Wikipedia niawiki https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Olayama MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Spesial Huhuo Sangoguna Huhuo zangoguna Wikipedia Huhuo Wikipedia Berkas Huhuo berkas MediaWiki Huhuo MediaWiki Templat Huhuo templat Fanolo Huhuo wanolo Kategori Huhuo kategori Portal Huhuo portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul 0 2626 24726 24721 2024-11-30T09:13:11Z Ananto26 2220 added an external link related to the topic 24726 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |name = Cucumber |image = ARS_cucumber.jpg |image_caption = Bua la'izu situmbu ba dölania sihulö ndraha |image_alt = Photograph of cucumber vine with fruits, flowers and leaves visible |image2 = Cucumber BNC.jpg |image2_caption = Sambua la'izu |genus = Cucumis |species = sativus |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' ('''''Cucumis sativus''''', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö sanana si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', sanga'asogö bua sowulo-wulo anau-anau, sasese te'gona'ö ba wamalala gö.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145850/cucumber Cucumber]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [1998] 2019.</ref> Tefaosatö ia ba zinumbua sauri irege döfi,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silvertown |first1=Jonathan |title=Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata |journal=Journal of Ecology |date=1985 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.2307/2260151|jstor=2260151 }}</ref> so tölu ngawalö ia (heŵa'ae so nasa ngawalö bö'ö si no mufazökhi<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref>): la'izu nitaba, la'izu ni'ungugö, ba la'izu si lö hunö. Tesöndra mböröta la'izu andre ba [[Asia]] i'otarai [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Tiongkok]] (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), irugi [[Thailand]] Utara,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Cucumis sativus'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292296-1|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> bahiza iada'a latanö ia niha gofu heza ba gulidanö, ba no oya göi ngawalö la'izu nifazökhi niha<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref> ba ni'ogale ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Ba [[Amerika Utara]], so göi nifotöi ''la'izu gatua'' (sinumbua si tefaböbö ba genus ''Echinocystis'' awö nifotöi ''marah''), bahiza sindruhunia lö amakhaitania ba la'izu nifatunöda ba da'a. == Omböila == La'izu no sinumbua sanana, ŵa'ania tumbu ba danö ba tölania manöi miyaŵa ifalali döla zinanö bö'ö ma zui döla-döla sise-ise.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P43fDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=''Cucumis sativus'', Cucumber; Chapter 16 in: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources|last1=Mariod|first1=Abdalbasit Adam|last2=Mirghani|first2=Mohamed Elwathig Saeed|last3=Hussein|first3=Ismail Hassan|date=2017-04-14|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128134337}}</ref> Tola tumbu la'izu ba gara heŵa'ae lö tambu danö, tumbu manö ia ifalali gofu hadia nitörönia. Bulunia egebolo si tobali lumö ba mbua la'izu. Bua la'izu no owulo anau-anau ba aeru irugi arakhagö atarö ba mbalö, tola irugi 62 cm wa'anau ba 10 cm wa'esolo.<ref name="ZhangLi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Tingting|last2=Li|first2=Xvzhen|last3=Yang|first3=Yuting|last4=Guo|first4=Xiao|last5=Feng|first5=Qin|last6=Dong|first6=Xiangyu|last7=Chen|first7=Shuxia|title=Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (''Cucumber sativus'' L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population|journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=250|year=2019|pages=214–222|doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062|s2cid=92837522}}</ref> Ösi mbua la'izu arakhagö ha idanö (95%) (faigi tabel nutrisi). Bakha ba wamahaö ''botani'' lafaosa la'izu tobali ngawalö ''beri'', si lö ba'a-ba'a bakha ba nösinia. Bahiza hulö zimane [[tomat]] ba [[lawu'ale]], asese lafaböbö la'izu ba ngawalö gö si tobali [[bulugeu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://fruitorvegetable.science/cucumber | title = Cucumber | website = Fruit or Vegetable? | access-date=2019-12-05 }}</ref> === Fonowi la'izu === [[File:Cucumis sativus 0002.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Bowo ''Cucumis sativus'']] Arakhagö fefu la'izu latanö ia faoma hunönia ba moguna khönia wamohamo ena'ö mowua.<ref>Lafotöi ''famohamo'' sambua zalua ena'ö tola alau hamo mbowo tobali bua. So dombua mbalö ba mbowo zinanö: balö si so hamo (si tobali simatua) ba balö sanema hamo (si'alawe). Ena'ö tola ikhamö zi'alawe andre hamo zimatua, moguna nangi samohombo hamo andrö irege atoru ia ba zi'alawe, ma zui aurifö sihombo-hombo ba mbowo simane ŵani, ba gahera falemba hamo zimatua ba na itugeni zi'alawe ifalemba ba da'ö hamo no mege.</ref> Ena'ö alua wamohamo andre la'ohe ngahö-ngahönö ŵani niha ba kabu la'izu ba ginötö mobunga la'izu. Mongawalö ŵani si tola manolo mamohamo la'izu andre, aurifö si fakhili ba ŵani ni'ila niha humombo-hombo ba mbowo zinumbua. Itaria göi awena alua wamohamo andre na hamo sondrugi zi'alawe andrö moroi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name="Nonnecke">{{cite book |author=Nonnecke, I.L. |year=1989 |title=Vegetable Production |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780442267216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7i8QJw8BJsC }}</ref> Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon cucumber' cultivar.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> So mato ha'uga la'izu nifazökhi si lö moguna wamohamo. Bua la'izu simane lö hunö khönia bakha ba mo'amböta ''kualitas'' wemanga ya'ia. To'ölö latanö la'izu si lö hunö simane bakha ba nomo zinanö (nifosagö sörömi, andrö asese latötöi ia ''{{li|id|rumah kaca}}''), ba zi lö ngawalö ŵani. So ösa nitanö ba Eropa, baero ba mbenua si lö tesöndra ŵani. Sito'ölö wananö la'izu, lafatumbu'ö ua mbowo zimatua, ba awena bowo zi'alawe. Itaria latanö göi zinumbua bö'ö sanga'asogö hamo zimatua ba la'oya'ö wa'oya ŵani, irege tola alua wamohamo.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> Me 2009, labe'e wangombakha sambua angowuloa ndra sangosili ''international'' wa no la'awalisi wangerai ''genome'' la'izu.<ref>Latötöi ''fangerai genome'' sambua halöŵö nifalua ndra sangosili na la'osisi hadia oi zi so bakha ba zi sambua ''gen'' ba latanö ia bakha ba zura.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=S.|last2=Li|first2=R.|last3=Zhang|first3=Z.|last4=Li|first4=L.|last5=Gu|first5=X.|last6=Fan|first6=W.|last7=Lucas|first7=W.|last8=Wang|first8=X.|last9=Xie|first9=B.|last10=Ni|first10=P.|last11=Ren|first11=Y.|display-authors=4|year=2009|title=The genome of the cucumber, ''Cucumis sativus'' L|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=41|issue=12|pages=1275–81|doi=10.1038/ng.475|pmid=19881527|doi-access=free|first28=J.|first26=G.|last27=Lu|first27=Y.|last28=Ruan|first12=H.|last29=Qian|first29=W.|last30=Wang|first30=M.|first25=Y.|last26=Tian|last25=Ren|last13=Li|first18=J.|first13=J.|last14=Lin|first14=K.|last15=Jin|first15=W.|last16=Fei|first16=Z.|last17=Li|first17=G.|last18=Staub|last12=Zhu|first24=Z.|first19=A.|last20=Van Der Vossen|first20=E. A. G.|last21=Wu|first21=Y.|last22=Guo|first22=J.|last23=He|first23=J.|last24=Jia|last19=Kilian}}</ref> === Fanenaŵa gaurifö === Itaria ifa'asogö sambua ŵe la'izu, ena'ö böi la'a mbulunia ma buania aurifö sanörö.