na-enye nkuzi gbasara ikike nwa na mmemme ihe === Mgbochi === mkpa Mgbochi nke TERREWODE bụ iji kwalite mgbasa ozi mpaghara na usoro na-ahụ maka iji ikpe nke fistula ime nwa.  Otu ụzọ mgbaàmà na nkesa ngwa ọkụ n'efu na ụlọ ọrụ eji kpalie ndị nne dị ime ka njikọ njikọ na ikiri nwa n'ibu ọrụ, na-ebute ihe ikpughe nwa.  Ihe omume a na-eji OFAAN na-enye ihe fistula, dị ka ịgba ụka gbasara ihe ndị na-emekarị na ihe ize ndụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ.  OFAAN na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji kwalite ikike ụmụ .  ọrụ afụ nke OFAAN na-arụ ọrụ ọzọ n'inyere ndị nne dị ime aka ndị na-eme ihe maka nwa, nke egwu ịgba ha ume ka ike ego, ngwaọrụ na-egosi ihe ize ndụ maka ọnọdụ ahụ.. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://terrewode.com/about-us/|title=About Us|date=2017-05-01|work=Terrewode|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-29|archivedate=2022-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925060506/https://terrewode.com/about-us/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''Terrewode''. 2017-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Usoro ọgwụgwọ TERREWODE na-arụ ọrụ iji chọpụta ụmụ nwanyị na-arịa fistula afọ ime ma nyere ha aka inweta ọgwụgwọ, nke metụtara ịwa ahụ. TERREWODE na ndị ọrụ ahụike Ugandan, ụlọ ọrụ ahụike mpaghara na ndị ọrụ ahụike obodo na mba ụwa. Arịrịọ TERREWODE nyere ego iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị nwere ike ịgbalị inweta ọgwụgwọ. Ejila ego inye onyinye nye ndị ọrụ ahụike ọzụzụ ọzọ gbasara usoro ọgwụgwọ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://worldwidefistulafund.org/docs/stats/2013-program-proposal_terrewode-land-application-f.aspx|title=World Wide Fistula Fund Project Proposal Brief|author=|first=|date=2013|work=TERREWODE Fistula Treatment and Re-Integration Center Project Proposal Brief|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=May 29, 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://worldwidefistulafund.org/docs/stats/2013-program-proposal_terrewode-land-application-f.aspx "World Wide Fistula Fund Project Proposal Brief"]. ''TERREWODE Fistula Treatment and Re-Integration Center Project Proposal Brief''. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha === Mmemme mweghachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze TERREWODE na-elekwasị anya n'ụmụ nwanyị ndị nataralarị ma ọ bụ nwara ịnata ọgwụgwọ maka ọnọdụ ha ma na-achọ inyere ha aka ịtụgharị onwe ha na gburugburu ebe obibi ha. N'afọ 2013, TERREWODE nwetara ego n'aka Worldwide Fistula Fund iji guzobe Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mmekọrịta Mmadụ, na-enye ọrụ dị ka ndụmọdụ, otu nkwado na ihe onwunwe, nduzi nri na ọzụzụ na ọrụ na-akpata ego. <ref name=":3"/> == Terrewode Women's Community Hospital (TWCH) == TERREWODE esorola Hamlin Fistula USA rụkọọ ọrụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọgwụ obodo Terrewode .  [1] Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgwụrụ ahụ gosiri nwa na Etiopia apụ anọ na ise site na Ọgwụ Addis Ababa Fistula, ihe ahụ kwagara Uganda.  ọgwụ a ga-ahụ anya ihe dị ka ụmụ Uganda 50,000 na-akpa na ha nwere fistula ime nwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hamlinfistulausa.org/announcing-terrewode-womens-community-hospital-replicating-hamlin-model-care/|title=Terrewode Women's Community Hospital|date=2017-12-14|work=Hamlin Fistula USA|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-29|archivedate=2019-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529185056/http://hamlinfistulausa.org/announcing-terrewode-womens-community-hospital-replicating-hamlin-model-care/}}</ref> == Ndị ọrụ == Ọ bụ otu ndị ọkachamara na mpaghara na-elekọta nzukọ a, gụnyere: * Alice Emasu: Onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa * Dr. Josephine Namugenyi: Onye isi ụlọ ọgwụ TWCH * Lutie Kobusinge: Onye njikwa ego na nchịkwa * Martha Ibeno: Onye isi mmemme * Apio Stella: Onye na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi obodo * Adiedo Mary Phiona: Ndụmọdụ na Onye Ọrụ Ọrụ Psychosocial * Eboku Ronald: Enyemaka Ego na Akaụntụ <ref name=":2"/> * Edyegu Daniel Enwaku: Onye ọrụ mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi * Auma Rhoda: Chief Nurse TWCH * == Ndị mmekọ == TERREWODE na otu ndị a na-arụkọ ọrụ: <ref name=":2"/> * International Fistula Alliance, Australia * Ego maka ahụike nne, USA * Fistula eV, Germany * Terrewode Women's Fund * Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike Republic of Uganda * Ego Fistula zuru ụwa ọnụ * Ego maka ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ * Otu otu * Ego zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ụmụ nwanyị * Ego United Nations Population Fund * USAID * EngenderHealth * Ụlọ ọrụ Islamic Development Bank * Birthing Project USA * Enyemaka ozugbo * Otu International Society of Obstetric Fistula Surgeons * Ego mmepe onwe ya * Ego mmemme ngwa ngwa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ nwanyị * Ego nnweta * Ndị otu gọọmentị ime obodo Uganda * [[Amref Ahụike Africa|Amref Health Africa]] * Uganda Law Society * Ndị nne echefuru echefu * Ụlọ ọgwụ ndozigharị CoRSU * Ụlọ ọgwụ Kitovu Masaka * Otu ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị * Fistula Foundation * Netwọk ụmụ nwanyị Uganda * Center maka mgbochi ime ihe ike n'ụlọ * Na-ebuli olu * Women na Work International * Catherine Hamlin Fistula Foundation == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akụrụngwa mpụga == * [http://terra.oregonstate.edu/2016/10/photo-gallery-terrewode-uganda/ Osisi foto: TERRAWODE na Uganda] * [https://vimeo.com/269047753 Vidiyo: Ego Fistula Uganda maka TERREWODE] 4v0qszrh0an7qwrtd1sunlhj81kv5zi Ursula Liang 0 52852 195392 189823 2024-11-19T06:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ursula Liang''' bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe onyonyo, yana onye ndụmọdụ akụkọ mara maka ọrụ ya na sinima akwụkwọ . Ọrụ Liang malitere n'ịkọ akụkọ, na-atụgharị na ịse ihe nkiri na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na obodo ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Liang na Alexandria, Virginia, wee gaa mahadum na Mahadum Michigan, nweta akara ugo mmụta mmụta akparamaagwa na ọmụmụ Africa-American . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji nke akụkọ ihe mere eme ojii, Spelman College, na 1994. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ursula Liang|url=https://www.reelvoicessd.org/ursula-liang|work=REEL VOICES|accessdate=2024-02-03}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Storytellers Session: A Conversation with Ursula Liang Recap|url=https://caamedia.org/blog/2021/06/16/storytellers-session-a-conversation-with-ursula-liang-recap/|work=CAAM Home|accessdate=2024-02-03}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Liang malitere ọrụ ya na nta akụkọ, na-enye aka na mgbasa ozi dị iche iche. O nwere ọnọdụ ndị ọrụ na ''The New York Times Op-Docs'', ''T: The New York Times Style Magazine'', ''ESPN Magazin'', na ndị ọzọ. == Ndụ onwe onye == Liang ebiela na Bronx, New York ma bi ugbu a na Oakland, California . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hwang Lynch|first=Grace|date=2021-03-16|title=How Ursula Liang Learned to Make Documentaries Without Going to Film School|url=https://caamedia.org/blog/2021/03/16/storytellers-2021-how-ursula-liang-learned-to-make-documentaries-without-going-to-film-school/|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=CAAM Home|language=en-US}}</ref> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.9-man.com Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị nke ihe nkiri 9-Man] * [http://www.noncompliantfilms.com Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị nke ihe nkiri na-akwadoghị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200512083701/http://www.firelightmedia.tv/ursula-liang Profaịlụ mgbasa ozi ọkụ ọkụ] * [https://www.filmindependent.org/talent/ursula-liang/ Profaịlụ Independent Film] == Ntụaka == mahadum na [[Mahadum nke Michigan|Mahadum Michigan]], nweta akara ugo mmụta mmụta akparamaagwa{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3p9sqray1uz86sxlylbwap78352b2cp Taegyo 0 52873 195377 189846 2024-11-19T03:12:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Korean name|img=|caption=|hangul=태교|hanja={{linktext|胎|敎}}|rr=taegyo|mr=t'aekyo}}'''''Taegyo (Korean: 태교) na-ezo aka n'echiche ọdịnala ndị Korea nke gụnyere omume na nkwenye metụtara mmepe ọmụmụ. Otu n'ime ọgwụ ndị Korea ọdịnala, ọ na-ekpebi ihe nne kwesịrị ime iji mụọ nwa dị mma''''' == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:LeeSajudangGrave.jpg|thumb|Ili Lee Sajudang]] Ewebata Taegyo na Korea site na China na njedebe nke oge Goryeo 918-1392. N'ime oge 1392-1910 Joseon, ọ toro na ewu ewu. [Ihe e dere n'akwụkwọ ozi] Na 1800, ọkà mmụta nwanyị Korea bụ Yi Sajudang (사주당 이씨; 師朱堂李氏) dere akwụkwọ gbasara isiokwu a akpọrọ Taegyosingi (태교신기; 胎蕘). N'akwụkwọ ya, Yi kwusiri ike na, maka nwatakịrị, ọnwa iri agụmakwụkwọ ọ na-enweta n'afọ nne dị mkpa karịa afọ iri nke agụmakwụkwọ na-esote ya. Ndị na-akwado taegyo na-ekwu na echiche ya na-adaba na ya, mana ọ malitere n'oge mbụ karịa echiche mmepe ụmụaka nke ụwa ọdịda anyanwụ. Ịbụ onye a ma ama na Korea anọgidewo na-aga n'ihu n'oge a: ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ ọ bụla maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime na Korea gụnyere ngalaba Taegyo. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị Korea nke oge a na-eme Taegyo n'oge ime.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Echiche == Na Taegyo, a na-ewere nwa e bu n'afọ dị ka onye sitere na Imeju. Ndị na-akwado Taegyo kwenyere na ụzọ ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ nke ịchọpụta afọ mmadụ (nke na-agbakwunye ọnwa 10 na afọ a gụrụ site n'ụbọchị a mụrụ ha) na-akwado echiche a. Dabere n'echiche Taegyo, dị ka nwa e bu n'afọ na nwa e bu, onye a e kere ọhụrụ nwere mmetụta siri ike site na ọnọdụ mmetụta uche ya: echiche nke nwanyị dị ime. Taegyo bụ usoro omume a na-azọrọ na ọ na-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị mma maka mmepe nwa.<ref>EnCyber & EnCyber.com - http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=154473</ref> Ime Taegyo bụ ọrụ nwanyị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu. A kwalitela usoro iwu dị iche iche: ebumnuche nke iwu niile bụ iji gbochie nsogbu mmetụta uche n'ime nwanyị dị ime. Ndị na-akwado Taegyo na-ezo aka na ọmụmụ ihe na-egosi mmetụta ahụike na-emebi emebi nke nrụgide dị ka ịkwado nkwenye ha na gburugburu ebe obibi nke obi iru ala dị mkpa maka ọzụzụ dị mma nke nwatakịrị. Usoro iwu kachasị ewu ewu bụ omume ọdịnala a na-akpọ ''àgwà asaa''. Omenala a na-ekwu okwu ya ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a chọtara ''àgwà asaa'' ahụ na mbụ n'akwụkwọ e bipụtara na 1973, n'ọrụ Lee Kyutae (이태규) na 1973.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ ezie na iwu ahụ na-elekwasị anya n'ịchịkwa omume nwanyị ahụ, Taegyo kwenyere na omume na àgwà nke di na nna dị oke mkpa: a kwenyere na di bụ onye nwere mmetụta kachasị na ọnọdụ mmetụta uche nke nwunye ya dị ime. Ntuziaka a na-ahụkarị maka di bụ ka ọ zere ise siga na ịṅụ mmanya na ịnọgide na-enwe obi ụtọ na nke na-anụ ọkụ n'obi.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị na-akwado Taegyo kwenyere na nkwụsi ike mmetụta uche nke nwanyị dị ime nwere mmetụta siri ike na ahụike nke nwa e bu n'afọ karịa ahụike nwanyị ahụ. Otu nnyocha ha kwuru chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị nwere nnukwu nrụgide na nchegbu n'oge ime nwere ụmụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ dị ukwuu nke enweghị uche / ịrụsi ọrụ ike, nchegbu na igbu oge n'asụsụ.<ref>University of Edinburgh (2007) Research Symposium Antenatal stress/anxiety, the fetal environment, and the neurodevelopment of the child</ref> Nnyocha ọzọ nke ndị na-akwado ya kwadoro chọpụtara na ogo cortisol n'ime ụmụaka dị afọ iri gosipụtara njikọ na ọkwa nchegbu nne ha n'oge ime.<ref>BBC NEWS [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4286512.stm Pregnancy stress 'passed to baby'] Tuesday, 27 September 2005 </ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Taegyo na-etinye nnukwu mkpa n'ịzere ọgba aghara mmetụta uche na nwanyị dị ime, a na-ewere ịdị nwayọọ n'obi, n'onwe ya, ezughị oke. Ụdị Taegyo dị iche iche na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ nwa nwere àgwà pụrụ iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eme Taegyo Bekee na ọchịchọ imeziwanye ikike asụsụ nwa ebu n'afọ. A na-eme ụda Taegyo, nke gụnyere ige egwu egwu dị mma, iji zụlite mmetụta mmetụta uche na njikọ dị n'etiti nne na nwa == Omume == === Ikwu okwu === N'ime izu itoolu, nwa ebu n'afọ na-etolite nwere ike ịdaba ma meghachi omume n'oké mkpọtụ. N'ọgwụgwụ nke ọnwa atọ nke abụọ ọ nwere ike ịnụ. N'ime mmetụta uche ndị ọzọ, nwa ebu n'afọ nwere ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti olu nne na nke onye ọ na-amaghị, wee zaghachi akụkọ a maara nke ọma na-agụ ya.[1] Taegyo kwenyere na ụzọ kacha mma isi kpalie ụbụrụ nwa ebu n'afọ na-etolite bụ ịgwa ya okwu. Nkwenye bụ na ụmụaka ndị a na-agwa okwu n'afọ nne na-abụ ndị na-amụ asụsụ ngwa ngwa, na-enwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na-eme egwuregwu na nke mmetụta uche. Ekwenyere na ịgwa nwa ebu n'afọ okwu ga-eme ka ike nke njikọ nne na nwa pụta. Dị ka Taegyo si kwuo, n'oge nwa e bu n'afọ na-azụlite ikike ịnụ ihe (n'oge ọnwa nke ise ma ọ bụ nke isii nke ime), ọ na-amalite inwe otu mmetụta ahụ dị ka nwanyị dị ime. Omume Taegyo bụ ịgwa nwa e bu n'afọ okwu na ebumnuche nke ịkwalite na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịhụnanya, ịhụnanya, na obi ụtọ. A na-eche na itinye aka nke di nwanyị na ụmụ ndị ọzọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ na-eme ka mmetụta bara uru na nwa e bu n'afọ dịkwuo mma, yana ime ka ezinụlọ dị ugbu a dịkwuo nso.<ref>[http://www.ibestbaby.co.kr/carelean/read?q_id_board=lean1&q_sq_board=114 아이 베스트 베이비]</ref> === Akụkọ ndị a na-agụ === A na-agụ akụkọ ụmụaka nye nwa e bu n'afọ iji nyere aka ịnụ ihe na uto mmetụta uche. Ndị na-akwado Taegyo kwenyere na ịgụ akụkọ nwere mmetụta uche siri ike, karịsịa, iji rite uru na mmepe mmetụta uche nke nwa e bu n'afọ. A na-agbakwa ume ịgụ akụkọ n'ihi na ndị ezinụlọ na-enwe ahụ erughị ala ikwu okwu na nwa e bu n'afọ nwere ike ịdịkwuo mma ịgụ ihe n'olu dara ụda. Na mgbakwunye, Taegyo na-atụ aro ka di na nwunye ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ kwurịta akụkọ ndị ahụ mgbe ha gụsịrị ha.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ịkpọ ụda === Nnyocha e mere n’oge na-adịbeghị anya gosiri na egwú na-eme ka ahụ́ ruo ha ala.[1] Ndị inyom dị ime nwere ike iji egwu na-enyere ha aka ịnọgide na-enwe obi iru ala nke Taegyo chọrọ. Ndị na-akwado Taegyo na-ekwu na ọtụtụ uru ndị ọzọ dị n'ịkpọ egwu dị jụụ maka nwa ebu n'afọ: mkpali nke mmepe nke akụkụ aka nri nke ụbụrụ, mmepe nke ikike ịnụ ihe, nghọta doro anya nke ọma, nkwụsi ike nke mmetụta uche, secretion hormone, ọbara mgbali elu, na ụbụrụ ụbụrụ. Na mgbakwunye na ige egwu, Taegyo na-atụ aro ka nwanyị dị ime na di ya bụrụ abụ ma ọ bụ kpọọ ngwá egwu. E kwenyere na nke a na-akasi nwa e bu n'afọ obi ma na-akwalite iku ume miri emi n'ime nwanyị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blog.daum.net/jayeongenau/14620429 |title=Genau's Blog |accessdate=2024-10-06 |archivedate=2011-06-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615004946/http://blog.daum.net/jayeongenau/14620429 }}</ref> Taegyo na-akụzi na egwu sitere na ụda okike, na ikpughe nwa ebu n'afọ na ụda eke bụkwa ihe dị mkpa. Ụda ndị akwadoro gụnyere egwu nnụnụ, mkpọ ụmụ ahụhụ, ebili mmiri na ihe ndị yiri ya.T === Ime yoga === Yoga na-ebelata nrụgide ma nwee ike inyere nwanyị aka nke ukwuu na-anwa ịnọgide na-enwe uche dị jụụ nke Taegyo chọrọ. Yoga nwekwara ike inye nwanyị dị ime uru anụ ahụ, na-ebelata obi erughị ala nke ime ime ma na-eme ka ịmụ nwa na mgbake mgbe ọ mụsịrị nwa dị mfe. Taegyo na-atụ aro ịmalite yoga mgbe niile n'ọnwa nke ise nke ime ime, ma na-atụkwa aro ka nwamba na urukurubụba nọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.momyoga.net/ |title=::: 건강한 아기 행복한 출산 맘요가입니다 ::: |accessdate=2024-10-06 |archivedate=2008-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001084051/http://www.momyoga.net/ }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sallyparkesyoga.com/sally-youtube/|title=Sally on YouTube - Sally Parkes Yoga|work=Sally Parkes Yoga|accessdate=2017-02-23|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nrọ ime * Doljanchi * Yoga == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ịkụziri Ụmụaka A Na-amụbeghị Anya: Ozizi Sŏn Master na T'aegyo site na Daehaeng Sunim, nke a kwadoro na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Hanmaum Seon Center [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dowrqm0q86tgxkwotx26fsixyu1gj9m Sabrina Cohen-Hatton 0 52925 195327 189905 2024-11-18T22:42:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195327 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sabrina Rachel Cohen-Hatton KFSM (amụrụ 1983) bụ onye mgbanyụ ọkụ Britain, ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye isi ọkụ ọkụ nke West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service. N'afọ 2019, ahọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime Marie Claire's Future Shapers wee gosipụta ya na diski Desert Island''' == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Cohen-Hatton ma zụlite na Marshfield, Newport, South Wales.[1] Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Bassaleg.[1] Nne ya sitere na ihe nketa ndị Juu na nna ya mụrụ na Israel nye nne na nna Moroccan-Juu, ma ezinụlọ ahụ ejikọtaghị na obodo ndị Juu na Wales ma ọ bụ gaa n'ụlọ nzukọ. Otú ọ dị, e liri nna ya n'ebe a na-eli ozu ndị Juu.[2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, Cohen-Hatton ghọrọ onye na-enweghị ebe obibi mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị n'ihi ụbụrụ ụbụrụ.[2] Ụlọ akwụkwọ ya maara na ya anọghị n'ụlọ, ma ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla iji kwado ya. Ha kwusikwara ike na ọ ga-eyi wig iji kpuchie ntutu isi ya n'oge ule GCSE ya.[2] N'oge enweghị ebe obibi ya, ọ rere The Big Issue wee rahụ n'okporo ụzọ Newport, Wales. Na ngwụcha ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, ọ na-ehi ụra n'ụlọ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/features/sabrina-cohen-hatton-from-homeless-teen-to-fire-chief-1.487003|author=Frazer, Jenny|title='I was a homeless teen, but now I'm a firefighter with a PhD'|work=[[The Jewish Chronicle]]|date=1 August 2019|accessdate=29 September 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFrazer,_Jenny2019">Frazer, Jenny (1 August 2019). [https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/features/sabrina-cohen-hatton-from-homeless-teen-to-fire-chief-1.487003 "'I was a homeless teen, but now I'm a firefighter with a PhD'"]. ''[[Ihe ndekọ Ndị Juu|The Jewish Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge ọ nọrọ n'okporo ámá, Cohen-Hatton tara ahụhụ site na mwakpo ndị na-emegide ndị Juu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/sabirna-cohen-hatton-book-firefighter-16169589|title=The homeless girl who became one of the UK's top firefighters|author=Deacon|first=Thomas|date=23 April 2019|work=WalesOnline|accessdate=29 September 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDeacon2019">Deacon, Thomas (23 April 2019). [https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/sabirna-cohen-hatton-book-firefighter-16169589 "The homeless girl who became one of the UK's top firefighters"]. ''WalesOnline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ruo ihe dị ka afọ abụọ, ọ na-ehi ụra siri ike ma ọ bụ na-anọ n'ụlọ. O were ya ọtụtụ mgbalị iji si n'okporo ámá banye n'ebe obibi dị nchebe, gụnyere iwepụta oge na-ehi ụra na van.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bigissue.com/interviews/i-was-living-on-the-streets-at-15-the-big-issue-saved-me/|title=I was living on the streets at 15. The Big Issue saved me|date=4 December 2019|work=[[The Big Issue]]|accessdate=18 December 2019}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na South Wales na 2001 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/1082529/dr-sabrina-cohen-hatton.html?tab=penguin-books|title=Dr Sabrina Cohen-Hatton|work=penguin.co.uk|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-agbanyụ ọkụ na ọdụ ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye na-agbanyụ ọkụ, ọ gụsịrị nzere bachelọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ na Mahadum Open, mechaa mechaa mezue PhD na ụlọ nyocha akparamụrụngwa na Mahadum Cardiff na 2013. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/firefighters-able-run-toward-danger-14330723|title=Why firefighters can run toward danger – woman's fascinating PhD|author=Deacon|first=Thomas|date=24 February 2018|work=walesonline|accessdate=29 September 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDeacon2018">Deacon, Thomas (24 February 2018). [https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/firefighters-able-run-toward-danger-14330723 "Why firefighters can run toward danger – woman's fascinating PhD"]. ''walesonline''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya The Big Issue ma kwuo na ọ zọpụtara ndụ ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2019-04-15/firefighter-who-lived-on-streets-becomes-big-issue-ambassador/|title=Senior firefighter who spent her teenage years homeless appointed ambassador for The Big Issue to inspire others|work=[[ITV News]]|date=15 April 2019|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Di Cohen-Hatton bụkwa onye mgbanyụ ọkụ. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ chetara oge ọ zaghachiri ọkụ wee chọta onye ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu nke o chere na ọ bụ di ya. Ọ bụghị, ọ na-ekwukwa na ahụmịhe ahụ na-akwalite mmasị ya n'ibelata njehie mmadụ na ime ka ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ dị nchebe karị. Nke a bụkwa ihe na-akpali ya ịmụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":0"/> N'ịgbaso PhD ya, ọ malitere iduzi nyocha maka National Fire Chiefs Council (CFOA n'oge ahụ). Ọrụ nyocha ya tinyere kamera okpu maka ndị ọchịagha na-eme ihe ka ha na-apụ na ihe omume. Nnyocha ya chọpụtara na 80% nke mkpebi ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ mere bụ n'ihi eriri afọ, na 20% ndị ọzọ n'ihi usoro nyocha.<ref name=":0" /> [[Usòrò:Stream_1_Dr_Sabrina_Cohen-Hatton-London_Fire_Brigade,_UK.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cohen-Hatton na-egosi echiche ya na Sydney]] Nnyocha nke Cohen-Hatton mere ka usoro nchịkwa mkpebi ọhụrụ na-enyere ndị isi aka ịtụle ihe mgbaru ọsọ, nsonaazụ na ihe ize ndụ ndị ha na-enwe n'okpuru nrụgide.[1] Ọ chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na-ekere òkè n'ịzụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọchịagha na-arụ ọrụ na ọkwa kachasị mkpa nke mmata ọnọdụ mụbara ruo ugboro ise.[2].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cohen-Hatton|first=Sabrina R.|date=2015|title=Goal-oriented training affects decision-making processes in virtual and simulated fire and rescue environments|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied|volume=21|issue=4|pages=395–406|doi=10.1037/xap0000061|pmid=26523338|issn=1939-2192|url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/83528/1/IOA-20152016-44.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha ya, Cohen-Hatton nyochara usoro ọzụzụ dị iche iche, gụnyere eziokwu, ọzụzụ ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.apa.org/monitor/2018/05/conversation-cohen-hatton|title=5 questions for Sabrina Cohen-Hatton|work=apa.org|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ PhD ya.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/surrey-fire-boss-went-living-16171519|title='Another life': Surrey fire boss lived on streets for two years|author=Deacon|first=Thomas|date=2019-04-24|work=getsurrey.co.uk|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nyere aka ịkpụzi iwu ọrụ ọkụ nke mba ma gwa National Fire Chiefs Council.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spiritfm.net/news/sussex-news/2945323/new-chief-fire-officer-appointed-at-west-sussex-fire-and-rescue/|title=New Chief Fire Officer appointed at West Sussex Fire and Rescue|date=2 September 2019|work=Spirit FM|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-ahụ maka otu nyocha na Mahadum Cardiff na [[Rob Honey]], nke National Fire Chiefs Council kwadoro, nke na-atụle ime mkpebi na gburugburu ọrụ mberede.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.cardiff.ac.uk/innovation/2018/10/10/meet-our-innovators-sabrina-cohen-hatton/|title=Meet our innovators – Sabrina Cohen-Hatton|date=10 October 2018|work=[[Cardiff University]]|accessdate=30 September 2019}}</ref> Naanị 3.1% ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ na Britain bụ ụmụ nwanyị, Cohen-Hatton na-arụkwa ọrụ iji kpalie ụmụ agbọghọ ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkụ ọkụ.[1] [2] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka kọmishọna akwadoro onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ nchekwa na ọkụ & ọrụ nnapụta ya na dịka onye osote onye enyemaka kọmishọna maka ọkụ ọkụ London.[3] Akwụkwọ nke mbụ ya, The Heat of the Moment, bụ Penguin Books bipụtara na 2019.[4] A họpụtara ya onye isi ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ nke West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service na 2019. Na Septemba 2019, Cohen-Hatton bụ onye ọbịa na BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, na-ahọrọ "Bankrobber" nke The Clash, The Old Man and the Sea nke Ernest Hemingway, na foto album dị ka egwu, akwụkwọ, na ihe okomoko ọ họọrọ. <ref name="did">{{Cite web|first=Lauren|author=Laverne|year=2019|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008xy6|title=Desert Island Discs, Sabrina Cohen-Hatton, firefighter|work=BBC Radio 4|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-09-29}}</ref> === Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ === * 2013 Cardiff University Jury Research Prize<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://bbsrc.ukri.org/documents/behavioural-neuroscience-improves-firefighter-decision-making/|title=Behavioural neuroscience improves firefighter decision-making|author=Cohen-Hatton|first=Sabrina|work=BBSRC|accessdate=2019-09-30|archivedate=2019-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930160217/https://bbsrc.ukri.org/documents/behavioural-neuroscience-improves-firefighter-decision-making/}}</ref> * 2014 FIRE/GORE Research Excellence prize<ref name=":7" /><ref name="firechiefs">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalfirechiefs.org.uk/news/Page-1/honorary-fellowship-for-ground-breaking-incident-command-research/205718|title=Honorary fellowship for ground-breaking incident command research|work=www.nationalfirechiefs.org.uk|accessdate=2024-10-07|archivedate=2019-10-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002192656/https://www.nationalfirechiefs.org.uk/news/Page-1/honorary-fellowship-for-ground-breaking-incident-command-research/205718}}</ref> * 2016 American Psychological Association Early Career Award site na Society for Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Science <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/news/2017-news/senior-woman-firefighter-awarded-for-changing-the-way-the-brigade-thinks-about-fire/|title=Senior woman firefighter awarded for changing the way the Brigade thinks about fire|work=london-fire.gov.uk|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> * 2017 People's Choice Award na Cardiff University Innovation and Impact Awards <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/1186511-innovator-of-the-year|title=Innovator of the Year|work=Cardiff University|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> * 2018 Biotechnology na Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) Innovator of the Year award <ref name=":6" /> * 2018 American Psychological Association Raymond Nickerson Best Paper Award <ref name=":5" /> * 2018 Honorary Fellowship na Mahadum Cardiff * 2018 Cosmopolitan Millennial Power Ndepụta <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Sabrina Cohen-Hatton, 35|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/cosmopolitan-uk/20180701/283296048247441|publisher=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|accessdate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112202614/https://www.pressreader.com/uk/cosmopolitan-uk/20180701/283296048247441|archivedate=Jan 12, 2020|language=en|date=2018-07-01}}</ref> * 2019 Marie Claire Future Shaper * 2020 The Big Issue Top 100 Changemakers ndepụta, Top Campaigner <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigissue.com/latest/top-100-changemakers-celebrating-the-thinkers-creators-and-agitators/|title=Top 100 Changemakers: Celebrating the thinkers, creators and agitators|date=2020-01-06|work=The Big Issue|language=en|accessdate=6 January 2020}}</ref> * 2020 [[Nlekọta ndị Juu]] nke Ihe Dị Iche <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Sabrina Cohen-Hatton receives Woman of Distinction Award|url=https://www.jewishcare.org/news/1488-dr-sabrina-cohenhatton-receives-woman-of-distinction-award|accessdate=2022-01-07|work=www.jewishcare.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181525/https://www.jewishcare.org/news/1488-dr-sabrina-cohenhatton-receives-woman-of-distinction-award}}</ref> * 2021 Honorary Doctor of Science Award na Royal Holloway University <ref>{{Cite web|title=[28]|url=https://intranet.royalholloway.ac.uk/staff/news-events/news-articles/2021/july/honorary-conferrals.aspx|accessdate=2024-10-07|archivedate=2022-01-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181955/https://intranet.royalholloway.ac.uk/staff/news-events/news-articles/2021/july/honorary-conferrals.aspx}}</ref> * 2022 Degree nsọpụrụ nke Doctor nke Mahadum, nke Mahadum Open na Wales nyere <ref> https://twitter.com/oucymru/status/1588593321097986048?s=46&t=ytEMuW__1BSt95pLFbKeZA</ref> * 2024 King's Fire Service Medal (KFSM) na 2024 Birthday Honours == Ndụ onwe onye == Cohen-Hatton lụrụ onye ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ Mike Hatton ma ha nwere nwa nwanyị.<ref name=":1"/> Ọ na-edebe nkịta Xolo.<ref name="waterstones.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/9780857525765?awc=3787_1569788988_6e6d9d858c94a30086fde1ee932d8557|title=The Heat of the Moment by Dr Sabrina Cohen-Hatton {{!}} Waterstones|work=waterstones.com|language=en|accessdate=29 September 2019}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 20x8we3rwnkfuvro3iepmakv6sskjb1 Paige Layle 0 52941 195273 189921 2024-11-18T15:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Paige Layle|image=|caption=|birth_name=Paige Hennekam|birth_date={{Birth date and age|2000|8|2}}|birth_place=[[Kawartha Lakes]], Canada|occupation={{hlist|Activist|author}}|years_active=2015–present}} '''Paige Hennekam (amuru Ọgọst 2, 2000), nke amara aha ya dị ka Paige Layle, bụ onye Canada ADHD na onye na-akwado nnabata autism na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ bidoro biputere ahụmịhe ya na ADHD na autism na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na Machị 2020 wee nwetala nnukwu ndị na-eso ya na Instagram, TikTok na YouTube. O dekwara akwụkwọ bụ́ Ma Onye Ọ bụla na-eche otú a: Olee otú nchọpụta Autism si zọpụta ndụ m.''' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Layle dị ka Paige Hennekam na Kawartha Lakes n'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2000. Ọ nwara igbu onwe ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị a chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa autism, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Favaro|first=Avis|date=June 25, 2020|title=Canadian teen shatters autism stereotypes with candid videos on TikTok|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/canadian-teen-shatters-autism-stereotypes-with-candid-videos-on-tiktok-1.5000729|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 27, 2020|work=[[CTV News]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mui|first=Christine|date=August 5, 2020|title=Where Are The Autistic Women in the Media?|url=https://harvardpolitics.com/autistic-female-representation/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 5, 2020|work=[[Harvard Political Review]]|language=en-US}}</ref> OCD, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Tod|date=March 11, 2020|title=Teenager creates eye-opening videos that shatter stereotypes surrounding autism and girls|url=https://www.upworthy.com/teenage-tiktoker-creates-eye-opening-videos-that-shatter-the-stereotypes-surrounding-autism-in-girls|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 27, 2020|work=[[Upworthy]]|language=en}}</ref> na ADHD <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Emanuel|first=Daniella|date=March 10, 2020|title=A Girl On TikTok With Autism Is Going Viral For Talking About How Autism Is Different In Women|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/daniellaemanuel/girl-tiktok-autism|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 27, 2020|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=@paigelayle|date=2020-12-02|title=paige? a trend and not an autism video? ya idk! #fyp #HomeCooked #BackOnTrack|url=https://www.tiktok.com/@paigelayle/video/6901751753641889026?lang=en|work=TikTok}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Layle malitere ime vidiyo TikTok gbasara Autism na Machị 2020, [1] [2] ka ọ nụchara obere vidiyo na TikTok nke na-akwa ndị na-arịa ọrịa ahụ emo.[3] O mepụtara usoro vidiyo nwere akụkụ anọ gbasara autism n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ iji lebara echiche na-ezighị ezi a na-enwekarị banyere nsogbu ahụ.[4] N'afọ 2020 na 2021, o sonyeere ndị otu obodo Autism n'ịtụle esemokwu gbasara egwu ihe nkiri Sia..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=Andria|date=November 24, 2020|title=Paige Layle, An Autistic TikToker, Weighed In On The Sia/Maddie Ziegler Movie Drama|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/andriamoore/a-popular-tiktoker-with-asd-responds-to-the-siama-8zfucql3xb|accessdate=March 6, 2021|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 2021, Layle na ndị ọzọ na-akwado Autism [onye?] dị ka Chloé Hayden katọrọ Color the Spectrum: A Livestream to Support the Autism Community, ego nkwado nke Mark Rober hibere na nkwado nke NEXT maka AUTISM. Ọ katọrọ NEXT maka inye ego Autism Speaks, otu nzukọ enwetala azụ azụ maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji "gwọọ" autism. Iji gbochie Color the Spectrum, Layle na ndị ọzọ na-akwado [onye?] zubere ịnabata mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi n'otu ụbọchị na oge iji nweta ego maka Autistic Self Advocacy Network (ASAN).[1][2] E mechara kagbuo iyi ndụ a n'ihi ebubo na ASAN gosipụtara ọrụ n'aka onye okike amaala Autistic, Typing. N'afọ 2022, Layle bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka akwụkwọ ọdịyo nke Wendy Walker's American Girl, nke Audible mepụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 11, 2022|title=The top 10 audiobooks on Audible.com|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/top-10-audiobooks-audible-82208236|accessdate=February 7, 2022|work=ABC News|language=en}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2023, Layle nwere nde mmadụ 2.6 na-eso ụzọ na TikTok, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pham|first=Elyse|date=September 26, 2020|title='What does autism look like?' 20-year-old confronts stereotypes on TikTok|url=https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/what-does-autism-look-like-paige-layle-confronts-stereotypes-on-tiktok-c-1345708|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=September 29, 2020|work=7NEWS.com.au|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adams|first=Josie|date=2021-09-17|title=Normal feelings, or ADHD, ASD or PTSD? Social media is here to diagnose you|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/internet/17-09-2021/normal-feelings-or-adhd-asd-or-ptsd-social-media-is-here-to-diagnose-you|accessdate=2023-08-08|work=The Spinoff|language=en}}</ref> 131,000 na-esote na Instagram, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Dillon|date=March 13, 2020|title=19-year-old's inspiring TikToks break down autism stereotypes|url=https://www.intheknow.com/2020/03/13/19-year-olds-inspiring-tiktoks-break-down-autism-stereotypes/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611131734/https://www.intheknow.com/2020/03/13/19-year-olds-inspiring-tiktoks-break-down-autism-stereotypes/|archivedate=June 11, 2020|accessdate=June 27, 2020|work=In The Know|language=en-US}}</ref> na 171,000 ndị debanyere aha na YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@realpaigelayle|title=Paige layle - YouTube|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> E wepụtara akwụkwọ mbụ Layle, But Everyone Feels This Way: How an Autism Diagnosis Saved My Life, na Machị 2024. == Ndụ onwe onye == Layle bụ pansexual[1] ma na-eji nnọchiaha "she/ha".[2] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebi na Kawartha Lakes, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi. == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r31qxutfii3kofi0whawqhaqu8i59gx Talitha Kum 0 52954 195378 189935 2024-11-19T03:26:13Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195378 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Sister_Estrella_Castalone.JPG|thumb|Nwanne nwanyị Estrella Castalone, onye isi nke Talitha Kum na 2011.]] '''Talitha Kum (ma ọ bụ International Network of Consecrated Life Against Trafficking in Persons) bụ nzukọ nke ndị nọn Katọlik nke International Union of Superiors General (UISG) hibere na 2009.[1] Otu a na-arụ ọrụ iji kwụsị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ ma dabere na Rome.[2] Aha ahụ sitere na okwu a chọtara n'Oziọma Mak ma bụrụ Aramaic, nke pụtara, "Nwa agbọghọ, ana m asị gị, bilie." otu dị iche iche.[5][6] Onye bụbu onye nhazi nke Talitha Kum bụ Sista Estrella Castalone, [7] [8] na Nwanna nwanyị Gabriella Bottani bụ onye isi nke nzukọ ugbu a.[9][8] John Studzinski bụ oche ndị otu ahụ.'''{& == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == International Union of Superiors General (UISG) na International Organisation for Migration (IOM) malitere ịmalite mmemme n'etiti 2004 na 2008, bụ nke mepụtara netwọk mpaghara megide ịzụ ahịa na mba itoolu gburugburu ụwa.[1] Echiche imepụta otu nke ghọrọ Talitha Kum malitere na 2007 mgbe ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị Katọlik chọpụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na-abawanye. Emepụtara Talitha Kum n'ụzọ iwu na 2009 wee kpọkọta netwọkụ nke otu dị iche iche.[3] Na 2013, Talitha Kum nwere ọrụ mgbochi ịzụ ahịa na mba 75 ma tinye aka n'ihe karịrị ndị nọn 600.[4] Site na 2015, e nwere ihe dị ka ụmụ nwanyị 1,100 na-arụ ọrụ na mba 80.I Nwanne nwanyị Gabriella Bottani ghọrọ onye nhazi ọhụrụ nke Talitha Kum na Jenụwarị 2015. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://globalsistersreport.org/blog/q/trafficking/q-sr-gabriella-bottani-22196|title=Q & A with Sr. Gabriella Bottani|author=Rotondaro|first=Vinnie|date=24 March 2015|work=Global Sisters Report|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Talitha Kum na-eji Palermo Protocol nke 2000 "maka nchedo, mgbochi na ikpe" nke ndị a na-ere ahịa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/news/global/religious-women-link-fight-human-trafficking|title=Religious Women Link Up to Fight Human Trafficking|author=Viehland|first=N.J.|date=12 December 2013|work=National Catholic Reporter|accessdate=13 April 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFViehland2013">Viehland, N.J. (12 December 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160804192126/https://www.ncronline.org/news/global/religious-women-link-fight-human-trafficking "Religious Women Link Up to Fight Human Trafficking"]. ''National Catholic Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ebe mgbaba, ụlọ nchebe, ndụmọdụ na enyemaka iwu dị maka ndị merụrụ ahụ site na Talitha Kum.<ref name=":1" /> Ndị otu Talitha Kum na-azụ ndị obodo ka ha mara ihe ịrịba ama nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://directory.ucanews.com/news/nuns-fight-trafficking-in-haiyan-hit-areas/782|title=Nuns Fight Trafficking in Haiyan-Hit Areas|date=17 December 2013|work=UCAN Directory|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> A kọrọ na ụmụnne nwanyị ndị metụtara Talitha Kum na-eme onwe ha ka ha bụrụ ndị akwụna iji banye n'ụlọ ndị akwụna ma napụta ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.religionnews.com/2015/11/18/nuns-rescue-sex-slaves/|title=Nuns Who Rescue Sex Slaves Expand Efforts to 140 Countries|author=Wulfhorst|first=Ellen|date=18 November 2015|work=Religion News Service|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> N'oge iko mba ụwa [[Brazil|Onye Brazil]] n'afọ 2014, otu ahụ haziri mkpọsa a na-akpọ "Play for Life, Report Trafficking," nke e bu n'uche ịkwalite mmata banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na otu esi akọ akụkọ ihe ndị nwere ike ime.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuns-to-combat-child-prostitution-at-world-cup-2014/|title=Nuns to Fight Child Prostitution During World Cup|date=20 May 2014|work=CBS News|accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọzụzụ ụmụ nwanyị na nkà ọrụ aka na inye "inyere aka maka micro-industries" <ref name=":1"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.talithakum.info/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTiLFSoOqpE Talitha Kum] (vidiyo) gxucn9jbcstfnn49gkm0pwe01b36sfn Sarah Spain 0 52985 195332 189967 2024-11-18T23:43:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Sarah Colby Spain''' (amuru August 18, 1980) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarah Spain|url=https://twitter.com/sarahspain/status/633477927129231361?lang=en|accessdate=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Reporter Sarah Spain Is a Chicago Sports fan|work=chicagomag.com|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/November-2016/Sarah-Spain/}}</ref> bu onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu America. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ espnW.com, ESPN Radio host, àgwà telivishọn ESPN na onye nta akụkọ ''SportsCenter'' oge ụfọdụ maka ESPN . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Na 1998, dị ka onye agadi na Lake Forest High School, Spain bụ MVP na onye isi egwu egwu ya, egwuregwu hockey na egwuregwu basketball. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Title IX 40 for 40: Sarah Spain|work=ivyleaguesports.com|url=http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/title_ix/Sarah_Spain|accessdate=|archivedate=2017-07-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729021611/http://www.ivyleaguesports.com/history/title_ix/Sarah_Spain}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=His & Hers: Finding Your Voice: 12/17/15|work=ESPN.Go.com|url=https://www.espn.com/radio/play/_/id/14390840|accessdate=December 17, 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glory Days with Lake Forest High School Athlete Sarah Spain|work=patch.com|date=October 26, 2011|url=https://patch.com/illinois/lakeforest/glory-days-with-lake-forest-athlete-sarah-spain}}</ref> Spain gara Mahadum Cornell, ebe ọ gụrụ Bekee. Ọ bụ onye heptathlete na otu egwuregwu egwu na ubi Cornell Big Red, nke ọ bụ onye isi otu afọ ya. <ref name="SPAIN">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Spain's Website|work=sarahspain.com|url=http://sarahspain.com/about/|accessdate=December 18, 2015|archivedate=December 20, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220075730/http://sarahspain.com/about/}}</ref> == Super Bowl XLI == Spain buru ụzọ nweta nlebara anya zuru oke na 2007 mgbe o mere post na eBay na-enye onyinye ịbụ "ụbọchị" mmadụ na Super Bowl XLI, nke Chicago Bears na-egwu Indianapolis Colts . Ọ bi na Los Angeles n'oge ahụ, na-atụ anya ka ya na ndị enyi ya gaa egwuregwu ahụ, zụtara tiketi ụgbọ elu na Miami. Otú ọ dị, ndị enyi ya kpebiri na ha agaghị enwe ike ịga, na-ahapụ Spain solo na enweghị tiketi egwuregwu. Ọ kọwara ire ere ahụ dị ka stunt iji nweta nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, na-enwe olile anya na ụlọ ọrụ ga-anwa inweta mgbasa ozi site n'ịkwado ọbịbịa ya na Super Bowl. Okwu ọnụ ahịa ahụ ruru Unilever, ndị na-eme Ax Body Spray, bụ ndị kpuchiri ọnụ ahịa Spain iji gaa egwuregwu ahụ wee malite mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi iji "hụ mmadụ ole ga-eme otu ihe ahụ maka ohere ịhụ otu egwuregwu ha." <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jeffpearlman.com/the-quaz-qa-sarah-spain/|title=Sarah Spain - Jeff Pearlman|work=www.jeffpearlman.com|date=May 22, 2013}}</ref> == # MoreThanMean == N'afọ 2016, Spain, ya na onye na-ahụ maka redio egwuregwu Chicago Julie DiCaro, pụtara na vidiyo nke isiokwu ya bụ "Karị Karị Pụtara," nke ndị ikom na-enweghị atụ, ndị nkịtị na-agụ ezigbo tweet na-eweda ala na Spain na DiCaro ka ha nọ ọdụ ihu na ihu. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2016/04/26/more-than-mean-women-reporters-harassment/#QDw5ADnRluqy|publisher=[[Mashable]]|title=More than mean: Powerful video highlights harassment of women in sports media|author=Laird|first=Sam|date=April 26, 2016|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> Ihe onyonyo a ka e bu n’obi ka o pụta ìhè iyi egwu mmekọahụ, nkatọ na-ezighi ezi, iyi egwu idina mmadụ n’ike, na egwu ọnwụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu na-eche ihu n’ịntanetị naanị maka ịrụ ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thinkprogress.org/more-than-mean-roundtable-female-sportswriters-speak-up-about-online-harassment-102c0b31aff9/|publisher=ThinkProgress|author=Gibbs|first=Lindsay|title='More Than Mean' Roundtable: Female Sportswriters Speak Up About Online Harassment|date=May 3, 2016|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> Vidiyo nke nkeji anọ, nke Just Not Sports na One Tree Forest Films mepụtara, nwetara onyinye 2016 Peabody na ngalaba ọrụ ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uga.edu/news-public-service-radio-podcast-and-web-winners-round-out-the-peabod/|publisher=UGA Today|title=News, Public Service, Radio/Podcast, and Web winners round out the Peabody 30|author=Blanchard|first=Margaret|date=April 25, 2017|accessdate=February 23, 2018}}</ref> == Ekele == ikom na-enweghị atụ, ndị nkịtị na-agụ ezigbo tweet na-eweda ala na Spain na * Crain's Chicago 40 n'okpuru 40 (2017) * Ihe nrite Peabody (2017) * Onyinye Gracie (2016, 2017) * Egwuregwu Clio Grand Award (2016) * Ihe nrite klọb imecha (2018) * Egwuregwu Emmy Awards (2018, 2018) == Ntụaka == onye isi egwu egwu ya, egwuregwu hockey na egwuregwu basketball. [1] [2] [3]{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9o69woxb0yo2ki1k6lqg7izabznc49l Patricia Callahan 0 53069 195277 190252 2024-11-18T16:21:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Patricia Callahan''' bụ onye nta akụkọ nyocha America nwetara [[ihe nrite Pulitzer]] maka ProPublica . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/atpropublica/reporter-patricia-callahan-to-cover-business-for-propublica|title=Reporter Patricia Callahan to Cover Business for ProPublica|author=ProPublica|date=2018-07-17|work=ProPublica|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-24}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ == Callahan gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Maine South dị na Park Ridge, Illinois wee gụchaa na Northwwest University Medill School of Journalism na 1993. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medill.northwestern.edu/about-us/awards/hall-of-achievement/patricia-callahan.html|title=Patricia Callahan - Medill - Northwestern University|work=www.medill.northwestern.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-24}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Callahan bụ onye ọkà mmụta Henry Luce na Thailand. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hluce.org/programs/luce-scholars/directory/patricia-callahan/|title=Patricia Callahan {{!}} The Henry Luce Foundation|work=www.hluce.org|accessdate=2019-07-24|archivedate=2019-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725000704/https://www.hluce.org/programs/luce-scholars/directory/patricia-callahan/}}</ref> Callahan malitere ọrụ ya na Wall Street Journal na Denver Post . <ref name=":0"/> Mgbe ọ nọ na Denver Post, ọ bụ akụkụ nke otu ndị meriri 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting maka mkpuchi ya nke agbapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Columbine . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-46|title=The 2000 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Breaking News Reporting|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> Na 2004, Callahan malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ndị otu nyocha na Chicago Tribune . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://tronc-chicago-tribune-prod.web.origin.aws.arc.pub/chi-patricia-callahan-staff.html|title=Patricia Callahan - Chicago Tribune|work=chicagotribune.com|accessdate=2019-07-24}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Chicago Tribune, ọ malitere oru a "Ihe ize ndụ zoro ezo: Ụmụaka nọ n'ihe ize ndụ" nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ nwetara 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting . Ọrụ ahụ butere mgbanwe nchekwa ngwaahịa ndị ahịa mba wee kpalie icheta ihe karịrị otu nde ngwaahịa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=The 2008 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Investigative Reporting|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/winners/staff-67|archiveurl=|archivedate=|work=The Pulitzer Prize}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, Callahan ya na ndị ọrụ ibe Sam Roe na Michael Hawthorne bipụtara nyocha banyere iji ọkụ retardants na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa. Akpọrọ ha aha ndị ikpeazụ maka 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting "maka ikpughe ha nke ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emebi ahụike ọha na eze site n'ịga n'ihu na-eji ọkụ ọkụ na-egbu egbu na arịa ụlọ na akwa akwa akwa, na-ebute mgbalị mgbanwe na steeti na mba." <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Finalist: Patricia Callahan, Sam Roe and Michael Hawthorne of Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/patricia-callahan-sam-roe-and-michael-hawthorne|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=The Pulitzer Prize}}</ref> Usoro a nwetakwara 2013 Goldsmith Prize for Investigative Reporting . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://shorensteincenter.org/goldsmith-awards/investigative-reporting-prize/previous-winners-finalists/|title=Previous Winners and Finalists|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-25|archivedate=2017-07-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711141926/https://shorensteincenter.org/goldsmith-awards/investigative-reporting-prize/previous-winners-finalists/}}</ref> Callahan na Michael J. Berens ka akpọrọ ndị ikpeazụ maka 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=The 2017 Pulitzer Prize Finalist in Investigative Reporting|url=https://www.pulitzer.org/finalists/michael-j-berens-and-patricia-callahan|accessdate=2023-12-11|work=The Pulitzer Prize}}</ref> wee nye ya 2016 Worth Bingham Prize for Investigative Journalism <ref name=":6" /> maka "Nhụjuanya na Nzuzo," usoro banyere mmegbu na ọnwụ na ụlọ otu Illinois. . Na 2018, Callahan sonyeere ProPublica dị ka onye nta akụkọ na-arụ ọrụ dị elu na-ekpuchi azụmahịa. <ref name=":0"/> == Ntụaka == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://twitter.com/sheinvestigates Patricia Callahan] na Twitter [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2qmwvqo397bawu4hskgee13n07x2a08 Yolanda Edwards 0 53110 195411 190150 2024-11-19T08:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195411 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Yolanda Edwards</div> |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data category" | American |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;nne | class="infobox-data" | [[University of California, Berkeley|Mahadum California, Berkeley]] |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | Onye ode akwụkwọ njem, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Afọ&nbsp;arụ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" | 1997-ugbu a |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Ọrụ ama ama</span> | class="infobox-data" | ''[[Condé Nast Traveler|Condé Nast njem]]'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Weebụsaịtị | class="infobox-data" | <span class="url">[http://yolojournal.com/ yolojournal.com]</span> |} '''Yolanda Edwards''' bụ onye edemede America, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye isi mgbasa ozi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Stern|first=Esme|date=2020-11-19|title=10 Things That Make Yolanda Edwards and Matt Hranek Happy|url=https://www.domino.com/content/design-time-podcast-yolanda-edwards-matt-hranek/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=domino|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye nduzi okike nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Conde Nast Traveler'', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yolanda Edwards Latest Articles|url=https://www.cntraveler.com/contributors/yolanda-edwards|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=Condé Nast Traveler|language=en-us}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye nchoputa na onye bipụtara ''Yolo Journal'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Garcia-Gomez|first=Patricia|date=2020-07-27|title=Yolanda Edwards, 51: Adventure-Seeking Beauty Hunter "The There Is Here"|url=https://www.weareageist.com/profile/yolanda-edwards-51-adventure-seeking-beauty-hunter-the-there-is-here/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=AGEIST|language=en-US}}</ref> Edwards bụkwa onye bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ onye isi na ''Martha Stewart Living'', <ref>{{Cite web|author=Harris|first=Rachel Lee|date=2012-01-20|title=Q&A With Yolanda Edwards, Editor and Blogger (Published 2012)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/travel/qa-with-yolanda-edwards-editor-and-blogger.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye nchịkọta akụkọ njem na ụdị ndụ na magazin , yana onye nchịkọtaakụkọ foto na magazin<ref name=":0" /> Kemgbe ọ hapụrụ Condé Nast, akara ya apụtakwala na ''akwụkwọ akụkọ Domino'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-15|title=How to Have a Parisian Night at Home|url=https://www.domino.com/content/paris-night-at-home/|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=domino|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Edwards sonyere na mmemme immersion omenala n'àgwàetiti [[Greece|Gris]] nke Kalymnos, nke bụ oge mbụ ọ nwere ike ịga njem mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=David|first=Eric|date=2020-07-18|title=The Visionary Allure of YOLO Journal: An Interview with Yolanda Edwards|url=https://www.yatzer.com/yolo-journal-greece|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=Yatzer|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=azds|date=2020-11-06|title=Behind the Scenes With Yolanda Edwards, Founder and Editor of Yolo Journal|url=https://blog.malibubeachinn.com/2020/11/06/behind-the-scenes-with-yolanda-edwards-founder-and-editor-of-yolo-journal/|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=Malibu Beach Inn Hotel Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Edwards lụrụ Matt Hranek, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Clara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Condé Nast Traveler's Yolanda Edwards On: Travels with Her Daughter Clara {{!}} Tory Daily|url=https://www.toryburch.com/blog-post/blog-post.html?bpid=119937|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=www.toryburch.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020-06-01|title=At Home With ...Yolanda Edwards|url=https://www.ralphlauren.com/rlmag/Ralph-Lauren-home-culture-Yolanda-Edwards-at-home.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=Ralph Lauren Magazine}}</ref> Edwards na di ya nwere ụlọ na ugwu New York yana na Saint Yzans na mpaghara Medoc nke France. <ref>{{Cite web|author=PATTERSON|first=LEIGH|date=|title=Yolanda Edwards|url=https://www.apieceapart.com/yolanda-edwards|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928171545/https://www.apieceapart.com/yolanda-edwards|archivedate=2020-09-28|accessdate=2020-11-19|work=Apiece Apart|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lsxfi83ktwda9f4aupna6gqlpzv4enn Yuko Nagayama 0 53128 195413 190203 2024-11-19T09:10:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=永山祐子|birth_date={{birth year and age|1975}}|birth_place=Tokyo, Japan|occupation=Architect|organization=Yuko Nagayama & Associates|website=https://www.yukonagayama.co.jp/en/}} '''Yuko Nagayama''' (永山祐子, amụrụ 1975) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye prọfesọ ọbịa na Mahadum nka Musashino . Dịka nwa afọ Tokyo, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[:ja:青木淳|Jun Aoki]] & Associates site na 1998 ruo 2002 wee malite ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke ya, Yuko Nagayama & Associates. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Architect – Yuko Nagayama|url=https://www.toki.tokyo/artisan-stories/yuko-nagayama|accessdate=2023-07-27|work=TOKI|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ụlọ elu Tokyu Kabukicho dị n'etiti Tokyo, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-esepụta ụlọ elu Torch, nke a na-atụ anya na ọ ga-abụ ụlọ kachasị ogologo na Japan na 2027. <ref>{{Cite web|title=30 Yuko Nagayama (Architect)|url=https://6mirai.tokyo-midtown.com/en/interview/30/|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=ROPPONGI MIRAI KAIGI -In the city that connects the people and the Art Design-|language=en}}</ref> Nagayama nwetara ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere ihe nrite JCD mmebe 2018, ihe nrite Tokyo 2018, na iF Design Award 2023. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Yuko Nagayama mụrụ na Tokyo na 1975. N'ihi ọrụ nna ya ( [[:ja:永山國昭|Kuniaki Nagayama]] ) dị ka ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nyocha biophysics, ọ nọrọ n'oge ọ bụ nwata na [[Switzerland]] . Ọ laghachiri Japan mgbe ọ dị afọ 3 wee tolite na Asagaya, Suginami Ward, Tokyo. Nagayama gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Kyoritsu Women's Second Middle and High School . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2023-05-20|title=建築家{{!}}永山祐子の経歴や自邸がスゴい！夫と子供は？wikiプロフまとめ！【情熱大陸】|url=https://paradises.jp/nagayamayuko_wiki/|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=PARAMEDIA|language=ja|archivedate=2023-07-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721061708/https://paradises.jp/nagayamayuko_wiki/}}</ref> Na 1994, a nabatara Nagyama na Ngalaba Ndụ mmadụ na Sayensị na Mahadum Showa Women's University . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=永山 祐子さん {{!}} 昭和女子大学 100周年|url=https://100th.swu.ac.jp/topics/interview/0001177/|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=100th.swu.ac.jp}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1998 na Bachelor of Arts wee nweta ntozu ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke abụọ, Nagayama sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu nke [[:ja:青木淳|Jun Aoki.]] <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọrụ na Jun Aoki & Associates ka ha nweta oge ọrụ afọ 4, na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ohere irite uru na ntinye nke nkà ọhụrụ na echiche ọhụrụ na-aga n'ihu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Pollock|first=Naomi R.|date=2012-12-01|title=Yuko Nagayama & Associates: Tokyo|journal=Architectural Record|volume=200|issue=12|pages=50}}</ref> Nagayama hapụrụ na 2002 n'ebumnobi ịchụso ọmụmụ ihe iji nweta akwụkwọ ikike ụkpụrụ ụlọ nke mbụ. == Ọrụ == Nagayama malitere ụlọ ihe nkiri ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 26, n'agbanyeghị anabataghị ya na nchegbu sitere n'aka onye isi ya mbụ gbasara afọ ndụ ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2015-09-03|title=Japan's New Masters: Yuko Nagayama|url=https://www.archdaily.com/773045/japans-new-masters-yuko-nagayama|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=ArchDaily|language=en-US}}</ref> Agbanyeghị, Aoki mechara gbasaa nkwado ya wee nye aka nweta ọrụ izizi ya, akpọrọ Afloat-f. Ọrụ a malitere ọrụ Nagayama wee meghere ọtụtụ kọmishọna ndị ọzọ maka ụlọ ọrụ ya. Ọ nwetara amara site na ọrụ dịka Louis Vuitton Kyoto Daimaru Store (Kyoto, 2004) na A Hill on a House (Tokyo, 2006), ma nwee ike iwepụ oge ọrụ maka ule ikike ya mgbe afọ 3 gachara. <ref name=":3"/> Yoko Nagayama lụrụ onye Japan na-ese ihe bụ Akira Fujimoto, ha nwekwara ụmụ abụọ. <ref name=":1"/> N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 2012, ọ na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ anọ sitere na ụlọ abụọ dị n'ụlọ obibi dị nso na nsọtụ ọdịda anyanwụ Tokyo. Nhazi ahụ mere ka o kwekọọ n'ọrụ ya dị ka nne na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. N'otu ọnụ ụlọ, ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ n'onwe ya ka ọ na-elekọta nwa mbụ ya, nke ọzọ jere ozi dị ka obere ọnụ ụlọ nzukọ nke okpukpu abụọ dị ka oghere ogbako. <ref name=":3"/> Ọ dabere na teknụzụ, dị ka Skype, iji nweta ebe a na-ewu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozi. Ụzọ a nyere aka ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na ijikwa ọrụ dị n'ọfịs na n'ime ezinụlọ. <ref name=":4"/> Taa, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ mmadụ 15 ma ọ bụ isi na Shinjuku, Tokyo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=yuko nagayama & associates Archives|url=https://www.designboom.com/tag/yuko-nagayama-associates/|accessdate=2023-07-27|work=designboom {{!}} architecture & design magazine|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị a ma ama bụ Goddess of the Forest Central Garden (Yamanashi, 2016), Japan Pavilion na Expo 2020 Dubai (Dubai, 2021), Jins Park Maebashi Store (Gunma, 2021) na Tokyo Kabukicho Tower (Tokyo, 2023). [[Usòrò:Setouchi_Triennale_-Teshima_Yokoo_House_（豊島横尾館）横尾忠則-永山裕子_DSCF3566.JPG|thumb|297x297px| Ime ụlọ Teshima Yokoo]] Na mgbakwunye na nlebara anya ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọrụ azụmahịa, Yoko Nagayama na ndị otu ya na-etinye aka na mmeghari ohuru na nka n'ime mpaghara. Ya na onye na-ese ihe bụ Tadanori Yokoo jikọrọ aka rụzigharịa ụlọ ndị Japan ọdịnala ( minka ) n'ime ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie a maara dị ka Teshima Yokoo House na 2013. Atụmatụ ahụ bu n’obi ime ka obere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Ieura dị n’àgwàetiti Teshima dị n’Oké Osimiri Seto dị n’ime ala maliteghachi ume. <ref>{{Cite web|author=トレンドいいな|date=2023-05-09|title=永山祐子(建築家)の結婚した夫と子供や経歴は?自宅や出身の高校と大学などプロフィールも調査|url=https://trend-inna.com/2023/05/09/%e6%b0%b8%e5%b1%b1%e7%a5%90%e5%ad%90%e5%bb%ba%e7%af%89%e5%ae%b6%e3%81%ae%e7%b5%90%e5%a9%9a%e3%81%97%e3%81%9f%e5%a4%ab%e3%81%a8%e5%ad%90%e4%be%9b%e3%82%84%e7%b5%8c%e6%ad%b4%e3%81%af%e8%87%aa/|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=トレンドいいな|language=ja}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ya na di ya malitere mmemme nka nke were ọnwa "At Art Uwajima" na Uwajima City, Ehime Prefecture. N'oge mmemme a, mkpokọta ndị nka 7 gosipụtara nrụnye na ihe nka n'ime Nagayama's Kiya Ryokan (Ehime, 2012) na ebe ịzụ ahịa obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Teshima Yokoo House {{!}} Art|url=https://benesse-artsite.jp/en/art/teshima-yokoohouse.html|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=Benesse Art Site Naoshima|language=en}}</ref> Nagayama na-aga n'ihu na-enyocha ikike nka n'ịgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi wuru na ndị okike ndị ọzọ. [[Usòrò:東急歌舞伎町タワー_Tokyu_Kabukicho_Tower.jpg|thumb|332x332px| Ụlọ elu Tokyo Kabukicho]] Na mgbakwunye, Nagayama na-akụzikwa nkuzi na Mahadum Kyoto Seika, Mahadum Showa Women's University, Mahadum Ochanomizu na Nagoya Institute of Technology . Ugbu a ọ bụ prọfesọ na-eleta na Musashino Art University . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=HIGHLIGHT: YUKO NAGAYAMA|url=https://pikark.com/en/listing/highlight-yuko-nagayama/|accessdate=2023-07-27|work=Pikark|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://pikark.com/en/listing/highlight-yuko-nagayama/ "HIGHLIGHT: YUKO NAGAYAMA"]. ''Pikark''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Imepụta ụkpụrụ == Isiokwu ' phenomena ' bụ ihe pụtara ìhè n'ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ Nagayama. Ọ na-ele ihe owuwu ụlọ anya ka ọ na-ekepụta ahụmịhe n'uche ndị mmadụ karịa iwu ụlọ anụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Interview: Yuko Nagayama (访谈:永山祐子)|journal=World Architecture Review (世界建筑导报)|language=Chinese|issue=168|pages=3–4}}</ref> Kama ilekwasị anya n'ihe, ọ na-atụgharị ma na-akpụzi oghere na ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya. Otu isi echiche ọ na-etinye n'ime atụmatụ ya bụ echiche ndị Japan nke ' Ma (間),' nke na-ezo aka na oghere na oghere efu. N'ime ihe owuwu nke Nagayama, 'Ma' ka a sụgharịrị n'ụdị dị iche iche, dịka ntụgharị uche, ogo ọkụ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ikuku dị nro. Site n'itinye ihe omume okike ndị a n'ime atụmatụ ya, oghere ya na-ewere àgwà dị ike na nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. <ref name=":4"/> A na-akọwa omume ya site n'aka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ Ruairí O'Brien dị ka iji "ihe dị na ya iji nweta ihe na-adịghị ahụ site n'iji ohere dị n'etiti, na-ejuputa oghere na iji" ihe fọdụrụ" na-agụnye na ụzọ ndị mmadụ." Mgbanwe a na ọrụ Nagayama nwere njikọ chiri anya na echiche nke enweghị isi nke bụkwa ihe pụtara ìhè na ọrụ ya. Maka Nagayama, ambiguity (曖昧さ) - dị ugbu a n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke omenala Japanese na n'asụsụ Japanese - bụ ihe a ga-atọ ụtọ, ma n'ihe gbasara agba, ihe onwunwe, ma ọ bụ ọdịdị nke gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name=":0"/> Enwere ike ime ya site na mmekọrịta ya na ihe okike, dịka n'ụdị ọkụ, ifufe, ma ọ bụ ọbụna oge. <ref name=":0" /> [[Usòrò:永山祐子.jpg|thumb|294x294px| URBANPREM Minami Aoyama]] == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * Ụlọ elu Tokyo Kabukicho (2023) * Sea Hammock (2023) * Mmemme nka Hokuto ed.1 (2021) * Ụlọ ahịa JINS PARK Maebashi (2021) * Ihe ngosi Dubai 2020 Japan Pavilion (2019-2021) * Ụlọ Suginami (2017) * Chineke nke oke ọhịa Central Forest (2016) * Ụlọ Teshima Yokoo (2013) * Kiya Ryokan (2012) * URBANPREM Minami Aoyama (2008) * AZUMAYA (2007) * Ụlọ ahịa Louis Vuitton Daimaru Kyoto (2004) == Ọrụ n'ọdịnihu == Ọrụ Yoko Nagayama na-abịa n'ihu gụnyere pavilions 2 maka 2025 Osaka Expo: Panasonic Group Pavillion 'Nomo no Kuni' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Panasonic Group Pavilion|url=https://news.panasonic.com/global/press/en230712-2|accessdate=2023-07-21|work=Panasonic Newsroom Global|language=en}}</ref> na 'Pavilion nwanyị' na cartier. Ọ na-etinyekwa aka n'ichebe akụkụ ala nke Torch Tower ọhụrụ maka Tokyo, nnukwu nrụpụta hectare 3.1 dị n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu Tokyo. [https://www.tokyoupdates.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/post-598/] == Ihe nrite == * 2004 "Nakanoshima New Line Design Competition," Nrite maka Ọkachamma <ref name=":5"/> * 2005 LO'real Agba “ihe nrite sayensị na nka” ihe nrite agbamume <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=The Future of Cities and Architecture as Envisioned by Nagayama Yuko|url=https://www.tokyoupdates.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/en/post-598/|accessdate=2023-07-27|work=TOKYO UPDATES [The Official Information Website of Tokyo Metropolitan Government]|language=en}}</ref> * 2005 "Ụlọ echiche maka asọmpi 'Tsukuba Denentoshi'," Ebe nke abụọ <ref name=":5" /> * 2005 “JCD Design Award 2005,” Nrite agbamume na LOUIS VUITTON Kyoto Daimaru <ref name=":6" /> * 2006 "AR Awards (UK)," Akwadoro nke ukwuu na ugwu n'elu ụlọ (nke The Architectural Review haziri, UK) <ref name=":5" /> * 2010 "Asọmpi mmeghari ohuru nke Taya 2010," Nkwupụta nsọpụrụ <ref name=":5" /> * 2010 Kyoai Gakuen University, nku 4 imewe amụma, Sọpụrụ aha <ref name=":5" /> * 2012 ARCHITECTURAL RECORD Award(USA), Design Vanguard 2012 <ref name=":5" /> * 2014 “JIA Young Architect Award 2014” na Teshima Yokoo House <ref name=":5" /> * 2017 "Yamanashi Cultural Prize of Architecture" na chi nwanyị nke ọhịa Central Garden <ref name=":5" /> * 2017 “JCD Design Award,” ihe nrite ọla ọcha na chi nwanyị nke Forest Central Garden 2018 <ref name=":5" /> * 2018 "Tokyo Architecture Award 2018," Nrite maka Ọkachamma na Chi nwanyị nke ọhịa Central Garden <ref name=":6" /> * 2021 “Ihe nrite imewe maka ọkụ na ọkụ,” nnukwu ihe nrite maka ọkaibe na Tamagawa Takashimaya SC Grand Patio <ref name=":5" /> * 2022 World Architecture Festival 2022 jara mma nke ukwuu「JINS PARK Maebashi <ref name=":5" /> * 2023 iF Design Award 2023 Onye mmeri 「JINS PARK Maebashi <ref name=":5" /> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3t6w56598w0qv9saetllqwmilfa6e1i Sonita Lontoh 0 53211 195366 190330 2024-11-19T01:47:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sonita Lontoh''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Asia America. Ọ bụ onye otu bọọdụ na Sunrun na TrueBlue, na onye bụbu onye isi na HP Inc. (nke bụbu Hewlett-Packard ), Siemens, na Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Lontoh mụrụ ma zụlite na Jakarta, Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/indonesia/prestige-indonesia/20140201/282772059607668|title=Champion of Change|author=Hanrahan|first=Chris|work=Prestige Indonesia|date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> Ọ kwagara United States iji debanye aha na Mahadum California, Berkeley, ebe ọ gụchara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na injinia ụlọ ọrụ na nyocha ọrụ . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonita Lontoh|date=21 December 2020|publisher=Berkeley Engineering|url=https://engineering.berkeley.edu/sonita-lontoh/|accessdate=October 29, 2021}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ, ọ banyeghachiri ụlọ akwụkwọ maka nzere masta na injinia sitere na Massachusetts Institute of Technology na [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration]] na Kellogg School of Management na Mahadum Northwwest . <ref name="Tempo" /> == Ọrụ == N'ọgwụgwụ 1990s, Lontoh na ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe Berkeley abụọ tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu ịntanetị. <ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20140403-lifestyles-of-the-young-and-rich|title=Lifestyles of the young and ultra-rich|author=Borzykowski|first=Bryan|date=April 3, 2014|work=BBC Worklife}}</ref> Atụmatụ mbụ ha bụ imepụta [[Gereta China|Yahoo!]], mgbe ahụ, search engine na-aga nke ọma na United States, ma ngwa ngwa ghọtara na mgbasa ozi ịntanetị ka dị ọhụrụ na ahịa ndị China. N'ịche ihe ịma aka a ihu, ha kpebiri ịbanye n'ahịa egwuregwu, nke nyocha ha gosipụtara bụ akụkụ na-eto ngwa ngwa karịsịa n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na-eto eto. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://swa.co.id/swa/headline/sonita-lontoh-srikandi-indonesia-di-lembah-silicon-2|title=Sonita Lontoh: Srikandi Indonesia di Lembah Silicon|author=Pratiwi|first=Gustyanita|date=January 13, 2013|work=[[SWA (magazine)|SWA]]}}</ref> Mgbanwe a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma, ha rere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ maka uru afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị. <ref name="BBC" /> Mgbe Siemens gasịrị, site na 2018 ruo 2022, Lontoh bụ onye isi na HP Inc. 's Personalization, 3D Printing, na Digital Manufacturing division. <ref name="JG May2023" /> <ref name="Cantika May2023">{{Cite news|title=Tantangan Sonita Lontoh Berkarier di Bidang Teknologi selama 30 Tahun|language=Indonesian|author=|first=|url=https://www.cantika.com/read/1728941/tantangan-sonita-lontoh-berkarier-di-bidang-teknologi-selama-30-tahun?page_num=2|work=Cantika|date=May 25, 2023|accessdate=April 3, 2024}}</ref> Na 2021, a hoputara ya isonye na Board of Directors of Sunrun, ụlọ ọrụ ume ọhụrụ, na ụlọ ọrụ ngwọta ọrụ TrueBlue. <ref name="CNN ID June2023">{{Cite web|title=Sonita Lontoh, Perempuan Indonesia di Silicon Valley|author=|first=|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20230606182041-92-958439/sonita-lontoh-perempuan-indonesia-di-silicon-valley|work=[[CNN Indonesia]]|date=July 7, 2023|accessdate=April 3, 2024|language=Indonesian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trueblue.com/leadership-detail/sonita-lontoh/|title=Sonita Lontoh|publisher=TrueBlue|accessdate=December 19, 2022}}</ref> Lontoh na-eje ozi na kọmitii ndụmọdụ ụlọ ọrụ nke UC Berkeley College of Engineering Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation . <ref>{{Cite web|title=People|url=https://jacobsinstitute.berkeley.edu/people/|publisher=[[Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu National Association of Corporate Directors . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sonita Lontoh|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/people/sonita-lontoh|work=Tatler Asia}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Lontoh bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka ụlọ ọrụ isi obodo Sway Ventures. <ref name="JG May2023">{{Cite news|title=Why Female Representation Matters in Corporate World|author=Nada Shofa|first=Jayanty|url=https://jakartaglobe.id/business/why-female-representation-matters-in-corporate-world|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|date=May 29, 2023|accessdate=April 3, 2024}}</ref> <ref name="MANFTODAY Jan2024">{{Cite web|title=Celebrating Women's Impact in Manufacturing – Introducing Sonita Lontoh|author=|first=|url=https://manufacturing-today.com/news/celebrating-womens-impact-in-manufacturing-introducing-sonita-lontoh/|work=Manufacturing Today|date=January 31, 2024|accessdate=April 3, 2024}}</ref> == Nkwenye == Lontoh bụ onye odeakwụkwọ mba Amerịka mbụ bụ Hillary Clinton anabatala maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye otu kọmitii nhọrọ na onye ndụmọdụ maka mmemme TechWomen Department of US State Department, <ref name="MIT">{{Cite web|url=https://scm.mit.edu/news/sonita-lontoh-mit-mlog-04-inducted-women-manufacturing-hall-fame|title=Sonita Lontoh, MIT MLOG '04, Inducted into Women in Manufacturing Hall of Fame|date=October 2, 2020|publisher=MIT Center for Transportation & Logistics|accessdate=October 11, 2024|archivedate=April 6, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406185203/https://scm.mit.edu/news/sonita-lontoh-mit-mlog-04-inducted-women-manufacturing-hall-fame}}</ref> na 2012 ka akpọrọ onye ndu mba ụwa n'okpuru afọ 40. nke Asia MBA. A kpọbatara ya na Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Asia, ihe omume na-amata mmezu nke ndị Asia Pacific America, na 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cruz|first=Jason|title=Asian Hall of Fame inducts 2017 class|url=https://nwasianweekly.com/2017/05/asian-hall-of-fame-inducts-2017-class/|work=[[Northwest Asian Weekly]]|date=May 19, 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, Lontoh so na klaasị mmalite nke ndị nnabata n'Ụlọ Nzukọ nke Fame nke Women in Manufacturing Association. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/cleveland/news/2020/08/03/women-in-manufacturing-name-inductees.html|title=Women in Manufacturing Association names first hall of fame inductees|author=Vanac|first=Mary|work=Cleveland Business Journal|date=August 3, 2020}}</ref> Na 2021, ọ so na ndị akpọrọ aha na ngalaba teknụzụ ' ndepụta ''Tatler Asia'' nke ndị "Kachasị emetụta". <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Asia's Most Influential: Technology|journal=Tatler Asia|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/list/ami/id?industry=technology&region=id&year=all&page=1}}</ref> Akpọrọkwa ya aha otu n'ime "Ụmụ nwanyị Kachasị Mma na Azụmahịa Bay Area" nke ''San Francisco Business Times'' na 2023. <ref name="SFBJ Oct2023">{{Cite news|title=Influential Women 2023: Sonita Lontoh, Board Director; Advisor, Sunrun Inc., TrueBlue Inc.; Sway Ventures|author=Campbell|first=Simon|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/news/2023/10/05/influential-women-sonita-lontoh.html|work=San Francisco Business Journal|date=October 6, 2023|accessdate=April 3, 2024}}</ref> == Ntụaka == rụchara ọrụ ọtụtụ afọ, ọ banyeghachiri ụlọ akwụkwọ maka nzere masta 2012 ka akpọrọ onye ndu mba ụwa n'okpuru afọ maka nzere masta{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kgz3c66djb28v6q4m5nduzsyb7pfcyk Sophia Lyon Fahs 0 53329 195367 191281 2024-11-19T01:49:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195367 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sophia Blanche Lyon Fahs (August 2, 1876 - Eprel 14, 1978) [1] [2] bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye ode akwụkwọ, onye nkuzi, na onye na-akwado okpukpe onye duziri mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ okpukpe otu.  Nkuzi na ide Fahs lekwasịrị anya na usoro mmụta ahụmịhe nke ọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-enyere ụmụaka aka ịzụlite echiche nke ha gbasara okpukperechi na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ.''' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Sophia Lyons Fahs na August 2, 1876, na [[China]], n'aka ndị ozi ala ọzọ Presbyterian na China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/unitarians/fahs.html|title=Sophia Lyon Fahs : Liberal Religious Educator<!-- Bot generated title -->|accessdate=Jan 10, 2020}}</ref> Nna ya, David Nelson Lyon, na nne ya, Mandana Doolittle Lyon, so ya kwaga Wooster, OH mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biola.edu/talbot/ce20/database/sophia-blanche-lyon-fahs|title=Sophia B. Fahs|work=Biola University|accessdate=Jan 10, 2020}}</ref> Ọ zụlitere n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke Oziọma na nke ememe, dịka ya onwe ya si kọwaa:   Fahs nwetara B.A. sitere na The College of Wooster (nke a na-akpọ The University of Wooster) na 1897, yana nzere nkwanye ugwu na 1961.[1] Ọ natara MA ya na Teachers College of Columbia University (1904) na B.D ya. sitere na Seminary Theological Union (1926).[2] O kwuru gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ya, sị:   Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ elementrị, Sophia Lyon lụrụ Charles "Harvey" Fahs na June 1902. O nwere ụmụ ise, atọ n'ime ha dị ndụ.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/view.cfm?n=sophia_fahs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807171352/http://www2.talbot.edu/ce20/educators/view.cfm?n=sophia_fahs#contributions|archivedate=August 7, 2011|title=Talbot School of Theology: Christian Educators|date=Aug 7, 2011|accessdate=Jan 10, 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. </cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Fahs abụghị naanị onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ Sọnde na Churchka Riverside.[1] Ruo afọ atọ, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Union School of Religion mgbe ọ natara akara ugo mmụta Bachelor of Divinity. O jidere ọnọdụ a site na 1926 ruo 1929, mgbe ụlọ ahụ mechiri.[1][2] Site na 1927 ruo 1944, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị nkuzi nwanyị mbụ na Seminary Theological Seminary dị ka onye nkuzi na Mmụta Okpukpe. Mgbe Fahs hapụrụ Union na 1944, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Parents Magazine . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/burke/archives/awts/exhibit/fahs.html|title=Sophia Lyon Fahs &#124; Columbia University Libraries|work=library.columbia.edu|accessdate=Jan 10, 2020|archivedate=December 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225172240/https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/burke/archives/awts/exhibit/fahs.html}}</ref> N'afọ 1945, ọ sonyeere ọgbakọ Unitarian, n'afọ 1959 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị prọfesọ mbụ a họpụtara dị ka onye ozi Unitarian.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Ọ bụ Cedar Lane Unitarian Church nke Bethesda, Maryland họpụtara ya (Unitarians na Universalists jikọtara na 1961 iji guzobe Unitarian Universalist Association). Malite na 1937 ma gaa n'ihu ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1964, Fahs rụrụ ọrụ maka American Unitarian Association dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ihe ụmụaka maka usoro mmụta okpukpe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ "The New Beacon Series". Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama ya bụ "N'abalị ọ bụla a mụrụ nwatakịrị bụ abalị dị nsọ".<ref name="autogenerated3"/> Fah dere ma ọ bụ kwadoo ihe karịrị akwụkwọ iri anọ na ọbụna akụkọ ndị ọzọ. Ọ lara ezumike nká mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na asatọ wee nwụọ mgbe ọ dị afọ 101, hapụkwa ihe nketa nke inwe ọganihu okpukpe na agụmakwụkwọ. Mgbe Rev. Dr. Randolph Becker malitere ogige ụra ụmụaka Unitarian-Universalist (maka ụmụaka ruo na ọkwa 12), ọ nabatara aha Sophia Fahs maka ogige ahụ ebe ọ bụ na agụmakwụkwọ okpukpe ya na-elekwasị anya na ahụmịhe ozugbo. Ogige Sophia Fahs RE na-agba ọsọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ ọ bụla na Shelter Island, NY, kemgbe afọ 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uufkw.org/RevRandy/blue.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323072310/http://www.uufkw.org/RevRandy/blue.html|title=UU Key West, Rev. Randy Becker's Education & Programming opportunities within a congregation<!-- Bot generated title -->|archivedate=March 23, 2012|accessdate=Jan 10, 2020}}</ref> Ndị nkuzi okpukpe Liberal, bụ ọgbakọ ọkachamara nke Unitarian Universalist Association ndị nkuzi okpukpe, na-akwado nkuzi Sophia Lyon Fahs kwa afọ na Mgbakọ Ọgbakọ nke UUA kwa afọ. == Akwụkwọ == * ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7773/ White Man of Work nke Uganda: Akụkọ Alexander M. Mackay]'' (1907) * ''Red, Yellow, na Black'' (1918) * Ịchọpụta Okpukpe na Ndị Afọ Asatọ, na Helen Firman Sweet (1930) * ''Mmalite nke Ụwa na Eluigwe: Akụkọ Ochie na Ọhụrụ'' (1937) * ''Mmalite nke Ndụ na Ọnwụ: Akụkọ Ochie na Ọhụrụ'', na Dorothy T. Spoerl (1938) * ''Martin na Judy na Sunshine na Rain'', na Verna Hills (1940) * Ndị Na-eduga n'Okpukpe (1943) * ''Olee mgbe Onye Na-ekpe Okpukpe?'' (1944) * ''Ozi Ọhụrụ Maka Ụmụaka'' (1945) * ''Jizọs, Nwa Ọkwá nkà'' (1945) * Chọọchị gafere n'okporo ámá (1947) * ''Site n'Oge Ochie Na Ọtụtụ Ala'' (1948) * ''Were Ụmụaka Ka Ha Na-etolite'' (1951) * ''Ụmụaka Taa na Ihe Nketa Ụnyaahụ: Nkà ihe ọmụma nke Mmepe Okpukpe'' (1952) * ''Site n'Oge Ochie Na Ọtụtụ Ala'' (1955) * ''Akụkọ Ochie nke Nzọpụta'' (1955) * Ịzụlite Echiche nke Chineke na Ụmụ (1959) * ''Mmalite: Ụwa, Eluigwe, Ndụ, Ọnwụ'', Mbipụta e dezigharịrị (1960) * ''Ikpe Zuru Okpukpe Na Ịjụ Uche'' (1965) * Old Tales for a New Day: Early Answers to Life's Eternal Questions, na Alice Cobb na Gobin Stair (1980) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.uuworld.org/2003/02/lookingback.html "Looking Back," UU World magazine] * [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00072 akwụkwọ] nke Sophia Blanche Lyon Fahs dị na Harvard Divinity School Library na Harvard Divunity School na Cambridge, Massachusetts. * Works by Sophia Lyon FahsnaLibriVox (Akwụkwọ ndị a na-ege ntị n'ógbè ọha na eze) opn2tw3gudtct3lx1734i2tonz24qvw Yasmina Azhari 0 53432 195409 190606 2024-11-19T08:35:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Yasmina Azhari''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Syria . Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Mira Trading, na ngalaba-nchoputa nke Dubai dabeere Al Yam International. == Ndụ mbido == Azhari mụrụ na Latakia . Nna ya bụ Riad Azhari, onye ji ọkwa nke Consul Honorary nke Netherlands na Latakia & Tartous na 1970s. Nne ya bụ onye [[Serbia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jouhina.com/magazine/print.php?id=653|title=ياسمينة أزهري لـ»جهينة»: أشعر بالفخر عندما أُمثِّل بلدي سورية في الخارج|language=Arabic|publisher=Jouhina|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ French . <ref name="tahani">{{Cite web|url=http://tahani-magazine.com/index.php?page=article&lang=en&id=350|title=Yasmina Azhari: Syria is one of the most investments magnetizing destinations…|publisher=Tahani Magazine|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Azhari malitere ọrụ ya na azụmahịa ezinụlọ ya na njem ụgbọ mmiri. <ref name="arabisklondon">{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabisklondon.com/yasmina-azhari-from-syria-to-one-of-the-top-50-powerful-arab-women/|title=Yasmina Azhari : From Syria to One of the top 50 Powerful Arab Women|publisher=Arabisk London|date=September 25, 2017|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Na 1999, ọ ghọrọ onye mmekọ na onye isi njikwa na Trade Coordination Office (TCO), ụlọ ọrụ mbupu nke nọchitere anya Maersk Shipping na Syria site na 1978 ruo 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abwoc.org/uae.php|publisher=Council of Arab Businesswomen|title=UAE|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye Consul Honorary nke Netherlands na Latakia & Tartous, <ref name="leadersmag">{{Cite web|url=http://www.leadersmag.com/issues/2011.3_Jul/PDFs/LEADERS-Ernst-Young-World-Entrepreneur-of-the-Year.pdf|title=Ernst & Young World Entrepreneur Of The Year|date=2011|publisher=LEADERS Magazine|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> <ref name="aliqtisadi">{{Cite web|url=https://aliqtisadi.com/%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A/|title=ياسمينة رياض أزهري|language=Arabic|publisher=Aliqtisadi|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> wee jide ọnọdụ ahụ afọ iri. Azhari sonyeere Board of Directors of Latakia Chamber of Commerce, ma họpụta ugboro atọ dị ka onye isi nke Latakia Business Women's Committee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?issueno=11700&article=597642|title=ياسمينة أزهري|language=Arabic|publisher=[[Asharq Al-Awsat]]|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Arab Business Women Council, onye otu ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ nke Bank Audi Syria, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syriandays.com/?page=show_det&select_page=57&id=24668|title=ترشيح سيدة الأعمال السورية ياسمينة أزهري واحدة من أقوى سبعة نساء عربيات على المستوى العربي|language=Arabic|publisher=Syrian Days|date=July 30, 2011|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> na onye otu United Nation Advisory Council nke Global Charter na Syria. <ref name="WEF">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wef.org.in/yasmina-azhari/|title=Yasmina Azhari|publisher=[[World Economic Forum]]|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Azhari na-arụ ọrụ obodo na Syria na UAE. Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Modernizing and Activating Women's Role in Economic Development (MAWRED), <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esyria.sy/sites/code/index.php?site=latakia&p=stories&category=business&filename=200903181340098|title="ياسمينة أزهري"...ضمن قائمة أقوى 50 سيدة أعمال في الوطن العربي|date=March 18, 2009|publisher=esyria.sy|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> ọha mmadụ raara onwe ya nye inye ụmụ nwanyị Siria ike site n'ịmepụta ọrụ. O hibekwara obodo iji chebe oke ọhịa Slunfeh na Kassab na Latakia. Azhari bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi nke Bashaer Al Nour, otu NGO iji nye aka maka ụmụaka nwere Autism na Down Syndrome . