Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 12874 119073 119017 2024-12-11T10:09:49Z CommonsDelinker 88 Removing [[:c:File:Football_ferreolchevalier.jpg|Football_ferreolchevalier.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 26 November 2024. 119073 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|thumb|Aho Musanze FC ikomoka]] Musanze Fc ni ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru ibarizwa mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|karere ka Musanze]], Iyi kipe ikina mu kiciro cya mbere cya shampiyona y'u [[Rwanda]] aho imikino yo murugo iyakirira kuri Stade Ubworoherane ishobora kwakira abantu 4000 bicaye neza.<ref>https://www.musanzefc.com/amateka/</ref><ref>[[:en:Musanze_F.C.|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musanze_F.C.]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/live-sports/article/live-rayon-sports-idafite-abanya-maroc-yakiriye-musanze-fc-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-21 |archive-date=2022-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921113742/https://mobile.igihe.com/serivisi/special-pages/live-sports/article/live-rayon-sports-idafite-abanya-maroc-yakiriye-musanze-fc-amafoto |url-status=dead }}</ref> == AMASHAKIRO == [[Ikiciro:Amakipe]] [[Ikiciro:Imikino (Rwanda)]] e0cyfyxcaemsd080k84bk0t972cp877 3 19592 119070 2024-12-10T19:58:06Z Geyoce4213 14958 /* How was the wall clock invented? */ new section 119070 wikitext text/x-wiki == How was the wall clock invented? == The wall clock is one of the inventions that gradually developed over the years and became what we know today. This valuable tool, which plays an important role in time management, has a long history of ups and downs. In this article, we will examine the different stages of the invention of the wall clock and the factors influencing its evolution. A background on the concept of time Before the invention of the clock, humans used natural phenomena such as the motion of the sun, moon, and stars to measure time. In ancient times, tools such as the sundial and the blue clock were designed to approximate the time. These tools, although simple, laid the foundations for the invention of mechanical watches. First mechanical watches In the Middle Ages, primitive mechanical watches were invented. These watches, which were used mostly in churches, worked with the help of weights and Gears, usually announcing time by the sound of a bell. These technologies later made their way into homes and became the basis for the production of wall clocks. The birth of the wall clock. The invention of the wall clock dates back to the 17th century. During this period, European watchmakers sought to build smaller, more accurate watches that could be installed in homes. The use of springs instead of heavy weights as well as the invention of the pendulum by Kristian Huygens played a key role in this transformation. Due to their high accuracy, the pendulums revolutionized the watchmaking industry and made wall clocks one of the most popular tools in homes. Design and aesthetic changes In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries AD, wall clocks came up not only as a timing tool, but also as a decorative element in interior design. The watchmakers created beautiful and stunning watches using various materials such as wood, bronze, and decorative glass. Diverse designs such as baroque, rococo, and Victorian styles, each reflected the culture and art of their time. The rise of modern watches As we entered the 20th century, wall clocks were influenced by new technologies such as electric motors and quartz. These watches became much more accurate and affordable. Also, minimalist and modern designs were noticed in recent decades, making wall clocks an indispensable component in any home. Conclusion The invention of the wall clock is a result of creativity, the need for time management, and technological advancement. From early Sun clocks to modern advanced wall clocks, this tool has always played an important role in human life. Today, a wall clock is not only a functional device, but also a symbol of lifestyle and art that has a special effect in every home. [https://newkhane.ir] [[Umukoresha:Geyoce4213|Geyoce4213]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Geyoce4213|talk]]) 19:58, 10 Ukuboza 2024 (UTC) 9539xzedrd5ocboy0bid5xnsuecottb 119071 119070 2024-12-10T22:12:52Z Ternera 13866 removing spam 119071 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 19593 119072 2024-12-11T02:45:03Z Laure6156 14959 Created by translating the page "[[:fr:Special:Redirect/revision/221037268|Oscar Gasana]]" 119072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Oscar Gasana''' (26 Kamena 1951 - 14 Ukuboza 2023) yari [[Rwanda|Umunyarwanda]] w'umushakashatsi n’umwanditsi, wamenyekanye kubera ibikorwa yakoze kw'irwanya ryabaturage