<ref name="shang">{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Shang Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Duan L, Chen H, Zeng J, Zhou Q, Wang S, Gu W, Liu M, Ren J, Gu X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yasukawa K, Bouwmeester HJ, Qi X, Zhang Z, Lucas WJ, Huang S | title = Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6213 | pages = 1084–8 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25430763 | doi = 10.1126/science.1259215 | bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1084S | s2cid = 206561241 }}</ref> Ba wanenaŵa aurifö andrö ifazökhi sambua ŵe nifotöi ''cucurbitacin C''<ref name=":0a">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhiqiang |last2=Li |first2=Yawen |last3=Cao |first3=Chunyu |last4=Liang |first4=Shan |last5=Ma |first5=Yongshuo |last6=Liu |first6=Xin |last7=Pei |first7=Yanxi |title=The role of H2S in low temperature-induced cucurbitacin C increases in cucumber |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |date=February 2019 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=535–544 |doi=10.1007/s11103-019-00834-w |pmid=30707394 |s2cid=73431225}}</ref> la'izu. Ŵe andre zame'e irege afeto ösa la'izu. Lala nitörö la'izu ba wanenaŵa aurifö andre no tobali tuho ni'osisi'ö ndra sangosili, samareso lala simane göi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Jun |title=Terpene Synthases in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Their Contribution to Herbivore-induced Volatile Terpenoid Emission |journal=New Phytologist |year=2022 |volume=233 |issue=2 |pages=862–877|doi=10.1111/nph.17814 |pmid=34668204 |pmc=9299122 |hdl=11245.1/e4b87361-6747-409a-a897-0e3939f560c0 |s2cid=239035917 }}</ref> == Nutrisi, hua ba raso == {{nutritional value | name=La'izu sataha sifao uli | water=95.23 g | kJ=65 | protein=0.65 g | fat=0.11 g | carbs=3.63 g | fiber=0.5 g | sugars=1.67 | calcium_mg=16 | iron_mg=0.28 | magnesium_mg=13 | phosphorus_mg=24 | potassium_mg=147 | sodium_mg=2 | zinc_mg=0.2 | manganese_mg=0.079 | opt1n=[[Fluoride]] | opt1v=1.3 µg | vitC_mg=2.8 | thiamin_mg=0.027 | riboflavin_mg=0.033 | niacin_mg=0.098 | pantothenic_mg=0.259 | vitB6_mg=0.04 | folate_ug=7 | vitK_ug=16.4 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168409/nutrients Link to USDA database entry] }} So 95% nidanö bakha ba la'izu si lö muheta uli, 4% ''[[karbohidrat]]'', 1% ''[[protein]]'' ba ma'ifu sibai dawö. So 16 kilokalori energi bakha ba 100 gram la'izu. Mo'amböta sibai khönia bakha nifotöi mikronutrisi: ha Vitamin K zi so (16% Vitamin K soguna ba mboto ero ma'ökhö. So ösa ngawalö la'izu si so raso awö hua [[melon]] börö ŵe nifotöi ''aldehyde'' awö ''cis''- ba ''trans''-isomer si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schieberle|first1=P.|last2=Ofner|first2=S.|last3=Grosch|first3=W.|year=1990|title=Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (''Cucumis sativus'') and Muskmelons (''Cucumis melo'') by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=55|pages=193–195|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x}}</ref> Mato ha'uga la'izu afeto-feto, börö ŵe ''cucurbitacins'' si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shang|first1=Y|last2=Ma|first2=Y|last3=Zhou|first3=Y|last4=Zhang|first4=H|last5=Duan|first5=L|last6=Chen|first6=H|last7=Zeng|first7=J|last8=Zhou|first8=Q|last9=Wang|first9=S|last10=Gu|first10=W|last11=Liu|first11=M|year=2014|title=Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber|journal=Science|volume=346|issue=6213|pages=1084–8|doi=10.1126/science.1259215|pmid=25430763|last12=Ren|first17=H. J.|last21=Huang|first20=W. J.|last20=Lucas|first19=Z|last19=Zhang|first18=X|last18=Qi|last17=Bouwmeester|first12=J|first16=K|last16=Yasukawa|first15=Y|last15=Wang|first14=S|last14=Zhang|first13=X|last13=Gu|first21=S|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1084S|s2cid=206561241}}</ref> Awena irugi da'a zi no mu'ali moroi ba li Inggris. Höndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode''' ba wamaigi teks si lö nasa mu'ali. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö ya'ia. Fao ita wama'anö fangi'ila ba li Niha. Moroi khöda, soguna khöda ba soguna khö ndraonoda miföna. <!-- == Ngawalö == In general [[Agriculture|cultivation]], cucumbers are classified into three main [[cultivar]] groups: slicing, [[Pickled cucumber|pickled]], and [[Seedless fruit|seedless/burpless]]. == Fangoguna'ö == === Ngalawö gö === ==== Nitaba ==== Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called ''slicing cucumbers''. The main varieties of slicers mature on [[vine]]s with large leaves that provide shading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanac.com/plant/cucumbers|title=Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers|publisher=Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH|date=2016|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have much tougher skin. In contrast, those in other countries, often called [[European cucumber]]s, are smaller and have thinner, more delicate skin, often with fewer seeds, thus are often sold in plastic skin for protection. This variety may also be called a ''telegraph cucumber'', particularly in [[Australasia]].<ref>[http://www.5aday.co.nz/facts-and-tips/fruit-vegetable-info/cucumber/ Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand] Retrieved 18 May 2018</ref> ==== Ni'ungugö ==== {{Main|Pickled cucumber}} [[pickled cucumber|Pickling]] with [[Pickled cucumber#Brined pickles|brine]], sugar, [[vinegar]], and spices creates various flavored products from cucumbers and other foods.<ref name="avi">{{cite web|author1=Avi, Torey|title=History in a jar: The story of pickles|url=http://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-pickles/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|access-date=13 November 2017|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called ''picklers'', grow to about {{convert|7|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long and {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==== La'izu ite ==== [[Pickled cucumber#Gherkin|Gherkins]], also called ''cornichons'',<ref name="kitchn">{{cite web|title=What's The Deal With Cornichons?|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-deal-with-cornichons-117240|publisher=The Kitchn|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> or ''baby pickles'', are small cucumbers, typically those {{convert|1|to|5|in|cm|round=0.5|order=flip}} in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.<ref name="zon">{{cite web|title=Gherkins|url=http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|publisher=Zon|access-date=13 November 2017|location=Venlo, Netherlands|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040538/http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wifss">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers|url=http://www.wifss.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/FDA_WIFSS_-Cucumbers_PDF.pdf|publisher=Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=13 November 2017|location=University of California-Davis|date=May 2016}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers and gherkins|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Cucumber_and_Gherkins.htm|publisher=Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2015}}</ref> The word ''gherkin'' comes from the early modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''gurken'' or ''augurken'' ('small pickled cucumber').<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Word origin and history for gherkin|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gherkin|dictionary=Dictionary.com|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> The term is also used in the name for ''[[Cucumis anguria]]'', the ''West Indian gherkin'', a closely related species.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Indian gherkin, ''Cucumis anguria'' L.|url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+anguria|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2012}}</ref> ==== Si lö hunö ==== Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as {{convert|2|ft|cm|sp=us|order=flip|-1}}, are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these [[parthenocarpic]] cucumbers are often found in [[Grocery store|grocery markets]], [[Shrink wrap|shrink-wrapped]] in plastic. They are marketed as either burpless or seedless, as the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan-Reilly|first=Melissa|title=Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/471722-why-do-cucumbers-upset-my-digestion/|publisher=LiveStrong.com|date=15 September 2013 }}</ref> == Produksi == {{Infobox agricultural production | year = 2020 |plant= Cucumber and Gherkin | country1 ={{CHN}} | amount1 =72.8 | country2 ={{TUR}} | amount2 =1.9 | country3 ={{RUS}} | amount3 =1.7 | country4 ={{IRN}} | amount4 =1.2 | country5 ={{MEX}} | amount5 =1.2 | world =91.3 | source = [[FAOSTAT]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|title=2019 Production of cucumbers and gherkins; from pick lists: World regions/Production Quantity|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|date=2019|access-date=2021-05-11|publisher=FAOSTAT of the United Nations}}</ref> }} In 2020, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 91 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 80% of the total.<ref name=faostat/> == Waö-waö wananö == Cultivated for at least 3,000 years, the cultivated cucumbers ''"Cucumis sativus"'' were domesticated in [[India]] from wild "''C. sativus var. hardwickii''".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> where a great many varieties have been observed, along with its closest living relative, ''[[Cucumis hystrix]]''.<ref>[[Asian News International]]. 21 July 2010. "[http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/170033 Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia]." ''NewsTrack India.'' Retrieved on 4 June 2020.