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alyam.co/about/yasmina-al-azhari/|title=Yasmina Al Azhari|publisher=Al Yam|accessdate=11 February 2020|archivedate=11 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211081611/http://alyam.co/about/yasmina-al-azhari/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=91633|title=ترشيح سيدة الأعمال ياسمينة أزهري لجائزة أقوى 7 نساء عربيات|language=Arabic|date=July 30, 2011|publisher=DP News|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Na February 2018, a họpụtara ya onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ Syria Saudi maka njem nlegharị anya, onye nwe Four Seasons Hotel na Syria. == Nkwenye == Yasmina Azhari bụ nwanyị Syria mbụ jigidere ọnọdụ nke Consul Honorary, <ref name="tahani"/> na nwanyị mbụ ịbanye na Board of Directors of Chamber of Commerce and Industry na Latakia. <ref name="aliqtisadi"/> <ref name="WEF"/> Azhari nwetara Order nke Orange-Nassau nke Netherlands (Knight), na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị Syria mbụ jigidere otu knight site na mba ọzọ. <ref name="arabisklondon"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alkhaleej.ae/supplements/page/52407e62-94da-4436-9281-a15429d9aa85|title=ياسمينة أزهري: الخليجية أثبتت جدارتها في عالم الأعمال|language=Arabic|date=July 8, 2009|publisher=[[Al Khaleej (newspaper)|Al Khaleej]]|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Edepụtara ya ugboro atọ na Forbes '50 Kasị Ike Arab Business Women, nakwa dị ka e depụtara ugboro atọ na Arabian Business '100 Kasị Ike Women na Arab World. Ernst &amp;amp; Young họpụtara ya onye ọchụnta ego kacha mma na Syria na 2011. <ref name="leadersmag"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Azhari lụrụ nwanyị ma nwee nwa nwoke na nwa nwanyị, Mohammed na Rania. Mgbe agha Siria gasịrị na 2012, ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara UAE. <ref name="arabisklondon"/> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fzbngq8iu8s694pqyoenscyu6014tyl ʻAunofo Havea Funaki 0 53439 195423 190614 2024-11-19T10:31:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ʻ Havea Funaki''' bụ nwanyị mbụ si Tonga bụrụ onye isi ụgbọ mmiri nwere ikike. Onye nwe azụmahịa nke na-eme njem nleta ka ha "na-egwu mmiri na whale", ọ chịburu ụgbọ mmiri Polynesia omenala nke si n'agwaetiti Pacific gaa USA. == Ndụ mbido == ʻAunofo Havea Funaki was born in Tu'anuku on the island of [[Vava{{okina}}u]] in the Kingdom of Tonga. She had five brothers and three sisters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ocean Knows No Borders (2020)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmtX0PWy0e0&ab_channel=NortheastMaritimeInstitute|work=YouTube|accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == [[Usòrò:Voyaging_canoes_(left_to_right)_-_Marumaru_Atua,_Hine_Moana,_and_Haunui_-_arriving_in_San_Francisco_in_the_Te_Mana_o_Te_Moana_expedition_(2011).jpg|thumb| Ụgbọ mmiri na-eme njem (aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri) - ''Mamaru Atua'', ''Hine Moana'', na ''Haunui'' - rutere San Francisco na njem ''Te Mana o Te Moana'' (2011)]] N'ịbụ onye na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akpa ákwà, mgbe ọ dị afọ 25, e nyere Funaki ọrụ nhicha ụgbọ mmiri, ihe na-enweghị ụmụ nwanyị ọzọ mere. Site na nke a ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ịbụ osi nri n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị njem, ndị nwe ya kụziiri ya otu esi eji ụgbọ mmiri. Mkpebi o mere ịgbalị ịghọ onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri bịara mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ọ mabu ihe karịrị otu onyeisi ụgbọ mmiri ya na ya na-esi nri. N'afọ 2000, ọ bụ naanị nwanyị a họpụtara, ya na ndị ikom 23, ka ha gaa ọmụmụ ihe ụgbọ mmiri na Tonga nke Royal New Zealand Coast Guard na-edu. Ọ gụchara klaasị ya. Nke a nyere ya ikike ị nweta akwụkwọ ikike onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ehihie, ma mesịa nweta ikikere dịka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri na dịka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri. Funaki ji nwayọọ nwayọọ wulite ahụmịhe ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri ya iji kpuchie monohulls, catamarans, <ref name="Okeanos">{{Cite web|title=STRONG WOMEN SETTING SAIL – TALANOA WITH AUNOFO HAVEA FUNAKI|url=https://okeanos-foundation.org/strong-women-setting-sail-talanoa-with-aunofo-havea-funaki/|work=Okeanos|accessdate=17 November 2021|archivedate=27 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027170629/https://okeanos-foundation.org/strong-women-setting-sail-talanoa-with-aunofo-havea-funaki/}}</ref> <ref name="WB">{{Cite web|title=Meet the Innovator Protecting Our Oceans in Tonga: Captain Aunofo Havea Funaki|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/01/meet-our-tongan-voyager-and-advocate-saving-our-oceans-captain-aunofo-havea-funaki|work=World Bank|accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Northeast Maritime Institute|url=https://m.facebook.com/NortheastMaritimeInstitute/photos/aunofo-havea-has-been-attending-northeast-maritime-institute-for-the-last-three-/1922278941164884/?locale2=pt_PT|work=Facebook|accessdate=18 November 2021}}</ref> . <ref name="WB"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Funaki bụ nne nwere ụmụ ise. <ref name="WB"/> == Ntụaka == isiokwu nke "Gender na Oceans". O kwuru maka nweta akwụkwọ ikike onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 06ip72lfl5vej9ajj2msyyex43hpdhi Souad Al-Humaidhi 0 53448 195368 190625 2024-11-19T01:52:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Souad Al-Humaidhi''' (1939 &#x2013; 3 Ọgọst 2017) bụ nwanyị onye ọchụnta ego Kuwaiti, onye nwe ọtụtụ ụlọ azụmahịa na ebe obibi na na mpụga Kuwait, n'etiti ha na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ obibi na ụlọ elu na Beirut . Ọ bụkwa onye otu Union of Real Estate Owners na Kuwait, nke Board of Directors of Bank Audi na Lebanon ma na-ejide osisi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akụ na Kuwait, gụnyere National Bank of Kuwait na Solidere . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/rich-list-2009/list?itemid=150328|title=27 Suad Al Humaidi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/100-most-powerful-arab-women-2011-384182.html?itemid=383766|title=8 Suad Al Humaidi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/the-world-s-100-most-powerful-arab-women-541034.html?itemid=540920|title=46 Suad Al Humaidi}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Souad Al-Humaidhi bụ nwanyị Kuwaiti mbụ na-azụ ahịa na itinye ego na mba ahụ yana n'ọtụtụ mba Arab na Europe. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị ọchụnta ego a ma ama n'ihe gbasara ụlọ, na ụlọ akụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.kuwaittimes.net/website/amiri-diwan-mourns-suad-al-humaidhi/|title=Amiri Diwan mourns Suad Al-Humaidhi|first=Kuwait|author=Times|date=August 3, 2017|work=Kuwait Times}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmalite nke ọrụ ya na Commercial Bank, nke nna ya, Hamad Al-Humaidhi, tọrọ ntọala maka afọ 10. Na mgbe ahụ, onye isi njikwa nke nna ya alụmdi, ahia na itinye ego mgbe ọ nwụsịrị: "Suad Hamad Saleh Al Homaizi guzobe". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marcopolis.net/sheikha-suad-al-humaidhi.htm|title=Sheikha Suad Al Humaidhi|work=marcopolis.net|accessdate=2024-10-15|archivedate=2022-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127203149/https://marcopolis.net/sheikha-suad-al-humaidhi.htm}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, di ya Sheikh Jaber Al-Ali Al-Salem Al-Sabah, onye bụbu Minista Ozi, kwadoro ma gbaa ya ume. Ọ kọwara ya dị ka onye nwere amamihe na ihe ọmụma zuru oke nke okwu dị iche iche." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalkuwait.com/forum/index.php?threads/2708/|title=سعاد الحميضي في مشوار العمر: أحب الأناقة منذ طفولتيي .. وجلسات الضحى لا تجذبني|work=الشبكة الوطنية الكويتية}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == * Onye otu Board of Directors of Bank Audi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://markets.ft.com/data/announce/detail?dockey=1323-13323403-0BN8760GFD13VFFJIN42GV2F2R|title=Death of a Director – Company Announcement - FT.com|work=markets.ft.com}}</ref> * Ntinye ego nwere na mba Arab, ọkachasị Kuwait na Lebanon. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eremnews.com/economy/937047|title=وفاة سعاد الحميضي أشهر سيدة أعمال كويتية – إرم نيوز|work=www.eremnews.com}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na mmezu == * Rafik Harir nyere ya National Order of the Cedar . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/ar-sa/news/middleeast/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87/ar-AApnlUL?li=BBqrFIf|title=سعاد الحميضي..سيدة الأعمال الكويتية البارزة في ذمة الله}}</ref> * Nyere aka na oru mgbasawanye na nrụzigharị nke nnukwu ụlọ alakụba Al-Omari dị na etiti Beirut. <ref>[https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=1479551&language=en Grand Mosque of Beirut reopened after restoration]</ref> * Suad Al Humaidhi họọrọ 10th na ọkwa akwụkwọ akụkọ Arab Business maka Nwanyị Arab nke Afọ 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/597496/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B0%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87|title=رائدة سيدات الأعمال الكويتيات سعاد الحميضي في ذمة الله|date=August 4, 2017|work=مجلة سيدتي}}</ref> == Ntụaka == onye otu Union of Real Estate Owners na Kuwait, nke Board of Directors of Bank Audi na Lebanon{{Reflist|2}} 1stkuxedof0fteogub1a0b34ooamvvs Theopista Sekitto Ntale 0 53477 195382 190659 2024-11-19T04:12:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} '''Theopista Sekitto Ntale''', (née '''Theopista Sekitto''' ), bụ [[Ụlọ akụ́|onye ụlọ akụ]] Uganda, onye ọchụnta ego na-elekọta mmadụ na onye enyemaka, onye na-eje ozi onye nnọchi anya Global Banking Alliance for Women, na mpaghara [[Afrịka|Africa]] . Ọ na-ejekwa ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye isi obodo Uganda nke ''New Faces New Voices'', mba mba ụwa na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, nke na-achọ ime ka ụmụ nwanyị Africa nwee ike na imeziwanye ọdịmma akụ na ụba na ọha mmadụ. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|accessdate=10 November 2018|url=http://www.gbaforwomen.org/news-events/new-faces-new-voices-conference-features-theopista-sekitto-as-speaker/|title=New Faces New Voices Conference Features Theopista Sekitto as Speaker|date=8 August 2014|publisher=[[Global Banking Alliance for Women]] (GBA)|author=Global Banking Alliance for Women}}</ref> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viveinvest.nl/theopista-sekitto-ntale/|title=Vive Invest Netherlands: 2016 Conference Speakers: Theopista Sekitto Ntale|accessdate=10 November 2018|date=14 January 2016|publisher=2016 Vive Invest Conference: Bridge The Gap II, Women, Money & Markets|author=Vive Invest Netherlands 2016}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Theopista, (Theo na ezigbo ndị enyi ya), emetụtala onwe ya site na nje HIV / [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]], bụ nke gburu ndụ nke ndị ezinaụlọ asaa, gụnyere nna ya nwụrụ anwụ na 1990. Ọ na-eme njem n'ụwa iji kesaa ahụmịhe ya na inye ndụmọdụ maka otu ọ ga-esi merie ọrịa a. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2004/06/27/banking-on-aids-awareness/|title=Banking on AIDS Awareness|date=27 June 2004|accessdate=10 November 2018|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]|author=Wong Li Za}}</ref> == Ntụle ndị ọzọ == Na 2013, Theopista Sekitto Ntale kpọrọ otu n'ime "2013 World of Difference 100". Ọ na-ejekwa ozi na ọtụtụ bọọdụ mba na mba ụwa gụnyere ''Federation of African Women Educationists (Uganda)'' (FAWE Uganda). <ref name="7R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiaw.org/page/2013_woda_stories_9|title=2013 World of Difference 100 Award Recipients|accessdate=10 November 2018|date=2013|publisher=[[The International Alliance for Women]] (TIAW)|author=TIAW|archivedate=11 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111045918/https://www.tiaw.org/page/2013_woda_stories_9}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Annet Nakawunde Mulindwa]] * Geraldine Ssali Busuulwa == Ntụaka == na-ejekwa ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye isi obodo Uganda nke New Faces{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] au00nospiywswex3wnz8ddtdjsgt1lu Ọ hụrụ Phaik Hwa 0 53599 195427 190823 2024-11-19T11:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Saw Phaik Hwa''' ( simplified Chinese ; amuru 1957 na Kuala Lumpur, [[Malaysia]] ) bu onye isi ulo oru Singapore amuru na Malaysia. Ọ bụ onye isi na onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ SMRT site na Disemba 2002 ruo 6 Jenụwarị 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120106-320357.html|title=SMRT chief executive resigns|work=www.asiaone.com}}</ref> Tupu nke ahụ, o nwere ahụmịhe afọ 19 na DFS Venture Singapore (Pte) Ltd. == Agụmakwụkwọ == Saw nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na biochemistry na Mahadum Singapore . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=7998630&ticker=MRT:SP|title=Stocks|work=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ DFS === Site na 1984 ruo 2002, Saw jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche mpaghara maka DFS Venture Singapore (Pte) Ltd. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smu.edu.sg/smu/about/smu-leadership/board-trustees/trustees-profiles/saw-phaik-hwa|title=Saw Phaik Hwa &#124; Singapore Management University (SMU)|accessdate=22 July 2015|archivedate=30 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630003234/http://www.smu.edu.sg/smu/about/smu-leadership/board-trustees/trustees-profiles/saw-phaik-hwa}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 2002 n'ihi mbelata mmefu ego. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiaone.com/print/News/Latest+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20120319-334333.html|title=I'm single... I should spend as I wish: Ex SMRT CEO|work=www.asiaone.com}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ SMRT === Na 2002, Saw ghọrọ President nke SMRT. Na Disemba 2011, Saw gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi oche SMRT n'etiti iwe ọha na eze maka ndakpọ ụgbọ oloko abụọ nke mere ka ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala tọrọ atọ. Mmebi ndị a bụ nke kachasị njọ kemgbe mmalite usoro njem na 1987. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Saw Phaik Hwa resigns|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1175196/1/.html|accessdate=6 April 2012|work=channelnewsasia.com|date=6 January 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asiaone.com/print/News/AsiaOne%2BNews/Singapore/Story/A1Story20111218-316922.html|title=SMRT president in the hot seat|accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref> Na 6 Jenụwarị 2012, Saw gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi SMRT, na-esote nke a họpụtara onye isi ndị agha General Desmond Kuek ka onye isi ala na onye isi otu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Getting on track|url=https://www.smrt.com.sg/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Reports/SMRT%20Annual%20Report%202013.pdf|accessdate=2024-10-16|archivedate=2024-05-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530163328/https://smrt.com.sg/Portals/0/PDFs/Annual%20Reports/SMRT%20Annual%20Report%202013.pdf}}</ref> === Auric Pacific === Na 1 May 2012, a họpụtara Saw ka ọ bụrụ CEO nke [[Auric Pacific]], ọkachamara na Delifrance, Sunshine na [[Topone]], gụnyere [[Food Junction|ihe oriri]] kachasị mma na-ere ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tan|first=Christopher|title=Saw Phaik Hwa poised to join unit of Lippo|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Singapore/Story/STIStory_785491.html|work=Breaking News/Singapore|publisher=The Straits Times|accessdate=6 April 2012}}</ref> Ọ lara ezumike nká na post a dị irè 30 Eprel 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2015|title=Saw Phaik Hwa retires as Auric Pacific Group CEO and executive director|url=https://sbr.com.sg/retail/people/saw-phaik-hwa-retires-auric-pacific-group-ceo-and-executive-director|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=Singapore Business Review|language=en}}</ref> == Nkatọ == N'oge ọ nọ dịka onye isi SMRT, Saw boro ebubo na ọ naghị etinye ego na nhazi ụgbọ oloko na egwu. Nke a mere ka njedebe nke ndakpọ ụgbọ oloko, karịsịa na 2015, na-akpata igbu oge na ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/smrt-tragedy-exposes-company-culture-that-needs-163704981.html|title=COMMENT: SMRT tragedy exposes company culture that needs fixing|work=sg.news.yahoo.com|date=27 March 2016|accessdate=31 March 2016}}</ref> == Ntụaka == eze maka ndakpọ ụgbọ oloko abụọ nke mere ka ndị na-anya ụgbọ ala tọrọ atọ. Mmebi ndị a{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gp335ae1ly9vqdk86wyjh1y4nnb8bei Orlaith Carmody 0 53635 195266 190865 2024-11-18T14:32:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person||name=Orlaith Carmody|image=|birth_name=|birth_date=|birth_place=[[Kilmacud]], Dublin, Ireland|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=Irish|spouse={{plainlist| {{marriage|Kieran Gleeson|1983|1989|end=d.}} {{marriage|[[Gavin Duffy]]|1993}} }}|occupation={{Hlist|Author|Journalist}}|boards={{Hlist|HRM|[[RTÉ]]|Ablevision Ireland|HCCI}}|alma_mater={{Ubl|[[Dublin Institute of Technology]]|[[Dublin City University]]}}|website={{url|gavinduffyandassociates.com|Official website}}}} '''Orlaith Carmody''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Irish, onye edemede, onye na-ede akụkọ akụkọ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women told networking is vital in order to grow your own business|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/news/women-told-networking-is-vital-in-order-to-grow-your-own-business-28792517.html|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> na onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Gavin Duffy na Associates (nke bụbu Ọzụzụ Mgbasa Ozi), <ref name="ad">{{Cite web|title=Learn how to perform as a leader|url=http://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/81545/learn-how-to-perform-as-a-leader|work=[[Galway Advertiser]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> ya na di ya na onye ọlụlụ, ''Dragons 'Den'' investor Gavin Duffy . <ref>{{Cite web|title=TV's Gavin Duffy takes off pounds to help would-be entrepreneurs put on €uro|url=http://www.irishmirror.ie/whats-on/film-and-tv/tvs-gavin-duffy-takes-pounds-3273040|work=[[Irish Mirror]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Carmody bụbu onye nta akụkọ na onye nta akụkọ na LMFM na Redio Century . <ref>{{Cite web|title=If it wasn't for the hen parties, I'd have quit the Den – Duffy – Herald.ie|url=http://www.herald.ie/news/if-it-wasnt-for-the-hen-parties-id-have-quit-the-den-duffy-30318118.html|work=[[The Herald (Ireland)|The Herald]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> <ref name="ie">{{Cite web|title=From broken wings to soaring high – former journalist Orlaith Carmody – Independent.ie|url=http://www.independent.ie/entertainment/books/from-broken-wings-to-soaring-high-former-journalist-orlaith-carmody-31538626.html|work=[[Irish Independent]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> Dị ka onye nduzi nke Aerga Productions, <ref>{{Cite web|title='Am I giving my children an advantage? I'm trying my hardest'|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/education/am-i-giving-my-children-an-advantage-i-m-trying-my-hardest-1.747230|work=[[The Irish Times]]|accessdate=21 December 2015|language=en-US}}</ref> ọ meriri akwụkwọ nkuzi nkuzi ihuenyo Ireland iji gaa mmemme ndu mgbasa ozi ụwa nke Entertainment Master Class. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/regionals/droghedaindependent/news/local-production-company-secures-major-bursary-27146903.html|publisher=[[Irish Independent]]|title=Local Producer wins place on the prestigious Entertainment Master Class.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessandleadership.com/leadership/item/41255-women-in-the-boardroom-orl|title=RTE Board Members – Orlaith Carmody|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221132704/http://businessandleadership.com/leadership/item/41255-women-in-the-boardroom-orl|archivedate=2013-12-21}}</ref> O kwuru okwu na TEDxTallaght na 2013, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Find a Customer not a Job: Orlaith Carmody at TEDxTallaght|url=http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Find-a-Customer-not-a-Job-Orlai|work=[[Ted.com]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> TEDxDCU na 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Give Your Family The World|url=http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/Give-Your-Family-The-World-Orla|work=Ted.com|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=TEDxDCU Changing Lives, Challenging Perceptions|url=https://www.dcu.ie/news/2015/jan/s0115c.shtml|work=[[Dublin City University]]|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> na na Mgbakọ SME 2014 na Naples, Italy. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.ec.europa.eu/promotingenterprise/the-2014-sme-assembly-programme/|title=2014 SME Assembly – The Big Debate}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * ''Mee Dị ka Onye Ndú'' . Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Ballpoint Press Limited 24 Septemba 2015. . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Perform as a Leader|url=http://www.galwayindependent.com/business/topics/articles/2015/12/16/4111313-perform-as-a-leader/|work=Galway Independent|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Perform as a Leader' book signing next week|url=http://www.galwayindependent.com/business/topics/articles/2015/12/09/4110924-perform-as-a-leader-book-signing-next-week/|work=Galway Independent|accessdate=21 December 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304100429/http://www.galwayindependent.com/business/topics/articles/2015/12/09/4110924-perform-as-a-leader-book-signing-next-week/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Carmody launches book on strong leadership|url=http://marketing.ie/carmody-launches-book-on-strong-leadership/|work=Marketing.ie|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref> * ''Na-enweghị Gị, Na-ebi Ndụ na ọnwụ'' . Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Ballpoint Press Limited 26 Eprel 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|author=O'Connor|first=Siobhan|title=Orlaith Carmody unites famous faces in moving new book about lost love ones|url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/showbiz/irish-showbiz/i-parked-lot-grief-life-12447165|work=Irish Mirror|date=29 April 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == akwụkwọ nkuzi nkuzi ihuenyo Ireland iji gaa mmemme{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r8gjwgg5uz4hwof0o3gd4pv0fhwynae Zipporah Gathuya 0 53912 195416 191803 2024-11-19T09:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Consultant Pediatric Anesthesiologist|URL=}} {{Databox}}'''Zipporah Gathuya''', bụ onye Kenya na -ahụ maka ahụike gbasara ahụ ike, onye ihe pụrụiche ya bụ nhụsianya ụmụaka . Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi dọkịta na-awa ahụ na St. John Ambulance Kenya, maka afọ 21 n'etiti 1996 na 2017. <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="2R">{{Cite web|date=2019|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/zipporah-gathuya-236ba863/|title=Zipporah Gathuya: Anaesthesiologist, Kenya|accessdate=17 April 2019|publisher=[[Linkedin.com]]|author=Zipporah Gathuya}}</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na Kenya c. 1970s, wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Kenya maka agụmakwụkwọ elementrị na nke sekọndrị. A nabatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi, ebe ọ gụrụ nkà mmụta ọgwụ mmadụ, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Medicine na Bachelor of Surgery (MBChB). <ref name="1R"/> N'afọ 2004, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba nlekọta ahụike na ụlọ ọgwụ Kenyatta National Hospital, na Nairobi, ọ zutere ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ọrịa anesthesiologist abụọ si United States. Ha kpọrọ ya ka o soro ha gaa Minneapolis / St. Paul, [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]], ebe Gathuya gara nkuzi dị mkpirikpi, mkparịta ụka gbasara ọrịa anesthesia ụmụaka na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụaka na Ụlọ Ọgwụ nke Minnesota . Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Kenya, ọ nwere ike ịchọta onye nkwado nke kwadoro akwụkwọ ya na [[South Africa]], ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Master of Medicine (MMed) na Anesthesiology . <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|url=https://childrenssurgeryintl.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2012-summer.pdf|title=CSI's Wonder Woman Zipporah Gathuya: CSI calls her 'Wonder Woman'; her children call her 'mum'|publisher=Children's Surgery International|date=2012|accessdate=17 April 2019|first=Katie|author=Lynch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLynch2012">Lynch, Katie (2012). [https://childrenssurgeryintl.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2012-summer.pdf "CSI's Wonder Woman Zipporah Gathuya: CSI calls her 'Wonder Woman'; her children call her 'mum'"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Minneapolis: Children's Surgery International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ahụmịhe ọrụ == Dr Gathuya gbabara n'ụlọ [[Chogoria Mission Hospital|ọgwụ Chogoria Mission]] dị na Tharaka-Nithi County, ihe dịka 187 kilometres (116 mi), n'okporo ụzọ, north-east of Nairobi, <ref name="4R">{{Cite web|date=17 April 2019|url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?vr=apes&fromplace=Central%20Nairobi,%20Kenya,Kenya&toplace=Pcea%20Chogoria%20Hospital-ER,%20Chuka,%20KEN|title=Distance between Central Nairobi, Kenya and PCEA Chogoria Hospital-ER, Chuka, Kenya|publisher=Globefeed.com|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Globefeed.com}}</ref> ebe ọ na-enweta KSh11,430 (US$114.30) kwa ọnwa. N'ụzọ dị iche, na Julaị 2017, onye ọrụ ahụike ka gụchara ọzụzụ ọzụzụ, nwetara KSh206,989 (US$2,069.89) kwa ọnwa. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ Kenyatta National Hospital goro ya dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ, na ngalaba nlekọta ahụike, o kpebiri ọkachamara dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa anesthesiologist. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|date=20 July 2017|accessdate=17 April 2019|url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/Rich-women-doctors-KRA-list/3405664-4024932-6isfwq/index.html|title=Top women taxpayers|first=Stellar|author=Murumba}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMurumba2017">Murumba, Stellar (20 July 2017). [https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/lifestyle/society/Rich-women-doctors-KRA-list/3405664-4024932-6isfwq/index.html "Top women taxpayers"]. ''[[Business Daily Africa]]''. Nairobi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ezinụlọ == Zipporah Gathuya, bụ nwanyị lụrụ nwanyị nke nwere ụmụ anọ, <ref name="1R"/> n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-elekọta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu, gụnyere ụmụ nwanne nwoke nwụnahụrụ na ụmụ nwanne ndị nne na nna nwụnahụrụ. <ref name="3R"/> == Echiche ndị ọzọ == Ọ bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo na St. John Ambulance Kenya, ebe o jere ozi dị ka onye isi dọkịta na-awa ahụ maka afọ 21 n'usoro, na-agwụ na 2017. Ọ bụ onye otu bọọdụ na Suntra Investment Bank, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa, dabere na Nairobi. <ref name="1R"/> Se bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Children's Surgery International, ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ na Minneapolis nke na-arụ ọrụ ịwa ahụ nye obodo ndị nọ ná mkpa. O sonyela na ogige ịwa ahụ na Bangladesh, [[Ethiopia]], [[Peru]], [[South Africa]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na mba ndị ọzọ. <ref name="1R"/> <ref name="3R"/> Gathuya bụ onye nduzi na [[Global Initiative for Children's Surgery]], òtù na-abaghị uru na 501 (c) (3) ọnọdụ na United States. <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|author=Global Children's Surgery|url=https://www.globalchildrenssurgery.org/leadership/|title=Leadership of The Global Initiative for Children's Surgery|publisher=Globalchildrenssurgery.org|accessdate=17 April 2019|date=2019}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine, nke dabere na Richmond, Virginia, United States. <ref name="6R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pedspainmedicine.org/wp-content/uploads/newsletters/2018/fall/newmembers.html|date=2018|title=Welcome New Members: International: Zipporah Gathuya MBChB, MMed, Nairobi, Kenya|publisher=Pedspainmedicine.org|accessdate=17 April 2019|author=Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi na Global Medical Advisory Board of Smile Train, nzukọ egbugbere ọnụ na ọnụ ọnụ kacha ukwuu n'ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smiletrain.org/cleft-resources/medical-advisory-board|title=Medical Advisory Board|work=Smiletrain.org|accessdate=19 November 2020}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Susane Nabulindo]] * Catherine Nyongesa * [[Shitsama Nyamweya]] * Isabella Epiu == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220625111550/http://www.makeitzero.org/dr-zipporah-gathuya/ Dr. Zipporah Gathuya bụ Ọkachamara Anesthesiologist na-arụ ọrụ na Kenya] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e0xnfdrxaep0bx12ibvbw8fy63g3v6w Olive Edmundson 0 53947 195260 191939 2024-11-18T12:34:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Olive Mary Edmundson (née Harrisson)''' (1881 - 1972) bụ onye ọka iwu Britain nke a jụrụ agụ akwụkwọ na Royal Horticultural Society Garden na 1898. Ndị mụrụ ya bụ Henry na Louis Ann Harrisson.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://benbeck.co.uk/fh/collaterals/3M12cousins.html|title=Children of Gertrude and John Wigham Edmundson|author=Beck|first=Ben|work=benbeck.co.uk|accessdate=2018-10-14}}</ref> Harrisson gara Swanley Horticultural College. E nyere ya akara kachasị elu na Royal Horticultural Society Certificate in Practical Horticulture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45840661|title=Story of unsung gardening heroine revealed|author=Briggs|first=Helen|date=2018-10-14|work=BBC News|accessdate=2018-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.26554|title=Journal Of The Royal Horticultural Society Vol-xxii (1898-99)|author=Wilks W.|date=1899}}</ref> Ihe nrite ahụ bụ ịrụ ọrụ na ogige Royal Horticultural Society na Chiswick, £ 5,000 na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ashteadpark.com/news/519/finding-miss-harrison|title=Finding Miss Harrison|work=Ashtead Park Garden Centre {{!}} Surrey|accessdate=2018-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Royal Horticultural Society jụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma ya, bụ ndị nabatara naanị ụmụ nwoke n'oge ahụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-45552079|title=Who was the mysterious Miss Harrison?|author=Briggs|first=Helen|date=2018-09-22|work=BBC News|accessdate=2018-10-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị mejupụtara ọkara nke ndị kachasị elu.<ref name=":2" /> [[Reverend Wilks|Reverend William Wilks]], odeakwụkwọ nke Royal Horticultural Society, kwadoro Harrisson.<ref name=":4" /> E nyere ya ihe nrite iji kwado mbọ ọ na-agba, nke ọ nọgidere na-agba n'oge ndụ ya niile.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ubi.<ref name=":1" /> Na 1901 ezinụlọ Cadbury were ya n'ọrụ na Northfield Manor House. <ref name=":1"/> Ọ lụrụ Herbert Watson Edmundson, onye injinia eletrik, na 25 Mee 1904. <ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://community.dur.ac.uk/j.d.little/family/Wigham.html|title=Wigham|work=community.dur.ac.uk|accessdate=2018-10-14|archivedate=2017-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106112634/http://community.dur.ac.uk/j.d.little/family/Wigham.html}}</ref> Ọ na-elekọta ubi nwa ya nwanyị nke dị n'ala nke Ụlọ nzukọ ndị enyi na Settle, West Riding nke Yorkshire.<ref name=":1" /> Akụkọ ya pụtara mgbe onye nchọpụta na Royal Horticultural Society Lindley Library chọpụtara akwụkwọ n'ebe ndebe ihe ochie.<ref name=":3"/> BBC kọrọ akụkọ ahụ, ndị na-ege ntị chọpụtakwara onye akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka ya.<ref name=":1" /> Edmundson nwụrụ na 1972 na Settle . <ref name=":1"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} ifvw1ot7bl9ojcgcp17u75tplq7ttdl Ros Vallings 0 53993 195323 192036 2024-11-18T21:43:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Rosamund Vallings''' MNZM bụ dọkịta ahụike, nke a maara dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi na-eduga na ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala (ME/CFS) na New Zealand. == Ọrụ == Vallings agbaala usoro ahụike na Howick, Auckland, kemgbe 1966. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa nwere ME / CFS na ọnọdụ ndị metụtara ya, omume ahụ malitere ọkachamara na ọrịa ahụ, <ref name="about">{{Cite web|url=http://www.drvallings.co.nz/about-ros.html|title=Dr. Rosamund Vallings|work=Dr. Rosamund Vallings|accessdate=12 November 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/95326395/east-auckland-physicians-quest-to-demystify-debilitating-illness|title=East Auckland physician's quest to demystify debilitating illness|work=Stuff|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> na Vallings bịara mara dị ka ọkachamara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/83312267/international-mecfs-conference-airs-exciting-research-prospects|title=International ME/CFS conference airs exciting research prospects|work=Stuff|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/86504125/dispersing-the-fibro-fog--understanding-fibromyalgia|title=Dispersing the fibro fog - understanding fibromyalgia|work=Stuff|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> Vallings tinyere aka na njikwa na ịchọpụta ndị ọrịa nke ndị ọkachamara n'ozuzu na ndị ọkachamara sitere na gburugburu New Zealand zigara, mana lara ezumike nká tupu 2022. Ọ na-agba nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe maka ma ndị ọrịa na ndị na-arụ ọrụ, ma mepụta akwụkwọ nta akwụkwọ mmụta na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi iji nyere aka na nghọta na njikwa nke mgbagwoju anya mgbaàmà nke ME / CFS. Ndị dọkịta ndị ọzọ nọ n'ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na-agwọ ọrịa ahụ. <ref name="about"/> Na 2011, Vallings bụ otu n'ime ndị dere nkọwa ikpe maka ME/CFS, nke akpọrọ "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria". <ref name="Carruthers_2011">{{Cite journal|title=Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria|journal=Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=270|issue=4|pages=327–38|date=October 2011|pmid=21777306|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x}}</ref> Vallings enyela ME/CFS na obodo ahụike ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ. Ndị a gụnyere: osote onye nduzi ahụike nke Auckland Family Planning Association; onye ndụmọdụ ahụike na Ọrụ Nkwado Ọrịa Cancer; Onye isi oche nke Macleans College ; onye otu International Association for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (IACFS/ME, bụbu IACFS); Onye isi oche akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ''International Journal of CFS'' ; onyeisi oche nke New Zealand Society of Hypnosis; na dị ka onye isi ala gara aga ma na-aga n'ihu ( {{As of|2012}} ) onye ndụmọdụ ahụike na Associated New Zealand ME Society (ANZMES). <ref name="Awards">{{Cite news|url=http://anzmes.org.nz/award/|title=Awards|date=2012-06-21|work=ANZMES|accessdate=2017-08-07|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == * 2008: Iso na New Zealand Order of Merit maka ọrụ CFS/ME na 2008 Afọ Ọhụrụ <ref name="Awards"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/216614/Recognition-for-Chronic-Fatigue-researcher|title=Recognition for Chronic Fatigue researcher|work=Stuff|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-14}}</ref> * 2016: Nelson Gantz Clinicians Award, natara na Nzukọ IACFS mere na [[Flórídạ|Florida]], United States, na 30 October 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/GE1611/S00077/dr-vallings-winning-nelson-gantz-clinicians-award.htm|title=Dr Vallings winning Nelson Gantz Clinicians Award|work=Scoop News|accessdate=2017-08-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzdoctor.co.nz/login.aspx?ReturnUrl=/news/2016/november-2016/11/ros-reaps-reward-for-50-years-of-chronic--fatigue-research-and-treatment.aspx&returnid=79300|title=Ros reaps reward for 50 years of chronic fatigue research and treatment|author=(www.bka.co.nz)|first=Site designed and developed by bka interactive ltd, Auckland, New Zealand|accessdate=2017-08-07}}</ref> == Mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ === * 2012: [https://web.archive.org/web/20200925095023/https://calicopublishing.co.nz/book/chronic-fatigue-syndrome-me/ Ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala / ME: Mgbaàmà, Nchọpụta, Ọgwụgwọ] . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ME: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|publisher=Calico Publishing|year=2012|isbn=9781877429026}}</ref> * 2015: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023329/https://calicopublishing.co.nz/book/managing-me-cfs/ Ijikwa ME/CFS: Ntuziaka maka Ndị Na-eto Eto] . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Managing ME/CFS: A Guide for Young People|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|publisher=Calico Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781877429149}}</ref> * 2017: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220125023341/https://calicopublishing.co.nz/book/pocket-guide-chronic-fatigue-syndromeme/ Ntuziaka akpa maka ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala / ME: Eziokwu bụ isi na ndụmọdụ maka ahụike emelitere] . <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Pocket Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ME: Key Facts and Tips for Improved Health|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|publisher=Calico Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9781877429231}}</ref> === Akụkọ === * Ọgọst 2011: [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x/full Myalgic encephalomyelitis: Usoro nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ] . <ref name="Carruthers_2011"/> * Septemba 2011: [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J092v12n04_06 AACFS 7th International Conference] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|date=2004-01-01|title=AACFS 7th International Conference|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=12|issue=4|pages=61–79|doi=10.1300/J092v12n04_06}}</ref> * Disemba 2011: [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J092v12n04_04 Hypnosis in the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|date=2004-01-01|title=Hypnosis in the Management of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=12|issue=4|pages=37–46|doi=10.1300/J092v12n04_04}}</ref> * Disemba 2011: [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J092v06n03_02 Akuko banyere Mgbakọ nke Abụọ nke Ụwa maka Ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala na nsogbu ndị metụtara ya] . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vallings|first=Rosamund|date=2000-01-01|title=Report on the Second World Congress on Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Related Disorders|journal=Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome|volume=6|issue=3–4|pages=3–21|doi=10.1300/J092v06n03_02}}</ref> * Eprel 2017: [http://annals.org/aim/article/2607809/cytokine-inhibition-patients-chronic-fatigue-syndrome-randomized-trial Mgbochi Cytokine na ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala: nnwale a na-atụghị anya ya] . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Cytokine Inhibition in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Randomized Trial|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=166|issue=8|pages=557–564|date=April 2017|pmid=28265678|doi=10.7326/M16-2391}}</ref> * June 2017: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5474682/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Ọrịa ọrịa ike ọgwụgwụ na-adịghị ala ala n'ime ndị na-eto eto: A Primer] . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Diagnosis and Management in Young People: A Primer|journal=Frontiers in Pediatrics|volume=5|pages=121|date=2017-06-19|pmid=28674681|doi=10.3389/fped.2017.00121}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ọmba 4 na Ndepụta Bestseller New Zealand. ''Bent Not Broken'' dị na mba isii na asụsụ ise ma emegharịa ya ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 19ubrqqs6zm23n8kzd06x1bdtrh2z1y Roberta Farrell 0 54044 195320 194456 2024-11-18T21:17:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195320 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Roberta Lee Farrell''' CNZM FRSNZ bụ prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Waikato, New Zealand na onye nyocha nke ama ama mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara mmebi osisi, bioremediation, mycology and enzymology . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/university-waikato-awards-title-emeritus-professor/5/168144|title=University of Waikato awards the title of Emeritus Professor|work=www.voxy.co.nz|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2021-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021073308/http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/university-waikato-awards-title-emeritus-professor/5/168144}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''www.voxy.co.nz''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sci.waikato.ac.nz/about-us/people/rfarrell|title=Roberta Farrell – Faculty of Science and Engineering : University of Waikato|work=sci.waikato.ac.nz|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2020-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923171046/https://sci.waikato.ac.nz/about-us/people/rfarrell}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''sci.waikato.ac.nz''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Site na USA, <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/5759501/The-2011-influencers|title=The 2011 influencers|date=2011-10-10|work=Stuff.co.nz|language=English|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> Farrell nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor ya na Mahadum Missouri, St. Louis <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Alumni%20Interests/RobertaL.FarrellBS1975.html|title=Roberta L. Farrell – Research interests|author=|first=|date=|work=umsl.edu|publisher=University of Missouri–St. Louis|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2016-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814021531/http://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Alumni%20Interests/RobertaL.FarrellBS1975.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240902150445/https://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Alumni%20Interests/RobertaL.FarrellBS1975.html "Roberta L. Farrell – Research interests"]. ''umsl.edu''. University of Missouri–St. Louis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> sochiri MSc na PhD sitere na Mahadum Illinois, Urbana. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":3" /> Farrell mere nchọpụta postdoctoral na Mahadum Chicago 1979-1980 yana na Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT site na 1981 ruo 1984. <ref name=":3" /> == Ọrụ na mmetụta == Farrell malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahụ maka nkà na ụzụ na US, dịka onye ntụzi aka nyocha - enzymes ụlọ ọrụ na Repligen Corporation na Cambridge, Massachusetts. <ref name=":3"/> Ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche na onye isi ọrụ nke Sandoz Chemicals Biotech Research Corporation na Repligen Sandoz Research Corporation. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":3" /> Na 1995 o were sabbatical PAPRO, Forest Research Institute na Rotorua, New Zealand <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Departmental%20News/documents/ScienceinAntarcticacoloredwithlogo.pdf|title=Science in Antarctica: Studying the Historic Huts of the Heroic Era of Antarctic Exploration|author=|first=|date=2008-10-24|work=umsl.edu|publisher=University of Missouri-St. Louis|accessdate=|archivedate=2024-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901044152/https://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Departmental%20News/documents/ScienceinAntarcticacoloredwithlogo.pdf}}</ref> na obere oge ka ọ kwagara wee bụrụ prọfesọ na Mahadum Waikato . <ref name=":0" /> Kemgbe 2013, Farrell abụrụla prọfesọ emeritus na Mahadum Waikato na Hamilton, New Zealand. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụkwa onye prọfesọ ọzọ na North Carolina State University site na 2008 ruo 2013. <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/news/779713/Academic-hailed-in-her-adopted-country|title=Academic hailed in her adopted country|date=2008-12-31|work=Stuff.co.nz|language=English|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> A maara Farrell dị ka onye ọkachamara na fungi na-anabata oyi na microbes na enzymes na-emetụta osisi; <ref name=":4" /> ọrụ ya enweela mmetụta dị ukwuu na biochemistry na biotechnology ubi, kpọmkwem na mpaghara nke enzymes, fungal ecology, bio-control, na cellulose . <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/php/research.php?mode=show&author=102746|title=Research Publications for Roberta L Farrell: University of Waikato|work=www.waikato.ac.nz|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2019-02-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202200825/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/php/research.php?mode=show&author=102746}}</ref> Farrell edugakwala otu mba ụwa n'ọtụtụ njem na Antarctica. <ref name=":0"/> Ọrụ ya na Antarctica enyela aka n'ịghọta nbibi nke ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Antarctic na ihe ndị metụtara ya, <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1695897.stm|title=Scott's hut needs urgent repair|date=2001-12-07|work=BBC|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/2043|title=Scientific evaluation of deterioration of historic huts of Ross Island, Antarctica|journal=New Zealand Science Teacher|volume=114|pages=12–14|author=Farrell|first=Roberta|date=2007}}</ref> na ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị egwu na nchekwa nke Ernest Shackleton na Robert Scott. ụlọ. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4"/> O nyekwara aka na ụfọdụ nchọpụta dị mkpa na microbiology nke McMurdo Dry Valleys . <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/hhmi-science-media/fungi-live-large-at-the-poles-9b172f96b38c|title=Fungi Live Large at the Poles|author=Kristen French|publisher=|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=15 November 2021}}</ref> Ejikọtara Farrell na nyocha sayensị nkeonwe, wee nwee Directorship maka Parrac Limited, ebe ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị guzobere. <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Celebrating-Science/2008-Awards/Taking-care-of-business|title=Taking care of business|work=Sciencelearn Hub|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2016-08-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827214227/http://sciencelearn.org.nz/Science-Stories/Celebrating-Science/2008-Awards/Taking-care-of-business}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parrac.co.nz/|title=Parrac Limited – Owner of the intellectual property, know-how and strains of albino Ophiostoma piliferum, known as Cartapip 97, and as Sylvanex 97™|author=Interspeed.co.nz|work=www.parrac.co.nz|accessdate=2016-06-05|archivedate=2010-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520003712/http://parrac.co.nz/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye hibere ọkà mmụta sayensị nke ZyGEM Ltd. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":6" /> Na mkpokọta, Farrell ebipụtala akwụkwọ nyocha 100 na isi akwụkwọ, <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":5"/> ma jide 30 patent. <ref name=":0" /> E gosipụtara nyocha ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ " ''The Green Chain'' " yana na Māori Television's " ''Project Matauranga'' ". <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Họrọ ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ gụnyere: 2015 - Nhọpụta na Mahadum Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa Center of Microbial Ecology and Genomics Advisory Board. <ref name=":1"/> 2011 - Akpọrọ aha onye mmetụta nke afọ, magazin a na-akparaghị ókè, Auckland, NZ. <ref name=":0"/> 2009 - Onye ibe nke New Zealand Order of Merit maka ọrụ maka nyocha biochemical. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":4"/> Ihe nrite Alumni puru iche, Mahadum Missouri-St Louis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Alumni%20Interests/pda.html|title=UMSL Distinguished Alumni Awards|author=|first=|date=|work=umsl.edu|publisher=University of Missouri–St. Louis|accessdate=|archivedate=2024-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901124812/https://www.umsl.edu/chemistry/Alumni%20Interests/pda.html}}</ref> 2008 - Science entrepreneur of the Year award na KuDos, Hamilton Science Excellence Awards, <ref name=":4"/> oge na Board New Zealand Foundation for Research Science and Technology. <ref name=":2"/> 2007 - Ịkpọ oku inye nkuzi nkuzi Sir Holmes Miller, Alaka Wellington New Zealand Antarctic Society, 22 Nọvemba 2007. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> 2005 – Onye ahọpụtara nke Royal Society of New Zealand . <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.royalsociety.org.nz/organisation/academy/fellowship/current-fellows/?f=roberta-farrell|title=List of Current Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand|work=Royal Society of New Zealand|language=en-us|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> 1998 – A họpụtara na Academy Board of International Academy of Wood Science (1998–2004). <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> 1990 – Onye ahọpụtara nke International Academy of Wood Science == Ọrụ ahọpụtara == * Kirk, T. Kent, na Roberta L. Farrell. "Enzymatic" combustion: microbial mmebi nke lignin. ''Nyocha kwa afọ na Microbiology'' 41.1 (1987): 465–501. * Kirk, T. Kent, et al. "Mmepụta nke otutu ligninases site na Phanerochaete chrysosporium: mmetụta nke ọnọdụ uto ahọpụtara na iji ụdị mutant." ''Enzyme na teknụzụ Microbial'' 8.1 (1986): 27-32. * Farrell, Roberta L., et al. "Njirimara anụ ahụ na enzymatic nke lignin peroxidase isoenzymes sitere na Phanerochaete chrysosporium." ''Enzyme na teknụzụ microbial'' 11.6 (1989): 322-328. * Farrell, RL, Blanchette, RA, Brush, TS, Hadar, Y., Iverson, S., Krisa, K., Wendler, PA, Zimmerman, W. (1993). Cartapip™: ngwaahịa biopulping maka njikwa pitch na nsogbu resin acid na igwe ihe igwe. J. Biotechnol. 30: 115–122 . * Farrell, RL (1998). Sayensị, teknụzụ na ndị ọrụ njedebe: ịkwalite R&D maka mpaghara azụmahịa maka uru ọha. N'ihe ndị isi ụzọ maka Sayensị na Teknụzụ New Zealand nke Council Council nke Royal Society nke New Zealand na-akwado, 5–6 Nọvemba 1998. Usoro dị iche iche 54, p.&nbsp;127–131. * Ntụ aka, SB, Chan, Y. , Lacap, DC, Lau, MCY, Jurgens, J., Farrell, R. L.. 2009. Ọpụrụiche microbial pụrụiche dị n'ọzara pola kpọrọ nkụ. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA, olu 106 no. 47 19964-19969. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908274106. Epub 2009 Ọkt 22. * Farrell, RL, Arenz, BE, Duncan, SM, ejidere, BW Jurgens, JA, Blanchette, RA 2011. E webatara na ahịhịa ụmụ amaala nke ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ross Island na mpaghara Pristine nke Antarctica. Polar Biology. doi: 10.1007/s00300-011-1060-8. * Chan Y., Van Nostrand JD, Zhou J., Ntụ aka, SB, Farrell, RL 2013. gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ọrụ nke odida obodo Antarctic Dry Valleys. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 110: 8990–8995. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1300643110. Epub 2013 Mee 13. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9pnlbenxz8yv6a8zkk6yrr9i33pax80 Tyla Eze 0 54073 195339 194711 2024-11-19T00:20:10Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 195339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Infobox rugby biography|name=Tyla King|image=Tyla Nathan-Wong 2017 (cropped).jpg|alt=|caption=Nathan-Wong in 2017|birth_name=Tyla Nathan-Wong|birth_date={{birth date and age|1994|7|1|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Auckland]], New Zealand|height={{convert|1.65|m|ftin|abbr=on}}|weight={{convert|60|kg|stlb|abbr=on}}|ru_position=Halfback|school=[[Lynfield College]]|provinceyears1=2012|province1=[[Auckland Rugby Union|Auckland Sevens]]|provinceapps1=|provincepoints1=|superyears1=2022|super1=[[Blues Women]]|superapps1=|superpoints1=0|repyears1=2010–|repyears2=2011|repteam1=NZ Women's Touch team|repteam2=NZ U19 Women's Touch Team|repcaps1=|reppoints1=|repsevensyears1=2012–2024|repsevensyears2=2012|repsevensteam1=[[New Zealand women's national rugby sevens team|New Zealand]]|repsevensteam2=Maori Women's Sevens|repyears3=2022|repteam3={{nwrut|New Zealand}}|repcaps3=1|reppoints3=0|repsevenscomp1=195<ref>{{cite web |title= Player Profile – Tyla Nathan-Wong |url= https://www.allblacks.com/playerprofiles/tyla-nathan-wong-2/ |website= All Blacks |accessdate= 4 November 2023}}</ref>|module={{infobox rugby league biography|embed=yes | position = {{rlp|FE}} | club1 = [[St. George Illawarra Dragons Women|St. George Illawarra Dragons]] |year1start = 2023 |year1end = present |appearances1 = 11 |tries1 = 3 |goals1 = 4 |fieldgoals1 = 0 |points1 = 20 | updated = 28 August 2024 }}|medals={{MedalSport|Women's [[rugby sevens]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{NZL}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]] {{MedalGold|[[Rugby sevens at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Rugby sevens at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team competition]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo]]|[[Rugby sevens at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team competition]]}} {{MedalSilver|[[Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Rugby sevens at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|Team competition]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Rugby sevens at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}} {{MedalGold|[[Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Gold Coast]]|[[Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team competition]]}} {{MedalBronze|[[Rugby sevens at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Rugby sevens at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team competition]]}} {{MedalCompetition|[[Rugby World Cup Sevens]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens|2018 San Francisco]]|[[2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens squads – Women#New Zealand|Team competition]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens|2013 Moscow]]|[[2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens squads – Women#New Zealand|Team competition]]}}}}'''Tyla King''' ( née Nathan-Wong ; amuru 1 Julaị 1994) bu onye egwu egwuregwu rugby mba New Zealand, onye egwuregwu egwuregwu rugby ọkachamara na Olympian. Ọ gbara rugby aka, kpado rugby na abụọ asaa na iri na ise-a-akụkụ rugby otu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma tupu na 2012 mgbe ọ dị afọ 18, o mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye egwuregwu rugby asaa ọkachamara mgbe ahọpụtara ya maka otu egwuregwu asaa nke New Zealand . N'ime oge ya na ndị otu ahụ, nke ọ chịburu n'ọtụtụ oge, ha meriri World Rugby Women's Sevens Series na 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019–20, na 2022–23. Ya na ha meriri ihe nrite ọla ọcha na Olympic Summer 2016 na [[Rio de Janeiro]] na ihe nrite ọla edo na-azụ azụ na Olympic Summer 2020 na Tokyo na 2024 Summer Olympics na Paris. Na Mee 2023 a tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọrịta ya na New Zealand Rugby ka ọ kpọọ egwuregwu rugby maka klọb Australian St. George Illawarra Dragons na NRL Women's Premiership . Nke a mere ka ahọpụtara ya na Ọktoba 2023 maka otu egwuregwu rugby nke ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand bụ ndị ọ gbara egwuregwu atọ ruo taa. Ọ laghachiri na ndị otu egwuregwu rugby asaa nke ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand na mbido 2024 tupu ọ lara ezumike nka na rugby asaa mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Olympic Paris. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye kacha akara akara ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro asaa ụmụ nwanyị. Yana imetụ aka, rugby asaa, iri na ise na otu egwuregwu rugby, King nọchitere anya New Zealand na mkpado rugby. <ref name="RugbyGirl">{{Cite web|title=Rugbygirl – Tyla Nathan-Wong|url=http://www.rugbygirl.co.nz/fanzone.php?view=playerProfiles&userID=229|work=Rugby Girl|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816053025/http://rugbygirl.co.nz/fanzone.php?view=playerProfiles&userID=229|archivedate=16 August 2016}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Nathan-Wong na Auckland na 1 Julaị 1994 nye Deanne na Russell Nathan-Wong. A mụrụ nna nna ya, David Wong na New Zealand nye ndị si Guangzhou kwabatara. Ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi ya na Roger Bailey, onye ga-emecha gaa n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu 30 maka otu egwuregwu rugby mba New Zealand n'etiti 1961 na 1970. N'ihi ọbụbụenyi ha Wong malitere ịgba egwuregwu rugby dị ka onye ntorobịa maka Ponsonby n'oge ọ na-adịghị ahụkebe onye sitere na Eshia ịme egwuregwu kọntaktị. <ref name="Mentjox">{{Cite web|author=Mentjox|first=Lauren|date=29 August 2009|title=ENCOUNTER: Passing it on|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/sport/encounter-passing-it-on/YWFSRRWJOBYEK3ZQSJVOZBIOQQ/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> <ref name="McNicol1"/> Ọ gara n'ihu ruo akara ule dị elu n'oge nke ndị otu ya na 1967 meriri asọmpi izizi mpaghara, Fox Memorial Shield. N'otu afọ ahụ Wong ghọrọ onye China nwere ọbara zuru oke ka ọ gbaa ndị otu Auckland egwu egwu. <ref name="Mentjox" /> Ụmụ nwanyị anọ niile nke Wong gbalịrị na mbụ ịgba egwu rugby mana ha chọpụtara na obere ihe oyiyi ha mere ka ọ sie ike ijikwa kọntaktị anụ ahụ nke mere na ha gbanwere n'ịkpọ rugby aka. Korina na Michele ghọrọ ndị nnọchi anya mmetụ mpaghara, ebe Sheree na Deanne nọchitere New Zealand. <ref name="Mentjox" /> Nna Nathan-Wong, Russell (onye sitere na akụkụ-European akụkụ-Maori) gbara egwuregwu rugby n'oge ntorobịa ya. <ref name="McNicol1"/> Ọ tolitere na mpaghara Auckland nke Blockhouse Bay wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Blockhouse Bay. <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị egwuregwu mbụ Nathan-Wong gbara bụ ngwakọta okike n'okpuru-nines rugby league, ọ bụkwa naanị ya bụ nwa agbọghọ na-egwu egwu. <ref name="McNicol1" /> Emechara manyere ya ịhapụ ịgba rugby ka otu egwuregwu nwoke na nwanyị jikọtara ọnụ kwụsịrị mgbe ọ dị afọ 10 na n'oge ahụ enweghị ụzọ ọ ga-esi gaa n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu naanị otu nwanyị. <ref name="Rosser">{{Cite web|author=Rosser|first=Cory|date=5 July 2023|title=NRLW move a long time coming for Nathan-Wong|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2023/07/05/nrlw-move-a-long-time-coming-for-nathan-wong/|work=NRL|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ọ gara Blockhouse Bay Intermediate. <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Lynfield College . <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> Na Lynfield ọ gbara asọmpi na egwuregwu, basketball, football na taekwondo (nke ọ nwetara eriri uhie). <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> N'ihi obere ihe oyiyi ya, ahọpụtaghị ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="McNicol1">{{Cite web|author=McNicol|first=Andrew|date=27 October 2020|title=How New Zealand rugby star Tyla Nathan-Wong's Chinese grandfather helped her overcome gender, racial and size discrimination|url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/rugby/fifteens/article/3107267/how-new-zealand-rugby-star-tyla-nathan-wongs-chinese|work=South China Morning Post|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> Na bọọlụ Nathan-Wong gbara na 2004 n'ime otu ndị otu Metro Boys 10th Grade; na 2004 na 2005 na Auckland Weir Rose Bowl Football Under-12 Girls otu; na 2005 na Three Kings United 13th Grade Girls Division otu, na 2006 na atọ Kings United 15th Grade Girls Division 1 otu; na 2008 na West Auckland Women's Premier Reserves otu, na 2009 na ma United Soccer Under-15 Girls na otu Waitakere Women's Premier otu. <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> == Ọrụ Rugby == === Metụ rugby aka === Ọ bịara mara mbụ mgbe na 2004 mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu rugby Mixed Under-11 Mixed. N'ịkwalite akara ule ọ chịkọtara otu Auckland Under-13 Mixed team na 2005 na 2006. <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> Na 2007 ọ gbara maka ma North Harbor Under-13 Mixed na North Harbor Under-15 Girls' otu. <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> Site na 2006 ruo 2009 ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu ụmụ nwanyị Northern Pirates Under-15 (nke gụnyere ụmụ agbọghọ si Auckland, North Harbor na Counties Manukau). <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu ahụ na 2008. Tupu ọ banye n'òtù asaa ahụ ọ nweghị ahụmahụ n'ịgba ịkụ ọkpọ. Nke a kwụsịrị mgbe ndị nkuzi ahụ kpọpụrụ ya n'akụkụ na-eme ihe ma gwa ya na ọ bụ ọkara azụ azụ, na-eji ezi uche mee ihe maka ntụgharị na ịmaliteghachi nkwụsị nkwụsị. O were ya ihe dị ka otu afọ iji ruo ihe ọ lere anya dị ka ọkọlọtọ a na-anakwere ma ọ na-emewanyewanye nke ọma site n'enyemaka nke Dan Carter na Mick Byrne bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịgba egwu All Blacks site na 2005 ruo 2015. <ref name="Julian1">{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|title=Long live Tyla King|url=https://newsroom.co.nz/2024/07/10/long-live-tyla-king/|work=Newsroom|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye otu Sevens bụ ndị meriri Rugby World Cup Sevens nke afọ ahụ na Moscow. <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> Na 2016 Nathan-Wong bụ onye otu New Zealand nke meriri nrite ọla ọcha na asọmpi Women's Sevens na 2016 Summer Olympics . <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 July 2016|title=New Zealand sevens squads named for Olympics|url=http://www.allblacks.com/News/29404/new-zealand-sevens-squads-named-for-olympics|work=All Blacks|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708022505/http://www.allblacks.com/News/29404/new-zealand-sevens-squads-named-for-olympics|archivedate=8 July 2016}}</ref> <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> Na 2018, Nathan-Wong bụ onye otu ndị meriri ma egwuregwu Commonwealth 2018 emere na Gold Coast na [[Ostraliya|Australia]], yana Rugby World Cup Sevens na San Francisco, United States. N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Nathan-Wong ka ọ bụrụ World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Year ka gụchara oge ahụ dị ka onye gbara bọọlụ kacha elu na asọmpi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Sevens Players of the Year 2019 nominees announced|url=https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/news/447646?lang=en|work=World Rugby|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> Na 2020 na asọmpi Sydney Sevens mgbe ọ gbasịrị mgbanwe megide [[France]] ọ ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ Black Ferns asaa mbụ na naanị nwanyị nke abụọ na akụkọ ntolite asọmpi Sevens Series iji ruo 1,000 isi. <ref name="McNicol1"/> <ref name="Fraser">{{Cite web|author=Fraser|first=Fiona|date=27 May 2022|title=Black Ferns star Tyla Nathan-Wong's love story: 'We were matched by our mums!'|url=https://www.nowtolove.co.nz/news/real-life/black-ferns-tyla-nathan-wong-engagement-45676|work=Now to Love|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> Na Julaị 2021, ọ bụ onye otu New Zealand meriri nrite ọla edo na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi Summer 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=31 July 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: Golden Black Ferns sevens beat France to become Olympic champions|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/125929232/tokyo-olympics-golden-black-ferns-sevens-beat-france-to-become-olympic-champions|work=Stuff|accessdate=2 October 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Clarke&Bruce">{{Cite web|author=Clarke|first=George|date=24 May 2023|title=Dragons land NZ sevens gold medallist Nathan-Wong|url=https://thewest.com.au/sport/rugby-league/dragons-land-nz-sevens-gold-medallist-nathan-wong-c-10749868|work=The West Australian|accessdate=31 May 2023|language=en}}</ref> Na 2022 Nathan-Wong bụ onye otu New Zealand Sevens nke meriri ihe nrite ọla na 2022 Commonwealth Games na Birmingham . <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Rugby Sevens teams named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/|work=All Blacks|accessdate=4 July 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Experienced New Zealand sevens squads revealed for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/300624797/experienced-new-zealand-sevens-squads-revealed-for-commonwealth-games|work=Stuff|accessdate=4 July 2022|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=McConnell|first=Lynn|date=1 August 2022|title=Double bronze for New Zealand Sevens sides in Birmingham|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/double-bronze-for-new-zealand-sevens-sides-in-birmingham/|work=All Blacks|accessdate=5 August 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2022|title=NZ Sevens sides bounce back to win bronze medals|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/01/black-ferns-sevens-bounce-back-for-bronze-in-tough-canada-clash/|work=1 News|accessdate=5 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ihi nhụsianya ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, ọ natara mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu n'August 2022 megide Australia maka ndị otu New Zealand iri na ise ọ nọghị maka iko ụwa asaa na Septemba 2022. Ọ laghachiri na onye isi ndị otu Sevens na egwuregwu abụọ mbụ nke oge 2022-23 Sevens, na Dubai na Cape Town na Disemba 2022. <ref name="Pearson1">{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=2 December 2022|title=Tyla Nathan-Wong returns for Dubai Sevens after missing two World Cups with concussion|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/sevens/130611389/tyla-nathanwong-returns-for-dubai-sevens-after-missing-two-world-cups-with-concussion|work=Stuff|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ na Cape Town ọ gbara ọkpụ abụọ ma gbaa mgbanwe atọ. Mgbe emechara ezumike ya ka ọ kpọọ egwuregwu rugby na 2023 na mgbe ọ kwụsịrị asọmpi abụọ mbụ nke oge 2023 – 24 ọ laghachiri na otu asaa nke New Zealand na Jenụwarị 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2024|title=Sevens Teams set for Scorcher in Perth|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/sevens-teams-set-for-scorcher-in-perth/|accessdate=20 January 2024|work=All Blacks|language=en-NZ}}</ref> N'oge mmeri New Zealand meriri Brazil na asọmpi Los Angeles na 2 Maachị 2024 ọ gafere Ghislaine Landry ka ọ bụrụ onye kacha akara akara ụmụ nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke usoro asaa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=3 March 2024|title=Tyla King of the Sevens Scoring Castle|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/tyla-king-of-the-sevens-scoring-castle/|work=All Blacks|accessdate=4 March 2024}}</ref> Na 20 June 2024 a mara ọkwa na ọ bụ onye otu New Zealand Women's Rugby Sevens maka asọmpi Olympic Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kermeen|first=Mat|date=20 June 2024|title=Sevens star Sarah Hirini completes 'unbelievable' recovery for Paris Olympics|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/350317426/sevens-star-sarah-hirini-completes-unbelievable-recovery-paris-olympics|work=Stuff|accessdate=21 June 2024}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo, meriri Canada 19–12 n'ikpeazụ iji nye ya na New Zealand ihe nrite ọla edo Olympic azụ na azụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burgess|first=Michael|date=31 July 2024|title=Olympics 2024: New Zealand women’s rugby sevens clinch Olympic gold in Paris|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/olympics/olympics-2024-new-zealand-womens-rugby-sevens-clinch-olympic-gold-in-paris/RMU4PDY6C5BZFIXSKPRVYKXF4Q/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=31 July 2024|title=Golden Ferns: How they did it and how it rates|url=https://newsroom.co.nz/2024/07/31/golden-ferns-how-they-did-it-and-how-it-rates/|work=Newsroom|accessdate=6 July 2024}}</ref> Nke a bụ ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya maka ndị otu asaa New Zealand dị ka ọ dị na mbụ na 10 Julaị 2024 Eze kwupụtara na ọ ga-ala ezumike nka na mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Paris ka itinye uche na ọrụ egwuregwu rugby ya. === Iri na ise === N'afọ 2010, a kpọbatara ya ka ọ gaa usoro quadrangular a haziri ngwa ngwa na Hopuhopu, dị nso na Ngāruawāhia nke metụtara ndị otu mpaghara dị iche iche bụ ndị jere ozi dị ka nnwale ịhọrọ ndị egwuregwu maka ndị otu egwuregwu iri na ise na New Zealand ga-asọ mpi World Cup 2010 Rugby. Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ mere akụkụ. <ref name="Julian1"/> Mpụta iri na ise mbụ ya na ọkwa mpaghara bụ na 2016 mgbe ọ gbara egwuregwu ise na ọkara azụ wee nweta isi 15 maka Auckland. <ref name="RugbyGirl"/> Na 2020 na 2021 ọ gbara ngụkọta egwuregwu asaa na ọkara azụ na mbinye ego maka Northland na Farah Palmer Cup n'oge ọ meriri isi 25. <ref name="McNicol1"/> <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> Ọrụ ya maka Northland na 2021 bụ ihe na-akpali akpali nke na akpọrọ aha ya na ọkara azụ na 2022 Rugby Almanack's "New Zealand XV". <ref name="RugbyGirl" /> Ọ sonyeere ndị Blues maka asọmpi mbụ Super Rugby Aupiki . <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=Black Ferns Sevens star joins Blues' Super Rugby Aupiki squad|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-sevens-star-joins-blues-super-rugby-aupiki-squad/|work=All Blacks|accessdate=25 January 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 December 2021|title=Tyla Nathan-Wong released to play for nib Blues|url=https://www.blues.rugby/blues-rugby-news/tyla-nathan-wong-joins-nib-blues|work=Blues Rugby|accessdate=22 August 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> Nathan-Wong nwetara ọkpụkpọ Black Ferns XV nke mbụ ya mgbe ahọpụtara ya maka usoro ule Laurie O'Reilly Cup megide Australia . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2022|title=Black Ferns named for O'Reilly Cup Test series|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-named-for-oreilly-cup-test-series/|accessdate=8 August 2022|work=All Blacks|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2022|title=Wayne Smith eyeing sevens stars for Black Ferns' World Cup tilt|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/02/wayne-smith-eyeing-sevens-stars-for-black-ferns-world-cup-tilt/|work=1 News|accessdate=14 August 2022|language=en}}</ref> O mere nnwale izizi ya maka New Zealand dị ka ọkara azụ mgbe ọ si na bench na ọkara nke abụọ nke egwuregwu ha na Orangetheory Stadium na Christchurch megide Australia na 20 Ọgọst 2022 mgbe ha meriri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=20 August 2022|title=Black Ferns hit the high notes|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-hit-the-high-notes/|accessdate=20 August 2022|work=All Blacks|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 August 2022|title=Black Ferns trounce Australia Wallaroos in first test|url=https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/08/20/black-ferns-trounce-australian-wallaroos/|work=NZ Sports Wire|accessdate=20 August 2022|language=en-NZ|archivedate=20 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820100200/https://www.nzsportswire.com/2022/08/20/black-ferns-trounce-australian-wallaroos/}}</ref> <ref name="Pearson1"/> Mpụta mbụ ya mebiri site n'ịkụ isi nke butere nhụsianya na-adịte aka bụ nke mesịa chụpụ ya na ndị otu Black Ferns XV's World Cup. <ref name="Pearson1" /> === Njikọ Rugby === Na arịrịọ ya a tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọrịta ya na New Zealand Rugby na Mee 2023. Ntọhapụ a nyere ya ohere ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na 24 Mee 2023 ya na ndị otu NRLW rugby League St George Illawarra Dragons na-eche na ọ ga-emecha laghachi na asaa ka ọ kpọọ na 2024 Paris Olympics. <ref name="Clarke&Bruce"/> <ref name="Rosser"/> <ref name="Pearson2">{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=24 May 2023|title=Black Ferns sevens star Tyla Nathan-Wong switches codes, signs with the Dragons in NRLW|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/league/300887501/black-ferns-sevens-star-tyla-nathanwong-switches-codes-signs-with-the-dragons-in-nrlw|work=Stuff|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> Nathan-Wong mere egwuregwu Rugby na klọb mpụta mbụ ya na ise na asatọ na 22 Julaị 2023 maka Dragons megide ndị mmeri NRLW na-achị Newcastle Knights, n'oge ọ gbara mbọ. Ọ gbara ngụkọta nke egwuregwu itoolu n'oge oge mbụ ya. <ref name="Dragons1">{{Cite web|date=17 April 2024|title=Tyla King re-ups with Red V|url=https://www.dragons.com.au/news/2024/04/17/tyla-king-re-ups-with-red-v/|work=Dragons|accessdate=5 August 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, ahọpụtara ya maka ndị otu egwuregwu rugby ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand ka ha soro na asọmpi asọmpi Pacific megide Australia na Tonga. <ref name="Waters">{{Cite web|author=Waters|first=Victor|date=9 October 2023|title=Tyla Nathan-Wong preparing to represent NZ in fifth sport|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/10/09/tyla-nathan-wong-preparing-to-represent-nz-in-fifth-sport/|work=1 News|accessdate=30 October 2023}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu otu ahụ na 28 Ọktoba 2023 meriri Australia 12–6, n'ime ihe bụ mmeri mbụ New Zealand meriri ndị ha na ha na-asọmpi trans-Tasman n'ime afọ asaa. Mgbe o si na Paris Olympic lọta na New Zealand n'ụtụtụ nke 2 Ọgọst 2024 Eze hapụrụ ụbọchị atọ ka e mesịrị ịmalite nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke ga-eme ka ya na St George Illawarra Dragons na-egwu egwu ruo na njedebe nke oge 2025. <ref name="Dragons1"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Na 2011 ọ nwetara mmeri Māori na nturu ugo egwuregwu na ihe nrite Junior Sportswoman na Sport Waitakere Koru Awards. Na 2012 na 2013, ọ meriri Junior Māori Sportswoman of the Year award ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka otu onyinye ahụ na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Te Kāea|date=30 November 2013|title=2013 Māori Sports Awards winners list|url=http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/galleries/2013-maori-sports-awards-winners-list|work=maoritelevision.com|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814105918/http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/galleries/2013-maori-sports-awards-winners-list|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Day|first=Wikitōria|date=18 November 2014|title=Womens Rugby Sevens player Tyla Nathan-Wong finalist for Te Tamāhine-a-Papatūānuku award|url=http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/sport/womens-rugby-sevens-player-tyla-nathan-wong-finalist-te-tamahine-papatuanuku-award|work=maoritelevision.com|accessdate=30 July 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814214702/http://www.maoritelevision.com/news/sport/womens-rugby-sevens-player-tyla-nathan-wong-finalist-te-tamahine-papatuanuku-award|archivedate=14 August 2016}}</ref> Na 2015 na 2019, Nathan-Wong ka akpọrọ New Zealand Sevens Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Simon|date=14 January 2016|title=Nathan-Wong gives it her all|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/75845884/accolades-for-tyla-nathanwong-cap-off-an-awesome-year|work=Stuff.co.nz|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref> Na 2020, Nathan-Wong ka akpọrọ Massey's Distance Sportswoman nke afọ. Na 2023 World Rugby Sevens Series Awards na Mee 2023 Nathan-Wong ka akpọrọ aha ya dị ka onye otu ndị otu nrọ ụmụ nwanyị 2023. Maka arụmọrụ ya n'oge usoro 2022–23 Sevens Nathan-Wong ka akpọrọ World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Year na Ọktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2023|title=Ardie Savea named World Rugby Men's 15s Player of the Year|url=https://www.nzrugby.co.nz/news-and-events/latest-news/ardie-savea-named-world-rugby-mens-15s-player-of-the-year/#:~:text=Black%20Ferns%20Sevens%20player%20Tyla,Year%20in%20partnership%20with%20Tudor.|work=new Zealand Rugby|accessdate=30 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ ebo Ngāpuhi, ma bụrụkwa onye China na agbụrụ Europe. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland, mana n'ihi nkwa egwuregwu ya gbara mbọ ime usoro ruo mgbe ọ gbanwere na 2015 gaa ọmụmụ ihe anya na Mahadum Massey . O mechara nwee ike mezue akwụkwọ ya mgbe na 2023 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Bachelor of Sport and Exercise. Ọ lụrụ waka ama (outrigger canoes) onye egwuregwu Tupuria King na mbido Jenụwarị 2024. <ref name="Fraser"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bailey|first=Jo|date=18 January 2024|title=Black Fern star Tyla Nathan-Wong's fairy tale wedding|url=https://www.nowtolove.co.nz/lifestyle/weddings/tyla-nathan-wong-wedding-48174|work=Now to Love|accessdate=20 January 2024}}</ref> Na 2019 King meriri Te Tai Tokorau Māori Nwoke Egwuregwu Egwuregwu. <ref name="Fraser" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i36fwi5pvs76bioh65ybc3vnqvrw8s2 Portia Woodman 0 54079 195306 192222 2024-11-18T17:48:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Portia Woodman-Wickliffe''' (née '''Woodman''' ; amụrụ 12 Julaị 1991) bụ onye ọkpọ egwuregwu rugby New Zealand. Ọ na-egwu otu rugby n'akụkụ iri na ise na otu asaa, ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị otu egwuregwu rugby asaa nke mba New Zealand na otu egwuregwu rugby mba ụmụ nwanyị New Zealand . Woodman bụ onye otu ndị otu nwanyị asaa nke New Zealand nke meriri nrite ọla ọcha na Olympic Summer 2016 na Rio de Janeiro na ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Summer Summer 2020 na Tokyo na na asọmpi Summer Summer 2024 na Paris. Ọ lara ezumike nka na rugby asaa mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Olympic nke Paris. Na 2022, Woodman ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ meriri 200 gbalịsie ike na Sevens Series . Na Mee 2024, Woodman ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ meriri 250 gbalịsie ike na Sevens Series . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Portia Woodman na Kawakawa na 12 Julaị 1991 nye Kathryn na Kawhena Woodman . <ref name="Rattue1"/> <ref name="Diamond1">{{Cite web|author=Diamond|first=Amy|date=15 July 2018|title=Portia Woodman: Small town Northland girl finds home in Mount Maunganui|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/bay-of-plenty-times/news/portia-woodman-small-town-northland-girl-finds-home-in-mount-maunganui/E4LQKPHMHKRKBV7EBF2JC4CTXU/|accessdate=18 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDiamond2018">Diamond, Amy (15 July 2018). </cite></ref> Ndị nne na nna ya abụọ bụ ndị nkuzi ma kpọọ ya aha ya n'aha heroine si na egwuregwu kachasị amasị ha, ''Onye ahịa nke Venice'' . <ref name="Rattue1" /> Woodman nwere ụmụnne abụọ Baden na Dalton. Woodman sitere na egwuregwu egwuregwu ya na nna ya, Kawhena na nwanne nna ya, Fred Woodman bụbu ndị ojii niile . Nwanne nna ya Richard Woodman gbara egwu maka North Auckland. Nne ya Kathryn nwere ọchịchọ nke igwu egwu maka Silver Ferns, ọ dịkwa nso na nhọrọ maka ndị otu mba ruo mgbe ọ tụụrụ ime na 16 na nwanne okenye Woodman. <ref name="Rattue1"/> Nwanne nne ya Te Aroha Keenan bụ onye bụbu Silver Fern . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jordan|first=Nick|date=2 January 2014|title=New Zealand Sevens star Portia Woodman targeting Brazilian return on Womens World Series|url=http://ur7s.com/news/new-zealand-sevens-star-portia-woodman-targeting-brazilian-return-on-womens-world-series|accessdate=29 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142739/http://ur7s.com/news/new-zealand-sevens-star-portia-woodman-targeting-brazilian-return-on-womens-world-series|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọ gbara ọsọ nke ọma iji merie ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ isii n'ọsọ sprint n'ụbọchị ezinụlọ na marae mpaghara. <ref name="Rattue1"/> A hụrụ ọsọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, a gbakwara ya ume ịbanye n'egwuregwu . Oge mmalite ya bụ na Kaikohe tupu na 1997 ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Auckland. <ref name="Diamond1"/> Woodman dị afọ asaa na-echeta na ọ na-ewute ya mgbe ọ hapụrụ ebe obibi ya maara nke ọma. <ref name="Rattue1" /> Ihe mbụ ọ na-eme mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị bụ ballet ma ọ bụghị ruo otu afọ ka ọ nụchara na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ ọsọ ka onye nchịkwa nke otu ụmụ nwoke gwara ya ka ọ sonyere otu egwuregwu rugby ya. Nke a mere ka ọ bụrụ naanị nwa agbọghọ na-egwu rugby na Glenfield Rugby Union na Sports Club . <ref name="Rattue1">{{Cite web|author=Rattue|first=Chris|date=7 July 2018|title=Rugby superstar Portia Woodman on healing a Black Ferns rift, Jonah Lomu and more|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/rugby-superstar-portia-woodman-on-healing-a-black-ferns-rift-jonah-lomu-and-more/ABSMTYDV5WQ65BR3RWFKIVQAQY/|accessdate=27 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRattue2018">Rattue, Chris (7 July 2018). </cite></ref> Nne ya gbara ume ọ gbakwara bọọlụ. <ref name="Rattue1" /> Mgbe Woodman dị afọ itoolu, ọ na-ekiri ihe nkiri Jonah Lomu na TV na-egwu egwu megide ndị otu Bekee na 1995 World Cup ma kwusara nna ya na ya chọrọ ịbụ nwanyị Jona Lomu. <ref name="Binner1"/> <ref name="Rattue1" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Mount Albert Grammar School ebe nwanne nna ya Te Aroha Keenan, bụ osote onye isi na onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu netball. Ebe rugby abụghị nhọrọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, naanị nhọrọ otu ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị na ya bụ netball. O nwekwara olile anya ịnọchite anya obodo ya n'egwuregwu olimpik wee sonye n'egwuregwu ahụ malite mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ruo mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ iri na asaa. <ref name="RW1" /> Nke a pụtara ijide ụgbọ ala atọ site na Mt Albert Grammar School iji gaa ọzụzụ sprint na AUT Millennium na North Shore. <ref name="CowleyRoss1">{{Cite web|author=Cowley Ross|first=Sarah|date=13 July 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: Portia Woodman's 'unreal love' for her Black Fern fiancée|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/olympics/nz-olympic-team/300355828/tokyo-olympics-portia-woodmans-unreal-love-for-her-black-fern-fiance|accessdate=27 January 2023}}</ref> N'ime izu ụka okpomọkụ Woodman ga-asọ mpi maka ọgbakọ egwuregwu Takapuna na mmemme egwuregwu. Ihe pụtara ìhè n'ọrụ egwuregwu ya bụ ịsọ mpi na 100 mita na mwụli elu okpukpu atọ na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị New Zealand na 2008 na asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị North Island New Zealand na 2009. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Athletics New Zealand Records & Rankings – Portia Woodman|work=Athletics New Zealand Records & Rankings|publisher=Athletics New Zealand|url=http://www.anzrankings.org.nz/site/profiles_con/athlete/503095|accessdate=28 January 2023}}</ref> == Ọrụ Netball == Ka ọ na-erule oge ọ nọ n'afọ iri na ụma Woodman bịarutere na nkwubi okwu na ọ gaghị adị ngwa ngwa iji ruo asọmpi Olympic mana ebe ọ ka hụrụ egwuregwu n'anya, ọ gara n'ihu na ya ka ọ na-etinyekwu uche na netball. <ref name="Binner1"/> O weere netball ka ọ bụrụ naanị egwuregwu otu nke nyere ya ohere kachasị mma ịme egwuregwu n'ọkachamara. Ikike Woodman mere ka a họpụta ya dị ka onye mmepe mmepe maka Northern Mystics tupu ya abanye n'òtù ndị isi ha na 2012. <ref name="NZHerald1">{{Cite web|date=12 July 2013|title=Rugby: Woodman set for auspicious debut|work=[[The New Zealand Herald|NZ Herald]]|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10897443|accessdate=29 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10897443 "Rugby: Woodman set for auspicious debut"]. </cite></ref> Ọ gbara na Trans-Tasman Netball League na 2011 ahọpụtara maka ndị otu mmepe Netball New Zealand. == Ọrụ Rugby == === Gaa maka ọla edo === Na 2012 New Zealand Rugby Union haziri otu mba niile "Gaa maka ọla edo" iji chọpụta talent nwere ikike ịnọchite anya New Zealand na asọmpi Sevens na 2016 Summer Olympics, ebe rugby asaa na-eme mpụta mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand Rugby Union begins search for Olympic hopefuls|url=https://boxscorenews.com/new-zealand-rugby-union-begins-search-for-olympic-hopefuls-p32036-128.htm|accessdate=20 August 2021|work=boxscorenews.com}}</ref> Woodman matara nke a site na mgbasa ozi na Facebook nke kpaliri ma Woodman na enyi ya Kayla McAlister na Northern Mystics ịga ikpe. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Young|first=Henry|date=6 April 2016|title='Rugby Idol' dreams of the biggest stage|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/06/sport/portia-woodman-rugby-sevens-olympics-netball/index.html|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> N'oge ikpe (nke ha gara na-agwaghị onye nchịkwa ha) etinyere ha site na mgbatị ahụ dị iche iche, nkà rugby na ọrụ nyocha agwa. <ref name="Swannell" /> N'ime mmadụ 800 gara ikpe ahụ, Woodman na McAlister so na mmadụ 30 e chere na ha na-ekwe nkwa bụ ndị gara ogige ọzụzụ na Waiouru n'etiti 2012. Woodman chọpụtara mmekọrịta ozugbo na egwuregwu ahụ. N'ileghachi anya azụ, Woodman ekwuola na ịgba ọsọ nyere ya ike ịgba ọsọ nke ọma, ebe netball nyere ya aka ụkwụ na nkà nhazi anya anya iji jide na ịgba ọsọ. <ref name="Binner1">{{Cite web|author=Binner|first=Andrew|date=5 December 2020|title=Exclusive! Rugby ace Portia Woodman on her mission for double gold in 2021|work=olympics.com|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/interview-portia-woodman-rugby-double-gold-2021|accessdate=1 February 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBinner2020">Binner, Andrew (5 December 2020). </cite></ref> Site n'ikike nke CEO nke Northern Mystics, Woodman na McAlister kwere ka igwu ma netball na rugby. Nkwekọrịta mbụ Woodman maka ịgba egwu asaa na-akwụ ya $20,000 kwa afọ. <ref name="Rattue1"/> Iji weta ego ọzọ Woodman ga-azụ n'etiti 5:30 na 7:30 n'ụtụtụ tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka onye nkuzi n'ebe a na-elekọta ụmụaka tupu ya emekwuo ọzụzụ na mgbede. <ref name="Binner1"/> === Mpụta mbụ maka asaa === Na mpụta izizi mba ụwa nke asaa ya na 2012 Oceania Women's Sevens Championship na Fiji ọ gbajiri ubu na egwuregwu mbụ ya, n'ihi na ọ maghị ka esi eme ya nke ọma na otu nwanyị Woodman gbadoro ụkwụ n'elu ya. Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ na asọmpi ahụ. Otu a meriri asọmpi nke mere ka ha banye n'asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke afọ 2013 na Moscow, Russia. Mmerụ ahụ Woodman mere na ọ naghị enwe ike igwu egwu n'asọmpi netball nke mba yana ndị Mystics anaghịzi akpọ ya òkù maka ule. Nke a na-eduga na ịchụpụ Woodman na netball's Accelerant Squad. <ref name="RW1" /> O weere nke a dị ka ihe ịrịba ama ma na-echegbu onwe ya na ọ ga-atụfu ohere na-etolite na rugby o kpebiri itinye uche zuru oke na rugby. <ref name="RW1" /> Nke a bụ n'agbanyeghị nne ya chọrọ ka ọ nye netball afọ abụọ ka ọ chere na nwa ya nwanyị dị nso ka a họrọ ya maka Black Ferns. <ref name="Diamond1"/> A họpụtara Woodman n'akụkụ Lauren Burgess, Marama Davis, Sarah Goss, Lavinia Gould, Carla Hohepa, Chyna Hohepa, Linda Itunu, Kayla McAlister, Huriana Manuel, Tyla Nathan Wong na Amanda Rasch na otu New Zealand maka mmalite 2012–13 IRB Women's World Sevens World. Usoro, nke ha meriri mgbe nke anọ gasịrị na Houston wee merie na Guangzhou na Amsterdam na-enweta ihe 169 ma kwenye 34. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2012|title=New Zealand Name Exciting Women's Sevens Squad|work=Boxscore News|url=https://boxscorenews.com/new-zealand-name-exciting-womens-sevens-squad-p50577-128.htm|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Woodman bụ onye kachasị anwale na akara akara n'usoro a nwere isi 105 site na 21 nwara. <ref name="Young1">{{Cite web|author=Young|first=Henry|date=6 April 2016|title=Portia Woodman: 'Rugby Idol' dreams of performing on the biggest stage|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/06/sport/portia-woodman-rugby-sevens-olympics-netball/index.html|accessdate=27 January 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Young, Henry (6 April 2016). </cite></ref> === Mpụta mbụ maka Black Ferns iri na ise === Ọrụ ya na asaa dugara Woodman na-agbapụta maka Black Ferns iri na ise na 2013 megide England . <ref name="NZHerald1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/sport/portia-woodman-to-make-black-ferns-debut-2013071213|title=Portia Woodman to make Black Ferns debut|work=3 News|date=12 July 2013|accessdate=29 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523082457/http://www.3news.co.nz/sport/portia-woodman-to-make-black-ferns-debut-2013071213|archivedate=23 May 2015}}</ref> Nlaghachi na mmecha asaa na oge 2014 – 15, Woodman meriri 52, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọkpụkpọ asaa nke ise mebie ihe dị ịrịba ama ọkara narị afọ n'otu usoro, na nwanyị mbụ. <ref name="Young1"/> N'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ Woodman aha World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Sevens Players of the Year 2019 nominees announced|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/news/447646?lang=en|accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> === Egwuregwu Olympic Rio 2016 === N'afọ 2016, Woodman bụ onye otu New Zealand Sevens nke gbara asọmpi na Rugby asaa na Rio Olympics . Ọstrelia meriri New Zealand na 24–17 ikpeazụ. Woodman bụ onye gbara mbọ kacha agba mbọ, gbatara ngụkọta nke mbo iri n'ofe asọmpi ụbọchị atọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Rugby ace Portia Woodman on her mission for double gold in 2021|work=Olympics.com|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/interview-portia-woodman-rugby-double-gold-2021|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> === 2017 World Cup === Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu Black Ferns nke iri na ise maka otu ndị otu egwuregwu Rugby World nke ụmụ nwanyị 2017 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Black Ferns squad for 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup named|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|language=en|accessdate=13 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142409/http://www.allblacks.com/News/31052/black-ferns-squad-for-2017-womens-rugby-world-cup-named|archivedate=12 June 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 July 2017|title=Black Ferns World Cup squad named|work=Radio New Zealand|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/sport/334498/black-ferns-world-cup-squad-named|accessdate=13 August 2017|language=en-nz}}</ref> Ndị Black Fern gara n'ihu imeri iko mba ụwa. Woodman nwetara akara kachasị (65) na ọgbalị kachasị (13) n'oge asọmpi ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's Rugby World Cup 2017: By the numbers ｜ Rugby World Cup 2021|work=Rugby World Cup|url=https://www.rugbyworldcup.com/2021/news/276877|accessdate=20 August 2021|language=en}}</ref> Woodman agbaghị egwu maka Black Ferns iri na ise ọzọ ruo 2021, n'ihi njikọta nke nkwa asaa, mmerụ ahụ na ọrịa COVID-19. === Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2018 Gold Coast === Ahọpụtara Woodman na New Zealand Sevens squad na 2018 Commonwealth Games. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand rugby sevens teams named for Commonwealth Games|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/new-zealand-rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/|accessdate=20 August 2021|language=en-NZ|archivedate=28 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228034835/https://www.allblacks.com/news/new-zealand-rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/}}</ref> Asọmpi 2018 bụ nke mbụ a na-asọ mpi rugby asaa nke ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi Commonwealth. Ndị Black Fern meriri ọla edo na oge mgbakwunye, meriri Australia 17–12. <ref>{{Cite web|title=New Zealand claim historic Commonwealth Games double gold – HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/sevens-series/news/324013?lang=en|accessdate=20 August 2021}}</ref> === Mmerụ ahụ === Woodman gbajiri akaị Achilles ya ka ọ na-alaghachi azụ n'oge ọzụzụ na Ugwu Maunganui na Ọktoba 2018. Nne na nna ya abụọ enweela mmerụ ahụ Achilles. <ref name="Swannell">{{Cite book|author=Swannell|first=Rikki|year=2022|title=Sevens Sisters: How a People First Culture Turned Silver into Gold|location=Auckland|publisher=Mower|pages=20, 22, 37, 114–117, 128–129|isbn=978-1-990003-58-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSwannell2022">Swannell, Rikki (2022). </cite></ref> Mgbe a wachara ya ahụ, ọ bụ n'afọ 2019 ka ọ na-enwe ike igwu egwu ọzọ. Woodman laghachiri na asaa na Nọvemba 2019 na asọmpi Oceania, naanị ka ọ merụrụ ahụ hamstring ọzọ na ikpeazụ megide Australia ka ọ na-achụ Sariah Paki. <ref>{{Cite web|date=9 November 2019|title=Portia Woodman injured as Black Ferns Sevens go down to Australia in Oceania final|work=1 News|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2019/11/09/portia-woodman-injured-as-black-ferns-sevens-go-down-to-australia-in-oceania-final/|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Mmerụ ahụ were ogologo oge karịa ka a tụrụ anya ka ọ gwọọ ya, nke mere ka Woodman nwee obi abụọ ma ọ ga-enwe ike igwu egwu ọzọ. Site na nkwado sitere n'aka onye nkuzi nka uche nke asaa na ndị enyi ya ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na mgbake ya. <ref name="Binner1"/> Ka ọ na-erule oge a kpochapụrụ ya ịbanyeghachi n'otu egwuregwu ahụ, mkpọchi COVID-19 na New Zealand zụtara njedebe nke ọzụzụ otu ahụ ọnụ. <ref name="Swannell"/> N'otu oge ahụ Woodman chere na ọ kaghị azụ n'ọnọdụ zuru oke ma ọ bụ ọsọ zuru oke. N'ịbụ onye kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-anwale ụzọ ọzọ iji nwetaghachi ihu ya, o jiri ndụmọdụ New Zealand sprint nchịkwa Kerry Hill weghachite usoro ịgba ọsọ ya. <ref name="Stanley1" /> Iji nwetakwuo mma ụkwụ ya na ịkwụsị ịmalite ịmị ọkụ, ọ nwere ike (site na nkwado nke Cory Sweeney) ịnweta ikike n'aka New Zealand Rugby ka ọ kpọọ egwuregwu netball atọ. <ref name="Swannell" /> <ref name="Stanley1">{{Cite web|author=Stanley|first=Ashley|date=4 August 2020|title=Wonder Woodman off to a flying re-start|work=Newsroom|url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/lockerroom/wonder-woodman-off-to-a-flying-re-start|accessdate=3 February 2023}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStanley2020">Stanley, Ashley (4 August 2020). </cite></ref> N'ihi enweghị Sevens rugby Woodman gbalịsiri ike ijigide ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya ịnọgide na-azụ ọzụzụ. Mgbe ahụ ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu Sevens were nhọrọ nke ịgba rugby iri na ise n'akụkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Donnelly|first=Alison|date=June 2020|title=NZ 7s stars to boost club game|work=Scrum Queens|url=https://www.scrumqueens.com/news/nz-7s-stars-boost-club-game|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Woodman laghachiri ka ya na nwanne nne ya nọrọ n'ugbo ya ebe n'ime ọnwa atọ na-esote ọ gbara bọọlụ rugby maka klọb Kaikohe na mpaghara rugby nke mba maka otu ụmụ nwanyị Northland Kauri. <ref name="Stanley1"/> N'agbanyeghị onyinye Woodman gbara mbọ abụọ Kaikohe tụfuru ikpeazụ asọmpi Northland na Te Rarawa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Clay|date=12 September 2020|title=Rugby Sevens: Star power a boost to Farah Palmer Cup|work=Radio New Zealand|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/425850/rugby-sevens-star-power-a-boost-to-farah-palmer-cup|accessdate=3 February 2023}}</ref> Ebe Northland Kauri enwechaghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mmeri Farah Palmer Cup na asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị mpaghara mpaghara 2020 Woodman gbara ọkpụ isii na mmeri 77–3 otu ya meriri Taranaki. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chapman|first=Grant|date=11 October 2020|title=Farah Palmer Cup 2020: Portia Woodman scores six tries in Northland romp over Taranaki|work=Newshub|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/sport/2020/10/farah-palmer-cup-2020-portia-woodman-scores-six-tries-in-northland-romp-over-taranaki.html|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> Isi iri atọ ọ nwetara bụ nke onye egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị Northland kacha nweta n'otu egwuregwu. Asọmpi a nyekwara aka n'ịkwalite ịhụnanya ya n'egwuregwu ahụ. <ref name="Swannell"/> N'etiti nkwa rugby Woodman nwere ike ịga n'ihu na nkuzi ụlọ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na nwanne nna ya na Northland. Nlaghachi Woodman na asaa bụ mgbe ọ gbara ndị otu ike egwu na asọmpi 2020 Red Bull Ignite7 asaa emere na Blake Park na Mt Maunganui na 5–6 Disemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 December 2020|title=Teams selected for 2020 Red Bull Ignite7|work=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.nzrugby.co.nz/news-and-events/latest-news/teams-selected-for-2020-red-bull-ignite7/|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> Mmeghe nke afụ trans-Tasman na Mee 2021 kwere ka ịme egwuregwu isii megide Australia na ngalaba Orākei na Auckland. Ndị Black Sevens meriri usoro 5–1 na Woodman laghachiri n'ụdị dị elu. <ref name="Swannell"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=23 May 2021|title=Portia Woodman stars as Black Ferns sevens march to fifth win over Australia in warm-up for Tokyo Olympics|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/women-in-sport/125220729/portia-woodman-stars-as-black-ferns-sevens-march-to-fifth-win-over-australia-in-warmup-for-tokyo-olympics|accessdate=7 January 2023}}</ref> === Egwuregwu Olympic nke Tokyo 2020 === Woodman bụ onye otu New Zealand Sevens nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi Tokyo nke emere na Julaị 2021. === Egwuregwu Commonwealth 2022 === Akpọrọ Woodman aha na Black Ferns Sevens squad maka egwuregwu Commonwealth 2022 na Birmingham . <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Rugby Sevens teams named for Commonwealth Games|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/rugby-sevens-teams-named-for-commonwealth-games/|accessdate=4 July 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2022|title=Experienced New Zealand sevens squads revealed for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/commonwealth-games/300624797/experienced-new-zealand-sevens-squads-revealed-for-commonwealth-games|accessdate=4 July 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> O nwetara ihe nrite ọla na mmemme ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=McConnell|first=Lynn|date=1 August 2022|title=Double bronze for New Zealand Sevens sides in Birmingham|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/double-bronze-for-new-zealand-sevens-sides-in-birmingham/|accessdate=5 August 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2022|title=NZ Sevens sides bounce back to win bronze medals|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/08/01/black-ferns-sevens-bounce-back-for-bronze-in-tough-canada-clash/|accessdate=5 August 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> Ọ sokwa na ndị otu nwetara ihe nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke Rugby Sevens na [[Cape Town]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=12 September 2022|title=New Zealand sides scoop silver in Cape Town|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/heartbreak-for-new-zealand-sides-in-cape-town/|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2022|title=NZ Sevens come up short, losing World Cup finals in Cape Town|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/12/nz-sevens-come-up-short-losing-world-cup-finals-in-cape-town/|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wilson|first=Sam|date=11 September 2022|title=Recap: New Zealand's men and women beaten in Rugby World Cup Sevens finals in Cape Town|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/sevens/300684524/recap-new-zealands-men-and-women-lose-their-rugby-world-cup-sevens-finals-in-cape-town|accessdate=22 September 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> === 2021 Rugby World Cup === Woodman mere otu ndị egwuregwu 32 Black Ferns maka iko mba ụwa Rugby 2021 ebidoro. <ref name=":022">{{Cite web|date=13 September 2022|title=Black Ferns squad locked in for Rugby World Cup|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-squad-locked-in-for-rugby-world-cup/|accessdate=15 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 September 2022|title=Black Ferns Rugby World Cup squad named|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/474684/black-ferns-rugby-world-cup-squad-named|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz}}</ref> Ọ gbara mbọ asaa ka ndị Black Ferns meriri Japan 95–12 na nhụta mbụ ha tupu asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=24 September 2022|title=Woodman bags seven tries in Japan rout|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/woodman-bags-seven-tries-in-japan-rout/|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2022|title=Woodman scores seven as Black Ferns thrash Japan before World Cup|url=https://www.rugby.com.au/news/black-ferns-thrash-japan-before-world-cup-2022924|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=rugby.com.au|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=McKendry|first=Patrick|date=24 September 2022|title=Portia Woodman scores seven tries as Black Ferns demolish Japan|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/09/24/portia-woodman-scores-seven-tries-as-black-ferns-demolish-japan/|accessdate=27 September 2022|work=1 News|language=en}}</ref> N'ime egwuregwu mmeghe nke Black Ferns nke iko mba ụwa Rugby, Woodman meriri okpu okpu megide Wallaroos . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=8 October 2022|title=Black Ferns open World Cup with comeback win|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-open-world-cup-with-win/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pearson|first=Joseph|date=8 October 2022|title=Rugby World Cup: Portia Woodman hat-trick rescues Black Ferns in tense opening win over Australia|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/130111193/rugby-world-cup-portia-woodman-hattrick-rescues-black-ferns-in-tense-opening-win-over-australia|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Stuff|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ ọ gbatara ọkpụ ọkpụ abụọ n'ime ha megide Wales n'egwuregwu ọdọ mmiri nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=16 October 2022|title=Black Ferns safely into RWC quarterfinals|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-safely-into-rwc-quarterfinals/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2022|title=Rugby World Cup: Black Ferns defeat Wales 56–12|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/sport/476782/rugby-world-cup-black-ferns-defeat-wales-56-12|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Radio New Zealand|language=en-nz}}</ref> Mgbe Black Ferns chere Wales ihu ọzọ na nkeji iri na ise, ọ meriri okpukpu abụọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burnes|first=Campbell|date=29 October 2022|title=Black Ferns storm into the final four|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-storm-into-the-final-four/|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 October 2022|title=New Zealand 55–3 Wales: Black Ferns knock Wales out of Rugby World Cup at quarter-final stage|url=https://www.skysports.com/rugby-union/news/12321/12732953/new-zealand-55-3-wales-black-ferns-knock-wales-out-of-rugby-world-cup-at-quarter-final-stage|accessdate=27 November 2022|work=Sky Sports|language=en}}</ref> N'asọmpi iko mba ụwa, a manyere Woodman ka ọ pụọ n'ọhịa ka ha na onye ọkpọ England, Lydia Thompson gbachara isi, na nkeji iri na asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=13 November 2022|title='Can't remember anything': Black Ferns star's scary admission after Cup final|work=NZ Herald|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/rugby-world-cup-black-ferns-star-portia-woodman-reveals-she-cant-remember-world-cup-final-win-over-england/ML654UUQNFD4PAT6774INLPO7Y/|accessdate=27 November 2022|language=en-NZ}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Long|first=David|date=13 November 2022|title='I don't know if she'll remember much': Black Ferns coach on Portia Woodman's condition after head knock|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/rugby-world-cup/130459376/i-dont-know-if-shell-remember-much-black-ferns-coach-on-portia-woodmans-condition-after-head-knock|accessdate=27 November 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'ịgbalị asaa na mkpokọta Woodman bụ onye kacha agba mbọ na iko mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=15 November 2022|title=Black Ferns by the Numbers at the Rugby World Cup|work=allblacks.com|publisher=New Zealand Rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/black-ferns-by-the-numbers-at-the-rugby-world-cup/|accessdate=2 February 2023}}</ref> === Laghachi na usoro asaa === Mgbe ọ zuru ike n'ọrụ iko ụwa ya, ọ laghachiri igwu egwu na asọmpi nke atọ na nke fọdụrụ nke oge 2022–2023 asaa. N'ime egwuregwu nkeji iri na ise megide Canada na asọmpi 2022 Canada Women's Sevens emere na Langford na 30 Eprel - 1 Mee 2022 ọ gbara mbọ 200th ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lyth|first=Jaime|date=2 May 2022|title=Northland's Portia Woodman first to reach 200 World Series tries|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/northlands-portia-woodman-first-to-reach-200-world-series-tries/S5AASO4HA4RQRVY7PH7TKYSPGI/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị otu New Zealand maka oge 2023–24, n'oge nke na Los Angeles na 2 na 3 Maachị 2024 ọ gbara asọmpi n'asọmpị mba asaa nke iri ise ya. <ref name="Morton">{{Cite web|author=Morton|first=Finn|date=3 March 2024|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe among three history-making women at SVNS LAX|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/portia-woodman-wickliffe-among-three-history-making-women-at-svns-lax/|work=Rugby Pass|accessdate=5 March 2024}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ise ndị ọzọ ruru ọkwa a dị ịrịba ama, n'etiti ndị ọzọ bụ Charlotte Caslick, Sharni Williams na Chloé Pelle . <ref name="Morton" /> N'oge egwuregwu megide Ireland na 2024 Singapore Sevens asọmpi e mere na 3–5 Mee 2024 ọ gbara mbọ 250th ya, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Morton|first=Finn|date=4 May 2024|title=Watch: SVNS great Portia Woodman-Wickliffe makes more rugby history|url=https://www.rugbypass.com/news/watch-svns-great-portia-woodman-wickliffe-makes-more-history/|work=RugbyPass|accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref> gbakwunyere ọ gbakwara mbọ na ikpeazụ, nke wetara ya na ndekọ 36 gbara mbọ na ngwụcha Sevens, n'ihu. nke Michaela Blyde nwere 32 na Charlotte Caslick na-esote ya na 13. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Julian|first=Adam|date=6 May 2024|title=Sevens Blackwash in Singapore|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/sevens-blackout-in-singapore|work=All Blacks|accessdate=6 May 2024}}</ref> Ọ kwụsịrị oge asaa nke 2023–24 ka ọ gbagoro egwuregwu 43 wee gbaa mbọ 27. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe|work=SVNS|url=https://www.svns.com/en/teams/new-zealand|accessdate=21 June 2024}}</ref> Na 20 June 2024 a mara ọkwa na ahọpụtara ya ka onye otu New Zealand Women's Rugby Sevens maka asọmpi Paris . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kermeen|first=Mat|date=20 June 2024|title=Sevens star Sarah Hirini completes 'unbelievable' recovery for Paris Olympics|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/350317426/sevens-star-sarah-hirini-completes-unbelievable-recovery-paris-olympics|work=Stuff|accessdate=21 June 2024}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo, meriri Canada 19–12 n'ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Burgess|first=Michael|date=31 July 2024|title=Olympics 2024: New Zealand women's rugby sevens clinch Olympic gold in Paris|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/olympics/olympics-2024-new-zealand-womens-rugby-sevens-clinch-olympic-gold-in-paris/RMU4PDY6C5BZFIXSKPRVYKXF4Q/|work=NZ Herald|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> Nke a bụ ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya maka otu asaa asaa nke New Zealand dị ka na mbụ na 2 Julaị 2024 Woodman kwuputara na ọ ga-ala ezumike nka na asaa mba ụwa ka emechara asọmpi Olympic Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 July 2024|title=Portia Woodman-Wickliffe announces impending retirement from international rugby|url=https://www.allblacks.com/news/portia-woodman-wickliffe-announces-impending-retirement-from-international-rugby|work=All Blacks|accessdate=5 August 2024}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * 2015 World Rugby Rugby Women's Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Awards 2015|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/awards/past-winners/2015|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> * 2017 World Rugby Rugby Women's Player of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 November 2017|title=Barrett and Woodman named World Rugby Players of the Year 2017|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/news/296409|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> * 2017 Māori Sportswoman of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 December 2017|title=Portia Woodman and Rieko Ioane win big at annual Māori Sports Awards|work=Stuff|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/99489392/portia-woodman-and-rieko-ioane-win-big-at-annual-maori-sports-awards|accessdate=6 February 2023}}</ref> * 2020 World Rugby Women's Sevens Player of the Decade.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Rugby Awards – Special Edition 2020|work=World Rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournaments/awards/past-winners/2020|accessdate=4 February 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Of Māori descent, Woodman affiliates to the Ngāpuhi iwi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 August 2016|title=43 Māori athletes to head to Rio Olympics|work=Te Karere|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/43-m-ori-athletes-head-rio-olympics-6485449|accessdate=6 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808161124/http://tvnz.co.nz/te-karere-news/43-m-ori-athletes-head-rio-olympics-6485449|archivedate=8 August 2016}}</ref> Woodman na onye Black Fern ibe ya na onye meriri iko mba ụwa Renee Wickliffe enweela mmekọrịta kemgbe 2013, ha lụrụ na Disemba 2022. Di na nwunye a anabatala aha nna ''Woodman-Wickliffe'' . <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 December 2022|title=Black Ferns Portia Woodman and Renee Wickliffe tie the knot|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/black-ferns/300776235/black-ferns-portia-woodman-and-renee-wickliffe-tie-the-knot|accessdate=15 January 2023}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Portia Woodman at the World Rugby Women's Sevens Series (archived) * Portia Woodman at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived) * [http://stats.allblacks.com/asp/profile_bf.asp?BFID=5175 Black Ferns Profile] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4r9cu7gkt0rswmaoohj3ggdb7yrae43 Toeti Heraty 0 54218 195384 194708 2024-11-19T04:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195384 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Toeti Heraty''' (nke a makwaara dị ka '''Toeti Heraty Noerhadi-Roosseno''' ; 27 Nọvemba 1933 &#x2013; 13 June 2021) bụ onye na-ede uri Indonesia. Akpọpụtala ya dị ka "naanị nwanyị so na ndị na-abụ abụ ndị Indonesia n'oge a". == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Toeti Heraty na Bandung, Java na 27 Nọvemba 1933. Nna ya bụ ọkachamara injinia ama ama Roosseno Soerjohadikoesomo na ụmụnne ya niile na-arụ ọrụ na sayensị siri ike. <ref name="DVD">{{Cite book|editor=Wilson|title=On the Record Indonesian Literary Figures|publisher=The Lontar Foundation|year=2004|pages=24–37}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ọdịnala ezinụlọ ya, ọ gbasoro ọgwụ na Mahadum Indonesia (UI) site na 1951 ruo 1955. <ref name="mcglynn">{{Cite book|author=McGlynn|first=John H.|title=A Time A Season: Selected Poems of Toeti Heraty|edition=First|year=2003|publisher=The Lontar Foundation|location=Jakarta|language=en, id|isbn=979-8083-51-2|pages=104–107}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta dị elu na nkà mmụta uche na 1962 wee dee edemede ya na Simone de Beauvoir . Na Mahadum Leiden, [[Netherlands]] o nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya na [[Ákọ na Uche|Philosophy]] wee mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na "The I/Ego in Culture" ma ọ bụ "Aku Dalam Budaya". <ref name="mcglynn" /> Mgbe ọ bi na Netherlands, ọ zutere di ya n'ọdịnihu, onye Indonesian biologist Eddy Noerhadi. Ha lụrụ na 1958. <ref name="mcglynn" /> Heraty dechara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na nkà ihe ọmụma na Mahadum Indonesia na 1979 site na edemede na "The Self and Culture". <ref name="mcglynn" /> N'agbanyeghị na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na sayensị siri ike, ọ hụrụ mmasị ya na nka na akwụkwọ. E wezụga ịbụ onye na-ede uri, ọ bụ onye ọkà ihe ọmụma, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/Toeti_Heraty//|title=Toeti Heraty|publisher=Poetry Translation Centre|accessdate=21 November 2011|archivedate=30 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430050104/http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poets/Toeti_Heraty}}</ref> Ọ malitere ide akwụkwọ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kọleji na kemgbe 1966 bụ onye na-atụnyekarị aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala na agụmagụ nke Indonesia. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụwa agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ kụziri na ngalaba nke Psychology na Mahadum Padjadjaran . O mebere (ya na Soerjanto Poespowardojo) ngalaba nke Philosophy of the Faculty of Arts na [UI] wee jee ozi dị ka onye nkuzi. Ọ bụkwara onye isi oche nke ma ngalaba nke nkà ihe ọmụma na post-gụsịrị akwụkwọ mmemme maka Philosophy Studies. Heraty jekwara ozi dị ka onye isi nke Lembaga Pendidikan Kesenian, ''Jakarta Institute of Arts'', na dịka prọfesọ na-eme ihe na ngalaba nke Arts na UI na 1994. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indonesiabuku.com/?p=4365//|title=Heraty Toeti Noerhadi Rooseno, 70 years, Launches Books|accessdate=21 November 2011|archivedate=25 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425234558/http://indonesiabuku.com/?p=4365%2F%2F}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Satua_Calonarang_performance_by_AyuBulan_Legong_Dance_Group,_International_Conference_on_Feminism,_2016-09-24_02.jpg|thumb|300x300px| Bulantrisna Djelantik na-egosi Calon Arang na ihe nkiri ịgba egwu Balinese dabere na ụdị akụkọ Heraty.]] Akpọpụtala Toeti Heraty dị ka "naanị nwanyị n'ime ndị isi uri ndị Indonesia n'oge a". <ref name="Teeuw">{{Cite book|author=Teeuw|first=A.|authorlink=A. Teeuw|title=Modern Indonesian literature|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|location=The Hague|year=1979|isbn=90-247-2308-6}}</ref> A kọwawo uri ya dị ka ihe siri ike nghọta, na-ejikọta "mgbagwoju anya a kpalitere" na "ụdị onyonyo a na-atụghị anya ya, nke na-akpakọrịta". <ref name="Teeuw" /> Mana ọ ga-abụ na ọ na-eji ihe njakịrị eme ihe n'ụzọ dị irè iji gosipụta ọnọdụ adịghị mma nke ụmụ nwanyị na obodo ndị nna ochie nke na-eme ka uri Toeti dị iche na nke ndị ọgbọ ya. <ref name="Teeuw" /> Ọ wepụtara nchịkọta abụ mbụ ya, "Sajak-Sajak 33" (Poems na 33) na 1974, gụnyere "Dua Wanita" (Ụmụ nwanyị Abụọ), "Siklus" (Cycle) na "Geneva Bulan Juli" (Geneva na July) . O weputara mpịakọta nke abụọ nke uri anakọtara, "Mimpi dan Pretensi" ( Dreams and Pretenses ) na 1982. Ọ deziela mpịakọta uri [[Netherlands|Dutch]] na Indonesian, yana nchịkọta uri ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="bianpoen">{{Cite news|author=Bianpoen|first=Carla|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2003/11/27/toeti-heraty-lives-full-life.html?1|title=Toeti Herarty Lives a Full Life|date=27 November 2003|accessdate=28 October 2011|work=The Jakarta Post}}</ref> Egwu ya, "Calon Arang: Akụkọ nke nwanyị nke nna ochie tara ahụhụ", akwụkwọ egwu dị ogologo, na-enye nghọta dị oke mkpa na nghọta ọkọlọtọ nke nnukwu onye isi obodo Indonesia, Calon Arang . Abụ ahụ na-enye ihe osise atọ nke nwanyị nke na-emegide ndị mmegbu, ndị nna ochie, ma ọ dị mwute ikwu na a ghọtara dị ka onye amoosu a ma ama. <ref name="mcglynn"/> A na-ewere Heraty dị ka nke ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị na-eche echiche nwanyị Indonesian ma dee ọtụtụ ihe gbasara ihe ndị dị mkpa nye ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="mcglynn"/> Egwu Heraty na-egosipụta ọ bụghị naanị ọnọdụ nwanyị ya, kamakwa ịhụnanya o nwere maka nka. Ụlọ ya dị na Menteng, Jakarta, na-arụ ọrụ abụọ dị ka gallery, na-enwe ọtụtụ ihe osise nke ndị na-ese ihe a ma ama, n'etiti ha Affandi, S. Sudjojono, Srihadi Soedarsono. Ọ chịkwara Yayasan Mitra Budaya Indonesia, (YMBI, Foundation for Lovers of Indonesian Culture) na 1998. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artikel "Toeti Heraty" - Ensiklopedia Sastra Indonesia|url=http://ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id/sastra/artikel/Toeti_Heraty|accessdate=13 June 2021|work=ensiklopedia.kemdikbud.go.id}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke ''Jurnal Perempuan'', akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị nke na-ebute okwu gbasara ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=13 June 2021|title=Toeti Heraty, Pendiri Jurnal Perempuan Sekaligus Guru Besar UI Meninggal Dunia|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/06/13/12064771/toeti-heraty-pendiri-jurnal-perempuan-sekaligus-guru-besar-ui-meninggal|accessdate=13 June 2021|work=KOMPAS.com|language=id}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMedia2021">Media, Kompas Cyber (13 June 2021). [https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/06/13/12064771/toeti-heraty-pendiri-jurnal-perempuan-sekaligus-guru-besar-ui-meninggal "Toeti Heraty, Pendiri Jurnal Perempuan Sekaligus Guru Besar UI Meninggal Dunia"]. ''KOMPAS.com'' (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)]]</ref> Heraty nyekwara ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị gọọmentị, Suara Ibu Peduli, nke na-arụ ọrụ maka inye ụmụ nwanyị ike. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Politik Representasi Suara Ibu Peduli|url=http://www.jurnalperempuan.org/7/post/2018/09/politik-representasi-suara-ibu-peduli.html|accessdate=13 June 2021|work=Jurnal Perempuan|language=en}}</ref> Heraty nwụrụ na 13 June 2021 n'ụlọ ọgwụ Metropolitan Medical Center na Jakarta. <ref name=":0"/> == Mbipụta == * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Sajak-sajak 33|publisher=Budaja Djaja|location=Jakarta|year=1974|language=id|oclc=2891785}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Seserpih pinang sepucuk sirih : bunga rampai puisi wanita|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|location=Jakarta|year=1979|language=en, id|oclc=219920699}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Poetry International : Toeti Heraty Noerhadi|publisher=[[Rotterdamse Kunststichting]]|location=Jakarta|year=1981|oclc=66703103}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Mimpi & pretensi|publisher=Balai Pustaka|location=Jakarta|year=1982|language=id|oclc=10111240}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Semalam dengan penyair wanita|publisher=Taman Ismail Marzuki|location=Jakarta|year=1982|language=id|oclc=21870176}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Borobudur|publisher=Djambatan|location=Jakarta|year=1982|oclc=10112746}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Kreativitas : kumpulan 12 makalah serta diskusi Simposium Kreativitas yang diadakan oleh Akademi Jakarta dari tanggal 29-31 Oktober 1980 untuk memperingati ulangtahunnya yang ke 10|publisher=Akademi Jakarta : Dian Rakyat|location=Jakarta|year=1983|language=id|oclc=10760861}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Women's self concept : facts and fears in transition|publisher=The fourth Indonesian-Dutch History Conference Publication|location=Yogyakarta|year=1983|language=id|oclc=24883623}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Aku dalam budaya : suatu telaah filsafat mengenai hubungan subyek-obyek|publisher=Pustaka Jaya|location=Jakarta|year=1984|language=id, nl|oclc=12667941}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Manifestasi puisi Indonesia-Belanda / Indonesia-Nederland poezie manifestatie/ samenstelling|publisher=Penerbit Sinar Harapan|location=Jakarta|year=1986|language=id, nl|oclc=20751882}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Dinamika wanita Indonesia|publisher=Pusat Pengembangan Sumberdaya Wanita|location=Jakarta|year=1990|language=id|oclc=27430424}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Nostalgi, transendensi : pilihan sajak|publisher=Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia|location=Jakarta|year=1995|language=id|isbn=978-979-553-483-9|oclc=33443849}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Calon arang : kisah perempuan korban patriarki : prosa lirik|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|location=Jakarta|year=2000|language=id|isbn=978-979-461-363-4|oclc=4734865}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Hidup matinya sang pengarang|publisher=Yayasan Obor Indonesia|location=Jakarta|year=2000|language=id|isbn=978-979-461-362-7|oclc=52604148}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=A Time, A Season: Selected Poems of Toeti Heraty|publisher=Lontar Foundation|location=Jakarta|year=2003|language=id, en|isbn=978-979-8083-51-8|oclc=54530299}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Pencarian belum selesai : fragmen otobiografi Toeti Heraty|publisher=IndonesiaTera|location=Magelang|year=2003|language=id|isbn=978-979-9375-42-1|id=. .|oclc=54821860}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Pawai kehidupan : 70 tahun Toeti Heraty : sumbangan tulisan dari sahabat, kawan, rekan tercinta dan terhormat|publisher=Yayasan Mitra Budaya Indonesia|location=Jakarta|year=2003|language=id, nl, en|isbn=978-979-9563-16-3|oclc=55286435}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Calon Arang : the story of a woman sacrificed to patriarchy : lyrical prose|publisher=Sanur: Saritaksu Editions|location=Jakarta|year=2006|isbn=978-979-9697-59-2|oclc=105364367}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Warna-warni|publisher=Filsafat UI Press, Departemen Filsafat, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia|location=Depok, Jakarta|year=2008|language=id|isbn=978-979-97298-5-9 <!--9799729858-->|oclc=317778502}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Rainbow : 18 Indonesian women poets|publisher=Tera|location=Yogyakarta|year=2008|isbn=978-978-77506-6-7 <!--9787750660-->|oclc=298707230}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=''Puisi''|publisher=Enitharmon|location=London|year=2008|isbn=978-1-904634-79-9 <!--1904634796-->|oclc=603872004}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Akademi Jakarta mengenang 100 tahun Sutan Syahrir : pasang surut idealisme : kajian "Renungan Indonesia" Sutan Syahrir|publisher=Galeri Cipta II Taman Ismail Marzuki|location=Jakarta|year=2009|language=id|oclc=433975903}} * {{Cite book|author=Heraty|first=Toeti|title=Rainha Boki Raja : ratu Ternate abad keenambelas|publisher=Komunitas Bambu|location=Depok, Indonesia|year=2010|language=en, id|isbn=978-979-3731-85-8|oclc=677976885}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160727074013/http://www.poetrytranslation.org/publications/toeti-heraty-chapbook] == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140505001813/http://www.poetrytranslation.org/poems/183/Jogging_in_Jakarta "Ịgba ọsọ na Jakarta"] * [http://www.lontar.org/index.php?page=author&id=26 "Lontar Foundation"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110829174527/http://indonesiatera.com/TOETY-HERATY-FRAGMEN-OTOBIOGRAFI-PENCARIAN-BELUM-SELESAI.html "Iberibe nke akụkọ ihe mere eme"] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120526002652/http://www.winternachten.nl/winternachten/deelnemerpagina.php?deelnemer_id=0049&editie=3&taal=engels "Ndị edemede Unlimited"] * (in Indonesian) [https://web.archive.org/web/20240515020203/https://sea.lib.niu.edu/islandora/object/SEAImages%3AYL-PG-016-Toeti Akụkọ ndụ Heraty, Toeti | Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia Digital Library] qxexfcmuplgriylnit7istwjxabtq9c Umi Dachlan 0 54239 195390 192527 2024-11-19T05:57:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Umi Dachlan''', amuru '''Umajah Dachlan''', (13 August 1942 - 1 Jenuarị 2009), bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ Indonesian na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi nka. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://archive.ivaa-online.org/khazanahs/detail/32|title=Pameran Besar Seni Lukis Indonesia ke II 1976|author=|first=|date=1976|work=Arsip IVAA|publisher=Dewan Kesenian Jakarta|accessdate=23 March 2018|archivedate=3 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003053903/http://archive.ivaa-online.org/khazanahs/detail/32}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Fine Arts na Design na Bandung Institute of Technology ITB na 1968 dị ka nwanyị nke atọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ebe ọ bụkwa onye nkuzi nwanyị mbụ. A kọwawo ọrụ ya dị ka nkwupụta okwu Abstract na Lyricism ihe atụ. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Umi Dachlan na 13 Ọgọst 1942 na Cirebon dị ka nke itoolu n'ime ụmụaka iri. Nna ya, Muchamad Dachlan, bụ onye Alakụba ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe na onye ọchụnta ego, onye nwụrụ mgbe Umi dị nanị afọ asaa. Nne ya, Rogayah gbalịsiri ike ịzụlite na ịkụziri ụmụ ya ihe n'oge siri ike n'oge ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ Dutch East Indies . Cirebon bụ ntọala maka ike ndị Japan na West Jawa, yanakwa ebe mgbagide. Nke a mere ka ndụ sie ike karịsịa n'oge njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na ndị Japan na-arụ ọrụ na Mkpọsa nke Independence Indonesia na 1945, na njedebe nke ọrụ Dutch nke Dutch East Indies na 1949. Ụlọ ezinaụlọ ahụ nwere nnukwu ogige, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe nkiri Cirebonese omenala, dị ka egwu egwu Topeng omenala, ihe ngosi anwansi Barong Kepet, na omume Martial Arts, nke masịrị Umi karịsịa. Ihe omume ndị a kpughere ya na nka dị iche iche site n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ebe o gosipụtara nkà ya maka eserese, karịsịa ịhụnanya o nwere n'ịse ihe. Mgbe nne ya chọrọ ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ iwu, Umi Dachlan gbasoro ịhụnanya ya maka nka. Ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà ihe osise abụọ bụ isi Indonesian Institute of Arts, Yogyakarta (nke a na-akpọ ASRI) na Ngalaba Nhazi nke ITB na Bandung (FSRD), bụ ebe o debanyere aha na 1962. Akọwapụtara àgwà Umi Dachlan dị ka onye na-azụlite, guzosie ike na ezi site n'aka ndị enyi ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya. Kemgbe 1997, o biri n'ụlọ nrọ ya na okporo ụzọ Tamansari dị n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ Design na Bandung, ebe ọ natara ezigbo ndị enyi ya na ezinụlọ ya. Onye na-ese ihe na onye mmebe ime ụlọ bụ Prọfesọ Imam Buchori Zainuddin, onye rụkwara ọrụ na ITB, haziri ụlọ ya na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eke ìhè na oghere oghere mgbe ọ na-eji ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Emechara ụlọ ahụ na 1997 na ngwá ụlọ nke Farouk Kamal mere, onye na-emepụta ngwá ụlọ Indonesia mgbe oge a na nwa klas Buchori na ITB mere. Ụlọ ya gosipụtara ihe ụtọ ya abụọ kachasị mma, ọdịdị na egwu, karịsịa Jazz, bụ ndị dị mkpa maka ọrụ nka ya. <ref name="Metaphors 2020">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artagendasea.org/umi-dachlan|title=Umi Dachlan|work=Art Agenda, S.E.A.|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-25|archivedate=2020-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225060518/http://www.artagendasea.org/umi-dachlan}}</ref> Umi Dachlan alụghị nwunye, ma ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 66 na 1 Jenụwarị 2009 n'ụlọ ya na Bandung. E liri ozu ya n'ili ọhaneze Jabangbayi dị na Kesambi, Cirebon. == Na-arụ ọrụ == Ọrụ nka nke Umi malitere site n'ịmụ ụkpụrụ na usoro ndị nka nka na ndị nkuzi nka na ITB, Ahmad Sadali . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artandmarket.net/profiles/2018/8/20/umi-dachlan-a-new-pulse-in-the-post-war-bandung-art-scene|title=Umi Dachlan: An Underrated Bandung Artist. A female talent among Indonesian post-war abstraction artists.|author=Chingyi|first=Chua|date=2018-08-20|work=Art & Market|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-02-25}}</ref> AD Pirous, Mochtar Apin, Popo Iskandar, Srihadi na Yusuf Affendi nyekwara ya ndụmọdụ. <ref name=":2" /> Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ibe dịka Heyi Ma'mun, Sam Bimbo, Seriawan Sabana na Sunaryo na-akwanyere ya ugwu ma hụkwa ya n'anya. Umi Dachlan gụchara akwụkwọ ya na Bandung Institute of Technology ITB na 1968. N'oge mahadum, ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye na-emekọ ihe / onye na-emepụta ihe na otu n'ime nkà nke nkà. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ na-ese ọtụtụ kọmitii eserese maka ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, dị ka Pertamina Dumai Office, Archive of Indonesian Armed Forces na Bandung, na n'ụlọ omeiwu Indonesian MPR/DPR dị na Jakarta, bụ ebe ọ kwadoro ntinye ya. Onye nkuzi Ahmad Sadali yana ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":1"/> N'ime otu afọ ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na kọleji, a họpụtara ya onye nkuzi na Faculty of Fine Arts, ITB. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ nwetakwara ihe nrite Hadiah Memorial Wendy Sorensen maka eserese kacha mma. <ref name="Metaphors 2020"/> Wendy Sorensen bụ nwunye onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme Indonesian, Abel Sorensen, onye Onye isi ala Sukarno họpụtara ka ọ chepụta Hotel Indonesia maka egwuregwu 4th Asia na 1960. Umi Dachlan so na ọgbọ nke abụọ ụmụ nwanyị Indonesian nka, bụ nke tolitere n'ime 1960s. Ya na Erna Pirous, nwunye AD Pirous, Kartika Affandi, ada nke Indonesia's Premiya Artist Affandi, Rita Widagdo na Nunung WS, otu ahụ metụtara nkà Indonesian nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ''Image and Abstraction'' nke sochiri ihe ngosi nke onye isi obodo mbụ nke Umi Dachlan na 2000, gosipụtara foto banyere otu ụmụ nwanyị ise niile na-ese ihe n'oge njem ha na Mills College Museum na Auckland, California na 1990s. (Mamannoor, p.&nbsp;32) === Ọrụ mbụ (1962-1976) === Ihe osise Batik ọdịnala na ọrụ teepu na eserese odida obodo metụtara ọrụ mbụ Umi Dachlan. Helena Spanjaard na-akọwa ọrụ mbụ ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, ihe egwu egwu sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na njikọ siri ike na mmemme ya na nhazi akwa na mkpokọta. Mgbe Umi Dachlan nwere mmetụta siri ike site na ngalaba ya na ITB, Bandung, o nwekwara ọtụtụ kọntaktị nka na ụlọ ọrụ nka nke abụọ na Indonesia, Akademi Seni Rupa Indonesia (ASRI) na Institution of Arts Indonesia, Yogyakarta . Kemgbe e guzobere Republic of Indonesia mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ abụọ a gosipụtara okporo ụzọ abụọ nke mkparịta ụka a na-akpọ "East vs West". Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ma na-eme njem ugboro ugboro na mba ofesi iji kwalite nka na ahụmịhe ya. N'afọ 1969, otu n'ime ihe ngosi mbụ ya na mba ọzọ wetara ya, na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe, na New York dịka akụkụ nke ndị nnọchiteanya nke First Lady Siti Hartinah, nwunye nke President Suharto, maka ememe nke 25th ncheta nke United Nations. N'oge njem a, ekpughere ya na ụdị nka America, gụnyere Abstract expressionism, ụdị nka mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị nke hiwere nke ọma n'oge ahụ. Ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Frank Stella ma ọ bụ Robert Motherwell nọ n'isi ha, nke a maara nke ọma na mba ụwa. N'afọ 1970, Umi sonyeere onye nkuzi ya Ahmad Sadali dị ka onye ọrụ nke ndị otu nhazi maka Pavilion Indonesia na Expo '70 na Osaka, Japan. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka a na-akatọ onye nkụzi ya, ITB dị ka Westernized dịka onye na-ese ihe Dutch bụ Ries Mulder na-edu ya kemgbe njedebe nke Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na mkpọsa nke Indonesian Republic. Ya mere, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ebe a na-ele ASRI dị na Yogyakarta anya dị ka ihe ngosi nke ụmụ amaala, ezigbo nkà Indonesia. N'afọ 1954, ihe ngosi nke ụmụ akwụkwọ 11 nke Ries Mulder na ITB amalitela arụmụka ahụ, mgbe onye na-ese ihe na onye nkatọ Trisno Sumardjo kpọrọ ọrụ ha dị ka "enweghị ọbara, usoro iwu, ndị na-eche naanị onwe ha na nke na-abụghị eziokwu na ọnọdụ dị na mba ahụ" . N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, Trisno leghaara na nkatọ ya na karịsịa ihe osise abstract-expressionist nke AD Pirous, Ahmad Sadali na mgbe e mesịrị Umi Dachlan ji ọtụtụ na ike Indonesian ọcha, dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme geometrical ụdị, Balinese-Chinese mkpụrụ ego na okpukpe akara. <nowiki></br></nowiki> Na 1971, Umi sonyeere otu ndị nka 18 na ITB nke kpọrọ onwe ya ''Group 18'' . Ha wepụtara serigraph nke enyo enyo iji mee ka ọrụ ha na ụdị ha mara mma, bụ nke egosiri n'Ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi Taman Izmail Marzuki dị na Jakarta. A maghị ma ọ bụrụ na nhọrọ nke ndị na-ese ihe 18 kpachapụrụ anya ịtụgharị uche na The Irascible 18, otu ìgwè nke 18 Abstract, Modernist artists na 1950 na New York bụ ndị jụrụ nnọchiteanya ha site na ụlọ ọrụ nka n'oge ahụ. Otú ọ dị, taa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị òtù ''The rascible 18'' bụ ndị kasị oké ọnụ artists n'ụwa nile, na n'otu aka ahụ, ''Group 18'' artists taa so na ndị kasị emetụta Indonesian nka kemgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ. Ihe osise ha, ihe oyiyi na nkuzi ha bụ isi nkuku nke nka Indonesian ọgbara ọhụrụ. N'afọ 1974, esemokwu "East vs West" na ilekwasị anya na ụdị nkà oge ochie dị ka ihe osise na ihe ọkpụkpụ mere ka ntọala nke Indonesian New Art Movement, Gerakan Seni Rupa Baru nke a na-ahụ anya dị ka mmalite nke nkà ọgbara ọhụrụ Indonesia. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ese ihe n'otu n'otu nke ITB ahụghị ọrụ ha dị ka ihe ngosi ma ọ bụrụ na ''East vs West'', gụnyere AD Pirous na Umi Dachlan bụ ndị nọ nso na ọtụtụ ndị ASRI Artists, dị ka [[Fadjar Sidik]], [[Handrio]] na [[Nasirun]], ndị mesịrị nwee ọtụtụ nke ọrụ ya n'oge ikpeazụ. Umi Dachlan gosikwara ọtụtụ oge na gallery na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Yogyakarta kemgbe 1968, gụnyere na Affandi Museum . N'afọ ndị mbụ ndị a, ọ bụ ntụzịaka nke ndị nkuzi Umi Dachlan yana nzụlite nka ya mere ka ọ dị ya. Karịsịa na eserese ala ya, ọ na-eji palette agba na oghere yiri nke ọzọ na-eduga nwanyị Muslim onye na-ese ihe, onye edemede Lebanon na onye na-ese ihe osise Etel Adnan . Dị ka Umi Dachlan, Etel Adnan kere eserese na teepu na-egosi odida obodo, na-enweta nkwanye ugwu na-eto eto n'ụwa niile kemgbe mmalite narị afọ 21st. === Ọrụ etiti ọrụ (1977-1987) === Njem njem ya na ọmụmụ ihe mechara kpọga ya Asia na Europe, gụnyere Netherlands, France na Spain, bụ ebe ọ na-etinye aka na nka na omenala ndị Europe. Site na 1977 ruo 1979, Umi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Amsterdam na Gerrit Rietveld Academie . N'oge ọnụnọ a, ọ debakwara aha dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na Design Academy Eindhoven . Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi, ndị nkuzi ibe ya Ahmad Sadali na AD Pirous na-emetụta ọrụ ya n'etiti ọrụ. Umi bụ onye nketa ọdịnala abstraction nke "Sekolah Bandung" nke AD Pirous na Achmad Sadali sụrụ ụzọ. A na-ahụ nke a nke ọma n'ọrụ ya nke pụtara dị ka mbọ iji nweta izu oke mma Sadali. Umi na Sadali dị nso, ma n'ihe gbasara ịbịaru nso na onyonyo mara mma, enweghị mgbagha, na ụghalaahịa ya na-echetara Sadali. Na eserese ya, dị ka nke Sadali, Umi na-eji ngwa agba na-enweghị onwe ya nwere ọtụtụ agba. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Australia, Prọfesọ Astri Wright na-akọwa ụdị Umi Dachlan na 1998 dị ka "Onye na-ese ihe na-adịghị adị ọcha n'etiti ọgbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Indonesian na-ese ihe ugbu a":<blockquote>''Ihe odide Umi Dachlan nwere oke nha nha na iji ọla edo ya na-agba akaebe na ọkaibe ya.'' ''O doro anya na o ji Sadali ụgwọ nke ọ megharịrị ugbu a ka ọ bụrụ nke ya.'' ''Ogologo Umi na pallet, Otú ọ dị, na-amata ọdịiche dị n'ọrụ ya na nke onye nkuzi ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.'' ''Mmekọrịta siri ike dị n'etiti nka ya na ime akwa akwa na-ahụ anya n'ime egwu egwu ya, nke sitere na mpaghara ala.'' </blockquote>Ọ bụ ezie na Umi jụrụ omenala okpukpe siri ike nke ezinụlọ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ha rụrụ ọrụ ime mmụọ na okpukpe dị mkpa n'ọrụ na ndụ ya n'etiti na n'azụ oge. Akọwara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti okpukpe Alakụba ya na nka ya n'akwụkwọ ndị enyi ya, E. na M. Bolansee:<blockquote>''"Ọrụ Umi Dachlan na-emetụta okpukpe. Nkwekọrịta na nrubeisi nye Allah juru ebe niile dị ka ọrụ ya n'ezie bụ ụtụ maka Onye Okike Ukwu."'' </blockquote>Ọrụ ya n'oge a na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ nke nkà ihe ọmụma Islam ma na-egosipụta site na mmekọrịta ime mmụọ ya na ọdịdị na egwu. Karịsịa n'ime oge a, e jiriwo ọrụ ya tụnyere ndị na-ese ihe na Europe dị ka Antoni Tàpies, Jean Fautrier na Pablo Picasso, na karịsịa na Mark Rothko, n'ihi na ọ na-eji ihe atụ yiri nke ahụ metaphysical na ime mmụọ na eserese ya dị ka Rothko ji mee ihe maka ime mmụọ ya miri emi. na-arụ ọrụ. Yiri onye na-ese ihe Australian Kudditji Kngwarreye, bụ onye na-atụnyere Rothko site na ndị ọbịa si mba ọzọ Umi nwere ike ọ maghị maka ntụnyere a, na-achọ echiche nke onwe ya, nke onwe ya. === Ọrụ ikpeazụ (1988-2009) === Mgbe onye ndụmọdụ ya Ahmad Sadali nwụsịrị na 1987, ọ malitere n'ụdị nke ya. Na 1992, ọ gara Hajj na Mekka, ebe ọ nwetara ọzara. Mgbe ahụmihe ndị a gachara, ọ gbakwunyere agba na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ụwa na palette nka ya, dị ka ocher. Otu isiokwu na-adịghị adị n'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ ya bụ "ogidi", isiokwu nke ndị ndụmọdụ ya dịka AD Pirous na Sadali jirikwa ya ugboro ugboro. Ihe osise ya ''Ogidi ise'' yiri ka ọ na-egosipụta Ogidi ise nke Islam . Palette agba ya na-ekpo ọkụ na nke ụwa na-echetara nnukwu onye Spen Abstract Expressionist Antoni Tàpies. Mgbanwe nka ọzọ a na-ahụ anya bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke eserese ihe atụ, dị ka usoro ''Matador'' ya, metụtara ''corridas'', nke masịrị ya. N'afọ 2000, onye nkatọ nka na nka, [[Mamannoor]] dere akwụkwọ sochiri nnukwu ihe ngosi Solo nke Umi Dachlan mere na Andi Galeri na Jakarta. Ọrụ matador anọ dị iche iche, na mkpokọta 75 n'ime ọrụ ya ka egosiri na mbipụta Mamannoor. == Akwụkwọ == === Monographs === * "Umi Dachlan: Onyonyo na Abstraction." Monograph nke Mamannoor, Andi Galeri, Jakarta, 2000. Indonesian na Bekee, ibe 172, efere 101 nwere ọrụ 75 na foto 26 nke Umi Dachlan * "Umi Dachlan: Mythomorphic". Monograph nke Selasar Sunaryo Art Space, 2009. Indonesian, ibe 55 * "Umi Dachlan: Metaphors For Humanity". Monograph nke Vivian Yeo Jin Wen, [[Art Agenda, S.E.A.|Agenda Art Editorial, SEA]], Singapore, 2021. Bekee, Indonesian na Chinese, ibe 248, efere 170 nwere ọrụ na foto Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9811494468|978-9811494468]] === Akwụkwọ nka izugbe === * "Bandung: Laboratory nke West?". Helena Spanjaard na: ''Art Indonesian Modern, 1945-1990'', Peeji 54–77. E bipụtara Fischer, Berkeley, CA, USA, 1990. Gụnyere eserese 2 nke Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0295971414|978-0295971414]] * "Masterpieces of Contemporary Indonesian Painter". Esmeralda na Marc Bollansee. Ndị mbipụta Times bipụtara, Singapore, 1997. Gụnyere eserese 5 yana CV nke Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9812047892|978-9812047892]] * " Ihe Nketa Indonesian: Art Visual" . Hilda Soemantri, nke mbipụta Didier Miller, Singapore, 1998 bipụtara. Na-agụnye eserese 1 na nkọwa nke ụdị Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9813018310|978-9813018310]] * "Ndị na-ese ụmụ nwanyị Indonesia - ákwà mgbochi ahụ na-emepe" Carla Bianpoen, Farah Wardani, Wulan Dirgantoro, Heather Waugh. Yayasan Senirupa bipụtara, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2007. Gụnyere eserese 5 yana CV nke Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9791656207|978-9791656207]] * "Nkà Indonesian nke oge a: Site na Raden Saleh ruo ụbọchị dị ugbu a." Koes Karnadi et al., Nke Koes Artbooks bipụtara, Denpasar, Bali. Mkpukpu nke abụọ. Ed. 2010. Gụnyere eserese 1 na nkowa dị nkenke gbasara Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9798704024|978-9798704024]] * "Ndị na-ese ihe na mkpali ha. Nduzi Site na Akụkọ ihe nkiri Indonesian (1930-2015)." Helena Spanjaard. Ndị mbipụta LM, Volendam, Netherlands, 2016. Gụnyere eserese 1 na foto 1 nke Umi Dachlan. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-9460223877|978-9460223877]] === Ntụaka === <references /> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n5iqwz232ciww7j4rn6g8dcmmmasaq7 Reema Juffali 0 54305 195317 194452 2024-11-18T19:43:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195317 wikitext text/x-wiki a{{Reflist}} {{Databox}}'''Reema Juffali''', a kpọkwara ya dị ka '''Reema Al Juffali''' ma ọ bụ '''Reema Al-Juffali''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/reema-al-juffali-breaking-barriers/article26230791.ece|title=Reema Al Juffali—breaking barriers|author=Reporter|first=Sports|date=2019-02-10|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-IN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seanedwardsfoundation.com/supporters/ambassadors/reema-al-juffali-|title=Reema Al Juffali - Ambassador of the Sean Edwards Foundation|work=Sean Edwards Foundation|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> ( Arabic </link></link> ; amụrụ 18 Jenụwarị 1992), bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọkachamara Saudi Arabian nke na-asọmpi International GT Open ya na ndị otu ya, Theeba Motorsport . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://rj-racing.com/bio/|title=Reema Juffali|work=rj-racing.com|accessdate=2019-12-02|archivedate=2020-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110003846/http://rj-racing.com/bio/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''rj-racing.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị Saudi Arabia mbụ na-anya ụgbọ ala, nwanyị Saudi mbụ nwere ikike ịgba ọsọ yana kwa nwanyị Saudi mbụ meriri n'ọsọ ụgbọ ala mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/people/news/meet-saudi-arabias-first-female-racer-reema-juffali|title=Meet Saudi Arabia's First Female Racer: Reema Juffali|work=Harper's BAZAAR Arabia|date=13 November 2019|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/other-sport/reema-juffali-interview-taking-the-first-step-into-motorsport-is-the-most-difficult-1.785303|title=Reema Juffali interview: Taking the first step into motorsport is the most difficult|work=The National|date=November 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jalopnik.com/reema-juffali-set-to-become-the-first-saudi-woman-to-ra-1839779544|title=Reema Juffali Set To Become The First Saudi Woman To Race In An International Series Within The Kingdom|work=Jalopnik|date=11 November 2019|language=en-us|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 2019, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-anya ụgbọ ala na-agba ọsọ na mba ahụ isonye na asọmpi asọmpi mba ụwa na [[Saudi Arabia|Alaeze Saudi Arabia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/first-saudi-woman-driver-to-race-car-in-kingdom/reema-juffali-makes-history/slideshow/72207540.cms|title=First Saudi woman driver to race car in kingdom - Reema Juffali makes history|work=The Economic Times|accessdate=2019-12-02|archivedate=2020-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328143857/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/first-saudi-woman-driver-to-race-car-in-kingdom/reema-juffali-makes-history/slideshow/72207540.cms}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, akpọrọ aha ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 BBC - ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị 100 na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|work=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Juffali mụrụ ma zụlite na Jeddah. Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, o nwere mmasị na ụgbọ ala na egwuregwu. E weere mmasị ya dị ka ihe na-akpa ọchị n'ihi na mba ahụ machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị iwu ike ịnya ụgbọ ala n'oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1587211/sport|title=Saudi Arabia's first female racing driver proves childhood dreams can come true|date=2019-11-20|work=Arab News|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ praịmarị na British International School of Jeddah . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.northeastern.edu/2019/08/06/making-history-from-the-cockpit-reema-juffali-on-becoming-saudi-arabias-first-female-racing-driver/|title=Making history from the cockpit: Reema Juffali on becoming Saudi Arabia's first female racing driver|work=news.northeastern.edu|date=6 August 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Juffali gbasoro akwụkwọ mmụta dị elu ya na ihe gbasara mba ụwa na Mahadum Northeast na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/womens-sport/2019/10/13/goal-race-top-levels-motorsport-reema-juffali-saudi-arabias/|title='My goal is to race at the top levels of motorsport': Reema Juffali, Saudi Arabia's first female professional racing driver, is creating a real buzz|author=Cox|first=Josie|date=2019-10-13|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba ọsọ == [[Usòrò:F4_Thruxton_Test_Day_17-04-2019_57.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Juffali n'ụgbọ ala F4 ya na Thruxton n'April 2019]] [[Usòrò:ReemaJuffalF3.png|thumb| Juffali na-asọ mpi na GB3 Championship na Brands Hatch na Mee 2021.]] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Juffali nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ ala na Ọktoba 2010 ka ọ gafere ule ịnya ụgbọ ala ya na US. Ọ nwetara akwụkwọ ikike ịgba ọsọ ya na Septemba 2017, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ịnya ụgbọ ala kwụsịrị mmachibido iwu ndị inyom na-anya ụgbọ ala na Saudi Arabia n'otu ọnwa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-saudi-woman-to-drive-race-car-in-kingdom/|title=In first, Saudi woman to drive race car in kingdom|author=Chopra|first=Anuj|work=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> Ọsọ mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ ọkachamara bịara na Ọktoba 2018 wee debanye aha mmeri ọrụ ya bụ isi na Disemba 2018. <ref name=":0"/> N'April 2019, Juffali nọchitere Saudi Arabia na 2019 F4 British Championship na Brands Hatch nke bụ ngosipụta mbụ ya na asọmpi asọmpi na F4 British Championship . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/motorsport/47814192|title=Reema Juffali: Female Saudi driver to make F4 debut at Brands Hatch|date=2019-04-04|accessdate=2019-12-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2019/04/14/Saudi-female-race-driver-Reema-Juffali-makes-F4-debut.html|title=Saudi race driver Reema Juffali makes F4 debut|work=english.alarabiya.net|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-16}}</ref> Na 22 Nọvemba 2019, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị Saudi Arabia mbụ meriri n'asọmpi asọmpi mba ụwa na Saudi Arabia, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/first-saudi-woman-driver-reema-juffali-to-race-car-in-kingdom-2137222|title=First Saudi Woman Driver To Race Car In Kingdom|work=NDTV.com|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> na-ekere òkè na agba mbụ nke 2019-20 Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ọbịa. A na-eme asọmpi ahụ na Riyadh Street Circuit . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1587976/sport|title=Saudi driver Reema Juffali makes history as first woman to compete in Saudi Arabia|date=2019-11-22|work=Arab News|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/first-saudi-arabia-woman-drive-race-car-12119374|title=First Saudi woman driver to race car in kingdom|work=CNA|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-02|archivedate=2019-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123172558/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/sport/first-saudi-arabia-woman-drive-race-car-12119374}}</ref> Ọ gbara asọmpi n'afọ 2020 Formula 4 UAE, yana asọmpi 2021 GB3 .<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Na 2022, Juffali hiwere otu nke ya, Theeba Motorsport, iji kwalite ohere Saudi Arabia na isonye na motorsport site na imepụta usoro ọzụzụ nkuzi na mmemme mmụta. Ndị otu a na-asọmpi na klas Pro-Am nke International GT Open na-ezube ịghọ ndị egwuregwu ịgba ọsọ Saudi mbụ ga-asọmpi na 24 Hours nke Le Mans . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing Theeba Motorsport|url=https://www.theebamotorsport.com/news/introducing-theeba-motorsport|work=theebamotorsport.com|accessdate=10 June 2022}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == Na 2022, a kpọrọ Juffali dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị 100 nke BBC - ndepụta nke ụmụ nwanyị 100 na-akpali akpali na ndị nwere mmetụta gburugburu ụwa - n'akụkụ onye na-abụ abụ Billie Eilish, First Lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Priyanka Chopra . <ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|work=bbc.co.uk|accessdate=6 December 2022}}</ref> == Ndekọ ịgba ọsọ == === Nchịkọta ọrụ === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center" !Season !Series !Team !Races !Wins !Poles !F/Laps !Podiums !Points !Position |- !2018–19 | align="left" |MRF Challenge Formula 2000 Championship | align="left" |MRF Racing |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |16th |- ! rowspan="2" |2019 | align="left" |F4 British Championship | align="left" |Double R Racing |30 |0 |0 |0 |0 |20 |13th |- | align="left" |Formula 4 UAE Championship - Trophy Round | align="left" |Dragon Racing |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |N/A |NC |- !2019–20 | align="left" |Jaguar I-Pace eTrophy | align="left" |Jaguar VIP Car |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- ! rowspan="2" |2020 | align="left" |Formula 4 UAE Championship | align="left" |Dragon Racing |19 |0 |0 |0 |0 |80 |8th |- | align="left" |F4 British Championship | align="left" |Argenti Motorsport |26 |0 |0 |0 |0 |27 |13th |- !2021 | align="left" |GB3 Championship | align="left" |Douglas Motorsport |21 |0 |0 |0 |0 |90 |18th |- ! rowspan="4" |2022 | align="left" |24H GT Series - GT3 Am | rowspan="2" align="left" |SPS Automotive Performance |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |25 |? |- | align="left" |GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- | align="left" |International GT Open | rowspan="2" align="left" |Theeba Motorsport |10 |0 |1 |0 |3 |51 |6th |- | align="left" |International GT Open Pro-Am |10 |4 |1 |0 |6 |57 | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |'''2nd''' |- ! rowspan="2" |2023 | align="left" |GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup | rowspan="2" align="left" |Theeba Motorsport |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- | align="left" |GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |NC |- !2024 | align="left" |F1 Academy | align="left" |Prema Racing |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0* |19th* |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi GB3 zuru ezu === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ '''n'atụghị egwu''' na-egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi; agbụrụ dị n'ụdị ''edemede'' na-egosi n'apata ụkwụ kacha ọsọ) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" !Year !Team !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !22 !23 !24 !25 !26 !27 !28 !29 !30 !DC !Points |- |2019 ! nowrap="" |Double R Racing | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAUw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAVE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAVY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAVs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAWA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAWU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |THR1<nowiki><br id="mwAWo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |THR1<nowiki><br id="mwAW8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |THR1<nowiki><br id="mwAXQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |CRO<nowiki><br id="mwAXk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |CRO<nowiki><br id="mwAX4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |CRO<nowiki><br id="mwAYM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAYg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAY0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAZI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAZc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAZw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAaE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |THR2<nowiki><br id="mwAaY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |THR2<nowiki><br id="mwAas"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |THR2<nowiki><br id="mwAbA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAbU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAbo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAb8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAcQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAck"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|14}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAc4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAdM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAdg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAd0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|10}} !13th !20 |- |2020 ! nowrap="" |Argenti Motorsport | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAeg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|14}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAe0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |DON<nowiki><br id="mwAfI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAfc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAfw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHGP<nowiki><br id="mwAgE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAgY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAgs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwAhA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAhU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAho"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNO<nowiki><br id="mwAh8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |THR<nowiki><br id="mwAiQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |THR<nowiki><br id="mwAik"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |THR<nowiki><br id="mwAi4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAjM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAjg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL<nowiki><br id="mwAj0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |CRO<nowiki><br id="mwAkI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |CRO<nowiki><br id="mwAkc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAkw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAlE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwAlY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAls"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAmA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |BHI<nowiki><br id="mwAmU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | | | | !13th !27 |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi UAE Formula 4 zuru oke === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ na '''nkwuwa okwu''' ''na'' -egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" !Afọ ! Otu ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! 18 ! 19 ! 20 ! DC ! Isi ihe |- | 2020 ! nowrap="" | Ọsọ Dragọn | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB1<nowiki><br id="mwApQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 9 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" | DUB1<nowiki><br id="mwApk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB1<nowiki><br id="mwAp4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 3<br /><br /><br /><br /> 5 | style="background:#FFFFFF;" | DUB1<nowiki><br id="mwAqM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 4<br /><br /><br /><br /> C | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC1<nowiki><br id="mwAqg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC1<nowiki><br id="mwAq0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> 6 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC1<nowiki><br id="mwArI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 3<br /><br /><br /><br /> 9 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC1<nowiki><br id="mwArc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 4<br /><br /><br /><br /> 6 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC2<nowiki><br id="mwArw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC2<nowiki><br id="mwAsE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | YMC2<nowiki><br id="mwAsY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 3<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" | YMC2<nowiki><br id="mwAss"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 4<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB2<nowiki><br id="mwAtA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB2<nowiki><br id="mwAtU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> 5 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB2<nowiki><br id="mwAto"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 3<br /><br /><br /><br /> 7 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" | DUB2<nowiki><br id="mwAt8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 4<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB3<nowiki><br id="mwAuQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 9 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB3<nowiki><br id="mwAuk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> 9 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB3<nowiki><br id="mwAu4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 3<br /><br /><br /><br /> 8 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | DUB3<nowiki><br id="mwAvM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 4<br /><br /><br /><br /> 7 ! 8th ! 80 |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi GB3 zuru ezu === (Ọsọ '''n'atụghị egwu''' na-egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi) (Ọsọ ndị dị na ''mkpụrụedemede'' na-egosi n'apata ụkwụ kacha ọsọ) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" !Year !Entrant !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !22 !23 !24 !DC !Points |- |2021 ! nowrap="" |Douglas Motorsport | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BRH<nowiki><br id="mwAyI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |BRH<nowiki><br id="mwAyc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|16}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |BRH<nowiki><br id="mwAyw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL1<nowiki><br id="mwAzE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL1<nowiki><br id="mwAzY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|16}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SIL1<nowiki><br id="mwAzs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DON1<nowiki><br id="mwA0A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|16}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DON1<nowiki><br id="mwA0U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DON1<nowiki><br id="mwA0o"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA08"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA1Q"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA1k"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwA14"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|13}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwA2M"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|17}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SNE<nowiki><br id="mwA2g"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|17}} | style="background:#FFFFFF;" |SIL2<nowiki><br id="mwA20"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|WD}} | style="background:#FFFFFF;" |SIL2<nowiki><br id="mwA3I"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|WD}} | style="background:#FFFFFF;" |SIL2<nowiki><br id="mwA3c"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|WD}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwA3w"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwA4E"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |OUL<nowiki><br id="mwA4Y"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |DON2<nowiki><br id="mwA4s"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DON2<nowiki><br id="mwA5A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|18}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DON2<nowiki><br id="mwA5U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|15}} !18th !90 |} === Emechara GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ '''n'atụghị egwu''' na-egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi; agbụrụ dị n'ụdị ''edemede'' na-egosi n'apata ụkwụ kacha ọsọ) {| class="wikitable" border="1" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%;" !Afọ ! Otu ! Ụgbọ ala ! Klas ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! Pos. ! Isi ihe |- | 2023 ! nowrap="" | Theeba Motorsport ! nowrap="" | Mercedes-AMG GT3 Evo ! Ọla | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | MNZ<br /><br /><br /><br /> 38 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | LEC<br /><br /><br /><br /> 43† | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA8A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 6H<br /><br /><br /><br /> 52 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA8U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 12H<br /><br /><br /><br /> 60† | style="background:#EFCFFF;" | SPA<nowiki><br id="mwA8o"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 24H<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" | NÜR<br /><br /><br /><br /> 29 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | CAAT<br /><br /><br /><br /> 36 ! 30th ! 6 |} === Rịzọlt F1 Academy zuru ezu === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ '''n'atụghị egwu''' na-egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi; agbụrụ dị n'ụdị ''edemede'' na-egosi n'apata ụkwụ kacha ọsọ) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" !Afọ ! Otu ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! DC ! Isi ihe |- | 2024 ! nowrap="" | Ọsọ Prema | style="background:#CFCFFF;" | JED<nowiki><br id="mwA_g"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1<br /><br /><br /><br /> 11 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" | JED<nowiki><br id="mwA_0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2<br /><br /><br /><br /> Ret | style="background:#;" | MIA<nowiki><br id="mwBAI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 | style="background:#;" | MIA<nowiki><br id="mwBAU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 <br /><br /><br /><br />  | style="background:#;" |CAAT<nowiki><br id="mwBAs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 <br /><br /><br /><br />  | style="background:#;" |CAAT<nowiki><br id="mwBBE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 <br /><br /><br /><br />  | style="background:#;" | ZAN<nowiki><br id="mwBBc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | ZAN<nowiki><br id="mwBBw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | Mmehie<nowiki><br id="mwBCE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | Mmehie<nowiki><br id="mwBCY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | LSL<nowiki><br id="mwBCs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | LSL<nowiki><br id="mwBDA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 | style="background:#;" | ABU<nowiki><br id="mwBDU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 1 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> | style="background:#;" | ABU<nowiki><br id="mwBDo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> 2 [[Category:Pages using small with an empty input parameter]] </link> ! style="background:#;" | 19* ! style="background:#;" | 0* |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala ịgba ọsọ ụmụ nwanyị == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Reema Juffali at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m3hz50mvby06uj3fcq4uxne7s8qdxwz Solo Darling 0 54786 195363 194672 2024-11-19T01:38:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195363 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Christina Solomita (amuru Febụwarị 19, 1987), [1] nke amara aha ya bụ Solo Darling, bụ onye mgba mgba ama ama ama ama maka oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa ya na nkwalite dị iche iche dị ka Game Changer Wrestling na Shimmer Women Athletes.''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/solo-darling-8068.html|title=Solo Darling • Profile & Match Listing|work=profightdb.com|author=Internet Wrestling Database (IWD)|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ ịgba mgba == === Mpaghara nwere onwe ya (2009-2021) === [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling,_September_2018_11.jpg|thumb|349x349px|Ịhụnanya na 2018]] Darling mere mgba mgba mbụ ya ọkachamara na OVW TV #615 na June 1, 2011, na egwuregwu gbara ọchịchịrị, meriri Lady JoJo.[1] Na Game Changer Wrestling's Joey Janela's Spring Break 4 site na Ọktọba 10, 2020, ọ sonyere na agha mmadụ iri atọ ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide ndị mgba dị iche iche dịka onye mmeri Nate Webb, Shark Boy, JTG, Flash Flanagan na Marko Stunt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voicesofwrestling.com/2020/10/12/gcw-joey-janelas-spring-break-4-october-10-results-review/|title=GCW JOEY JANELA'S SPRING BREAK 4 (OCTOBER 10) RESULTS & REVIEW|work=voicesofwrestling.com|first=Kevin|author=Hare|date=October 12, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O meriri n'ọgụ knockout royal na Impact # 774 nke Impact Wrestling, ebe ya na ndị mgba ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Jordynne Grace, Tessa Blanchard, Scarlett Bordeaux na Madison Rayne zutere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wrestlingsc.com/2020/05/13/tasha-steelz-signs-with-impact-wrestling/|title=Tasha Steelz Signs With Impact Wrestling|work=wrestlingsc.com|first=Steph|author=Franchomme|date=May 13, 2020|accessdate=March 21, 2021}}</ref> === Chikara (2016-2020) === A maara ya nke ọma maka oge ya na Chikara, nke o mere nke mbụ ya na National Pro Wrestling Day 2016 na Febụwarị 6, 2016, na mgbalị mmeri megide Heidi Lovelace.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-16/02-06-2016_national-pro-wrestling-day-2016|title=National Pro Wrestling Day 2016 – The Goodwill Beneficial Association Hall|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=February 6, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O sonyere na Chikara King of Trios 2016 Tournament, ebe ya na Candice LeRae na Crazy Mary Dobson sonyeere dị ka Team Shimmer iji daa na Team Original Divas Revolution (Jazz, Mickie James na Victoria) na egwuregwu nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/100-percent-fordifiedchikara-king-of-trios-2016-night-1/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=80eb76e534b806dc0fa1e9c276bad846d5c123b6-1616274749-0|title=100 Percent Fordified: CHIKARA King of Trios 2016 Night 1|work=411mania.com|first=Kevin|author=Ford|date=November 9, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA Every Man For Himself na Disemba 22, 2016, Darling sonyere na egwuregwu gauntlet nke mmadụ 34 ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide ndị mgba dịka onye mmeri Dasher Hatfield, Hallowicked na Ophidian.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-17/02-04-2017_every-man-himself|title=Every Man For Himself|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=December 22, 2016|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA The Lodger na July 8, 2017, ya na Travis Huckabee jikọrọ aka dị ka The Rumblebees iji merie Cornelius Crummels na Sonny Defarge (2-1) na egwuregwu 2-nke-3 maka Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas. Ha tụfuru utu aha n'otu abalị ahụ na Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream na Ice Cream Jr.) na egwuregwu 2-n'ime-3-da.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/upcoming/07-08-2017_thelodger|title=The Lodger – The New Mid-Atlantic Sportatorium|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=July 8, 2017|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na CHIKARA Tug Of War na Nọvemba 9, 2019, Darling sonyeere ya The Bird and the Bee ogologo oge tag team Willow Nightingale iji merie FIST (Tony Deppen na Travis Huckabee) iji merie Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas na egwuregwu 2-nke-3 dara, akara (2-1). Ha nwere utu aha ahụ ruo June 24, 2020, mgbe Chikara mechiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-20/11-09-2019_tug-war|title=Tug of War – The Wrestle Factory|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=November 9, 2019|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> O meriri ugboro abụọ maka Chikara Grand Championship, oge mbụ megide Juan Francisco De Coronado na CHIKARA Egg Monsters From Mars na July 28, 2018, na oge nke abụọ megide Dasher Hatfield onye bụ onye mmeri na-anọchi Mark Angelosetti na ''Young Lions Cup XV - 2nd Stage'' na March 16, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chikarapro.com/events/season-19/07-28-2018_egg-monsters-mars|title=Egg Monsters From Mars – The Wrestle Factory|work=chikarapro.com|author=Chikara|date=July 28, 2018|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/prowrestling/2019/03/12/preview-chikara-young-lions-cup-xv-stages-1-2-3-16-19/|title=Preview: CHIKARA Young Lions Cup XV Stages 1 & 2 (3/16/19)|work=lastwordonsports.com|first=Brandi|author=Wagner|date=March 12, 2019|accessdate=March 21, 2021}}</ref> === Shine Wrestling (2013-2015) === Darling lụrụ ọgụ mbụ ya maka Shine Wrestling na Eprel 19, 2013, na Shine 9, ebe ọ lụrụ Rhea O'Reilly na Brittney Savage na egwuregwu atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/01/24/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-16/|title=Live Coverage: SHINE Wrestling Presents SHINE 16|work=diva-dirt.com|author=Diva-Dirt|date=January 25, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021|archivedate=June 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618115019/http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/01/24/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-16/}}</ref> Na Shine 10 na Mee 24, 2013, ya na Heidi Lovelace na Luscious Latasha sonyeere, na-erughị Jessie Belle, Sassy Stephie na Sojournor Bolt na Egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwponderings.com/2013/05/24/shine-10-05-24-13-ippv-results/|title=SHINE 10 05.24.13 iPPV results|work=pwponderings.com|author=Chris GST|date=May 24, 2013|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na Shine 12 na August 23, 2013, ya na Nikki Roxx jikọrọ aka dị ka akụkụ nke Daffney's All Star Squad stable iji merie The West Coast Connection (Su Yung na Tracy Taylor). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pwponderings.com/2014/01/21/shine-12-review/|title=Shine 12 Review|work=pwponderings.com|first=Jerome|author=Cusson|date=January 21, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> Na Shine 13 na Septemba 27, 2013, Darling chere Mercedes Martinez ihu na mbọ efu.[1] Ọ sonyere na asọmpi egwuregwu Shine Tag Team, ebe ya na Heidi Lovelace jikọrọ aka na Jenụwarị 24, 2014, na Shine 17 dị ka Sistemụ Buddy iji merie Brandi Wine na Malia Hosaka. Ha meriri egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ na Made in Sin (Allysin Kay na Taylor Made) n'otu abalị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/02/28/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-17/|title=Full Results: SHINE Wrestling Presents SHINE 17|work=diva-dirt.com|author=Diva-Dirt|date=January 24, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2021|archivedate=March 1, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301231922/http://www.diva-dirt.com/2014/02/28/live-coverage-shine-wrestling-presents-shine-17/}}</ref> === Beyond Wrestling (2018-2021) === [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling_(14389931459)_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|Ịhụnanya na 2013]] [[Usòrò:Solo_Darling_places_Wheeler_Yuta_in_a_Rivera_Cloverleaf.jpg|thumb|293x293px|Ebe ịhụnanya Wheeler Yuta na SharpStinger (a Rivera cloverleaf) n'oge egwuregwu maka Beyond Wrestling]] Darling nọrọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ atọ na Beyond Wrestling. Ọ gbara mgba ikpeazụ ya na Beyond Project Reality na Mee 6, 2021, ebe ọ dabara na Aaron Rourke n'ihi asọmpi otu. Ọ nọwo na nkwụsị aka mgba ọkachamara kemgbe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://411mania.com/wrestling/hamiltons-beyond-wrestling-project-reality-05-06-2021-review/|title=Hamilton's Beyond Wrestling Project Reality 05.06.2021 Review|work=411mania.com|first=Ian|author=Hamilton|date=May 9, 2021|accessdate=February 22, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Solomita na-akọwa onwe ya dị ka Pansexual. Ọ pụtara na ngwụcha afọ 2020 n'oge ọnwa mpako.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.listennotes.com/fil/podcasts/outsports/lgbt-in-the-ring-ep-54-solo-X48jQURheE6/|title=LGBT In The Ring Ep. 54: Solo Darling|author=Outsports|date=October 1, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> == Mmeri na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * '''Mgbe E Kwụsịrị Ịgba Agha''' ** Ememme asọmpi ịgba mgba (1 oge) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=5&nr=5069|title=Feast Championship Wrestling Championship « Titles Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database|work=www.cagematch.net}}</ref> * '''Chikara''' ** Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (2 ugboro, nke ikpeazụ) - ya na Willow Nightingale na Travis Huckabee <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/pa/e/chikara/chikara-t.html|title=CHIKARA Tag Team Title "Campeonatos de Parejas"|work=wrestling-titles.com|author=Wrestling Titles History|date=June 24, 2020|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> * '''''Ihe osise maka ịgba mgba''''' ** Nọkwa nke 72 n'ime 100 ụmụ nwanyị na-alụ ọgụ na PWI Women's 100 na 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) Female 50/100 for 2020|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-female-50/2020.html|work=The Internet Wrestling Database|accessdate=December 12, 2020}}</ref> * '''Ndị Agha Mkpịsị Aka''' ** Battling Bombshells Tag Team Championship (1 oge) - ya na Brittney Savage <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://louiswrestling.proboards.com/thread/246|title="STARS, STRIPES & BOMBSHELLS" in FL on July 20th|work=louiswrestling.proboards.com|author=L.O.U.I.S. WRESTLING Forum|date=July 2, 2013|accessdate=March 20, 2021}}</ref> * '''World Xtreme Wrestling''' ** WXW Women's Championship (oge 1) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOnye Na-ahụ N'anyana Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nxzc3z8cm4ua7gdquzmfayhma4sn5ij Soma Edirisinghe 0 54788 195364 194673 2024-11-19T01:43:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Deshabandu, Deshashakthi , Lion|website={{url|janasarana.org}}}} '''Soma Edirisinghe''' (Sinhala; 5 Julaị 1939 - 5 Nọvemba 2015) bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, onye ọrụ ebere na onye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sarasaviya.lk/2015/11/12/?fn=sa1511126|title=Sri Lankan Iron Lady|publisher=Sarasaviya|accessdate=11 March 2017}}</ref> &nbsp;A mụrụ ya na Meegoda, Sri Lanka na 5 Julaị 1939 n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ nwanyị itoolu, ma nwụọ na 5 Nọvemba 2015 n'ụlọ ọgwụ onwe onye na Colombo. <ref name="cbr.lk">{{Cite web|title=In Remembrance of Mrs. Soma Edirisinghe - Ceylon Business Reporter|url=http://cbr.lk/uncategorized/remembrance-mrs-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Ceylon Business Reporter|date=5 November 2015|accessdate=2015-11-06|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://cbr.lk/uncategorized/remembrance-mrs-soma-edirisinghe/ "In Remembrance of Mrs. Soma Edirisinghe - Ceylon Business Reporter"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=32944|title=Soma Edirisinghe passes away at age 76|publisher=Adaderana|date=5 November 2015}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ EAP Edirisinghe ma ha nwere ụmụ anọ: ụmụ nwoke atọ, Jeewaka, Nalaka na Asanka, na nwa nwanyị, Deepa. == Ndụ mbido == Edirisnghe bụ nwa nwanyị nke Charles Perera, onye ọrụ ugbo; nne ya bụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọ gara Meegoda Government School, Dharmapala Vidyalaya Pannipitaya na Samudradevi School na Nugegoda (St.john's College), mpaghara Colombo. EAP Edirisinghe buru ụzọ kwuo na ọ ga-alụ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị , a jụrụ onyinye ahụ.