ba Bisesero mu gihe cya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda muri 1994]] . Gasana afite impamyabumenyi ya dogiteri mu bumenyi ngiro mbonezamubano, yatanze ibitekerezo bye mu kwibuka no gutinyuka kw'abarwanyi barwanyaga interahamwe mu karere ka Bisesero, abishira mu gitabo cye yise Les collines se souviennent bivuga Imisozi iribuka''.'' mu bushakashatsi n’imishinga ye, yatanze ibitekerezo bishya <ref>Oscar Gasana, ''A typology of theoretical approaches to the study of Rwandan Tutsi genocide'', ''Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research'', vol. 8, no. 4, 1 Mutarama 2016, pp. 258–268 (ISSN 1759-6599, DOI: 10.1108/JACPR-12-2015-0204, https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jacpr-12-2015-0204/full/html?skipTracking=true, wasuwe ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2024)</ref> ku mateka ya jenoside, agaragaza imbaraga n’imitunganyirize y’abo barwanyi mu gihe cyo kurimbuka, anagaragaza uruhare rw'amahanga mpuzamahanga muri icyo gihe cya jenoside. [[Dosiye:Oscar_Gasana.jpg|thumb| <big>Oscar Gasana</big>]] == Ubuzima bwe == Oscar Gasana wavukiye i Mpembe, mu karere ka Karongi mu Rwanda. Yavuye mu gihugu cye kavukire ajya mu buhungiro muri 1959 ubwo ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko ryatangiye kugaragara cyane. Yahunze ajya mu gihugu cya Congo, aho yakomereje amasomo ye abanza, ayisumbuye, ndetse n’ay’ikaminuza i Bukavu . Nyuma yaho, yakomeje urugendo rwe rw’uburezi muri Addis Abeba no i Londres. Muri 1994, ubwo [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda]] yabaga, yabikurikiraniye ari mu mahanga. Ibyo byamuremereye u mutima cyane, bituma yegura ku mwanya we w’Umuyobozi ushinzwe n’itangazamakuru n'imurika mu Kigo Nyafurika cy’ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku bikorwa no ku myigishirize y’iterambere ry’imibereho y’abantu, cyari gishyigikiwe n’Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho y’Abaturage y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (ECOSOC). Ageze muri Kanada muri 1995, Gasana yakoze impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri tewolojiya y’abashumba mu kigo cya Dominikani i Montreal. Mu 2000 yimukiye i Gatineau aho yigishaga igifaransa urubyiruko kandi akangurira abantu kumenya bijyanye na jenoside y'abatutsi binyuze mu nama <ref>''Conférence Mr Oscar Gasana – 20th commemoration of the genocide against Tutsi 2/2 Ottawa Canada'', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAR5gwF4_lQ<nowiki/>(1 Mata 2015, 154:58 min), wasuwe ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2024.{{Lien vidéo|titre=Conférence Mr Oscar Gasana 20th commemoration of the genocide against Tutsi 2/2 Ottawa Canada|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAR5gwF4_lQ|date=2015-04-01|consulté le=2024-12-02|auteur=JASTUDIO360|durée=154:58}}</ref> no mu nyandiko <ref>Vern Neufeld Redekop, ''Implication of Religious Leaders in Mimetic Structures of Violence: The Case of Rwanda'', ''Journal of Religion & Society. Supplement'', vol. 2, 2005, p. 117 (ISSN 1941-8450, [https://ixtheo.de/Record/1798306697 soma hano], wasuwe ku wa 10 Ukuboza 2024)</ref> . Muri icyo gihe kandi, yyifatanyije n’umuryango w’Abanyarwanda baba muri Gatineau-Ottawa, maze agira uruhare mu gushinga Humura, <ref>Ishyirahamwe rya [https://www.humura.ca/about HUMURA]</ref> ishyirahamwe ry’abarokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, aho yabaye umuyobozi waryo imyaka myinshi. Muri 2005, yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bushakashatsi bw’amakimbirane muri kaminuza ya Saint Paul, imuha uburyo bwo kwinjira muri guverinoma ya Kanada nk’umwitozo wo gukemura amakimbirane <ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Innovation |date=2021-05-26 |title=Ombud for Mental Health and Employee Well-Being |url=https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/plans-reports/en/ombud-mental-health-and-employee-well-being/ombud-mental-health-and-employee-well-being#s11 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=ised-isde.canada.ca}}</ref> muri minisiteri zitandukanye kugeza igihe yagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru muri Mutarama 2022. === Ibikorwa by'Ubushakashatsi n'Ibitabo Yanditse === Mu rwego rwa dogiteri ye mu bumenyi ngiro mbonezamubano muri kaminuza ya Québec muri Outaouais, Gasana akora ubushakashatsi kw'irwanya ryakozwe yabereye i Bisesero, akarere kibasiwe cyane n’ihohoterwa ryo mu 1994 mugihe cya jenoside. Igitabo cye cy’impamyabumenyi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Une soutenance de thèse réussie au doctorat en sciences sociales appliquées {{!