</ref> Three main cultivar groups of cucumber are namely Eurasian cucumbers (slicing cucumbers eaten raw and immature), East Asian cucumbers (pickling cucumbers) and Xishuangbanna cucumbers. Based on demographic modelling, the East Asian C. sativus cultivars diverged from the Indian cultivars c. 2500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2020 |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=1240–1255 |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |language=en |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was probably introduced to Europe by the [[Agriculture in ancient Greece|Greeks]] or [[Agriculture in ancient Rome|Romans]]. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in [[France]] in the 9th century, [[Agriculture in England|England]] in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /><ref name="Renner 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Renner|first1=SS|last2=Schaefer|first2=H|last3=Kocyan|first3=A|year=2007|title=Phylogenetics of ''Cucumis'' (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (''C. sativus'') belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (''C. melo'')|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-58|pmc=3225884|pmid=17425784 |doi-access=free }} </ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. 2001. ''Seed storage of horticultural crops''. [[Haworth Press]]. {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}. p. 281.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571|title=Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare ''Cucumis'' Species (''C. hystrix'' Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber|year=2006|last1=Zhuang|first1=Fei-Yun|last2=Chen|first2=Jin-Feng|last3=Staub|first3=Jack E.|last4=Qian|first4=Chun-Tao|journal=HortScience|volume=41|issue=3|pages=571–574|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Famatörö Roma === According to [[Pliny the Elder]], the Emperor [[Tiberius]] had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter. In order to have it available for his table every day of the year, the Romans reportedly used artificial methods of growing (similar to the [[Greenhouse|greenhouse system]]), whereby ''mirrorstone'' refers to Pliny's ''lapis specularis'', believed to have been sheet [[mica]]:<ref name="AncientInventions">{{cite book|author1=James, Peter J. |author2=Thorpe, Nick |author3=Thorpe, I. J. |title=Ancient Inventions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJLd3sSYecC|year=1995|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-40102-1|chapter=Ch. 12, Sport and Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology|page=563}}</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. [77–79 AD] 1855. "[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044058/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 |date=5 June 2020 }}." Ch. 23 in ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|The Natural History]]'' XIX, translated by [[John Bostock (physician)|J. Bostock]] and [[Henry Thomas Riley|H. T. Riley]]. London: [[Taylor & Francis]]. – via ''Perseus under PhiloLogic'', also [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D19%3Achapter%3D23 available] via Perseus Project.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with mirrorstone.|author=Pliny the Elder|title=''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XIX.xxiii|source="Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones"}} Reportedly, they were also cultivated in ''specularia'', cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth.<ref name="AncientInventions" /> Pliny describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a [[gherkin]]. He also describes the preparation of a medication known as ''elaterium''. However, some scholars{{who|date=February 2013}} believe that he was instead referring to ''[[Ecballium elaterium]]'', known in pre-[[Linnean nomenclature|Linnean]] times as ''Cucumis silvestris'' or ''Cucumis asininus'' ('wild cucumber' or 'donkey cucumber'), a species different from the common cucumber.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 iii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043843/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber,<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 iv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043845/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 |date=5 June 2020 }}–[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043846/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated; 5 from the "anguine;" and 26 from the "wild"). === Hönö ndröfia === [[Charlemagne]] had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The [[Spaniards]] (through the [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Christopher Columbus]]) brought cucumbers to [[Haiti]] in 1494. In 1535, [[Jacques Cartier]], a French explorer, found "very great cucumbers" grown on the site of what is now [[Montreal]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} === Götö modern si föföna === [[File:Trans-2,cis-6-Nonadienal.png|thumb|[[Trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal]], or ''cucumber aldehyde'', is a component of the distinctive aroma of cucumbers.|alt=trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal, or cucumber aldehyde|250px]] Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, [[bison]] hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian [[agriculture]]. The tribes of the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]] learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the [[Mandan]] and [[Abenaki]]. They obtained cucumbers and [[watermelon]]s from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of [[Maize|corn]] and [[bean]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, [[Squash (fruit)|squash]], and [[gourd]] plants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter|pages=109|last=Buchanan|first=David|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|location=VT, USA|isbn=9781603584401|year=2012}}</ref> The [[Iroquois]] were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use|pages=159|last1=Kuhnlein|first1=H. V.|last2=Turner|first2=N. J.|publisher=Gordon and Breach|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|year=1996|isbn=9782881244650}}</ref> In 1630, the Reverend [[Francis Higginson]] produced a book called ''New-Englands Plantation'' in which, describing a garden on Conant's Island in [[Boston Harbor]] known as ''The Governor's Garden'', he states:<ref>[[Francis Higginson|Higginson, Francis]]. [1630] 1906. ''[[iarchive:newenglandsplant00higgrich/|New-Englands Plantation]]''. Salem, MA: Essex Book and Print Club. {{OCLC|1049892552}}. [https://archive.org/details/newenglandsplant00higgrich/page/24/mode/2up?q=turnips p. 5].</ref><blockquote>The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great {{Sic|varietie}} and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not…</blockquote>In ''New England Prospect'' (1633, England), William Wood published observations he made in 1629 in America:<ref>Wood, William. (1634). "[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47082/47082-h/47082-h.htm#Page_13 Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls]", pp. 13–18 in ''New England Prospect''. London.</ref><blockquote>{{Sic|The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.}}</blockquote> === Götö aefa wa'ateboka hörö === [[File:Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber - 1891P32.jpg|thumb|''Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber'' by [[William Henry Hunt (painter)|William Henry Hunt]] (watercolour, 1826 or 1827)]] In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time, "fit only for consumption by cows," which some believe is why it gained the name, ''cowcumber''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Samuel Pepys]] wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/22/ Saturday 22 August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)]. Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved on 25 November 2012.</ref><blockquote>[T]his day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.</blockquote> According to 18th-century British writer [[Samuel Johnson]], it was commonly said among English physicians that a cucumber “should be well sliced, and dressed with pepper and vinegar, and then thrown out, as good for nothing.