<ref name="magazine.lankahelp.com">{{Cite web|title=The Success Story of Soma Edirisinghe|url=http://magazine.lankahelp.com/2013/12/19/the-success-story-of-soma-edirisinghe/|work=Lanka Help Magazine|accessdate=2015-11-06|author=Sandum W|date=2011-12-19|archivedate=2015-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027110213/http://magazine.lankahelp.com/2013/12/19/the-success-story-of-soma-edirisinghe/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSandum_W2011">Sandum W (19 December 2011). </cite></ref> == Ọrụ azụmahịa == Ọrụ ya malitere na 1974 site na ọnwụ mberede nke di ya, EAP Edirheising, onye guzobere [[EAP Holdings]]. Ndị enyi na ezinụlọ tụrụ anya na ọ ga-ere azụmahịa ahụ n'ihi enweghị ihe ọmụma na ahụmịhe ya n'ụwa azụmahịa. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wee gbasaa n'ọtụtụ ebe ọhụrụ.[1] Nzukọ a nwere ndị enyemaka 25 na ọ bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa na Sri Lanka.[2] Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi na telecasting, [3] [4] ọrụ ego, [5] mkpuchi, [6] mmepụta na ngosi ihe nkiri, [7] na-ere ahịa ọla edo, [8] ọrụ pawn, ụlọ, ire ala, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, [9] na mbubata na ire ụgbọ ala.<ref name="Sri Lanka Leaders">{{Cite web|title=...::: Sri Lanka Leaders :::...|url=http://www.google-webhosting.com/leaders/somaedirisinghe2.html|work=www.google-webhosting.com|accessdate=2015-11-06|archivedate=2015-11-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109044818/http://www.google-webhosting.com/leaders/somaedirisinghe2.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"> ''www.google-webhosting.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swarnavahini.lk/|title=Swarnavahini|work=www.Swarnavahini.lk|accessdate=2024-10-29|archivedate=2015-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809075033/http://www.swarnavahini.lk/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/company_profile.php|title=Edirisinghe Trust Investment Limited|publisher=Eti.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130221023224/http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/company_profile.php|archivedate=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1352844187|title=Sri Lanka's EAP group enters insurance broking with Omani firm|publisher=Lanka Business Online|date=24 April 2012|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009153010/http://lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1352844187|archivedate=9 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Next Prev Sammy 02 3D <!-- bt-inner -->|url=http://www.eapmovies.com/|title=EAP Films and Theaters Private Limited – Home|publisher=Eapmovies.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swarnamahal.lk/|title=Swarna Mahal Jewelers – For All Life's Golden Moments. Swarna Mahal Wedding Jewellery|publisher=Swarnamahal.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/03/28/eap-group-ventures-into-niche-tourism-with-boutique-hotels/|title=Eap Group Ventures into Niche Tourism With Boutique Hotels &#124; The Sunday Leader|publisher=Thesundayleader.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012|archivedate=21 January 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121063140/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/03/28/eap-group-ventures-into-niche-tourism-with-boutique-hotels/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/05/14/bus18.html|title=Online edition of Daily News – Business|publisher=Dailynews.lk|date=14 May 2002|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227013124/http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/05/14/bus18.html|archivedate=27 December 2004}}</ref> A na-ewere ogwe mgbasa ozi EAP dị ka onye ndu na ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka, nwere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn abụọ na ụlọ ọrụ redio atọ gụnyere Swarnawahini, Shree FM, RanOne na E FM.<ref name="cbr.lk"/> == Ihe nkiri == Edirisinghe gbasaa azụmahịa ezinụlọ n'ime ihe nkiri [1] wee mepụta ihe nkiri 20 na sinima Sinhala. * ''Dhawala Pushpaya'' (1994) * ''Seilama'' (1995) - natara Sarasaviya Award maka ihe nkiri kacha mma * ''Visidela'' (1997) * ''Re Daniel Dawal Migel 1'' (1998) * ''Re Daniel Dawal Migel 2'' (2000) * ''Rosa Wasanthe'' (2001) - natara Sarasaviya Award maka ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu * ''Kinihiriya Mal'' (2001) <ref name="sundayobserver">{{Cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|title=Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business|publisher=Sundayobserver.lk|date=29 September 2002|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074906/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html|archivedate=4 March 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2002/09/29/mag06.html "Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business"]. </cite></ref> * ''Salelu Warama'' (2002) * ''Yakada Pihatu'' (2003) * ''Ra Daniel Dawal Migel 3'' (2004) * ''Ira Madiyama'' (2005) - natara Sarasaviya Award na Presidential Award maka Best Film * Otu Ihe (2005) * ''Asani Warsha'' (2005) * ''Hiripoda Wassa'' (2006) * ''Samaara'' (2007) * ''Tharaka Mal'' (2007) * ''Obi FM ihe nkiri'' (2008) * ''Sir Last Chance'' (2009) * ''Siri Daladagamanaya'' (2014) * Ko Mark Enweghị Mark (2014) == Ọrụ ebere == Edirisinghe malitere ọrụ ebere ya na 1961, n'oge idei mmiri na mpaghara Sri Lanka. Ọ sonyeere otu ndị ama ama na ndị mmadụ iji weta ihe enyemaka nye ndị metụtara.<ref name="magazine.lankahelp.com"/> O mechara kwuo na ọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ ebere dị ka ụzọ isi dozie owu ọmụma nke ọnwụ di ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html|work=www.sundaytimes.lk|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> === Lions Club === Edirisinghe sonyeere Lions Club nke Thimbirigasyaya na mmalite ya na 1974. Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa Gọvanọ mpaghara na 2003–04.[1]. Ọzọkwa, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Gọvanọ District nke International Association of Lions Club District 306 C2 na Mgbakọ Kwa Afọ nke e mere na Colombo na 18 Maachị 2003. === Ntọala Janasarana === Edirisinghe bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Janasarana Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke na-enyere ndị na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/29/fea20.asp|title=Features &#124; Online edition of Daily News – Lakehouse Newspapers|publisher=Dailynews.lk|date=29 October 2009|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130219040825/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/10/29/fea20.asp|archivedate=19 February 2013}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị ọ malitere gụnyere Chuo Maithree Pre-school, Suwanetha Mobile Eye Care Clinic, Punarjeewa Fund maka inyere ndị ogbenye aka ịwa ahụ obi, imelite ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-emepebeghị emepe, agụmakwụkwọ na enyemaka maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.suwanethalionseyehospital.com/about-us|title=About Us|publisher=Suwanethalionseyehospital.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> inyere ezinụlọ ndị ogbenye na ndị agha gbara ọsọ ndụ aka ịgbake, iwu ụlọ maka ndị ọdachi ndị metụtara dị ka idei mmiri, ụkọ mmiri na tsunami na nso a na-ewu ụlọ ọgwụ na-ewu Suwanetha Eye Lions.<ref name="bare_url">{{Cite web|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html|title=Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world|publisher=Sundaytimes.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sundaytimes.lk/110710/Plus/plus_05.html "Portrait of a woman who took up the challenges of the biz world"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/20/opening-of-suwanetha-lions-eye-hospital/|title=Opening of Suwanetha Lions Eye Hospital &#124; The Sunday Leader|publisher=Thesundayleader.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> Ntọala ahụ enyekwala ndị nọ na mkpa ihe ngosi 300,000, ma kụziere ndị ọchụnta ego ọhụrụ n'azụmahịa mbụ ha.<ref name="Sri Lanka Leaders"/> == Nsọpụrụ na Ihe nrite == * Deshabandu National Award & Gold Medal maka ọrụ enyemaka pụrụ iche nye mba ahụ na Jenụwarị 2004 * Ihe nrite Deshashakthi National maka ọrụ enyemaka pụrụ iche nye mba ahụ nke Praịm Minista Sri Lanka n'oge ahụ Mahinda Rajapakse nyere na 2005. * Onyinye Ukwu 2006 nke Society of Sri Lanka Justices of Peace and Human Rights Organization na Sulabh International Academy of Environmental Sanitation, New Delhi, India nyere. Sanitation New Delhi na Society of the Sri Lanka Justices of the Peace maka ọrụ enyemaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073015500400.htm|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130125093805/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/30/stories/2006073015500400.htm|archivedate=25 January 2013|title=New Delhi News : Sri Lankan Minister thanks India|date=30 July 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> * E nyere ya nzere Doctorate Honorary maka ọchụnta ego na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Mahadum Open nke Sri Lanka na 2005 <ref name="bare_url"/> * Ọrụ a na-enweghị atụ nke ịbụ 'Ọdụm nke Afọ' ugboro anọ. (1994/95, 1995/96, 1997/98, 1999/2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalwomenssummits.com/drsoma|title=Dr. Soma Edirisinghe &#124; Global Women's Summits|publisher=Globalwomenssummits.com|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130124172224/http://globalwomenssummits.com/drsoma|archivedate=24 January 2013}}</ref> * Onyinye pụrụ iche nke ekele - nke ụlọ ọrụ SAARC Women's Chamber of Commerce nyere maka iwu àkwà mmiri nke ọbụbụenyi na 2001&nbsp; * The People's Award 2007 - "People's Social Worker of the Year" - nke ụlọ ọrụ Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing nyere iji kwado ọrụ ndị pụrụ iche enyere obodo <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/2007/07/13/features2.html|title=The Island- Features|publisher=Island.lk|date=|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 1995 "Seylama" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.films.lk/FilmDetails.php?id=1559|title=Sinhala Cinema Database&nbsp;– Seilama|publisher=Films.lk|date=10 March 1995|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 1996 "Re Deniyal Daval Migel 2" * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu 2001 "Rosa Wasanthaya" <ref name="sundayobserver"/> * Ihe nrite Sarasaviya maka ihe nkiri kacha mma 2005 "Ira Madiyama"<ref name="JANASARANA FOUNDATION">{{Cite web|title=JANASARANA FOUNDATION|url=http://janasarana.org/founder/|work=janasarana.org|accessdate=2015-11-06|archivedate=2015-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929155142/http://janasarana.org/founder/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite maka "Onye Ọrụ Ọha nke Ọma site n'Iwe Ụmụ nwanyị N'Otu", 2011 <ref name="JANASARANA FOUNDATION" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == N'afọ 2011, Edirisinghe bipụtara akụkọ ndụ ya, Memoirs of a Glorious Life . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Memoirs of a glorious life: Dr. Soma Edirisinghe : translation of Asirimath Jeewithayak by Dayawansa Karunamuni|date=2011-01-01}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://epaper.dailynews.lk/art.asp?id=2015/11/16/pg10_6&pt=p&h= Ị ga-anọgide na-adị ndụ n'obi anyị ruo mgbe ebighị ebi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120815134944/http://www.eti.lk/ETI-Web/ Edirisinghe Trust Investment] * [http://www.swarnamahal.lk/ Swarnamahal] * [http://www.sfs.lk/ Swarnamahal Financial Services PLC] * [http://www.eapmovies.com/ Ihe nkiri EAP na Ụlọ Egwuregwu Private Limited] * [http://janasarana.org/ Ntọala Jansarana] * [http://www.sarasaviya.lk/story/2019/10/24/11065/සිනමාවේ-eap-ලකුණ-ඊ-ඒ-පී-එදිරිසිංහ N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka a na-eme ihe nkiri. Ndị mmadụ. Maịma. N'ihi ya, ọ ga-adịgide adịgide] 8e2qbti0fpd2zrpje15xj19f8oqq53a Sigrid Schauman 0 54863 195362 193699 2024-11-19T01:02:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195362 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Sigrid Maria Schauman''' (24 Disemba 1877 - 22 Febụwarị 1979) bụ onye Finland na-ese ihe na onye nkato nka. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Sigrid Maria Schauman na 24 Disemba 1877 na Chuguyev, na Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire (Ukraine ugbu a), ada nke General Fredrik Waldemar Schauman na Elin Maria Schauman. Nne ya bụ ada nke Bishọp nke Porvoo, Finland. Mgbe o bi na Radom, Poland,ndị Schauman laghachiri na Finland na 1885 ka nne ya nwụrụ na 1884. Na 1899 Sigrid malitere ọmụmụ ya na Finnish Association of Arts Drawing School na Helsinki, ebe ndị nkụzi ya gụnyere Carl Jahn na Helene Schjerfbeck. Ọ gara n'ogige ndị nka Öningeby dị na Åland Islands, nke Victor Westerholm malitere.[1] N'afọ 1901, ọ sonyere na nke mbụ na ihe ngosi otu na Ateneum. N'afọ 1904, nwanne Schauman, Eugen Schauman, gburu Gọvanọ-Jenal nke Finland, Nikolai Bobrikov. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ kwagara Copenhagen, [[Denmark]], wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Florence na Paris, ebe ọ nọ na Academie de la Palette na 1910 tupu ọ gaa Ijipt. Ọ lụrụ Edvard Wolff, ma ọ nwụrụ obere oge ka nwa ha nwanyị Elisabeth mụsịrị na 1913. Na 1920 Schauman malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''[[Dagens Press]]'' (site na 1922 ''Svenska Pressen'', site na 1945 Nya Pressen) dị ka onye na-enyocha nka, ma rụọ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30, na-ebipụta ihe karịrị 1500 nyocha nka, ajụjụ ọnụ na akụkọ njem. Na 1939 ọ gara Rome na Paris. Mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị, Schauman rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Free School of Arts site na 1945 ruo 1946. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1949, mana ọ gara n'ihu na-ese ihe na onyinye nke City of Helsinki nyere na ezumike nkwe onye na-ese egwu site na steeti Finland. N'ime 1950s Schauman na-eme njem ugboro ugboro na France na Italy. Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu ndị nka Prisma na 1956. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tihinen|first=Juha-Heikki|title=Prisma|url=https://proartibus.fi/en/exhibitions/prisma/|publisher=Pro Artibus Foundation|accessdate=8 August 2022|date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Anya na-adịghị ike nke Schauman gbochiri ya ịga n'ihu na-ese ihe na ngwụcha afọ 1960. Ọbụna otu afọ tupu ọnwụ ya, Schauman sonyere n'ihe ngosi nke emere iji kwanyere 100th ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya ùgwù na Amos Anderson Art Museum. N'otu afọ ahụ, Eze nke Sweden nyere ya Prince Eugen Medal maka onyinye nka ya. Sigrid Schauman bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ Min bror Eugen: En gestalt ur Finlands frihetskamp ("Nwanne m nwoke Eugen Schauman: ọnụ ọgụgụ sitere na ọgụ Finland maka nnwere onwe") na 1964. == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120323224515/http://kokoelmat.fng.fi/wandora/w?action=gen&lang=fi&si=http://www.muusa.net/nimi/Schauman__Sigrid Ọrụ Sigrid Schauman na ebe ngosi nka nke steeti Finland] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030418011838/http://www.ouka.fi/taidemuseo/nayttelyt/nayttelyinfo/schauman/schauman.htm Sigrid Schauman] Ebe ngosi nka nke Oulu. * Schauman, Sigrid na ''Biografiskt lexikon för Finland'' (n'asụsụ Swedish). s9fs4ot8hyogry1hghxix8bksqzus2k Ravitoto 0 55287 195315 195208 2024-11-18T19:20:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Ravitoto.jpg|thumb| Ravitoto]] '''Ravitoto''' ( French [ ravˈtutʷ ]) bụ nri Malagasy omenala . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-24|title=The culinary specificities of Malagasy cuisine by Hotel * RESTAURANT gourmet coconut LODGE MAJUNGA|url=https://www.cocolodgemajunga-madagascar.com/les-specificites-culinaires-de-la-cuisine-malgache-by-hotel-restaurant-gourmand-coco-lodge-majunga/|accessdate=2020-12-16|work=Coconut lodge Madagascar|language=en}}</ref> Ravitoto putara "akwukwo akpu anuturu anu". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Pork and ravitoto {{!}} a traditional recipe in Madagascar|url=https://www.booking-hotel-madagascar.com/news/henakisoa-sy-ravitoto-recette-traditionnelle-a-madagascar/|accessdate=2020-12-11|work=Book with Madagascar Hotels Booking|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=CASSAVA LEAVES (RAVITOTO)|url=https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126015122/https://soul-of-madagascartours.com/cassava-leaves-ravitoto/|archivedate=2020-11-26|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Cassava leaves in Malagasy (ravitoto)|url=http://www.auzoma.com/au/index.php/en/home/26-cooking/vegetable/962-cassava-leaves-in-gabon-ravitoto|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> Ndị a bụ akwụkwọ akpu dị ụtọ nke e ji ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ ihe egweri anụ mee. <ref name=":0" /> A na-esi ya na galik na anụ ezi mara abụba nke ukwuu. N'obodo ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo na-esi nri akwụkwọ akpu, dị ka mataba na [[Comoros]] . Enwere ike ịgbakwunye azụ akọrọ ma ọ bụ obere oporo, nke a na-akpọ tsivaki. == Hụkwa == * Daun ubi tumbuk (Nri Maritime South-East Asia) == Ntụaka == egweri anụ mee N'obodo ndị{{Reflist}} 4b51yh9y35ekk9fptw7nprfowd06zze Death of Hanna Lalango 0 55301 195267 2024-11-18T14:38:18Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242778259|Death of Hanna Lalango]]" 195267 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nwa agbọghọ Etiopia dị afọ iri na isii bụ '''Hanna Lalango''' nwụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2014, n'ihi mmerụ ahụ sitere na ntọrọ obi ọjọọ na ndina n'ike nke ndị ikom ise. A tọọrọ Hanna ma jide ya ọtụtụ ụbọchị na [[Addis Ababa]]. Otu n'ime ụmụ isii, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị onwe onye na mpaghara Ayer Tena . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/opinions/2014/11/hana-lalango-ethiopiabrutalgangrapekidnapping.html|title=Hana Lalango Etiopia bụ ndị omekome na-edina mmadụ n'ike na ntoro|date=|accessdate=|work=Aljazeera|publisher=|author=|first=}}</ref> == Mmeeme == N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a kọrọ na Hanna hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihe dị ka elekere anọ nke ehihie n'oge mpaghara wee banye na tagzi nke nwere ndị njem abụọ. N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, a hụrụ Hanna n'amaghị onwe ya n'ebe a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ógbè ahụ, nso [[Qeranyo]], ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ. N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole sochirinụ, ezinụlọ ahụ kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị iche iche, ma chere ka a nabata ya. N'etiti mmerụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, Hanna nwere ọrịa rectovaginal fistula ma nwụọ ụbọchị 19 mgbe achọtara ya. A kọrọ na ọ matara atọ n'ime mmadụ ise a na-enyo enyo n'àkwà ụlọ ọgwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ethioinfodesk.com/justice-hanna-gang-rape-victim/|title=Ikpe ziri ezi maka Hanna òtù ndị a na-edina n'ike|date=|accessdate=|work=Ethio Info Desk|publisher=|author=|first=}}</ref> == Njide na ikpe == N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, ndị uwe ojii kpọtara mmadụ ise a na-enyo enyo n'ihu ụlọ ikpe mbụ dị na Addis Ababa. N'oge a na-ege ntị nke ndị nta akụkọ na ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, otu n'ime ndị a na-enyo enyo kwetara na ikpe mara ha ma mmadụ ise ahụ gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ, na-agwa ụlọ ikpe na a natara nkwupụta mbụ ha n'okpuru nrụgide. Ndị uwe ojii gọnahụrụ ịta ndị a na-enyo enyo ahụhụ ma rịọ maka ụbọchị iri na anọ iji mee nyocha ọzọ. N'ọnwa ahụ, a nụrụ ikpe ikpeazụ na The Third Criminal Bench nke Lideta Federal High Court. A mara onye mbụ a na-enyo enyo Samson Sileshi na Bezabhi G. Mariam ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ ha niile n'enweghị nnwere onwe. A mara mmadụ atọ ikpeazụ, nke atọ, nke anọ na nke ise a na-ebo ebubo, Bekalu G. Medihin, Aphrem Ayele na Temesgen Tsegaye ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na asaa, iri abụọ na iri na asatọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ. == Mmeghachi omume == Ime ihe ike nke mwakpo ahụ na oke mmerụ ahụ ya kpatara oke iwe na Addis Ababa nke gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Ihe omume na ọnwụ Hanna emeela ka a hụ otú omume ọdịbendị nwere ike isi mee ka omume ime ihe ike a dị mfe. E nwere mmeghachi omume buru ibu site na Facebook, ngagharị iwe gara n'ihu na ibe Twitter a na-akpọ #JusticeForHanna ka e guzobere mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yibekal|first=Rediet|title=ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na Etiopia: The Case of #JusticeForHanna|url=http://cyberethiopia.com/2013/?p=1133|work=Cyber Ethiopia|date=27 November 2014|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ntọrọ == Ntụaka == <references /> cojpifgmixztdcmoyuk44y9sgbbz0ci Bulu 0 55302 195275 2024-11-18T16:16:02Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1177030266|Boulou]]" 195275 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Bulu</span> ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |Ihe na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |Achịcha ma ọ bụ achịcha |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe o si malite | class="infobox-data country-name" |Na mbụ [[Libya]], [[Djerba]] ([[Tunisia]]), taa a na-ahụkarị na [[France]] na [[Israel]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè ma ọ bụ steeti | class="infobox-data region" |[[Maghreb]], [[France]], [[Israel]], na ndị Juu bi na [[Libyan Jewish|Libya]] na Tunisia |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |E kere ya site na | class="infobox-data author" |Obodo ndị Juu nke [[Libyan Jews|Libya]] na Tunisia[[Tunisian Jews|Obodo ndị Juu dị na Tunisia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Okpomọkụ na-enye | class="infobox-data" |Dị ka omenala si dị maka [[Yom Kippur]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], na [[Jewish holidays|Ememe ndị Juu]] ndị ọzọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ihe ndị bụ isi e ji mee | class="infobox-data ingredient" |[[Egg (food)|Àkwá]], ezigbo [[Flour|ntụ ọka ọcha]], [[Water|mmiri]], yist, [[Sugar|shuga]], mkpụrụ vaịn ọla edo, [[Honey|mmanụ aṅụ]], mkpụrụ fennel, [[Nigella seeds|mkpụrụ nigella]], [[Salt|nnu]], ndị Juu Tunisian na-agbakwunye [[Orange (fruit)|oroma]] ma ọ bụ mmiri na [[Almonds|almond]] a pịrị apị <ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="111">[https://jewishfoodexperience.com/recipes/boulou/ "Boulou"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="112">''Jewish Food Experience''<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="113"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</span></cite></ref> |} Bulu, nke a mkpa dị ka boulous, bụ achicha na-atọ ụtọ ma ọ bụ nna ndị Juu nke Libya nke sitere na Maghrebi, nke yiri mouna, tishpishti, ma ọ bụ pound cake, nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ma  ọ bụ ndị ma rie ya dị ka ụgwọ nke nri tupu Yom Kippur Fast, ma ọ dị ka ụgwọ ya nke ezumike na-esote.  A na- ya taa na France, na Israel.  Boulou nwere ike dị ụtọ nke nwere shuga, alaka, ọdịdị, ọdịdị, na jihalka edo ọ na-enwe mmetụta dịka fennel, sesame, na njikere nigella.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Boulou recipe|url=https://www.latimes.com/recipe/boulou?_amp=true|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=The LA Times}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ==   <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Boulou recipe|url=https://www.latimes.com/recipe/boulou?_amp=true|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=The LA Times}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.latimes.com/recipe/boulou?_amp=true "Boulou recipe"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Boulou North African Orange Bread|url=http://onthechocolatetrail.org/2019/09/boulou-north-african-orange-bread/|work=On the Chocolate Trail|date=11 September 2019|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyond Challah and Honey|url=https://jwfoodandwine.com/article/2019/09/19/beyond-challah-and-honey|work=JW Food & Wine|accessdate=16 March 2020|archivedate=10 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810190638/https://jwfoodandwine.com/article/2019/09/19/beyond-challah-and-honey}}</ref> Ndị Juu Maghrebi na-eri Boulou n'oge ọnwa Hibru nke Tishrei na-eduga Yom Kippur, na dịka nke Yom Kippur na-ebu ọnụ.[1]  Boulou nwere ọdịiche iche na ọdịiche nke a ndọrọ ndọrọ dị ka MP5 dị ka achịchu, ebe ọ dị nso na ha abụọ.  A na-ike eme ihe maka Rosh Hashanah .  [2] Ihe a ma ama ya agbasaala site na Nri ndị Juu Libya, na nri ndị Juu Tunisia, kamakwa nri ndị France na ndị Israel (n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Juu Libya na mba abụọ ahụ). == Nsụgharị ndị Juu nke Tunisia == Ndị Juu Tunisian nwere ụdị nke ha nke boulou n'ihi fim nso ha na ndị Juu Libya.  Ụdị a na-eji ntụ mee ihe kama iwere ya iko nọ n'ime dị ka ihe na-eko mama, ọ በቀላሉ ka boulou ndị Juu nke Libya mana na- ipa oroma na almọnd a pịrị apị..<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Boulou recipe|url=https://www.latimes.com/recipe/boulou?_amp=true|accessdate=16 March 2020|work=The LA Times}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.latimes.com/recipe/boulou?_amp=true "Boulou recipe"]. </cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Boulou|url=https://jewishfoodexperience.com/recipes/boulou/|work=Jewish Food Experience|accessdate=16 March 2020}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} 6o3g171782nmiec5deotd1p601zwupy Ndepụta nke ndị egwu Naijiria 0 55303 195278 2024-11-18T16:22:31Z Onyinye Christiana 17696 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249812129|List of Nigerian musicians]]" 195278 wikitext text/x-wiki   Nke a bụ ndepụta ndị egwu Naịjirịa. Naanị ndị ama ama ka etinyere ebe a;  maka otu, lee Ndepụta nke otu egwu Naijiria.  A ga-ahazi aha site na mkpụrụedemede mbụ nke nrụtụ aka Wikipedia.<div class="noprint"><div aria-labelledby="tocheading" class="toc plainlinks" role="navigation" style=" text-align:left;"><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist"><div class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Ihe ndị dị n'ime ya:&nbsp;</span></div><div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> * 0–9 * A * B * C * D * E * F * G * H * M * J * K * L * M * N * O * P * Q * R * S * T * U * V * W * X * Y * Z * Hụkwa </div></div></div></div>  * 2face Idibia - onye na-agụ egwu hip hop na RB * [[9ice|9Ice]] - onye na-agụ egwú hip hop na afropop == Hụkwa == * A-Q - onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * [[Abiodun Koya]] (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) - onye na-agụ egwú gospel, onye na-abụ abụ opera * [[Ada Ehi]] - Onye na-ese egwu na onye na-ede egwu * Adé Bantu - onye egwu Naijiria-German, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye na'ihu otu egwu 13 BANTUỤtọgbụgba * [[Adekunle Gold]] - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Adesua Etomi|Adesua Etomi-Wellington]] * [[Adewale Ayuba]] - onye na-agụ egwu fuji * [[Ado Gwanja]] - onye na-agụ egwu hausa * Afrikan Boy - onye na-eti egwu * [[Afro Candy]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * Alamu Atatalo - onye na-agụ egwu, ụdị egwu ọdịnala Yoruba * [[Ali Nuhu]] - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu, Kannywood * [[Ali Jita]] - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu * [[Amarachi]] - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-agba egwu, onye-eti violin * [[Andre Blaze]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Aramide]] - Onye na-agụ egwu Afro-Jazz * Ara - onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-akụ ọkpọ * Asake - Afrobeat, Afropop, amapiano * [[Asuquomo]] - onye na-eti egwu * Aṣa - R&B, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú * [[Ayinde Bakare]] - Yoruba jùjú na onye na-eti egwu * Ayinla Kollington - Onye egwu Fuji * Ayinla Omowura - onye egwu apala * Ayola - Onye na-agụ egwu Afropop * [[Ayra Starr]] - onye na-agụ Afrop & RB == B == * [[CDQ (rapper)|CDQ]] - onye na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Celestine Ukwu]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Chidinma]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * Chike - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri * [[Chinko Ekun]] - onye na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Chinyere Udoma]] - Onye na-eti egwu Gospel * [[Charly Boy|Nwa okorobịa Charly]] * [[CKay]] - Afrobeat, RB * [[Cobhams Asuquo]] - onye na-agụ egwú * [[Cynthia Morgan]] - onye na-agụ egwu pop, hip hop na dancehall == Ihe odide == * [[Babatunde Olatunji]] – oku igba * Babyboy AV – onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-edekwa egwu * [[Bella Shmurda]] – onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Banky W.|Banky W]] – pop na R&B pop na R&B onye na-agụ egwu. * [[Blackface Naija]] – onye egwu reggae * [[Blackmagic (musician)|Blackmagic]] – rapper, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-edekwa egwu * [[Blaqbonez]] – rapper * [[Bnxn]] – Afrobeat * Boy Spyce — onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-edekwa egwusinger * Brymo –onye na-agụ egwu * [[Burna Boy]] – Afrobeats na onye egwu reggae-dancehall == D == * [[P-Square]] - hip hop, R&B, afro pop * Patience Ozokwor - onye na-agụ egwú * Patoranking - Afrobeats na reggae na onye na-agụ egwú dancehall * Paul Play Dairo - R&B Onye na-agụ egwú * Pepenazi - onye na-eti egwu rap, onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ * [[Pericoma Okoye]] * [[Peruzzi (singer)|Peruzzi]] * Peter King * [[Phyno]] - onye na-eti egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ * [[Pheelz]] - Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-emepụta egwú * Praiz - onye na-agụ egwu R&B na onye na-ede egwu * Prettyboy D-O - Onye na-edekọ * [[Prince Nico Mbarga]] * PsychoYp - Onye na-eti egwu == E == * Ebenezer Obey - onye na-eti egwu jùjú * Ebuka Songs - onye na-agụ egwú gospel * [[Echezonachukwu Nduka]] - onye na-akpọ piano na onye na-agụ egwú * Eddy Wata - onye na-agụ egwu Eurodance * [[Eedris Abdulkareem]] * [[Ego Ihenacho|Ego Ogbaro]] * Onye Kasị Ukwuu * [[eLDee]] - onye na-eti egwu, onye na-agụ egwu, onye mmepụta * Emeka Nwokedi - onye nduzi na onye nduzi egwu * [[Emma Nyra]] - onye na-agụ egwu RB * Emmy Gee - onye na-eti egwu * [[Erigga]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Eva Alordiah]] onye na-eti egwu * [[Evi Edna Ogholi]]-Reggae onye na-agụ egwu == F == * Mike Falana, onye na-afụ opi jazz * [[Falz]] - onye na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Faze (musician)|Faze]] - onye na-agụ egwu RB * [[Fela Kuti]] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Greg|date=2023-10-24|title=WME Signs Estate Of Iconic Nigerian Musician Fela Kuti To Agency’s Legends Division|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/wme-fela-kuti-1235581786/|accessdate=2024-02-29|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> - afrobeat, onye na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu * [[Fela Sowande]] * Femi Kuti - afrobeat, onye na-agụ egwu jazz na onye na-ede egwu * [[Fireboy DML]] - onye na-agụ egwu * Flavour N'abania - onye na-agụ egwú hip hop * [[Frank Edwards (gospel musician)|Frank Edwards]] - onye na-agụ egwú gospel == G == * [[Genevieve Nnaji]] - onye na-agụ egwu pop * GoodGirl LA - onye na-agụ egwu * Greatman Takit - onye na-agụ egwu == H == * [[Helen Parker-Jayne Isibor]] - onye na-agụ egwu opera na onye na-ede egwu * Harrysong - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu * [[Haruna Ishola]] * Humblesmith - onye na-agụ egwu afropop * == M == * [[I. K. Dairo|I.K. Dairo]] * Ice Prince - onye na-eti egwu * Ifé (onye na-eti egwu) * Idahams - Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú * [[Eedris Abdulkareem]] - hip hop * [[Iyanya]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Ikechukwu]] - Onye na-agụ egwú, onye na-eti egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri == J == * [[J. Martins]] - onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú na-emepụta ihe ndekọ * Jamopyper - onye na-eti egwu * [[Jaywon]] * [[Jesse Jagz]] - onye na-eti egwu * Jasën Blu - onye na-agụ egwu R&B na onye na-ede egwu na onye na -emepụta ihe ndekọ * [[Joeboy]] - onye na-agụ egwu * Joe El - onye na-agụ egwu * [[Johnny Drille]] - onye na-agụ egwu * [[Mr. Ibu|John Okafor]] * Justina Lee Brown == K == * K1 De Ultimate - Onye egwu Fuji * [[Kcee (musician)|Kcee]] * [[Kefee]] - Onye na-agụ egwú Gospel * Khaid - Afropop, RB * [[Kida Kudz]] - Onye na-agụ egwu Afropop * Eze Wadada - Onye na-agụ egwú Reggae * [[Kizz Daniel]] * [[Koker (singer)|Koker]] * [[Korede Bello]] * Kheengz == L == * [[Ladipoe]] * [[Lagbaja]] * [[Lara George]] * Ndị nkịtị * [[Lil Kesh]] * [[Lyta|Akụkọ ifo]] == M == * M.I - onye na-eti egwu rap * M Trill - onye na-eti egwu * Made Kuti - onye na-eti egwu afrobeat * Majek Fashek - onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú * [[May7ven]] * [[May D|Mee D]] onye na-agụ egwú * [[Mayorkun]] Onye na-agụ egwú * [[Maud Meyer]] - onye na-agụ egwu jazz * Mercy Chinwo - Onye na-ese Oziọma * [[Mike Ejeagha]] - Onye na-eti egwu * [[Mo'Cheddah]] - onye na-agụ egwu hip hop * Ụzọ 9 - onye na-eti egwu * [[Monica Ogah]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Mr 2Kay|Maazị 2Kay]] * [[Mr Eazi|Maazị Eazi]] - onye na-agụ egwú * [[Mr Raw|Maazị Raw]] * Maazị Real - onye na-agụ egwú n'ụlọ * Muma Gee - onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Mụnachị Nwankwọ|Muna]] - onye na-eti egwu == N == * Obongjayar - Onye na-abụ abụ * [[Obesere]] - onye egwu fuji * Obiwon - R&B na onye na-agụ egwú gospel * [[Odumodublvck]] - onye na-eti egwu rap na onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * [[Olamide]] - onye na-eti egwu rap na onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * [[Oliver De Coque]] * [[Omawumi]] - onye na-agụ egwú * [[Omah Lay]] * Joseph Omotoye - egwu ahụ * [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde]] - onye na-agụ egwu R&B na pop * [[Onyeka Onwenu]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * Orezi - onye na-agụ egwú reggae * Ụmụnne Ọwụwa Anyanwụ * Oritse Femi * Orits Williki - onye na-agụ egwú Reggae * Orlando Julius<ref>{{Cite news|author=Denselow|first=Robin|date=2022-04-26|title=Orlando Julius obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/apr/26/orlando-julius-obituary|accessdate=2024-02-29|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Oshara - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu * [[Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe|Osita Osadebe]] * Orlando Owoh * [[Oxlade (singer)|Oxlade]] - Afro-fusion, RB * [[Muraina Oyelami]] - onye na-akụ ọkpọ Batá == P == * [[D'banj]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Daddy Showkey]] - Galala Onye na-agụ egwú * [[Da Emperor]] - onye na-eti egwu rap * [[Da Grin]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Dammy Krane]] - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu * Darey - onye na-agụ egwu RB * Dauda Epo-Akara - Onye egwu Yoruba * [[Davido]] - onye na-agụ egwú pop * Dekumzy - R&B na onye na-agụ egwú * [[Dele Ojo]] - onye na-agụ egwu juju na onye na-eme ihe nkiri * Dice Ailes - onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Di'Ja]] - onye na-agụ egwu * DJ AB - onye na-eti egwu, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ * [[DJ Lambo]] - onye na-agụ egwu * Don Jazzy - onye na-edekọ egwu na onye na-emepụta egwu * DOTTi Chi Deity - onye na-agụ egwu * [[D'Prince]] - Onye na-agụ egwu Afro-pop * [[Dr Sir Warrior]] - onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Igbo * Dr. Alban - onye na-edekọ egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe na Naijiria-Swedish * [[Dr SID]] - onye na-agụ egwu pop * [[Duncan Mighty]] - onye na-agụ egwú reggae == Q == * Qdot == R == * [[Ras Kimono]] - onye na-ese ihe na Reggae * [[Reekado Banks]] - onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * [[Rema (musician)|Rema]] - Afrobeats na Ọnyà * Ịcheta - Onye na-eti egwu * Rex Lawson * [[Ric Hassani]] * [[Ruby Gyang]] * [[Ruger (singer)|Ruger (onye na-abụ abụ)]] * Ruggedman - onye na-eti egwu rap na onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * Runtown - onye na-ede egwu na onye na-ese egwu hip hop == S == * [[Sade Adu]] * Safin De Coque - onye na-eti egwu rap na onye na-eme ihe nkiri hip hop * [[Saheed Osupa]] - Onye egwu Fuji * [[Salawa Abeni]] - Onye na-agụ egwu Waka * [[Samsong]] - onye na-agụ egwú gospel * [[Sarz]] - Onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eti egwu * [[Sasha P]] - onye na-eti egwu na onye na-agụ egwu * Scooby Nero - onye na-eti egwu * Sean Tizzle - Afropop * Seun Kuti - afrobeat, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu Jazz na onye na - * [[Seyi Shay]] - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu * Seyi Vibez - Afrobeat * Slimcase (onye na-agụ egwú) - onye na-edekọ egwu na onye na-agụ egwu * [[Shallipopi]] - Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-eti egwu * [[Sir Shina Peters|Shina Peters]] - onye na-agụ egwu juju * [[Simi (singer)|Simi]] * [[Sinach]] - onye na-agụ egwú gospel * [[Skales]] - onye na-eti egwu na onye na-agụ egwu * [[Shola Allyson-Obaniyi|Shola Allynson]] - Onye Na-agụ Oziọma * [[Small Doctor|Obere Dọkịta]] - Afrobeat * [[Somadina]] - Afro-pop * [[Sonny Okosun|Sonny Okosuns]] * [[Sound Sultan]] * Nledo * [[Stella Damasus]] - R&B na onye na-agụ egwu soul * St. Seií - onye na-agụ egwu pop na onye na-ede egwu * [[King Sunny Adé|Sunny Ade]] - onye na-agụ egwu jùjú * [[Sunmisola Agbebi]] == T == * [[Tamara Eteimo|Tamara Jones]] - onye na-agụ egwu RB * [[Tekno (musician)|Tekno Miles]] - Onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu na onye mmepụta Afropop * Tems - onye na-abụ abụ * [[Teni (singer)|Teni]] - onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu * [[Terry G]] * The Cavemen - òtù egwu dị elu * [[Timaya]] - onye na-agụ egwú reggae * [[Tiwa Savage]] - R&B na onye na-agụ egwú pop * [[Timi Dakolo]] - onye na-agụ egwu na onye mmeri nke Idol West Africa (2007) * Toby Foyeh - onye na-akpọ ụbọ * Tomi Favored - onye na-ese ozioma * Tonto Dikeh - onye na-agụ egwú pop * Tony Allen * [[Tony Tetuila]] * [[Tonye Garrick]] - onye na-agụ egwu RB * [[Tope Alabi]]-gospel singer * [[Tunde King|Tunde Eze]] * [[Tunde Nightingale]] * [[Tunji Oyelana]] - onye egwu dị elu na onye ndú egwu * [[TY Bello]] - onye na-agụ egwú gospel == U == * UDEiGWE == V == * [[Victor Olaiya]] - onye na-ede egwu * [[Victor Uwaifo]] * [[Victony|Vict0ny]] - onye egwu == W == * [[Waconzy]] - onye na-agụ egwu pop * [[Waje]] * [[Wasiu Alabi Pasuma]] - onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye egwu FujiOnye na-eti egwu Fuji * [[Onye ọka iwu Ayinde|Wasiu Ayinde Barrister]] - Onye na-eti egwu Fuji * Weird MC - onye na-eti egwu * [[William Onyeabor]] * [[Wizkid]] - onye na-agụ egwu pop * [[Wurld (musician)|Wurld]] - Njikọ Electro == Y == * [[Ycee]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Yemi Alade]]- R&B na onye na-agụ egwu pop * [[Yinka Ayefele]] onye na-agụ egwú gospel * [[Yinka Davies]] - onye na-agụ egwu jazz * Young Jonn - onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-emepụta ihe, Afrobeat * [[Yung6ix]] - onye na-eti egwu * [[Yusuf Olatunji]] == Z == * [[Zlatan (musician)|Zlatan]] – singer * Zayn Africa – R&B and pop singer-songwriter * Zinoleesky – Afrobeat * [[Zoro]] African Rapper * Zule Zoo - Music group == A == {{Reflist}} * Egwú nke Naijiria == C == p0gfs9f5kseclbkedphyulkmwdjeksi Bourek (Nri Algeria) 0 55304 195279 2024-11-18T16:23:48Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256388493|Bourek (Algerian cuisine)]]" 195279 wikitext text/x-wiki   Algeria burek (Arabic), nke a na-ịtọ dị ka "brik" n'ebe mmemme Algeria, [1] [2] bụ ụdị a ma nke na-atọ ụtọ nke a na-ahụ na Middle East na North Africa.  [3] A na- goolu mpempe akwụkwọ na-eme , nke a mara dị ka "dyoul" [1] na Algeria, bụ nke a ike n'ike ma ọ bụ mee n'iche.  [4] A na-azụ mpempe akwụkwọ ndị na-adi poteto, yabasị a pịrị apị, na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka cumin na paprika.  [5][6] Na mgbakwunye na poteto poteto, bourek Algeria ire ike ụdị ndị ọzọ dị ka tomato nwere anụ a pịrị apị, shrimp, ọkụkọ, ma ọ bụ anụ ehi a gwa na cheese.  9]  A na-agbakọta ma ahụ n'ụdị triangular ma mee ka ọ sie ma ọ bụ sie ya nke ọma ruo mgbe ọ ga-abụ ọla edo ma sie ya.  Bourek na-ahụ n'iche na nha dị iche iche, triangles, rectangles, na spirals..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Charles|date=2007-01-10|title=Brik|url=https://www.latimes.com/recipe/brik|accessdate=2023-02-24|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-bụ bourek Algeria eme ihe dị ka ihe oriri ma ọ bụ ihe oriri, a ngosi ya n'ibuda ndị na-ere nri n'okporo ụzọ na ụlọ oriri na-eme na mba ahụ dum.  A na-ahụ ya eme ihe n'oge Ramadan dị ka ndị nke nri Iftar, nri nke na-emebi ibu ọnụ kwa ụbọchị n'oge ụnwa dị nsso.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Delicious|first=Uncommonly|date=2021-01-31|title=Borek (Algerian Beef Rolls)|url=https://www.uncommonlydelicious.com/borek-algerian-beef-rolls/|accessdate=2023-02-24|work=Uncommonly Delicious|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> tvz2v7dmg34zk0c7s5jihfvzpp1pwen Maraq (nri) 0 55305 195284 2024-11-18T17:15:03Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1244374364|Maraq (dish)]]" 195284 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''''Maraq''''' ( [[Arabic]] : مرق) bụ nri Yemeni . Ọ malitere na Yemen. A na-ahụkwa efere a na [[Somalia]], Oman na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-13|title=Maraq fahfah {{!}} Somali lamb broth - Recipes - Healthier Families|url=https://www.nhs.uk/healthier-families/recipes/maraq-fahfah-somali-soup/|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=nhs.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == Okwu ahụ n'onwe ya pụtara naanị " ofe " na Arabic. == Nkwadebe == Usoro isi nri ''maraq'' ga na-amalitekarị site n'ịsi anụ ụfọdụ ngwa nri na yabasị. Mgbe anụ ahụ dị nro ma sie ya, a na-enye ya n'elu akwa osikapa. A ga-enye ofe ''maraq'' nke ga-esi na ya pụta na nnukwu efere dị n'akụkụ. Ọ na-adịkarịkwa ịfesa lime ọhụrụ n'ime ''maraq'' ka ọ na-ajụ oyi maka ụtọ ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ''Maraq'' na Somalia, Etiopia, Oman, Yemen na mba Arab ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Gulf Persian . A pụkwara ịchọta ya na Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Setiawati|first=Odilia Winneke|title=Resep Ramadan : Maraq Kambing|url=https://food.detik.com/resep/d-4568493/resep-ramadan-maraq-kambing|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=detikfood|language=id-ID}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okezone|title=Kuliner Maraq, Segarnya Sup Daging Timur Tengah untuk Berbuka Puasa : Okezone Video|url=https://video.okezone.com/play/2023/03/23/20/164570/kuliner-maraq-segarnya-sup-daging-timur-tengah-untuk-berbuka-puasa|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=/video.okezone.com|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọkụkọ efere * Ndepụta nke efere atụrụ * Ndepụta nri mmiri == Ntụaka == ma sie ya, a na-enye ya n'elu akwa osikapa. A ga-enye ofe maraq nke ga-esi na ya pụta{{Reflist}} rw9w39pe0ti9dqct1akjuvwr456xc0r 195285 195284 2024-11-18T17:17:08Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195285 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''''Maraq''''' ( [[Arabic]] : مرق) bụ nri Yemeni . Ọ malitere na Yemen. A na-ahụkwa efere a na [[Somalia]], Oman na Indonesia . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-13|title=Maraq fahfah {{!}} Somali lamb broth - Recipes - Healthier Families|url=https://www.nhs.uk/healthier-families/recipes/maraq-fahfah-somali-soup/|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=nhs.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Etymology == Okwu ahụ n'onwe ya pụtara naanị " ofe " na Arabic. == Nkwadebe == Usoro isi nri ''maraq'' ga na-amalitekarị site n'ịsi anụ ụfọdụ ngwa nri na yabasị. Mgbe anụ ahụ dị nro ma sie ya, a na-enye ya n'elu akwa osikapa. A ga-enye ofe ''maraq'' nke ga-esi na ya pụta na nnukwu efere dị n'akụkụ. Ọ na-adịkarịkwa ịfesa lime ọhụrụ n'ime ''maraq'' ka ọ na-ajụ oyi maka ụtọ ọzọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ''Maraq'' na Somalia, Etiopia, Oman, Yemen na mba Arab ndị ọzọ na mpaghara Gulf Persian . A pụkwara ịchọta ya na Indonesia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Setiawati|first=Odilia Winneke|title=Resep Ramadan : Maraq Kambing|url=https://food.detik.com/resep/d-4568493/resep-ramadan-maraq-kambing|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=detikfood|language=id-ID}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okezone|title=Kuliner Maraq, Segarnya Sup Daging Timur Tengah untuk Berbuka Puasa : Okezone Video|url=https://video.okezone.com/play/2023/03/23/20/164570/kuliner-maraq-segarnya-sup-daging-timur-tengah-untuk-berbuka-puasa|accessdate=2024-02-04|work=/video.okezone.com|language=id-ID}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọkụkọ efere * Ndepụta nke efere atụrụ * Ndepụta nri mmiri == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} f4rr4nh93txml4wa9i0cijxk2t89z49 Oodkac 0 55306 195286 2024-11-18T17:17:39Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256748260|Oodkac]]" 195286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Muqmad''' ma ọ bụ '''oodkac''' bụ nri ndị Somalia nke nwere anụ echedoro. A na-eji okwu muqmad eme ihe na [[Djibouti]] ; Okwu oodkac na-ewu ewu karịa n'akụkụ etiti na ndịda [[Somalia]] . A na-eri ya na [[Lahoh|canjeero]] ma ọ bụ [[lahoh]], ma mgbe ụfọdụ n'onwe ya. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-erikarị ya maka nri ụtụtụ na nri ehihie, a na-erikwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ maka nri abalị. A na-eme Muqmad ma ọ bụ oodkac site n'ikwe ka anụ ahụ sie ya ma gbanye na bọta gbazere, wee bee ya n'ime cubes. == Ntụaka == ma sie ya, a na-enye ya n'elu akwa osikapa. A ga-enye ofe maraq nke ga-esi na ya pụta{{Reflist}} jt2v5x3o155aduv9wmr04q4ctc0k67f 195288 195286 2024-11-18T17:18:03Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Muqmad''' ma ọ bụ '''oodkac''' bụ nri ndị Somalia nke nwere anụ echedoro. A na-eji okwu muqmad eme ihe na [[Djibouti]] ; Okwu oodkac na-ewu ewu karịa n'akụkụ etiti na ndịda [[Somalia]] . A na-eri ya na [[Lahoh|canjeero]] ma ọ bụ [[lahoh]], ma mgbe ụfọdụ n'onwe ya. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-erikarị ya maka nri ụtụtụ na nri ehihie, a na-erikwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ maka nri abalị. A na-eme Muqmad ma ọ bụ oodkac site n'ikwe ka anụ ahụ sie ya ma gbanye na bọta gbazere, wee bee ya n'ime cubes. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 7apubi0kneemkf0hfhz4iah8okhcm49 Couscous 0 55307 195287 2024-11-18T17:17:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256748862|Couscous]]" 195287 wikitext text/x-wiki Couscous ( ) bụ nri ọdịnala North Africa [1] [2] nke obere granules uzuoku nke semolina akpọrela[3] nke a na-ejikarị stew ngaji n'elu.  A na-esikwa peel millet, sorghum, bulgur na ọka ndị ọzọ mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ, a na-akpọkwa efere ndị na-esi na ya pụta mgbe ụfọdụ couscous..<ref name="milletCC">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.aaccnet.org/publications/plexus/cfw/pastissues/2010/Documents/CFW-55-1-0016.pdf|title=Pearl Millet—New Developments in an Ancient Food Grain|author=Taylor|first=J.R.N.|journal=Cereal Foods World|year=2010|volume=55|issue=1|pages=16–19|doi=10.1094/CFW-55-1-0016|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref name="codex">{{Cite web|title=The Codex Alimentarius (Codex Standard) (1995)|url=https://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/es/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B202-1995%252FCXS_202e.pdf|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> Couscous bụ nri a ma ama na Nri Maghrebi nke Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Morocco, na Libya.[1][2]:: 250  E akwụkwọ ya na nri French na Europe na nri nke ụtụtụ nke afọ iri abụọ, site na nkeji ise.  ukwu nke France na Pieds-Noirs nke Algeria. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sainéan|first=L.|date=1921|title=L'HISTOIRE NATURELLE DANS L'OEUVRE DE RABELAIS (8 e et dernier article)|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41851648|journal=Revue du Seizième siècle|volume=8|issue=1/2|pages=1–41|issn=0151-1823}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wagda|first=Marin|date=1997|title=L'histoire d'une migration culinaire|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/homig_1142-852x_1997_num_1207_1_2982|journal=Hommes & Migrations|volume=1207|issue=1|pages=163–166|doi=10.3406/homig.1997.2982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tabois|first=Stéphanie|date=2005|title=Cuisiner le passé. Souvenirs et pratiques culinaires des exilés pieds-noirs|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/diasp_1637-5823_2005_num_7_1_1016|journal=Diasporas. Histoire et sociétés|volume=7|issue=1|pages=81–91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Albert-Llorca|first=Marlène|date=2004|title=La mémoire des Pieds-noirs : une transmission impossible ?|url=|journal=Horizons Maghrébins - le droit à la mémoire|volume=51|issue=1|pages=169–176|doi=10.3406/horma.2004.2250}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ịrịbare couscous na ndepụta UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage. <ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO adds couscous to list of intangible world heritage|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/12/16/unesco-adds-couscous-to-list-of-intangible-world-heritage|work=Al Jazeera English|date=December 16, 2020|language=en|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu ahụ bụ "couscous" (ma ọ bụ cuscus ma ọ bụ kuskus) bụ nke mbụ a nwa na-akpa afọ nke asaa na French, site na Arabic kuskus, site na kaskasa 'ịkpụcha', ma anụ anya ọ bụ nke  Berber.[1][2][3]  A na-agba mmetụta okwu ahụ na brand Berber dị iche iche dị ka Kabyle na Rifain, ebe Saharan Berber dị ka Touareg na Ghadames nwere ụdị dịtụ iche, keskesu.  Mgbasawanye ala a zuru ebe niile nke okwu ahụ na-egosi n'ụzọ siri ike nke ya nke Berber, na-enye Nkwado ọzọ na-egosi nke Berbert dị ka onye ọkachamara nke Algeria Salem Chaker na-atụ aro..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf|archivedate=2011-08-16|title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot|author=Chaker|first=Salem|work=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}</ref> Mgbọrọgwụ Berber *KS pụtara "nke a haziri nke ọma, nke a tụgharịrị nke ọma, gbaa gburugburu". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf|archivedate=2011-08-16|title=Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot|author=Chaker|first=Salem|work=[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChaker">Chaker, Salem. [https://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf "Couscous : sur l'étymologie du mot"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[INALCO]] - [[Centre de Recherche Berbère]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110816224311/http://www.centrederechercheberbere.fr/tl_files/doc-pdf/couscous.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 16, 2011.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ aha na ịkpọpụta okwu maka couscous dị gburugburu ụwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IGQovjGKj4IC|title=Couscous, boulgour et polenta. Transformer et consommer les céréales dans le monde|author=Chastanet|first=Monique|publisher=Karthala Editions|date=March 2010|isbn=978-2-8111-3206-4|language=fr|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name="foucauld">{{Cite book|author=Foucauld|first=Charles de|title=Dictionnaire touareg-français : dialecte de l'Ahaggar|date=1950–1952|publisher=Impr. nationale de France|location=Paris|url=https://archive.org/details/DictionnaireTouareg-francaisDialecteDeLAhaggar|language=fr|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref>: 919  [[Faịlụ:Algerian_couscous_from_Kabylia.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Couscous [[Algeria]] si Kabylia.]] Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya mgbe couscous nkiri.  Onye na-akọ ihe mere eme nke nri Lucie Bolenstọ na couscous ọtụtụ puku afọ gara aga, n'oge ndị Masinissa na oge ochie nke Numidia na Algeria nke oge a.  [1] [2] [3] [4] Agụwo ihe ndị na-esi nri yiri couscoussiers n'ili site na ike awụ nke atọ BC, site n'oge ndị eze Berber nke Numidia, n'obodo Tiaret, Algeria.  [5]  A asora Couscoussiers nke ihe na-eso na afã nke iri na abụọ na mkpọmkpọ ebe nke Igiliz, nke dị na National Sous nke Morocco.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fili|first=Abdallah|year=2020|title=Première approche typologique de la céramique protoalmohade d'Igiliz (Maroc)|url=https://revues.imist.ma/index.php/BAM/article/view/29693/15408|journal=Bulletin d'Archéologie Marocaine|volume=25|issue=25|pages=101–123|doi=10.34874/IMIST.PRSM/bam-v25.29693|issn=0068-4015}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nri bụ Charles Perry si kwuo, couscous egwu n'etiti Berber nke Algeria na Morocco n'etiti nke usoro usoro ndị eze Zirid nke àjà nke iri na otu, Algeria nke oge a, na ịrị elu.  nke Almohad Caliphate nke ike awụ na iri na atọ.[1]  Onye na-akọ ihe mere eme bụ Hady Idris kwuru na a na-agba ọkụ na couscous n'oge usoro ndị eze Hafsid, mana ọ bụghị usoro ndị eze Zirid..<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I15eJt6U3gMC|chapter=Couscous and Its Cousins|title=Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, 1989: Staplefoods : Proceedings|author=Perry|first=Charles|date=1990|publisher=Oxford Symposium|isbn=978-0-907325-44-4|editor=Walker|pages=176–178|language=en|authorlink=Charles Perry (food writer)|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7MwDwAAQBAJ|title=Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World: A Concise History with 174 Recipes|author=Zaouali|first=Lilia|publisher=Univ of California Press|date=September 2009|isbn=978-0-520-26174-7|language=en|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> Na ụfọdụ afụ nke abụọ, ndị na-esi nri Maghrebi na-afere nke mmetụta na-ahụ site na iji mmiri na-akpa ntụ ntụ iji ntụ ọka dị mfe, nke dị gburugburu nke nwere ike isi na ya. Onye na-akọ ihe mere eme bụ Maxime Rodinson nhazira usoro nri maka couscous site na nri Arabic nke ụtụtụ nke 13 Kitab al-Wusla ila al-Habib, nke onye edemede Ayyubid dere, [1] na akwụkwọ nri Arab a.  na-ahụ aha ya bụ Kitab al tabikh na Fadalat al-khiwan nke Ibn Razin al-Tujibi usoro nri nri.. E kunna na Couscous agbasaala n'etiti ndị bi na Iberian Peninsula site n'aka ndị eze Berber nke mbụ awụ nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ebe na a naghịzi ahụ ya na nri ọdịnala Spanish ma ọ bụ Portuguese.  Na Trapani nke oge a, Sicily, a ka na-eme nri ahụ na ndị oge ochie nke onye edemede Andalusian Ibn Razin al-Tujibi.  Ezin ndị iro Liguria si Tabarka kwaga Sardinia wetara ha efere ahụ na Carloforte na ike afu nke 18. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World: A Concise History with 174 Recipes|author=Zaouali|first=Lilia|publisher=Univ of California Press|date=September 2009|isbn=978-0-520-26174-7|pages=45–46|language=en}}</ref> A mara ya na France ejekwa awụ nke iri na isii, e webatara ya na nri French na eje ije nke site na mbụ nke France na Pieds-Noirs. == Nkwadebe == [[Faịlụ:Tunisian_brown_couscous_with_vegetables.JPG|thumb|Couscous na-acha nchara nchara na akwụkwọ nri na Tunisia.]] A na-eji semolina eme Couscous, akụkụ kachasị sie ike nke ọka wit durum (nke kachasị sie ike n'ụdị ọka wit niile), nke na-eguzogide igwe igwe igwe. A na-awụnye semolina mmiri ma jiri aka fụchie ya iji mepụta obere pellet, na-awakpo ya na ntụ ọka kpọrọ nkụ iji mee ka ha kewaa, wee sie ya. Pellets ọ bụla nke pere mpe ka a rụchaa ya, granules nke couscous na-ada site na sieve ma na-afụkọta ya ọzọ ma na-awụsa ya na semolina kpọrọ nkụ ma na-efụkọta ya n'ime pellets. Usoro a na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe e mepụtara semolina niile ka ọ bụrụ obere granules couscous. N'usoro ọdịnala nke ịkwadebe couscous, ìgwè ndị mmadụ na-agbakọta iji mee nnukwu ụyọkọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụbọchị, nke a na-emezi ka ọ kpọọ nkụ n'anwụ ma jiri ya mee ihe ọtụtụ ọnwa. Enwere ike ịchọ ka a na-agbanye couscous aka ka a na'ịkwadebe ya; a na-enweta nke a site na usoro nke ịsa mmiri na ịsa mmiri n'elu stew ruo mgbe couscoos ruru ìhè na-achọsi ike.<ref name="asbell">{{Cite book|title=The New Whole Grain Cookbook: Terrific Recipes Using Farro, Quinoa, Brown Rice, Barley, and Many Other Delicious and Nutritious Grains|author=Asbell|first=Robin|date=August 2007|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0042-5}}</ref> N'ihe ụfọdụ, a na-eji ntụ ọka ma ọ bụ ọka bali a gwa agwakọta ma ọ bụ pearl millet eme couscous.. [[Faịlụ:Couscoussier.jpg|thumb|A ''kiskas'' (French: ''couscoussier''), ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala maka cousco.]] Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị North Africa na-eji na mmiri mmiri na-esi mmasị (nke a na-akpọ taseksut n'Asụsụ Berber, a كِسْكَاس kiskas na Arabic ma ọ bụ a couscoussier na aha French).  Ntọala ya bụ ire dị elu nke dị ka ite nri, ebe a na-esi anụ na akwụkwọ nri dị ka ofe.  N'elu ala, ụgbọ mmiri na-anọdụ ala ebe a na-esi couscous, na-amị ụtọ site na stew.  Ihe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ nwere oghere gburugburu ya ka ọkụ wee nwee ike ịpụ.  Ọ ga-ekwe omume iji ite nwere ihe na-esi mmasị ụtọ.  Ọ bụrụ na oghere ndị ahụ buru oke ibu, oghere ike iji ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpuchi ụgbọ mmiri ahụ. A na-ihe couscous nke a na-ere n'ọtụtụ ndị ji nri nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda dị iche iche eme ihe ma nweta ya.  A na-ahụta ya site na egwu 1.5 nke mmiri na-eso ụzọ ma ọ bụ na nke ọ elelu nke couscous wee hapụ ya ka ọ okporo ya ruo ihe dị ka mkpa ise.  Couscous a na-etinye na steam na-ewe obere oge iji FO FOX ihu, ọtụtụ pasta nkụ, ma ọ bụ ọka nti nkụ (dị ka osikapa).  A na-ere akwụkwọ nri na-edozi ngwa ngwa na akwụkwọ nri, na anụ n'ozuzu ya na ụlọ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ egwuregwu Europe.  A na-eri Couscous n'ọtụtụ ebe na France, ebe ndị mbịarambịa Maghreb webatara ya [1] ma họpụta ya dị ka nri nke atọ ihie ewu na ndụ 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/article/Archive/Magret-is-the-No1-dish-for-French|title=Magret is the No1 dish for French - Moules-frites and couscous trail duck dish as study looks at what's on people's plates|work=The Connexion - French News in English|date=November 30, 2016|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> == Nkwado == N'anyị Disemba 2020, Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco, na Tunisia nkwado nkwado maka ihe, ihe, na omume na oriri nke couscous na isi Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Omenala nke Humanity site na UNESCO.  A na-eto njikọ aka nke mba anọ ahụ dị ka "ihe atụ nke imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/knowledge-know-how-and-practices-pertaining-to-the-production-and-consumption-of-couscous-01602|title=UNESCO - Knowledge, know-how and practices pertaining to the production and consumption of couscous|publisher=UNESCO|language=en|date=December 1, 2020|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/couscous-joins-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/a-55967754|title=Couscous joins UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=en-GB|date=December 17, 2020|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> == Mgbanwe dị iche iche == [[Faịlụ:Couscous_Tfaya_3.jpg|thumb|Moroccan couscous na ''tfaya'' na ọkụkọ e siri esi.]] [[Faịlụ:MoroccanCouscous.jpg|thumb|Couscous na akwụkwọ nri, anụ, na ''tfaya''.]] Na Tuniisiya, couscous na- nhọrọ, nke a na-eji harissa sauce eme, ma na- akwụkwọ nri na anụ, egwu nna, azụ, nri mmiri, anụ ehi, na mgbe ụfọdụ (n' መሪ ndịda) kamel.  Azụ couscous bụ nri iche nke Tunisia ma na-enwe ike iji octopus, squid ma ọ bụ nri mmirika ndị ọzọ mee ya na ofe na-ekpo ọkụ, na-acha ọkụ, na-esi nri ụtọ.A inye couscous dị ka nri.  e ji esi nri.  A na-akpọ ya Masfuf.  Masfuf ahụ ike mmetụta mmetụta, nzaghachi ma ọ bụ ike granate. === Libya === Na Libya, a na-ahụ anụ ọgụ (ma mgbe ụfọdụ Anụ kamel ma ọ bụ, mgbe ụfọdụ, anụ ehi) na Tripoli na ahụmahụ nke Libya, mana ọ bụghị n'oge emume ma ọ bụ ike.  Ụzọ ọzọ ị ga-esi rie couscous bụ dị ka ihe oriri;  a na-eji osisi osisi, sesame, na ịhụ mgbanwe dị ọcha ike ya ma a na-akpọ ya maghrood. === Malta === Na Malta, a mara obere pasta dị gburugburu nke buru ibu akụkụ couscous dị ka kusksu.  A na- ya eme ihe na efere nke otu aha ahụ, nke ahụ nnukwu agwa (nke a mara na Maltese dị ka ful) na ġbejniet, ụdị cheese dị n' ahụ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-05|title=Kusksu - A traditional Maltese soup made with broad beans, peas and giant couscous.|url=https://www.amaltesemouthful.com/kusksu-beautiful-maltese-soup-start-new-year/|accessdate=2023-08-26|work=A Maltese Mouthful|language=en-US}}</ref> === Mauritania === Na Mauritania, couscous na-eji nnukwu ọka wit (mabroum) ma gbaa uzọ ọzọ couscou na-acha odo odo nke Morocco.  A na-esi ya na anụ anụ, anụ ehi, ma ọ bụ anụ kamel na nri, nri yabasị, tomato, na karọt, wee gwakọta ya na sauce ma jiri ghee, nke a mara n'ahụ ahụ dị ka dhen.. A na-eme couscous site na ntụ ọka wit a pịrị apị nke a tụ n'ime granules ma ọ bụ pearls ya, na-eme ka ọ dị iche na pasta, ndị pasta dị ka orzo na risoni nke nha yiri ya, nke a  na-eme site na ọka wit a mkpa akụ ma ọ bụ kpụrụ ma ọ bụ extruded.  Couscous na pasta nwere uru na-edozi ahụ yiri ya, ọ bụ ebe na pasta na-ese nke a nụchara anụcha..<ref name="notpasta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/health/23recipehealth.html|title=Couscous: Just Don't Call It Pasta|author=Shulman|first=Martha Rose|work=The New York Times|date=23 February 2009|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> * [[Acheke|Attiéké]], nri a na-eri na Côte d'Ivoire na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, bụ nke e ji cassava e siri esi mee. * Cuscuz ({{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}{{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}: []) bụ nri yiri couscous sitere na mpaghara Northeast nke Brazil. {{IPA|pt|kusˈkus}}A na-eji nri ọka eme ya ma na-eri anụ ọkụ na mmiri ara ehi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0,6993,EEC533123-1488-4,00.html|title=Receitas|work=revistagloborural.globo.com|accessdate=9 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129120634/http://revistagloborural.globo.com/GloboRural/0%2C6993%2CEEC533123-1488-4%2C00.html|archivedate=January 29, 2008}}</ref> Na steeti São Paulo, a na-agbanye ''cuscuz'' n'ime ebu e ji akụkụ oroma chọọ mma, na efere a na-akpọ "''cuscuz'' Paulista", ọdịiche dị na nsụgharị mbụ nke ndị obodo mere mgbe ebili mmiri si n'ógbè Northeast. * [[Dambu|Dambou]] bụ nri dị ka couscous sitere na Niger. Enwere ike iji semolina mee ya maka oge pụrụ iche mana a na-ejikarị osikapa, ọka, ma ọ bụ ọka ndị ọzọ eme ya. A na-etinye akwụkwọ Moringa na nri ahụ.<ref name="UNDP">{{Cite book|url=https://www.undp.org/publications/adaptive-farms-resilient-tables-building-secure-food-systems-and-celebrating-0|title=Adaptive Farms, Resilient Tables: Building secure food systems and celebrating distinct culinary traditions in a world of climate uncertainty|author=United Nations Development Programme - Climate Change Adaption Facility|chapter=CCAF Cookbook|date=June 2017|language=en|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref><ref name="CCRP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ccrp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Food-Processing-W.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024011334/https://www.ccrp.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Food-Processing-W.pdf|archivedate=2020-10-24|title=Nutrition for Agriculture: Food Processing 2009-2017|author=Collaborative Crop Research Program|publisher=The McKnight Foundation|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> Na France, a gbanwere nri Naijiria a dị ka ụdị pụrụ iche (nke a na-akpọ couscous aux épinards) nke Maghreb-syle couscois a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ahụ, na-ejikarị spinach eme ihe n'ọnọdụ moringa.<ref name="rec">{{Cite web|url=https://recettesvegetales.com/couscous-aux-epinards/|title=Couscous aux épinards - Dambou (Niger)|work=Recettes Vegetales|date=June 18, 2017|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> * Fregula bụ ụdị pasta sitere na Sardinia. Ọ dị ka Berkoukes nke North Africa na Middle East Moghrabieh. Fregula na-abịa n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche mana ọ na-abụkarị ntụ ọka semolina a tụgharịrị n'ime bọl 2-3 mm n'obosara ma sie ya n'ọkụ.&nbsp; * Kouskousaki (Κουσκουσάκι (n'asụsụ Grik) ma ọ bụ ''kuskus'' (n'ụzọ Turkish) bụ pasta sitere na Gris na Turkey, nke a na-esi ma na-enye ya cheese na walnuts.<ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34163-3_15|author=Hammami|first=Rifka|date=2020|pages=347–367|editor=Igrejas|title=Wheat Quality for Improving Processing and Human Health|chapter=Durum Wheat Products, Couscous|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-34163-3_15|isbn=978-3-030-34163-3|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> * Na Levant, nri a maara dị ka moghrabieh (nke na-ezo aka na mpaghara Maghreb) na-eji otu ntụ ọka semolina nke sitere na durum ma tụgharịa ya n'ime nnukwu (5-6 milimita (0.20-0.24 in) n'obosara) 'pearl' iji mepụta nri na-ewu ewu na Jọdan, Lebanọn na Siria.<ref name="WashPost">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2021/05/14/couscous-moroccan-pearl-israeli/|title=A guide to couscous: The history, different types and how to cook with it|date=May 14, 2021|first=Aaron|author=Hutcherson|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> A na-esi nkume pel dị ka akụkụ nke stew ma ọ bụ jiri sinamọn mee ka ọ dị ụtọ ma na-enye ya n'akụkụ ọkụkọ na chickpea broth. * ''Maftulu'' Palestine na-eji granules ndị buru ibu karịa ụdị North Africa ma dị obere karịa pearls moghrabieh (2-3 milimita (0.079-0.118 in) n'obosara) ma jiri bulgur ma ọ bụ [[Simolina]] mee ya, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke ha abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/apr/26/maftoul-couscous-recipes-yotam-ottolenghi|title=Yotam Ottolenghi's maftoul recipes|date=April 26, 2013|first=Yotam|author=Ottolenghi|work=The Guardian|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> A na-enye ya n'otu aka ahụ n'akụkụ broth ọkụkọ na chickpea. "Maftoul" bụ okwu Arabic nke sitere na mgbọrọgwụ "fa-ta-la," nke pụtara ịtụgharị ma ọ bụ ịtụgharị, na-akọwa usoro eji aka eme granules.<ref name="asbell">{{Cite book|title=The New Whole Grain Cookbook: Terrific Recipes Using Farro, Quinoa, Brown Rice, Barley, and Many Other Delicious and Nutritious Grains|author=Asbell|first=Robin|date=August 2007|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-1-4521-0042-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAsbell2007">Asbell, Robin (August 2007). ''The New Whole Grain Cookbook: Terrific Recipes Using Farro, Quinoa, Brown Rice, Barley, and Many Other Delicious and Nutritious Grains''. Chronicle Books. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-0042-5|<bdi>978-1-4521-0042-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> * Wusu-Wusu bụ couscous nke a kwadebere site na fonio na mpaghara Hausa nke Nigeria, Benin, Togo na Ghana.<ref name="Martin Brink, Getachew Melese Belay">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3uww3qB94sC&pg=PA60|title=Céréales et légumes secs|author=Martin Brink, Getachew Melese Belay|year=2006|pages=60|publisher=PROTA|isbn=978-90-5782-172-1|accessdate=May 19, 2022}}</ref> == Nri ndị nwere aha yiri ya == Couscous nke Israel bụ pasta a na-eme ka ọ dị nro ma na-esi n'ọkụ ma ọ bụghị ihe ndị bụ isi ma ọ bụ usoro iwu ya na couscous..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gaunt|first=Doram|date=9 May 2008|title=Ben-Gurion rice|url=https://www.haaretz.com/2008-05-09/ty-article/ben-gurions-rice/0000017f-e310-df7c-a5ff-e37aef0e0000|work=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ugwu Africa: Nri ndị Morocco, [[Berber cuisine|Nri ndị Berber]], Nri Algeria, Nri Tunisia, Nri Libya na Nri ndị Ijipt * Ndepụta nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa * Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka<nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ldvsch5n1vocswa1y4t1ro8xvne6bcr Safari (ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ) 0 55308 195290 2024-11-18T17:20:26Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257306790|Safari (restaurant)]]" 195290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Safari''' bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọkachamara na nri ndị Somalia dị na Harlem agbataobi nke [[New York City|New York, New York]] . Dị ka nke 2020, ekwenyere na ọ bụ naanị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Somalia na New York City. <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ meghere na Mee 2015 ma dị na mpaghara a na-akpọ Le Petit Senegal, ebe obibi kachasị elu nke ndị njem n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na Manhattan . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> A mụrụ onye nwe Maymuuna Birjeeb na Kismayo, Somalia, ma tolite na Sweden. Tupu imepe Safari, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ. <ref name="NYT" /> Ihe ịchọ mma na mgbidi dị ntakịrị, nke a na-ahụ maka mgbidi osisi nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Osmanya . <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> <ref name="NYT" /> Ngwa nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ si Somalia. <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ enwetawo nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' kọwara Safari dị ka "mmeghe dị nro maka ndị na-eri nri na-amaghị nri ndị Somalia." <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> ''Magazin New York'' toro "ewu na pasta, nke na-atọ ụtọ dị ka carbonara na-enweghị anụ ezi, dị mma nke na ọ na-esiri ike iguzogide anụ ọhịa wolf." <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> AM New York Metro kọwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ ka ọ na-enye "ndị na-eri nri nwere ahụmahụ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Eastern-African na-adịghị ahụkebe nke bụ ezigbo dịka mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ na mpaghara tri-state." <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}mpaghara a na-akpọ Le Petit Senegal, ebe obibi kachasị elu nke ndị njem n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na Manhattan . [1] A mụrụ onye 6v5isytdzmdomqd9pyvy3vix02dv25j 195291 195290 2024-11-18T17:20:49Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Safari''' bụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ọkachamara na nri ndị Somalia dị na Harlem agbataobi nke [[New York City|New York, New York]] . Dị ka nke 2020, ekwenyere na ọ bụ naanị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Somalia na New York City. <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ meghere na Mee 2015 ma dị na mpaghara a na-akpọ Le Petit Senegal, ebe obibi kachasị elu nke ndị njem n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Africa na Manhattan . <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> A mụrụ onye nwe Maymuuna Birjeeb na Kismayo, Somalia, ma tolite na Sweden. Tupu imepe Safari, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akụ. <ref name="NYT" /> Ihe ịchọ mma na mgbidi dị ntakịrị, nke a na-ahụ maka mgbidi osisi nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Osmanya . <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> <ref name="NYT" /> Ngwa nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ si Somalia. <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ enwetawo nyocha dị mma site n'aka ndị nkatọ. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' kọwara Safari dị ka "mmeghe dị nro maka ndị na-eri nri na-amaghị nri ndị Somalia." <ref name="NYT">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|title=Safari Brings Somali Cuisine to Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/dining/hungry-city-safari-somali-restaurant-harlem.html|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=New York Times|date=2015-10-01}}</ref> ''Magazin New York'' toro "ewu na pasta, nke na-atọ ụtọ dị ka carbonara na-enweghị anụ ezi, dị mma nke na ọ na-esiri ike iguzogide anụ ọhịa wolf." <ref name="NYmag">{{Cite news|author=Niarchos|first=Nicholas|title=Safari, New York's Somali Restaurant|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/09/04/safari-new-yorks-somali-restaurant|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[New York magazine]]|date=2017-08-25}}</ref> AM New York Metro kọwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ ka ọ na-enye "ndị na-eri nri nwere ahụmahụ na-adịghị ahụkebe nke Eastern-African na-adịghị ahụkebe nke bụ ezigbo dịka mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ na mpaghara tri-state." <ref name="amny">{{Cite news|author=Pantorno|first=Joe|title=Safari Restaurant in Harlem offers incredible Somali cuisine|url=https://www.amny.com/news/watch-amny-tv-safari-restaurant-in-harlem-offers-incredible-somali-cuisine/|accessdate=3 October 2023|work=[[AM New York Metro]]|date=2020-07-06}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} hvwphmlgon88i0li1gl2m0tydntel3n Burjiko 0 55309 195292 2024-11-18T17:23:20Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249442592|Burjiko]]" 195292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Burjiko''' (nakwa '''Burjico''', '''Burjik''' na '''Burjic''' ) bụ ụdị esi nri [[Somalia|ndị Somalia]] ma ọ bụ stovu na-ere unyi . A na-eji ya akwadebe nri dị iche iche. == Mmepụta na nkesa == A na-eme burjiko site na sepiolite nke e gwupụtara na mpaghara etiti [[Somalia]] nke El Buur . Ngwa eji esi nri n'onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. N'ihi na ọ na-ebugharị ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na Horn Africa na Southwwest Asia ; karịsịa ndị na-akwagharị . == Nkọwa na ojiji == Burjiko dị okirikiri, nwere oghere miri emi na-esi n'etiti etiti ya na-etinye unyi. A na-eji ụdị efere dị iche iche kpuchie oghere a, dabere n'ihe mmadụ chọrọ isi nri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-eme ''[[Injera|canjeero]]'' (Somali flatbread ), mmadụ na-eji efere dị larịị. Otú ọ dị, efere miri emi ka mma mgbe ị na-esi nri ihendori. E wezụga canjeero na ihendori, a na-ejikarị burjikos akwadebe pasta na efere anụ dị ka ụkwụ atụrụ . == Hụkwa == * nri ndị Somalia == Ntụaka == n'onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. N'ihi na ọ na-ebugharị ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme{{Reflist}} ip04wl07q3a3k8x3zv4egpdadoynelk 195293 195292 2024-11-18T17:23:35Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Burjiko''' (nakwa '''Burjico''', '''Burjik''' na '''Burjic''' ) bụ ụdị esi nri [[Somalia|ndị Somalia]] ma ọ bụ stovu na-ere unyi . A na-eji ya akwadebe nri dị iche iche. == Mmepụta na nkesa == A na-eme burjiko site na sepiolite nke e gwupụtara na mpaghara etiti [[Somalia]] nke El Buur . Ngwa eji esi nri n'onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. N'ihi na ọ na-ebugharị ya, a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na Horn Africa na Southwwest Asia ; karịsịa ndị na-akwagharị . == Nkọwa na ojiji == Burjiko dị okirikiri, nwere oghere miri emi na-esi n'etiti etiti ya na-etinye unyi. A na-eji ụdị efere dị iche iche kpuchie oghere a, dabere n'ihe mmadụ chọrọ isi nri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe ị na-eme ''[[Injera|canjeero]]'' (Somali flatbread ), mmadụ na-eji efere dị larịị. Otú ọ dị, efere miri emi ka mma mgbe ị na-esi nri ihendori. E wezụga canjeero na ihendori, a na-ejikarị burjikos akwadebe pasta na efere anụ dị ka ụkwụ atụrụ . == Hụkwa == * nri ndị Somalia == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} th0jt0xbr2jlavt7vnojxjclavm2qyb Medfouna 0 55310 195294 2024-11-18T17:24:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234417582|Medfouna]]" 195294 wikitext text/x-wiki   Medfouna, nke a dị ka "Berber pizza" ma ọ bụ "piza ọzara", bụ nri ọdịnala nke obodo sitere na Morocco.[1][2][3][4]  A na-ahụ ya site na ntụ ọka dị gburugburu nke a na-etinye n'ime, dị nro n'ime ma na-atọ ụtọ n'ahụ.  N'ahụ ka pizza, Medfouna nwere okpukpu abụọ nke ntụ ọka: otu n'ala na otu n'elu nke na-ekpuchi ihe a na-etinye.. N'ugwu nke Middle Atlas na Morocco, a na-eme ya n'elu ọkụ osisi, weeta ya n'ime nhọrọ ma nye ndị ọbịa ya iko tii mint Moroccan.. == Okwu mmalite == Okwu Medfouna sitere na Arabic (المدفونة) ma ọ ቀለም "e liri."  [1] Na mpaghara Drâa-Tafilalet, a ndu medfouna dị ka Rissani, nke aha ya bụ obodo Rissani.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Madfouna: Morocco's surprising take on pizza|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180122-madfouna-moroccos-surprising-take-on-pizza|work=BBC|accessdate=2024-03-05}}</ref>   Medfouna ketara site n'aka ndị Berber nke oases na mpaghara ndịda Morocco.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Khobza medfouna {{!}} Traditional Flatbread From Morocco {{!}} TasteAtlas|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/berber-pizza|work=TasteAtlas|accessdate=2024-01-01}}</ref> Nri a bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọdịbendị na omenala nri nke akụkụ a nke Morocco.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en-US|first=Touring In|author=Morocco|title=Medfouna: The Berber Pizza Dish In The Desert Of Morocco|url=https://touringinmorocco.com/the-authentic-medfouna-or-berber-pizza/|work=Touring In Morocco|date=2023-06-30|accessdate=2024-01-01}}</ref> == Ịbụ onye a ma ama == Ihe a na-ewu nke nri aamụbaala Mba onye nri Britain Gordon Ramsay, dịka nke ime ihe nkiri nke usoro nri ya Uncharted, ihe ngosi nri njem nke a haziri na ihe nkiri ya na ọwa National Geographic, gara Morocco iji akwụkwọ  dị iche iche nke nri Moroccan. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jill K. Robinson|language=en|title=Gordon Ramsay Treks the Mountains of Morocco|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/pages/article/gordon-ramsay-morocco-cooking|work=National Geographic|date=2019-06-12|accessdate=2024-03-05}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|language=fr-FR|author=Jack|title=Le chef Gordon Ramsey découvre la cuisine amazighe {{!}} La Tribune de Marrakech|url=https://latribunedemarrakech.com/une-star-du-petit-ecran-decouvre-la-cuisine-amazighe/|date=2019-07-17|accessdate=2024-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|language=fr|author=Brooke Sabin|title=Suivez Gordon Ramsay dans son voyage gastronomique à travers le monde|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.fr/voyage/2019/07/suivez-gordon-ramsay-dans-son-voyage-gastronomique-travers-le-monde|work=National Geographic France|date=2019-07-16|accessdate=2024-03-05}}</ref> Site n'ileta ugwu Middle Atlas, onye isi nri Britain mere ka ndị na-ekiri ya mara usoro nri Medfouna nke ndị Berber nke Middle Atlas nri.  nri nri, nke e ji dị ndị dị n' akara ahụ mee, nke nwere ụdị mushrooms dị iche iche na-eto n'ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, na cheese Berber sitere na mpaghara ahụ.  1]  Dị ka omenala nke Middle Atlas si kwuo, a na-esi Medfouna n'elu ọkụ osisi, n'adịghị ka nke ndị Berber nke Tafilalet bụ ndị na-esi ya n'okpuru ájá okpuru ulo..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|language=en|title=Madfouna|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/foods/berber-pizza-madfouna|work=Atlas Obscura|date=2018-05-17|accessdate=2024-01-01}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Ary-jben_makêye_Rif_coirbeye.JPG|thumb|Ụdị cheese Berber ọdịnala dị iche iche sitere na Morocco nke a na-eji eme ihe na Medfouna.]] == Nchịkọta nri == [[Faịlụ:Medfouna's_dish,_Erfoud.jpg|thumb|Medfouna ọdịnala, tinyere tii mint.]] Ihe a na-etinye bụ nri nke ihe na-esi nri ndị na-agụ, nke a na-eke akwụkwọ nri, yabasị, na anụ e gburu (anụ ehi ma ọ bụ ewu), yana cheese, Coriander, na obere obere.  Enwere ike iji obere siri ike nke ya.<ref>{{Cite web|language=en|author=Khadija El Mary|title=Moroccan Cuisine: Recipe for Amazigh Flatbread or Moroccan Pizza|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2012/10/61026/moroccan-cuisine-recipe-amazigh-flatbread-moroccan-pizza|work=Morocco World News|date=2012-10-15}}</ref> == Ihe edeturu na ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 5xq5jns1yonunsntf5gqbkmsnoyjm1v Curry 0 55311 195295 2024-11-18T17:29:27Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258170892|Curry]]" 195295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg|thumb| Nwa atụrụ Madras curry]] '''Curry''' bụ efere nwere ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy nwere ngwa nri, nke sitere na ngbanwe nke nri India na uto Europe na nri, malite na Portuguese, ndị Dutch na British sochiri ya, wee bụrụ nke zuru oke na mba ụwa. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ efere ndị a ga-akọwa dị ka curries n'asụsụ bekee na nri obodo dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na East Asia . Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime imepụta curry bụ mbata na India nke ose chili na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka tomato na poteto, akụkụ nke mgbanwe osisi Columbian n'etiti ụwa ochie na ụwa ọhụrụ . N'oge British Raj, nri Anglo-India mepụtara, na-eduga na nhazi nke narị afọ nke 18 nke Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way" na England. Mgbe ahụ, Curry gbasara na narị afọ nke 19 site n'aka ndị ọrụ shuga ndị India webatara na Caribbean, na ndị ahịa Britain na-aga Japan. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri mba ụwa zuru oke. Ọtụtụ ụdị curry dị na mba dị iche iche. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, curry na-enwekarị tapawa ose na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. N'India, a na-eghe ngwa nri na mmanụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta; nke a nwere ike jikọta ya na broth dabeere na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ aki oyibo. Na China na Korea, curries na-adabere na uzuzu curry azụmahịa. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Curry na-abụghị obodo ha na-emekarị ka nri ha kwekọọ na mmasị obodo; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Thai na West na-ere curries uhie, odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ose chili nke agba ndị ahụ, na-ejikọta ya na ngwa nri ndị ọzọ nke otu agba. Na Britain, curry abụrụla nri mba, nke nwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke sitere na India, ndị ọzọ gbanwere ma ọ bụ mepụta ya kpamkpam, dị ka ọkụkọ tikka masala, nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Britain nke Bangladesh kere na narị afọ nke 20. == Etymology == Okwu 'curry' anaghị apụta n'asụsụ India ọ bụla. Okwu dị iche iche nwere ụda yiri nke ahụ, dị ka ''khari'' na ''caril'', pụtara "ihendori" na ojiji nke oge a, ma eleghị anya ọ pụtara ma otu ngwakọta nke ngwa nri, na efere na-eji ngwakọta ahụ, mgbe Portuguese rutere Goa. Ọkà mmụta omenala nri Lizzie Collingham na-atụ aro na ndị Portuguese nụrụ ma nakweere okwu ahụ, na-emecha nweta ihe ọ pụtara n'oge a nke efere, na-esikarị ose, na ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019">{{Cite news|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/|title=The Word Curry Came From a Colonial Misunderstanding|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2019|accessdate=10 May 2021}}</ref> Collingham dere na: [2]   [[Faịlụ:To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg|thumb| Ntụziaka Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way", nke e bipụtara na mbụ n'akwụkwọ 1747 ya ''bụ The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . Ọ bụ nke mbụ a maara iji okwu a na bekee. (Nhazi na-eji ogologo s, "ſ" ).]] 'Curry' bụ "Enwetere n'ikpeazụ" <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> site na nchikota ụfọdụ okwu Dravidian nke asụsụ ndịda India. <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> Otu n'ime okwu ndị ahụ bụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kaṟi'' ( {{Lang|ta|கறி}} ) pụtara 'ihendori' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ụtọ maka osikapa'. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-28|title=What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history|url=https://thetakeout.com/what-we-know-as-curry-has-a-long-and-curious-history-1798252495|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The Takeout}}</ref> Asụsụ Dravidian ndị ọzọ, ya bụ Malayalam, Kannada na Kodava, nwere okwu ndị yiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623031133/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes|archivedate=23 June 2020}}</ref> A kọwara ''Kaṟi'' n'ime akwụkwọ nri Portuguese nke narị afọ nke 17 site n'aka ndị otu British East India Company, <ref name="taylor" /> bụ ndị ha na ndị ahịa Tamil na-ere ahịa n'akụkụ oke osimiri Coromandel nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ India, bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "ngwakọta ose ... a na-akpọ ''kari podi.'' ma ọ bụ curry ntụ ntụ". <ref name="Sahni 1980">{{Cite book|author=Sahni|first=Julie|year=1980|title=Classic Indian Cooking|location=New York|publisher=William Morrow|pages=39–40}}</ref> Ngosipụta mbụ n'ụdị anglicised ya (spel ''currey'' ) dị n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse 's 1747 ''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> <ref name="taylor">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Anna-Louise|title=Curry: Where did it come from?|date=11 October 2013|work=BBC Food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archivedate=29 March 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "curry" esighị na aha osisi curry, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ curries na-agụnye akwụkwọ curry n'etiti ọtụtụ ngwa nri ndị ọzọ. <ref name="NPR 2011">{{Cite news|publisher=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india|date=28 September 2011|title=Fresh Curry Leaves Add a Touch of India|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Raghavan|first=S.|title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavourings|publisher=CRC Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8}}</ref> O nweghi ihe jikọrọ ya na okwu ''cury'' na ''The Forme of Cury'', <ref name="taylor">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Anna-Louise|title=Curry: Where did it come from?|date=11 October 2013|work=BBC Food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archivedate=29 March 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor, Anna-Louise (11 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 "Curry: Where did it come from?"]. ''BBC Food''. Archived from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 the original] on 29 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> akwụkwọ nri Bekee 1390s; okwu ahụ sitere na Middle French okwu ''[[wiktionary:cuire|cuire]]'', nke pụtara 'esi nri'. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 "Curry"]. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 Archived] from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Omenala mgbanwe == === Azụmahịa ngwa nri oge ochie na Eshia === Ndị ahịa Austronesia na South East Asia na-ere ahịa ngwa nri n'okporo ụzọ ahia mmiri dị n'etiti South Asia (nke bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Sri Lanka) na East Asia ruo azụ na 5000 TOA. <ref name="Manguin2016">{{Cite book|author=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|title=Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319338224|editor=Campbell|pages=51–76|chapter=Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|accessdate=26 March 2023|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=Wilhelm Solheim|date=1996|title=The Nusantao and north-south dispersals|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=15|pages=101–109}}</ref> Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie nke dị na 2600 TOA sitere na Mohenjo-daro na-atụ aro iji ngwa agha na pestle na paụnd ngwa nri gụnyere mọstad, fennel, cumin, na mkpuru osisi tamarind bụ ndị ha ji eme nri. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Iyer|first=Raghavan|authorlink=Raghavan Iyer (chef)|year=2008|title=660 Curries|location=New York|publisher=Workman Publishing|pages=2–3|isbn=9780761137870}}</ref> Obere ose sitere na subcontinent India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma mara nri India kemgbe opekata mpe 2000 TOA. Ihe atọ bụ isi e ji stew na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ ginger, galik, na turmeric . N'iji nyocha nke ọka starch, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ngwa nri ndị a na skeletons na arịa ụrọ sitere na ihe ndị e gwupụtara na India, na-achọpụta na turmeric na ginger nọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/|title=People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|accessdate=26 December 2020|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012343/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/}}</ref> <ref name="Lawler 2013">{{Cite web|author=Lawler|first=Andrew|title=Where Did Curry Come From?