}} Université du Québec en Outaouais |url=https://uqo.ca/nouvelles/6311 |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=uqo.ca |language=fr}}</ref> yise, 'Imisozi yateraga amabuye - Kurwanya itsembabwoko ryabereye i Bisesero (mu Rwanda)', yahawe ishimwe ry’indashyikirwa n’umuyobozi wa kaminuza. Ubu bushakashatsi bwaje kuvamo igitabo cye ''les collines se souviennent'', cyasohotse mu 2019 cyanditswe n’inzu y’ibitabo Izuba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les collines se souviennent |url=https://izuba.org/boutique/izuba/essais/les-collines-se-souviennent/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Izuba Édition |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Itangizwa ryicyo gitabo muri 2019 ryahuriranye no kwibuka ku nshuro ya 25 jenoside y'abatutsi mu Rwanda muri 1994, kandi umushinga wo kugishyira ku mugaragaro wabereye i [[Kigali]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwibuka |first=Eugene |date=2019-06-21 |title=Bisesero resistors embody values to protect human lives, says author Oscar Gasana |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/167502/News/bisesero-resistors-embody-values-to-protect-human-lives-says-author-oscar-gasana |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref>, Gatineau na Montreal . Iki gitabo gitanga imyumvire mishya mu gusobanukirwa itsembabwoko ry’abatutsi no mu kwerekana ubutwari bw’abaturage ba Bisesero igihe bahanganye n’ibitero by'interahamwe. Cyongera kandi gutanga isesengura ry’uruhare rw’amahanga, cyane cyane ku bijyanye Operasiyo Turquoise, yari iyobowe n’Ubufaransa. Itanga isesengura ryimbaraga zabaturage ba bisesero ninshingano mpuzamahanga murwego rwa jenoside. === Imishinga Yakurikiyeho === Muri 2022, nyuma y'imurika ry'umwihariko <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Résistance des Tutsi de Bisesero : Un exemple de dignité humaine |url=https://fr.igihe.com/Resistance-des-Tutsi-de-Bisesero-Un-exemple-de-dignite-humaine.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=IGIHE |language=fr-FR}}</ref> ry'gitabo, Gasana yagarutse mu Rwanda gutegura umushinga w'ikiganiro cy'amashusho kijyanye n'irwanya ryabereye Bisesero, afatanyije n’umunyamakuru w’Umufaransa Ygal Egry. Intego yabo yari ukwerekana aya mateka y’ubutwari budasanzwe ku mashusho, kugira ngo bageze ubu butumwa ku bantu benshi kandi barusheho gukomeza umurage yatangiye mu gitabo cye ''les collines se souviennent''. Nubwo uyu mushinga utabashije kurangira kubera urupfu rwe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Avis de décès - Gasana, Oscar |url=https://www.cfo.coop/avis-de-deces/oscar-gasana-252610/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=www.cfo.coop |language=fr}}</ref> mu Kuboza 2023, umuryango we wiyemeje gukomeza iki gikorwa mu rwego rwo kumwibuka no gukomeza umurage we. === Umurage no kumenyekana === Igihe cyo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 30 muri 2024, i Kigali hateguwe ihuro y’ubuvanganzo <ref>🔴 ''Rencontre Littéraire: Les Collines se souviennent'', Kwibuka Rwanda (15 Gicurasi 2024, 126:45 min), wasuwe ku wa 2 Ukuboza 2024.</ref> mu rwego rwo guha icyubahiro Gasana, ihuza abanyabwenge, abanyamateka n’abacitse ku icumu, kugira ngo bishimire imyiragaragambyo ya Bisesero kandi baganire ku masomo bakuye kw'irwanya ryagaragaye Bisesero. Ibikorwa bye bikomeje guhindura ibitekerezo ku kwibuka, kwihangana n'ubutabera imbere ya jenoside. == Ibitabo == * 2019, ''Imisozi Iribuka.'' ''Abacitse ku icumu rya Bisesero bavuga uko barwanyije interahamwe.'' [https://www.izuba.info/les-collines-se-souviennent,022.html?lang=fr Izuba Edition] === Ubwandisti === * '''(2016)''', Oscar Gasana, ''A Typology of Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Rwandan Tutsi Genocide''. ''Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research'', vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 258–268. (''Ubwoko bw’Imbonerahamwe y’Imyigishirize mu Bushakashatsi ku Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda.'') [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jacpr-12-2015-0204/full/html https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/jacpr-12-2015-0204/wuzuye/html] * '''(2007)''', Oscar Gasana na Redekop, ''Implication of Religious Leaders in Mimetic Structures of Violence: The Case of Rwanda''. ''Journal of Religion & Society'', pp. 117–137. (''Uruhare rw’Abayobozi b’Amadini mu Miterere y’Ihohoterwa Rishingiye ku Kwisubiramo: Urugero rw’u Rwanda.'') == Amahugurwa yo gusoma ibijyana na Gasana Oscar == * [https://ustpaul.ca/en/social-reconciliation-just-peace-and-development-research-group/members/ Abagize Ubwiyunge Bwabaturage, Amahoro Gusa, nitsinda ryubushakashatsi bwiterambere] * [https://livingarchivesvivantes.org/oscar-gasana/ Ububiko bwibutsa ubuzi,a] == Inyandiko n'inkomoko == <references /> {{Portail|Rwanda}} [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994]] [[Ikiciro:Jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994]] [[Ikiciro:Umwanditsi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubutabera]] 5ks0cq7ubjy5pjxbz6s6764uq7kesv7