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boswell |first1=James |title=The Life of Samuel Johnson: Including A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, Volumen 1 |date=1832 |publisher=Carter, Hendee and Company |page=423 |url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=fKAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA423 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> A copper [[etching]] made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in [[Herbal]]s of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==Gallery== <gallery mode=packed> File:Organic Gardener Holding a Fresh Salad Cucumber.jpg|Salad cucumber File:An Indian yellow cucumber.jpg|An Indian yellow cucumber File:Kurkkuja.jpg|A Scandinavian cucumber in slices File:Cucumber grated.jpg|Grated cucumber File:Komkommer (Cucumis sativus 'Gele Tros').jpg|Komkommer (''Cucumis sativus'' 'Gele Tros') File:Hmong cucumber.jpg|A varietal grown by the [[Hmong people]] with textured skin and large seeds File:Lemon cucumber J1.JPG|Lemon cucumber File:Mizeria.jpg|Dish with cucumber cut pieces ([[mizeria]]) File:PicklingCucumbers.jpg|Pickling cucumbers File:Spreewaldgurke2.jpg|Gherkins File:Persiancucumber.jpg|[[Isfahan]] burpless cucumber, [[Iran]] File:Leaves of Cucumber (a creeping vine plant).jpg|Leaves File:Cucumber vine in New Jersey.jpg|alt=A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing|A [[tendril]] emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing File:Cucumbers growing on a string lattice structure.jpg|alt=A string lattice supports vine growth|A string [[Trellis (architecture)|lattice]] supports vine growth File:Cucumber hanging on the vine.JPG|alt=A bulb-shaped cucumber hanging on the vine|A [[bulb]]-shaped cucumber hanging on the [[vine]] </gallery> {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = La'izu | image = ARS_cucumber.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = La'izu | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Cucurbitales | familia = Cucurbitaceae | genus = ''Cucumis'' | species = '''''C. sativus''''' | binomial = ''Cucumis sativus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' (töi resmi: ''Cucumis sativus'', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zinumbua sanga'asogö bua si tola la'a niha. Oya nidanö bakha ba mbua la'izu. Asese la'oguna'ö ia niha tobali famalala gö, itaria labali'ö ia famaruka nidanö nibadu ba gangowuloa segebua. Asese göi la'oguna'ö ia ira'alawe ba wangalösö bawa (ladökhi ia ba awena lafalemba ba mböwö ma ba mbawa). Baero da'ö so niha si faduhu tödö wa tola möi tou wa'anai ndro niha (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|darah tinggi}}'') na la'a ia. ''Habitus'' la'izu fao ba gangolifa sitobali dalu-dalu bulu ndru'u ma laŵa'ö herba fa'aurinia hulö matonga manana ba fananö ya'ia mo'inötö. Fobowo la'izu andre, fa sambua-sambua misa ma (''monoecious'') bowo simatua faoma bowo ''hermafrodit'' mo so khönia dombua zimatuania (''berkelamin ganda''). [[Bowo Zinanö]] si'oföna sibai tefangamöi ba zi 4-5 migu, ya'ia da'ö bowo simatua. Bowo-bowo si tumbu aefa da'ö ba la'izu ya'ia bowo da'ö hermafrodit na sökhi wa'aurinia. Ba zara ngenge tola tesöndra ofeta 20 ngawua , ba hiza ba zamaliaro si sökhi no tola la tatugöi ha wa'oya mbua ena'ö tesöndra mbua si sökhi ba ebua. Bua lai'izu sibohou ebua la'a-la'ania owuge'e ba so ma'ifu zafusi misa khönia, ba na idugu atua ia, ba idugu abölö owuge'e ba hulö zafusi hoho. Buania anau-nau hulö torpedo. Ösi la'izu tedou ba gamaudu nifotöi mesokarp, so la'a-la'a a'usö safusi hoho, ofeta ba la'a-la'a oroyo-royo. Bua sitola lateu si lö irugi asoso börö na asoso ba alio sibai oköli mbuania irege baga na lateu ia fatua atua manö ya'i böi irugi asoso. == Fangoguna'ö La'izu (''Manfaat mentimun'') == La'izu so khönia nifotöi diuretik, same'e fangokafu si so ba mbuania, ba famöfögö soguna ba guli niha. Oya khönia nidanö, vitamin A, B, faoma C faoma ''mineral'' simane ''magnesium, kalium, mangan'', faoma ''silika''; da'ö wa la'oguna'ö la'izu andre niha ba wangahaogö fangalösö guli. ''Asam askorbat'' faoma ''asam caffeic'' si so ba mbua la'izu sangalösi ''retensi'' nidanö irege da'ö zimöi fangalösi fa'abao mbewe hörö niha. == Föla ba fökhö la'izu (''Hama dan penyakit'') == Föla sasese mamakao sinanö la'izu ya'ia da'ö; utu si so ba mbulu ''Aphis gossypii'' (''Hemiptera: Aphididae''), ''trips Thrips'' ''parvispinus'' (''Tysanoptera: Tripidae''), utu ''kebul Trialeurodes vaporariorum'' (''Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae''), ngalö-ngalö samakiko bulu la'izu ''Liriomyza huidobrensis'' (''Diptera: Agromyzidae''), tolu-tolu si so ba mbu nikaoni ba li wamahaö ''Aulacophora'' ''similis'' (''Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae''), ba era mbulu ya'ia da'ö ''Diaphania indica'' (''Lepidoptera: Pyralidae''). Aefa da'ö tesöndra göi mbuania lö adölö wa'anau-nau nia, abila-bila ma'ifu mbuania, ba na tefaigi hulö zi no tekiko börö wöla ''kepik'' ''Leptoglossus australis'' (''Hemiptera: Coreidae'').<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223</ref> Fökhö-fökhö si so ba zinanö la'izu andre, ba naha wananö ya'ia, nematoda puru wa'a ''Meloidogyne arenaria'', mo namo mbulunia, ni'a'asogö ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', fa'atekiko mbulu börö ''Alternaria sp. dan Colletotrichum sp.'' Ba fökhö ''mosaik'' ni'a'asogö ''Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)''. Na göna Föla samakao sinanö la'izu, ba lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi lö mo'ölö bawa'erege dödö zamaliaro fananö ya'ia. Sabua si'ai na so wöla simane ngalö-ngalö sanaba bulu la'izu ya'ia da'ö ''L. huidobrensis'' faoma utu mbulu ''A. gossypii''. Baero wöla, sasese möi fangalösi mbua sisökhi ba waneu la'izu andre, ya'ia da'ö ba mbuania si lö adölö-dölö, oya zi lakiritö ni'a'asogö föla ''kepik L. australis''.<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id"/> No so wökhö ba zinanö simane la'izu ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' simöi famakao zangohalöŵögöi me tebai niteu ma lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi. Sambua ba gotalua dungö zamakao sinanö ba ''Cucurbitaceae'' andrö sifao ba danömö ya'ia da'ö '''''Squash mosaic virus'''''. ''SqMV'' no la'ila niha, tungö samakao ba mbanua sananö simane la'izu andre ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' me si no göna ya'ia ba lö alua mbua sisökhi ma lö böli gölö wohalöŵögöigö.<ref>http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361</ref> --> == Umbu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Khai-khai baero == * {{en}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27548 ''Seni Bercocok Tanam Mentimun dan Melon''] karya Thomas Watkins * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223 Survei Hama dan Penyakit pada Pertanaman Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) di Desa Ciherang, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat] * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361 Keberadaan Beberapa Virus dan Efisiensi Tular Benih Squash mosaic virus pada Cucurbitaceae] * [https://ff.unair.ac.id/wrt/1202/cantik-alami-dengan-memanfaatkan-mentimun.html Natural Beauty by Utilizing Cucumber] {{Taxonbar|from=Q23425}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Bulugeu]] [[Kategori:Cucurbitaceae]] [[Kategori:Sinanö]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] dixgshc49izwibyeaxvsahtnytruowq 24727 24726 2024-11-30T10:36:26Z A09 1609 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Ananto26|Ananto26]] ([[User talk:Ananto26|talk]]) to last revision by A09 (TwinkleGlobal) 24727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox |name = Cucumber |image = ARS_cucumber.jpg |image_caption = Bua la'izu situmbu ba dölania sihulö ndraha |image_alt = Photograph of cucumber vine with fruits, flowers and leaves visible |image2 = Cucumber BNC.jpg |image2_caption = Sambua la'izu |genus = Cucumis |species = sativus |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' ('''''Cucumis sativus''''', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö sanana si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', sanga'asogö bua sowulo-wulo anau-anau, sasese te'gona'ö ba wamalala gö.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">"[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145850/cucumber Cucumber]." ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. [1998] 2019.</ref> Tefaosatö ia ba zinumbua sauri irege döfi,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Silvertown |first1=Jonathan |title=Survival, Fecundity and Growth of Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis Lobata |journal=Journal of Ecology |date=1985 |volume=73 |issue=3 |pages=841–849 |doi=10.2307/2260151|jstor=2260151 }}</ref> so tölu ngawalö ia (heŵa'ae so nasa ngawalö bö'ö si no mufazökhi<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref>): la'izu nitaba, la'izu ni'ungugö, ba la'izu si lö hunö. Tesöndra mböröta la'izu andre ba [[Asia]] i'otarai [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Tiongkok]] (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), irugi [[Thailand]] Utara,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Cucumis sativus'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:292296-1|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> bahiza iada'a latanö ia niha gofu heza ba gulidanö, ba no oya göi ngawalö la'izu nifazökhi niha<ref>Laŵa'ö ''nifazökhi'' sambua la'izu, na lafatumbu'ö niha sambua ngawalö la'izu si bohou moroi ba wamaruka tanömö la'izu si no so.