|date=29 January 2013|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html|accessdate=27 December 2020|archivedate=15 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115085836/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html}}</ref> Achịcha ndị dị na India tupu Columbus nwere ike ịnwe ose ojii ma ọ bụ ogologo ose iji nye ntakịrị okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụghị chili, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị ekpo ọkụ site n'ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles|url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/|work=Gastropod|accessdate=6 October 2024|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> === Azụmahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Curry's_origins.svg|center|thumb| Mmalite na mgbasa nke curry gburugburu ụwa. A na-ere ngwa nri dị nro n'etiti India na East Asia site na 5000 TOA. <ref name="Manguin2016">{{Cite book|author=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|title=Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319338224|editor=Campbell|pages=51–76|chapter=Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|accessdate=26 March 2023|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFManguin2016">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"]. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). ''Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World''. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;51–76. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783319338224|<bdi>9783319338224</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbanwe Colombia wetara ose chili na India. <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web|author=Batsha|first=Nishant|authorlink=Nishant Batsha|date=25 June 2020|title=Curry Before Columbus|url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/|accessdate=15 December 2020|work=Contingent|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/}}</ref> Nri Anglo-India bịara Britain na narị afọ nke 17. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles|url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/|work=Gastropod|accessdate=6 October 2024|date=9 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Twilley, Nicola; Graber, Nicola (9 April 2019). [https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ "Transcript: The Curry Chronicles"]. ''Gastropod''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Edebere okwu ahụ "curry" na mbụ n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse nke Bekee nke 1747. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 "Curry"]. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 Archived] from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Na narị afọ nke 19, curry gbasaa na Caribbean <ref name="Mishan 2017">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|date=10 November 2017|title=Asian-American Cuisine's Rise, and Triumph|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> na Japan, <ref name="Itoh 2011">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/|title=Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think|author=Itoh|first=Makiko|date=26 August 2011|work=[[The Japan Times]]|language=en|accessdate=19 May 2019}}</ref> wee si ebe ahụ gaa na ndị China, malite na Singapore. <ref name="Lim 1886">{{Cite book|author=Lim|first=Hiong Seng|chapter=Provisions, Fish, Vegetable and Fruit|title=Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular|location=Singapore|publisher=Koh Yew Hean Press|date=1886|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Handbook_of_the_Swatow_vernacular.djvu/111}}</ref> Mbugharị ọzọ na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ (anaghị egosi) mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. ]] Nguzobe nke Alaeze Ukwu Mughal, na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, metụtara ụfọdụ curries, karịsịa na ugwu. Mmetụta ọzọ bụ nguzobe ụlọ ahịa Portuguese na Goa na 1510, na-ebute iwebata ose chili, tomato na poteto na India site na America, dị ka ihe sitere na Columbian Exchange . <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web|author=Batsha|first=Nishant|authorlink=Nishant Batsha|date=25 June 2020|title=Curry Before Columbus|url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/|accessdate=15 December 2020|work=Contingent|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBatsha2020">[[Nishant Batsha|Batsha, Nishant]] (25 June 2020). [https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ "Curry Before Columbus"]. ''Contingent''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ Archived] from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1598, nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Dutch banyere njem na East Indies kwuru banyere broth "dị ntakịrị utoojoo" a na-akpọ ''Carriel'', nke a na-eri na osikapa. Okwu Dutch mechara {{Lang|nl|karie}} e ji mee ihe na Dutch East Indies malite na narị afọ nke 19; Ọtụtụ ndị India akwagala Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia mgbe ahụ. <ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry" /> == Site na mpaghara == === United Kingdom === [[Faịlụ:Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg|thumb| Chicken tikka masala na osikapa na achịcha naan]] Curry na-ewu ewu na United Kingdom, yana ụlọ curry n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jahangir|first=Rumeana|title=How Britain got the hots for curry|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2009|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Curry Week: Why Britain loves curry|url=http://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/|work=Fleet Street Communications|date=13 October 2017|accessdate=16 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110103644/https://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/|archivedate=10 January 2020}}</ref> Nke a bụ ewu ewu ya nke na a na-akpọkarị ya "nri mba anabatara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Spinks|first=Rosie|title=Curry on cooking: how long will the UK's adopted national dish survive?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jul/08/uk-indian-restaurants-struggling-to-curry-on-lack-of-chefs|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 July 2005|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2016, enwere ụlọ curry 12,000, na-ewe mmadụ 100,000 na-ere ahịa kwa afọ nke £ 4.2.&nbsp;ijeri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Moore|first=Malcolm|title=The great British curry crisis|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2165379e-b4b2-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f|work=Financial Times|date=8 January 2016|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> A na-esi nri nri a na-enye ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ ndị Britain, mana na-enwewanye ọchịchọ maka ụdị ndị India ezigbo. <ref name="NYT11415">{{Cite news|author=de Freytas-Tamura|first=Kimiko|title=Britons Perturbed by a Troubling Shortage of Curry Chefs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/05/world/europe/britain-curry-house-shortage-chefs.html|accessdate=4 November 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 November 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, onye odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Britain bụ Robin Cook kọwara chicken tikka masala dị ka "ezigbo nri mba Britain, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kacha ewu ewu, ma n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe atụ zuru oke nke ụzọ Britain na-esi enweta ma na-emegharị mmetụta mpụga." <ref name="Guardian2001">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity|title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London|date=19 April 2001|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Isi mmalite ya ejighị n'aka, mana ọtụtụ ebe na-ekwu na ọ bụ British Asia ; ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Glasgow bụ obodo si malite. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dutt|first=Vijay|title=60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala/story-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=13 December 2021|date=21 October 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ghosh bb">{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Bobby|title=How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/who-created-chicken-tikka-masala-history-of-uk-s-national-dish|accessdate=26 February 2023|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=19 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Emma|title=Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef|url=https://www.insider.com/chicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11|work=Insider|accessdate=13 December 2021}}</ref> Ọ nwere ike isi na ọkụkọ bọta, ewu ewu na ugwu India. <ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book|author=Thaker|first=Aruna|title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics|date=2012|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9781405173582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74}}</ref> A na-enweta curries na Britain akụkụ ụfọdụ site na India yana akụkụ nke ihe mepụtara n'ụlọ nri ndị India dị na mpaghara. Ha na-adịgasị iche site na ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ruo na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, nwere aha ndị a na-ahazi n'ofe mba ahụ, mana a na-amaghịkarị na India. <ref name="Dillon 2024">{{Cite web|author=Dillon|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Dillon|title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|accessdate=7 October 2024|date=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+Oke ike nke curries Britain <ref name="Dillon 2024">{{Cite web|author=Dillon|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Dillon|title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|accessdate=7 October 2024|date=2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDillon2024">[[Sheila Dillon|Dillon, Sheila]] (2024). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry "From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry"]. [[BBC Radio 4]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ! Ike ! Ọmụmaatụ ! Ebe esi ! Ụbọchị mmalite ! Nkọwa |- ! style="background:Khaki;" | Dị nwayọọ | Korma | Ụlọ ikpe Mughal, North India | Narị afọ nke 16 | Dị nwayọọ, ude; nwere ike inwe almond, aki oyibo, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi |- ! style="background:Yellow;" | Ọkara | Madras | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh | Afọ 1970 | Red, oseose na chili ntụ ntụ |- ! style="background:Orange;" | Na-ekpo ọkụ | Vindaloo | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh [b] | Afọ 1970 | Obere ose na ose chili na poteto [c] |- ! style="background:Salmon;" | Oke | Fall | British Bangladesh, Birmingham | narị afọ nke 20 | ose chili siri ike dị ka scotch bonnet, habanero |} === South Asia ===   [[Faịlụ:Handi-and-karahi.jpg|thumb| ''Karahi'' omenala (aka ekpe) na ''handi'' (n'aka nri) na-enye efere]] Ọtụtụ efere ndị India na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ngwa nri a na-ahọrọ maka efere bụ nke ọhụrụ na-eghe ya na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Bhuna?|url=https://www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna|work=Seasoned Pioneers|accessdate=7 October 2024}}</ref> Ọdịnaya nke efere na ụdị nkwadebe dịgasị iche site na mpaghara. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eji ngwa nri eme nri ndị a gụnyere ose ojii, cardamom, ose chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, mkpụrụ fennel, mkpụrụ mọstad, na turmeric. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> Enwere ike iji ihe dị ka ngwa nri iri na ise maka curry anụ. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eghe ngwa nri ndị ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ asuchaa ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-apịa ya ma gwakọta ya na mado. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eri nri ndị ahụ site na osikapa e ghere eghe ma ọ bụ achịcha osikapa idli na ndịda India, <ref name="Jaffrey 1982">{{Cite book|author=Jaffrey|first=Madhur|authorlink=Madhur Jaffrey|title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery|date=1982|publisher=[[BBC]]|isbn=978-0-563-16491-3|pages=7–10}}</ref> na achịcha dị ka chapatis, roti, na naan n'ebe ugwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gopalakrishnan|first=Srividhya|title=The Indian Bread Types You Need to Know|url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/indian-bread-types/|work=Taste of Home|accessdate=8 October 2024}}</ref> Rogan josh na-ewu ewu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na nri Kashmiri, bụ efere mmiri mmiri nke nwa atụrụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke osisi cockcomb ( ''mawal'' ). Rice na curry bụ nri siri ike nke Sri Lanka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Dish of Sri Lanka Rice and Curry|url=https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-sri-lanka-rice-and-curry/|accessdate=2024-03-17|work=National Dishes of the World}}</ref> === East Asia === A na-eri curry Japanese dị ka {{Lang|ja-Latn|karē raisu}}</link> - curry, osikapa, na akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-esikarị, a na-eje ozi n'otu efere ma jiri ngaji rie ya, nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-emekarị n'oge nri ehihie. Ọ dị obere ose na ose karịa ndị India na ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na-abụ nnukwu stew karịa curry. Ndị Britain wetara curry si n'ógbè ndị India na-alọghachi na Britain <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html|title=History of Japanese curry|author=S&B Company|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411190436/http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html|archivedate=11 April 2013|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> ma webata ya na Japan n'oge Meiji (1868 ruo 1912), mgbe Japan kwụsịrị iwu nke ikewapụ onwe ya nke mba ( {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[sakoku]]}}), na curry na Japan bụ nke a na-ahazi dị ka nri Western . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Booth|first=Michael|title=The Meaning of Rice: And Other Tales from the Belly of Japan|date=2017|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781473545816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ọ gbasaa na mba ahụ n'ihi ojiji ya na ndị agha Japan na ndị agha mmiri nke nakweere ya dị ka ebe dị mma na ebe a na-esi nri na mmiri mmiri, na-enye ohere ọbụna ndị si n'ime ime ime obodo nweta efere ahụ. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force na omenala nwere curry kwa Friday maka nri ehihie na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ntụziaka nke ha. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Itoh|first=Makiko|title=Curry – it's more 'Japanese' than you think|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/|date=26 August 2011|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=8 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> Curry Japanese ọkọlọtọ nwere eyịm, karọt, poteto, na mgbe ụfọdụ celery, na anụ a na-esi na nnukwu ite. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye apụl ma ọ bụ mmanụ aṅụ grated maka ụtọ ọzọ, a na-eji akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. Curry gbasaa na mpaghara Eshia ndị ọzọ. A na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ curry na nri ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ndịda China. Uzuzu curry a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa nri ndị China yiri Madras curry ntụ ntụ, mana na mgbakwunye nke anise star na cinnamon. <ref name="Sen2009">{{Cite book|author=Sen|first=Colleen Taylor|title=Curry: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94tRvbuCqWcC&pg=PA1|date=15 November 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-704-6|accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> Obodo ochie Portuguese nke Macau nwere omenala culinary na nri curry, gụnyere ''Galinha à portuguesa'' ("ọkụkọ ụdị Portuguese") na nshịkọ curry. Ihendori Portuguese bụ ihendori nke curry na-esi ísì ma were mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo sie ya . <ref name="HoustonPTChicken">{{Cite news|author=Levitt|first=Alice|title=Our Latest Obsession: Portuguese Chicken at Wing Kee Restaurant|url=https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=[[Houstonia (magazine)|Houstonia]]|date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A na-ewu ewu Curry na nri ndị Korea mgbe Ottogi banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ nri ndị Korea nwere ntụ ntụ curry na-ebubata na 1969. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118|title=[Best Brand] Ottogi becomes Korea's representative curry product|date=25 June 2015|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="sohn">{{Cite news|author=Sohn|first=JiAe|title=Ottogi Curry brings Indian cuisine to the table|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393|date=24 October 2014|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> Curry ntụ ntụ nwere ngwa nri gụnyere cardamom, chili, cinnamon, na turmeric. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Jiyoung|title=Real Korean Recipes|date=2024|publisher=Beeolive Books|location=Seoul, Korea|isbn=979-11-987166-0-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP8EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Korean+curry%22+%22turmeric%22&pg=PA23}}</ref> A na-eme Curry ''tteokbokki'' nke ''tteok'' (achịcha osikapa), ''eomik'' (achịcha azụ), àkwá, akwụkwọ nri, na ''gochujang'', tapawa chili na-acha uhie uhie fermented. Dị ka ọ dị n'India, ndị ahịa Europe butere chili na Korea. Chili ihendori na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dochie soy sauce nke a na-ejibu na tteokbokki. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Huskey|first=Brian|title=Asia: The Ultimate Cookbook (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, Asian)|date=2022|publisher=Cider Mill Press|pages=19, 398}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> Faịlụ:Kare-Raisu.jpg|alt=Japanese style Karē-Raisu (curry rice)| Ụdị Japanese {{Lang|ja-Latn|Karē-Raisu}} (curry osikapa) Faịlụ:Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork,_gochujang,_and_gailan.jpg|alt=Korean tteokbokki(rice cake curry)| Korean ''tteokbokki''<br /><br /><br /><br /> achicha osikapa (curry) </gallery> === Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === Na nri Burmese, a na-akpọ curries nke ukwuu ''hin'' . Curry Burmese nwere anụ amịkọrọ na tapawa curry nwere yabasị, galik, tapawa ahịhịa, tomato na turmeric. Curries Burmese na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-enweghị chili, yana ntakịrị mmanụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bush|first=Austin|title=Burmese curry restaurants|url=https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html|publisher=Austin Bush Photography|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223207/https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html|archivedate=9 January 2021|date=5 December 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=DeWitt|first=Dave|title=Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World|date=2014-05-26|publisher=Catapult|isbn=978-1-61902-388-8}}</ref> A na-akpọ curries Thai {{Lang|th|gaeng}} , na-enwekarị anụ, azụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri n'ime ihendori dabere na tapawa sitere na chili, yabasị ma ọ bụ shallots, galik, na tapawa ahịhịa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai cooking, food thai, Thai menu, pad thai recipe|work=The Nation|url=http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382|accessdate=22 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817162611/http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382|archivedate=17 August 2016}}</ref> Nri Thai e ghere eghe ole na ole na-eji {{Lang|th|phong kari}} , ụdị India curry ntụ ntụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42|title=Stir Fried Prawns with Curry Powder and Eggs Recipe|work=Thaifoodmaster|date=18 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309200917/http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42|archivedate=9 March 2010}}</ref> N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, curries Thai na-abụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara, na-enwekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-acha uhie uhie kacha mma. A na-eji chili ndụ ndụ, coriander, kaffir lime, na basil na-esi ísì ụtọ curry green; odo, na-acha odo odo chili na turmeric; na uhie, ya na chili uhie. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schmidt|first=Darlene|title=Thai Curry Types: The Difference Between Red, Yellow, and Green Curries|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020|work=The Spruce Eats|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001183151/https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020|archivedate=1 October 2024|date=22 September 2024}}</ref> Nri Malaysian ndị India emegharịgharịrị curries (dị ka {{Lang|my|gulai}} , na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) site na mpaghara ndị India bi, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raji|first=Mohd Nazri Abdul|date=2017-12-01|title=Past and present practices of the Malay food heritage and culture in Malaysia|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|volume=4|issue=4|pages=221–231|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.001}}</ref> mana ọ ghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Malay na ndị China ebe ahụ. Curries Malaysian nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, mana a na-esikarị cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, shallots, ose chili na galik. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysian Curry: Authentic and Delicious|url=https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/|work=Mama Lam's|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302090756/https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/|archivedate=2 March 2024|date=14 January 2022}}</ref> Nri Indoneshia nke India nwere mmegharị nke ezigbo efere si [[Ndia|India]], yana ihe okike izizi sitere na omenala nri Indonesia dị iche iche. Curry na Indonesian bụ ''kari'' na na Javanese, ''kare'' . Na nri Indonesian karịsịa na Bandung, e nwere efere a na-akpọ ''lontong kari'', ngwakọta nke lontong na beef yellow curry soup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Rekomendasi Lontong Kari Enak di Bandung, Cocok Pisan buat Sarapan!|language=Indonesian|url=https://www.idntimes.com/food/dining-guide/ranggana/5-rekomendasi-lontong-kari-enak-di-bandung-c1c2|work=idntimes.com|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> Na nri Javanese, ''kare rajungan'', blue swimmer crab curry aghọwo nri ụtọ nke Tuban Regency, East Java . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kare Rajungan Khas Tuban yang Gurih dan 'Nendang'|url=https://genpi.id/kare-rajungan-khas-tuban/|work=genpi.id|date=21 September 2021|accessdate=25 April 2023|language=Indonesian}}</ref> Rendang, nri mba Indonesia, nke sitere na Minang, dị nkụ ma nwee ọtụtụ anụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo karịa curry Malaysian; Hikayat Amir Hamzah kwuru banyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Malay na 1550. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hikayat Amir Hamzah 1 (Menentang Jin di Bukit Qaf)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rahQDaE0bD8C&pg=PA10|year=2008|publisher=PTS Fortuna|isbn=978-983-192-116-6|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref> Na nri Vietnamese, nke ma Thai na nri India na-emetụta, a maara curry dị ka ''cà ri'' . A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ya, ntụ ntụ Madras curry nwere ọtụtụ turmeric, na ihe dị iche iche dị ọhụrụ dị ka coriander, lemongrass, na ginger. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Andrea|title=Excite Your Tastebuds with Cà Ri Gà, Vietnamese Chicken Curry|url=https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/|work=Simply Recipes|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915014452/https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/|archivedate=15 September 2024|date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Na Philippines, nri nwere ike bụrụ na ọ sitere na curries India sitere na ya bụ oxtail stew {{Lang|fil|[[kare-kare]]}} , ikekwe ndị Sepoy si mba ọzọ na-emetụta ya n'oge nkenke British ọrụ nke Manila (1762-1764), ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na Southeast Asia efere ose. <ref name="Villar">{{Cite news|author=Villar|first=Roberto|title=The Fascinating History of Kare-kare|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fascinating-history-of-kare-kare-a2386-20190802-lfrm2|accessdate=15 November 2024|work=Esquire|date=2 August 2019}}</ref> {{Lang|fil|[[Ginataan]]}}bụ nri ala nke na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ginataang Alimasag (Crabs in Coconut Milk)|url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/276743/ginataang-alimasag-crabs-in-coconut-milk/|work=allrecipes|accessdate=15 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sobel|first=Adam|title=Ginataang Langka (Filipino Jackfruit in Coconut Milk)|url=https://cinnamonsnail.com/ginataang-langka-recipe/|work=Cinnamon Snail|accessdate=15 November 2024}}</ref> nke dị ka ọ dị na Filipino chicken curry nwere ike ịkpọ 'curry' mgbe a na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ . <ref name="pp">{{Cite web|title=Pinoy Chicken Curry Recipe|url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/|work=Panlasang Pinoy|accessdate=20 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420064900/https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/|archivedate=20 April 2019}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> Faịlụ:Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG|alt=Mutton gulai (Indonesian curry), part of nasi padang| Mutton ''gulai'' (curry Indonesia), akụkụ nke ''nasi padang'' Faịlụ:Myanma_cuisine_(cropped).jpg|alt=A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries| Nri ọdịnala na-egosipụta ọtụtụ curries Burmese Faịlụ:Philippine_Chicken_curry_(cropped).jpg|alt=Filipino chicken curry| Curry ọkụkọ Filipin Faịlụ:Phanaeng_mu_(cropped).jpg|alt=Thai phanaeng with pork| Thai ''phanaeng'' na anụ ezi Faịlụ:Cà_Ri_Gà_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg|alt=Vietnamese cà ri with chicken| Vietnamese ''cà ri'' na ọkụkọ </gallery> === South Africa === [[Faịlụ:Durban's_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg|thumb| [[Bunny chow]], South Africa]] Curry gbasaa na [[South Africa]] na njem nke ndị mmadụ si na mpaghara India na mpaghara n'oge colonial. Curries Africa, Cape Malay curries na Natal curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, [[Bunny chow]], na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na KwaZulu-Natal na Western Cape, ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na Afrikaner . <ref name="seid">{{Cite news|author=Seid|first=Shelley|title=Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/|accessdate=27 January 2018|work=The Sunday Times|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> Durban nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị India kacha ukwuu na mpụga India n'ụwa. <ref name="ishay">{{Cite web|author=Govender-Ypma|first=Ishay|title=The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry|url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry|publisher=Munchies|accessdate=27 January 2018|date=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021236/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry|archivedate=28 January 2018}}</ref> Bunny chow ma ọ bụ "set", ọkọlọtọ South Africa, nwere ma nwa atụrụ, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ bean curry nke a wụsara n'ime ogbe achịcha a na-ekpo ọkụ ka a ga-eji mkpịsị aka ya rie site n'itinye iberibe achịcha ahụ n'ime ya. <ref name="seid" /> <ref name="ishay" /> 'Bunny chow' pụtara 'nri India', sitere na [[wiktionary:banyan|Banian]], onye India. Emebere usoro iji nri curry n'ihi na apartheid machibidoro ndị isi ojii iri nri n'ụlọ nri ndị India; Enwere ike iburu ogbe achịcha ahụ ngwa ngwa ma rie n'okporo ámá. [81] == Hụkwa == * The Curry Club == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == n'onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. N'ihi na ọ na-ebugharị ya, a na-ejikarị ya emen'onwe ya na-arụ ọrụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa. N'ihi na ọ na-ebugharị ya, a na-ejikarị ya emcurries na [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal]] curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, [[Bunny chow]], na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na [[KwaZulu-Natal]] na [[Western Cape]], ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na [[Afrikaner]] . <ref name="seid2">{{Cite news|author=Seid|first=Shelley|title=Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/|accessdate=27 January 2018|work=The Sunday Times|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> [[Durban]] nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Indiacurries na [[KwaZulu-Natal|Natal]] curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, [[Bunny chow]], na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na [[KwaZulu-Natal]] na [[Western Cape]], ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na [[Afrikaner]] . <ref name="seid3">{{Cite news|author=Seid|first=Shelley|title=Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/|accessdate=27 January 2018|work=The Sunday Times|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> [[Durban]] nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Indiae{{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite book|author=Collingham|first=Lizzie|authorlink=Lizzie Collingham|title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors|date=2006|origyear=2005 ([[Chatto & Windus]])|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-099-43786-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Davidson|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Davidson (food writer)|editor=Tom Jaine|title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]]|edition=3rd|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-967733-7}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Achaya, KT ''Nri India: Mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme'' . Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1994. * Burton, David. ''Raj na tebụl'' . London: Faber na Faber, 1993. * Chapman, Pat . ''Akwụkwọ Nsọ Pat Chapman's Curry'' . Hodder &amp;amp; Stoughton, 1997. * Grove, Peter & Colleen. ''Ihe ụtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme'' . London: Akwụkwọ Godiva, 2011. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ls4zpkifujp5uqo1fr6y4ytba0httd7 195296 195295 2024-11-18T17:30:47Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Faịlụ:Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg|thumb| Nwa atụrụ Madras curry]] '''Curry''' bụ efere nwere ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy nwere ngwa nri, nke sitere na ngbanwe nke nri India na uto Europe na nri, malite na Portuguese, ndị Dutch na British sochiri ya, wee bụrụ nke zuru oke na mba ụwa. A na-ahụ ọtụtụ efere ndị a ga-akọwa dị ka curries n'asụsụ bekee na nri obodo dị na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na East Asia . Nzọụkwụ mbụ n'ime imepụta curry bụ mbata na India nke ose chili na-ekpo ọkụ, yana ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka tomato na poteto, akụkụ nke mgbanwe osisi Columbian n'etiti ụwa ochie na ụwa ọhụrụ . N'oge British Raj, nri Anglo-India mepụtara, na-eduga na nhazi nke narị afọ nke 18 nke Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way" na England. Mgbe ahụ, Curry gbasara na narị afọ nke 19 site n'aka ndị ọrụ shuga ndị India webatara na Caribbean, na ndị ahịa Britain na-aga Japan. Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri mba ụwa zuru oke. Ọtụtụ ụdị curry dị na mba dị iche iche. Na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, curry na-enwekarị tapawa ose na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo. N'India, a na-eghe ngwa nri na mmanụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta; nke a nwere ike jikọta ya na broth dabeere na mmiri, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ aki oyibo. Na China na Korea, curries na-adabere na uzuzu curry azụmahịa. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Curry na-abụghị obodo ha na-emekarị ka nri ha kwekọọ na mmasị obodo; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Thai na West na-ere curries uhie, odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ose chili nke agba ndị ahụ, na-ejikọta ya na ngwa nri ndị ọzọ nke otu agba. Na Britain, curry abụrụla nri mba, nke nwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke sitere na India, ndị ọzọ gbanwere ma ọ bụ mepụta ya kpamkpam, dị ka ọkụkọ tikka masala, nke ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Britain nke Bangladesh kere na narị afọ nke 20. == Etymology == Okwu 'curry' anaghị apụta n'asụsụ India ọ bụla. Okwu dị iche iche nwere ụda yiri nke ahụ, dị ka ''khari'' na ''caril'', pụtara "ihendori" na ojiji nke oge a, ma eleghị anya ọ pụtara ma otu ngwakọta nke ngwa nri, na efere na-eji ngwakọta ahụ, mgbe Portuguese rutere Goa. Ọkà mmụta omenala nri Lizzie Collingham na-atụ aro na ndị Portuguese nụrụ ma nakweere okwu ahụ, na-emecha nweta ihe ọ pụtara n'oge a nke efere, na-esikarị ose, na ihendori ma ọ bụ gravy. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019">{{Cite news|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/|title=The Word Curry Came From a Colonial Misunderstanding|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=20 April 2019|accessdate=10 May 2021}}</ref> Collingham dere na: [2]   [[Faịlụ:To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg|thumb| Ntụziaka Hannah Glasse maka "currey the India way", nke e bipụtara na mbụ n'akwụkwọ 1747 ya ''bụ The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . Ọ bụ nke mbụ a maara iji okwu a na bekee. (Nhazi na-eji ogologo s, "ſ" ).]] 'Curry' bụ "Enwetere n'ikpeazụ" <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> site na nchikota ụfọdụ okwu Dravidian nke asụsụ ndịda India. <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> Otu n'ime okwu ndị ahụ bụ [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ''kaṟi'' ( {{Lang|ta|கறி}} ) pụtara 'ihendori' ma ọ bụ 'ihe ụtọ maka osikapa'. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-28|title=What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history|url=https://thetakeout.com/what-we-know-as-curry-has-a-long-and-curious-history-1798252495|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=The Takeout}}</ref> Asụsụ Dravidian ndị ọzọ, ya bụ Malayalam, Kannada na Kodava, nwere okwu ndị yiri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary|url=https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623031133/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes|archivedate=23 June 2020}}</ref> A kọwara ''Kaṟi'' n'ime akwụkwọ nri Portuguese nke narị afọ nke 17 site n'aka ndị otu British East India Company, <ref name="taylor" /> bụ ndị ha na ndị ahịa Tamil na-ere ahịa n'akụkụ oke osimiri Coromandel nke ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ India, bụrụ ndị a maara dị ka "ngwakọta ose ... a na-akpọ ''kari podi.'' ma ọ bụ curry ntụ ntụ". <ref name="Sahni 1980">{{Cite book|author=Sahni|first=Julie|year=1980|title=Classic Indian Cooking|location=New York|publisher=William Morrow|pages=39–40}}</ref> Ngosipụta mbụ n'ụdị anglicised ya (spel ''currey'' ) dị n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse 's 1747 ''The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy'' . <ref name="Online Etym Dict" /> <ref name="taylor">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Anna-Louise|title=Curry: Where did it come from?|date=11 October 2013|work=BBC Food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archivedate=29 March 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}</ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "curry" esighị na aha osisi curry, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ curries na-agụnye akwụkwọ curry n'etiti ọtụtụ ngwa nri ndị ọzọ. <ref name="NPR 2011">{{Cite news|publisher=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india|date=28 September 2011|title=Fresh Curry Leaves Add a Touch of India|accessdate=6 April 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Raghavan|first=S.|title=Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavourings|publisher=CRC Press|date=2007|isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8}}</ref> O nweghi ihe jikọrọ ya na okwu ''cury'' na ''The Forme of Cury'', <ref name="taylor">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Anna-Louise|title=Curry: Where did it come from?|date=11 October 2013|work=BBC Food|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750|archivedate=29 March 2014|accessdate=4 January 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTaylor2013">Taylor, Anna-Louise (11 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 "Curry: Where did it come from?"]. ''BBC Food''. Archived from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 the original] on 29 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> akwụkwọ nri Bekee 1390s; okwu ahụ sitere na Middle French okwu ''[[wiktionary:cuire|cuire]]'', nke pụtara 'esi nri'. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 "Curry"]. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 Archived] from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Omenala mgbanwe == === Azụmahịa ngwa nri oge ochie na Eshia === Ndị ahịa Austronesia na South East Asia na-ere ahịa ngwa nri n'okporo ụzọ ahia mmiri dị n'etiti South Asia (nke bụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke India na Sri Lanka) na East Asia ruo azụ na 5000 TOA. <ref name="Manguin2016">{{Cite book|author=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|title=Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319338224|editor=Campbell|pages=51–76|chapter=Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|accessdate=26 March 2023|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|authorlink=Wilhelm Solheim|date=1996|title=The Nusantao and north-south dispersals|journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association|volume=15|pages=101–109}}</ref> Ihe akaebe nke ihe mgbe ochie nke dị na 2600 TOA sitere na Mohenjo-daro na-atụ aro iji ngwa agha na pestle na paụnd ngwa nri gụnyere mọstad, fennel, cumin, na mkpuru osisi tamarind bụ ndị ha ji eme nri. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Iyer|first=Raghavan|authorlink=Raghavan Iyer (chef)|year=2008|title=660 Curries|location=New York|publisher=Workman Publishing|pages=2–3|isbn=9780761137870}}</ref> Obere ose sitere na subcontinent India na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia ma mara nri India kemgbe opekata mpe 2000 TOA. Ihe atọ bụ isi e ji stew na-esi ísì ụtọ bụ ginger, galik, na turmeric . N'iji nyocha nke ọka starch, ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie chọpụtara na ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ngwa nri ndị a na skeletons na arịa ụrọ sitere na ihe ndị e gwupụtara na India, na-achọpụta na turmeric na ginger nọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/|title=People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|accessdate=26 December 2020|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012343/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/}}</ref> <ref name="Lawler 2013">{{Cite web|author=Lawler|first=Andrew|title=Where Did Curry Come From?|date=29 January 2013|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html|accessdate=27 December 2020|archivedate=15 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115085836/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html}}</ref> Achịcha ndị dị na India tupu Columbus nwere ike ịnwe ose ojii ma ọ bụ ogologo ose iji nye ntakịrị okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụghị chili, n'ihi ya, ha anaghị ekpo ọkụ site n'ụkpụrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles|url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/|work=Gastropod|accessdate=6 October 2024|date=9 April 2019}}</ref> === Azụmahịa ọgbara ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Curry's_origins.svg|center|thumb| Mmalite na mgbasa nke curry gburugburu ụwa. A na-ere ngwa nri dị nro n'etiti India na East Asia site na 5000 TOA. <ref name="Manguin2016">{{Cite book|author=Manguin|first=Pierre-Yves|title=Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2016|isbn=9783319338224|editor=Campbell|pages=51–76|chapter=Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|accessdate=26 March 2023|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFManguin2016">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 "Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"]. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). ''Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World''. Palgrave Macmillan. pp.&nbsp;51–76. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9783319338224|<bdi>9783319338224</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 Archived] from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbanwe Colombia wetara ose chili na India. <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web|author=Batsha|first=Nishant|authorlink=Nishant Batsha|date=25 June 2020|title=Curry Before Columbus|url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/|accessdate=15 December 2020|work=Contingent|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/}}</ref> Nri Anglo-India bịara Britain na narị afọ nke 17. <ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{Cite web|author=Twilley|first=Nicola|title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles|url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/|work=Gastropod|accessdate=6 October 2024|date=9 April 2019}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Twilley, Nicola; Graber, Nicola (9 April 2019). [https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ "Transcript: The Curry Chronicles"]. ''Gastropod''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Edebere okwu ahụ "curry" na mbụ n'akwụkwọ Hannah Glasse nke Bekee nke 1747. <ref name="Online Etym Dict">{{Cite web|title=Curry|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper|accessdate=8 October 2018|year=2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491|archivedate=9 October 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 "Curry"]. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491 Archived] from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Na narị afọ nke 19, curry gbasaa na Caribbean <ref name="Mishan 2017">{{Cite news|author=Mishan|first=Ligaya|date=10 November 2017|title=Asian-American Cuisine's Rise, and Triumph|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html|accessdate=29 March 2023}}</ref> na Japan, <ref name="Itoh 2011">{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/|title=Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think|author=Itoh|first=Makiko|date=26 August 2011|work=[[The Japan Times]]|language=en|accessdate=19 May 2019}}</ref> wee si ebe ahụ gaa na ndị China, malite na Singapore. <ref name="Lim 1886">{{Cite book|author=Lim|first=Hiong Seng|chapter=Provisions, Fish, Vegetable and Fruit|title=Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular|location=Singapore|publisher=Koh Yew Hean Press|date=1886|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Handbook_of_the_Swatow_vernacular.djvu/111}}</ref> Mbugharị ọzọ na ijikọ ụwa ọnụ (anaghị egosi) mere curry ka ọ bụrụ nri zuru ụwa ọnụ. ]] Nguzobe nke Alaeze Ukwu Mughal, na mmalite narị afọ nke 16, metụtara ụfọdụ curries, karịsịa na ugwu. Mmetụta ọzọ bụ nguzobe ụlọ ahịa Portuguese na Goa na 1510, na-ebute iwebata ose chili, tomato na poteto na India site na America, dị ka ihe sitere na Columbian Exchange . <ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web|author=Batsha|first=Nishant|authorlink=Nishant Batsha|date=25 June 2020|title=Curry Before Columbus|url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/|accessdate=15 December 2020|work=Contingent|archivedate=17 May 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBatsha2020">[[Nishant Batsha|Batsha, Nishant]] (25 June 2020). [https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ "Curry Before Columbus"]. ''Contingent''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ Archived] from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Na 1598, nsụgharị Bekee nke akwụkwọ Dutch banyere njem na East Indies kwuru banyere broth "dị ntakịrị utoojoo" a na-akpọ ''Carriel'', nke a na-eri na osikapa. Okwu Dutch mechara {{Lang|nl|karie}} e ji mee ihe na Dutch East Indies malite na narị afọ nke 19; Ọtụtụ ndị India akwagala Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia mgbe ahụ. <ref name="Davidson 2014 Curry" /> == Site na mpaghara == === United Kingdom === [[Faịlụ:Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg|thumb| Chicken tikka masala na osikapa na achịcha naan]] Curry na-ewu ewu na United Kingdom, yana ụlọ curry n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jahangir|first=Rumeana|title=How Britain got the hots for curry|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm|work=BBC News|date=26 November 2009|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Curry Week: Why Britain loves curry|url=http://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/|work=Fleet Street Communications|date=13 October 2017|accessdate=16 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110103644/https://www.fsc.uk.com/national-curry-week-britain-loves-curry/|archivedate=10 January 2020}}</ref> Nke a bụ ewu ewu ya nke na a na-akpọkarị ya "nri mba anabatara". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Spinks|first=Rosie|title=Curry on cooking: how long will the UK's adopted national dish survive?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2015/jul/08/uk-indian-restaurants-struggling-to-curry-on-lack-of-chefs|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=8 July 2005|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na n'afọ 2016, enwere ụlọ curry 12,000, na-ewe mmadụ 100,000 na-ere ahịa kwa afọ nke £ 4.2.&nbsp;ijeri. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Moore|first=Malcolm|title=The great British curry crisis|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2165379e-b4b2-11e5-8358-9a82b43f6b2f|work=Financial Times|date=8 January 2016|accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> A na-esi nri nri a na-enye ka ọ bụrụ ụtọ ndị Britain, mana na-enwewanye ọchịchọ maka ụdị ndị India ezigbo. <ref name="NYT11415">{{Cite news|author=de Freytas-Tamura|first=Kimiko|title=Britons Perturbed by a Troubling Shortage of Curry Chefs|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/05/world/europe/britain-curry-house-shortage-chefs.html|accessdate=4 November 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 November 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, onye odeakwụkwọ mba ofesi nke Britain bụ Robin Cook kọwara chicken tikka masala dị ka "ezigbo nri mba Britain, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe kacha ewu ewu, ma n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe atụ zuru oke nke ụzọ Britain na-esi enweta ma na-emegharị mmetụta mpụga." <ref name="Guardian2001">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity|title=Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London|date=19 April 2001|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Isi mmalite ya ejighị n'aka, mana ọtụtụ ebe na-ekwu na ọ bụ British Asia ; ụfọdụ na-ekwu na Glasgow bụ obodo si malite. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dutt|first=Vijay|title=60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala/story-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|accessdate=13 December 2021|date=21 October 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ghosh bb">{{Cite news|author=Ghosh|first=Bobby|title=How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/who-created-chicken-tikka-masala-history-of-uk-s-national-dish|accessdate=26 February 2023|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|date=19 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Emma|title=Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef|url=https://www.insider.com/chicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11|work=Insider|accessdate=13 December 2021}}</ref> Ọ nwere ike isi na ọkụkọ bọta, ewu ewu na ugwu India. <ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book|author=Thaker|first=Aruna|title=Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics|date=2012|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9781405173582|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74}}</ref> A na-enweta curries na Britain akụkụ ụfọdụ site na India yana akụkụ nke ihe mepụtara n'ụlọ nri ndị India dị na mpaghara. Ha na-adịgasị iche site na ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ ruo na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu, nwere aha ndị a na-ahazi n'ofe mba ahụ, mana a na-amaghịkarị na India. <ref name="Dillon 2024">{{Cite web|author=Dillon|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Dillon|title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|accessdate=7 October 2024|date=2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+Oke ike nke curries Britain <ref name="Dillon 2024">{{Cite web|author=Dillon|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Dillon|title=From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry|publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]]|accessdate=7 October 2024|date=2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDillon2024">[[Sheila Dillon|Dillon, Sheila]] (2024). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3jPY8xvk41DrT93Lw4XPk1w/from-balti-to-bhuna-the-ultimate-guide-to-curry "From balti to bhuna: the ultimate guide to curry"]. [[BBC Radio 4]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ! Ike ! Ọmụmaatụ ! Ebe esi ! Ụbọchị mmalite ! Nkọwa |- ! style="background:Khaki;" | Dị nwayọọ | Korma | Ụlọ ikpe Mughal, North India | Narị afọ nke 16 | Dị nwayọọ, ude; nwere ike inwe almond, aki oyibo, ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi |- ! style="background:Yellow;" | Ọkara | Madras | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh | Afọ 1970 | Red, oseose na chili ntụ ntụ |- ! style="background:Orange;" | Na-ekpo ọkụ | Vindaloo | Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị Bangladesh [b] | Afọ 1970 | Obere ose na ose chili na poteto [c] |- ! style="background:Salmon;" | Oke | Fall | British Bangladesh, Birmingham | narị afọ nke 20 | ose chili siri ike dị ka scotch bonnet, habanero |} === South Asia ===   [[Faịlụ:Handi-and-karahi.jpg|thumb| ''Karahi'' omenala (aka ekpe) na ''handi'' (n'aka nri) na-enye efere]] Ọtụtụ efere ndị India na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ngwa nri a na-ahọrọ maka efere bụ nke ọhụrụ na-eghe ya na mmanụ ọkụ ma ọ bụ ghee iji mepụta pasta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What is a Bhuna?|url=https://www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna|work=Seasoned Pioneers|accessdate=7 October 2024}}</ref> Ọdịnaya nke efere na ụdị nkwadebe dịgasị iche site na mpaghara. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eji ngwa nri eme nri ndị a gụnyere ose ojii, cardamom, ose chili, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, mkpụrụ fennel, mkpụrụ mọstad, na turmeric. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> Enwere ike iji ihe dị ka ngwa nri iri na ise maka curry anụ. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eghe ngwa nri ndị ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ asuchaa ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-apịa ya ma gwakọta ya na mado. <ref name="Jaffrey 1982" /> A na-eri nri ndị ahụ site na osikapa e ghere eghe ma ọ bụ achịcha osikapa idli na ndịda India, <ref name="Jaffrey 1982">{{Cite book|author=Jaffrey|first=Madhur|authorlink=Madhur Jaffrey|title=Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery|date=1982|publisher=[[BBC]]|isbn=978-0-563-16491-3|pages=7–10}}</ref> na achịcha dị ka chapatis, roti, na naan n'ebe ugwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gopalakrishnan|first=Srividhya|title=The Indian Bread Types You Need to Know|url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/indian-bread-types/|work=Taste of Home|accessdate=8 October 2024}}</ref> Rogan josh na-ewu ewu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na nri Kashmiri, bụ efere mmiri mmiri nke nwa atụrụ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie na-acha uhie uhie nke osisi cockcomb ( ''mawal'' ). Rice na curry bụ nri siri ike nke Sri Lanka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Dish of Sri Lanka Rice and Curry|url=https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-sri-lanka-rice-and-curry/|accessdate=2024-03-17|work=National Dishes of the World}}</ref> === East Asia === A na-eri curry Japanese dị ka {{Lang|ja-Latn|karē raisu}}</link> - curry, osikapa, na akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-esikarị, a na-eje ozi n'otu efere ma jiri ngaji rie ya, nri ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ a na-emekarị n'oge nri ehihie. Ọ dị obere ose na ose karịa ndị India na ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na-abụ nnukwu stew karịa curry. Ndị Britain wetara curry si n'ógbè ndị India na-alọghachi na Britain <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html|title=History of Japanese curry|author=S&B Company|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411190436/http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html|archivedate=11 April 2013|accessdate=28 February 2013}}</ref> ma webata ya na Japan n'oge Meiji (1868 ruo 1912), mgbe Japan kwụsịrị iwu nke ikewapụ onwe ya nke mba ( {{Lang|ja-Latn|[[sakoku]]}}), na curry na Japan bụ nke a na-ahazi dị ka nri Western . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Booth|first=Michael|title=The Meaning of Rice: And Other Tales from the Belly of Japan|date=2017|publisher=Random House|isbn=9781473545816|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278|accessdate=4 December 2020}}</ref> A na-ekwu na ọ gbasaa na mba ahụ n'ihi ojiji ya na ndị agha Japan na ndị agha mmiri nke nakweere ya dị ka ebe dị mma na ebe a na-esi nri na mmiri mmiri, na-enye ohere ọbụna ndị si n'ime ime ime obodo nweta efere ahụ. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force na omenala nwere curry kwa Friday maka nri ehihie na ọtụtụ ụgbọ mmiri nwere ntụziaka nke ha. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Itoh|first=Makiko|title=Curry – it's more 'Japanese' than you think|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/|date=26 August 2011|work=[[The Japan Times]]|accessdate=8 January 2019|language=en}}</ref> Curry Japanese ọkọlọtọ nwere eyịm, karọt, poteto, na mgbe ụfọdụ celery, na anụ a na-esi na nnukwu ite. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-agbakwunye apụl ma ọ bụ mmanụ aṅụ grated maka ụtọ ọzọ, a na-eji akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ. Curry gbasaa na mpaghara Eshia ndị ọzọ. A na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ curry na nri ụfọdụ n'akụkụ ndịda China. Uzuzu curry a na-ere n'ụlọ ahịa nri ndị China yiri Madras curry ntụ ntụ, mana na mgbakwunye nke anise star na cinnamon. <ref name="Sen2009">{{Cite book|author=Sen|first=Colleen Taylor|title=Curry: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94tRvbuCqWcC&pg=PA1|date=15 November 2009|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-704-6|accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> Obodo ochie Portuguese nke Macau nwere omenala culinary na nri curry, gụnyere ''Galinha à portuguesa'' ("ọkụkọ ụdị Portuguese") na nshịkọ curry. Ihendori Portuguese bụ ihendori nke curry na-esi ísì ma were mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo sie ya . <ref name="HoustonPTChicken">{{Cite news|author=Levitt|first=Alice|title=Our Latest Obsession: Portuguese Chicken at Wing Kee Restaurant|url=https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=[[Houstonia (magazine)|Houstonia]]|date=28 December 2016}}</ref> A na-ewu ewu Curry na nri ndị Korea mgbe Ottogi banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ nri ndị Korea nwere ntụ ntụ curry na-ebubata na 1969. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118|title=[Best Brand] Ottogi becomes Korea's representative curry product|date=25 June 2015|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> <ref name="sohn">{{Cite news|author=Sohn|first=JiAe|title=Ottogi Curry brings Indian cuisine to the table|url=http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393|date=24 October 2014|accessdate=10 January 2017}}</ref> Curry ntụ ntụ nwere ngwa nri gụnyere cardamom, chili, cinnamon, na turmeric. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Lee|first=Jiyoung|title=Real Korean Recipes|date=2024|publisher=Beeolive Books|location=Seoul, Korea|isbn=979-11-987166-0-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP8EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Korean+curry%22+%22turmeric%22&pg=PA23}}</ref> A na-eme Curry ''tteokbokki'' nke ''tteok'' (achịcha osikapa), ''eomik'' (achịcha azụ), àkwá, akwụkwọ nri, na ''gochujang'', tapawa chili na-acha uhie uhie fermented. Dị ka ọ dị n'India, ndị ahịa Europe butere chili na Korea. Chili ihendori na-esi ísì ụtọ wee dochie soy sauce nke a na-ejibu na tteokbokki. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Huskey|first=Brian|title=Asia: The Ultimate Cookbook (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, Asian)|date=2022|publisher=Cider Mill Press|pages=19, 398}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> Faịlụ:Kare-Raisu.jpg|alt=Japanese style Karē-Raisu (curry rice)| Ụdị Japanese {{Lang|ja-Latn|Karē-Raisu}} (curry osikapa) Faịlụ:Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork,_gochujang,_and_gailan.jpg|alt=Korean tteokbokki(rice cake curry)| Korean ''tteokbokki''<br /><br /><br /><br /> achicha osikapa (curry) </gallery> === Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia === Na nri Burmese, a na-akpọ curries nke ukwuu ''hin'' . Curry Burmese nwere anụ amịkọrọ na tapawa curry nwere yabasị, galik, tapawa ahịhịa, tomato na turmeric. Curries Burmese na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-enweghị chili, yana ntakịrị mmanụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bush|first=Austin|title=Burmese curry restaurants|url=https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html|publisher=Austin Bush Photography|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223207/https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html|archivedate=9 January 2021|date=5 December 2012}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=DeWitt|first=Dave|title=Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World|date=2014-05-26|publisher=Catapult|isbn=978-1-61902-388-8}}</ref> A na-akpọ curries Thai {{Lang|th|gaeng}} , na-enwekarị anụ, azụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri n'ime ihendori dabere na tapawa sitere na chili, yabasị ma ọ bụ shallots, galik, na tapawa ahịhịa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai cooking, food thai, Thai menu, pad thai recipe|work=The Nation|url=http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382|accessdate=22 October 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817162611/http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382|archivedate=17 August 2016}}</ref> Nri Thai e ghere eghe ole na ole na-eji {{Lang|th|phong kari}} , ụdị India curry ntụ ntụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42|title=Stir Fried Prawns with Curry Powder and Eggs Recipe|work=Thaifoodmaster|date=18 May 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309200917/http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42|archivedate=9 March 2010}}</ref> N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, curries Thai na-abụkarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, odo, na ọbara ọbara, na-enwekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-adịkarị nwayọọ, na-acha uhie uhie kacha mma. A na-eji chili ndụ ndụ, coriander, kaffir lime, na basil na-esi ísì ụtọ curry green; odo, na-acha odo odo chili na turmeric; na uhie, ya na chili uhie. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Schmidt|first=Darlene|title=Thai Curry Types: The Difference Between Red, Yellow, and Green Curries|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020|work=The Spruce Eats|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001183151/https://www.thespruceeats.com/thai-curry-differences-red-yellow-green-3217020|archivedate=1 October 2024|date=22 September 2024}}</ref> Nri Malaysian ndị India emegharịgharịrị curries (dị ka {{Lang|my|gulai}} , na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo) site na mpaghara ndị India bi, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Raji|first=Mohd Nazri Abdul|date=2017-12-01|title=Past and present practices of the Malay food heritage and culture in Malaysia|journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods|volume=4|issue=4|pages=221–231|doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.11.001}}</ref> mana ọ ghọwo ihe dị mkpa n'etiti ndị Malay na ndị China ebe ahụ. Curries Malaysian nwere ọtụtụ ụdị, mana a na-esikarị cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, shallots, ose chili na galik. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Malaysian Curry: Authentic and Delicious|url=https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/|work=Mama Lam's|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302090756/https://mamalams.com/malaysian-curry-authentic-and-delicious/|archivedate=2 March 2024|date=14 January 2022}}</ref> Nri Indoneshia nke India nwere mmegharị nke ezigbo efere si [[Ndia|India]], yana ihe okike izizi sitere na omenala nri Indonesia dị iche iche. Curry na Indonesian bụ ''kari'' na na Javanese, ''kare'' . Na nri Indonesian karịsịa na Bandung, e nwere efere a na-akpọ ''lontong kari'', ngwakọta nke lontong na beef yellow curry soup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Rekomendasi Lontong Kari Enak di Bandung, Cocok Pisan buat Sarapan!|language=Indonesian|url=https://www.idntimes.com/food/dining-guide/ranggana/5-rekomendasi-lontong-kari-enak-di-bandung-c1c2|work=idntimes.com|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> Na nri Javanese, ''kare rajungan'', blue swimmer crab curry aghọwo nri ụtọ nke Tuban Regency, East Java . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kare Rajungan Khas Tuban yang Gurih dan 'Nendang'|url=https://genpi.id/kare-rajungan-khas-tuban/|work=genpi.id|date=21 September 2021|accessdate=25 April 2023|language=Indonesian}}</ref> Rendang, nri mba Indonesia, nke sitere na Minang, dị nkụ ma nwee ọtụtụ anụ na mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo karịa curry Malaysian; Hikayat Amir Hamzah kwuru banyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Malay na 1550. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Hikayat Amir Hamzah 1 (Menentang Jin di Bukit Qaf)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rahQDaE0bD8C&pg=PA10|year=2008|publisher=PTS Fortuna|isbn=978-983-192-116-6|accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref> Na nri Vietnamese, nke ma Thai na nri India na-emetụta, a maara curry dị ka ''cà ri'' . A na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo mee ya, ntụ ntụ Madras curry nwere ọtụtụ turmeric, na ihe dị iche iche dị ọhụrụ dị ka coriander, lemongrass, na ginger. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nguyen|first=Andrea|title=Excite Your Tastebuds with Cà Ri Gà, Vietnamese Chicken Curry|url=https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/|work=Simply Recipes|accessdate=7 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915014452/https://www.simplyrecipes.com/recipes/chicken_curry_with_sweet_potato_and_lemongrass/|archivedate=15 September 2024|date=30 August 2024}}</ref> Na Philippines, nri nwere ike bụrụ na ọ sitere na curries India sitere na ya bụ oxtail stew {{Lang|fil|[[kare-kare]]}} , ikekwe ndị Sepoy si mba ọzọ na-emetụta ya n'oge nkenke British ọrụ nke Manila (1762-1764), ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na Southeast Asia efere ose. <ref name="Villar">{{Cite news|author=Villar|first=Roberto|title=The Fascinating History of Kare-kare|url=https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-fascinating-history-of-kare-kare-a2386-20190802-lfrm2|accessdate=15 November 2024|work=Esquire|date=2 August 2019}}</ref> {{Lang|fil|[[Ginataan]]}}bụ nri ala nke na-eji mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ginataang Alimasag (Crabs in Coconut Milk)|url=https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/276743/ginataang-alimasag-crabs-in-coconut-milk/|work=allrecipes|accessdate=15 November 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sobel|first=Adam|title=Ginataang Langka (Filipino Jackfruit in Coconut Milk)|url=https://cinnamonsnail.com/ginataang-langka-recipe/|work=Cinnamon Snail|accessdate=15 November 2024}}</ref> nke dị ka ọ dị na Filipino chicken curry nwere ike ịkpọ 'curry' mgbe a na-agbakwunye ntụ ntụ . <ref name="pp">{{Cite web|title=Pinoy Chicken Curry Recipe|url=https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/|work=Panlasang Pinoy|accessdate=20 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420064900/https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/|archivedate=20 April 2019}}</ref><gallery class="center" mode="nolines" widths="180" heights="180"> Faịlụ:Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG|alt=Mutton gulai (Indonesian curry), part of nasi padang| Mutton ''gulai'' (curry Indonesia), akụkụ nke ''nasi padang'' Faịlụ:Myanma_cuisine_(cropped).jpg|alt=A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries| Nri ọdịnala na-egosipụta ọtụtụ curries Burmese Faịlụ:Philippine_Chicken_curry_(cropped).jpg|alt=Filipino chicken curry| Curry ọkụkọ Filipin Faịlụ:Phanaeng_mu_(cropped).jpg|alt=Thai phanaeng with pork| Thai ''phanaeng'' na anụ ezi Faịlụ:Cà_Ri_Gà_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg|alt=Vietnamese cà ri with chicken| Vietnamese ''cà ri'' na ọkụkọ </gallery> === South Africa === [[Faịlụ:Durban's_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg|thumb| [[Bunny chow]], South Africa]] Curry gbasaa na [[South Africa]] na njem nke ndị mmadụ si na mpaghara India na mpaghara n'oge colonial. Curries Africa, Cape Malay curries na Natal curries gụnyere omenala Natal curry, Curry Durban, [[Bunny chow]], na roti mpịakọta. South African curries yiri ka emepụtara na KwaZulu-Natal na Western Cape, ebe ndị ọzọ mepụtara n'ofe obodo ahụ na njedebe 20th na mmalite narị afọ 21st iji tinye ụdị ekasi, agba, na Afrikaner . <ref name="seid">{{Cite news|author=Seid|first=Shelley|title=Curry is the story of South Africa on a plate|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/food/2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate/|accessdate=27 January 2018|work=The Sunday Times|date=19 October 2017}}</ref> Durban nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị India kacha ukwuu na mpụga India n'ụwa. <ref name="ishay">{{Cite web|author=Govender-Ypma|first=Ishay|title=The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry|url=https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry|publisher=Munchies|accessdate=27 January 2018|date=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021236/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry|archivedate=28 January 2018}}</ref> Bunny chow ma ọ bụ "set", ọkọlọtọ South Africa, nwere ma nwa atụrụ, ọkụkọ ma ọ bụ bean curry nke a wụsara n'ime ogbe achịcha a na-ekpo ọkụ ka a ga-eji mkpịsị aka ya rie site n'itinye iberibe achịcha ahụ n'ime ya. <ref name="seid" /> <ref name="ishay" /> 'Bunny chow' pụtara 'nri India', sitere na [[wiktionary:banyan|Banian]], onye India. Emebere usoro iji nri curry n'ihi na apartheid machibidoro ndị isi ojii iri nri n'ụlọ nri ndị India; Enwere ike iburu ogbe achịcha ahụ ngwa ngwa ma rie n'okporo ámá. [81] == Hụkwa == * The Curry Club == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Isi mmalite == * {{Cite book|author=Collingham|first=Lizzie|authorlink=Lizzie Collingham|title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors|date=2006|origyear=2005 ([[Chatto & Windus]])|publisher=[[Vintage Books]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-099-43786-4}} * {{Cite book|author=Davidson|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Davidson (food writer)|editor=Tom Jaine|title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]]|edition=3rd|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-967733-7}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Achaya, KT ''Nri India: Mkpakọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme'' . Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1994. * Burton, David. ''Raj na tebụl'' . London: Faber na Faber, 1993. * Chapman, Pat . ''Akwụkwọ Nsọ Pat Chapman's Curry'' . Hodder &amp;amp; Stoughton, 1997. * Grove, Peter & Colleen. ''Ihe ụtọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme'' . London: Akwụkwọ Godiva, 2011. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3i1qxjkua7gt0ksaot95lhwijey8p7f Ghee 0 55312 195297 2024-11-18T17:36:10Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255791181|Ghee]]" 195297 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ghee''' bụ ụdị bọta doro anya, sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=Ghee originated in India, where the heat was not conducive to storing butter for long periods}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya esi nri, dị ka ọgwụ ọdịnala, na maka ememe okpukpe [[Okpukpe Hindu|Hindu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=ghee is poured into sacred fires by Hindus to this day, a practice thought to be auspicious for marriages, funerals and other ceremonies.}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-akwadokarị Ghee site na simmering bọta, nke a na-esi na ude, na-awụpụ ihe ọ bụla adịghị ọcha n'elu, wee na-awụsa ma na-ejigide abụba mmiri dị ọcha mgbe ọ na-achọta ihe ọzọ maka ihe fọdụrụ siri ike nke dabara na ala. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ose maka ekpomeekpo. Ọdịdị, agba, na ụtọ ghee na-adabere n'ịdị mma nke bọta, mmiri ara ehi e ji mee ihe, na ogologo oge nke esi mmiri. == Etymology == . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://tarek.kakhia.org/books_eng/ENCYCOPEDIA_OF_OILS_and_FATS.Tarek_Kakhia.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Oils and Fats|author=Tarek I Kakhia|pages=194–195|accessdate=28 October 2023}}</ref> == Na okpukpe Hindu == Na omenala, a na-esi na mmiri ara ehi mee ghee, ma ehi ma ọ bụ buffalo mmiri, ma ejiri ya mee ihe n'ememe kemgbe oge Vedic . Ọ bụ ihe dị nsọ chọrọ na Vedic ''yajña'' na ''homa'' (ememe ọkụ), site n'usoro Agni (ọkụ) inye onyinye dị iche iche (Lee: Yajurveda ). A na-eji mmemme ọkụ eme emume dịka alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu. A chọrọ Ghee n'ofufe Vedic nke ''mūrtis'' (chi Chineke), na ''aarti'' (àjà nke ghee oriọna) nke a na-akpọ ''diyā'' ma ọ bụ ''dīpa'' na maka ''Pañcāmṛta'' ( Panchamruta ) bụ ebe a na-eji ghee tinyere mishri, mmanụ aṅụ, mmiri ara ehi, na ''dahi'' (curd) eme ihe maka ịsa ahụ. chi dị iche iche n'ụbọchị ngosipụta nke Krishna na Janmashtami, ''Śiva'' ( Shiva ) na ''Mahā-śivarātrī'' ( Maha Shivaratri ). Enwere ukwe ghee. Na ''Mahabharata'', a mụrụ ''Kaurava'' site na ite ghee. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&pg=PA613|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12 ..., Part 1|first=James L.|author=Fitzgerald|isbn=9780226252506|date=2003-02-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> A na-ejikwa Ghee na ''bhang'' iji kpoo [[Ịgbó|cannabis]] na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na- eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-eme ihe na-eme ihe ike . <ref name="Gottlieb07">{{Cite book|title=Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil|first=Adam|author=Gottlieb|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-914171-55-3|url=https://archive.org/details/artscienceofcook00gott/page/7}}</ref> <ref name="Drake018">{{Cite book|title=The Marijuana Food Handbook|first=Bill|author=Drake|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-914171-99-7|url=https://archive.org/details/marijuanafood0000drak/page/18}}</ref> Na [[Buddhism|akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Buddhist]], a na-eji usoro mmepụta mmiri ara ehi mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ maka ọkwa mmụta. Ngwaahịa kachasị elu, sarpir-maṇḍa, na-eche na ọ bụ ghee ma ọ bụ butter doro anya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC&q=sarpir-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da+ghee&pg=PA217|title=The Classification of Buddhism|isbn=9783447033732|author=Petzold|first=Bruno|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}}</ref> == Ojiji nri nri == A na-ahụkarị Ghee na nri sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India, gụnyere nkwadebe osikapa ọdịnala (dị ka ''biryani'' ). Na Maharashtra, polis ma ọ bụ achịcha dị larịị nke India na-esonyere ghee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'Puranpoli', a na-eri nri Maharashtrian a na-ahụkarị na ghee. Na Rajasthan, ghee na-esokarị ''baati'' . Na North India niile, a na-enye ''roti'' na ghee. Na Karnataka na Tamil Nadu, a na-enye ghee n'akụkụ dosa na kesari bhath . Na Bengal (ma West Bengal na Bangladesh ) na Gujarat, ''khichdi'' bụ nri mgbede ọdịnala nke osikapa na lentil, nke a na-esi na [[curry]] si dahi (curd), mkpụrụ cumin, akwụkwọ curry, ọka ọka, turmeric, garlic, nnu na ghee. Ọ bụkwa ihe dị na ''kadhi'' na sweets India, dị ka ''Mysore pak'' na ụdị ''halva'' na ''laddu'' . Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị India na-etinyekarị ghee buru ibu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-asa ya ''naan'' na ''roti'', ma n'oge nkwadebe ma ọ bụ tupu ị na-eje ozi. Na steeti Odisha ghee a na-ejikarị na efere Odia dị ka ''Khechedi'' na ''Dalma'' . Karịsịa nri [[satwik]] a na-akwadebe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ arụsị dị na Odisha nwere ghee dị ka isi ihe na omenala nri nri ya. A na-eji Ghee eme ihe na nri ndịda India maka iwe ọkụ curries na ịkwadebe efere osikapa na sweets. Ndị North India na-etinyekwa ghee na osikapa tupu ha erie ya na pickles, dal na curries. Ndị North India so na ndị na-eri ghee. Nri onye anaghị eri anụ nke Andhra Pradesh na-ejikarị ghee maka nkwadebe nke nri dị ụtọ na nri dị ụtọ. Ghee dị mkpa maka nri ndị North India ọdịnala, yana ''parathas, daals'' na curries na-ejikarị ghee kama mmanụ maka uto ka ukwuu. Ụdị ghee, n'ihe gbasara isi anụmanụ, na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche na efere; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee a kwadebere site na mmiri ara ehi ( Bengali ) bụ omenala nwere [[Osikàpà|osikapa]] ma ọ bụ ''roti'' ma ọ bụ dị ka mmiri na-agwụcha n'elu curry ma ọ bụ ''daal'' (lentil) ebe mmiri ara ehi buffalo na-ahụkarị maka ebumnuche isi nri. Ghee bụ abụba dị mma maka frying miri emi n'ihi na ebe anwụrụ ọkụ ya (ebe ụmụ irighiri ya na-amalite ịkụda) bụ 250 Celsius C (482 °F), nke dị n'elu ahụkarị okpomọkụ okpomọkụ nke gburugburu 200 Celsius C (392 °F) na karịa nke ọtụtụ mmanụ ihe oriri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the advantages and disadvantages of butter and ghee when it comes to cooking?|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094854/http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archivedate=4 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=whfoods.com}}</ref> == Atọ ụtọ == Isi ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ghee bụ carbonyls, fatty acids free, lactones, na alcohols . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rama Murthy|first=M.K.|date=1980|title=Factors Affecting the Composition, Flavour and Textural Properties of Ghee|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/57811/1/dt84.pdf|journal=Indian Dairyman|volume=32|pages=765–768|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref> Tinyere ụtọ nke abụba mmiri ara ehi, chara acha nke bọta na okpomọkụ nke a na-akọwapụta na-emetụtakwa ụtọ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee nke a na-emepụta site na nkọwa nke butter na 100 Celsius C (212 °F) ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya na-arụpụta ụtọ dị nro ma dị nro, ebe a na-emepụta batches na 120 Celsius C (248 °F) nwere ezigbo ụtọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọdịiche sitere na bọta doro anya == Mmepụta ghee dị iche na nke bọta doro anya . Usoro nke ịmepụta bọta doro anya zuru ezu mgbe mmiri na-ekpochapụ na abụba (bọta doro anya) kewapụrụ na mmiri ara ehi siri ike . Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ghee na-agụnye ịgbanye bọta ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ntụziaka Ayurvedic omenala maka ghee bụ sie mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ahụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ dị jụụ ruo 43 Celsius C (109 °F) . Mgbe ị hapụsịrị ya na mkpuchi ụlọ maka ihe dị ka awa 12, tinye ntakịrị dahi (yogọt) na ya ma hapụ ya n'abali. Nke a na-eme ka yogọt karịa. A na-eji mmiri gbanye nke a, iji nweta bọta nke omenala, nke a na-eji eme ka ọ dị nro. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Docosahexaenoic acid content is significantly higher in ghrita prepared by traditional Ayurvedic method|date=2014|pmid=24948858|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.131730|volume=5|issue=2|journal=J Ayurveda Integr Med|pages=85–88|author=Joshi|first=KS}}</ref> == Nri na ahụike == Dị ka bọta ọ bụla doro anya, ghee bụ ihe mejupụtara ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụba, 62% nke mejupụtara abụba juru eju . <ref name="usda">{{Cite web|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients|title=Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database|date=May 2016|accessdate=12 March 2018|archivedate=23 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523232832/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients}}</ref> Achọpụtakwara ọtụtụ nkwadebe azụmahịa na India nwere nnukwu abụba trans . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mahapatra|first=Deepti|date=18 October 2010|title=Evaluation of trans fatty acids contents in commercial brands of ghee available at Indian markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228668815|journal=Scientific Research and Essays|volume=5|issue=20|pages=3193–3200}}</ref> Ọ nwere obere lactose na casein, yabụ, ọ na-anabata ọtụtụ ndị nwere nnabata lactose ma ọ bụ nfụkasị mmiri ara ehi. <ref name="BA-20180405">{{Cite journal|author=Abarbanel|first=Aliza|title=What Is Ghee, the Clarified Butter We Could Eat by the Spoon?|journal=Bon Appétit|date=5 April 2018|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-ghee|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> == Ụzọ nkwadebe == Enwere ụzọ ise a na-ejikarị akwadebe ghee. Nkwadebe ụlọ ọrụ n'aka nke ọzọ na-eme site na iji "bọta ọcha", na-esikarị na mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. <ref name="Priyanka">{{Cite book|author=Narain|first=Priyanka Pathak|title=Godman To Tycoon: The untold story of Baba Ramdev|year=2017|publisher=Juggernaut Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9386228383|edition=2}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Cream_to_get_clarified_butter_home_made.Ghee.jpg|alt=In the cream butter method, cream separated from milk must be churned to produced butter. The butter then undergoes heat clarification.|thumb| N'ime usoro ude ude, a na-ekewa ude na mmiri ara ehi ma kpoo ya iji mepụta bọta. Bọta ahụ na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ.]] === Mmiri ara ehi butter === A na-akụba mmiri ara ehi utoojoo n'ime bọta . A na-esi bọta ahụ n'ime ite a na-emeghe ka mmiri wee pụta. A na-ebufe ghee na-ekpo ọkụ ma chekwaa ya. === Ude kpọmkwem === A na-atụgharị ude ọhụrụ, ude a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ nke a sachara ka ọ bụrụ ghee. Usoro a chọrọ ogologo oge ikpo ọkụ ma na-emepụta ekpomeekpo caramelized. === Bọta ude === A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi ka ọ bụrụ ude nke a na-atụgharị n'ime bọta. Bọta na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ iji mepụta ghee. === Tupu stratification === Usoro a dabara adaba maka nnukwu butter. A na-agbaze bọta na 80–85 Celsius C (176-185 °F) maka nkeji iri atọ. A na-ebute akwa nke protein, abụba na mmiri ara ehi . A na-awụpụ mmiri ara ehi. A na-ekpo ọkụ nke abụba ndị fọdụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 110 Celsius C (230 °F) iwepu mmiri na ịzụlite ekpomeekpo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=L. Sserunjogi|first=Mohammed|date=1998-08-01|title=A Review Paper: Current Knowledge of Ghee and Related Products|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222287157|journal=International Dairy Journal|volume=8|issue=8|pages=677–688|doi=10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00106-X}}</ref> == Nkwakọ ngwaahịa == [[Faịlụ:Desi_ghee.JPG|thumb| Enwere ike ịwụnye ghee n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị ekpuchi ekpuchi ma chekwaa ya na-enweghị friji.]] A na-ahụtakarị ghee ka a na-achịkọta ya n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị. Ekwesịrị idobe ha pụọ na ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem n'ihi na ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ime ka mmiri na-etolite n'ime ite ahụ. Mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ghee emebi, yana ibelata ndụ ya. Iji gbochie ngwangwa nke usoro oxidation, a ga-echebe ha pụọ na ihe ọ bụla na-akpata ya, dị ka ụzarị UV sitere na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ fluorescent. Ọ bụrụ na emegheghị ite ahụ, ọ dịghị mkpa ka etinye ya na friji ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnọdụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ zutere. Ozugbo emepere ya, enwere ike ịchekwa ya na kọbọd kichin ruo ọnwa atọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, enwere ike ịhapụ ya na friji ruo otu afọ. Igwe nju oyi na-eme ka ghee sie ike mana ọ bụrụ na ahapụ ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ ga-adị nro ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/|title=Ghee Care|work=Goddess Ghee|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-11|archivedate=11 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811101519/https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/}}</ref> == Ihe mejupụtara == Enwere ike mee ghee nke mmiri ara ehi sitere na ungulates dị iche iche nke ụlọ, dị ka ehi, buffaloes na atụrụ. <ref name="fc">{{Cite journal|date=1993-01-01|title=Composition of ghee (Samn Barri's) from cow's and sheep's milk|journal=Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=373–375|doi=10.1016/0308-8146(93)90007-3|issn=0308-8146}}</ref> Ngwakọta ghee dịgasị iche dabere na anụmanụ nke ejirila mmiri ara ehi mee ihe. Ọdịnaya vitamin A sitere na 315 ruo 375 μg kwa gram 100. <ref name="fc" /> Palmitic acid na oleic acid bụ abụọ n'ime acid fatty acid dị na ma ehi na ghee atụrụ. Profaịlụ fatty acid juru eju bụ 53.9 ruo 66.8%, profaịlụ fatty acid na-adịghị mma bụ 22.8 ruo 38.0% yana fatty acids ndị ọzọ bụ 3.5 ruo 10.4%. <ref name="fc" /> Cholesterol sitere na 252 ruo 284&nbsp;mg/100 grams. <ref name="fc" /> == Ahịa == Ọnụ ahịa ghee na [[Ndia|India]] bụ 10,000 crore rupees ma ọ bụ ijeri US $ 1.5 dị ka nke 2016. India bụ mba kacha emepụta buffalo na mmiri ara ehi na ya mere ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eji ghee. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/milk-in-india-a-popular-refreshment-a-huge-business-and-a-gift-from-the-gods|title=Milk in India: a popular refreshment, a huge business and a gift from the gods|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent|title=Delhi's tax free budget: Desi ghee to cost less in Delhi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=27 December 2015|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent}}</ref> == Ntụaka == n'ime ite ahụ. Mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ghee emebi, yana ibelata ndụ ya. Iji gbochie ngwangwa nke usoro oxidation, a ga-echebe ha pụọ na ihe ọ bụla na-akpata ya, dị ka ụzarị UV sitere na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ fluorescent. Ọ bụrụ na emegheghị ite ahụprotein, abụba na mmiri ara ehi . A na-awụpụ mmiri ara ehi. A na-ekpo ọkụ nke abụba ndị fọdụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 110 Celsius C (230 °F) iwepu mmiri na ịzụlite ekpomeekpo{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8ikkrlikqacop0s01wbg0ldft291rvg 195298 195297 2024-11-18T17:36:31Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195298 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ghee''' bụ ụdị bọta doro anya, sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=Ghee originated in India, where the heat was not conducive to storing butter for long periods}}</ref> A na-ejikarị ya esi nri, dị ka ọgwụ ọdịnala, na maka ememe okpukpe [[Okpukpe Hindu|Hindu]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-28|title=Perspective {{!}} Ghee has been an Indian staple for millennia. Now the rest of the world is catching on.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/voraciously/wp/2019/02/06/ghee-has-been-an-indian-staple-for-millennia-now-the-rest-of-the-world-is-catching-on/|accessdate=2024-03-22|work=Washington Post|language=en-US|quote=ghee is poured into sacred fires by Hindus to this day, a practice thought to be auspicious for marriages, funerals and other ceremonies.}}</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-akwadokarị Ghee site na simmering bọta, nke a na-esi na ude, na-awụpụ ihe ọ bụla adịghị ọcha n'elu, wee na-awụsa ma na-ejigide abụba mmiri dị ọcha mgbe ọ na-achọta ihe ọzọ maka ihe fọdụrụ siri ike nke dabara na ala. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ose maka ekpomeekpo. Ọdịdị, agba, na ụtọ ghee na-adabere n'ịdị mma nke bọta, mmiri ara ehi e ji mee ihe, na ogologo oge nke esi mmiri. == Etymology == . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://tarek.kakhia.org/books_eng/ENCYCOPEDIA_OF_OILS_and_FATS.Tarek_Kakhia.pdf|title=Encyclopedia of Oils and Fats|author=Tarek I Kakhia|pages=194–195|accessdate=28 October 2023}}</ref> == Na okpukpe Hindu == Na omenala, a na-esi na mmiri ara ehi mee ghee, ma ehi ma ọ bụ buffalo mmiri, ma ejiri ya mee ihe n'ememe kemgbe oge Vedic . Ọ bụ ihe dị nsọ chọrọ na Vedic ''yajña'' na ''homa'' (ememe ọkụ), site n'usoro Agni (ọkụ) inye onyinye dị iche iche (Lee: Yajurveda ). A na-eji mmemme ọkụ eme emume dịka alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu. A chọrọ Ghee n'ofufe Vedic nke ''mūrtis'' (chi Chineke), na ''aarti'' (àjà nke ghee oriọna) nke a na-akpọ ''diyā'' ma ọ bụ ''dīpa'' na maka ''Pañcāmṛta'' ( Panchamruta ) bụ ebe a na-eji ghee tinyere mishri, mmanụ aṅụ, mmiri ara ehi, na ''dahi'' (curd) eme ihe maka ịsa ahụ. chi dị iche iche n'ụbọchị ngosipụta nke Krishna na Janmashtami, ''Śiva'' ( Shiva ) na ''Mahā-śivarātrī'' ( Maha Shivaratri ). Enwere ukwe ghee. Na ''Mahabharata'', a mụrụ ''Kaurava'' site na ite ghee. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&pg=PA613|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12 ..., Part 1|first=James L.|author=Fitzgerald|isbn=9780226252506|date=2003-02-15|publisher=University of Chicago Press}}</ref> A na-ejikwa Ghee na ''bhang'' iji kpoo [[Ịgbó|cannabis]] na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na- eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-eme ihe na-eme ihe ike . <ref name="Gottlieb07">{{Cite book|title=Cooking with Cannabis: The Most Effective Methods of Preparing Food and Drink with Marijuana, Hashish, and Hash Oil|first=Adam|author=Gottlieb|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=1993|isbn=978-0-914171-55-3|url=https://archive.org/details/artscienceofcook00gott/page/7}}</ref> <ref name="Drake018">{{Cite book|title=The Marijuana Food Handbook|first=Bill|author=Drake|publisher=Ronin Publishing|year=2002|isbn=978-0-914171-99-7|url=https://archive.org/details/marijuanafood0000drak/page/18}}</ref> Na [[Buddhism|akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ Buddhist]], a na-eji usoro mmepụta mmiri ara ehi mee ihe dị ka ihe atụ maka ọkwa mmụta. Ngwaahịa kachasị elu, sarpir-maṇḍa, na-eche na ọ bụ ghee ma ọ bụ butter doro anya. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZH29oiIuIkC&q=sarpir-ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da+ghee&pg=PA217|title=The Classification of Buddhism|isbn=9783447033732|author=Petzold|first=Bruno|year=1995|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag}}</ref> == Ojiji nri nri == A na-ahụkarị Ghee na nri sitere na mpaghara mpaghara India, gụnyere nkwadebe osikapa ọdịnala (dị ka ''biryani'' ). Na Maharashtra, polis ma ọ bụ achịcha dị larịị nke India na-esonyere ghee. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'Puranpoli', a na-eri nri Maharashtrian a na-ahụkarị na ghee. Na Rajasthan, ghee na-esokarị ''baati'' . Na North India niile, a na-enye ''roti'' na ghee. Na Karnataka na Tamil Nadu, a na-enye ghee n'akụkụ dosa na kesari bhath . Na Bengal (ma West Bengal na Bangladesh ) na Gujarat, ''khichdi'' bụ nri mgbede ọdịnala nke osikapa na lentil, nke a na-esi na [[curry]] si dahi (curd), mkpụrụ cumin, akwụkwọ curry, ọka ọka, turmeric, garlic, nnu na ghee. Ọ bụkwa ihe dị na ''kadhi'' na sweets India, dị ka ''Mysore pak'' na ụdị ''halva'' na ''laddu'' . Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị India na-etinyekarị ghee buru ibu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-asa ya ''naan'' na ''roti'', ma n'oge nkwadebe ma ọ bụ tupu ị na-eje ozi. Na steeti Odisha ghee a na-ejikarị na efere Odia dị ka ''Khechedi'' na ''Dalma'' . Karịsịa nri [[satwik]] a na-akwadebe n'ọtụtụ ụlọ arụsị dị na Odisha nwere ghee dị ka isi ihe na omenala nri nri ya. A na-eji Ghee eme ihe na nri ndịda India maka iwe ọkụ curries na ịkwadebe efere osikapa na sweets. Ndị North India na-etinyekwa ghee na osikapa tupu ha erie ya na pickles, dal na curries. Ndị North India so na ndị na-eri ghee. Nri onye anaghị eri anụ nke Andhra Pradesh na-ejikarị ghee maka nkwadebe nke nri dị ụtọ na nri dị ụtọ. Ghee dị mkpa maka nri ndị North India ọdịnala, yana ''parathas, daals'' na curries na-ejikarị ghee kama mmanụ maka uto ka ukwuu. Ụdị ghee, n'ihe gbasara isi anụmanụ, na-eme ka ọ dị iche iche na efere; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee a kwadebere site na mmiri ara ehi ( Bengali ) bụ omenala nwere [[Osikàpà|osikapa]] ma ọ bụ ''roti'' ma ọ bụ dị ka mmiri na-agwụcha n'elu curry ma ọ bụ ''daal'' (lentil) ebe mmiri ara ehi buffalo na-ahụkarị maka ebumnuche isi nri. Ghee bụ abụba dị mma maka frying miri emi n'ihi na ebe anwụrụ ọkụ ya (ebe ụmụ irighiri ya na-amalite ịkụda) bụ 250 Celsius C (482 °F), nke dị n'elu ahụkarị okpomọkụ okpomọkụ nke gburugburu 200 Celsius C (392 °F) na karịa nke ọtụtụ mmanụ ihe oriri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What are the advantages and disadvantages of butter and ghee when it comes to cooking?|url=http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404094854/http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=newtip&dbid=9|archivedate=4 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=whfoods.com}}</ref> == Atọ ụtọ == Isi ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ghee bụ carbonyls, fatty acids free, lactones, na alcohols . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Rama Murthy|first=M.K.|date=1980|title=Factors Affecting the Composition, Flavour and Textural Properties of Ghee|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/57811/1/dt84.pdf|journal=Indian Dairyman|volume=32|pages=765–768|accessdate=11 August 2018}}</ref> Tinyere ụtọ nke abụba mmiri ara ehi, chara acha nke bọta na okpomọkụ nke a na-akọwapụta na-emetụtakwa ụtọ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ghee nke a na-emepụta site na nkọwa nke butter na 100 Celsius C (212 °F) ma ọ bụ ihe na-erughị ya na-arụpụta ụtọ dị nro ma dị nro, ebe a na-emepụta batches na 120 Celsius C (248 °F) nwere ezigbo ụtọ. <ref name=":0" /> == Ọdịiche sitere na bọta doro anya == Mmepụta ghee dị iche na nke bọta doro anya . Usoro nke ịmepụta bọta doro anya zuru ezu mgbe mmiri na-ekpochapụ na abụba (bọta doro anya) kewapụrụ na mmiri ara ehi siri ike . Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ghee na-agụnye ịgbanye bọta ahụ, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ntụziaka Ayurvedic omenala maka ghee bụ sie mmiri ara ehi na-adịghị ahụ ma hapụ ya ka ọ dị jụụ ruo 43 Celsius C (109 °F) . Mgbe ị hapụsịrị ya na mkpuchi ụlọ maka ihe dị ka awa 12, tinye ntakịrị dahi (yogọt) na ya ma hapụ ya n'abali. Nke a na-eme ka yogọt karịa. A na-eji mmiri gbanye nke a, iji nweta bọta nke omenala, nke a na-eji eme ka ọ dị nro. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Docosahexaenoic acid content is significantly higher in ghrita prepared by traditional Ayurvedic method|date=2014|pmid=24948858|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.131730|volume=5|issue=2|journal=J Ayurveda Integr Med|pages=85–88|author=Joshi|first=KS}}</ref> == Nri na ahụike == Dị ka bọta ọ bụla doro anya, ghee bụ ihe mejupụtara ya fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụba, 62% nke mejupụtara abụba juru eju . <ref name="usda">{{Cite web|url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients|title=Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database|date=May 2016|accessdate=12 March 2018|archivedate=23 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523232832/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173412/nutrients}}</ref> Achọpụtakwara ọtụtụ nkwadebe azụmahịa na India nwere nnukwu abụba trans . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mahapatra|first=Deepti|date=18 October 2010|title=Evaluation of trans fatty acids contents in commercial brands of ghee available at Indian markets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228668815|journal=Scientific Research and Essays|volume=5|issue=20|pages=3193–3200}}</ref> Ọ nwere obere lactose na casein, yabụ, ọ na-anabata ọtụtụ ndị nwere nnabata lactose ma ọ bụ nfụkasị mmiri ara ehi. <ref name="BA-20180405">{{Cite journal|author=Abarbanel|first=Aliza|title=What Is Ghee, the Clarified Butter We Could Eat by the Spoon?|journal=Bon Appétit|date=5 April 2018|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/what-is-ghee|accessdate=10 April 2021}}</ref> == Ụzọ nkwadebe == Enwere ụzọ ise a na-ejikarị akwadebe ghee. Nkwadebe ụlọ ọrụ n'aka nke ọzọ na-eme site na iji "bọta ọcha", na-esikarị na mmiri ara ehi ndị ọzọ na ndị ọrụ nkwekọrịta. <ref name="Priyanka">{{Cite book|author=Narain|first=Priyanka Pathak|title=Godman To Tycoon: The untold story of Baba Ramdev|year=2017|publisher=Juggernaut Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9386228383|edition=2}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Cream_to_get_clarified_butter_home_made.Ghee.jpg|alt=In the cream butter method, cream separated from milk must be churned to produced butter. The butter then undergoes heat clarification.|thumb| N'ime usoro ude ude, a na-ekewa ude na mmiri ara ehi ma kpoo ya iji mepụta bọta. Bọta ahụ na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ.]] === Mmiri ara ehi butter === A na-akụba mmiri ara ehi utoojoo n'ime bọta . A na-esi bọta ahụ n'ime ite a na-emeghe ka mmiri wee pụta. A na-ebufe ghee na-ekpo ọkụ ma chekwaa ya. === Ude kpọmkwem === A na-atụgharị ude ọhụrụ, ude a kpụrụ akpụ ma ọ bụ nke a sachara ka ọ bụrụ ghee. Usoro a chọrọ ogologo oge ikpo ọkụ ma na-emepụta ekpomeekpo caramelized. === Bọta ude === A na-ekewa mmiri ara ehi ka ọ bụrụ ude nke a na-atụgharị n'ime bọta. Bọta na-enweta nkọwa ọkụ iji mepụta ghee. === Tupu stratification === Usoro a dabara adaba maka nnukwu butter. A na-agbaze bọta na 80–85 Celsius C (176-185 °F) maka nkeji iri atọ. A na-ebute akwa nke protein, abụba na mmiri ara ehi . A na-awụpụ mmiri ara ehi. A na-ekpo ọkụ nke abụba ndị fọdụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 110 Celsius C (230 °F) iwepu mmiri na ịzụlite ekpomeekpo. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=L. Sserunjogi|first=Mohammed|date=1998-08-01|title=A Review Paper: Current Knowledge of Ghee and Related Products|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222287157|journal=International Dairy Journal|volume=8|issue=8|pages=677–688|doi=10.1016/S0958-6946(98)00106-X}}</ref> == Nkwakọ ngwaahịa == [[Faịlụ:Desi_ghee.JPG|thumb| Enwere ike ịwụnye ghee n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị ekpuchi ekpuchi ma chekwaa ya na-enweghị friji.]] A na-ahụtakarị ghee ka a na-achịkọta ya n'ime ite iko ikuku na-adịghị. Ekwesịrị idobe ha pụọ na ìhè anyanwụ kpọmkwem n'ihi na ìhè anyanwụ nwere ike ime ka mmiri na-etolite n'ime ite ahụ. Mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ghee emebi, yana ibelata ndụ ya. Iji gbochie ngwangwa nke usoro oxidation, a ga-echebe ha pụọ na ihe ọ bụla na-akpata ya, dị ka ụzarị UV sitere na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ fluorescent. Ọ bụrụ na emegheghị ite ahụ, ọ dịghị mkpa ka etinye ya na friji ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọnọdụ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ zutere. Ozugbo emepere ya, enwere ike ịchekwa ya na kọbọd kichin ruo ọnwa atọ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, enwere ike ịhapụ ya na friji ruo otu afọ. Igwe nju oyi na-eme ka ghee sie ike mana ọ bụrụ na ahapụ ya na ụlọ okpomọkụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ ga-adị nro ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/|title=Ghee Care|work=Goddess Ghee|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-11|archivedate=11 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811101519/https://www.goddessghee.com/ghee-care/}}</ref> == Ihe mejupụtara == Enwere ike mee ghee nke mmiri ara ehi sitere na ungulates dị iche iche nke ụlọ, dị ka ehi, buffaloes na atụrụ. <ref name="fc">{{Cite journal|date=1993-01-01|title=Composition of ghee (Samn Barri's) from cow's and sheep's milk|journal=Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=46|issue=4|pages=373–375|doi=10.1016/0308-8146(93)90007-3|issn=0308-8146}}</ref> Ngwakọta ghee dịgasị iche dabere na anụmanụ nke ejirila mmiri ara ehi mee ihe. Ọdịnaya vitamin A sitere na 315 ruo 375 μg kwa gram 100. <ref name="fc" /> Palmitic acid na oleic acid bụ abụọ n'ime acid fatty acid dị na ma ehi na ghee atụrụ. Profaịlụ fatty acid juru eju bụ 53.9 ruo 66.8%, profaịlụ fatty acid na-adịghị mma bụ 22.8 ruo 38.0% yana fatty acids ndị ọzọ bụ 3.5 ruo 10.4%. <ref name="fc" /> Cholesterol sitere na 252 ruo 284&nbsp;mg/100 grams. <ref name="fc" /> == Ahịa == Ọnụ ahịa ghee na [[Ndia|India]] bụ 10,000 crore rupees ma ọ bụ ijeri US $ 1.5 dị ka nke 2016. India bụ mba kacha emepụta buffalo na mmiri ara ehi na ya mere ọ bụkwa onye na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eji ghee. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/milk-in-india-a-popular-refreshment-a-huge-business-and-a-gift-from-the-gods|title=Milk in India: a popular refreshment, a huge business and a gift from the gods|date=27 October 2015|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent|title=Delhi's tax free budget: Desi ghee to cost less in Delhi|work=timesofindia-economictimes|accessdate=27 December 2015|archivedate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305092258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-20/news/37872288_1_desi-ghee-vat-cent}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dnx2xeopmacz1ytmohv3runohft74kx Ka'ak 0 55313 195299 2024-11-18T17:38:31Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257963774|Ka'ak]]" 195299 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ka'ak''' ( Arabic ; kaak) ma ọ bụ '''kahqa''' bụ okwu [[Arabic]] a na-ahụkarị maka achicha ma ọ bụ bisikiiti, n'echiche ya dị iche iche, ma nwee ike na-ezo aka n'ụdị ụdị achịcha dị iche iche <ref name="Toth">{{Cite web|title=On the Streets of Damascus|author=Anthony B. Toth|date=March–April 1991|publisher=Saudi AramcoWorld|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199102/on.the.streets.of.damascus.htm|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> nke a na-emepụta na mba Arab na nso East . Achịcha ahụ, na mba ndị dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa, yiri bisiki kpọrọ nkụ na nke siri ike ma na-enwekarị mgbanaka. Nri achịcha dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ " ''kue kaak'' ", na-ewu ewu na Indonesia . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ka'ak bụ nke izizi gbara akaebe na Kitab al Wusla il al Habib, nke sitere na Syria na narị afọ nke 13. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=The New Book of Middle Eastern Food|date=2000|publisher=Random House, Inc|location=New York City, New York|isbn=0-375-40506-2|edition=Revised}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Scents and Flavors: a Lebanese Cookbook|url=https://sierra.rider.edu/search~S5?/tKitab+al-wusla+ila+al-habib.+English./tkitab+al+wusla+ila+al+habib+english/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CE/frameset&FF=tkitab+al+wusla+ila+al+habib+english&1%2C1%2C|work=Rider University Library Catalogue|publisher=New York University Press, 2017|accessdate=20 June 2022}}</ref> Kitab al Wusla il al Habib na-enye ntụziaka atọ maka Ka'ak. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Medieval Arab Cookery|publisher=Prospect Books (UK)|location=City|year=1998|isbn=0-907325-91-2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=A Book of Middle Eastern Food|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1974|isbn=0-394-71948-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmiddleeast00rode}}</ref> == Ọdịiche == === Achịcha achịcha === [[Faịlụ:Arabkaak.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Mgbanaka Ka'ak fesa na mkpụrụ sesame]] Ka'ak nwere ike na-ezo aka na achịcha a na-erikarị na Levant nke a na-eme n'ụdị mgbanaka buru ibu ma jiri mkpụrụ sesame kpuchie ya. A na-eji chickpeas fermented eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eko achịcha. <ref name="FAO">{{Cite web|title=Food Composition Tables for the Near East|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6879E/X6879E25.htm|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Food Policy and Nutrition Division|year=1982|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na-ere ya nke ọma, a na-erikarị ya dị ka nri nri ma ọ bụ maka nri ụtụtụ na za'atar . Na Jerusalem ndị Palestine, a na-enye ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'akụkụ akwa na falafel esiri esi oven. <ref name="Teefelen">{{Cite web|title=The Crow Cries|author=Toine van Teeffelen|url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article3783.shtml|date=April 25, 2005|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Ndị Palestine si Hebron ruo Jenin na-ewere ''ka'ak al-Quds'' (Jerusalem ka'ak) ka ọ bụrụ ọmarịcha ọpụrụiche, ndị si n'obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eleta ebe ahụ na-azụkarị ọtụtụ ogbe achịcha iji nye ndị ọzọ n'èzí obodo ahụ dị ka onyinye. Na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], a na-eji ntụ ọka dị ụtọ na-eme mgbanaka achịcha ka'ak nke a tụgharịrị n'ime eriri wee mee ka ọ bụrụ mgbanaka ma tinye ya na mkpụrụ sesame. Kama zaatar, a na-anyụcha ya, a na-awụsa ya na mmiri ara ehi na shuga wee kpoo ya. Ndị Juu Tunisia na-emekwa ụdị achịcha achịcha dịtụ ụtọ na nnu, mana anaghị eji ntụ ọka yist eme ihe. [[Egypt|N'Ijipt]], na-emekarị na oriri agbamakwụkwọ, a na-enye mgbanwe dị iche iche nke almọnd, nke a maara dị ka ''kahk bi loz'' . Ederede nri Middle Eastern nke narị afọ nke iri na atọ, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Medieval Arab Cookery|publisher=Prospect Books (UK)|location=City|year=1998|isbn=0-907325-91-2}}</ref> ''[[Kitab al Wusla il al Habib]]'', nwere ntụzịaka ka'ak atọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=A Book of Middle Eastern Food|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1974|isbn=0-394-71948-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmiddleeast00rode}}</ref> === Ihe ụtọ === [[Faịlụ:Mamoul_biscotti_libanesi.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ụdị nke Lebanon ka'ak na ma'amoul]] N'obodo ụfọdụ, pastries ma ọ bụ sweets ndị a maara dị ka ka'ak bụ kuki ndị dabeere na [[semolina]] (biscuits), dị ka ''ka'ak bi ma'moul'' (ma ọ bụ ''ka'ak bi ajwa'' ), nke jupụtara na ụbọchị ala, ''ka'ak. bi jowz'', nke a na-ejupụta na walnuts n'ala, na ''ka'ak bi fustok'', nke a na-ejupụta na pistachios n'ala. A na-eme Ka'ak nke ọma maka Eid al-Fitr na Ista na [[Egypt]], ebe a maara ha dị ka kahk . A na-ekpuchi Kahk na shuga ntụ ntụ wee jupụta ''<nowiki/>'agameya'' ( [[wiktionary:عجمية|عجمية]], ngwakọta nke mmanụ aṅụ, mkpụrụ na [[ghee]] ), lokum, walnuts, pistachios, ma ọ bụ ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ nanị na-eje ozi nkịtị. A na-ejikwa atụmatụ dị mgbagwoju anya chọọ ha mma. Ndị Ijipt emela kahk kemgbe usoro eze nke iri na asatọ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Egypt ochie]], afọ 3500 gara aga. <ref name="Fawzi">{{Cite news|author=Fawzi|first=Essam|title=Kahk: Cookies with history|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/kahk-cookies-history/|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=Egypt Independent|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref> Ndị Kraịst Arab, ndị bụ isi n'etiti ha Ndị Kraịst Palestine (gụnyere ndị bi na mba Palestine ) na Ndị Kraịst Lebanọn, na-eme sweets ndị a iji mee ememe Ista. <ref name="Alife">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alifinstitute.org/forms/AlifInstitute-ChristianHolidays.pdf|title=Christian Holidays in the Arab World|publisher=Alif Institute|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206113152/http://www.alifinstitute.org/forms/AlifInstitute-ChristianHolidays.pdf|archivedate=February 6, 2007}}</ref> A na-akpụkarị achịcha achịcha dị ka okpueze ma na-anọchi anya okpueze ogwu nke [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] kwenyere na [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs onye Nazaret]] yi n'ụbọchị a kpọgidere ya n'obe . <ref name="Saekel">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/04/04/FDG53OTDM01.DTL|title=Two Easters in one: East Bay family's meal draws on ancient tradition|publisher=San Francisco Gate|date=April 4, 2007|accessdate=2008-03-14|first=Karola|author=Saekel}}</ref> <ref name="Adams">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/jerusalem/|title=The lost city of David|author=Paul Adams|date=March 30, 2002|accessdate=2008-02-14|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Na nri Malta, a na-eme Qagħaq tal-Appostli n'oge Lent na almọnd etinyere gburugburu okpueze ahụ na-anọchi anya ndịozi iri na abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=apronandwhisk|date=2021-03-28|title=Qagħqa tal-Appostli - Maltese Apostle's ring bread|url=https://apronandwhisk.com/qaghqa-tal-appostli-maltese-apostles-ring-bread/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Apron & Whisk|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ Qagħaq dị ofụri afọ na [[Malta]], gụnyere Qagħaq tal-ħmira (yiast mgbanaka), Qagħaq tal-ghasel (mgbanaka mmanụ aṅụ) na Qagħaq tal-gulglien (sesame biscuits). <ref>{{Cite web|author=apronandwhisk|date=2022-09-10|title=Qagħaq tal-Ħmira - Maltese Yeast Rings|url=https://apronandwhisk.com/qaghaq-tal-hmira-maltese-yeast-rings/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Apron & Whisk|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cuisinie|first=Maltese|date=2020-12-05|title=Qaghaq tal-Ghasel - Honey Rings|url=https://maltesecuisine.com/2020/12/05/qaghaq-tal-ghasel-honey-rings/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Maltese Cuisine|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-04|title=Sesame biscuits - Qaghaq tal-gulglien|url=https://www.amaltesemouthful.com/sesame-biscuits-qaghaq-tal-gulglien/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=A Maltese Mouthful|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Kaak_warka.jpg|thumb| Tunisian ''ka'ak al-warqa'', achịcha dị iche iche jupụtara almond]] Maka oriri [[Ndi áláküba|ndị Alakụba]] n'oge Eid al-Fitr na Eid al-Adha, ''ka'ak bi ma'moul'' bụ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ omenala. <ref name="Khoury">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1731&ed=115&edid=115|title=Dishes for Special Occasions|author=Samia Khoury|publisher=This Week in Palestine|date=January 8, 2007|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170825/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1731&ed=115&edid=115|archivedate=February 1, 2014}}</ref> Na Gaza, mgbe onye agbata obi na-ezigara efere nke jupụtara na nri n'ụlọ gị dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'oge ezumike, ọ bụ omenala iweghachi efere nke jupụtara na nri nke gị onwe gị, na-emekarị ''ka'ak bi ajwa'' . <ref name="Haddad">{{Cite web|title=The Foods of Gaza|publisher=This Week in Palestine|author=Laila El-Haddad|accessdate=2008-03-14|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170916/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115|archivedate=2014-02-01}}</ref> A na-emekwa sweets ka'ak kwa afọ n'etiti ndị Palestine niile na ntụ ọka a na-eji oge ụfọdụ dochie semolina. ''Ka'ak al-asfar'' ("akwụkwọ mpịakọta edo edo") bụ achịcha achịcha nke ndị Alakụba nọ na Levant mere iji sọpụrụ mkpụrụ obi nke ndị hapụrụ. Na omenala, a na-ekesa achịcha a, nke ejiri akara geometric mara mma, ya na mkpụrụ osisi mịrị amị nye ndị ogbenye, ụmụaka na ndị ikwu, site n'aka ezinụlọ nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na Tọzdee na Monday na-esote ọnwụ na ụbọchị a maara dị ka ''Khamis. al-Amwat'' (" Ụbọchị Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ "). Akara achịcha ( ''signum pistoris [ es ]'' ) bụ nke e ji ebipụta ihe osise na achịcha ndị a ka a chọtara na Palestine ma malite na narị afọ nke iri na anọ ma ọ bụ nke iri na ise OA. Ọ bụ okirikiri, yana aka okirikiri yana atụmatụ geometric, yana dayameta 19 centimita. <ref name="Bread">{{Cite web|publisher=Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem|title=Three Faces of Monotheism: Bread Stamp|url=http://www.blmj.org/SpeciExh/3FacesMono/threeFaces/slideshow18.html|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325124525/http://www.blmj.org/SpeciExh/3FacesMono/threeFaces/slideshow18.html|archivedate=2008-03-25}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="Dead link tagged July 2023">njikọ nwụrụ anwụ</span></nowiki>'' <span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#x5D;</span></span></sup> Ihe ụtọ Ka'ak nke ndị Iraqis mere na-abụkarị ụdị doughnut ma kpuchie ya na mkpụrụ sesame, dị ka ''ka'ak ab sumsum'' na ''ka'ak eem tzmukin'', nke nwere mkpụrụ vaịn n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ. ''Ka'ak beharat oo tefach'' na-ekerịta ọdịdị ya na ọtụtụ n'ime otu ihe ndị ahụ dị ka ''ka'ak eem tzmukin'', mana ọ na-anọchi apụl maka mkpụrụ vaịn ma na-ekpuchi ya na almọnd kama mkpụrụ osisi sesame. Na Yemen, a na-eme ka'ak site n'ịgwakọta mgwakota agwa na mmanụ, àkwá na shuga, na ihe mgbakwunye nke cumin ojii ( ''Nigella sativa'' ). A na-eme ka ntụ ọka ahụ sie ike ma gwakọta ya nke ọma, ruo mgbe agwakọtara ihe niile. Mgbe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọdịdị ọdịnala, a na-etinye ha na tray ruo mgbe mgwakota agwa ahụ biliri, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-awụsa ntụ ọka ahụ na nkochi ime akwa, ma sie ya. <ref name="Qafih1982" /> A na- achapụkarị butter ( ''samneh'' ) n'elu ntụ ọka ahụ. Ka'ak bụ achịcha dị iche iche nke ndị Juu na Yemen riri n'oge oriri Purim . Ụfọdụ obodo nwere ya dị ka omume ha na-esitụ ọka wit tupu ha egwerie ha ka ha bụrụ ntụ ọka, a ga-eji sie kaak. == Hụkwa == * Linga (kuki) * Rosquillo * Akpa * Bublik * Bucellarii * Ime == Ntụaka == n'ime ite ahụ. Mmiri nwere ike ime ka ọdịdị ghee emebi, yana ibelata ndụ ya. Iji gbochie ngwangwa nke usoro oxidation, a ga-echebe ha pụọ na ihe ọ bụla na-akpata ya, dị ka ụzarị UV sitere na ìhè anyanwụ na ọkụ fluorescent. Ọ bụrụ na emegheghị ite ahụprotein, abụba na mmiri ara ehi . A na-awụpụ mmiri ara ehi. A na-ekpo ọkụ nke abụba ndị fọdụrụ na okpomọkụ nke 110 Celsius C (230 °F) iwepu mmiri na ịzụlite ekpomeekpo{{Reflist|2}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ielmnieiha3zyvwr7ifz55b9s9sxrh8 195300 195299 2024-11-18T17:39:33Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ihe ụtọ */ 195300 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ka'ak''' ( Arabic ; kaak) ma ọ bụ '''kahqa''' bụ okwu [[Arabic]] a na-ahụkarị maka achicha ma ọ bụ bisikiiti, n'echiche ya dị iche iche, ma nwee ike na-ezo aka n'ụdị ụdị achịcha dị iche iche <ref name="Toth">{{Cite web|title=On the Streets of Damascus|author=Anthony B. Toth|date=March–April 1991|publisher=Saudi AramcoWorld|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199102/on.the.streets.of.damascus.htm|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> nke a na-emepụta na mba Arab na nso East . Achịcha ahụ, na mba ndị dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa, yiri bisiki kpọrọ nkụ na nke siri ike ma na-enwekarị mgbanaka. Nri achịcha dị otú ahụ, nke a na-akpọ " ''kue kaak'' ", na-ewu ewu na Indonesia . == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ka'ak bụ nke izizi gbara akaebe na Kitab al Wusla il al Habib, nke sitere na Syria na narị afọ nke 13. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=The New Book of Middle Eastern Food|date=2000|publisher=Random House, Inc|location=New York City, New York|isbn=0-375-40506-2|edition=Revised}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Scents and Flavors: a Lebanese Cookbook|url=https://sierra.rider.edu/search~S5?/tKitab+al-wusla+ila+al-habib.+English./tkitab+al+wusla+ila+al+habib+english/-3%2C-1%2C0%2CE/frameset&FF=tkitab+al+wusla+ila+al+habib+english&1%2C1%2C|work=Rider University Library Catalogue|publisher=New York University Press, 2017|accessdate=20 June 2022}}</ref> Kitab al Wusla il al Habib na-enye ntụziaka atọ maka Ka'ak. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Medieval Arab Cookery|publisher=Prospect Books (UK)|location=City|year=1998|isbn=0-907325-91-2}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=A Book of Middle Eastern Food|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1974|isbn=0-394-71948-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmiddleeast00rode}}</ref> == Ọdịiche == === Achịcha achịcha === [[Faịlụ:Arabkaak.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Mgbanaka Ka'ak fesa na mkpụrụ sesame]] Ka'ak nwere ike na-ezo aka na achịcha a na-erikarị na Levant nke a na-eme n'ụdị mgbanaka buru ibu ma jiri mkpụrụ sesame kpuchie ya. A na-eji chickpeas fermented eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eko achịcha. <ref name="FAO">{{Cite web|title=Food Composition Tables for the Near East|url=http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/X6879E/X6879E25.htm|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Food Policy and Nutrition Division|year=1982|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Ndị na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na-ere ya nke ọma, a na-erikarị ya dị ka nri nri ma ọ bụ maka nri ụtụtụ na za'atar . Na Jerusalem ndị Palestine, a na-enye ya mgbe ụfọdụ n'akụkụ akwa na falafel esiri esi oven. <ref name="Teefelen">{{Cite web|title=The Crow Cries|author=Toine van Teeffelen|url=http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article3783.shtml|date=April 25, 2005|accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Ndị Palestine si Hebron ruo Jenin na-ewere ''ka'ak al-Quds'' (Jerusalem ka'ak) ka ọ bụrụ ọmarịcha ọpụrụiche, ndị si n'obodo ahụ ma ọ bụ na-eleta ebe ahụ na-azụkarị ọtụtụ ogbe achịcha iji nye ndị ọzọ n'èzí obodo ahụ dị ka onyinye. Na [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]], a na-eji ntụ ọka dị ụtọ na-eme mgbanaka achịcha ka'ak nke a tụgharịrị n'ime eriri wee mee ka ọ bụrụ mgbanaka ma tinye ya na mkpụrụ sesame. Kama zaatar, a na-anyụcha ya, a na-awụsa ya na mmiri ara ehi na shuga wee kpoo ya. Ndị Juu Tunisia na-emekwa ụdị achịcha achịcha dịtụ ụtọ na nnu, mana anaghị eji ntụ ọka yist eme ihe. [[Egypt|N'Ijipt]], na-emekarị na oriri agbamakwụkwọ, a na-enye mgbanwe dị iche iche nke almọnd, nke a maara dị ka ''kahk bi loz'' . Ederede nri Middle Eastern nke narị afọ nke iri na atọ, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Perry|first=Charles|title=Medieval Arab Cookery|publisher=Prospect Books (UK)|location=City|year=1998|isbn=0-907325-91-2}}</ref> ''[[Kitab al Wusla il al Habib]]'', nwere ntụzịaka ka'ak atọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|title=A Book of Middle Eastern Food|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|year=1974|isbn=0-394-71948-4|url=https://archive.org/details/bookofmiddleeast00rode}}</ref> === Ihe ụtọ === [[Faịlụ:Mamoul_biscotti_libanesi.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px| Ụdị nke Lebanon ka'ak na ma'amoul]] N'obodo ụfọdụ, pastries ma ọ bụ sweets ndị a maara dị ka ka'ak bụ kuki ndị dabeere na [[semolina]] (biscuits), dị ka ''ka'ak bi ma'moul'' (ma ọ bụ ''ka'ak bi ajwa'' ), nke jupụtara na ụbọchị ala, ''ka'ak. bi jowz'', nke a na-ejupụta na walnuts n'ala, na ''ka'ak bi fustok'', nke a na-ejupụta na pistachios n'ala. A na-eme Ka'ak nke ọma maka Eid al-Fitr na Ista na [[Egypt]], ebe a maara ha dị ka kahk . A na-ekpuchi Kahk na shuga ntụ ntụ wee jupụta ''<nowiki/>'agameya'' ( [[wiktionary:عجمية|عجمية]], ngwakọta nke mmanụ aṅụ, mkpụrụ na [[ghee]] ), lokum, walnuts, pistachios, ma ọ bụ ụbọchị, ma ọ bụ nanị na-eje ozi nkịtị. A na-ejikwa atụmatụ dị mgbagwoju anya chọọ ha mma. Ndị Ijipt emela kahk kemgbe usoro eze nke iri na asatọ nke [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Egypt ochie]], afọ 3500 gara aga. <ref name="Fawzi">{{Cite news|author=Fawzi|first=Essam|title=Kahk: Cookies with history|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/kahk-cookies-history/|accessdate=15 May 2018|work=Egypt Independent|date=November 11, 2009}}</ref> Ndị Kraịst Arab, ndị bụ isi n'etiti ha Ndị Kraịst Palestine (gụnyere ndị bi na mba Palestine ) na Ndị Kraịst Lebanọn, na-eme sweets ndị a iji mee ememe Ista. <ref name="Alife">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alifinstitute.org/forms/AlifInstitute-ChristianHolidays.pdf|title=Christian Holidays in the Arab World|publisher=Alif Institute|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206113152/http://www.alifinstitute.org/forms/AlifInstitute-ChristianHolidays.pdf|archivedate=February 6, 2007}}</ref> A na-akpụkarị achịcha achịcha dị ka okpueze ma na-anọchi anya okpueze ogwu nke [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] kwenyere na [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs onye Nazaret]] yi n'ụbọchị a kpọgidere ya n'obe . <ref name="Saekel">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/04/04/FDG53OTDM01.DTL|title=Two Easters in one: East Bay family's meal draws on ancient tradition|publisher=San Francisco Gate|date=April 4, 2007|accessdate=2008-03-14|first=Karola|author=Saekel}}</ref> <ref name="Adams">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/series/jerusalem/|title=The lost city of David|author=Paul Adams|date=March 30, 2002|accessdate=2008-02-14|work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> Na nri Malta, a na-eme Qagħaq tal-Appostli n'oge Lent na almọnd etinyere gburugburu okpueze ahụ na-anọchi anya ndịozi iri na abụọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=apronandwhisk|date=2021-03-28|title=Qagħqa tal-Appostli - Maltese Apostle's ring bread|url=https://apronandwhisk.com/qaghqa-tal-appostli-maltese-apostles-ring-bread/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Apron & Whisk|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ Qagħaq dị ofụri afọ na [[Malta]], gụnyere Qagħaq tal-ħmira (yiast mgbanaka), Qagħaq tal-ghasel (mgbanaka mmanụ aṅụ) na Qagħaq tal-gulglien (sesame biscuits). <ref>{{Cite web|author=apronandwhisk|date=2022-09-10|title=Qagħaq tal-Ħmira - Maltese Yeast Rings|url=https://apronandwhisk.com/qaghaq-tal-hmira-maltese-yeast-rings/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Apron & Whisk|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cuisinie|first=Maltese|date=2020-12-05|title=Qaghaq tal-Ghasel - Honey Rings|url=https://maltesecuisine.com/2020/12/05/qaghaq-tal-ghasel-honey-rings/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=Maltese Cuisine|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-04|title=Sesame biscuits - Qaghaq tal-gulglien|url=https://www.amaltesemouthful.com/sesame-biscuits-qaghaq-tal-gulglien/|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=A Maltese Mouthful|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Kaak_warka.jpg|thumb| Tunisian ''ka'ak al-warqa'', achịcha dị iche iche jupụtara almond]] Maka oriri [[Ndi áláküba|ndị Alakụba]] n'oge Eid al-Fitr na Eid al-Adha, ''ka'ak bi ma'moul'' bụ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ omenala. <ref name="Khoury">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1731&ed=115&edid=115|title=Dishes for Special Occasions|author=Samia Khoury|publisher=This Week in Palestine|date=January 8, 2007|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170825/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1731&ed=115&edid=115|archivedate=February 1, 2014}}</ref> Na Gaza, mgbe onye agbata obi na-ezigara efere nke jupụtara na nri n'ụlọ gị dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'oge ezumike, ọ bụ omenala iweghachi efere nke jupụtara na nri nke gị onwe gị, na-emekarị ''ka'ak bi ajwa'' . <ref name="Haddad">{{Cite web|title=The Foods of Gaza|publisher=This Week in Palestine|author=Laila El-Haddad|accessdate=2008-03-14|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201170916/http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115|archivedate=2014-02-01}}</ref> A na-emekwa sweets ka'ak kwa afọ n'etiti ndị Palestine niile na ntụ ọka a na-eji oge ụfọdụ dochie semolina. ''Ka'ak al-asfar'' ("akwụkwọ mpịakọta edo edo") bụ achịcha achịcha nke ndị Alakụba nọ na Levant mere iji sọpụrụ mkpụrụ obi nke ndị hapụrụ. Na omenala, a na-ekesa achịcha a, nke ejiri akara geometric mara mma, ya na mkpụrụ osisi mịrị amị nye ndị ogbenye, ụmụaka na ndị ikwu, site n'aka ezinụlọ nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ na Tọzdee na Monday na-esote ọnwụ na ụbọchị a maara dị ka ''Khamis. al-Amwat'' (" Ụbọchị Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ "). Akara achịcha ( ''signum pistoris [ es ]'' ) bụ nke e ji ebipụta ihe osise na achịcha ndị a ka a chọtara na Palestine ma malite na narị afọ nke iri na anọ ma ọ bụ nke iri na ise OA. Ọ bụ okirikiri, yana aka okirikiri yana atụmatụ geometric, yana dayameta 19 centimita. <ref name="Bread">{{Cite web|publisher=Bible Lands Museum Jerusalem|title=Three Faces of Monotheism: Bread Stamp|url=http://www.blmj.org/SpeciExh/3FacesMono/threeFaces/slideshow18.html|accessdate=2008-03-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325124525/http://www.blmj.org/SpeciExh/3FacesMono/threeFaces/slideshow18.html|archivedate=2008-03-25}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#x5B;<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#x5D;</span></span></sup> Ihe ụtọ Ka'ak nke ndị Iraqis mere na-abụkarị ụdị doughnut ma kpuchie ya na mkpụrụ sesame, dị ka ''ka'ak ab sumsum'' na ''ka'ak eem tzmukin'', nke nwere mkpụrụ vaịn n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ. ''Ka'ak beharat oo tefach'' na-ekerịta ọdịdị ya na ọtụtụ n'ime otu ihe ndị ahụ dị ka ''ka'ak eem tzmukin'', mana ọ na-anọchi apụl maka mkpụrụ vaịn ma na-ekpuchi ya na almọnd kama mkpụrụ osisi sesame. Na Yemen, a na-eme ka'ak site n'ịgwakọta mgwakota agwa na mmanụ, àkwá na shuga, na ihe mgbakwunye nke cumin ojii ( ''Nigella sativa'' ). A na-eme ka ntụ ọka ahụ sie ike ma gwakọta ya nke ọma, ruo mgbe agwakọtara ihe niile. Mgbe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọdịdị ọdịnala, a na-etinye ha na tray ruo mgbe mgwakota agwa ahụ biliri, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-awụsa ntụ ọka ahụ na nkochi ime akwa, ma sie ya. <ref name="Qafih1982" /> A na- achapụkarị butter ( ''samneh'' ) n'elu ntụ ọka ahụ. Ka'ak bụ achịcha dị iche iche nke ndị Juu na Yemen riri n'oge oriri Purim . Ụfọdụ obodo nwere ya dị ka omume ha na-esitụ ọka wit tupu ha egwerie ha ka ha bụrụ ntụ ọka, a ga-eji sie kaak. == Hụkwa == * Linga (kuki) * Rosquillo * Akpa * Bublik * Bucellarii * Ime == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s0difetv4s4lqex3jmlmuqucn6v5ro7 Chiiz Rumi 0 55314 195301 2024-11-18T17:43:00Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256042354|Rumi cheese]]" 195301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Rumi cheese''' ({{langx|arz|جبنه رومى}} {{transl|arz|gebna Rumi}} {{IPA|arz|ɡebna rumi|}}, a kpọkwara ) bụ otu n'ime ụdị cheese dị n'Ijipt. N'agbanyeghị aha ya (Rūmī, n'ụzọ nkịtị, Roman), chiiz bụ Ijipt. Usoro ya na-aga laghachi na ndị Ijipt oge ochie. Ọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, na ọkwa nnu dị iche iche dabere na afọ.{{sfn|African Cheese: Egypt}}<ref name="Sci">{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=News|date=2018-08-16|title=World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt {{!}} Sci.News|url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html|accessdate=2023-08-18|work=Sci.News: Breaking Science News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStaff2018">Staff, News (2018-08-16). [https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html "World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt | Sci.News"]. ''Sci.News: Breaking Science News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;first=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eche na Rumi sitere na chiiz kefalotyri Greek, mana a na-ahụ chiiz Rumi mbụ a maara na [[Saqqara]] ma kwenyere na a maara ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe 3200 BC. <ref name="Sci">{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=News|date=2018-08-16|title=World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt {{!}} Sci.News|url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html|accessdate=2023-08-18|work=Sci.News: Breaking Science News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ cheese siri ike na Egypt. [3] Ọ bụ otu ezinụlọ dị ka ''pecorino romano'' na ''manchego'' . [4] A na-eme cheese Rumi site na mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ site na mmiri ara ehi buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web|title=الجبن الرومي.. ما سر الاسم في مصر؟|url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/varieties/1211967-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%9F|accessdate=2023-07-06|work=سكاي نيوز عربية|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ dịghị omenala mmalite eji. [6] Mmiri ara ehi bụ ihe okike, na ude zuru oke. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ose oji . [7] Mgbe ọnwa 3-4 gachara, chiiz na-etolite udidi na-emeghe na ekpomeekpo dị nkọ. [8] Rumi dị na 10 kilograms (22 lb) diski ma ọ bụ dị ka mpekere nwere ịdị arọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mbukota agụụ. [7] Enwere calorie 100 na nri ounce, yana ihe dị ka 28% abụba juru eju . [9] == Ngwaahịa ndị emetụtara == Mgbakwunye nke obere ọkwa nke [[Pregastric esterase|PGE]] ma ọ bụ lipases sitere na ''R.miehei'' ma ọ bụ ''R. pusillus'' ka akọpụtala iji meziwanye ekpomeekpo nke ''Domiati'' [10] N'afọ 1985, e mere chiiz nnwale site na iji oke ehi na mmiri ara ehi buffalo, na mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ 20% ruo 30% nke mmiri ara ehi soy. Ọdịnaya nke abụba dị ala karịa cheese dị n'okike, ma emetụta ekpomeekpo ya ntakịrị, mana ekwuru na nsonaazụ ya nwere "ihe mmetụta uche na-eju afọ". [11] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-emekarị cheese ''cheese'' fermented site na cheese Areesh, ngwaahịa azụmahịa yiri ''mish'' nwere ike ime site na cheese ''[[domiati]]'' . [12] == Hụkwa == * Nri Ijipt * Ndepụta nke cheese * [[Arish cheese]] * [[Domiati|Dominati]] == Ihe ndetu == sitere na R.miehei ma ọ bụ R. pusillus ka akọpụtala iji meziwanye ekpomeekpo nke Domiati [10] N'afọ 1985, e mere chiiz nnwale site na iji oke ehi na mmiri ara ehi buffalo, na mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ 20% ruo 30% nke mmiri ara ehi soy. Ọdịnaya nke abụba dị ala karịa cheese dị n'okike, ma emetụta ekpomeekpo == Ntụaka ==   68l6ll7p8rzh445dkek87vhtdzl840o 195302 195301 2024-11-18T17:43:16Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ihe ndetu */ 195302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Rumi cheese''' ({{langx|arz|جبنه رومى}} {{transl|arz|gebna Rumi}} {{IPA|arz|ɡebna rumi|}}, a kpọkwara ) bụ otu n'ime ụdị cheese dị n'Ijipt. N'agbanyeghị aha ya (Rūmī, n'ụzọ nkịtị, Roman), chiiz bụ Ijipt. Usoro ya na-aga laghachi na ndị Ijipt oge ochie. Ọ na-esi ísì ụtọ, na ọkwa nnu dị iche iche dabere na afọ.{{sfn|African Cheese: Egypt}}<ref name="Sci">{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=News|date=2018-08-16|title=World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt {{!}} Sci.News|url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html|accessdate=2023-08-18|work=Sci.News: Breaking Science News|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStaff2018">Staff, News (2018-08-16). [https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html "World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt | Sci.News"]. ''Sci.News: Breaking Science News''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;first=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> == Nkọwa == A na-eche na Rumi sitere na chiiz kefalotyri Greek, mana a na-ahụ chiiz Rumi mbụ a maara na [[Saqqara]] ma kwenyere na a maara ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala kemgbe 3200 BC. <ref name="Sci">{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=News|date=2018-08-16|title=World's Oldest Solid Cheese Found in 3,200-Year-Old Jar in Egypt {{!}} Sci.News|url=https://www.sci.news/archaeology/worlds-oldest-solid-cheese-egypt-06312.html|accessdate=2023-08-18|work=Sci.News: Breaking Science News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ cheese siri ike na Egypt. [3] Ọ bụ otu ezinụlọ dị ka ''pecorino romano'' na ''manchego'' . [4] A na-eme cheese Rumi site na mmiri ara ehi, ma ọ bụ site na mmiri ara ehi buffalo . <ref>{{Cite web|title=الجبن الرومي.. ما سر الاسم في مصر؟|url=https://www.skynewsarabia.com/varieties/1211967-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%9F|accessdate=2023-07-06|work=سكاي نيوز عربية|language=ar}}</ref> Ọ dịghị omenala mmalite eji. [6] Mmiri ara ehi bụ ihe okike, na ude zuru oke. Enwere ike ịgbakwunye ose oji . [7] Mgbe ọnwa 3-4 gachara, chiiz na-etolite udidi na-emeghe na ekpomeekpo dị nkọ. [8] Rumi dị na 10 kilograms (22 lb) diski ma ọ bụ dị ka mpekere nwere ịdị arọ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mbukota agụụ. [7] Enwere calorie 100 na nri ounce, yana ihe dị ka 28% abụba juru eju . [9] == Ngwaahịa ndị emetụtara == Mgbakwunye nke obere ọkwa nke [[Pregastric esterase|PGE]] ma ọ bụ lipases sitere na ''R.miehei'' ma ọ bụ ''R. pusillus'' ka akọpụtala iji meziwanye ekpomeekpo nke ''Domiati'' [10] N'afọ 1985, e mere chiiz nnwale site na iji oke ehi na mmiri ara ehi buffalo, na mgbakwunye ma ọ bụ 20% ruo 30% nke mmiri ara ehi soy. Ọdịnaya nke abụba dị ala karịa cheese dị n'okike, ma emetụta ekpomeekpo ya ntakịrị, mana ekwuru na nsonaazụ ya nwere "ihe mmetụta uche na-eju afọ". [11] Ọ bụ ezie na a na-emekarị cheese ''cheese'' fermented site na cheese Areesh, ngwaahịa azụmahịa yiri ''mish'' nwere ike ime site na cheese ''[[domiati]]'' . [12] == Hụkwa == * Nri Ijipt * Ndepụta nke cheese * [[Arish cheese]] * [[Domiati|Dominati]] == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka ==   o5isa0i00trtwsm622v1890vzymqh75 Mazalika 0 55315 195303 2024-11-18T17:44:11Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1103344962|Mazalika]]" 195303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mazalika''' ( Arabic Egypt : '''مزاليكا''' ) bụ nri ndị Ijipt nke imeju ọkụkọ na gizzard mere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eatyourbooks.com/library/recipes/279616/mazalika|title=Mazalika recipe {{!}} Eat Your Books|work=www.eatyourbooks.com|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cook3araby.com/%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%b2%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a8%d8%af-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b5-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae/|title=طريقة عمل مزاليكا الكبد و القوانص بالخضار و الفلفل الحار|date=2018-07-17|work=موقع الطبخ العربي|language=ar|accessdate=2019-07-18}}</ref> == Ntụaka == imeju ọchịchọ{{Reflist}} sj9wtwcniiler4fjf4e4zvwx9uic36j Sobia (ịṅụ mmanya) 0 55316 195304 2024-11-18T17:45:40Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256262664|Sobia (drink)]]" 195304 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Sobia''' ( Arabic ) bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mma, nke a na-amakarị na Hejaz, [[Saudi Arabia]] karịsịa n'oge ọnwa nsọ nke Ramadan. Na Hijaz, Saudi Arabia, a na-emekarị Sobia bụ achịcha, ọka bali ma ọ bụ ọka, ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ na Egypt site na [[Osikàpà|osikapa]], ntụ ntụ oyi na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi. A na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ma rie ya n'oge Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-10|title=Sobia: A thirst-quenching Ramadan drink|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/387188|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> == Mmepụta == A na-eji sirop sobia na-esi na ọka bali, achịcha kpọrọ nkụ, oat ma ọ bụ mịrị amị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-etinye nzacha shuga, cardamom na cinnamon n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, wee tinye ice na ya ka ọ dị jụụ. <ref name="flavors">{{Cite web|author=Liagre|first=Laurie|date=2020-03-06|title=Sobia|url=https://www.196flavors.com/egypt-sobia/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=196 flavors|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLiagre2020">Liagre, Laurie (2020-03-06). </cite></ref> A na-egosi ya n'ọtụtụ agba, ọcha, nke bụ agba ọka bali, ọbara ọbara na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-acha aja aja mgbe a gbakwunyere tamarind na ya, a na-atụ aro iri ya n'ime ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ihi na ọ na-efunahụ uru nri ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-enye ume ọhụrụ. E nwere ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ịkwadebe ya dabere na mmiri ara ehi na vanilla, nke bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị na Egypt. <ref name="flavors">{{Cite web|author=Liagre|first=Laurie|date=2020-03-06|title=Sobia|url=https://www.196flavors.com/egypt-sobia/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=196 flavors|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmanya na gbaa ụka == [[Food and Drug Authority (Saudi Arabia)|Ndị na-ahụ maka nri na ọgwụ]] na Saudi Arabia gosiri na enwere ntakịrị pasent nke ethanol (mmanya na-egbu egbu) nke sitere na usoro ịgba ụka nke mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ, nke bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkal sitere n'okike na shuga agbakwunyere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=هل مشروب السوبيا يحتوي على الكحول؟ الغذاء والدواء تجيب وتوضح|url=https://sabq.org/jdzPc6|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=صحيفة سبق الإلكترونية|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=لا صحة بأن مشروب السوبيا يحتوي على كحول إيثيلي ومليئ بالفطريات، إنما النسبة الضئيلة من الإيثانول ناتج عن تفاعلات كيميائية طبيعية وقد يفتقد للشروط الصحية عند شرائه الباعة المتجولين.|url=https://twitter.com/Saudi_FDA/status/1388576457044021248|work=twitter.com/Saudi_FDA}}</ref> A na-ewere Sobia dị ka ihe na-agba agba ma ọ bụrụ na echekwara ya ihe karịrị ụbọchị 2, na-eme nyocha iji chọpụta pasent nke mmanya ethyl na-egbu egbu na sobia sample, na ọ ruru 2.3% mgbe awa 24 gachara, ma mụbaa ruo 4.2% mgbe awa 48 gachara, ruo mgbe ọ ruru. 6.8% mgbe awa 72 gachara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-05|title=حتى لاتكون «السوبيا» مسكرة|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/article/142193|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Okaz|language=Arabic}}</ref> == Ntụaka == enwere ntakịrị pasent nke ethanol (mmanya na-egbu egbu) nke sitere na usoro ịgba ụka nke mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ, nke bụ mmeghachi{{Reflist}} eirs33pbfjx94s6rcch6388r59zgab2 195305 195304 2024-11-18T17:45:57Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195305 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Sobia''' ( Arabic ) bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mma, nke a na-amakarị na Hejaz, [[Saudi Arabia]] karịsịa n'oge ọnwa nsọ nke Ramadan. Na Hijaz, Saudi Arabia, a na-emekarị Sobia bụ achịcha, ọka bali ma ọ bụ ọka, ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ na Egypt site na [[Osikàpà|osikapa]], ntụ ntụ oyi na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi. A na-emepụta ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe ma rie ya n'oge Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-10|title=Sobia: A thirst-quenching Ramadan drink|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/387188|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> == Mmepụta == A na-eji sirop sobia na-esi na ọka bali, achịcha kpọrọ nkụ, oat ma ọ bụ mịrị amị, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-etinye nzacha shuga, cardamom na cinnamon n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị, wee tinye ice na ya ka ọ dị jụụ. <ref name="flavors">{{Cite web|author=Liagre|first=Laurie|date=2020-03-06|title=Sobia|url=https://www.196flavors.com/egypt-sobia/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=196 flavors|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLiagre2020">Liagre, Laurie (2020-03-06). </cite></ref> A na-egosi ya n'ọtụtụ agba, ọcha, nke bụ agba ọka bali, ọbara ọbara na-esi ísì ụtọ, na-acha aja aja mgbe a gbakwunyere tamarind na ya, a na-atụ aro iri ya n'ime ụbọchị abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ n'ihi na ọ na-efunahụ uru nri ya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. A na-ewerekarị ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-enye ume ọhụrụ. E nwere ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ịkwadebe ya dabere na mmiri ara ehi na vanilla, nke bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị na Egypt. <ref name="flavors">{{Cite web|author=Liagre|first=Laurie|date=2020-03-06|title=Sobia|url=https://www.196flavors.com/egypt-sobia/|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=196 flavors|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmanya na gbaa ụka == [[Food and Drug Authority (Saudi Arabia)|Ndị na-ahụ maka nri na ọgwụ]] na Saudi Arabia gosiri na enwere ntakịrị pasent nke ethanol (mmanya na-egbu egbu) nke sitere na usoro ịgba ụka nke mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ, nke bụ mmeghachi omume kemịkal sitere n'okike na shuga agbakwunyere. <ref>{{Cite web|title=هل مشروب السوبيا يحتوي على الكحول؟ الغذاء والدواء تجيب وتوضح|url=https://sabq.org/jdzPc6|accessdate=2021-05-24|work=صحيفة سبق الإلكترونية|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-01|title=لا صحة بأن مشروب السوبيا يحتوي على كحول إيثيلي ومليئ بالفطريات، إنما النسبة الضئيلة من الإيثانول ناتج عن تفاعلات كيميائية طبيعية وقد يفتقد للشروط الصحية عند شرائه الباعة المتجولين.|url=https://twitter.com/Saudi_FDA/status/1388576457044021248|work=twitter.com/Saudi_FDA}}</ref> A na-ewere Sobia dị ka ihe na-agba agba ma ọ bụrụ na echekwara ya ihe karịrị ụbọchị 2, na-eme nyocha iji chọpụta pasent nke mmanya ethyl na-egbu egbu na sobia sample, na ọ ruru 2.3% mgbe awa 24 gachara, ma mụbaa ruo 4.2% mgbe awa 48 gachara, ruo mgbe ọ ruru. 6.8% mgbe awa 72 gachara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-05|title=حتى لاتكون «السوبيا» مسكرة|url=https://www.okaz.com.sa/article/142193|accessdate=2021-04-28|work=Okaz|language=Arabic}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} if7zoscyk6fynnzqp79caapkkvf1gt7 Egwú nke Naijiria 0 55317 195309 2024-11-18T18:30:18Z Onyinye Christiana 17696 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255115573|Music of Nigeria]]" 195309 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Egwu Naijiria gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị egwu ọdịnala na egwu ama ama.  Edebebeghị obere akụkọ egwu nke mba ahụ tupu emekọrịta ihe na Europe, ọ bụ ezie na ahụrụla ihe osise ọla na narị afọ nke 16 na nke 17 na-egosi ndị na-egwu egwu na ngwa ha.[1]  Ụdị ndị a ma ama n'ụwa nile bụ Indigenous, Apala, Aurrebbe music, Rara music, Were music, Ogene, Fuji, Jùjú, Afrobeat, Afrobeats, Igbo highlife, Afro-juju, Waka, Igbo rap, Gospel, Nigerian pop[2] na  Yo-pop.  Ụdị egwú ndị mmadụ na-emetụta ihe karịrị agbụrụ 250 nọ ná mba ahụ, nke ọ bụla nwere nkà, ngwá egwú, na abụ nke ya.  Agburu kacha ukwuu bụ Igbo, Hausa na Yoruba.[3]  Egwu ọdịnala sitere na Naijiria na n'Africa dum na-arụkarị ọrụ;  N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-eme ya iji akara ememe dị ka agbamakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ olili ozu na ọ bụghị iji nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ nka.[4]  Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị Naijiria, karịsịa ụmụaka na ndị agadi, na-egwu egwu maka ntụrụndụ nke onwe ha, ịme egwuregwu solo dị ụkọ.  Egwu nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọrụ ugbo, ma enwere ihe mgbochi na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngwa ndị a ga-egwu n'oge akụkụ dị iche iche nke oge ịkụ ihe.''' Egwu ọrụ bụ ụdị egwu ọdịnala Naịjirịa a na-ahụkarị.[5]  Ha na-enyere aka idobe ụda nke ndị ọrụ n'ọhịa, ụgbọ mmiri na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.  Ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ukwe dị mgbagwoju anya n'ọrụ nlekọta ụlọ, dị ka ịkụda ji na egwu ndị mara mma nke ukwuu.  Na mpaghara ugwu, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ugbo ibe ha, a na-atụkwa anya na onye ọbịa ga-ebuga ndị agbata obi ya egwu egwu. Okwu nna egwu na agbanwekwa nke ukwuu.   Dị ka ihe atụ, ndị Hwana kweere na ọ bụ ndị nna ochie na- abụ niile, ebe ndị Tiv na-enye ndị dere aha ha maka ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ abụ niile, Efik na-akpọkwa ndị dere ya  maka abụ ụwa.   N'ọtụtụ mpaghara mpaghara, a na-ahapụ ndị na-akụ egwu ka ha kwuo ihe ndị a ga-ewere dị ka mkparị. Ụdị egwu a na-ahụkarị na Naijiria bụ ukwe oku na nzaghachi, nke onye na-agụ egwú na-abụ abụ na onye na-agụ egwú na-agbanwe amaokwu, mgbe ụfọdụ na-esonyere ya na ngwa na-ekpuchi ederede ndu ma ọ bụ ikwugharị na nkebi okwu ostinato.  Mpaghara ndịda nwere usoro egwu dị mgbagwoju anya na ndị na-egwu egwuregwu na-eji ngwa egwu egwu, ebe ugwu na-egosipụtakarị ikuku ikuku polyphonic.  Mpaghara ugwu dị oke egwu jikọtara ya na egwu monodic (ya bụ, otu ahịrị) na-emesi ike na ịgbà, ma na-enwekwa mmetụta karịa egwu ndị Alakụba. == Egwú ọdịnala == === Ndị Hausa === {{Reflist}} Ndị ugwu bụ ndị a ma ama maka egwu ụbọ akwara dị mgbagwoju anya, goje nwere otu eriri, na ọdịnala olu otuto siri ike.  N'okpuru mmetụta ndị Alakụba kemgbe narị afọ nke 14, egwu Hausa na-eji mmeghari nke rhythmic n'efu na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pentatonic, dị ka agbụrụ ndị Alakụba Sahel ndị ọzọ na West Africa, dị ka Bambara, Kanuri, Fulani na Songhai.  A na-eji egwu ọdịnala ndị Hausa eme ememe ọmụmụ, alụmdi na nwunye, úgwù, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa ná ndụ.  Egwu emume Hausa ama ama n'ebe ahụ ma bụrụkwa ezinụlọ ndị na-abụ abụ otuto.  Ndị Hausa na-akpọ ụbọ akwara dị ka ịgbà tambora na ịsụ okwu.  Ihe kacha emetụ n'ahụ n'ime ngwa steeti Hausa bụ kakaki, bụ opi steeti elongated, bụ nke ndị agha Songhai ji na mbụ wee were ya na steeti Hausa na-arị elu dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ike agha.  Opi Kakaki nwere ike ịdị ihe karịrị mita abụọ n'ogologo, a pụkwara ịgbaji ya ngwa ngwa === Igbo === {{Reflist}} Ndị Igbo bi na ndịda-ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria, na-akpọkwa ngwa ọdịnala dị iche iche.  A maara ha maka nkwado ha dị njikere nke ụdị mba ọzọ, ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndụ Nigeria.[1]  Ngwa kachasị ewu ewu bụ zither nwere eriri iri na atọ, nke a na-akpọ obo.  Ndị Igbo na-akụkwa slit drum, xylophones, flute, lyres, udus and lute, na nso nso a, ngwa ọla ndị Europe na-ebubata. A na-akpọ egwu ụlọikpe n'etiti ndị Igbo ọdịnala ndị ọzọ, na-edobe omenala eze ha.  A na-eji ufie (drum slit) kpọtere onye isi wee gwa ya oge nri na ozi ndị ọzọ dị mkpa.  A na-eji mkpokọta mgbịrịgba na mkpọsa ọkwa mgbe onye isi na-apụ ma laghachi n'obodo ya.  Oge nri nwere ike ịgụnye achịcha, na nri eji megharịa ọnụ ndị ọzọ maka ezumike.[7] === Yoruba === {{Reflist}} Ndị Yoruba nwere omenala ịkpọ nkụ, nke nwere njirimara eji dundun hourglass tension drum.  Ndị otu na-eji dundun na-akpọ ụdị egwu a na-akpọkwa dundun.[8]  Ngwakọta ndị a nwere oke egwu egwu dị iche iche, yana kettledrum (gudugudu).  Onye ndu otu dundun bụ iyalu, bụ onye na-eji ịgbà “na-ekwu okwu” site n’iṅomi ụda olu Yoruba[7] Ọtụtụ n’ime egwu ndị Yoruba bụ ihe ime mmụọ, ma na-erubere Chineke ha isi. Egwu Yoruba bụ otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke egwu Naijiria na-ewu ewu n'oge a, n'ihi mmetụta mbụ ya sitere na ụdị European, Islam na Brazil.  Mmetụta ndị a sitere na mbubata ngwa ọla, egwu mpempe akwụkwọ, egwu Islam na ụdị ndị ahịa Brazil wetara.[9]  N'obodo abụọ ndị mmadụ kacha biri na Naịjirịa, Lagos, na obodo Ibadan kacha ukwuu, ọdịnala ọdịnala ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na-agbakwunye na teepu egwu ọdịnala dị iche iche nke egwu Naijiria ama ama.  Ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ dị ka fuji Ayinde Barrister, waka Salawa Abeni, na sakara Yusuf Olatunji sitere na egwu ọdịnala ndị Yoruba.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-akụ Yoruba n'oge a na-abụ abụ n'asụsụ obodo ha.  9ice bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị batara na ụlọ ọrụ Gongo Aso.  Tunday Akintan onye bi na UK kere yorubeat dabere n'ụda Yorùbá.  Timi Korus, Babe mi Jowo, na Flosha rap na-abụ abụ na Yoruba. == Egwú ndị a na-eme n'ihe nkiri == Ụlọ ihe nkiri Naijiria na-eji egwu eme ihe nke ukwuu.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a bụ nanị egwu ọdịnala a na-eji eme ihe nkiri na-enweghị mgbanwe.  Agbanyeghị, enwerekwa ụdị egwu dị iche iche ejiri na opera Naijiria.  N'ebe a, a na-eji egwu eme ka ndị na-ege ntị nwee mmetụta nke omume dị egwu.  A na-ejikwa egwu na-eme ihe nkiri agụmagụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji ngwa egwu egwu ya eme ihe karịa na opera;  ọzọ, egwu na-agwa ndị na-ege ntị ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ ụda ihe omume.  Otu ihe atụ bụ John Pepper Clark's The Ozidi Saga, egwuregwu gbasara igbu ọchụ na ịbọ ọ́bọ̀, na-egosi ma ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke mmadụ na ndị na-abụghị mmadụ.  Ejikọtara agwa ọ bụla n'ime egwuregwu ahụ na egwu isiokwu nke onwe ya, nke na-eso agha ndị agwa ahụ metụtara. Ihe nkiri omenala Naijiria gụnyere ihe ngosi ihe nkiri na steeti Borno na n'etiti Ogoni na Tiv, na omenala ndị Yoruba Aláàrìnjó oge ochie, nke nwere ike isi na Egúngún masquerade pụta.  Site na nbata nke ndị ọchịchị na-ewu okporo ụzọ, otu ụlọ ihe nkiri a gbasara n'ofe mba ahụ ma ihe ha na-emepụta na-eto eto karịa.  Ha na-ejikarị ngwa ndị Europe, ihe nkiri na egwu e dekọrọ eme ihe ugbu a. N'oge gara aga, ma Hubert Ogunde na Ade Love mepụtara ụda egwu maka ihe nkiri ha na-eji asụsụ Yoruba bara ọgaranya.  Ndị na-agụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri Yoruba nke oge a bụ ndị Tope Alabi bụ onye na-ebu ọkọlọtọ ejirila egwu mbụ soro omume dị egwu dị iche iche. === Ihe nkiri telivishọn na ihe nkiri === Kemgbe ewepụtara telivishọn na 1959, ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri na-eto eto ewepụtala ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị na-ese ihe na usoro egwu ha site na nnukwu ụlọ ihe nkiri ụmụ amaala Nigeria, nke, n'aka nke ya, sitere na mmemme na emume okpukpe.[10]  Ihe nkiri telivishọn ndị mbụ n'oge a na-eji akụkọ ifo na egwu sitere na ụdị ndị ama ama dị ka Nigeria highlife, yana asụsụ obodo gụnyere Igbo, Yoruba, na ndị ọzọ.[11]  Site na ọbịbịa nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri nke Nigeria, nke a na-akpọ Nollywood na arụmụka, na mmalite 1990s, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri TV na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge na mmepụta ihe nkiri, na-agbasa usoro a nke ụmụ amaala na-enweta akara ngosi ihe nkiri.  N'ịgbaso oge nke mmetụta sitere na nka Europe na North America kọwapụtara, ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Nigeria wepụtara usoro pụrụ iche nke akara ihe nkiri nke a na-akpọ prefiguring. Prefiguring, nke onye ama ama onye na-emepụta ụda olu Nigeria Stanley Okorie na-ewu ewu, na-eji ebumnuche na egwu ugboro ugboro iji gosipụta mkparịta ụka na ihe omume nkata tupu ha emee na ihuenyo.[11]  Usoro akara ngosi ihe nkiri ọhụrụ a pụrụ iche na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Naijiria na-adọta n'ịkọ akụkọ n'ime obodo ndị Nigeria, na-egosipụta àgwà nke asụsụ, egwu, egwu na ihe nkiri nke obodo.[12] == Egwú ụmụaka == Ụmụaka na Naịjirịa nwere ọtụtụ omenala nke ha, na-abụkarị egwuregwu na-abụ abụ. Ndị a na-abụkarị ụdị egwu oku na nzaghachi, na-eji asụsụ ochie. E nwere abụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka n'etiti Ndị Tarok nke na-eme ka mmekọahụ doo anya na nke rụrụ arụ, a na-emekwa ya n'ebe dị anya site n'ụlọ. Ụmụaka na-ejikwa ngwá egwú ndị dị ka un-pitched raft zither (nke e ji cornstalks mee) na ịgbà nke e ji tin mee, ọkpọkọ e ji ụkwụ mee na ụbọ akwara e ji ụbọ akwọ mee. N'etiti ndị Hausa, ụmụaka na-akpọ ngwá egwu pụrụ iche nke ha na-akụ ụda na afọ na-ebu ibu nke [[Tetraodontidae|azụ puffer]] dị ndụ, nke na-ewe iwe.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ngwá egwú ọdịnala == Ọ bụ ezie na ngwá egwú dị ebe nile, egwu ọdịnala Naijiria na-eji ọtụtụ ngwa dị iche iche eme ihe.  Ọtụtụ, dị ka xylophone, bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke egwu gafee West Africa, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ebubata site na ndị Alakụba nke Maghreb, ma ọ bụ site na Southern ma ọ bụ East Africa;  ngwa ndị ọzọ esiwo na Europe ma ọ bụ America bịa.  Ngwa Brass na ifufe osisi bụ mbubata mbubata nke nyere oke mkpa n'ịkwalite egwu Naijiria, ebe mbubata gita eletrịkị mechakwara kpalitere egwu JUjú. === Ịkụ ọkpọ === [[Faịlụ:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Drummers in [[Ojumo Oro]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara State]]]] Xylophone bụ idiophone a na-ege ntị, nke a na-ahụkarị na ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Africa.  Na Naijiria, a na-ahụkarị ha na mpaghara ndịda nke mba ahụ, ma bụrụ nke ụdị etiti Africa.  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-egwu otu xylophone mgbe ụfọdụ n'otu oge.  A na-ejikarị osisi rụrụ arụ eme ihe ndị a n'osisi banana.  A na-ahụkwa xylophones olulu na igbe.  Mkpọkọta ite ụrọ nke e ji ihe dị nro kụrie ya bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị;  mmiri na-eju ha mgbe ụfọdụ.  Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ege ntị nke ọma, a na-eji ihe atụ emechiri emechi mgbe ụfọdụ iji mepụta uda bass.  A na-ejikwa osisi ndị nwere oghere, gbawara n'ogologo ogologo, nwere oghere resonator na njedebe nke mgbawa ahụ.  A na-eji ha na-ekwurịta okwu n'ebe dị anya Mgbaaka dị iche iche bụ akụkụ a na-ahụkarị nke regalia nke eze, a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe na nzuzo. A na-ejikarị ígwè eme ha, ma ọ bụ n'egwú ndị Alakụba nke ugwu, nke ọla nchara. Gourds a na-eti, nke a na-etinye n'elu ákwà ma jiri osisi tie, bụ akụkụ nke egwu ụmụ nwanyị, yana ịgba egwú ofufe bòòríí. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọkachasị n'ebe ugwu, a na-etinye gourds n'elu mmiri, na-agbanwe pitch site na ikuku dị n'okpuru ya. N'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ, a na-akpọ ọtụtụ gourds mgbe ha na-ese n'elu mmiri. Ndị na-agbapụ ihe bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'ebe ndịda niile. Otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ osisi a na-akpọ, nke a na-egwuri egwu site n'ịdọrọ mkpokoro gafee osisi ahụ na ọsọ dị iche iche. A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ ụlọ ikpe ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na egwuregwu na-atọ ọchị. N'etiti ndị Yoruba, enwere ike iji mkpara ígwè dochie anya mkpara. Rattles bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị, nke e ji gourds nwere mkpụrụ ma ọ bụ nkume mee bụ ihe a ma ama, dị ka net-rattles, nke netwọk eriri nke beads ma ọ bụ shells na-ekpuchi gourd. A na-egwuri egwu na ememe ma ọ bụ okpukpe, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị. Ụdị ịgbà dị iche iche bụ ụdị ngwá egwú a na-ahụkarị na Naịjirịa. A na-eji otu osisi ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi okirikiri eme ha, mana n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, e ji ite mmanụ mee ha. Ogwe aka bụ ọdịdị a na-ahụkarị, ọ bụ ezie na e nwekwara ogwe aka nwere isi abụọ, ogwe aka otu isi na ogwe aka. A na-ahụkwa drum na Naịjirịa, mana ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe si Brazil bubata. Otu ngwá egwu a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ [[udu]], ụdị drum nke ụgbọ mmiri.Ngwá ọrụ a dị ezigbo mkpa n'ọtụtụ mba Afrịka. === Ngwá egwú ndị a na-akpọ ụdọ === A na-ahụ ụta egwu na Nigeria dị ka eriri ọnụ na-agbapụta, ma ọ bụ kụpụrụ ma ọ bụ tie ya.  Ọ na-abụkarị n'etiti etiti mba ahụ, a na-ejikọta ya na egwu ugbo na ndị na-ekwupụta nchegbu ọha na eze.  A na-eji ahịhịa ọka ọka ejikọta ọnụ na eriri nke àkwà mmiri abụọ kwadoro iji mee ụdị raft zither, nke a na-eji mkpịsị aka ya egwuri egwu, na-emekarị maka ntụrụndụ naanị.  A na-ahụ ụbọ akwara na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mba ahụ, ọkachasị n'etiti Tarok.  Ọ na-enwekarị eriri ise ma ọ bụ isii na nlegharị anya pentatonic.  A na-eji spike-fiddle nwere nnukwu efere nwere tebụl akpụkpọ ngwere na mpaghara ugwu, ma yie ụdị etiti Eshia na Etiopia.  Ndị Hausa na ndị Kanuri na-egwuri egwu dị iche iche. === Ngwá egwu ndị ọzọ === A na-ahụkwa ụdị ọla na ụbọ akwara dị iche iche na Naịjirịa. Ndị a gụnyere ogologo opi, nke a na-ejikarị Aluminium eme ma kpọọ ya abụọ ma ọ bụ n'ìgwè nke ruru isii, nke a-ejikarịrị ịkwa akwa. A na-ahụkwa opi osisi, opi gourd, ọjà ndị a na-afụ ụfụfụ, ụda olu, clarinets na ụdị mpi dị iche iche. == Ndepụta nke ụdị egwu Naijiria == * [[Afrobeat]] * Afrobeats * [[Anioma highlife|Egwú ndụ dị elu nke Anioma]] * Apala * [[Aurrebbe music|Egwú Aurrebbe]] * [[Edo highlife|Ndụ dị elu nke Edo]] * [[Egedege Dance|Egedege]] * Ekpili * Oziọma * [[Igbo highlife|Ndụ dị elu nke Igbo]] ** Ikwokirikwo, Owerri Bongo * Olu rap nke Igbo * Ikorodo * [[Ijaw highlife|Ndụ dị elu nke Ijaw]] * [[Ikwerre highlife|Egwú dị elu nke Ikwerre]] * [[Egwú Jùjú|Ebe e si nweta ya]] ** [[Egwú Jùjú|Afro-juju]] * Egwú Odumodu * [[Ogene]] * Egwú ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe * Egwú Waka * Ha bụ egwu ** Egwú Fuji * Yo-pop == Egwú a ma ama == Ọtụtụ mba Afrịka ahụla ọgba aghara na ime ihe ike n'oge ha na-amanye mgbanwe site na mpaghara dị iche iche nke ọdịbendị ọdịnala gaa n'otu mba nke oge a. Naịjirịa enweela ihe isi ike karịa ọtụtụ mba Afrịka n'ịmepụta ọdịbendị a ma ama site n'aka ndị dị iche iche nọ n'ime ime obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afropop Nigeria|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/5/Nigeria/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616034252/http://afropop.org/explore/country_info/ID/5/Nigeria/|archivedate=16 June 2010|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> Site na mmalite ya n'okporo ámá Lagos, egwu a ma ama na Naijiria abụwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke mpaghara pop Africa, na-eweta mmetụta na ngwá egwu sitere n'ọtụtụ agbụrụ iji mepụta egwu a ma Ama na Naijeria. Ụdị egwu ndị mbụ a ma ama na Naijiria nke a na-akpọkarị Naija Music <ref name="Africanfolder.com">{{Cite web|title=25 Best African Songs Of All Time|url=https://africanfolder.com/25-best-african-songs-of-all-time/|accessdate=19 October 2023|publisher=Africanfolder.com}}</ref> bụ egwu mmanya nkwụ na ndụ dị elu, nke gbasara na 1920s n'etiti Naijiria na mba ndị dị nso na [[Liberia]], [[Sierra Leone]] na [[Ghana]]. Na Naijiria, e mepụtara egwu juju. N'oge a, ụdị ndị ọzọ ole na ole dị ka Apụl, nke sitere na egwu ọdịnala Yoruba, chọpụtakwara ndị na-ege ntị ole na ole. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1960, ụdị egwu Cuban, American na ụdị egwu ndị ọzọ na-enwe ọtụtụ ndị na-eso ụzọ, ndị na-agụ egwú malitekwara itinye mmetụta ndị a n'ime jùjú; njikọta nke [[Ndi Haụsa|Ndị Hausa]] na obodo ndị dị n'Etiti Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ n'obodo ndịda nke mba ahụ mere ka ha mara Bollywood na egwu ya. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ọhụrụ n'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga nke narị afọ nke 20, gụnyere Egwú waka, Yo-pop na [[Afrobeat]]. === Mmanya nkwụ na mmepụta nke jùjú ===   Ka ọ na-erule mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, egwu Yoruba etinyela ngwá egwú ọla, ederede ederede, ụda Islam na usoro ọhụrụ nke Brazil, nke mere ka ụdị Mmanya nkwụ a mụrụ na Lagos. A na-ejikwa okwu nkwụ-vine kọwaa ụdị ndị yiri ya na [[Sierra Leone]], Liberia na [[Ghana]]. A maara ụdị ndị a nke ọma karịa mmanya nkwụ nke Naijiria. Otú ọ dị, ''[[mmanya nkwụ]]'' na mbụ na-ezo aka na ụdị dịgasị iche iche a na-akpọ ya na [[Égwu ahiri|ụbọ akwara]], nke a na-ahụkarị, ụbọ akhara ma ọ bụ banjos) na ndị na-akụ ụbọ akwọ na aka na-eso ya. A na-akpọkarị ụdị obodo a n'ụlọ mmanya iji soro ịṅụ mmanya (ya mere aha ahụ, nke sitere na mmanya nkwụ mmanya na-aba n'anya).<ref name="afropop.org">{{Cite web|title=Afropop Juju|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625073525/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archivedate=25 June 2008|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> Ndị mbụ na-emepụta mmanya nkwụ apụtala n'afọ 1920, onye a ma ama bụ Baba Tunde King. O yikarịrị ka Eze chepụtara okwu ''jùjú'' - ụdị egwu o nyere aka mepụta - na-ezo aka na ụda nke tamborine Brazil; n'aka nke ọzọ, okwu ahụ nwere ike ịmalite dị ka ngosipụta nke nlelị site n'aka ndị isi ọchịchị (ọdịnala ọ bụla a na-ajụ dị ka 'mere joujou, French maka "enweghị uche"). Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1930, ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ Britain dị ka His Master's Voice amalitela idekọ mmanya nkwụ, na ndị ọzọ pụtara, gụnyere Ojoge Daniel, [[Tunde Nightingale]] na Speedy Araba. Ndị omenkà a, tinyere Tunde King, guzobere isi nke ụdị nke a na-akpọ [[Egwú Jùjú|jùjú]], ma nọgide na-abụ otu n'ime ụdị kachasị ewu ewu na Naijiria na narị afọ nke 20.<ref name="afropop.org">{{Cite web|title=Afropop Juju|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625073525/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archivedate=25 June 2008|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị na-agụ egwú Jùjú bụ ndị na-agagharị agagharị, gụnyere ndị ọsụ ụzọ mbụ Ojoge Daniel, Irewole Denge na "onye na-agụ egwu kpuru ìsì" [[Kokoro (onye na-eti egwu)|Kokoro]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Culture and customs of Nigeria|first=Toyin|author=Falola|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2001|isbn=0-313-31338-5|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00falo/page/173}}</ref> === Apala ===   Apala bụ ụdị egwu Yoruba nke ndị Alakụba. Ọ pụtara na ngwụcha afọ 1930 dị ka ụzọ isi kpalie ndị na-efe ofufe mgbe ibu ọnụ nke Ramadan gasịrị. N'okpuru mmetụta nke ụda Afro-Cuban a ma ama, apala mepụtara n'ụdị dị mma karị ma dọta ọtụtụ ndị na-ege ntị. Egwú ahụ chọrọ ịgbà abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na-ekwu okwu (''omele''), mkpọtụ (sekere), piano mkpịsị aka ukwu (''agidigbo'') na mgbịrịgba (''agogo''). [[Haruna Ishola]] bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri apala, o mechara rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'iweta apala nye ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu dị ka akụkụ nke egwu fuji. === Afọ 1950, '60 na '70 === Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, egwu Naijiria malitere iji ngwá ọrụ na usoro ọhụrụ, gụnyere ngwá eletrik sitere na United States na Europe. Rock N' roll, mkpụrụ obi, na mgbe e mesịrị funk, ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na Naijiria, ndị na-ese ihe dịka [[I. K. Dairo]] gbakwunyere ihe ndị dị na jùjú. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ndụ dị elu ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị Igbo, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya, ụdị ha pụrụ iche chọtara ndị na-ege ntị mba. N'otu oge ahụ, [[Haruna Ishola]] nke Apụl na-aghọ otu n'ime kpakpando kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ. Na mbido ruo n'etiti afọ ndị 1970, atọ n'ime aha kachasị ukwuu n'akụkọ egwu Naijiria nọ n'elu ha: [[Fela Kuti]], Ebenezer Obey na King Sunny Adé, ebe njedebe nke afọ iri ahụ hụrụ mmalite nke Yo-pop na reggae Naijiria. Although popular styles such as highlife and jùjú were at the top of the Nigerian charts in the '60s, traditional music remained widespread. Traditional stars included the Hausa [[Dan Maraya]], who was so well known that he was brought to the battlefield during the 1967 [[Nigerian Civil War]] to lift the morale of the federal troops. ==== Mmepeanya nke Jùjú ====   [[Faịlụ:IKDairo.png|thumb|I.K. Dairo]] Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ụdị [[Tunde Nightingale]]'s [[s'o wa mbe]] mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime kpakpando jùjú mbụ, ọ kpọtakwara mmetụta pop ndị ọzọ dị na Westernised na ụdị ahụ. N'ime afọ 1950, teknụzụ ndekọ mụbara ọganihu, a na-etinyekwa drum na-ekwu okwu, Guitar eletrik na accordion n'ime jùjú. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọhụrụ a bụ ọrụ nke [[I. K. Dairo|IK Dairo & the Morning Star Orchestra]] (mgbe e mesịrị IK Dairo and the Blue Spots), nke e guzobere na 1957. <ref name="afropop.org">{{Cite web|title=Afropop Juju|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625073525/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archivedate=25 June 2008|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a si n'ime ime obodo weta jùjú n'obodo ukwu nke Naịjirịa na n'èzí. Dairo ghọrọ ma eleghị anya kpakpando kachasị ukwuu nke egwu Afrịka site na '60s, na-edekọ ọtụtụ egwu egwu nke gbasaa aha ya ruo n'ebe dị anya dị ka Japan. N'afọ 1963, ọ ghọrọ naanị onye egwu Afrịka a na-asọpụrụ site n'inweta onye otu Order of the British Empire, usoro nke chivalry na United Kingdom. ==== Mgbasa nke ndụ dị elu ====   N'etiti ndị Igbo, ndụ dị elu nke Ghana ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na mbido afọ 1950, na ụdị egwu egwu ndị ọzọ sitere na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na Zaire sochiri n'oge na-adịghị anya. Onye Ghana E. T. Mensah, onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu n'afọ ndị 1950, gara mba Igbo ugboro ugboro, na-adọta nnukwu ìgwè mmadụ nke ndị na-akwado ya. [[Bobby Benson]] & His Combo bụ òtù egwu Naijiria mbụ chọtara ndị na-ege ntị gafee mba ahụ. Jim Lawson & the Mayor's Dance Band sochiri Benson, bụ ndị nwetara aha mba n'etiti afọ 70, na-agwụ na ọnwụ Lawson na 1971. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri dị elu na-eru n'ókè ha kachasị elu. Ndị a gụnyere [[Prince Nico Mbarga]] na ndị otu ya Rocafil Jazz, onye "Sweet Mother" bụ egwu pan-African nke rere ihe karịrị nde iri na atọ, karịa ụdị ọ bụla ọzọ nke Africa. Mbarga jiri okwu Bekee mee ihe n'ụdị ọ kpọrọ panko, nke tinyere "okwu guitar rumba dị mgbagwoju anya n'ime okwu dị elu". Mgbe agha obodo gasịrị n'afọ ndị 1960, a manyere ndị egwu Igbo ịpụ na Lagos ma laghachi n'ala nna ha. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ na ndụ dị elu kwụsịrị ịbụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke egwu Naijiria, a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe jikọtara ya na ndị Igbos nke ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ịbụ onye a ma ama nke Highlife ji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata n'etiti ndị Igbos, nke jùjú na fuji nọchiri. Otú ọ dị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ole na ole nọgidere na-enwe ụdị ahụ, dị ka onye na-agụ egwu Yoruba na onye na-afụ opi [[Victor Olaiya]] (naanị onye Naijiria nwetara ndekọ platinum), [[Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe|Stephen Osita Osadebe]], [[Oliver De Coque]], [[Celestine Ukwu]], Oriental Brothers, [[Sonny Okosun]], [[Victor Uwaifo]], na Orlando "Dr. Ganja" Owoh, onye ụdị toye ya pụrụ iche na-ejikọta jùjú na ndụ dị elu. ==== Mmalite nke fuji ====   Apala, a traditional style from Ogun state, one of the Yoruba states in Nigeria, became very popular in the 1960s, led by performers including [[Haruna Ishola]], Sefiu Ayan, Kasumu Adio, and Ayinla Omowura. Ishola, who was one of Nigeria's most consistent hit makers between 1955 and his death in 1983, recorded apala songs, which alternated between slow and emotional, and swift and energetic. His lyrics were a mixture of improvised praise and passages from the Quran, as well as traditional [[Ílú|proverbs]]. His work became a formative influence on the developing fuji style. Na ngwụcha afọ 1960, e nwere mpụta nke ìgwè fuji mbụ. A gụrụ Fuji aha Ugwu Fuji na Japan, naanị maka ụda okwu ahụ, dị ka Ayinde Barrister si kwuo. Fuji bụ ngwakọta nke apala na olu "ihe ịchọ mma, n'efu" nke ndị na-agụ egwú ''ajisari'' ma soro sakara, drum-drum, na guitar Hawaiian. N'etiti kpakpando mbụ nke ụdị ahụ bụ [[Haruna Ishola]] na Ayinla Omowura; Ishola wepụtara ọtụtụ egwu site na ngwụcha '50s ruo mmalite '80s, na-aghọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama na mba ahụ. Fuji nọgidere na-ewu ewu n'etiti afọ 1960 na '70, na-ejikọta ya na Islam na usoro ahụ. A kọwawo Fuji dị ka jùjú na-enweghị ụbọ akwara; n'ụzọ na-emegide onwe ya, Ebenezer Obey kọwara jùjú dị ka mambo na ụbọ akhara. Otú ọ dị, na mgbọrọgwụ ya, fuji bụ ngwakọta nke abụ ọdịnala [[Ndi áláküba|Ndị Alakụba]] bụ abụ ajisari na "akụkụ nkebụ egwu Apụl na abụ olu na echiche, egwu sakara nke nkà ihe ọmụma"; N'ime ihe ndị a, ''Apụl'' bụ isi ihe ndabere nke fuji Ndị mbụ kpakpando fuji bụ ndị isi egwu Alhaji Ayinde Barrister na Ayinla Kollington [2] Alhaji ọ malitere ọrụ fuji ochie ya na Golden Fuji Group, ọ bụ ezie na Muslim ọ bụ abụ 10 .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Afropop Fuji|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/8/Fuji/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625073531/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/8/Fuji/|archivedate=25 June 2008|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> O bu ụzọ gbanwee aha otu ya ka ọ bụrụ "Fuji Londoners" mgbe o si njem gaa London, England lọta. Mgbe ogologo oge gasịrị - na egwu dịka "Orilonise", "Fuji Disco/Iku Baba Obey", "Oke Agba", "Aye", na "Suuru" - ọ gbanwere aha otu ahụ ka ọ bụrụ "Supreme Fuji Commanders". Onye na-asọmpi Ayinde bụ Ayinla Kollington ma ọ bụ "Baba Alatika", nke a maara maka ngwa ngwa na ụdị fuji nwere ike ịgba egwu, onye dekwara abọm dị ka "ko bo simi lo'run mo e, na '80s ọ wepụtara "ijo yoyo, Lakukulala na American megastar" iji kwuo ole na ole n'ime abọm ya na-aga nke ọma. Site na nkwanye ùgwù niile, Ayinla Kollington bụ onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ndị na-eto eto dị ka [[K1 De Ultimate|Wasiu Ayinde Marshall]] sochiri ya n'afọ ndị 1980. ==== Sunny Ade na Obey ==== Ebenezer Obey guzobere International Brothers na 1964, n'oge na-adịghị anya, òtù ya meriri nke IK Dairo dị ka nnukwu òtù Naijiria. Ha na-akpọ ụdị bluesy, nke dabeere na guitar na nke nwere mmetụta dị elu nke gụnyere ihe dị mgbagwoju anya na-ekwu okwu. Okwu Obey kwuru okwu ndị masịrị ndị na-ege ntị n'obodo ukwu, ma tinye omenala Yoruba na okwukwe Ndị Kraịst ya. Onye mmegide ya bụ [[King Sunny Adé|Eze Sunny Adé]], onye pụtara n'otu oge ahụ, mepụta Green Spots na 1966 wee nweta ụfọdụ nnukwu ihe na African Beats mgbe 1974 ''[[Esu Biri Ebo Mi]]'' gasịrị. Ade na Obey gbara ọsọ iji tinye mmetụta ọhụrụ n'ime egwu jùjú na ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ọhụrụ; Hawaiian slack-key, keyboard na background vocals so n'ime ihe ọhụrụ agbakwunyere n'oge a na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa. Ade gbakwunyere ihe siri ike nke egwu egwu egwu nke Jamaica, ma webata omume nke ime ka guitar kpọọ rhythm na drum kpọọ abụ. N'oge a, abụ jùjú gbanwere site na abụ pop dị mkpirikpi gaa na egwu ogologo, na-abụkarị ihe karịrị nkeji iri abụọ. Ìgwè ndị na-eme ihe nkiri mụbara site na ndị na-arụ ọrụ anọ n'ìgwè mbụ, ruo 10 na IK Dairo na ihe karịrị 30 na Obey na Ade. === Afọ 1980 na 1990 === Na mbido afọ 1980, ma Obey ma Ade chọtara ndị na-ege ntị ka ukwuu na mpụga Naijiria. N'afọ 1982, Ade bịanyere aka na Island Records, bụ ndị nwere olileanya imepụtaghachi ihe ịga nke ọma [[Bob Marley]], wee wepụta Juju Music, nke rere karịa ihe a tụrụ anya ya na Europe na United States. Obey wepụtara Current Affairs na 1980 na Virgin Records wee ghọọ kpakpando dị mkpirikpi na UK, mana o nweghị ike ịkwado ọrụ mba ụwa ya ma ọ bụrụhaala na Ade. Ade duziri oge dị mkpirikpi nke ịbụ onye ama ama n'ụwa niile maka jùjú, nke kwụsịrị na 1985 mgbe ọ tụfuru nkwekọrịta ndekọ ya mgbe ọdịda azụmahịa nke ''Aura'' (nke ya na Stevie Wonder dekọrọ) na òtù ya pụtara n'etiti nnukwu njem Japan. Njikọ Ade na aha mba ụwa wetara uche dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ ndị a ma ama, ma nyere aka kpalie ụlọ ọrụ egwu ụwa na-eto eto. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1980, jùjú efunahụla ụdị ndị ọzọ, dị ka Yo-pop, gospel na reggae. Otú ọ dị, n'afọ ndị 1990, fuji na jùjú nọgidere na-ewu ewu, dị ka Egwú waka na reggae Naijiria. Na ngwụcha afọ iri, [[Hip hop music|Egwú hip hop]] gbasara na mba ahụ mgbe ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke egwu na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu dị ka Senegal. ==== Yo-pop na Afro-jùjú (1980s) ====   Abụọ n'ime kpakpando kachasị ukwuu nke '80s bụ Segun Adewale na [[Sir Shina Peters|Shina Peters]], bụ ndị malitere ọrụ ha na-eme ihe n'etiti '70s na Prince Adekunle. Ha mechara hapụ Adekunle wee guzobe mmekọrịta dị mkpirikpi dị ka Shina Adewale & the International Superstars tupu ha amalite ọrụ onwe ha.<ref name="afropop.org">{{Cite web|title=Afropop Juju|url=http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625073525/http://www.afropop.org/explore/style_info/ID/18/Juju/|archivedate=25 June 2008|accessdate=26 March 2010|publisher=Afropop.org}}</ref> Adewale bụ onye mbụ n'ime ha abụọ nwetara ihe ịga nke ọma, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Yo-pop a ma ama. Ọchịchọ Yo-pop adịteghị aka, ejiji Afro-juju nke Shina Peters dochie ya, nke batara n'usoro mgbe a tọhapụrụ ''[[Afro-Juju Series 1]]'' (1989). Afro-juju bụ ngwakọta nke Afrobeat na fuji, ọ kpaliri ịnụ ọkụ n'obi dị ukwuu n'etiti ndị na-akwado Shina nke na a kpọrọ ihe omume ahụ "Shinamania". Ọ bụ ezie na e nyere ya Juju Musician of the Year na 1990, ihe ọzọ Shina sochiri, ''[[Shinamania]]'' rere n'otu n'otu mana ndị nkatọ katọrọ ya. Ihe ịga nke ọma ya meghere ndị bịara ọhụrụ, Otú ọ dị, na-eduga na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Fabulous Olu Fajemirokun na [[Adewale Ayuba]]. N'otu oge ahụ, e nwere ụdị ọhụrụ dị ka funky juju nke [[Dele Taiwo]] malitere. ==== Afrobeat ====   [[Faịlụ:FemiKuti.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|[[Femi Kuti|Nwaanyị Kuti]]]] Afrobeat bụ ụdị nke nwere njikọ chiri anya na Naijiria, na ndekọ Afrobeat bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụdị egwu ụwa a na-ahụ n'ụwa niile mepere emepe. Ọ bụ egwu nwere ihe ndị dị na Fuji, juju, jazz na ụdị egwu ndị ọzọ. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị ewu ewu na nke a ma ama, n'ezie onye egwu Naijiria a ma ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, bụ n'enweghị obi abụọ [[Fela Kuti]]. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị na Kuti bụ naanị onye ọsụ ụzọ nke Afrobeat, ndị egwu ndị ọzọ dị ka Orlando Julius Ekemode bụkwa ndị a ma ama na mmalite Afrobeat scene, ebe ha jikọtara ndụ dị elu, jazz na funk. Oge dị mkpirikpi na United States hụrụ ka ọ kpughere Black Power movement na Black Panthers, mmetụta ọ ga-abịa ikwupụta na okwu ya. Mgbe o biri na London nwa oge, ọ laghachiri Lagos wee mepee klọb, The Shrine, nke bụ otu n'ime ebe egwu kachasị ewu ewu n'obodo ahụ. Ọ malitere idekọ ya na Africa '70, otu nnukwu ìgwè nke gosipụtara onye na-akụ egwu Tony Allen, onye kemgbe ahụ gara n'ihu ịghọ onye egwu a ma ama n'onwe ya. Na [[Fela Kuti|Afrịka '70]], Kuti dekọrọ usoro egwu, na-enweta iwe nke gọọmentị ka ọ na-edozi nsogbu dị iche iche dị ka ịda ogbenye, okporo ụzọ na akpụkpọ ahụ. N'afọ 1985, a tụrụ Kuti mkpọrọ afọ ise, mana a tọhapụrụ ya mgbe a tọhapụsịrị ya naanị mkpu mba ụwa na nnukwu ngagharị iwe n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dukeupress.edu/Tony-Allen/|work=[[Duke University Press]]|title=Tony Allen: An Autobiography of the Master Drummer of Afrobeat|date=2013|accessdate=12 April 2022}}</ref> Ọnwụ ya site na [[HIV/AIDS|Ọrịa AIDS]] na 1997 kpaliri oge iru uju mba nke a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Naijiria. N'afọ ndị 1980, Afrobeat sonyeere ụdị egwu ụwa na-eto eto. Na Europe na North America, ihe a na-akpọ "egwu ụwa" sitere n'akụkụ ụwa niile ma kpọọ ya n'ọtụtụ ụdị. Fela Kuti na ndị na-eso ya Afrobeat so n'ime ndị egwu a ma ama a na-ewere dị ka egwu ụwa. Site na 1980s ruo 1990s, Afrobeat emeela ka ọ dị iche iche site na iwere mmetụta ọhụrụ site na US funk na [[Hip hop music|hip hop]]. Lágbájá na-ekpuchi ihe mgbe niile ma bụrụ ihe omimi ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-ebu ọkọlọtọ nke Afrobeat ọhụrụ, karịsịa mgbe LP ya nke 1996 C'est Une African Thing. N'ịgbaso ọdịdị mberede n'ọnọdụ nna ya, Fela, Femi Kuti nwetara nnukwu ndị na-akwado ya nke mere ka ọ gaa Europe. Femi Kuti na Seun Kuti sochiri nna ha [[Fela Kuti]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anikulapo|first=Seun|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/07/05/137449484/femi-and-seun-kuti-keep-their-fathers-rebellious-beat|title=Femi And Seun Kuti Keep Their Father's Rebellious Beat|publisher=NPR|accessdate=18 April 2022}}</ref> ==== Waka ====   Onye na-agụ egwú a ma ama bụ [[Salawa Abeni]] aghọwo onye a ma ama na mba ahụ mgbe a tọhapụrụ Late General Murtala Ramat Mohammed na 1976, nke bụ ihe ndekọ mbụ nke Naijiria nke nwanyị rere ihe karịrị otu nde. N'afọ 1980, ọ nọgidere bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese egwu kachasị ere ahịa na mba ahụ, na-emepụta ụdị egwu pụrụ iche nke ya a na-akpọ waka; ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụdị nke na onye eze, Alaafin nke Oyo, Oba Lamidi Adeyemi, kpuwere ya okpueze nke "Queen of Waka Music" na 1992. Waka bụ ngwakọta nke jùjú, fuji na egwu ọdịnala Yoruba. ==== Reggae na hip hop ====   [[Faịlụ:Duncan_Mighty.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Duncan Mighty na-eme ihe]] Mgbe ị na-ekwu maka egwu reggae na Naijiria, ụdị egwu a malitere site n'aka onye egwu a na-akpọ "Terakota". Ka ọ na-erule afọ 80, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri reggae na Naijiria gụnyere Daniel Wilson, The Mandators, [[Ras Kimono]], Majek Fashek, onye mkpuchi 1988 nke [[Bob Marley]]'s "Redemption Song", ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ maka reggae na Nigeria. Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri reggae na Naijiria, Fashek bụ akụkụ nke otu egwu ogologo oge The Mandators, bụ ndị gara njem ma dekọọ n'akwụsịghị akwụsị n'etiti afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 90. Ndị egwu reggae a ma ama mechara gụnyere [[Jerri Jheto]] na [[Daddy Showkey]]. Njikọ Africa Caribbean bụ ụdị nke na-ewu ewu ma na-eto eto kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọkachasị na narị afọ nke 21. N'ụdị egwu a, ndị egwu Afrịka na-etinye Asụsụ Jamaican n'ime okwu ha na ịkụ ha. Ọ bụ ezie na, ụdị a na-ewu ewu na Jamaica, ụdị a jikọtara nke ọma ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na mpaghara Afrịka na narị afọ nke 19 n'ihi onye egwu Reggae nke Naijiria Majek Fashek onye dọtara uche mba ụwa na njikọta a. Ụdị egwu a na-enweta ọnụnọ dị ukwuu na Naijiria na ndị na-ese ihe na narị afọ nke 21 dị ka [[Duncan Mighty]], [[Timaya]], Slim Burna, Orezi, Burna Boy na Patoranking, ndị na-adọta ndị na-eto eto. E webatara [[Hip hop music|Egwú hip hop]] na Naijiria na ngwụcha afọ 1980, ma na-ewu ewu n'oge mbụ nke afọ 1990. Ihe omume mbụ gụnyere Sound on Sound, Emphasis, [[Ruff Rugged & Raw]], [[SWAT ROOT]], [[De Weez]] na [[Black Masquradaz]]. Ọzọkwa, ihe ịga nke ọma na-etolite n'ikpeazụ n'ime afọ iri, na nlebara anya nke ndị mbụ dị ka "Trybal Marks" (1999) nke The Trybesmen na "Judile" na "Sakoma" nke atọ The Remedies. Otu n'ime The Remedies, [[Tony Tetuila]], gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na Plantashun Boiz na nnukwu otuto azụmahịa. Ntọala nke Paybacktyme Records na 1999 site na [[Solomon Dare]], nke a maara nke ọma dị ka [[Solodee]], Kennis Music site na Kenny Ogungbe, Dove Records site na Nelson Brown, na Trybe Records site na [[eLDee]] nyere aka kọwaa ma guzobe ihe nkiri hip-hop nke Naijiria. Ọzọkwa, uto ngwa ngwa nke ihe ntụrụndụ na nkwado sitere na mgbasa ozi nyeere aka mee ka egwu hip hop na Naijiria bụrụ ihe a ma ama. Ihe omume telivishọn dị ka Videowheels, [[HipTV]], Music Africa, MTN Y'ello show, Music Africa. Ndị egwu hip-hop ndị ọzọ a ma ama na Naijiria gụnyere Tuface idibia, [[Vector (rapper)|Vector]], Reminisce, Ice Prince, [[M.I Abaga]], Ruggedman, [[Eedris Abdulkareem]], [[Erigga]], Weird MC, [[Naeto C]], Twin-X, na [[P-Square]] N'ihe dị ka ngwụcha afọ 2012 hip-hop malitere ịla n'iyi na Naịjirịa. Ndị na-ese Afrobeats malitere ịchịkwa egwuregwu ahụ ihe ndị a ma ama dịka [[Wizkid]], [[Davido]], [[Olamide]], Burna Boy, [[CKay]], [[Fireboy DML]], Kiss Daniel, [[Tekno (musician)|Tekno]], Mc Galaxy, [[Adekunle Gold]], [[Dammy Krane]] [[Lil Kesh]] enwetawo nnukwu nlebara anya maka egwu ha kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023, usoro ọhụrụ nke ndị na-ese hip hop egosila ọzọ na ha na-eme ka ụdị ahụ dị ndụ na Naijiria. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ihe a ma ama dị ka afrobeats, ndị na-ese ihe dị ka PsychoYP egosila na ha na-elekwasị anya na egwu egwu, Blue Ivan ọtụtụ oge a na-akpọ onye na-ese egwu nke oge a egosila ka ọ na-anọchite anya ụdị ahụ na katalọgụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke ọnyà na egwu pop psychedelic. == Afrobeats: ọganihu mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:Wizkid_at_Iyanya's_album_launch_concert,_2013_(Cropped).png|áká_èkpè|thumb|Wizkid]] [[Faịlụ:Davido_performing_at_the_Lagos_city_Marathon_gala_2020_10_27_05_793000.jpeg|thumb|Davido]] N'adịghị ka Afrobeat, Afrobeats enweela ihe ịga nke ọma zuru ụwa ọnụ kemgbe 2018. Ndị na-ese ihe na Naijiria bụ ndị isi na-enye aka na nke a. [[Faịlụ:Burna_Boy_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Nwa nwoke Burna]] [[Faịlụ:CKay_during_an_interview_in_March_2022.png|áká_èkpè|thumb|CKay]] Dị ka Billboard Magazine si kwuo, Afrobeats nke Naịjirịa bụ ụdị na-eto ngwa ngwa na United States na United Kingdom ka ọ na-erule afọ 2023. Afrobeats star CKay kwuru, "Afrobeats bụ pop ọhụrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Osiebe|first=Garhe|title=From Nigeria to the world: Afrobeats is having a global moment|url=http://theconversation.com/from-nigeria-to-the-world-afrobeats-is-having-a-global-moment-179910|date=31 March 2022|accessdate=26 July 2022|work=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> === Nkwado siri ike n'ememe mmeri === Ndị egwu Naijiria na-enwetawanye nkwado mba ụwa. Ndị na-ese ihe dịka King Sunny Ade, Femi Kuti na Seun Kuti enwetala nhọpụta Grammy n'oge gara aga. Burna Boy's African Giant nwetara nhọpụta Grammy Awards na 2020 maka Best World Music Album. <ref>{{Cite news|date=25 March 2021|title=Grammy Awards 2021: Nigerian music sensation Burna Boy wins global award|language=en|first=Damilola|author=Adewumi|work=Africa Renewal|url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/news/nigerian-music-sensation-burna-boy-wins-grammy|accessdate=26 July 2022}}</ref> Twice ya dị ka Tall nwetara Grammy maka Best Global Music Album n'afọ sochirinụ. A họpụtara [[Wizkid]]'s Made in Lagos n'otu ụdị ahụ na 2021. A họpụtakwara Wizkids Essence na-egosi Tems na Best Global Music Performance category. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Udugba|first=Anthony|date=27 June 2022|title='Essence' and Tems win big at BET Awards 2022|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/essence-and-tems-win-big-at-bet-awards-2022/|accessdate=26 July 2022|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> Njikọ nke ndị na-ese egwu Afrobeats na ndị egwu egwu kachasị n'ụwa emeela ka ha nwekwuo ngosipụta zuru ụwa ọnụ. N'afọ 2019, onye ama ama US [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]] debanyere aha ọtụtụ ndị ama ama Naijiria, gụnyere Wizkid na Burna Boy. "Brown Skin Girl" ya meriri Best Music Video na 2021 Grammys. A họpụtara abọm [[Angélique Kidjo]] bụ Mother Nature (2021), nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ kpakpando Naijiria, maka onyinye Best Global Music Album.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pius|first=Dilibe|date=2 January 2024|title=Naija Music Download Website|url=https://hypetrendz.com.ng/|work=Hypetrendz}}</ref> Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Afrobeats Naijiria dugara na iwebata ụdị Best African Act na MTV Europe Music Awards na 2005, BET Awards sochiri ya na 2011, nke kemgbe nyere onyinye na Best International Act: Africa category.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kaduna|first=George|date=27 June 2022|title=BET Awards 2022: Tems makes history with 'Best International Act' triumph - Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/539447-bet-awards-2022-tems-makes-history-with-best-international-act-triumph.html,%20https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/539447-bet-awards-2022-tems-makes-history-with-best-international-act-triumph.html|accessdate=26 July 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ chaatị === N'afọ 2012, "Oliver Twist" nke [[D'banj]] ruru ọnụọgụ 9 na UK Singles Chart na ọnụọgụ 2 na UK R&amp;amp;B Chart. Ọ bụ abụ Afrobeats mbụ nke Naijiria iji nweta nke a. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2012, [[P-Square]] remixed ha 2009 hit single 'E No Easy' na Matt Houston, ọ ghọkwara egwu afrobeats mbụ nke Naijiria ruru n'elu 5 na SNEP - French Official chart na n'elu 10 na Ultratop- Belgium official, nọrọ izu 29 na izu 16 n'otu n'otu. Abụ ahụ bụ Afrobeats mbụ nke oge okpomọkụ na [[France]], nke n'aka nke ya mere ka a hụ afrobeats na mba ndị na-asụ French na Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=lescharts.com - Matt Houston feat. P-Square - Positif|url=https://lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Matt+Houston+feat.+P-Square&titel=positif&cat=s|accessdate=2023-10-16|work=lescharts.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Matt Houston feat. P-Square - Positif - ultratop.be|url=https://www.ultratop.be/fr/song/fa6d8/Matt-Houston-feat.-P-Square-positif|accessdate=2023-10-16|work=www.ultratop.be}}</ref> [[Wizkid]]'s "Essence", nke gosipụtara Tems, banyere n'elu iri nke US ''Billboard'' 100 dị ka remix na [[Justin Bieber]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Udugba|first=Anthony|date=27 June 2022|title='Essence' and Tems win big at BET Awards 2022|url=https://businessday.ng/life-arts/article/essence-and-tems-win-big-at-bet-awards-2022/|accessdate=26 July 2022|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ebe ndị a na-ere ere === Ndị egwu pop nke Naijiria dị ka [[Wizkid]], [[Davido]] na Burna Boy ereela O2 Arena na London na Accor Arena na Paris.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2021|title=Fans celebrate as Wizkid sells out O2 Arena tickets in two minutes|first=Ademola|author=Olonilua|url=https://punchng.com/fans-celebrate-as-wizkid-sells-out-o2-arena-tickets-in-two-minutes/|accessdate=26 July 2022|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụmụ nwanyị na egwu == [[Faịlụ:Yemi_Alade_performs_at_the_Nairobi_Summit_2019.jpg|thumb|Yemi Alade]] [[Faịlụ:Tems_on_NdaniTV_Sessions_-cropped.png|thumb|Isi okwu]] N'ime ụlọ ọrụ egwu Naijiria, ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu pụtara ìhè ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama maka nkà na ihe ha rụzuru. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-ese ihe na-arapara n'egwú Africa nke oge a, mana na narị afọ nke 21, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese egwu malitere ịba n'ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere rap, hip-hop na [[Afrobeat]]. Ndị inyom Naijiria a ma ama na-eti egwu gụnyere Weird Mc, [[Sasha P]], [[Mo'Cheddah]] na [[Eva Alordiah]]. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe Afrobeats, ọ bụ naanị ole na ole ka a na-ahụkarị kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ dị ka Aṣa [[Omawumi|Omawumi Megbele]], [[Seyi Shay]], [[Niniola]], [[Tiwa Savage]], [[Teni (singer)|Teni]], [[Yemi Alade]] na [[Simi (singer)|Simi]].Afọ 2020 hụrụ mmụba n'ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị na egwu Naijiria na ndị na-ese ihe dịka Tems na [[Ayra Starr]] na-enweta otuto na mmata mba ụwa. == Egwú n'ememe na ezumike == A na-eme emume Durbar n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke North-west Nigeria; a na-ejikwa durbar sọpụrụ Emir n'oge emume ndị Alakụba Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul -Adha, na Sallah maka [[Katsina]] durbar a ma ama, a na-enyekwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ iji sọpụrụ ndị isi na-eleta. &nbsp;Ọ bụ ezie na isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị nke ememme durbar bụ ngosipụta nke Ịgba ịnyịnya ọdịnala, arụmọrụ nke ndị na-Ịkụ ọkpọ, ndị na-afụ opi na ndị na-abụ abụ otuto bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ememme ahụ Ememme ndị ọzọ nke egwu na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa gụnyere ịgbà na ịgba egwú a na-eme na Krismas, Ista Sunday na Ista Monday.&nbsp; == Egwú oge ochie == Na narị afọ nke 20, Naịjirịa mepụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ede egwú oge ochie; ndị a gụnyere [[Samuel Akpabot]] (1932-2000), [[Ayo Bankole]] (1935-1976), [[Lazarus Ekwueme|Lazarọs Ekwueme]], [[Akin Euba]] (1935-2020), [[Fela Sowande]] (1905-1987) na [[Joshua Uzoigwe]] (1946-2005). Sowande bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede egwu Africa mbụ na ndị a ma ama na ọdịnala ọdịda anyanwụ, na onye guzobere ọdịnala egwu nka Naijiria. Sowande bụkwa onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na onye na-agụ egwú jazz, na-etinye ihe ndị a na ihe ndị dị na egwu ọdịnala Naijiria n'ime ọrụ ya. [[Echezonachukwu Nduka]], onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri piano na onye na-ede uri, bụ ọkachamara na arụmọrụ na ndekọ nke egwu piano site n'aka ndị na-ede egwu Naijiria yana site n'ịgbasawanye, ndị na-agụ egwu Afrịka na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụdị nke African Pianism. == Hụkwa == * [[Egwú obodo na Naịjirịa]] == Ihe edeturu == == Ihe odide == * {{Cite book|author=Akpabot, Samuel Ekpe|title=Ibibio Music in Nigerian Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/ibibiomusicinnig0000akpa|publisher=Michigan State University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780870131936}} * {{Cite book|author=Arom, Simka|title=African Polyphony and Polyrhythm: Musical Structure and Methodology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-521-61601-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Graham, Ronnie|title=Stern's Guide to Contemporary African Music|publisher=Pluto Press|year=1989|isbn=1-85305-000-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sternsguidetocon00grah}} * Omojola, Bode Egwú a ma ama na Western Nigeria: Isiokwu, Ụdị na Nlekọta. Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), Mahadum nke Ibadan (mbipụta e degharịrị), 2014. * Omojola, Bode Yorùbá Music in the Twentieth Century: Identity, Agency and Performance Practice. Rochester: Mahadum nke Rochester Press (Eastman/Rochester Studies in Ethnomusicology), 2012. * Omojola, Bode Egwú nke Fela Sowande: Nzukọ, njirimara Africa na Creative Ethnomusicology. Point Richmond, CA: Music Research Institute Press, 2009. * Omojola, Bode Nkọwa dị iche iche nke Dynamics of Creativity and Knowledge in African Music Traditions: A Festschrift in Honor of Akin Euba (nke ya na George Dor dezigharịrị).Point Richmond, CA: Music Research Institute Press, 2005. * Omojola, Bode Egwú nka nke Naijiria. Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), Mahadum nke Ibadan, 1995. * Sadoh, Godwin. ''Thomas Ekundayo Phillips: Onye isi nke egwu Chọọchị Naịjirịa.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * _____________. ''Samuel Akpabot: Odyssey nke onye Naijiria na-ede egwu-Ethnomusicologist.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * _____________. ''Ọrụ Orga nke Fela Sowande: Echiche Ọdịbendị.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * _____________. ''Intercultural Dimensions na egwu Ayo Bankole.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * _____________. ''Joshua Uzoigwe: Memoirs of a Nigerian Composer-Ethnomusicologist.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * {{Cite book|author=Veal, Michael E|title=Fela. The Life of an African Musical Icon|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1997}} * {{Cite book|author=Waterman, Christopher Alan|title=Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of an African Popular Music|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=0-226-87465-6|url=https://archive.org/details/jjsocialhistorye0000wate}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Akpabot, Samuel Ekpe|title=Ibibio Music in Nigerian Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/ibibiomusicinnig0000akpa|publisher=Michigan State University Press|year=1975|isbn=9780870131936}} * {{Cite book|author=Arom, Simka|title=African Polyphony and Polyrhythm: Musical Structure and Methodology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1991|isbn=0-521-61601-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Graham, Ronnie|title=Stern's Guide to Contemporary African Music|publisher=Pluto Press|year=1989|isbn=1-85305-000-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sternsguidetocon00grah}} * Omojola, Bode Egwú a ma ama na Western Nigeria: Isiokwu, Ụdị na Nlekọta. Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), Mahadum nke Ibadan (mbipụta e degharịrị), 2014. * Omojola, Bode Yorùbá Music in the Twentieth Century: Identity, Agency and Performance Practice. Rochester: Mahadum nke Rochester Press (Eastman/Rochester Studies in Ethnomusicology), 2012. * Omojola, Bode Egwú nke Fela Sowande: Nzukọ, njirimara Africa na Creative Ethnomusicology. Point Richmond, CA: Music Research Institute Press, 2009. * Omojola, Bode Nkọwa dị iche iche nke Dynamics of Creativity and Knowledge in African Music Traditions: A Festschrift in Honor of Akin Euba (nke ya na George Dor dezigharịrị).Point Richmond, CA: Music Research Institute Press, 2005. * Omojola, Bode Egwú nka nke Naijiria. Ibadan: Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), Mahadum nke Ibadan, 1995. * Sadoh, Godwin. ''Thomas Ekundayo Phillips: Onye isi nke egwu Chọọchị Naịjirịa.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * _____________. ''Samuel Akpabot: Odyssey nke onye Naijiria na-ede egwu-Ethnomusicologist.'' [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * _____________. ''Ọrụ Orga nke Fela Sowande: Echiche Ọdịbendị.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * _____________. ''Intercultural Dimensions na egwu Ayo Bankole.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * _____________. ''Joshua Uzoigwe: Memoirs of a Nigerian Composer-Ethnomusicologist.'' New York: iUniverse Publishing, 2007. * {{Cite book|author=Veal, Michael E|title=Fela. The Life of an African Musical Icon|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1997}} * {{Cite book|author=Waterman, Christopher Alan|title=Juju: A Social History and Ethnography of an African Popular Music|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1990|isbn=0-226-87465-6|url=https://archive.org/details/jjsocialhistorye0000wate}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] faqnpaf9xis9y6a3fvifbdot65e7btx Usoro Ịdị n'Otu na Catalysis 0 55318 195310 2024-11-18T18:45:42Z Onyinye Christiana 17696 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1257956015|Unifying Systems in Catalysis]]" 195310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:UniSysCat_Logo.svg|thumb|Logo UniSysCat]] Cluster of Excellence Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat) bụ netwọk nyocha interdisciplinary nke German Research Foundation (DFG) kwadoro dị ka akụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti n'okpuru aha <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Exzellenzstrategie (Excellence Strategy) </i></nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Website on the Excellence Strategy|url=https://www.exzellenzstrategie.de/en/|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=ExStra - Excellence Strategy of the German federal & state governments|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/390540038?context=projekt&task=showDetail&id=390540038&|title=DFG - GEPRIS - Unifying Systems in Catalysis "UniSysCat"|work=gepris.dfg.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/berliner-erfolg-in-der-exzellenzstrategie-sieben-von-neun-clusterantraegen-bewilligt/23120760.html|title=Sieben von neun Clusteranträgen bewilligt|first=Amory|author=Burchard|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> Oge ego ahụ malitere na Jenụwarị 1, 2019, ruo Disemba 30, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berlin|first=UniSysCat|date=2024-03-12|title=UniSysCat and the New Proposal|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/news-events/news?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=477&cHash=1d4615a9e003567155e35e09fd1576a1|accessdate=2024-10-05|work=www.unisyscat.de|language=DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-26|title=Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat)|url=https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/en/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=www.berlin-university-alliance.de|language=en}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ihe dị ka ndị nyocha 300 sitere na mpaghara Berlin na Potsdam na-arụ ọrụ na UniSysCat, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu dị ugbu a na nyocha catalysis.  [6] UniSysCat bụ ọrụ na-esochi na ụyọkọ nke ịdị n'otu echiche dị na Catalysis (UniCat), nke enwetara site na 2007 ruo 2018 dị ka akụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti kacha mma nke Germany, Exzellenzstrategie.[7] == Ihe Ndị E Mere == UniSysCat na-elekwasị anya na nyocha n'ime mmeghachi omume catalytic nke biocatalysts na-akwalite, na-achọ ịmepụta netwọk mmeghachi omume na-achịkwa nke dabara na kemistri na biochemistry na-adigide.  Ebumnuche a na-ewulite nyocha gara aga site na onye bu ya ụzọ, UniCat, nke nọ na-arụ ọrụ site na 2007 ruo 2018 wee nweta nnukwu ego iji kwado ọganihu na nyocha catalysis.[8][9][10] === Mbufe ihe ọmụma === Netwọk ahụ na-achọkwa ịnyefe ihe ọmụma na nsonaazụ ọ chọtara maka ndị otu ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na-adigide.[11] ==== BasCat ==== Na 2011, UniCat Cluster of Excellence na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, BASF, tọrọ ntọala ụlọ nyocha BasCat (UniCat BASF JointLab) na Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin).  BasCat na-eme nchọpụta bụ isi na ngalaba nke catalysis dị iche iche na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe catalytic nke hydrocarbons na ngwaahịa ndị bara uru.[12] ==== Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ngwá Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwá Ọrụ ==== Chemical Invention Factory (CIF, John Warner Center for Start-ups in Green Chemistry) bụ ọrụ a malitere na TU Berlin nke na-agba ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto ume ịghọ ndị guzobere mmalite nke ha. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado nyocha na kemịkalụ ahịhịa ndụ, ihe, na nanotechnology. ==== INKULAB ==== INKULAB bụ ọrụ na-akwalite ndị ọchụnta ego na-eto eto na kemịkal. Ọrụ ahụ mechiri n'ọnwa Eprel 2020 mgbe afọ ise gasịrị. == Òtù Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == * Technische Universität Berlin * Humboldt Universität zu Berlin * Freie Universität Berlin * Mahadum Potsdam * Ọrụ ebere - Universitätsmedizin * Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft * Max-Planck-Institut maka Colloids na Interfaces * Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin * Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie Ndị na-ekwuchitere ya: Holger Dobbek (HU Berlin), Matthias Driess (TU Berlin), Arne Thomas (TU Berlin) == Nnyocha == UniSysCat nwere ihe dị ka ìgwè nyocha 60 na-arụ ọrụ na usoro nnwale na usoro echiche na mpaghara nke molecular na structural biology, Biochemistry na [[physics]]" id="mwXw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Biophysics">Biophysics, chemical synthesis, physics na theoretical chemistry, na physics. Atụmatụ nyocha nke UniSysCat dabeere na ọrụ gara aga nke UniCat Cluster of Excellence (Unifying Concepts in Catalysis). <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=UniSysCat: UniSysCat at a glance|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/about-us/unisyscat-at-a-glance.html|work=www.unisyscat.de}}</ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na parameters nke nwere ike ime ka ma chịkwaa netwọk chemocatalytic na biocatalytic, yana otu esi ejikọta usoro kemịkal na nke ndụ iji mepụta usoro catalytic na ọrụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2017|title=Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat)|url=https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928213416/https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|archivedate=2020-09-28|work=www.berlin-university-alliance.de}}</ref> == Ihe nrite Clara Immerwahr == Ihe nrite Clara Immerwahr, nke UniCat Cluster of Excellence malitere na 2011, na-akwalite ụmụ agbọghọ na nyocha catalysis. A na-enye onyinye ahụ kwa afọ nye nwa agbọghọ sayensị si Germany ma ọ bụ mba ofesi na mbido ọrụ ha (postdoc, nwa agbọghọ sayensi) maka arụmọrụ ya na nyocha catalysis. A na-ejikọta onyinye ahụ na onyinye ego nke 15,000 euro maka ịnọ na nyocha na otu nyocha UniSysCat ma na-ezube ịmepụta mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị ọrụ UniSys Cat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/clara-immerwahr-award.html|title=UniSysCat: Clara Immerwahr Award|work=www.unisyscat.de}}</ref> A raara onyinye Clara Immerwahr nye Dr. Clara Immerwaher (1870-1915), onye na 1900 ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na Germany natara nzere doctorate na physics chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdch.de/publikationen/biographien-von-chemikerinnen/clara-immerwahr.html|title=Clara Immerwahr &#124; Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V.}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == ngkqiktq4ztugwy2zbzcnkta5rnfqqn 195393 195310 2024-11-19T06:15:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 195393 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:UniSysCat_Logo.svg|thumb|Logo UniSysCat]] Cluster of Excellence Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat) bụ netwọk nyocha interdisciplinary nke German Research Foundation (DFG) kwadoro dị ka akụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti n'okpuru aha <nowiki><i id="mwEA">Exzellenzstrategie (Excellence Strategy) </i></nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Website on the Excellence Strategy|url=https://www.exzellenzstrategie.de/en/|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=ExStra - Excellence Strategy of the German federal & state governments|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/390540038?context=projekt&task=showDetail&id=390540038&|title=DFG - GEPRIS - Unifying Systems in Catalysis "UniSysCat"|work=gepris.dfg.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/berliner-erfolg-in-der-exzellenzstrategie-sieben-von-neun-clusterantraegen-bewilligt/23120760.html|title=Sieben von neun Clusteranträgen bewilligt|first=Amory|author=Burchard|work=Der Tagesspiegel Online|date=September 27, 2018}}</ref> Oge ego ahụ malitere na Jenụwarị 1, 2019, ruo Disemba 30, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Berlin|first=UniSysCat|date=2024-03-12|title=UniSysCat and the New Proposal|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/news-events/news?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=477&cHash=1d4615a9e003567155e35e09fd1576a1|accessdate=2024-10-05|work=www.unisyscat.de|language=DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-26|title=Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat)|url=https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/en/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|accessdate=2024-10-08|work=www.berlin-university-alliance.de|language=en}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ihe dị ka ndị nyocha 300 sitere na mpaghara Berlin na Potsdam na-arụ ọrụ na UniSysCat, na-elekwasị anya n'okwu dị ugbu a na nyocha catalysis.  [6] UniSysCat bụ ọrụ na-esochi na ụyọkọ nke ịdị n'otu echiche dị na Catalysis (UniCat), nke enwetara site na 2007 ruo 2018 dị ka akụkụ nke gọọmentị etiti na steeti kacha mma nke Germany, Exzellenzstrategie.[7] == Ihe Ndị E Mere == UniSysCat na-elekwasị anya na nyocha n'ime mmeghachi omume catalytic nke biocatalysts na-akwalite, na-achọ ịmepụta netwọk mmeghachi omume na-achịkwa nke dabara na kemistri na biochemistry na-adigide.  Ebumnuche a na-ewulite nyocha gara aga site na onye bu ya ụzọ, UniCat, nke nọ na-arụ ọrụ site na 2007 ruo 2018 wee nweta nnukwu ego iji kwado ọganihu na nyocha catalysis.[8][9][10] === Mbufe ihe ọmụma === Netwọk ahụ na-achọkwa ịnyefe ihe ọmụma na nsonaazụ ọ chọtara maka ndị otu ndị ọzọ na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ na-adigide.[11] ==== BasCat ==== Na 2011, UniCat Cluster of Excellence na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, BASF, tọrọ ntọala ụlọ nyocha BasCat (UniCat BASF JointLab) na Technische Universität Berlin (TU Berlin).  BasCat na-eme nchọpụta bụ isi na ngalaba nke catalysis dị iche iche na-elekwasị anya na mgbanwe catalytic nke hydrocarbons na ngwaahịa ndị bara uru.[12] ==== Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ngwá Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ngwá Ọrụ ==== Chemical Invention Factory (CIF, John Warner Center for Start-ups in Green Chemistry) bụ ọrụ a malitere na TU Berlin nke na-agba ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eto eto ume ịghọ ndị guzobere mmalite nke ha. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado nyocha na kemịkalụ ahịhịa ndụ, ihe, na nanotechnology. ==== INKULAB ==== INKULAB bụ ọrụ na-akwalite ndị ọchụnta ego na-eto eto na kemịkal. Ọrụ ahụ mechiri n'ọnwa Eprel 2020 mgbe afọ ise gasịrị. == Òtù Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ == * Technische Universität Berlin * Humboldt Universität zu Berlin * Freie Universität Berlin * Mahadum Potsdam * Ọrụ ebere - Universitätsmedizin * Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft * Max-Planck-Institut maka Colloids na Interfaces * Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin * Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie Ndị na-ekwuchitere ya: Holger Dobbek (HU Berlin), Matthias Driess (TU Berlin), Arne Thomas (TU Berlin) == Nnyocha == UniSysCat nwere ihe dị ka ìgwè nyocha 60 na-arụ ọrụ na usoro nnwale na usoro echiche na mpaghara nke molecular na structural biology, Biochemistry na [[physics]]" id="mwXw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Biophysics">Biophysics, chemical synthesis, physics na theoretical chemistry, na physics. Atụmatụ nyocha nke UniSysCat dabeere na ọrụ gara aga nke UniCat Cluster of Excellence (Unifying Concepts in Catalysis). <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=UniSysCat: UniSysCat at a glance|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/about-us/unisyscat-at-a-glance.html|work=www.unisyscat.de|accessdate=2024-11-18|archivedate=2022-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207115141/https://www.unisyscat.de/about-us/unisyscat-at-a-glance.html}}</ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na parameters nke nwere ike ime ka ma chịkwaa netwọk chemocatalytic na biocatalytic, yana otu esi ejikọta usoro kemịkal na nke ndụ iji mepụta usoro catalytic na ọrụ ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 26, 2017|title=Unifying Systems in Catalysis (UniSysCat)|url=https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928213416/https://www.berlin-university-alliance.de/excellence-strategy/clusters/unisyscat/index.html|archivedate=2020-09-28|work=www.berlin-university-alliance.de}}</ref> == Ihe nrite Clara Immerwahr == Ihe nrite Clara Immerwahr, nke UniCat Cluster of Excellence malitere na 2011, na-akwalite ụmụ agbọghọ na nyocha catalysis. A na-enye onyinye ahụ kwa afọ nye nwa agbọghọ sayensị si Germany ma ọ bụ mba ofesi na mbido ọrụ ha (postdoc, nwa agbọghọ sayensi) maka arụmọrụ ya na nyocha catalysis. A na-ejikọta onyinye ahụ na onyinye ego nke 15,000 euro maka ịnọ na nyocha na otu nyocha UniSysCat ma na-ezube ịmepụta mmekọrịta chiri anya na ndị ọrụ UniSys Cat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unisyscat.de/clara-immerwahr-award.html|title=UniSysCat: Clara Immerwahr Award|work=www.unisyscat.de|accessdate=2024-11-18|archivedate=2022-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207115141/https://www.unisyscat.de/clara-immerwahr-award.html}}</ref> A raara onyinye Clara Immerwahr nye Dr. Clara Immerwaher (1870-1915), onye na 1900 ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na Germany natara nzere doctorate na physics chemistry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdch.de/publikationen/biographien-von-chemikerinnen/clara-immerwahr.html|title=Clara Immerwahr &#124; Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker e.V.}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == 9fnszl4vaktsf8aea17ygl6tqnkrmn4 Ndepụta nke Ebe Nketa Ụwa na Naịjirịa 0 55319 195312 2024-11-18T18:54:27Z Onyinye Christiana 17696 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1255163175|List of World Heritage Sites in Nigeria]]" 195312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg|thumb|200x200px|<div class="center">[[Faịlụ:Welterbe.svg|55x55px]] [[Faịlụ:UNESCO_logo.svg|70x70px]]</div>]] Ebe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) bụ ebe ihe nketa ụwa dị mkpa maka omenala ma ọ bụ ihe nketa okike dị ka akọwara na UNESCO World Heritage Convention, nke e guzobere na 1972.[1].  Nigeria nabatara mgbakọ ahụ n'October 23, 1974, na-eme ka saịtị akụkọ ihe mere eme ya nwee ike itinye na ndepụta ahụ.  Dịka nke 2023, Nigeria nwere saịtị ihe nketa ụwa abụọ.[2] == Ebe ebe ndị a dị ==   == Ndepụta nke saịtị == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Aha ya !Foto !Ebe !Ihe ndị e ji mara !Afọ !'''Nkọwa''' |- |Ọdịbendị Sukur |[[Faịlụ:Sukur_Adamawa_Nigeria.jpg|frameless]] |[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|10.740556|13.571944}} |Omenala (iii) (v) (vi) |1999 |Sukur Cultural Landscape, nke nwere Obí nke Hidi (Onye isi) n'elu ugwu nke na-achịkwa obodo nta ndị dị n'okpuru, ubi ndị dị nro na akara ha dị nsọ, na nnukwu ihe fọdụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ígwè na-aga nke ọma, bụ ngosipụta anụ ahụ nke ọha mmadụ na ọdịbendị ime mmụọ na nke ihe onwunwe ya. |- |[[Osun-Osogbo|Osun-Osogbo Oké ọhịa Dị Nsọ]] |[[Faịlụ:A_statue_signifying_the_maternity_nature_of_iya_osun_at_the_sacred_grove_of_oshun2-1.jpg|frameless]] |[[Ȯra Osun|Osun]] <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coor|7.755556|4.552222}} |Omenala (ii) (iii) (vi) |2005 |Oké ọhịa nke Osun Sacred Grove, na mpụga obodo Osogbo, bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oké ọhịa dị elu na ndịda Naịjirịa. A na-ewere ya dị ka ebe obibi nke chi nwanyị ọmụmụ Osun, otu n'ime chi ndị Yoruba, ala nke ọhịa ahụ na osimiri ya na-agagharị agagharị jupụtara na ebe nsọ na ebe nsọ, ihe a tụrụ atụ na ọrụ nka iji sọpụrụ Osun na chi ndị ọzọ. Osisi dị nsọ, nke a na-ahụ ugbu a dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke njirimara maka ndị Yoruba niile, bụ ma eleghị anya nke ikpeazụ na omenala Yoruba. Ọ na-agba akaebe maka omume a na-ahụkarị nke iguzobe osisi dị nsọ n'èzí ebe obibi niile. |} == Ndepụta Mgbalị == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" style="width:15%;" |Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width:150px;" |Foto ! scope="col" style="width:12.5%;" |Ebe ! scope="row" style="width:5%;" |Ihe ndị e ji mara ! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |Area[[Hectare|ha]] ([[acre]]) <br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:5%;" |Afọ e nyere ya ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Nkọwa |- ! scope="row" |Benin Iya / Sungbo's Eredo | |[[Ȯra Edo|Edo]] 6°19′43′′N 5°37′08′′E / 6.328611°N 5.618889°E / 6.628611; 5.618989 (Benin Iya / Sungbo's Eredo) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|6.328611|5.618889}}</small> |Omenala (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) | | align="center" |1995 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Benin Iya / Sungbo' s Eredo|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/488/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Kwiambana na/ma ọ bụ Ningi | |[[Ȯra Zamfara|Zamfara]] 11°05′12′′N 6°33′39′′E / 11.086667°N 6.560833°E / 11.08.086667; 6.560832 (Kwiambana na/ma ọ bụ Ningi) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|11.086667|6.560833}}</small> |Omenala (ii) (iii) (iv) | | align="center" |1995 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kwiambana and/or Ningi|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/492/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Oban Hills / Korup |[[Faịlụ:Kwafalls.jpg|267x267px]] |Cross River 5°30′00′′N 8°35′00′′E / 5.5°N 8.58333°E / 5.5; 8.58334 (Oban Hills / Korup) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|5.5|8.58333}}</small> |Okike (viii) (ix) (x) | | align="center" |1995 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oban Hills / Korup|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/493/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Osisi mangrove nke Niger Delta |[[Faịlụ:Nigerdelta_NASA.jpg|205x205px]] |[[Ȯra Abia|Abia]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]], [[Ȯra Bayelsa|Bayelsa]], Cross River, [[Ȯra Delta|Delta]], [[Ȯra Edo|Edo]], [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo]], [[Ȯra Ondo|Ondo]], Rivers 4°45′00′′N 6°50′00′′E / 4.75°N 6.833333°E / 4. 75; 6.8333 (Niger Delta Mangroves) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|4.75|6.833333}}</small> |Okike | | align="center" |1995 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Niger Delta Mangroves|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/494/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Gashaka Gumti National Park|Ogige Ntụrụndụ Gashaka Gumti]] |[[Faịlụ:Gashaka-Gumti_National_Park,_Taraba,_Nigeria.jpg|200x200px]] |[[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]], [[Ȯra Taraba|Taraba]] 11°31′E / 7.35°N 11.52°E / 7.35; 11.52 (Gashaki-Gumpti National Park) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|7.35|11.52}}</small> |Okike (vii) (x) | | align="center" |1995 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gashaki-Gumpti National Park|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/495/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Oke Idanre (Idanre Hill) |[[Faịlụ:Unseco_heritage_hill.jpg|200x200px]] |[[Ȯra Ondo|Ondo]] 7°05′32′′N 5°07′56′′E / 7.0922°N 5.132222°E / 7.09.2222; 5.1322 (Oke Idanre (Idanre Hill)) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|7.092222|5.132222}}</small> |Omenala (ii) (iii) (v) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oke Idanre (Idanre Hill)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5169/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Arochukwu|Okporo ụzọ ohu Arochkwu Long Juju (Cave Temple Complex)]] | |[[Ȯra Abia|Abia]] 5°23′00′′N 7°55′00′′E / 5.3833°N 7.916667°E / 5.483333; 7.916667 (Arochkwu Long Juju Slave Route (Cave Temple Complex)) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|5.383333|7.916667}}</small> |Omenala (iii) (vi) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arochkwu Long Juju Slave Route (Cave Temple Complex)|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5170/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Kano|Mgbidi Obodo Kano oge ochie na Ebe Ndị Jikọrọ Aka]] |[[Faịlụ:The_Kano_State_Emirs_Palace_entrance.jpg|356x356px]] |[[Nkeji Ochíchííwu Kano|Kano]] 12°00′00′′N 8°31′00′′E / 12°N 8.516667°E / 12; 8.516667 (Mgbidi Obodo Kano oge ochie na Ebe Ndị Jikọrọ Aka) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|12|8.516667}}</small> |Omenala (iii) (v) (vi) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arochkwu Ancient Kano City Walls and Associated Sites|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5171/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Ebe Omenala nke Surame |[[Faịlụ:Surame_Ancient_City_Wall_(4).jpg|200x200px]] |[[Ȯra Sokoto|Sokoto]] 13°05′15′′N 4°53′55′′E / 13.0875°N 4.898611°E / 13.0775; 4.898611.<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|13.0875|4.898611}}</small> |Ngwakọta (i) (vii) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surame Cultural Landscape|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5172/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Alok Ikom Stone Monoliths |[[Faịlụ:Ikom_monolith,_Calabar_Museum.jpg|300x300px]] |Cross River 6°05′00′′N 8°37′00′′E / 6.083333°N 8.616667°E / 6.08.3333; 8.61667 (Alok Ikom Stone Monoliths) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|6.083333|8.616667}}</small> |Omenala (i) (iii) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alok Ikom Stone Monoliths|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5173/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |[[Ọgba Ogbunike]] |[[Faịlụ:Ogbunike-Cave-Oyi-Anambra-State.png|200x200px]] |[[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] 6°11′09′′N 6°54′22′′E / 6.185872°N 6.906069°E / 6.-185872; 6.90606069 (Ogbunike Caves) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|6.185872|6.906069}}</small> |Ngwakọta (vi) (vii) | | align="center" |2007 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogbunike Caves|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5174/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Cross River-Korup-Takamanda |[[Faịlụ:Boshi_extension,_Okwangwo_Division_of_Cross_River_National_Park.3.jpg|200x200px]] |Cross River 5°34′50′′N 8°44′54′′E / 5.580451°N 8.748379°E / 5.585451; 8.748279 (Cross River-Korup-Takamanda) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|5.580451|8.748379}}</small> |Okike (ix) (x) | | align="center" |2020 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cross River-Korup-Takamanda|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6451/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=fr}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |Ọdịbendị Ọdọ Mmiri Chad |[[Faịlụ:Some_small_part_of_Lake_Chad_borno_state.jpg|200x200px]] |[[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], [[Ȯra Yobe|Yobe]] 13°N 14°E / 13°N 4°E / 13; 14 (Ọdọ Mmiri Chad ọdịbendị ala) <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><small>{{Coor|13|14}}</small> |Ngwakọta (ii) (iii) (vii) (ix) | | align="center" |2018 |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lake Chad cultural landscape|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6361/|accessdate=2023-11-20|work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}</ref> |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{Lists of World Heritage Sites}}{{Nigeria topics}} ldeisyb92cy17zrp7l47ccxmvui5g5z Caponata 0 55320 195313 2024-11-18T18:59:05Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252893830|Caponata]]" 195313 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Caponata</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Caponata_(14049113982).jpg|frameless]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |''Capunata'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Salad]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe o si malite | class="infobox-data country-name" |[[Italy|Ịtali]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ógbè ma ọ bụ steeti | class="infobox-data region" |[[Sicily]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ihe ndị bụ isi e ji mee | class="infobox-data ingredient" |[[Aubergine|Aubergine/eggplant]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe&nbsp; | class="infobox-data ingredient" |[[Celery]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mgbanwe dị iche iche | class="infobox-data" |[[Cianfotta]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[Faịlụ:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] [[wikibooks:Cookbook:Caponata (Sicilian Eggplant and Vegetables)|Akwụkwọ nri: Caponata (Sicilian Eggplant and Vegetables)]] * [[commons:Category:Caponata|Mgbasa ozi: Caponata]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} Caponata (Sicilian: capunata) bụ nri Sicilian nke nwere eggplant / aubergine na akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ, mmalite nke oliv, tomato sauce, celery, olive, na capers, na agrodolce sauce..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bestofsicily.com/mag/art221.htm|title=Caponata|accessdate=2008-05-26|author=Gangi|first=Roberta|year=2006|publisher=Best of Sicily Magazine}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike itinye karọt, ose, poteto, mkpụrụ osisi pine, na mkpụrụ vaịn.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shulman|first=Martha Rose|title=Caponata Recipe|url=https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/1016445-caponata|accessdate=2020-07-03|work=NYT Cooking|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu Palermo version na- achọta octopus, na usoro nri aristocratic lobster na swordfish e ji asparagus egbochi mma, tuna roe na shrimp hụrụ nkụ.[1]  Ndị a bụ ndị na-akpa na iwu n'ozuzu nke nri akwụkwọ nri na-atọ ụtọ ma ọ bụ salad. Taa, a na-ejikarị caponata eme ihe dị ka nri dị n'akụkụ maka nri azụ na mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-eri nri, mana kemgbe narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, a na'ejikwa ya dị ka nri bụ isi. A na-akpa Caponata na ndị ihe mere eme na obodo ndị Juu nke Sicily, a ka na-akpọkwa ya mgbe ụfọdụ caponata alla giudia. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230421-caponata-alla-giudia-sicilian-aubergine-and-vegetable-stew|title=Caponata alla giudia: Sicilian aubergine and vegetable stew|accessdate=2024-01-22|author=Baur|first=Joe|year=2023|publisher=BBC}}</ref> A na-akpọ nri Neapolitan yiri nke a "cyanfotta".  Nri a na-ewu ewu na Nri ndị Tunisia. == Okwu mmalite == A maghị aha ahụ.  Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na ọ sitere n'Asụsụ Katalan, ndị ọzọ na ọ sitere na caupone, ụlọ oriri na calaamad ndị ọrụ mmiri mmiri.[1]  Nri ndị Wright ndị ga-atụ aro na n'oge gara aga, nri Sicilian yiri nke Genoese capponata..   * Ndepụta nri ndị Sicilian * Ndepụta stew * Ndepụta nke efere eggplant * Saladi na nri na-atọ ụtọ * Ratatouille == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * Nchịkọta omenala Sicilian eggplant caponata E debere ya Wayback Machine 77cnk9xsresyrjag1uxpg93sl6trrlq Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị UNESCO 0 55321 195316 2024-11-18T19:31:56Z Onyinye Christiana 17696 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1243225343|UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists]]" 195316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Map_of_UNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage_(en).png|thumb|400x400px|Nkesa site na mba dị ka nke 2018]] UNESCO hibere Ndepụta nke ihe nketa ọdịnala ya na ebumnuche nke ịhụ na nchekwa dị mma nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị dị mkpa na-enweghị atụ n'ụwa niile na ịmara mkpa ha dị.[1]  Ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ọchịchị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha bụ nke a na-ebipụta ndepụta a, bụ nke ndị otu steeti na-ahọpụta ndị otu ya na Nzukọ Ezumezu.[2]  Site na nchịkọta nke akụ dị iche iche nke ọnụ na ihe a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ụwa nile, mmemme a chọrọ ịdọrọ uche gaa na mkpa ọ dị ichebe ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, bụ nke UNESCO achọpụtala dị ka ihe dị mkpa na dịka ebe nchekwa dị iche iche omenala na nke mmepụta ihe.[3]  [4] E guzobere ndepụta ahụ na 2008 mgbe Nkwekọrịta 2003 maka Nchebe nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị Na-apụghị Ịhụnanya malitere. Dị ka nke 2010[update], mmemme na-achịkọta ndepụta atọ.  Ndekọ nnọchite anya ogologo oge nke ihe nketa ọdịnala na-adịghị ahụkebe nke mmadụ nwere "omume na okwu [nke] na-enyere aka igosipụta ụdị ihe nketa a na ịkwalite mmata banyere mkpa ọ dị."  Ndepụta nke dị mkpụmkpụ nke ihe nketa ọdịnala a na-apụghị ịhụ anya dị mkpa nke nchekwa ngwa ngwa bụ nke omenala ndị ahụ metụtara obodo na mba na-eche na ọ ga-achọ ihe ngwa ngwa iji mee ka ha dị ndụ.[5][6]  Ndepụta nke atọ bụ Ndebanye aha nke Ezi Omume Nchekwa. N'afọ N'afọ 2013, e debanyere ihe anọ n'ime ndepụta nke ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya na mkpa nchekwa nchekwa ngwa ngwa, nke na-enyere ndị otu steeti aka ịchịkọta nkwado na enyemaka mba ụwa iji hụ na mgbasa nke ihe nketa a na nsonye nke obodo ndị metụtara ya.  Ndepụta Nchekwa ngwa ngwa ugbu a nwere ihe iri atọ na ise.  Kọmiti dị n'etiti gọọmentị dekwara ihe iri abụọ na ise n'ime ndepụta nnọchite anya nke ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke mmadụ, bụ nke na-eme ka a mata ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya na inye nkwado n'ọdịnala obodo na ịma ụzọ nke na-egosipụta ụdị omenala ha.  Ndepụta ahụ anaghị akọwapụta ma ọ bụ mata ọkọlọtọ ọ bụla nke kacha mma ma ọ bụ mwepu.  Ndepụta niile jikọtara mkpokọta 676, dabara na mba 140 dịka nke Eprel 2023[mmelite].[7] A na-ewere ihe ndị e dere na ndepụta ndị ahụ dị ka ngosipụta dị mkpa nke ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke mmadụ, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu maka ihe nketa na-apụtaghị ìhè na ọkwa ụwa. == Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị Na-apụghị Ịhụnanya nke Ụmụ Mmadụ == Ndepụta nnochite anya nke ihe nketa ọdịnala na-adịghị ahụkebe nke mmadụ nwere ihe nketa ọdịnala na-adịghị ahụ anya nke "na-enyere aka igosipụta ụdị ihe nketa omenala dị iche iche na ịkwalite mmata banyere mkpa ọ dị"[8].    {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;" ! width="140px" |Member state !Element{{ref|1|[A]}} !Year inscribed{{ref|3|[C]}} !Region{{ref|4|[D]}} ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |{{flag|Albania}} |Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Xhubleta, skills, craftsmanship and forms of usage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/xhubleta-skills-craftsmanship-and-forms-of-usage-01880|publisher=Unesco|accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Algeria}} |Knowledge and skills of the water measurers of the foggaras or water bailiffs of Touat and Tidikelt | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/intangible-heritage-seven-elements-inscribed-list-need-urgent-safeguarding|title=Intangible Heritage: Seven elements inscribed on the List in Need of Urgent Safeguarding|work=UNESCO|date=28 November 2018|language=en|accessdate=2018-11-29}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game | style="text-align:center;" |2013 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chovqan, a traditional Karabakh horse-riding game in the Republic of Azerbaijan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/chovqan-a-traditional-karabakh-horse-riding-game-in-the-republic-of-azerbaijan-00905}}</ref> |- |Yalli (Kochari, Tenzere), traditional group dances of Nakhchivan | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Belarus}} |Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/rite-of-the-kalyady-tsars-christmas-tsars-00308}}</ref> |- |Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Spring rite of Juraŭski Karahod|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/spring-rite-of-juraski-karahod-01458|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{flag|Botswana}} |Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Earthenware pottery-making skills in Botswana's Kgatleng District - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/earthenware-pottery-making-skills-in-botswanas-kgatleng-district-00753}}</ref> |- |Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dikopelo folk music of Bakgatla ba Kgafela in Kgatleng District|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/dikopelo-folk-music-of-bakgatla-ba-kgafela-in-kgatleng-district-01290}}</ref> |- |Seperu folkdance and associated practices | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Seperu folkdance and associated practices|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/seperu-folkdance-and-associated-practices-01502|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yaokwa, the Enawene Nawe people's ritual for the maintenance of social and cosmic order - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/yaokwa-the-enawene-nawe-people-s-ritual-for-the-maintenance-of-social-and-cosmic-order-00521}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Cambodia}} |The stringed music instrument Chapei dang veng | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapei Dang Veng - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/chapei-dang-veng-01165}}</ref> |- |The dance drama Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lkhon Khol Wat Svay Andet - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/lkhon-khol-wat-svay-andet-01374}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Chile}} |[[Quinchamalí]] and Santa Cruz de Cuca pottery | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Quinchamalí and Santa Cruz de Cuca pottery|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/quinchamal-and-santa-cruz-de-cuca-pottery-01847|accessdate=2022-12-31|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |{{flag|China}} |Traditional design and practices for building [[Chinese wooden arch bridges]] | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-design-and-practices-for-building-chinese-wooden-arch-bridges-00303}}</ref> |- |Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-li-textile-techniques-spinning-dyeing-weaving-and-embroidering-00302}}</ref> |- |[[Qiang New Year festival]] | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qiang New Year festival - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/qiang-new-year-festival-00305}}</ref> |- |Meshrep | style="text-align:center;" |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meshrep - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/meshrep-00304}}</ref> |- |Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks | style="text-align:center;" |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watertight-bulkhead technology of Chinese junks - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/watertight-bulkhead-technology-of-chinese-junks-00321}}</ref> |- |Wooden movable-type printing of China | style="text-align:center;" |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wooden movable-type printing of China - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/wooden-movable-type-printing-of-china-00322}}</ref> |- |Hezhen [[Yimakan|Yimakan storytelling]] | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hezhen Yimakan storytelling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/hezhen-yimakan-storytelling-00530}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Colombia}} |Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region | style="text-align:center;" |2015 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional Vallenato music of the Greater Magdalena region - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-vallenato-music-of-the-greater-magdalena-region-01095}}</ref> |- |Traditional knowledge and techniques associated with Pasto Varnish mopa-mopa of Putumayo and Nariño | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Traditional knowledge and techniques associated with Pasto Varnish mopa-mopa of Putumayo and Nariño|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-knowledge-and-techniques-associated-with-pasto-varnish-mopa-mopa-of-putumayo-and-nario-01599|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombia}}<br /><br />{{flag|Venezuela}} |Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombian-Venezuelan llano work songs - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/colombian-venezuelan-llano-work-songs-01285}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatia}} |Ojkanje singing | style="text-align:center;" |2010 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ojkanje singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ojkanje-singing-00320}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Egypt}} |Traditional Hand Puppetry—Al-Aragoz | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- |Handmade weaving in Upper Egypt ([[Sa'eed]]) | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Handmade weaving in Upper Egypt (Sa'eed)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/handmade-weaving-in-upper-egypt-sa-eed-01605|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonia}} |Building and use of expanded dugout boats in the Soomaa region | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Building and use of expanded dugout boats in the Soomaa region|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/building-and-use-of-expanded-dugout-boats-in-the-soomaa-region-01680|accessdate=2022-04-19|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|France}} |Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cantu in paghjella, a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/cantu-in-paghjella-a-secular-and-liturgical-oral-tradition-of-corsica-00315}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} |Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Carolinian wayfinding and canoe making|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/carolinian-wayfinding-and-canoe-making-01735|accessdate=2022-03-22|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |Nan Pa'ch ceremony | style="text-align:center;" |2013 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nan Pa'ch ceremony - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/nan-pach-ceremony-00863}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Indonesia}} |Saman dance | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saman dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/saman-dance-00509}}</ref> |- |Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Noken multifunctional knotted or woven bag, handcraft of the people of Papua - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/noken-multifunctional-knotted-or-woven-bag-handcraft-of-the-people-of-papua-00619}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Iran}} |Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Naqqāli, Iranian dramatic story-telling - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/naqqali-iranian-dramatic-story-telling-00535}}</ref> |- |Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian [[Lenj boat|Lenj boats]] in the Persian Gulf | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional skills of building and sailing Iranian Lenj boats in the Persian Gulf - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-skills-of-building-and-sailing-iranian-lenj-boats-in-the-persian-gulf-00534}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{flag|Kenya}} |Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditions and practices associated with the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditions-and-practices-associated-with-the-kayas-in-the-sacred-forests-of-the-mijikenda-00313}}</ref> |- |[[Isukuti dance]] of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya | style="text-align:center;" |2014 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isukuti dance of Isukha and Idakho communities of Western Kenya - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/isukuti-dance-of-isukha-and-idakho-communities-of-western-kenya-00981}}</ref> |- |Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/rituals-and-practices-associated-with-kit-mikayi-shrine-01489|title=Rituals and practices associated with Kit Mikayi shrine|work=[[UNESCO]]|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> |- |Enkipaata, Eunoto and Olng'esherr, three male rites of passage of the Maasai community | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |Al Sadu traditional weaving skills in Kuwait. | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Traditional weaving of Al Sadu|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/lists|accessdate=2021-02-13|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ala-kiyiz and Shyrdak, art of Kyrgyz traditional felt carpets - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ala-kiyiz-and-shyrdak-art-of-kyrgyz-traditional-felt-carpets-00693}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvia}} |Suiti cultural space | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suiti cultural space - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/suiti-cultural-space-00314}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{flag|Mali}} |[[Sanké mon]], collective fishing rite of the Sanké | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanké mon, collective fishing rite of the Sanké - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/sanke-mon-collective-fishing-rite-of-the-sanke-00289}}</ref> |- |[[Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw]], the rite of wisdom in Mali | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Secret society of the Kôrêdugaw, the rite of wisdom in Mali - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/secret-society-of-the-koredugaw-the-rite-of-wisdom-in-mali-00520}}</ref> |- |Cultural practices and expressions linked to the 'M'Bolon', a traditional musical percussion instrument | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Cultural practices and expressions linked to the 'M'Bolon', a traditional musical percussion instrument|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/cultural-practices-and-expressions-linked-to-the-mbolon-a-traditional-musical-percussion-instrument-01689|accessdate=2022-04-19|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mauritania}} |Moorish epic T'heydinn | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moorish epic T'heydinn - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/moorish-epic-theydinn-00524}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |Sega Tambour Chagos | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Sega tambour Chagos|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/sega-tambour-chagos-01490|accessdate=2022-03-22|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |{{flag|Mongolia}} |Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongol Biyelgee, Mongolian traditional folk dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongol-biyelgee-mongolian-traditional-folk-dance-00311}}</ref> |- |Tsuur end-blown flute | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" | |- |Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongol Tuuli, Mongolian epic - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongol-tuuli-mongolian-epic-00310}}</ref> |- |Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Folk long song performance technique of Limbe performances - circular breathing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/folk-long-song-performance-technique-of-limbe-performances-circular-breathing-00543}}</ref> |- |Mongolian calligraphy | style="text-align:center;" |2013 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongolian calligraphy - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongolian-calligraphy-00873}}</ref> |- |[[Coaxing ritual for camels]] | style="text-align:center;" |2015 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coaxing ritual for camels - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/coaxing-ritual-for-camels-01061}}</ref> |- |Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mongolian traditional practices of worshipping the sacred sites|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mongolian-traditional-practices-of-worshipping-the-sacred-sites-00871}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Namibia}} |Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu, ancestral musical sound knowledge and skills | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Aixan/Gana/Ob#ANS TSI //Khasigu, ancestral musical sound knowledge and skills|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/aixan-gana-obans-tsi-khasigu-ancestral-musical-sound-knowledge-and-skills-01540|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonia}} |[[Glasoechko]], male two-part singing in Dolni Polog | style="text-align:center;" |2015 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasoechko, male two-part singing in Dolni Polog - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/glasoechko-male-two-part-singing-in-dolni-polog-01104}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |Suri Jagek (observing the sun) | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" /> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buklog, thanksgiving ritual system of the Subanen|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/buklog-thanksgiving-ritual-system-of-the-subanen-01495|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|accessdate=2020-12-18}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eshuva, Harákmbut sung prayers of Peru's Huachipaire people - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/eshuva-harakmbut-sung-prayers-of-perus-huachipaire-people-00531}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Portugal}} |[[Manufacture of cowbells]] | style="text-align:center;" |2015 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manufacture of cowbells - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/manufacture-of-cowbells-01065}}</ref> |- |Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bisalhães black pottery manufacturing process|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/bisalhaes-black-pottery-manufacturing-process-01199}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Syria}} |Shadow play | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shadow play|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/shadow-play-01368|publisher=unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Timor-Leste}} |Tais, traditional textile | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/tais-traditional-textile-01688|title=UNESCO - Tais, traditional textile}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Turkey}} |Whistled language, Turkish bird language | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Whistled language|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/whistled-language-00658}}</ref> |- |Traditional Ahlat stonework | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Traditional Ahlat stonework|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/traditional-ahlat-stonework-00655|accessdate=2022-12-31|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |{{flag|Uganda}} |Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the [[Busoga Kingdom]] in Uganda | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigwala, gourd trumpet music and dance of the Busoga Kingdom in Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/bigwala-gourd-trumpet-music-and-dance-of-the-busoga-kingdom-in-uganda-00749}}</ref> |- |Empaako of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda | style="text-align:center;" |2013 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Empaako tradition of the Batooro, Banyoro, Batuku, Batagwenda and Banyabindi of western Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/empaako-tradition-of-the-batooro-banyoro-batuku-batagwenda-and-banyabindi-of-western-uganda-00904}}</ref> |- |[[Male-child cleansing ceremony]] of the Lango of central northern Uganda | style="text-align:center;" |2014 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Male-child cleansing ceremony of the Lango of central northern Uganda - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/male-child-cleansing-ceremony-of-the-lango-of-central-northern-uganda-00982}}</ref> |- |[[Koogere oral tradition]] of the [[Basongora]], [[Banyabindi]] and [[Batooro people|Batooro peoples]] | style="text-align:center;" |2015 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Koogere oral tradition of the Basongora, Banyabindi and Batooro peoples - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/koogere-oral-tradition-of-the-basongora-banyabindi-and-batooro-peoples-00911}}</ref> |- |[[Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance]] | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ma'di bowl lyre music and dance - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ma-di-bowl-lyre-music-and-dance-01187}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Ukraine}} |Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cossack's songs of Dnipropetrovsk Region|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/cossacks-songs-of-dnipropetrovsk-region-01194|publisher=UNESCO Culture Sector|accessdate=2017-03-12}}</ref> |- |Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture of Ukrainian borscht cooking inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding {{!}} UNESCO|url=https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/culture-ukrainian-borscht-cooking-inscribed-list-intangible-cultural-heritage-need-urgent|accessdate=2022-07-01|work=www.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|United Arab Emirates}} |Al Sadu traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Sadu, traditional weaving skills in the United Arab Emirates - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/al-sadu-traditional-weaving-skills-in-the-united-arab-emirates-00517}}</ref> |- |[[Al Azi]], art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |AST | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al Azi, art of performing praise, pride and fortitude poetry|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2017-12-07|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/al-azi-art-of-performing-praise-pride-and-fortitude-poetry-01268}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |[[Mapoyo people|Mapoyo]] oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory | style="text-align:center;" |2014 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mapoyo oral tradition and its symbolic reference points within their ancestral territory - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/mapoyo-oral-tradition-and-its-symbolic-reference-points-within-their-ancestral-territory-00983}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Viet Nam}} |Ca trù singing | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ca trù singing - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=unesco.org|accessdate=2015-12-09|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/ca-tru-singing-00309}}</ref> |- |Art of pottery-making of Chăm people | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Art of pottery-making of Chăm people|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/USL/art-of-pottery-making-of-chm-people-01574|accessdate=2022-12-31|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Ndepụta nke Ezi Omume Nchebe == '''Ndebanye aha maka Omume Nchebe Dị Mma''' na-enye ohere ka ndị otu steeti, obodo na ndị ọzọ nwere mmasị "ịkekọrịta ahụmịhe nchekwa na ihe atụ nke otu ha si merie ihe ịma aka ha chere ihu na nnyefe nke ihe nketa ha dị ndụ, omume ya na ihe ọmụma ya nye ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/register|title=Best Safeguarding Practices - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> {{Reflist|3}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:0 1em 0 0; font-size:95%;" ! width="140px" |Member state !Projects and Activities{{ref|1|[A]}} !Year Inscribed{{ref|3|[C]}} !Region{{ref|4|[D]}} ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |{{flag|Austria}} |Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft (see "Werkraum Bregenzerwald" (Vorarlberg), "Textiles Zentrum Haslach" (Upper Austria), "Hand.Werk.Haus Salzkammergut" (Upper Austria)) | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/regional-centres-for-craftsmanship-a-strategy-for-safeguarding-the-cultural-heritage-of-traditional-handicraft-01169|title=Regional Centres for Craftsmanship: a strategy for safeguarding the cultural heritage of traditional handicraft - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austria}} <br /><br />{{Flag|France}} <br /><br />{{Flag|Germany}} <br /><br />{{Flag|Norway}} <br /><br />{{Flag|Switzerland}} |Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten, in Europe, know-how, transmission, development of knowledge and innovation | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Craft techniques and customary practices of cathedral workshops, or Bauhütten, in Europe, know-how, transmission, development of knowledge and innovation|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/craft-techniques-and-customary-practices-of-cathedral-workshops-or-bauhtten-in-europe-know-how-transmission-development-of-knowledge-and-innovation-01558|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Belgium}} |Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/programme-of-cultivating-ludodiversity-safeguarding-traditional-games-in-flanders-00513|title=Programme of cultivating ludodiversity: safeguarding traditional games in Flanders - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising | style="text-align:center;" |2014 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/safeguarding-the-carillon-culture-preservation-transmission-exchange-and-awareness-raising-01017|title=Safeguarding the carillon culture: preservation, transmission, exchange and awareness-raising - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belgium}}<br /><br />{{flag|Croatia}}<br /><br />{{flag|Cyprus}}<br /><br />{{flag|France}}<br /><br />{{flag|Italy}} |Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/tocat-a-shared-programme-for-the-safeguarding-of-traditional-games-and-sports-01709|title=Tocatì, a shared programme for the safeguarding of traditional games and sports|publisher=UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|accessdate=2024-01-26}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivia}}<br /><br />{{flag|Chile}}<br /><br />{{flag|Peru}} |Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/safeguarding-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-aymara-communities-in-bolivia-chile-and-peru-00299|title=Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Brazil}} |Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/call-for-projects-of-the-national-programme-of-intangible-heritage-00504|title=Call for projects of the National Programme of Intangible Heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Fandango's Living Museum | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/fandango-s-living-museum-00502|title=Fandango's Living Museum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Bulgaria}} |Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/festival-of-folklore-in-koprivshtitsa-a-system-of-practices-for-heritage-presentation-and-transmission-00970|title=Festival of folklore in Koprivshtitsa: a system of practices for heritage presentation and transmission - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Bulgarian Chitalishte (Community Cultural Centre): practical experience in safeguarding the vitality of the Intangible Cultural Heritage | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Bulgarian Chitalishte (Community Cultural Centre): practical experience in safeguarding the vitality of the Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/bulgarian-chitalishte-community-cultural-centre-practical-experience-in-safeguarding-the-vitality-of-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-00969|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|China}} |Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/strategy-for-training-coming-generations-of-fujian-puppetry-practitioners-00624|title=Strategy for training coming generations of Fujian puppetry practitioners - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombia}} |Safeguarding strategy of traditional crafts for peace building | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Safeguarding strategy of traditional crafts for peace building|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/safeguarding-strategy-of-traditional-crafts-for-peace-building-01480|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatia}} |Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/community-project-of-safeguarding-the-living-culture-of-rovinj-rovigno-the-batana-ecomuseum-01098|title=Community project of safeguarding the living culture of Rovinj/Rovigno: the Batana Ecomuseum - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|France}} |The Martinique yole, from construction to sailing practices, a model for heritage safeguarding | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - The Martinique yole, from construction to sailing practices, a model for heritage safeguarding|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/the-martinique-yole-from-construction-to-sailing-practices-a-model-for-heritage-safeguarding-01582|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |Polyphonic Caravan, researching, safeguarding and promoting the Epirus polyphonic song | style="text-align:center;" |2020 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Polyphonic Caravan, researching, safeguarding and promoting the Epirus polyphonic song|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/polyphonic-caravan-researching-safeguarding-and-promoting-the-epirus-polyphonic-song-01611|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=www.unesco.org}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{flag|Hungary}} |Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/tanchaz-method-a-hungarian-model-for-the-transmission-of-intangible-cultural-heritage-00515|title=Táncház method: a Hungarian model for the transmission of intangible cultural heritage - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/safeguarding-of-the-folk-music-heritage-by-the-kodaly-concept-01177|title=Safeguarding of the folk music heritage by the Kodály concept - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesia}} |Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/education-and-training-in-indonesian-batik-intangible-cultural-heritage-for-elementary-junior-senior-vocational-school-and-polytechnic-students-in-collaboration-with-the-batik-museum-in-pekalongan-00318|title=Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |National programme to safeguard the traditional art of calligraphy in Iran | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - National programme to safeguard the traditional art of calligraphy in Iran|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/national-programme-to-safeguard-the-traditional-art-of-calligraphy-in-iran-01716|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kenya}} |Success story of promoting traditional foods and safeguarding traditional foodways in Kenya | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |AFR | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Success story of promoting traditional foods and safeguarding traditional foodways in Kenya|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/success-story-of-promoting-traditional-foods-and-safeguarding-traditional-foodways-in-kenya-01409|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Nomad games, rediscovering heritage, celebrating diversity|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/nomad-games-rediscovering-heritage-celebrating-diversity-01738|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico | style="text-align:center;" |2012 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/xtaxkgakget-makgkaxtlawana-the-centre-for-indigenous-arts-and-its-contribution-to-safeguarding-the-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-the-totonac-people-of-veracruz-mexico-00666|title=Xtaxkgakget Makgkaxtlawana: the Centre for Indigenous Arts and its contribution to safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage of the Totonac people of Veracruz, Mexico - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norway}} |Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context | style="text-align:center;" |2016 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/oselvar-boat-reframing-a-traditional-learning-process-of-building-and-use-to-a-modern-context-01156|title=Oselvar boat - reframing a traditional learning process of building and use to a modern context - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202171931/https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/oselvar-boat-reframing-a-traditional-learning-process-of-building-and-use-to-a-modern-context-01156|accessdate=2016-12-21|archivedate=2016-12-02}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |The School of Living Traditions (SLT) | style="text-align:center;" |2021 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - The School of Living Traditions (SLT)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/the-school-of-living-traditions-slt-01739|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}}<br /><br />{{flag|Spain}} |Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas! | style="text-align:center;" |2022 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/portuguese-galician-border-ich-a-safeguarding-model-created-by-pontenas-ondas-01848|title=Portuguese-Galician border ICH: a safeguarding model created by Ponte...nas ondas!|work=ich.unesco.org|accessdate=2023-01-04}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{flag|Spain}} |Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project | style="text-align:center;" |2009 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/centre-for-traditional-culture-school-museum-of-pusol-pedagogic-project-00306|title=Centre for traditional culture – school museum of Pusol pedagogic project - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia | style="text-align:center;" |2011 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/revitalization-of-the-traditional-craftsmanship-of-lime-making-in-moron-de-la-frontera-seville-andalusia-00511|title=Revitalization of the traditional craftsmanship of lime-making in Morón de la Frontera, Seville, Andalusia - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny | style="text-align:center;" |2013 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/methodology-for-inventorying-intangible-cultural-heritage-in-biosphere-reserves-the-experience-of-montseny-00648|title=Methodology for inventorying intangible cultural heritage in biosphere reserves: the experience of Montseny - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO|work=www.unesco.org|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden) | style="text-align:center;" |2018 | style="text-align:center;" |ENA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land-of-Legends programme, for promoting and revitalizing the art of storytelling in Kronoberg Region (South-Sweden)|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/land-of-legends-programme-for-promoting-and-revitalizing-the-art-of-storytelling-in-kronoberg-region-south-sweden-01392|publisher=unesco.org|accessdate=2018-11-29}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies | style="text-align:center;" |2017 | style="text-align:center;" |APA | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Margilan Crafts Development Centre, safeguarding of the atlas and adras making traditional technologies|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/margilan-crafts-development-centre-safeguarding-of-the-atlas-and-adras-making-traditional-technologies-01254|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela | style="text-align:center;" |2019 | style="text-align:center;" |LAC | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNESCO - Biocultural programme for the safeguarding of the tradition of the Blessed Palm in Venezuela|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/BSP/biocultural-programme-for-the-safeguarding-of-the-tradition-of-the-blessed-palm-in-venezuela-01464|accessdate=2022-04-20|work=ich.unesco.org|language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Ihe osise ndị a kpọrọ == E guzobere Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị Na-apụghị Ịhụnanya na 2008, mgbe Nkwekọrịta maka Nchebe nke Ihe Nkume Ọdịbendụ Na-apụtaghị Mmetụta malitere. <ref name="convention2">{{Cite web|title=Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN|accessdate=2009-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716023040/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN|archivedate=July 16, 2009}}</ref> Tupu nke a, otu ọrụ a maara dị ka Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ịmata uru nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya dị ka ọdịnala, omenala, na oghere ọdịnala na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-akwado ụdị ngosipụta ọdịbendị ndị a site na Nkwupụta. <ref name="2001_proclamation">{{Cite web|title=UNESCO Issues First Ever Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage|url=http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml|publisher=UNESCO Press|date=2001-05-18|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/10611/20160803193017/http://www.unesco.org/bpi/eng/unescopress/2001/01-71e.shtml/|archivedate=3 August 2016}}</ref> Ịmata ihe ndị magburu onwe ha na-agụnyekwa mkpebi nke steeti iji kwalite ma chebe akụ ndị a, ebe UNESCO na-akwado atụmatụ maka nchekwa ha.<ref name="2001_proclamation" /> Malite na 2001 ma mee ya ugboro abụọ ruo n'afọ 2005, ngụkọta nke nkwupụta atọ mere, na-agụnye ụdị ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya 90 gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="2005_proclamation">{{Cite web|title=The Samba of Roda and the Ramlila proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=30973&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|publisher=UNESCO Press|date=2005-11-25|accessdate=2009-09-05}}</ref> A na-etinye ihe omuma 90 a kpọsara na mbụ n'ime Ndepụta Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke Ụmụ Mmadụ dị ka ntinye mbụ ya, nke a ga-akpọsa dị ka ihe. <ref name="nvention">Compare: {{Cite web|title=Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003|url=http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=17716&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2009-09-05|quote=In order to ensure better visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and awareness of its significance, and to encourage dialogue which respects cultural diversity, the Committee, upon the proposal of the States Parties concerned, shall establish, keep up to date and publish a Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.}}</ref><ref name="rep_list">{{Cite web|title=Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=EN&pg=00173|accessdate=2009-09-05}}</ref> A ga-agbakwunye ihe ndị ọzọ na-esote nyocha nke nhọpụta ndị gọọmentị mba nyere na-abanye na Nkwekọrịta UNESCO, nke a na-akpọ mba ndị otu, nke ọ bụla nwere ike itinye otu faịlụ, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ mba. Otu kọmitii nke ndị ọkachamara na ihe nketa a na-apụghị ịhụ anya na otu a họpụtara ahọpụta, nke a maara dị ka Kọmitii Intergovernmental maka Nchebe nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị a na-adịghị ahụ anya, nyochaa nke ọ bụla n'ime nhọpụta tupu ha edebanye aha ndị ahụ dị ka ihe na Ndepụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00009|accessdate=2009-09-05}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya * Ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke mmepeanya Meitei * Ndepụta nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe * Ndepụta nke ihe nketa ọdịbendị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya na Northern Europe * Nchịkọta UNESCO nke Ọrụ Ndị Nnọchiteanya * Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa * Ncheta nke Ihe Omume Ụwa * Ihe onwunwe ọdịnala a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke Japan * Ndepụta nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị Na-apụghị Ịhụ Anya na Armenia * Ndepụta UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage na Azerbaijan * Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị Na-apụghị Ịhụnanya nke UNESCO na Cambodia * Ndepụta Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị UNESCO Na-apụghị Ịhụnanya na Peru === Ihe edeturu === === Ihe odide === == Njikọ mpụga == tk0nkos3ypxeqmozyy3pqe55va2sm4j Chorba 0 55322 195321 2024-11-18T21:30:21Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253389494|Chorba]]" 195321 wikitext text/x-wiki   Chorba (  ; trtrtr)                                                bụ klaasị stew ma ọ bụ ofe bara ụba a na-ahụ na nri mba n'ofe Middle East, Maghreb, Iran, Turkey, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe, Central Asia, East Africa na South Asia.  A na-ejikwa ihe mgbakwunye agbakwunyere na-akwadebekarị ya mana naanị ya[1] dị ka efere ma ọ bụ achịcha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Roden|first=Claudia|authorlink=|date=1974|title=A Book of Middle Eastern Food|url=|location=United States|publisher=Random House, Inc., New York|isbn=0394-71948-4}}</ref> == Okwu mmalite == Okwu ''chorba'' n'asụsụ Bekee na n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Balkan bụ mgbazinye site na Ottoman Turkish {{Lang|ota|چوربا}} çorba, nke n'onwe ya bụ mgbazinye sitere na Persian {{Lang|fa|شوربا}} šōrbā. Asụsụ ''shorba'' nwere ike ịbụ ego a gbazinyere n'asụsụ Bekee site na Persian ma ọ bụ site na Central ma ọ bụ South Asia. Okwu a bụ n'ikpeazụ ikpe nke shọr nke egwuregwu 'nri, nnu' na baa nke ihe 'isi nri, gruel, spoon-anụ'.[1]  Nke mbụ sitere Ndị Parthian 意 šōr nke ere 'nri', na nke ikpeazụ sitere na Middle Persian *-bāg nke ihe 'obi , spoon-anụ'. Enwere ike ijikọ usoro ọmụmụ ihe na Persian site na cognate شورباج ;  na Persian nke oge a, ebe شوربا   malitere ịpụta 'ofe, stew', شورباج   pụtara naanị 'ofe'.  Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka okwu Persian etiti-ikpeazụ 𐭪   ịgbanwe gaa ج ma ọ bụ ka ahapụ ya kpamkpam na Persian ọgbara ọhụrụ.. Okwu Arabic nke شوربة   ma ọ bụ شربة   bụkwa mbinye ego sitere na Persia na enweghị ike ijikọ ya na شرب  pụtara 'ịṅụọ'.  Nke ahụ kwuru, ọ ga-abụ na ndakọrịta phono-semantic mere n'oge ịgbazinye okwu ahụ na Arabic, nke ga-akọwa ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ.. <nowiki>A na-akpọkwa Bulgarian-asụsụ romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Chọba Kazakh-asụsụ romanization" typeof="mw:Transclusion">sorpa"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-  no-generated-contents="eziokwu" id="mwdg" aha = "Romanization asụsụ Russia"  typeof="mw:Transclusion">shurpa"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwYQ" title="Romanization-asụsụ Amharic" typeof  ="mw:Transclusion">shorba (Amharic: ike), romanization asụsụ Uzbek" typeof="mw:Transclusion">sho'rva  (Uzbek: шўрва), romanization asụsụ Pashto" typeof="mw: Transclusion">shorwa (Pashto: شوروا), chorba (Bulgarian: чорба), čorba (Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic: чорба)), asụsụ Somalia-"asụsụ asụsụ  ="mw: Transclusion"> shurbad  (Somali), ederede asụsụ Romanian" typeof="mw:Transclusion">ciorbă (Romanian), (Russian: шўрапа), Romanization asụsụ Uyghur" typeof="mw:Transclusion">shorpa (Uyghur: شورپا / шорпа),  Ederede asụsụ Turkish" typeof="mw:Transclusion">çorba  (Turkish), shorpo (Kyrgyz: шуш) na sor.    [citation need] Na mpaghara India, okwu shorbā na Urdu-Hindi ndụ nke ofe.  Ọ bụ nri Mughlai ma nwee ụdị akwụkwọ nri dịka tomato shorba.</nowiki> == Ụdị == Shorwa bụ nri ọdịnala nke Afghanistan nke bụ nri dị mfe nke a na-agwakarị na nchekwa na dastarkhān.[1]  Ọ bụ usoro dị ogologo ma na-ahụ ihe na-esi nri, ebe ọ na-eto eto ahụ ruo awa 2. Ihe ndị bụ isi e ji mee shorwa bụ poteto, agwa na anụ.[2]  A na- መሪ ndị Afghanistan enye ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afghankitchenrecipes.com/recipe/shorwa-e-tarkari-meat-veg-soup/|title=Shorwa-E-Tarkari (Meat & Veg Soup) &#124; Afghan Kitchen Recipes}}</ref> Ciorbă, dị ka a na-akpọ ya na Moldova na Romania, nwere akwụkwọ nri, anụ na ịchọ dị iche iche.  Borș bụ ofe na-esi asụsụ ụtọ nke a na-eji na mpaghara Moldova.[1]  E ọtụtụ nwere ụdị nri a, dị ka ciorbă nke perișoare, ofe leek, borscht Romanian, na borș nke burechiușe. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="140"> Faịlụ:Shorwa.JPG|Traditional Afghan shorwa Faịlụ:Chorba.jpg|Algerian chorba Faịlụ:Begova_Čorba_(Baščaršija_in_Sarajevo,_Bosnia).JPG|Bosnian ''begova čorba'' and somun bread Faịlụ:Ready_kurban_chorba.JPG|Bulgarian Kurban chorba Faịlụ:Shorpo.jpg|Kyrgyz shorpo Faịlụ:Pileća_corba.jpg|Serbian chicken čorba Faịlụ:Ciorba.jpg|Romanian ciorbă Faịlụ:Chorba_frik_algerienne.jpg|Algerian chorba frik </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ofe * Ndepụta stew<nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 86txev3bp6yupf2rgs9hijbt50xewx0 Ahmed Seada 0 55323 195331 2024-11-18T23:33:53Z Chiziqa 13055 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252488314|Ahmed Seada]]" 195331 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|name=Ahmed Seada|native_name=أحمد سعده|native_name_lang=ar|image=Ahmed Seada r.jpg|image_size=|caption=|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|03|05}}|birth_place=[[Egypt]]|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->|death_place=|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=<!