</ref> ba ni'ogale ba zi sagörö ulidanö. Ba [[Amerika Utara]], so göi nifotöi ''la'izu gatua'' (sinumbua si tefaböbö ba genus ''Echinocystis'' awö nifotöi ''marah''), bahiza sindruhunia lö amakhaitania ba la'izu nifatunöda ba da'a. == Omböila == La'izu no sinumbua sanana, ŵa'ania tumbu ba danö ba tölania manöi miyaŵa ifalali döla zinanö bö'ö ma zui döla-döla sise-ise.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P43fDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|title=''Cucumis sativus'', Cucumber; Chapter 16 in: Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources|last1=Mariod|first1=Abdalbasit Adam|last2=Mirghani|first2=Mohamed Elwathig Saeed|last3=Hussein|first3=Ismail Hassan|date=2017-04-14|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128134337}}</ref> Tola tumbu la'izu ba gara heŵa'ae lö tambu danö, tumbu manö ia ifalali gofu hadia nitörönia. Bulunia egebolo si tobali lumö ba mbua la'izu. Bua la'izu no owulo anau-anau ba aeru irugi arakhagö atarö ba mbalö, tola irugi 62 cm wa'anau ba 10 cm wa'esolo.<ref name="ZhangLi2019">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Tingting|last2=Li|first2=Xvzhen|last3=Yang|first3=Yuting|last4=Guo|first4=Xiao|last5=Feng|first5=Qin|last6=Dong|first6=Xiangyu|last7=Chen|first7=Shuxia|title=Genetic analysis and QTL mapping of fruit length and diameter in a cucumber (''Cucumber sativus'' L.) recombinant inbred line (RIL) population|journal=Scientia Horticulturae|volume=250|year=2019|pages=214–222|doi=10.1016/j.scienta.2019.01.062|s2cid=92837522}}</ref> Ösi mbua la'izu arakhagö ha idanö (95%) (faigi tabel nutrisi). Bakha ba wamahaö ''botani'' lafaosa la'izu tobali ngawalö ''beri'', si lö ba'a-ba'a bakha ba nösinia. Bahiza hulö zimane [[tomat]] ba [[lawu'ale]], asese lafaböbö la'izu ba ngawalö gö si tobali [[bulugeu]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://fruitorvegetable.science/cucumber | title = Cucumber | website = Fruit or Vegetable? | access-date=2019-12-05 }}</ref> === Fonowi la'izu === [[File:Cucumis sativus 0002.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Bowo ''Cucumis sativus'']] Arakhagö fefu la'izu latanö ia faoma hunönia ba moguna khönia wamohamo ena'ö mowua.<ref>Lafotöi ''famohamo'' sambua zalua ena'ö tola alau hamo mbowo tobali bua. So dombua mbalö ba mbowo zinanö: balö si so hamo (si tobali simatua) ba balö sanema hamo (si'alawe). Ena'ö tola ikhamö zi'alawe andre hamo zimatua, moguna nangi samohombo hamo andrö irege atoru ia ba zi'alawe, ma zui aurifö sihombo-hombo ba mbowo simane ŵani, ba gahera falemba hamo zimatua ba na itugeni zi'alawe ifalemba ba da'ö hamo no mege.</ref> Ena'ö alua wamohamo andre la'ohe ngahö-ngahönö ŵani niha ba kabu la'izu ba ginötö mobunga la'izu. Mongawalö ŵani si tola manolo mamohamo la'izu andre, aurifö si fakhili ba ŵani ni'ila niha humombo-hombo ba mbowo zinumbua. Itaria göi awena alua wamohamo andre na hamo sondrugi zi'alawe andrö moroi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name="Nonnecke">{{cite book |author=Nonnecke, I.L. |year=1989 |title=Vegetable Production |publisher=Springer |isbn=9780442267216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7i8QJw8BJsC }}</ref> Some self-compatible cultivars exist that are related to the 'Lemon cucumber' cultivar.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> So mato ha'uga la'izu nifazökhi si lö moguna wamohamo. Bua la'izu simane lö hunö khönia bakha ba mo'amböta ''kualitas'' wemanga ya'ia. To'ölö latanö la'izu si lö hunö simane bakha ba nomo zinanö (nifosagö sörömi, andrö asese latötöi ia ''{{li|id|rumah kaca}}''), ba zi lö ngawalö ŵani. So ösa nitanö ba Eropa, baero ba mbenua si lö tesöndra ŵani. Sito'ölö wananö la'izu, lafatumbu'ö ua mbowo zimatua, ba awena bowo zi'alawe. Itaria latanö göi zinumbua bö'ö sanga'asogö hamo zimatua ba la'oya'ö wa'oya ŵani, irege tola alua wamohamo.<ref name="Nonnecke" /> Me 2009, labe'e wangombakha sambua angowuloa ndra sangosili ''international'' wa no la'awalisi wangerai ''genome'' la'izu.<ref>Latötöi ''fangerai genome'' sambua halöŵö nifalua ndra sangosili na la'osisi hadia oi zi so bakha ba zi sambua ''gen'' ba latanö ia bakha ba zura.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Huang|first1=S.|last2=Li|first2=R.|last3=Zhang|first3=Z.|last4=Li|first4=L.|last5=Gu|first5=X.|last6=Fan|first6=W.|last7=Lucas|first7=W.|last8=Wang|first8=X.|last9=Xie|first9=B.|last10=Ni|first10=P.|last11=Ren|first11=Y.|display-authors=4|year=2009|title=The genome of the cucumber, ''Cucumis sativus'' L|journal=Nature Genetics|volume=41|issue=12|pages=1275–81|doi=10.1038/ng.475|pmid=19881527|doi-access=free|first28=J.|first26=G.|last27=Lu|first27=Y.|last28=Ruan|first12=H.|last29=Qian|first29=W.|last30=Wang|first30=M.|first25=Y.|last26=Tian|last25=Ren|last13=Li|first18=J.|first13=J.|last14=Lin|first14=K.|last15=Jin|first15=W.|last16=Fei|first16=Z.|last17=Li|first17=G.|last18=Staub|last12=Zhu|first24=Z.|first19=A.|last20=Van Der Vossen|first20=E. A. G.|last21=Wu|first21=Y.|last22=Guo|first22=J.|last23=He|first23=J.|last24=Jia|last19=Kilian}}</ref> === Fanenaŵa gaurifö === Itaria ifa'asogö sambua ŵe la'izu, ena'ö böi la'a mbulunia ma buania aurifö sanörö.<ref name="shang">{{cite journal |display-authors=3| vauthors = Shang Y, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Duan L, Chen H, Zeng J, Zhou Q, Wang S, Gu W, Liu M, Ren J, Gu X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yasukawa K, Bouwmeester HJ, Qi X, Zhang Z, Lucas WJ, Huang S | title = Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber | journal = Science | volume = 346 | issue = 6213 | pages = 1084–8 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25430763 | doi = 10.1126/science.1259215 | bibcode = 2014Sci...346.1084S | s2cid = 206561241 }}</ref> Ba wanenaŵa aurifö andrö ifazökhi sambua ŵe nifotöi ''cucurbitacin C''<ref name=":0a">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Zhiqiang |last2=Li |first2=Yawen |last3=Cao |first3=Chunyu |last4=Liang |first4=Shan |last5=Ma |first5=Yongshuo |last6=Liu |first6=Xin |last7=Pei |first7=Yanxi |title=The role of H2S in low temperature-induced cucurbitacin C increases in cucumber |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |date=February 2019 |volume=99 |issue=6 |pages=535–544 |doi=10.1007/s11103-019-00834-w |pmid=30707394 |s2cid=73431225}}</ref> la'izu. Ŵe andre zame'e irege afeto ösa la'izu. Lala nitörö la'izu ba wanenaŵa aurifö andre no tobali tuho ni'osisi'ö ndra sangosili, samareso lala simane göi ba zinumbua bö'ö.<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Jun |title=Terpene Synthases in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and Their Contribution to Herbivore-induced Volatile Terpenoid Emission |journal=New Phytologist |year=2022 |volume=233 |issue=2 |pages=862–877|doi=10.1111/nph.17814 |pmid=34668204 |pmc=9299122 |hdl=11245.1/e4b87361-6747-409a-a897-0e3939f560c0 |s2cid=239035917 }}</ref> == Nutrisi, hua ba raso == {{nutritional value | name=La'izu sataha sifao uli | water=95.23 g | kJ=65 | protein=0.65 g | fat=0.11 g | carbs=3.63 g | fiber=0.5 g | sugars=1.67 | calcium_mg=16 | iron_mg=0.28 | magnesium_mg=13 | phosphorus_mg=24 | potassium_mg=147 | sodium_mg=2 | zinc_mg=0.2 | manganese_mg=0.079 | opt1n=[[Fluoride]] | opt1v=1.3 µg | vitC_mg=2.8 | thiamin_mg=0.027 | riboflavin_mg=0.033 | niacin_mg=0.098 | pantothenic_mg=0.259 | vitB6_mg=0.04 | folate_ug=7 | vitK_ug=16.4 | note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168409/nutrients Link to USDA database entry] }} So 95% nidanö bakha ba la'izu si lö muheta uli, 4% ''[[karbohidrat]]'', 1% ''[[protein]]'' ba ma'ifu sibai dawö. So 16 kilokalori energi bakha ba 100 gram la'izu. Mo'amböta sibai khönia bakha nifotöi mikronutrisi: ha Vitamin K zi so (16% Vitamin K soguna ba mboto ero ma'ökhö. So ösa ngawalö la'izu si so raso awö hua [[melon]] börö ŵe nifotöi ''aldehyde'' awö ''cis''- ba ''trans''-isomer si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schieberle|first1=P.|last2=Ofner|first2=S.|last3=Grosch|first3=W.|year=1990|title=Evaluation of Potent Odorants in Cucumbers (''Cucumis sativus'') and Muskmelons (''Cucumis melo'') by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis|journal=Journal of Food Science|volume=55|pages=193–195|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1990.tb06050.x}}</ref> Mato ha'uga la'izu afeto-feto, börö ŵe ''cucurbitacins'' si so bakha khönia.