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} -->|nationality=Egyptian|known_for=|alma_mater=[[Tanta university]]|employer=|parents=|spouse=|relations=|party=|footnotes=}} '''Ahmed Ragab Seada''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد سعده}}) is a [[Ikike mmadụ|human rights]] activist and<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-balad.com/28577/almnzmh-alhdythh-tdyn-ah.aspx|title=Ahmed Seada Condemns the tahrir Events|publisher=Sada El-balad|accessdate=2011-12-16}}</ref> a labor leader in the petroleum sector, and occupies [http://www.el-balad.com/28577/almnzmh-alhdythh-tdyn-ah.aspx the Executive Director]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-balad.com/28656/balsor-oalfydyotfasyl-aa.aspx|title=Ahmed Seada director of the modern organization human rights criticized the policy Tantawi|publisher=Sada El-balad|date=16 December 2011}}</ref> [http://www.el-balad.com/28656/balsor-oalfydyotfasyl-aa.aspx of the National Organization of modern human rights and human development] in [[Egypt]]. == 25 Jenụwarị mgbanwe == [[Faịlụ:Aadamaadam1.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye na-ekwu okwu bụ Ahmed Saada banyere ndị ọrụ na mgbanwe]] Izu gara aga hụrụ tupu ọ daa, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-socialists.net/node/6469|title=Hundreds of thousands of workers continue their strikes and protests|publisher=e-socialist site|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502191322/http://e-socialists.net/node/6469|archivedate=2 May 2012}}</ref> na ihe ndị metụtara akụ na ụba gbasara dị ka ọkụ ọhịa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://btro.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B8%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86/|title=Thousands of employees of Petroleum companies camped in front of the Ministry of Petroleum|publisher=petrotrade site|date=9 February 2011}}</ref> ihe ndị na-ebugharị mgbanwe bụ isi ihe chọrọ ọdịda Mubarak. Na Tuesday, 8 February, mgbe ọkwa ọkwa nke ndị ọrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Suez kwụsịrị Ọ bụ ezie na ihe dị mkpa na-agbanwe agbanwe na-agbachibido nzuko omeiwu na Council of Minister, nke Ahmed Seada na-edu karịa ndị ọrụ mmanụ 4,000, na-achọ ụgwọ ọrụ dị elu na nkwa ọrụ. Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ njem ọha ngwa ngwa na ndị ọrụ akwa na ndị ọrụ na ndị ọrụ ahụike sonyere ha. Ka ọ na-erule Tọzdee 10 Febrụwarị, ogbugbu agbasala site na Alexandria ruo Aswan. Na-agbakwa ndị na-eme ihe ike ume ka ha na-enwe ọgba aghara nke ọha mmadụ, na-ebuli mkpa akụ na ụba ọhụrụ, nke na-alụ ọgụ ogologo oge. Ha gara n'ihu ruo n'ihu n'ihu megide ọchịchị aka ike, na-achọ ọdịda nke ọchịchị ahụ. [[Faịlụ:أحمد_سعده_(32).jpg|thumb|أحمد سعده]] == Ndị ọrụ mmanụ ala mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị == === "Afọ iri na-agafe n'enweghị ihe merenụ, enwere izu ole na ole ọ kwurịtara nkwekọrịta". === Nke a bụ ikpe ruo iri afọ na mpaghara mmanụ ala, enweghị nha nhata bụ isiokwu doro anya mana Seada ririgbu ndị ọrụ ọgba aghara malitere na ndị ọrụ Petrotrade na 6 February 2011 wee kesaa data na-agba ume itinyekwu ndị ọrụ aka, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ Epsco wee bụrụ ndị ọrụ Botajmasco. mgbe ahụ ndị ọrụ Syanko ka strikers ịmanye ha chọrọ na ndị isi mmanụ ala ngalaba ndị gbalịrị ọtụtụ ụzọ agafe na gburugburu ha chọrọ, banyere ngalaba ndú na ndị isi si na steeti na ndị agha junta na otutu nzukọ na Ahmed Saada ịchọta compromises, ma mmeri iku. Mgbe picket were ụbọchị iri abụọ na otu, ebe ndị ọrụ na-enweta mmụba nke ụgwọ ọrụ site na 375%, ka ọ bụrụ mmeri kachasị ukwuu maka ndị ọrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị ọrụ na Egypt. [[Faịlụ:*_أحمد_سعده_*.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ahmed Seada]] == Mgbe Mubarak gasịrị == Mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị, esemokwu dị n'etiti [https://archive.today/20120716081918/http://tahrirnews.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%C2%BB-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1/ ndị ọrụ] na usoro ahụ mụbara ma ebe a ka Ahmed Saada malitere ịgbasa mmata [njikọ nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide ] Onye ọrụ Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tahrirnews.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%C2%BB-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1/|title=Ahmed Seada criticized the Minister of Petroleum|publisher=tahrir news|date=26 September 2011|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120716081918/http://tahrirnews.com/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%C2%AB%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%C2%BB-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%82%D8%B1/|archivedate=16 July 2012}}</ref> n'etiti ụmụ ọrụ, Ọrụ ahụ apụtawo dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ajụ mbupụ gas na Israel, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-balad.com/15650/aatlaf-shbab-albtrol-ysh.aspx|title=Ahmed Saada demands an end to export gas to Israel|publisher=Sada El-balad|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> Na 5 Maachị 2011 o sonye na mwakpo nke ụlọ nchekwa steeti dị na Nasr City wee dee n'otu mgbidi ya, na-ahapụ mbinye aka ya: Maka oge mbụ na-eme ememe ụbọchị ọmụmụ m.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/anger-in-egypt/2011/03/2011368410372200.html|title=A first step towards prosecutions?|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=6 March 2011}}</ref>  E jidere ya ọtụtụ ugboro, n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na 3 Ọktoba 2011 n'oge ya na ndị Duwaiqa na-akwado n'ihu Kansụl nke Ndị Minista, wakporo ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egyptianworkers.com/2011/10/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7/|title=Military police assaults Ahmed Saada|publisher=Egyptian workers site|date=3 October 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102221258/http://egyptianworkers.com/2011/10/03/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7/|archivedate=2 January 2012}}</ref> site n'aka ndị uwe ojii agha ma kụwaa ekwentị ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elbadil.net/بلاغ-يتهم-الشرطة-العسكرية-باحتجاز-ناش/|title=Nadim Center submit a complaint to the Attorney General in a detention incident labor activist|publisher=elbadil|date=3 October 2011|accessdate=24 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112020845/http://elbadil.net/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4/|archivedate=12 January 2012}}</ref> Na igwefoto ya wee jide ya <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alwafd.org/أخبار-وتقارير/13-الشارع%20السياسي/104173-سعدة-يتقدم-ببلاغ-ضد-اعتقاله-بمجلس-الشعب|title=Seada submit a complaint to his arrest|publisher=alwafd news|date=4 October 2011}}</ref> Ma a tọhapụrụ ngwa ngwa n'okpuru nrụgide sitere n'aka ndị ọrụ ibe ya. Iji bụrụ oge nke atọ nke jidere Saada mgbe e jidere ya na 2003 mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ n'oge ọ na-ekere òkè na ngosipụta ụmụ akwụkwọ megide maka [mwakpo Iraq, na nke abụọ na 2006. ebe e jidere ya n'oge nkesa CD na-awakpo ọrụ ndị Ijipt n'oge agha na Lebanon. == Akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Ahmed Saada == O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na nyocha n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere: * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=376157|title=Legend of the army and the people supported one|publisher=Alhewar}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=376157|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Legend of the army and the people supported one ..|publisher=Alhewar}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=371127|title=Where the conflict takes us??|publisher=Alhewar}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=371127|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Where the conflict takes us?? ..|publisher=Alhewar}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=368356|title=Egyptian revolution may get sick but do not die|publisher=Alhewar}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ahewar.org/debat/show.art.asp?aid=368356|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Egyptian revolution may get sick but do not die ..|publisher=Alhewar}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://196.205.23.138/Detail.aspx?nwsId=377494&secid=46&vid=2#|title=Egyptian society between the current situation and future prospects|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}  * {{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=358972&secid=19&vid=2#|title=Egyptian revolution awaiting the dawn of democracy|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=358972&secid=19&vid=2#|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Egyptian revolution awaiting the dawn of democracy ..|publisher=Elfagr}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=339659&secid=46&vid=2#.UZWN4aLwkqQ|title=The revolution will triumph when we destroy that State|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=339659&secid=46&vid=2#.UZWN4aLwkqQ|title=Ahmed Saada writes: The revolution will triumph when we destroy that State ..|publisher=Elfagr}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=322523&secid=19&vid=2#.UZWN4aLwkqQ|title=The nightmare of a religious state|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=322523&secid=19&vid=2#.UZWN4aLwkqQ|title=Ahmed Saada writes: The nightmare of a religious state ..|publisher=Elfagr}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?secid=46&nwsId=301252&vid=2|title=Is the revolution lost compass .. ??|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?secid=46&nwsId=301252&vid=2|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Is the revolution lost compass .. ?? ..|publisher=Elfagr}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=280024&secid=19&vid=2#.URiDhje__tv|title=Revolution and counter-revolution – whichever wins??|publisher=Journal Al Fajr}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=280024&secid=19&vid=2#.URiDhje__tv|title=Ahmed Saada writes: revolution and counter-revolution – whichever wins?? ..|publisher=Elfagr}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/13537|title=Civil war in Egypt is at stake|publisher=.. Journal Home|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=6 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106111403/http://www.albedaiah.com/node/13537}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/13537|title=Ahmed Saada writes: civil war in Egypt is at stake|publisher=Elbedaia|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=6 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106111403/http://www.albedaiah.com/node/13537}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/8125|title=Message to the President|publisher=.. Journal Home|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042201/http://albedaiah.com/node/8125}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/8125|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Message to the President|publisher=Elbedaia|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042201/http://albedaiah.com/node/8125}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/3979|title=Constitution masters|publisher=.. Journal Home|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=29 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229160059/http://www.albedaiah.com/node/3979}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.albedaiah.com/node/3979|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Gentlemen Constitution|publisher=Elbedaia|accessdate=18 February 2013|archivedate=29 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229160059/http://www.albedaiah.com/node/3979}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=469154&SecID=190&IssueID=0|title=Sorry. Egyptian identity, not sectarian|publisher=.. Seventh Day Journal|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815101457/http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=469154&SecID=190&IssueID=0|archivedate=15 August 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=469154&SecID=190&IssueID=0|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Egyptian identity, not sectarian|publisher=youm7|date=6 August 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815101457/http://www.youm7.com/News.asp?NewsID=469154&SecID=190&IssueID=0|archivedate=15 August 2011}}</ref> * {{Cite web|url=http://election.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=33549&secid=19&vid=2|title=Who will be the next god ??|publisher=.. Al Fajr|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120715164827/http://election.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=33549&secid=19&vid=2|archivedate=15 July 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://election.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=33549&secid=19&vid=2|title=Ahmed Saada writes: Who will be the next god|publisher=elfagr|date=31 July 2011|accessdate=18 February 2013|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120715164827/http://election.elfagr.org/Detail.aspx?nwsId=33549&secid=19&vid=2|archivedate=15 July 2012}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Alaa Abd El-Fattah * Wael Khalil * Youssef Darwish == Ihe odide == 6{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[Facebook]].com/Ahmed.Seada.R" id="mwAYU" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Akụkọ Ahmed Saada na Facebook. * [[Twitter]].com/AhmedSeada9_" id="mwAYg" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Akụkọ Ahmed Saada na Twitter [nkwekọrịta nwụrụ anwụ na-adịgide adịgide ].  {{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6zfx7byvpttno7cytbav3mx18pmunu0 Solomon Adun Asemota 0 55324 195333 2024-11-18T23:50:31Z Chiziqa 13055 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256404344|Solomon Adun Asemota]]" 195333 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} '''Solomon Adun Asemota''' SAN (amụrụ na Disemba 8, 1938) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria na Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edostate.gov.ng/blog/2017/12/31/obaseki-celebrates-asemota-at-80/|title=Obaseki celebrates Asemota at 80|author=Akpomudje|first=About Efe|date=2017-12-31|work=Edo State Government|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/discriminatory-appointments-against-non.html|title=Discriminatory Appointments against Non-muslims in Nigeria - by Solomon Asemota, SAN|date=2016-08-10|work=Linda Ikeji's Blog|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Solomon Asemota & Co.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newtonarbitration.com/Arbitration/solomon-asemota-co/|title=Solomon Asemota & Co.|date=2015-07-21|work=Newton Arbitration|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ irene Asemota ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. Ọ ghọrọ Onye Nnọchiteanya Ukwu nke Naijiria (SAN) n'afọ 1986. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianlawguru.com/information/SENIOR%20ADVOCATES%20OF%20NIGERIA.pdf|title=Senior Advocates of Nigeria|author=Nigerian Law Guru|work=Nigerian Law Guru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philipilenbarenemen.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/philip-ilenbarenemen-reports-on-mr-solomon-asemota-san-led-discussion-at-the-nigerian-observatory-in-london/|title=Philip Ilenbarenemen reports on Mr Solomon Asemota SAN led discussion at the Nigerian Observatory in London|date=2012-08-29|work=philipilenbarenemen|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Solomon Adun Asemota na Disemba 8, 1938, na Benin City, isi obodo Edo State, Southern Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/asemota-chief-solomon-adun/|title=ASEMOTA, Chief Solomon Adun|author=Admin|date=2016-11-15|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya malitere na 1945 na St. Luke School, Jos, tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na 1948 na Immaculate Conception College, Benin City . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2013/05/02/issues-religion-politics-and-socio-economic-violence-nigeria-catholic-response|title=Issues of Religion, Politics And Socio-Economic Violence In Nigeria: A Catholic Response|date=2013-05-02|work=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Ọ gara Southern Police College, Ikeja, Lagos (1959-1960) (Cadet Sub-Inspectors" Course) tupu ọ gaa Wakefield Police College, Yorkshire, England, na 1962 maka Advanced Police Training na Scottish Police College, Kincardine, Scotland, na 1969 maka Senior Officers Training na nhazi na njikwa. Ọ gara [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] n'etiti afọ 1964 na 1969, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Law (Honours) na 1969. N'afọ 1970, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu ma ghọọ onye ọka iwu na Law mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nigerian Law School . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-05|title=A List of Notable Senior Advocates of Nigeria: Part 2 - Welcome To InlandTown Online {{!}} Get hot information on Onitsha|url=https://www.inlandtown.com/a-list-of-notable-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-part-2/|accessdate=2023-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụu == Ndị uwe ojii Naijiria <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/solomon-asemota-wishing-you-many-more-years-of-national-service/|title=Solomon Asemota: Wishing you many more years of national service – The Sun Nigeria|work=www.sunnewsonline.com|date=3 January 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Edebara ya aha na ndi uwe ojii Naijiria dika onye nleba anya nke Cadet: (course no. 6) na 1959. Mgbe o nwechara ọzụzụ, e zigara ya na mpaghara Ikeja ebe o buru uzo jee ozi dika onye okaiwu n’ulo ikpe majisteet, Ikeja, n’Isi. Ụlọikpe Mason Begho. Na 1961, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ nkuzi na Man O'War Bay na Victoria, Cameroons. Ọ laghachiri Naịjiria, na-eje ozi dịka onye ọka iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Chief Magistrate Sapele, n'okpuru Chief Magistrate Olayinka Odumosu na Sikiru Abina. Ka e mesịrị na 1961, ọ ghọrọ onye Inspector, Administrator, Second-in-Command Traffic Division, ma mesịa banye na ngalaba mpụ na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii mpaghara Ikeja. N'afọ 1962, e buliri ya gaa n'ọkwa nke Assistant Superintendent of Police, ma họpụta onye isi ndị uweojii na mpaghara Ondo North nke gụnyere Ekiti, Akoko, na Owo Divisions, (nke dị ihe dị ka ọkara Ondo steeti), bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ. Onye uwe ojii ngalaba, onye na-ahụ maka 800 L.S. ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ ọrụ uwe ojii 26. A họpụtara ya (nke ọnwa isii na 1963) na United Nations Operation na Congo (ONUC) ugbu a Democratic Republic of Congo. O jere ozi na Leopoldville (nke bụ́ Kinshasa ugbu a), ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka Onye Ọchịchị nke Abụọ (Ndị uwe ojii) na Luluaburg (nke bụzi Katanga). Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nke Gọvanọ Mbụ nke Midwest Region, Chief [[Jereton Mariere]], site na 1963 ruo 1964. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ hapụrụ Southern Police College na Ikeja ebe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọmụmụ maka Cadet Sub-Inspector na Sergeants promotion courses na Advanced Training Wing, site na 1964 ruo 1966. Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, Ibrahim Coomassie, mechara bụrụ Inspector General of Police, ebe mmadụ ise ndị ọzọ ruru ọkwa nke Assistant Inspector General nke Police (AIGs).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na-achị site na 1966 ruo 1968 na National Bureau of the Interpol, Central C.I.D. Alagbon Close, [[Ikoyi]], Lagos, ọ bụkwa, n'otu oge, onye nyocha nke ụlọ ikpe nyocha na E.C.N. na Ports Authority. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote Onye isi ndị uwe ojii ma bụrụ onye otu ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa na nzukọ Interpol na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na 1967. E mechara nyefee ya na Ngalaba Mpụ dị ka onye nke abụọ na-achị. N'afọ 1969, e buliri ya n'ọkwa Superintendent ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ ndị uwe ojii, Ikoyi, Lagos. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na [[Nigeria Police Force|Ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1970 iji rụọ ọrụ iwu. === Iwu === A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke otu ndị ọka iwu nke Naijiria, Alaka Benin, site na 1974 ruo 1978. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-echekwa ego nke otu ndị ọka iwu nke Naijiria wee jee ozi site na 1978 ruo 1980. O wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ, kọmitii ego, ọgbakọ iwu Commonwealth nke isii na 1980. Ọ bụkwa onye otu General Council of the Bar site na 1978 ruo 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi nleta maka nkuzi na usoro iwu obodo na Institute of Advanced Legal Studies na 1985. Site na 1979 ruo 1985, ọ bụ onye otu Council of Legal Education. Ọ ghọkwara onye otu, Kọmitii Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị, nke General Council of the Bar, site na 1990 ruo 1995 na onye otu, Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee site na 1991 ruo 1993 (komiti nke na-enye ọkwa nke Senior Advocate of Nigeria on Lawyers). Ọ ghọrọ Onye Nnukwu Ọkaiwu nke Naịjirịa (SAN) n'afọ 1986. N'oge dị iche iche n'ọrụ ya, ọ nọchitere anya Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd., Dumez Nigeria Ltd., Elf Oil Nig. Ltd., Bight Engineering Ltd., Life Flour Mill Ltd., Sapele, Nigeria Police Force, State Security Services, University of Benin, Oil Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC). Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu Solomon Asemota & Co. (site na 1970), Barristers na Solicitors, nwere ọfịs na Benin City, Lagos, Port Harcourt, [[Abuja]] na [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawnigeria.com/Legalservices/LawFirmswithSeniorAdvocatesofNigeria(SAN)2.html|title=NIGERIAN LAW FIRMS with Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)|work=lawnigeria.com|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> == Nkwado == * Ihe nrite nnwere onwe, 1960 * Ihe nrite ONUC (Congo), 1962 * Ihe nrite nke Republican, 1963 * Ihe nrite nke Agha Obodo, 1970 === Nsọpụrụ === * Jubilee Alumnus Award, Law Faculty, University of Lagos, maka ihe ịga nke ọma dị ịrịba ama na ọha mmadụ na 1987 * Ihe nrite Distinguished Merit, Edo State University, Ekpoma, 1996 * Onyinye CAN Merit, November 1999 == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * "Nigerian's Securities and Exchange Commission Act 1979" (N'ime International Business Lawyer, Journal of the Section on Business Law of the International Bar Association, October 1981, Vol. 9). nke Naịjirịa na nzukọ nke ndị nnọchi anya ndị nkịtị, Archdiocese nke Lagos na IWOPIN na Fraịde, July 14, 2006. * Ojukwu and the Ethnic Nationalities Movement of Nigeria by Solomon Asemota, SAN, November 28, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arisenigeria.org/peoples-news/277-ojukwu-and-the-ethnic-nationalities-movement-of-nigeria-by-solomon-asemota-san?format=pdf|title=Ojukwu and the Ethnic Nationalities Movement of Nigeria|author=Asemota|first=Solomon|date=2011-11-28|work=www.arisenigeria.org|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> * Constitutional Development Options for Sustainable Development in Nigeria, January 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Asemota|first=Solomon|date=January 2017|title=CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA|url=https://csmnigeria.org/images/docs/Constitutional_development_options_for_sustainable_development_in_Nigeria.pdf|journal=Nigerian National Political Summit}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fdvp0bril5a7zhuiomv0fur62rn9y1k Orzo 0 55325 195369 2024-11-19T02:15:50Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242213436|Orzo]]" 195369 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Orzo</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Orzo.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Orzo a na-esighị esi</div> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |''Risoni'', pepinettes, ''piñones'', ''pitim'', riewele''Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Pasta]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe o si malite | class="infobox-data country-name" |[[Mediterranean Basin|Ọdọ Mmiri Mediterenian]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[commons:Category:Orzo|Mgbasa ozi: Orzo]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} Orzo (/ˈɔːrzoʊ, ˈɔːrtsoʊ/,[1][2][3]itit []; lit.it'barley'; sitere na Latịn hordeum), nke a dị ka risoni ( []; 'nnukwu [mkpụrụ] osikapa.  '), bụ ụdị pasta dị nke dị ka nnukwu ike osikapa.[4]   itA na-eji ntụ ọka eme Orzo, mana ike iji ọka zuru oke mee ya.[5]  A na-dị semolina eme ya, ụdị ntụ ọka e ji ọka wit durum mee. Aha {{Lang|it|orzo}} bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịdị pasta a na North America, mana ọ bụghị ya na Ịtali, ebe okwu ahụ ka na-apụta 'barley'.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nkwadebe == E ọtụtụ nwere ụzọ dị iche iche iji jeere orzo ozi.  Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-etinye na ofe, [1] avgolemono, ofe ndị Grik, [2] na ofe ndị Ịtali, dị ka Minestrone.  Ọ òtù ịbụ nke ite="Salad">Salad, pilaf, ma ọ bụ giouvetsi, ma ọ bụrụ nke a na-eme na casserole.<ref name="What Is Orzo? Cooking and Recipes">{{Cite web|author=Alfaro|first=Danilo|title=What Is Orzo? Cooking and Recipes|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-orzo-and-how-to-cook-it-4160739|work=The Spruce Eats|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEkAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Orzo%22&pg=PA8&article_id=1151,2341247|title=Gadsden Times|publisher=Gadsden Times|language=en}}</ref> A bi isi ya n'ọkụ ma sie ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, iji nri yiri risotto.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kang|first=Kiran|date=17 September 2022|title=What is Orzo and how to prepare|url=https://homerecipespoint.com/orzo-rice-pasta-salad-healthy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401041714/https://homerecipespoint.com/orzo-rice-pasta-salad-healthy/|archivedate=1 April 2023|accessdate=17 September 2022}}</ref> Mgbe emechara pasta, a iron iji saffron, chilies, na agwa ojii mee orzo iji jide pasta odo, oroma, ma ọ bụ oji. == Aha ndị ọzọ == Orzo yiri nke mofu (kritharáki, lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>), ma ọ bụ μανέστρα (manestra mgbe ọ dị na ofe) na Nri ndị Gris, arpa şehriye (lit. 'barley noodle') na Nri ndị Turkey, na لسان العصفور (lisān).  al-ʿaṣfūr, lit.' ire parrow') na nri.  Na Spain, a na-akpọ pasta yiri ya Spanish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">piñones (nke bụkwa okwu Spanish maka 'pine nut', nke orzo yiri [1]). Israel_couscous" id="mwZA"  rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli couscous">Ptitim bụ pasta dị ka nri osikapa n'afọ ndị 1950 na Israel dị ka ihe na-amị anya osikapa..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-30|title=Spicy ptitim (Israeli couscous)|url=http://food.lizsteinberg.com/2012/07/30/spicy-ptitim-israeli-couscous/|accessdate=2024-07-08|work=Cafe Liz|language=en-US}}</ref> PỌ bụkwa ndị nke nri nke omenala ndị France, site na Lorraine ruo Provence, ebe a na-akpọ orzo pépinettes ma ọ bụ riewele dabere na mpaghara ahụ.  Na Alsace, a na-ahụ orzo eme broth ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riewele soupe {{!}} Pâtes Grand-mère|url=https://www.patesgrandmere.com/recettes/riewele-soupe|accessdate=2024-07-08|work=www.patesgrandmere.com}}</ref> == Hụkwa == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOrzona Wikimedia Commons   gyt81nnptcz9wg9yfsly5x6p8y4mhxd 195370 195369 2024-11-19T02:16:15Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1242213436|Orzo]]" 195370 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox hrecipe adr" |+ class="infobox-title fn" id="4" |<span>Orzo</span> | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Orzo.jpg|250x250px]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Orzo a na-esighị esi</div> |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |''Risoni'', pepinettes, ''piñones'', ''pitim'', riewele''Ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Pasta]] |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe o si malite | class="infobox-data country-name" |[[Mediterranean Basin|Ọdọ Mmiri Mediterenian]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.25em;" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * [[commons:Category:Orzo|Mgbasa ozi: Orzo]]&nbsp;[[File:Commons-logo.svg|alt=|class=noviewer|16x16px]] </div> |} Orzo (/ˈɔːrzoʊ, ˈɔːrtsoʊ/,[1][2][3]itit []; lit.it'barley'; sitere na Latịn hordeum), nke a dị ka risoni ( []; 'nnukwu [mkpụrụ] osikapa.  '), bụ ụdị pasta dị nke dị ka nnukwu ike osikapa.[4]   itA na-eji ntụ ọka eme Orzo, mana ike iji ọka zuru oke mee ya.[5]  A na-dị semolina eme ya, ụdị ntụ ọka e ji ọka wit durum mee. Aha {{Lang|it|orzo}} bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ọdịdị pasta a na North America, mana ọ bụghị ya na Ịtali, ebe okwu ahụ ka na-apụta 'barley'.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nkwadebe == E ọtụtụ nwere ụzọ dị iche iche iji jeere orzo ozi.  Ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe a na-etinye na ofe, [1] avgolemono, ofe ndị Grik, [2] na ofe ndị Ịtali, dị ka Minestrone.  Ọ òtù ịbụ nke ite="Salad">Salad, pilaf, ma ọ bụ giouvetsi, ma ọ bụrụ nke a na-eme na casserole.<ref name="What Is Orzo? Cooking and Recipes">{{Cite web|author=Alfaro|first=Danilo|title=What Is Orzo? Cooking and Recipes|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-orzo-and-how-to-cook-it-4160739|work=The Spruce Eats|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zQEkAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22Orzo%22&pg=PA8&article_id=1151,2341247|title=Gadsden Times|publisher=Gadsden Times|language=en}}</ref> A bi isi ya n'ọkụ ma sie ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, iji nri yiri risotto.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kang|first=Kiran|date=17 September 2022|title=What is Orzo and how to prepare|url=https://homerecipespoint.com/orzo-rice-pasta-salad-healthy/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401041714/https://homerecipespoint.com/orzo-rice-pasta-salad-healthy/|archivedate=1 April 2023|accessdate=17 September 2022}}</ref> Mgbe emechara pasta, a iron iji saffron, chilies, na agwa ojii mee orzo iji jide pasta odo, oroma, ma ọ bụ oji. == Aha ndị ọzọ == Orzo yiri nke mofu (kritharáki, lit. <nowiki>''</nowiki>), ma ọ bụ μανέστρα (manestra mgbe ọ dị na ofe) na Nri ndị Gris, arpa şehriye (lit. 'barley noodle') na Nri ndị Turkey, na لسان العصفور (lisān).  al-ʿaṣfūr, lit.' ire parrow') na nri.  Na Spain, a na-akpọ pasta yiri ya Spanish-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">piñones (nke bụkwa okwu Spanish maka 'pine nut', nke orzo yiri [1]). Israel_couscous" id="mwZA"  rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Israeli couscous">Ptitim bụ pasta dị ka nri osikapa n'afọ ndị 1950 na Israel dị ka ihe na-amị anya osikapa..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-30|title=Spicy ptitim (Israeli couscous)|url=http://food.lizsteinberg.com/2012/07/30/spicy-ptitim-israeli-couscous/|accessdate=2024-07-08|work=Cafe Liz|language=en-US}}</ref> PỌ bụkwa ndị nke nri nke omenala ndị France, site na Lorraine ruo Provence, ebe a na-akpọ orzo pépinettes ma ọ bụ riewele dabere na mpaghara ahụ.  Na Alsace, a na-ahụ orzo eme broth ọkụkọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riewele soupe {{!}} Pâtes Grand-mère|url=https://www.patesgrandmere.com/recettes/riewele-soupe|accessdate=2024-07-08|work=www.patesgrandmere.com}}</ref> == Hụkwa == Mgbasa ozi metụtaraOrzona Wikimedia Commons   == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 4y2ks5byx311no7jhhk31c72kqh5cx0 Osisi Baklouti 0 55326 195372 2024-11-19T02:27:37Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253808548|Baklouti pepper]]" 195372 wikitext text/x-wiki   Osikapa Baklouti (Arabic: بقلوطي, baqlūṭī) bụ ụdị ose chili (Capsicum annuum) nke a na-ahụ na Tunisia.[1][2]  Ọ bụ isi ihe e ji mee na harissa, ofe a na-ahụ na Nri ndị Tunisia nke e ji ose a na-ese ịhụnanya mee.[3]  A na-akpọ ya aha obodo Bekalta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Agier|first=Michel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faFb-L5fZ30C&q=bekalta+baklouti+piment&pg=PA495|title=Classes ouvrières d'Afrique noire: études réunies et présentées par M. Agier, J. Copans et A. Morice|date=1987-01-01|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-86537-168-6|language=fr}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tunisian Baklouti Peppers|url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Tunisian_Baklouti_Peppers_18180.php|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=Specialty Produce|language=en}}</ref> Osikapa Bakloti dị ogologo, ihe dị ka ike 15 ruo 20 n'ogologo, na obere pods na ike dị nro. Ọ bụkwa ihe dị mkpa na lababi nke Tunisia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Tunisian Baklouti Peppers|url=https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Tunisian_Baklouti_Peppers_18180.php|accessdate=2021-01-05|work=Specialty Produce|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://specialtyproduce.com/produce/Tunisian_Baklouti_Peppers_18180.php "Tunisian Baklouti Peppers"]. ''Specialty Produce''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-05</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} f0z0bd2x341vgf8nebx88kdll44okpr Salad Blunkett 0 55327 195373 2024-11-19T02:28:54Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253060719|Blunkett salad]]" 195373 wikitext text/x-wiki   Salad Blunkett ( ) bụ salad ndị Tunisia na-enwekarị achịcha, harissa, àkwá na tuna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ezzouhour.com/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9.html|title=سلطة بلانكيت التونسية {{!}} المطبخ التونسي|work=ezzouhour.com|language=ar|accessdate=2017-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ar.webmanagercenter.com/2013/07/22/17835/%d8%af%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%88%d9%85-%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a9-%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%83%d9%8a%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%a9/|title=دبارة اليوم : سلاطة بلانكيت الشهية|author=ALMASDAR|work=المصدر تونس|accessdate=2017-04-18}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta salad Arabic * Ebe a na-edebe nri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} pilqcwfazl4x71k65wpasbycupiazxm Salep 0 55328 195396 2024-11-19T06:50:09Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252525260|Salep]]" 195396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Salep''', a kpọkwara '''sahlep''' ma ọ bụ '''sahlab''', bụ ntụ ọka sitere na tubers nke orchid genus ''Orchis'' (gụnyere ụdị ''Orchis mascula'' na ''Orchis militaris'' ). Ndị a tubers nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ, starchy polysaccharide akpọ glucomannan . A na-eri ntụ ọka ire ere na ihe ọṅụṅụ na ihe oriri, karịsịa na nri nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, karịsịa na Levant ebe ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oge oyi. Mmụba nke oriri na-eme ka mkpochapụ nke orchids mpaghara na akụkụ Turkey na Iran. == Etymology == Okwu ''salep'' n'ikpeazụ sitere na [[Arabic]] saḥlab ( {{Lang|ar|سَحْلَب}} ), site na French na Turkish {{Lang|tr|salep}} na etiti narị afọ nke 18. O nwere ike mebie okwu Arabic site na ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab ( Arabic ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=salep - definition of salep in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926103905/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep|archivedate=September 26, 2016|work=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of SALEP|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salep|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=the definition of salep|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/salep|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Maqedoni._Një_salepçi_shqiptar_në_Shkup.jpg|thumb| Onye ahịa Albania na-ere ahịa na Ottoman Üsküp ( Skopje nke oge a), 1907]] Ndị Rom oge ochie na-eji bọlbụ orchid n'ala mee ihe ọṅụṅụ, nke ha kpọrọ aha n'ọtụtụ aha, karịsịa satyrion na priapiscus . Dị ka aha ndị ahụ na-egosi, ha weere ya dị ka aphrodisiac dị ike. N'ime salep, Paracelsus dere, sị: "Lee mgbọrọgwụ ''Satyrion'', ọ bụ na a kpụrụghị ya dị ka akụkụ nzuzo nke nwoke? Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịgọnarị nke a. N'ihi ya, anwansi achọpụtara ya ma kpughee na ọ nwere ike iweghachi omume nwoke na agụụ mmekọahụ ". Salep bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ewu ewu n'ala ndị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman . Ọ nwere aha ọma dị ka "fattener" maka ụmụ agbọghọ, iji mee ka ha na-adaba tupu alụmdi na nwunye. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarence-Smith|first=William Gervase|title="The Global Consumption of Hot Beverages, c. 1500-c. 1900," in Food and Globalization: Consumption Markets and Politics in the Modern World|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017|editor=Nützenadel|location=Oxford|pages=37–56}}</ref> Oriri ya gbasaara ebe ahụ ruo England na Germany tupu kọfị na tii ebili, e mesịakwa nye ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ọzọ n'ụlọ kọfị. Na England, a maara ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ dị ka saloop . Na-ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 17 na 18 na England, nkwadebe ya chọrọ ka a na-etinye ntụ ntụ salep na mmiri ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị ụtọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-esi ísì ụtọ na ifuru oroma ma ọ bụ mmiri rose. Mgbanwe nke mgbọrọgwụ orchid nke Britain, nke a maara dị ka "nkịta nkịta", maka ụdị ndị Turkish mbụ bụ ihe a na-anabata na narị afọ nke 18. === Saloop === [[Faịlụ:Saloop_-_Rowlandson's_characteristic_Sketches_of_the_Lower_Orders_(1820)_-_BL.jpg|thumb| Ihe osise 1820 nke Rowlandson mere na-egosi ndị otu iwu dị ala na-anụ ụtọ saloop, nke ha na-aṅụ site na saucer <ref>{{Cite book|title=Rowlandson's Characteristic Sketches of the Lower Orders of the British Metropolis|publisher=Samuel Leigh|year=1820|author=Thomas Rowlandson}}</ref>]] '''Saloop''' bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-ewu ewu na England na narị afọ nke 18 na 19th. Na mbụ, e mere ya site na salep, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Smyrna . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b21537483#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=40&z=-0.092%2C-0.0022%2C1.5198%2C1.1029|title=Food: some account of its sources, constituents and uses|author=Church|first=A.H.|publisher=Chapman and Hall Ld.|year=1893|location=The University of Leeds Library|pages=29}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, mgbọrọgwụ na akwụkwọ nke osisi sassafras nke North America bụ isi ihe. Osisi a mere ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ sie ike ma nwee àgwà na-akpali akpali. A na-ere ihe ọṅụṅụ a n'ọnọdụ tii na kọfị, bụ ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ma jiri mmiri ara ehi na shuga na-enye ya n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa dị iche iche, gụnyere "na-adịghị ala ala mmanya inebriety" <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b29807980#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=606&z=-0.4546%2C0%2C1.9091%2C1.3855|title=The encyclopedia of food: their comparative values and how best to use and enjoy them|author=Ward|first=Artemas|publisher=1923|pages=451}}</ref> na scurvy . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sides|first=Hampton|title=The wide wide sea: imperial ambition, first contact and the fateful final voyage of Captain James Cook|date=2024|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=9780385544764|edition=First}}</ref> Ihe a ma ama ya dara mgbe e kwuru na a na-agwọ [[Sexually Transmitted Infection|ọrịa anụ ahụ]], yabụ ịṅụ ya n'ihu ọha ghọrọ ihe ihere. E ji ụlọ ahịa kọfị dochie ụlọ Saloop dị na London. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.37797/2015.37797.London-Labour-And-The-London-Poor--Vol-1#page/n25/mode/2up/search/salep|title=London Labour and the London Poor|author=Mayhew|first=Henry|year=1861|pages=27}}</ref> == Eji oge a == A na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi na-ekpo ọkụ eme ihe ọṅụṅụ sahlab ugbu a karịa mmiri. A na-esikwa ntụ ọka salep mee ihe oriri ndị ọzọ, gụnyere salep pudding na dondurma . Mpaghara Kahramanmaraş nke Turkey bụ onye na-emepụta sahlab nke a maara dị ka Maraş Salebi. Ihe ewu ewu nke sahlab na Turkey emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na orchids ọhịa belata, ma bụrụkwa nke iwu na-akwadoghị ibupụ ezi ire ere. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3126047.stm|accessdate=9 November 2015|date=5 August 2003}}</ref> N'ihi ya, a na-eji ekpomeekpo artificial mee ọtụtụ ngwakọta sahlab ozugbo. Salep na-aṅụkwa mmanya na Albania na Gris; a na-erekarị ya n'okporo ámá dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi na-atụ n'afọ. Ọ na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Middle East, karịsịa na Egypt na Levant. Ezinụlọ nọ na Turkey na-aṅụ ụdị na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theistanbulinsider.com/salep-and-boza-history-and-recipe-of-special-turkish-winter-drinks/|title=Salep and Boza – History and Recipe of Special Turkish Winter Drinks}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na kwa afọ na Turkey, a na-egbute tubers 30 sitere na ụdị 38; ọ na-ewe site na 1,000 ruo 4,000 tubers iji mee otu kilo nke ntụ ọka. N'ihi ụkọ ụdị ụfọdụ na mkpochapụ mpaghara na-abawanye ụba, ndị ahịa na-ewe ihe ubi orchid ọhịa na Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani nke Mahadum Uppsala na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 7 na 11 nde orchids nke ụdị iri na itoolu na ụdị dị iche iche ka anakọtara site na ugwu Iran na 2013, na-ebuga ihe ka ukwuu na Turkey. Owuwe ihe ubi nke tubers orchid na-abawanyekwa na Gris. <ref name="ns3124" /> Na Middle East, "sahlab" bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyi na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri ara ehi na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke a na-eji mkpụrụ na cinnamon chọọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/food/133182/sachlav-the-hot-chocolate-of-the-middle-east/|title=Sachlav: The Hot Chocolate of the Middle East|work=The Forward|date=17 November 2010|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa ala ala peeji nkọwa == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == === Nkọwapụta === ngwakọta sahlab ozugbo. Salep na-aṅụkwa mmanya na Albania na Gris; a na-erekarị ya n'okporo ámá dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi na-atụ n'afọ. Ọ na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Middle East, karịsịa na Egypt na Levant. Ezinụlọ nọ na Turkey na-aṅụ ụdị na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge{{Reflist}} === Ederede ndị edepụtara === * {{Cite book|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Dalby|year=2003|title=Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23259-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Davidson|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Davidson (food writer)|year=1987|title=Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-211579-9}} * {{Cite news|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3126047.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=August 5, 2003}} * {{Cite book|editor=Jacobi|year=1995|title=Paracelsus: Selected Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00para|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01876-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Pedanius Dioscorides|authorlink=Pedanius Dioscorides|title=De materia medica}} * {{Cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|title=Naturalis historia|authorlink=Pliny the Elder}} * {{Cite book|author=Pseudo-Apuleius|title=Herbarium Apuleii Platonici}} * {{Cite book|author=Theophrastus|authorlink=Theophrastus|title=Historia plantarum}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7mb3ctkykhmp4lzs50mf56zjezb0s5o 195397 195396 2024-11-19T06:55:54Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Nkọwapụta */ 195397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Salep''', a kpọkwara '''sahlep''' ma ọ bụ '''sahlab''', bụ ntụ ọka sitere na tubers nke orchid genus ''Orchis'' (gụnyere ụdị ''Orchis mascula'' na ''Orchis militaris'' ). Ndị a tubers nwere ihe na-edozi ahụ, starchy polysaccharide akpọ glucomannan . A na-eri ntụ ọka ire ere na ihe ọṅụṅụ na ihe oriri, karịsịa na nri nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, karịsịa na Levant ebe ọ bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oge oyi. Mmụba nke oriri na-eme ka mkpochapụ nke orchids mpaghara na akụkụ Turkey na Iran. == Etymology == Okwu ''salep'' n'ikpeazụ sitere na [[Arabic]] saḥlab ( {{Lang|ar|سَحْلَب}} ), site na French na Turkish {{Lang|tr|salep}} na etiti narị afọ nke 18. O nwere ike mebie okwu Arabic site na ḵuṣā aṯ-ṯaʕlab ( Arabic ). <ref>{{Cite web|title=salep - definition of salep in English {{!}} Oxford Dictionaries|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926103905/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/salep|archivedate=September 26, 2016|work=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of SALEP|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salep|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=the definition of salep|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/salep|work=Dictionary.com}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Faịlụ:Maqedoni._Një_salepçi_shqiptar_në_Shkup.jpg|thumb| Onye ahịa Albania na-ere ahịa na Ottoman Üsküp ( Skopje nke oge a), 1907]] Ndị Rom oge ochie na-eji bọlbụ orchid n'ala mee ihe ọṅụṅụ, nke ha kpọrọ aha n'ọtụtụ aha, karịsịa satyrion na priapiscus . Dị ka aha ndị ahụ na-egosi, ha weere ya dị ka aphrodisiac dị ike. N'ime salep, Paracelsus dere, sị: "Lee mgbọrọgwụ ''Satyrion'', ọ bụ na a kpụrụghị ya dị ka akụkụ nzuzo nke nwoke? Ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịgọnarị nke a. N'ihi ya, anwansi achọpụtara ya ma kpughee na ọ nwere ike iweghachi omume nwoke na agụụ mmekọahụ ". Salep bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ewu ewu n'ala ndị Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman . Ọ nwere aha ọma dị ka "fattener" maka ụmụ agbọghọ, iji mee ka ha na-adaba tupu alụmdi na nwunye. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clarence-Smith|first=William Gervase|title="The Global Consumption of Hot Beverages, c. 1500-c. 1900," in Food and Globalization: Consumption Markets and Politics in the Modern World|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017|editor=Nützenadel|location=Oxford|pages=37–56}}</ref> Oriri ya gbasaara ebe ahụ ruo England na Germany tupu kọfị na tii ebili, e mesịakwa nye ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ọzọ n'ụlọ kọfị. Na England, a maara ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ dị ka saloop . Na-ewu ewu na narị afọ nke 17 na 18 na England, nkwadebe ya chọrọ ka a na-etinye ntụ ntụ salep na mmiri ruo mgbe ọ ga-adị ụtọ, mgbe ahụ, a ga-esi ísì ụtọ na ifuru oroma ma ọ bụ mmiri rose. Mgbanwe nke mgbọrọgwụ orchid nke Britain, nke a maara dị ka "nkịta nkịta", maka ụdị ndị Turkish mbụ bụ ihe a na-anabata na narị afọ nke 18. === Saloop === [[Faịlụ:Saloop_-_Rowlandson's_characteristic_Sketches_of_the_Lower_Orders_(1820)_-_BL.jpg|thumb| Ihe osise 1820 nke Rowlandson mere na-egosi ndị otu iwu dị ala na-anụ ụtọ saloop, nke ha na-aṅụ site na saucer <ref>{{Cite book|title=Rowlandson's Characteristic Sketches of the Lower Orders of the British Metropolis|publisher=Samuel Leigh|year=1820|author=Thomas Rowlandson}}</ref>]] '''Saloop''' bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-ewu ewu na England na narị afọ nke 18 na 19th. Na mbụ, e mere ya site na salep, ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Smyrna . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b21537483#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=40&z=-0.092%2C-0.0022%2C1.5198%2C1.1029|title=Food: some account of its sources, constituents and uses|author=Church|first=A.H.|publisher=Chapman and Hall Ld.|year=1893|location=The University of Leeds Library|pages=29}}</ref> Ka e mesịrị, mgbọrọgwụ na akwụkwọ nke osisi sassafras nke North America bụ isi ihe. Osisi a mere ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ sie ike ma nwee àgwà na-akpali akpali. A na-ere ihe ọṅụṅụ a n'ọnọdụ tii na kọfị, bụ ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ma jiri mmiri ara ehi na shuga na-enye ya n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ. A na-eji ya mee ihe dị ka ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa dị iche iche, gụnyere "na-adịghị ala ala mmanya inebriety" <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b29807980#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=606&z=-0.4546%2C0%2C1.9091%2C1.3855|title=The encyclopedia of food: their comparative values and how best to use and enjoy them|author=Ward|first=Artemas|publisher=1923|pages=451}}</ref> na scurvy . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Sides|first=Hampton|title=The wide wide sea: imperial ambition, first contact and the fateful final voyage of Captain James Cook|date=2024|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|isbn=9780385544764|edition=First}}</ref> Ihe a ma ama ya dara mgbe e kwuru na a na-agwọ [[Sexually Transmitted Infection|ọrịa anụ ahụ]], yabụ ịṅụ ya n'ihu ọha ghọrọ ihe ihere. E ji ụlọ ahịa kọfị dochie ụlọ Saloop dị na London. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.37797/2015.37797.London-Labour-And-The-London-Poor--Vol-1#page/n25/mode/2up/search/salep|title=London Labour and the London Poor|author=Mayhew|first=Henry|year=1861|pages=27}}</ref> == Eji oge a == A na-ejikarị mmiri ara ehi na-ekpo ọkụ eme ihe ọṅụṅụ sahlab ugbu a karịa mmiri. A na-esikwa ntụ ọka salep mee ihe oriri ndị ọzọ, gụnyere salep pudding na dondurma . Mpaghara Kahramanmaraş nke Turkey bụ onye na-emepụta sahlab nke a maara dị ka Maraş Salebi. Ihe ewu ewu nke sahlab na Turkey emeela ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na orchids ọhịa belata, ma bụrụkwa nke iwu na-akwadoghị ibupụ ezi ire ere. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3126047.stm|accessdate=9 November 2015|date=5 August 2003}}</ref> N'ihi ya, a na-eji ekpomeekpo artificial mee ọtụtụ ngwakọta sahlab ozugbo. Salep na-aṅụkwa mmanya na Albania na Gris; a na-erekarị ya n'okporo ámá dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi na-atụ n'afọ. Ọ na-ewu ewu nke ukwuu n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke Middle East, karịsịa na Egypt na Levant. Ezinụlọ nọ na Turkey na-aṅụ ụdị na-ekpo ọkụ n'oge oyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theistanbulinsider.com/salep-and-boza-history-and-recipe-of-special-turkish-winter-drinks/|title=Salep and Boza – History and Recipe of Special Turkish Winter Drinks}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na kwa afọ na Turkey, a na-egbute tubers 30 sitere na ụdị 38; ọ na-ewe site na 1,000 ruo 4,000 tubers iji mee otu kilo nke ntụ ọka. N'ihi ụkọ ụdị ụfọdụ na mkpochapụ mpaghara na-abawanye ụba, ndị ahịa na-ewe ihe ubi orchid ọhịa na Iran. Abdolbaset Ghorbani nke Mahadum Uppsala na-eme atụmatụ na n'etiti 7 na 11 nde orchids nke ụdị iri na itoolu na ụdị dị iche iche ka anakọtara site na ugwu Iran na 2013, na-ebuga ihe ka ukwuu na Turkey. Owuwe ihe ubi nke tubers orchid na-abawanyekwa na Gris. <ref name="ns3124" /> Na Middle East, "sahlab" bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ oyi na-ekpo ọkụ nke na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri ara ehi na-ekpo ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke a na-eji mkpụrụ na cinnamon chọọ ya mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forward.com/food/133182/sachlav-the-hot-chocolate-of-the-middle-east/|title=Sachlav: The Hot Chocolate of the Middle East|work=The Forward|date=17 November 2010|accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> == Nkọwa ala ala peeji nkọwa == {{Reflist|group=note}} == Ntụaka == === Nkọwapụta === {{Reflist}} === Ederede ndị edepụtara === * {{Cite book|author=Dalby|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Dalby|year=2003|title=Food in the Ancient World: From A to Z|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-23259-3}} * {{Cite book|author=Davidson|first=Alan|authorlink=Alan Davidson (food writer)|year=1987|title=Oxford Companion to Food|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-211579-9}} * {{Cite news|title=Ice cream threatens Turkey's flowers|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3126047.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=August 5, 2003}} * {{Cite book|editor=Jacobi|year=1995|title=Paracelsus: Selected Writings|url=https://archive.org/details/selectedwritings00para|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01876-8}} * {{Cite book|author=Pedanius Dioscorides|authorlink=Pedanius Dioscorides|title=De materia medica}} * {{Cite book|author=Pliny the Elder|title=Naturalis historia|authorlink=Pliny the Elder}} * {{Cite book|author=Pseudo-Apuleius|title=Herbarium Apuleii Platonici}} * {{Cite book|author=Theophrastus|authorlink=Theophrastus|title=Historia plantarum}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i5erua7kko2sevbftq4b5kqzh3rpsd8 Couscoussier 0 55329 195398 2024-11-19T07:07:59Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1256723910|Couscoussier]]" 195398 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Couscoussier.jpg|thumb]] Nwanne nna ( ) bụ ngwa nri nwere ọnụ ụlọ abụọ nke ọdịnala a na-eji na North Africa na nri Berber (karịsịa, nri Libya, Tunisia, Algeria na Morocco) iji esi nri couscous..<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite web|author=Fabricant|first=Florence|title=In the Land of Its Origin, Couscous Is More Than a Quick Fix|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 30, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/30/garden/in-the-land-of-its-origin-couscous-is-more-than-a-quick-fix.html|accessdate=October 11, 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFabricant1992">Fabricant, Florence (December 30, 1992). [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/30/garden/in-the-land-of-its-origin-couscous-is-more-than-a-quick-fix.html "In the Land of Its Origin, Couscous Is More Than a Quick Fix"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> A na-ihe abụọ na-azụ ọnụ eme ya, nke e ji ma ọ bụ ụrọ omenala, ma ọ bụ ire (steel, Aluminum ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa mee).  Nke mbụ, nke bụ nke ka ukwuu, na-ejide mmiri ma ọ bụ ofe eji ebe uzuoku.  Nke abụọ, obere ite, a na-eme ka omume ya n'elu nke mbụ, ma nwee ụdị na ala nwere oghere, ka o wee jide couscous n'alụ ka ọ na-ekwe ka ịhụnanya banye ma banye n'ime ọka  .  Ozugbo esichara couscous, ikiri ike iji ite dị n'okpuru ya sie ma mezue isi ya, iji nye nri a ibure..<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite web|author=Fabricant|first=Florence|title=In the Land of Its Origin, Couscous Is More Than a Quick Fix|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 30, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/30/garden/in-the-land-of-its-origin-couscous-is-more-than-a-quick-fix.html|accessdate=October 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1980/02/20/archives/kitchen-equipment-buying-a-couscoussier.html|title=Kitchen Equipment: Buying a Couscoussier|first=Pierre|author=Franey|date=February 20, 1980}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke arịa nri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 2c2ex6re2z6lnyjdmw49ah1bi9825tl Tulumba 0 55330 195399 2024-11-19T07:16:22Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1252479531|Tulumba]]" 195399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Tulumba''' ma ọ bụ '''Bamiyeh''' ( Persian ) bụ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ e ghere eghe nke a na-achọta na Egypt, Turkey na nri mpaghara nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ . Ọ bụ batter e ghere eghe nke etinyere na sirop, dị ka jalebis ma ọ bụ churros . A na-eme ya site na ntụ ọka pastry choux na-ekoghị eko (na-emekarị ihe dịka 3&nbsp;cm ogologo) jiri akpa achịcha dị iche iche were ọkpọkọ na-eji kpakpando mepere emepe ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ yiri ya. A na-ebu ụzọ gbanye ya ka ọ bụrụ ụcha ọla edo wee wụsa ya sirop na-atọ ụtọ mgbe ọ ka dị ọkụ. A na-eri ya oyi. == Aha == ''Tulumba'' pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị 'pump' na Turkish, na-enweta site na Italian {{Lang|it|tromba}} . A na-akpọ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ ahụ ''pomba'' na Cypriot Greek na ''bombacık'' na Cypriot Turkish . Na nri Armenia enwere ike ịkpọ ya ma ọ bụ ''pomp'' ma ọ bụ ''tulumba'' ( Armenian : թուլումբա). Njirimara ''Tulumba'' na Albanian, Serbian, Bosnia, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek ( Greek ), Azeri ( Azerbaijani ) na nri Turkish . A na-ahụkwa ihe ụtọ ahụ na nri ndị Peshia dị ka ''bamiyeh'' ( Persian), mgbe akwukwo nri nke otu aha Persia ( okra ), n'ihi udi ya. Na Hejazi a na-akpọ ya ''ṭurumba'' ( Arabic ) ozugbo site na Italian, ma na ndị Ijipt na ụfọdụ nri ndị Arab a na-akpọ ya ''balaḥ ash-Sham'' ( Arabic ), n'ụzọ nkịtị " Ụbọchị Siria " ma ọ bụ "Ụbọchị Damascene ," ọ bụ ezie na aha ahụ nwere ike si na " şambali ", ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Turkish ọzọ ("Şam" na "şambali" kwekọrọ na "Sham" na "balaḥ ash-Shām" na ha abụọ. na-ezo aka Damaskọs). Na nri Iraqi a maara ya dị ka ''datli'' ( Arabic), na-abịa ozugbo site na okwu Turkish ''[[wiktionary:tatlı|tatlı]]'' . == Isi ihe == A na-esi na yogọt mee ya  na ntụ ọka starch, nke e ghere eghe tupu etinye ya na sirop . Ọ bụ ụtọ pụrụ iche na-atọkarị ụtọ na Iftar na Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslims break fast on first day of Ramadan|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=November 4, 2005|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-10-04-ramadan_x.htm|accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref> A na-erekwa ya n'akụkụ ''jalebi'', nke a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, ma a na-ahazi ya na nhazi weebụ nke mpempe mgwakota agwa. == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery align="left" widths="200" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Тулумби.jpg| Tulumba Faịlụ:Tulumba_with_kaymak_and_pistachio.jpg|alt=Tulumba with kaymak and pistachio| Tulumba na kaymak na pistachio Faịlụ:Tulumba_(cross_section).JPG|alt=Tulumba cross-section (front)| Tulumba cross-ngalaba (n'ihu) Faịlụ:Tulumba_(6881443243).jpg|alt=Round| Gburugburu Faịlụ:Churro_Ice_Cream_Sandwich.jpg|alt=Spiral shape| Spiral udi Faịlụ:Churro_or_Tulumba.jpg|alt=Two pieces of shape (Twisted round).| Ibe abụọ nke udi (agbagọ agbagọ). </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụdị donut * Ndepụta eghe mgwakota agwa dị iche iche * Ndepụta nke desserts nke Turkey * Buñuelo * Pinaypay * Churro * Gorgoria * Jalebi * Lokma * Fartura (nri) == Ntụaka == dịka 3 cm ogologo) jiri akpa achịcha dị iche iche were ọkpọkọ na-eji kpakpando mepere emepe ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ yiri ya. A na-ebu ụzọ gbanye ya ka ọ bụrụ ụcha ọla edo wee wụsa ya sirop na-atọ ụtọ mgbe ọ ka dị ọkụ. A na-eri ya oyi.{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Tulumba at Wikimedia Commons re0k98740su84ivnnd2wkckf6nwtcr8 195400 195399 2024-11-19T07:23:08Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Tulumba''' ma ọ bụ '''Bamiyeh''' ( Persian ) bụ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ e ghere eghe nke a na-achọta na Egypt, Turkey na nri mpaghara nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ . Ọ bụ batter e ghere eghe nke etinyere na sirop, dị ka jalebis ma ọ bụ churros . A na-eme ya site na ntụ ọka pastry choux na-ekoghị eko (na-emekarị ihe dịka 3&nbsp;cm ogologo) jiri akpa achịcha dị iche iche were ọkpọkọ na-eji kpakpando mepere emepe ma ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ yiri ya. A na-ebu ụzọ gbanye ya ka ọ bụrụ ụcha ọla edo wee wụsa ya sirop na-atọ ụtọ mgbe ọ ka dị ọkụ. A na-eri ya oyi. == Aha == ''Tulumba'' pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị 'pump' na Turkish, na-enweta site na Italian {{Lang|it|tromba}} . A na-akpọ ihe eji megharịa ọnụ ahụ ''pomba'' na Cypriot Greek na ''bombacık'' na Cypriot Turkish . Na nri Armenia enwere ike ịkpọ ya ma ọ bụ ''pomp'' ma ọ bụ ''tulumba'' ( Armenian : թուլումբա). Njirimara ''Tulumba'' na Albanian, Serbian, Bosnia, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Greek ( Greek ), Azeri ( Azerbaijani ) na nri Turkish . A na-ahụkwa ihe ụtọ ahụ na nri ndị Peshia dị ka ''bamiyeh'' ( Persian), mgbe akwukwo nri nke otu aha Persia ( okra ), n'ihi udi ya. Na Hejazi a na-akpọ ya ''ṭurumba'' ( Arabic ) ozugbo site na Italian, ma na ndị Ijipt na ụfọdụ nri ndị Arab a na-akpọ ya ''balaḥ ash-Sham'' ( Arabic ), n'ụzọ nkịtị " Ụbọchị Siria " ma ọ bụ "Ụbọchị Damascene ," ọ bụ ezie na aha ahụ nwere ike si na " şambali ", ihe eji megharịa ọnụ Turkish ọzọ ("Şam" na "şambali" kwekọrọ na "Sham" na "balaḥ ash-Shām" na ha abụọ. na-ezo aka Damaskọs). Na nri Iraqi a maara ya dị ka ''datli'' ( Arabic), na-abịa ozugbo site na okwu Turkish ''[[wiktionary:tatlı|tatlı]]'' . == Isi ihe == A na-esi na yogọt mee ya  na ntụ ọka starch, nke e ghere eghe tupu etinye ya na sirop . Ọ bụ ụtọ pụrụ iche na-atọkarị ụtọ na Iftar na Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Muslims break fast on first day of Ramadan|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=November 4, 2005|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-10-04-ramadan_x.htm|accessdate=August 19, 2010}}</ref> A na-erekwa ya n'akụkụ ''jalebi'', nke a na-akwado ya n'ụzọ yiri nke ahụ, ma a na-ahazi ya na nhazi weebụ nke mpempe mgwakota agwa. == Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka == <gallery align="left" widths="200" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Тулумби.jpg| Tulumba Faịlụ:Tulumba_with_kaymak_and_pistachio.jpg|alt=Tulumba with kaymak and pistachio| Tulumba na kaymak na pistachio Faịlụ:Tulumba_(cross_section).JPG|alt=Tulumba cross-section (front)| Tulumba cross-ngalaba (n'ihu) Faịlụ:Tulumba_(6881443243).jpg|alt=Round| Gburugburu Faịlụ:Churro_Ice_Cream_Sandwich.jpg|alt=Spiral shape| Spiral udi Faịlụ:Churro_or_Tulumba.jpg|alt=Two pieces of shape (Twisted round).| Ibe abụọ nke udi (agbagọ agbagọ). </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ụdị donut * Ndepụta eghe mgwakota agwa dị iche iche * Ndepụta nke desserts nke Turkey * Buñuelo * Pinaypay * Churro * Gorgoria * Jalebi * Lokma * Fartura (nri) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Tulumba at Wikimedia Commons 7styct8fg8nay9utiol3h4x408vpwyw Bissara 0 55331 195403 2024-11-19T07:40:17Z Mercyjamb123 15824 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253062908|Bissara]]" 195403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Bissara''', '''bessara''', '''besarah, bayssara, bayssar''' na '''tamarakt''' ( Arabic ) bụ efere na nri ndị Ijipt na nri Moroccan . Nri ahụ nwere agwa fava gbawara agbawa, eyịm, galik, herbs na-esi ísì ụtọ na ngwa nri. A na-eji nwayọ sie ihe niile na-esi nri wee jikọta ọnụ iji nweta mmịnye ude na-esi ísì ụtọ ma ọ bụ efere akụkụ. N'ime nri ndị Juu oge ochie, a na-eri nri yiri nke ahụ, nke a maara dị ka " '''mikpah ful''' " n'akwụkwọ ndị rabaị . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dickstein|first=Tova|title=The Taste of Ancient Israel: Tales of Food and Recipes from the Land of Israel|publisher=Ofir Bikkurim|year=2021|location=Israel|pages=86–88|language=he}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDickstein2021">Dickstein, Tova (2021). </cite></ref> == Etymology == Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nri kwenyere na aha Bissara sitere na okwu Hieroglyphic [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|nke Egypt oge ochie]] "Bisourou" (ma ọ bụ ''bissouro),'' nke pụtara "agwa esichara". == Nkwadebe == Bissara na-eji agwa sara mbara chara acha dị ka ihe bụ isi. Ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere galik, mmanụ oliv, ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon, ose na-acha uhie uhie, cumin, na nnu. A na-eji peas gbawara agbawa ma ọ bụ chickpeas akwadebe Bissara mgbe ụfọdụ. === Nri Ijipt === N'Ijipt, a na-eri bissara nanị dị ka ntinye maka achịcha, a na-enyekwa ya maka nri ụtụtụ, dị ka ''meze'', ma ọ bụ adịkarịghị, maka nri ehihie ma ọ bụ nri abalị. Bissara Ijipt na-agụnye herbs ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ose na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon, na yabasị mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref name="Arabi">{{Cite news|author=كريم|first=محمد|date=2015-11-08|title=البصارة... وجبة الشتاء الزهيدة|language=ar|work=العربي|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/miscellaneous/2015/11/8/البصارة-وجبة-الشتاء-الزهيدة|accessdate=2018-05-14}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFكريم2015">كريم, محمد (2015-11-08). </cite></ref> Ọ bụ omenala nri onye ọrụ ugbo, <ref name="Arabi" /> n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ewu ewu na Egypt mepere emepe kemgbe 2011 n'ihi na ọ dị mma karịa ndị otu obodo mepere emepe, [[Ful medames|ihe nrite zuru oke]] . <ref name="Lina">{{Cite news|author=El-Wardani|first=Lina|date=2010-05-05|title=An Ancient Diet|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/ancient-diet/|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> Ọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala, a kọwakwara ya dị ka nri [[Ịdị Ogbenye|ndị ogbenye]] . N'Ijipt, bissara na-agụnyekwa ahịhịa ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ-karịsịa pasili, mint, dil, akwụkwọ nri, ma ọ bụ [[Mulukhiyah|molokhiya]], ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt si mba ọzọ na-agbakwụnye na [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] - a na-erikwa ya na achịcha dị ka ntinye. <ref name="Arabi">{{Cite news|author=كريم|first=محمد|date=2015-11-08|title=البصارة... وجبة الشتاء الزهيدة|language=ar|work=العربي|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/miscellaneous/2015/11/8/البصارة-وجبة-الشتاء-الزهيدة|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> <ref name="Yasmine">{{Cite web|author=Yasmine|date=March 17, 2016|title=Classic Egyptian Bessara|url=http://cairocooking.com/md_recipe/classic-egyptian-bessara/|accessdate=2018-05-14|work=Cairo Cooking}}</ref> === Nri Moroccan === [[Faịlụ:Bissara_(Moroccan_Dip).JPG|thumb|200x200px| Bissara]] Na Morocco, bissara na-ewu ewu n'oge ọnwa oyi nke afọ, a pụkwara ịhụ ya n'ámá obodo na ụzọ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=''Bissara'', le plat chaud anti-froid|url=http://www.babmagazine.ma/bissara-le-plat-chaud-anti-froid|accessdate=2021-12-27|work=www.babmagazine.ma}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rosa.|first=Amar|title=Cuisine juive marocaine: la cuisine de Rosa|date=2 November 2017|publisher=Editions Gisserot|isbn=978-2-7558-0763-9|oclc=1013172477}}</ref> A na-etinyekarị ya na efere na-emighị emi ma ọ bụ efere ofe, ma tinye ya na mmanụ oliv, paprika, na cumin. A na-eri achịcha mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime efere ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ n'elu. === Nri ndị yiri ya === [[Tova Dickstein]], onye ọkachamara na nri oge ochie, jikọtara nri [[Jew|ndị Juu]] oge ochie a maara dị ka ''mikpah'' ma ọ bụ ''mikpah ful'', nke a kpọtụrụ aha ọtụtụ ugboro na akwụkwọ ndị rabaị, na bissara nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ochie na-akọwa ya dị ka mkpuru e ji agwa fava, galik, mint, na mmanụ oliv mee. N'ihi na ọ na-apụta ugboro ugboro na Mishnah, nke gụnyekwara iwu halak nke na-ekwu na a pụrụ ịhapụ ''sukkah'' naanị n'oge mmiri ozuzo ozugbo ''mikpa'' ahụ dị mmiri ma na-esi ísì, ọ kpọrọ ya " nri mba " nke ndị Izrel oge ochie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dickstein|first=Tova|title=The Taste of Ancient Israel: Tales of Food and Recipes from the Land of Israel|publisher=Ofir Bikkurim|year=2021|location=Israel|pages=86–88|language=he}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ful medames|Ihe nrite zuru oke]] * Ndepụta ofe agwa * Ndepụta ofe == Ntụaka == ọkachamara na nri oge ochie, jikọtara nri ndị Juu oge ochie a maara dị ka mikpah ma ọ bụ mikpah ful, nke a kpọtụrụ aha ọtụtụ ugboro na akwụkwọ ndị rabaị, na bissara nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ochie na-akọwa ya dị ka mkpuru e ji agwa fava, galik, mint, na mmanụ{{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Weiss Chirichigno 2007">{{cite book | last1=Weiss | first1=J. | last2=Chirichigno | first2=P. | title=Egyptian Cooking English Edition | publisher=Bonechi | year=2007 | isbn=978-88-476-0706-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hXmCyYmMaoC&pg=PA30 | page=30}}</ref> <ref name="Kitchen 2010">{{cite book | last=Kitchen | first=M.B.T. | title=World Kitchen Morocco | publisher=Murdoch Books | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74266-500-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP1XzeKB8iUC&pg=PT42 | page=pt42}} {{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="Valenta 2016">{{cite web | last=Valenta | first=Kyle | title=How to eat breakfast like a local around the world - Provided By Advertising Publications | website=The Seattle Times | date=June 23, 2016 | url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nwshowcase/journeys/how-to-eat-breakfast-like-a-local-around-the-world/ | access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Independent.ie 2014">{{cite web | title=The spice of life in magical Marrakesh... | website=Independent.ie | date=June 28, 2014 | url=http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/the-spice-of-life-in-magical-marrakesh-30384843.html | access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Morse 1998 p. 63">{{cite book | last=Morse | first=K. | title=Cooking at the Kasbah: Recipes from My Morroccan Kitchen | publisher=Chronicle Books | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-8118-1503-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtSUJVWjR7YC&pg=PA63| page=63}}</ref> <ref name="Staff 2013">{{cite book | title=Good Eating's Global Dining in Chicago: Where to Find the City's Best International, Ethnic, and Exotic Restaurants | publisher=Agate Publishing, Incorporated | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-57284-443-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=546aecEMDuoC&pg=PT71 | access-date=September 6, 2016 | page=71}}</ref> <ref name="Jaffrey 2014">{{cite book | last=Jaffrey | first=M. | title=Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian: More Than 650 Meatless Recipes from Around the World | publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-307-81612-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7zCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 | page=103}}</ref> <ref name="Honnor 2012">{{cite book | last=Honnor | first=J. | title=Morocco Footprint Handbook | publisher=Footprint | series=Footprint Handbooks | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-907263-31-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | access-date=September 6, 2016 | page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Hal Hamon Barbey 2013">{{cite book | last1=Hal | first1=F. | last2=Hamon | first2=J. | last3=Barbey | first3=B. | title=Authentic Recipes from Morocco | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4629-0540-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kADQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | page=47}}</ref> <ref name="Engineers 2006">{{cite book | last=Engineers | first=N.B.C. | title=The Complete Book on Spices & Condiments (with Cultivation, Processing & Uses) 2nd Revised Edition: With Cultivation, Processing & Uses | publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7833-038-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=039ZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR61 | page=61}}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/recipe-bissara/ Ntụziaka Peace Corps Bissara] * [https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/12358-moroccan-fava-bean-and-vegetable-soup Ofe agwa Fava Moroccan - Isi nri New York Times] 6dp9fr4mpatvl017pmgk7vjrzmgjis2 195404 195403 2024-11-19T07:41:21Z Mercyjamb123 15824 /* Ntụaka */ 195404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Bissara''', '''bessara''', '''besarah, bayssara, bayssar''' na '''tamarakt''' ( Arabic ) bụ efere na nri ndị Ijipt na nri Moroccan . Nri ahụ nwere agwa fava gbawara agbawa, eyịm, galik, herbs na-esi ísì ụtọ na ngwa nri. A na-eji nwayọ sie ihe niile na-esi nri wee jikọta ọnụ iji nweta mmịnye ude na-esi ísì ụtọ ma ọ bụ efere akụkụ. N'ime nri ndị Juu oge ochie, a na-eri nri yiri nke ahụ, nke a maara dị ka " '''mikpah ful''' " n'akwụkwọ ndị rabaị . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dickstein|first=Tova|title=The Taste of Ancient Israel: Tales of Food and Recipes from the Land of Israel|publisher=Ofir Bikkurim|year=2021|location=Israel|pages=86–88|language=he}}</ref> == Etymology == Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nri kwenyere na aha Bissara sitere na okwu Hieroglyphic [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|nke Egypt oge ochie]] "Bisourou" (ma ọ bụ ''bissouro),'' nke pụtara "agwa esichara". == Nkwadebe == Bissara na-eji agwa sara mbara chara acha dị ka ihe bụ isi. Ihe ndị ọzọ gụnyere galik, mmanụ oliv, ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon, ose na-acha uhie uhie, cumin, na nnu. A na-eji peas gbawara agbawa ma ọ bụ chickpeas akwadebe Bissara mgbe ụfọdụ. === Nri Ijipt === N'Ijipt, a na-eri bissara nanị dị ka ntinye maka achịcha, a na-enyekwa ya maka nri ụtụtụ, dị ka ''meze'', ma ọ bụ adịkarịghị, maka nri ehihie ma ọ bụ nri abalị. Bissara Ijipt na-agụnye herbs ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ose na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon, na yabasị mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref name="Arabi">{{Cite news|author=كريم|first=محمد|date=2015-11-08|title=البصارة... وجبة الشتاء الزهيدة|language=ar|work=العربي|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/miscellaneous/2015/11/8/البصارة-وجبة-الشتاء-الزهيدة|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> Ọ bụ omenala nri onye ọrụ ugbo, <ref name="Arabi" /> n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ewu ewu na Egypt mepere emepe kemgbe 2011 n'ihi na ọ dị mma karịa ndị otu obodo mepere emepe, [[Ful medames|ihe nrite zuru oke]] . <ref name="Lina">{{Cite news|author=El-Wardani|first=Lina|date=2010-05-05|title=An Ancient Diet|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/ancient-diet/|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> Ọ na-adịkarị ọnụ ala, a kọwakwara ya dị ka nri [[Ịdị Ogbenye|ndị ogbenye]] . N'Ijipt, bissara na-agụnyekwa ahịhịa ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ-karịsịa pasili, mint, dil, akwụkwọ nri, ma ọ bụ [[Mulukhiyah|molokhiya]], ọ bụ ezie na ndị Ijipt si mba ọzọ na-agbakwụnye na [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] - a na-erikwa ya na achịcha dị ka ntinye. <ref name="Arabi">{{Cite news|author=كريم|first=محمد|date=2015-11-08|title=البصارة... وجبة الشتاء الزهيدة|language=ar|work=العربي|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/miscellaneous/2015/11/8/البصارة-وجبة-الشتاء-الزهيدة|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> <ref name="Yasmine">{{Cite web|author=Yasmine|date=March 17, 2016|title=Classic Egyptian Bessara|url=http://cairocooking.com/md_recipe/classic-egyptian-bessara/|accessdate=2018-05-14|work=Cairo Cooking}}</ref> === Nri Moroccan === [[Faịlụ:Bissara_(Moroccan_Dip).JPG|thumb|200x200px| Bissara]] Na Morocco, bissara na-ewu ewu n'oge ọnwa oyi nke afọ, a pụkwara ịhụ ya n'ámá obodo na ụzọ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|title=''Bissara'', le plat chaud anti-froid|url=http://www.babmagazine.ma/bissara-le-plat-chaud-anti-froid|accessdate=2021-12-27|work=www.babmagazine.ma}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Rosa.|first=Amar|title=Cuisine juive marocaine: la cuisine de Rosa|date=2 November 2017|publisher=Editions Gisserot|isbn=978-2-7558-0763-9|oclc=1013172477}}</ref> A na-etinyekarị ya na efere na-emighị emi ma ọ bụ efere ofe, ma tinye ya na mmanụ oliv, paprika, na cumin. A na-eri achịcha mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime efere ahụ, a na-etinyekwa ihe ọṅụṅụ lemon mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ n'elu. === Nri ndị yiri ya === [[Tova Dickstein]], onye ọkachamara na nri oge ochie, jikọtara nri [[Jew|ndị Juu]] oge ochie a maara dị ka ''mikpah'' ma ọ bụ ''mikpah ful'', nke a kpọtụrụ aha ọtụtụ ugboro na akwụkwọ ndị rabaị, na bissara nke oge a. Akwụkwọ ochie na-akọwa ya dị ka mkpuru e ji agwa fava, galik, mint, na mmanụ oliv mee. N'ihi na ọ na-apụta ugboro ugboro na Mishnah, nke gụnyekwara iwu halak nke na-ekwu na a pụrụ ịhapụ ''sukkah'' naanị n'oge mmiri ozuzo ozugbo ''mikpa'' ahụ dị mmiri ma na-esi ísì, ọ kpọrọ ya " nri mba " nke ndị Izrel oge ochie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dickstein|first=Tova|title=The Taste of Ancient Israel: Tales of Food and Recipes from the Land of Israel|publisher=Ofir Bikkurim|year=2021|location=Israel|pages=86–88|language=he}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ful medames|Ihe nrite zuru oke]] * Ndepụta ofe agwa * Ndepụta ofe == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Weiss Chirichigno 2007">{{cite book | last1=Weiss | first1=J. | last2=Chirichigno | first2=P. | title=Egyptian Cooking English Edition | publisher=Bonechi | year=2007 | isbn=978-88-476-0706-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hXmCyYmMaoC&pg=PA30 | page=30}}</ref> <ref name="Kitchen 2010">{{cite book | last=Kitchen | first=M.B.T. | title=World Kitchen Morocco | publisher=Murdoch Books | year=2010 | isbn=978-1-74266-500-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wP1XzeKB8iUC&pg=PT42 | page=pt42}} {{subscription required}}</ref> <ref name="Valenta 2016">{{cite web | last=Valenta | first=Kyle | title=How to eat breakfast like a local around the world - Provided By Advertising Publications | website=The Seattle Times | date=June 23, 2016 | url=http://www.seattletimes.com/nwshowcase/journeys/how-to-eat-breakfast-like-a-local-around-the-world/ | access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Independent.ie 2014">{{cite web | title=The spice of life in magical Marrakesh... | website=Independent.ie | date=June 28, 2014 | url=http://www.independent.ie/life/travel/the-spice-of-life-in-magical-marrakesh-30384843.html | access-date=September 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Morse 1998 p. 63">{{cite book | last=Morse | first=K. | title=Cooking at the Kasbah: Recipes from My Morroccan Kitchen | publisher=Chronicle Books | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-8118-1503-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XtSUJVWjR7YC&pg=PA63| page=63}}</ref> <ref name="Staff 2013">{{cite book | title=Good Eating's Global Dining in Chicago: Where to Find the City's Best International, Ethnic, and Exotic Restaurants | publisher=Agate Publishing, Incorporated | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-57284-443-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=546aecEMDuoC&pg=PT71 | access-date=September 6, 2016 | page=71}}</ref> <ref name="Jaffrey 2014">{{cite book | last=Jaffrey | first=M. | title=Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian: More Than 650 Meatless Recipes from Around the World | publisher=Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-307-81612-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L7zCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103 | page=103}}</ref> <ref name="Honnor 2012">{{cite book | last=Honnor | first=J. | title=Morocco Footprint Handbook | publisher=Footprint | series=Footprint Handbooks | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-907263-31-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtXcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 | access-date=September 6, 2016 | page=24}}</ref> <ref name="Hal Hamon Barbey 2013">{{cite book | last1=Hal | first1=F. | last2=Hamon | first2=J. | last3=Barbey | first3=B. | title=Authentic Recipes from Morocco | publisher=Tuttle Publishing | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4629-0540-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kADQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 | page=47}}</ref> <ref name="Engineers 2006">{{cite book | last=Engineers | first=N.B.C. | title=The Complete Book on Spices & Condiments (with Cultivation, Processing & Uses) 2nd Revised Edition: With Cultivation, Processing & Uses | publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7833-038-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=039ZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PR61 | page=61}}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/recipe-bissara/ Ntụziaka Peace Corps Bissara] * [https://cooking.nytimes.com/recipes/12358-moroccan-fava-bean-and-vegetable-soup Ofe agwa Fava Moroccan - Isi nri New York Times] a81q42fwnwqb6c27hofzzly45xmoiik Freekeh 0 55332 195418 2024-11-19T09:52:13Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253023697|Freekeh]]" 195418 wikitext text/x-wiki   free-kah (mgbe ụfọdụ a na-asụ Frikeh) ma ọ bụ farik (Arabic) bụ nri ọka e ji ọka wit na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mee (Triticum turgidum var. Durọ) nke a na-esi ma na-asa.  iji obi ya.  Ọ bụ nri oge ochie sitere na nri Levantine na North Africa, [1] [2] ka na-ewu ewu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị dị n'ebe ihe nri Mediterranean Basin, ebe ọka wit durum egwu..<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/pdf/10.1139/g66-028|title=The origin of cultivated wheat|author=Jenkins|first=J.A.|journal=Can J Genet Cytol|year=1966|volume=8|issue=2|pages=220–32|doi=10.1139/g66-028}}</ref> A na-ewepụta ọka wit mgbe mkpụrụ ya na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma mkpụrụ ya ka dị nro; mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakọta ya ma kpọọ ya n'anwụ. A na-eji nlezianya na-agba ụyọkọ ahụ ọkụ nke mere na ọ bụ naanị ahịhịa na ahịhịhịa ọkụ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a, mmiri dị elu nke mkpụrụ ahụ na-egbochi ha ire ọkụ. A na-egbutu ọka wit a siri esi ma kpọọ ya n'anyanwụ iji nweta otu ụtọ, ọdịdị, na agba. Usoro a na-egwe ọka ma ọ bụ na-egweri ọka na-enye nri a aha ya, ''farīk'' ma ọ bụ "egweri". N'ikpeazụ, a na-agbaji mkpụrụ ahụ n'ime obere iberibe ndị yiri bulgur na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A Aha Freekeh aha na Bible Hibru n'okpuru okwu qalûy[1] (Hibru Bible:<nowiki><span about="#mwt30" dir="rtl" lang="hbo">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.  mw-parser-output .script-Hibr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank  CLM "," SBL BibLit", "Taamey Ashkenaz", "Frank Ruehl CLM", Keter Aram Tsova", Taamey David CLM, Keter YG", "Shofar", "David CLM", "Hadasim CLM",  "CLM dị mfe", "Nachlieli", Cardo, Alef, "Noto Serif Hebrew", "Noto Sans Hebrew", David Libre, David, Times New  Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</span></nowiki>קָל__hau____hau____hau__ , ma ọ bụ sie) ma ọ bụ carmel[2] (Biblical Hebrew: כַּרְמֶל), na-egosi na e ji ya mee ihe na Nri ndị Izrel oge  ochie.[1][3][4]  ọmụmaatụ, n' ụmụnna Ndị Eze nke ndị, a na-ekwu na Ịlaịsha ji ọrụ ebube nye ihe dị ka otu onye nna ika bali na carmel.[2]  Nkere Syriac nke Bible na-a okwu ahụ n'asụsụ froka, nke yiri nke Arabic freekeh.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Musselman|first=Lytton John|date=2001|title=Triticum Durum in Northern Syria—Parched Corn (Frikeh) of the Bible?|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02864557|journal=Economic Botany|language=en|volume=55|issue=2|pages=187–189|doi=10.1007/BF02864557|issn=0013-0001}}</ref> [[Category:Articles containing Biblical Hebrew-language text]] A ndekọ Freekeh aha na akwụkwọ nri Baghdad nke ike awụ nke iri na atọ dị ka farīkiyya .  [1] N'ime usoro nri ahụ, a na-esi anụ n'ime nri ma jiri mmirika, nnu, na ụgbụgbọ sinamọn sie ya.  Mgbe ahụ, a na-etinye Coriander a mịrịamị na ọka wit ("freekeh") ma sie ya.  N'ikpeazụ, a na-enye nri ahụ cumin, sinamọn, na ụgbọ okporo ígwè.<ref name="CAW" /> N' akwụkwọ ya nke 1865 The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine, onye Briten na ọka Henry Baker Tristram dere ,nke freekeh n'ịkpọ egwu Galili:<blockquote>A na-amụnye ọtụtụ ọkụ na shingle n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ... A na-esi n'ubi ndị dị n'elu wụda ụyọkọ ọka wit ole na ole; a na-atụba ha n'ọkụ ahụ, ozugbo a na-ere ahịhịa ahụ, a na-eji nkà wepụ isi ọkụ ahụ n'elu uwe elu gbasaa n'ala. Ụmụ nwanyị nke otu ahụ wee tie ntị ma tụba ha n'ime ikuku ruo mgbe a na-eme ka ha sie ike, mgbe a na'erighị ọka wit ahụ n'enweghị nkwadebe ọzọ. Ntị ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ aghọwo ọkara ọkụ site na isi nri, ma enwere ngwakọta dị mma nke ọka wit na-atọ ụtọ na ụtọ ọhụrụ, ka anyị na-ata ọka a gwakọtara agwakọta. Obi dị anyị ụtọ ịhụ nkwadebe ahụ, na ikere òkè na ọka a gwakọtara agwakọta, nke a na-ekwukarị n'Agba Ochie. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tristram|first=H. B. (Henry Baker)|url=https://archive.org/details/landofisraeljour00trisuoft/page/590/mode|title=The land of Israel : a journal of travels in Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical character|date=1865|publisher=London Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref></blockquote> == Nri == [[Faịlụ:Firik_ve_bulgur.jpg|thumb|Firik nke Turkey (n'aka ekpe) na bulgur (n'ụzọ nri) tupu esi nri]] N'Ijipt, a na-enye freekeh dị ka ḥamām bi'l-ferik (nduru e ji ọka wit na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ndụ).  A na-anyasị na tomato, na mgbe ụfọdụ na ọkụkọ, na-ahụ Freekeh n'Ijipt.  Shūrbat farīk bi'l-mukh bụ ofe freekeh na ọkpụkpụ sitere na Tunisia.  Freeket lahma, nri ọka wit na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na nwa nwa e siri esi, agụ ahịhịhịa, na amị osisi pine, sitere na osisi, na shūrba bụ al-farīk ofe nwera ọka wit na ọkụkọ.. Na Siria, a na-ndị nna nne, yabasị, bọta, almond, ose ojii, sinamọn, cumin, na nnu eme freekeh..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://olivetreenutrition.com/authentic-syrian-freekah/|title=Freekeh with Meat: Authentic Syrian Freekeh Pilaf|date=5 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suzannajjarphotography.com/blog/2021/3/4/get-your-freekeh-on|title=Get Your Freekeh on (Recipe)|date=4 March 2021}}</ref> Na Tunisia na Algeria, a na- ndị iro freekeh dị ka isi ihe na-eme na ofe tomato a na-akpọ Chorba frik ma a na-ewere ya dị ka nri ọdịnala..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carolinescooking.com/chorba-frik/|title=Chorba frik (Algerian lamb and freekeh soup)|date=13 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ourtunisiantable.com/home/2017/6/4/tunisian-shorba-recipe|title=Tunisian shorba frik recipe|date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Na Turkey, a mara freekeh dị ka firik, a na-ahụkwa nri pilaf dabere na freekeh, nke a na-akpọ firik pilavı, na nri omenala nke Southern Anatolian.  Enwere ike ijikọta ya na bulgur;  akwụkwọ ike akwụkwọ nri dị ka Chickpeas na-achọgharị na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị iche iche, na mgbe ụfọdụ anụ.  Site na mbata nke ọtụtụ nde ndị Siria gbara ọsọ ndụ 2011, firik dị n'ahịa niile na Turkey.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Akin|first=Engin|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1281976159|title=Essential Turkish Cuisine|date=2015|publisher=ABRAMS (Ignition)|others=Anya Bremzen|isbn=978-1-61312-871-8|oclc=1281976159}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.canaanpalestine.com/freekeh-soup/|title=Freekeh Soup|date=2 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifteen.net/dishes/palestinian/|title=20 Traditional Palestinian Food Dishes}}</ref> Na Palestine ( wiilka) , a na-eji nwa nne, yabasị, ntụgharị oliv, , kụ, sababi osisi cherry a mịrị mkpụrụ, almond, pine nut, ose ojii, cinnamon, cumin, na nnu eme ụdị freekeh pilaf dị iche iche.  A na-azụ Freekeh na ofe mara chickpeas na anụ (anụ ma ọ bụ ọkụkọ). == Uru nri na-edozi ahụ ==   Freekeh nwere ike iji ya aṣia igodo ndị ọzọ, nke ọka wit durum, a na-enweta ya, dabere na mmetụta osisi durum.[1][2]  Durum bụ ihe a ma ama maka oke protein (20% ma ọ bụ akụkụ nke Daily Value, DV), eriri nri, Vitamin B, na ọtụtụ mineral nri, Manganese (143% DV) (tebụl).  Tupu a sie ya, freekeh bụ 11% mmiri mmiri, 71% carbohydrates, 2.5% ajụjụ, na 14% protein.. == Hụkwa == * Grünkern, nkwadebe yiri nke a e ji mkpụrụedemede mee * Ndepụta nri ndị Afrịka * Ndepụta nri ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} tkqohn4lefpdkr88lzuwrprm6fukwg0