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shang|first1=Y|last2=Ma|first2=Y|last3=Zhou|first3=Y|last4=Zhang|first4=H|last5=Duan|first5=L|last6=Chen|first6=H|last7=Zeng|first7=J|last8=Zhou|first8=Q|last9=Wang|first9=S|last10=Gu|first10=W|last11=Liu|first11=M|year=2014|title=Plant science. Biosynthesis, regulation, and domestication of bitterness in cucumber|journal=Science|volume=346|issue=6213|pages=1084–8|doi=10.1126/science.1259215|pmid=25430763|last12=Ren|first17=H. J.|last21=Huang|first20=W. J.|last20=Lucas|first19=Z|last19=Zhang|first18=X|last18=Qi|last17=Bouwmeester|first12=J|first16=K|last16=Yasukawa|first15=Y|last15=Wang|first14=S|last14=Zhang|first13=X|last13=Gu|first21=S|bibcode=2014Sci...346.1084S|s2cid=206561241}}</ref> Awena irugi da'a zi no mu'ali moroi ba li Inggris. Höndrögö '''Bulö'ö kode''' ba wamaigi teks si lö nasa mu'ali. Tolo Wikipedia ba wanohugö ya'ia. Fao ita wama'anö fangi'ila ba li Niha. Moroi khöda, soguna khöda ba soguna khö ndraonoda miföna. <!-- == Ngawalö == In general [[Agriculture|cultivation]], cucumbers are classified into three main [[cultivar]] groups: slicing, [[Pickled cucumber|pickled]], and [[Seedless fruit|seedless/burpless]]. == Fangoguna'ö == === Ngalawö gö === ==== Nitaba ==== Cucumbers grown to eat fresh are called ''slicing cucumbers''. The main varieties of slicers mature on [[vine]]s with large leaves that provide shading.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.almanac.com/plant/cucumbers|title=Cucumbers: Planting, growing, and harvesting cucumbers|publisher=Old Farmer's Almanac, Yankee Publishing, Inc., Dublin, NH|date=2016|access-date=11 August 2016}}</ref> Slicers grown commercially for the North American market are generally longer, smoother, more uniform in color, and have much tougher skin. In contrast, those in other countries, often called [[European cucumber]]s, are smaller and have thinner, more delicate skin, often with fewer seeds, thus are often sold in plastic skin for protection. This variety may also be called a ''telegraph cucumber'', particularly in [[Australasia]].<ref>[http://www.5aday.co.nz/facts-and-tips/fruit-vegetable-info/cucumber/ Cucumber – 5+ a day, New Zealand] Retrieved 18 May 2018</ref> ==== Ni'ungugö ==== {{Main|Pickled cucumber}} [[pickled cucumber|Pickling]] with [[Pickled cucumber#Brined pickles|brine]], sugar, [[vinegar]], and spices creates various flavored products from cucumbers and other foods.<ref name="avi">{{cite web|author1=Avi, Torey|title=History in a jar: The story of pickles|url=http://www.pbs.org/food/the-history-kitchen/history-pickles/|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service|access-date=13 November 2017|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> Although any cucumber can be pickled, commercial pickles are made from cucumbers specially bred for uniformity of length-to-diameter ratio and lack of voids in the flesh. Those cucumbers intended for pickling, called ''picklers'', grow to about {{convert|7|to|10|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} long and {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} wide. Compared to slicers, picklers tend to be shorter, thicker, less-regularly shaped, and have bumpy skin with tiny white or black-dotted spines. Color can vary from creamy yellow to pale or dark green.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==== La'izu ite ==== [[Pickled cucumber#Gherkin|Gherkins]], also called ''cornichons'',<ref name="kitchn">{{cite web|title=What's The Deal With Cornichons?|url=http://www.thekitchn.com/whats-the-deal-with-cornichons-117240|publisher=The Kitchn|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> or ''baby pickles'', are small cucumbers, typically those {{convert|1|to|5|in|cm|round=0.5|order=flip}} in length, often with bumpy skin, which are typically used for pickling.<ref name="zon">{{cite web|title=Gherkins|url=http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|publisher=Zon|access-date=13 November 2017|location=Venlo, Netherlands|date=2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114040538/http://www.royalzon.com/en/consumer/fruit-vegetables/gherkins|archive-date=14 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="wifss">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers|url=http://www.wifss.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/FDA_WIFSS_-Cucumbers_PDF.pdf|publisher=Western Institute for Food Safety and Security, US Department of Agriculture|access-date=13 November 2017|location=University of California-Davis|date=May 2016}}</ref><ref name="india">{{cite web|title=Cucumbers and gherkins|url=http://apeda.gov.in/apedawebsite/SubHead_Products/Cucumber_and_Gherkins.htm|publisher=Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority, Government of India|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2015}}</ref> The word ''gherkin'' comes from the early modern [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''gurken'' or ''augurken'' ('small pickled cucumber').<ref>{{cite dictionary|title=Word origin and history for gherkin|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gherkin|dictionary=Dictionary.com|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2017}}</ref> The term is also used in the name for ''[[Cucumis anguria]]'', the ''West Indian gherkin'', a closely related species.<ref>{{cite web|title=West Indian gherkin, ''Cucumis anguria'' L.|url=http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cucumis+anguria|publisher=Plants for a Future|access-date=13 November 2017|date=2012}}</ref> ==== Si lö hunö ==== Burpless cucumbers are sweeter and have a thinner skin than other varieties of cucumber. They are reputed to be easy to digest and to have a pleasant taste. They can grow as long as {{convert|2|ft|cm|sp=us|order=flip|-1}}, are nearly seedless, and have a delicate skin. Most commonly grown in greenhouses, these [[parthenocarpic]] cucumbers are often found in [[Grocery store|grocery markets]], [[Shrink wrap|shrink-wrapped]] in plastic. They are marketed as either burpless or seedless, as the seeds and skin of other varieties of cucumbers are said to give some people gas.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jordan-Reilly|first=Melissa|title=Why do cucumbers upset my digestion?|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/471722-why-do-cucumbers-upset-my-digestion/|publisher=LiveStrong.com|date=15 September 2013 }}</ref> == Produksi == {{Infobox agricultural production | year = 2020 |plant= Cucumber and Gherkin | country1 ={{CHN}} | amount1 =72.8 | country2 ={{TUR}} | amount2 =1.9 | country3 ={{RUS}} | amount3 =1.7 | country4 ={{IRN}} | amount4 =1.2 | country5 ={{MEX}} | amount5 =1.2 | world =91.3 | source = [[FAOSTAT]]<ref name="faostat">{{cite web|title=2019 Production of cucumbers and gherkins; from pick lists: World regions/Production Quantity|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/|date=2019|access-date=2021-05-11|publisher=FAOSTAT of the United Nations}}</ref> }} In 2020, world production of cucumbers and gherkins was 91 million [[tonne]]s, led by China with 80% of the total.<ref name=faostat/> == Waö-waö wananö == Cultivated for at least 3,000 years, the cultivated cucumbers ''"Cucumis sativus"'' were domesticated in [[India]] from wild "''C. sativus var. hardwickii''".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |website=New Phytologist |pages=1240–1255 |language=en |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |date=June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weng |first1=Yiqun |title=Cucumis sativus Chromosome Evolution, Domestication, and Genetic Diversity: Implications for Cucumber Breeding |journal=Plant Breeding Reviews |date=7 January 2021 |pages=79–111 |doi=10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119717003.ch4 |publisher=Wiley |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bisht |first1=I. S. |last2=Bhat |first2=K.V. |last3=Tanwar |first3=S. P. S. |last4=Bhandari |first4=D. C. |last5=Joshi |first5=Kamal |last6=Sharma |first6=A. K. |title=Distribution and genetic diversity of Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef in India |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2004 |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=783–791 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511843 |language=en |issn=1462-0316}}</ref> where a great many varieties have been observed, along with its closest living relative, ''[[Cucumis hystrix]]''.<ref>[[Asian News International]]. 21 July 2010. "[http://newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/170033 Cucumber, melon's common ancestor originated in Asia]." ''NewsTrack India.'' Retrieved on 4 June 2020.</ref> Three main cultivar groups of cucumber are namely Eurasian cucumbers (slicing cucumbers eaten raw and immature), East Asian cucumbers (pickling cucumbers) and Xishuangbanna cucumbers. Based on demographic modelling, the East Asian C. sativus cultivars diverged from the Indian cultivars c. 2500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chomicki |first1=Guillaume |last2=Schaefer |first2=Hanno |last3=Renner |first3=Susanne S. |title=Origin and domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops: insights from phylogenies, genomics and archaeology |journal=New Phytologist |date=June 2020 |volume=226 |issue=5 |pages=1240–1255 |doi=10.1111/nph.16015 |url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/nph.16015 |language=en |issn=0028-646X|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was probably introduced to Europe by the [[Agriculture in ancient Greece|Greeks]] or [[Agriculture in ancient Rome|Romans]]. Records of cucumber cultivation appear in [[France]] in the 9th century, [[Agriculture in England|England]] in the 14th century, and in North America by the mid-16th century.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica" /><ref name="Renner 2007">{{cite journal|last1=Renner|first1=SS|last2=Schaefer|first2=H|last3=Kocyan|first3=A|year=2007|title=Phylogenetics of ''Cucumis'' (Cucurbitaceae): Cucumber (''C. sativus'') belongs in an Asian/Australian clade far from melon (''C. melo'')|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=7|page=58|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-7-58|pmc=3225884|pmid=17425784 |doi-access=free }} </ref><ref name="Doijode">Doijode, S. D. 2001. ''Seed storage of horticultural crops''. [[Haworth Press]]. {{ISBN|1-56022-901-2}}. p. 281.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.41.3.571|title=Taxonomic Relationships of A Rare ''Cucumis'' Species (''C. hystrix'' Chakr.) and Its Interspecific Hybrid with Cucumber|year=2006|last1=Zhuang|first1=Fei-Yun|last2=Chen|first2=Jin-Feng|last3=Staub|first3=Jack E.|last4=Qian|first4=Chun-Tao|journal=HortScience|volume=41|issue=3|pages=571–574|doi-access=free}}</ref> === Famatörö Roma === According to [[Pliny the Elder]], the Emperor [[Tiberius]] had the cucumber on his table daily during summer and winter. In order to have it available for his table every day of the year, the Romans reportedly used artificial methods of growing (similar to the [[Greenhouse|greenhouse system]]), whereby ''mirrorstone'' refers to Pliny's ''lapis specularis'', believed to have been sheet [[mica]]:<ref name="AncientInventions">{{cite book|author1=James, Peter J. |author2=Thorpe, Nick |author3=Thorpe, I. J. |title=Ancient Inventions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmJLd3sSYecC|year=1995|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-40102-1|chapter=Ch. 12, Sport and Leusure: Roman Gardening Technology|page=563}}</ref><ref>[[Pliny the Elder]]. [77–79 AD] 1855. "[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605044058/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2019.23 |date=5 June 2020 }}." Ch. 23 in ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|The Natural History]]'' XIX, translated by [[John Bostock (physician)|J. Bostock]] and [[Henry Thomas Riley|H. T. Riley]]. London: [[Taylor & Francis]]. – via ''Perseus under PhiloLogic'', also [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D19%3Achapter%3D23 available] via Perseus Project.</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Indeed, he was never without it; for he had raised beds made in frames upon wheels, by means of which the cucumbers were moved and exposed to the full heat of the sun; while, in winter, they were withdrawn, and placed under the protection of frames glazed with mirrorstone.|author=Pliny the Elder|title=''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XIX.xxiii|source="Vegetables of a Cartilaginous Nature—Cucumbers. Pepones"}} Reportedly, they were also cultivated in ''specularia'', cucumber houses glazed with oiled cloth.<ref name="AncientInventions" /> Pliny describes the Italian fruit as very small, probably like a [[gherkin]]. He also describes the preparation of a medication known as ''elaterium''. However, some scholars{{who|date=February 2013}} believe that he was instead referring to ''[[Ecballium elaterium]]'', known in pre-[[Linnean nomenclature|Linnean]] times as ''Cucumis silvestris'' or ''Cucumis asininus'' ('wild cucumber' or 'donkey cucumber'), a species different from the common cucumber.<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 iii] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043843/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.3 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> Pliny also writes about several other varieties of cucumber, including the cultivated cucumber,<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' XX.[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 iv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043845/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.4 |date=5 June 2020 }}–[http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 v] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605043846/http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=LatinAugust2012&getid=1&query=Plin.%20Nat.%2020.5 |date=5 June 2020 }}.</ref> and remedies from the different types (9 from the cultivated; 5 from the "anguine;" and 26 from the "wild"). === Hönö ndröfia === [[Charlemagne]] had cucumbers grown in his gardens in the 8th/9th century. They were reportedly introduced into England in the early 14th century, lost, then reintroduced approximately 250 years later. The [[Spaniards]] (through the [[Italian people|Italian]] [[Christopher Columbus]]) brought cucumbers to [[Haiti]] in 1494. In 1535, [[Jacques Cartier]], a French explorer, found "very great cucumbers" grown on the site of what is now [[Montreal]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} === Götö modern si föföna === [[File:Trans-2,cis-6-Nonadienal.png|thumb|[[Trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal]], or ''cucumber aldehyde'', is a component of the distinctive aroma of cucumbers.|alt=trans,cis-2,6-Nonadienal, or cucumber aldehyde|250px]] Throughout the 16th century, European trappers, traders, [[bison]] hunters, and explorers bartered for the products of American Indian [[agriculture]]. The tribes of the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]] learned from the Spanish how to grow European crops. The farmers on the Great Plains included the [[Mandan]] and [[Abenaki]]. They obtained cucumbers and [[watermelon]]s from the Spanish, and added them to the crops they were already growing, including several varieties of [[Maize|corn]] and [[bean]]s, [[pumpkin]]s, [[Squash (fruit)|squash]], and [[gourd]] plants.<ref>{{cite book|title=Taste, Memory: Forgotten Foods, Lost Flavors, and why They Matter|pages=109|last=Buchanan|first=David|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|location=VT, USA|isbn=9781603584401|year=2012}}</ref> The [[Iroquois]] were also growing them when the first Europeans visited them.<ref>{{cite book|title=Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use|pages=159|last1=Kuhnlein|first1=H. V.|last2=Turner|first2=N. J.|publisher=Gordon and Breach|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|year=1996|isbn=9782881244650}}</ref> In 1630, the Reverend [[Francis Higginson]] produced a book called ''New-Englands Plantation'' in which, describing a garden on Conant's Island in [[Boston Harbor]] known as ''The Governor's Garden'', he states:<ref>[[Francis Higginson|Higginson, Francis]]. [1630] 1906. ''[[iarchive:newenglandsplant00higgrich/|New-Englands Plantation]]''. Salem, MA: Essex Book and Print Club. {{OCLC|1049892552}}. [https://archive.org/details/newenglandsplant00higgrich/page/24/mode/2up?q=turnips p. 5].</ref><blockquote>The countrie aboundeth naturally with store of roots of great {{Sic|varietie}} and good to eat. Our turnips, parsnips, and carrots are here both bigger and sweeter than is ordinary to be found in England. Here are store of pompions, cowcumbers, and other things of that nature which I know not…</blockquote>In ''New England Prospect'' (1633, England), William Wood published observations he made in 1629 in America:<ref>Wood, William. (1634). "[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/47082/47082-h/47082-h.htm#Page_13 Of the Hearbes, Fruites, Woods, Waters and Mineralls]", pp. 13–18 in ''New England Prospect''. London.</ref><blockquote>{{Sic|The ground affords very good kitchin gardens, for Turneps, Parsnips, Carrots, Radishes, and Pompions, Muskmillons, Isquoter-squashes, coucumbars, Onyons, and whatever grows well in England grows as well there, many things being better and larger.}}</blockquote> === Götö aefa wa'ateboka hörö === [[File:Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber - 1891P32.jpg|thumb|''Lobster, Crab, and a Cucumber'' by [[William Henry Hunt (painter)|William Henry Hunt]] (watercolour, 1826 or 1827)]] In the later 17th century, a prejudice developed against uncooked vegetables and fruits. A number of articles in contemporary health publications stated that uncooked plants brought on summer diseases and should be forbidden to children. The cucumber kept this reputation for an inordinate period of time, "fit only for consumption by cows," which some believe is why it gained the name, ''cowcumber''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} [[Samuel Pepys]] wrote in his diary on 22 August 1663:<ref>[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1663/08/22/ Saturday 22 August 1663 (Pepys' Diary)]. Pepysdiary.com. Retrieved on 25 November 2012.</ref><blockquote>[T]his day Sir W. Batten tells me that Mr. Newburne is dead of eating cowcumbers, of which the other day I heard of another, I think.</blockquote> According to 18th-century British writer [[Samuel Johnson]], it was commonly said among English physicians that a cucumber “should be well sliced, and dressed with pepper and vinegar, and then thrown out, as good for nothing.”<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boswell |first1=James |title=The Life of Samuel Johnson: Including A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, Volumen 1 |date=1832 |publisher=Carter, Hendee and Company |page=423 |url=https://books.google.cl/books?id=fKAEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA423 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> A copper [[etching]] made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in [[Herbal]]s of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} ==Gallery== <gallery mode=packed> File:Organic Gardener Holding a Fresh Salad Cucumber.jpg|Salad cucumber File:An Indian yellow cucumber.jpg|An Indian yellow cucumber File:Kurkkuja.jpg|A Scandinavian cucumber in slices File:Cucumber grated.jpg|Grated cucumber File:Komkommer (Cucumis sativus 'Gele Tros').jpg|Komkommer (''Cucumis sativus'' 'Gele Tros') File:Hmong cucumber.jpg|A varietal grown by the [[Hmong people]] with textured skin and large seeds File:Lemon cucumber J1.JPG|Lemon cucumber File:Mizeria.jpg|Dish with cucumber cut pieces ([[mizeria]]) File:PicklingCucumbers.jpg|Pickling cucumbers File:Spreewaldgurke2.jpg|Gherkins File:Persiancucumber.jpg|[[Isfahan]] burpless cucumber, [[Iran]] File:Leaves of Cucumber (a creeping vine plant).jpg|Leaves File:Cucumber vine in New Jersey.jpg|alt=A tendril emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing|A [[tendril]] emerges from cucumber vines to facilitate climbing File:Cucumbers growing on a string lattice structure.jpg|alt=A string lattice supports vine growth|A string [[Trellis (architecture)|lattice]] supports vine growth File:Cucumber hanging on the vine.JPG|alt=A bulb-shaped cucumber hanging on the vine|A [[bulb]]-shaped cucumber hanging on the [[vine]] </gallery> {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = La'izu | image = ARS_cucumber.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = La'izu | regnum = Plantae | divisio = Magnoliophyta | classis = Magnoliopsida | ordo = Cucurbitales | familia = Cucurbitaceae | genus = ''Cucumis'' | species = '''''C. sativus''''' | binomial = ''Cucumis sativus'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] }} '''La'izu''' (töi resmi: ''Cucumis sativus'', li Indonesia: ''timun'', ''mentimun'' ma ''ketimun'') no sambua zinanö si tefaböbö ba famili ''Cucurbitaceae'', ya'ia da'ö ngawalö zinumbua sanga'asogö bua si tola la'a niha. Oya nidanö bakha ba mbua la'izu. Asese la'oguna'ö ia niha tobali famalala gö, itaria labali'ö ia famaruka nidanö nibadu ba gangowuloa segebua. Asese göi la'oguna'ö ia ira'alawe ba wangalösö bawa (ladökhi ia ba awena lafalemba ba mböwö ma ba mbawa). Baero da'ö so niha si faduhu tödö wa tola möi tou wa'anai ndro niha (li Indonesia: ''{{li|id|darah tinggi}}'') na la'a ia. ''Habitus'' la'izu fao ba gangolifa sitobali dalu-dalu bulu ndru'u ma laŵa'ö herba fa'aurinia hulö matonga manana ba fananö ya'ia mo'inötö. Fobowo la'izu andre, fa sambua-sambua misa ma (''monoecious'') bowo simatua faoma bowo ''hermafrodit'' mo so khönia dombua zimatuania (''berkelamin ganda''). [[Bowo Zinanö]] si'oföna sibai tefangamöi ba zi 4-5 migu, ya'ia da'ö bowo simatua. Bowo-bowo si tumbu aefa da'ö ba la'izu ya'ia bowo da'ö hermafrodit na sökhi wa'aurinia. Ba zara ngenge tola tesöndra ofeta 20 ngawua , ba hiza ba zamaliaro si sökhi no tola la tatugöi ha wa'oya mbua ena'ö tesöndra mbua si sökhi ba ebua. Bua lai'izu sibohou ebua la'a-la'ania owuge'e ba so ma'ifu zafusi misa khönia, ba na idugu atua ia, ba idugu abölö owuge'e ba hulö zafusi hoho. Buania anau-nau hulö torpedo. Ösi la'izu tedou ba gamaudu nifotöi mesokarp, so la'a-la'a a'usö safusi hoho, ofeta ba la'a-la'a oroyo-royo. Bua sitola lateu si lö irugi asoso börö na asoso ba alio sibai oköli mbuania irege baga na lateu ia fatua atua manö ya'i böi irugi asoso. == Fangoguna'ö La'izu (''Manfaat mentimun'') == La'izu so khönia nifotöi diuretik, same'e fangokafu si so ba mbuania, ba famöfögö soguna ba guli niha. Oya khönia nidanö, vitamin A, B, faoma C faoma ''mineral'' simane ''magnesium, kalium, mangan'', faoma ''silika''; da'ö wa la'oguna'ö la'izu andre niha ba wangahaogö fangalösö guli. ''Asam askorbat'' faoma ''asam caffeic'' si so ba mbua la'izu sangalösi ''retensi'' nidanö irege da'ö zimöi fangalösi fa'abao mbewe hörö niha. == Föla ba fökhö la'izu (''Hama dan penyakit'') == Föla sasese mamakao sinanö la'izu ya'ia da'ö; utu si so ba mbulu ''Aphis gossypii'' (''Hemiptera: Aphididae''), ''trips Thrips'' ''parvispinus'' (''Tysanoptera: Tripidae''), utu ''kebul Trialeurodes vaporariorum'' (''Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae''), ngalö-ngalö samakiko bulu la'izu ''Liriomyza huidobrensis'' (''Diptera: Agromyzidae''), tolu-tolu si so ba mbu nikaoni ba li wamahaö ''Aulacophora'' ''similis'' (''Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae''), ba era mbulu ya'ia da'ö ''Diaphania indica'' (''Lepidoptera: Pyralidae''). Aefa da'ö tesöndra göi mbuania lö adölö wa'anau-nau nia, abila-bila ma'ifu mbuania, ba na tefaigi hulö zi no tekiko börö wöla ''kepik'' ''Leptoglossus australis'' (''Hemiptera: Coreidae'').<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id">http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223</ref> Fökhö-fökhö si so ba zinanö la'izu andre, ba naha wananö ya'ia, nematoda puru wa'a ''Meloidogyne arenaria'', mo namo mbulunia, ni'a'asogö ''Pseudoperonospora cubensis'', fa'atekiko mbulu börö ''Alternaria sp. dan Colletotrichum sp.'' Ba fökhö ''mosaik'' ni'a'asogö ''Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)''. Na göna Föla samakao sinanö la'izu, ba lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi lö mo'ölö bawa'erege dödö zamaliaro fananö ya'ia. Sabua si'ai na so wöla simane ngalö-ngalö sanaba bulu la'izu ya'ia da'ö ''L. huidobrensis'' faoma utu mbulu ''A. gossypii''. Baero wöla, sasese möi fangalösi mbua sisökhi ba waneu la'izu andre, ya'ia da'ö ba mbuania si lö adölö-dölö, oya zi lakiritö ni'a'asogö föla ''kepik L. australis''.<ref name="repository.ipb.ac.id"/> No so wökhö ba zinanö simane la'izu ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' simöi famakao zangohalöŵögöi me tebai niteu ma lö tesöndra mbua sisökhi. Sambua ba gotalua dungö zamakao sinanö ba ''Cucurbitaceae'' andrö sifao ba danömö ya'ia da'ö '''''Squash mosaic virus'''''. ''SqMV'' no la'ila niha, tungö samakao ba mbanua sananö simane la'izu andre ma ''Cucurbitaceae'' me si no göna ya'ia ba lö alua mbua sisökhi ma lö böli gölö wohalöŵögöigö.<ref>http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361</ref> --> == Umbu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Khai-khai baero == * {{en}} [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/27548 ''Seni Bercocok Tanam Mentimun dan Melon''] karya Thomas Watkins * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/13223 Survei Hama dan Penyakit pada Pertanaman Mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) di Desa Ciherang, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat] * [http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/53361 Keberadaan Beberapa Virus dan Efisiensi Tular Benih Squash mosaic virus pada Cucurbitaceae] {{Taxonbar|from=Q23425}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Ngawalö gö]] [[Kategori:Bulugeu]] [[Kategori:Cucurbitaceae]] [[Kategori:Sinanö]] [[Kategori:Sinumbua]] d7qg99l0gne9xt631rz6r8epoi9oldu