Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Unitit Kinrick 0 1005 901496 899863 2024-12-26T23:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | name = {{collapsible list |titlestyle=background:transparent;font-size:9pt; |title={{resize|11.5pt|{{nowrap|Unitit Kinrick o Great}} {{nowrap|Breetain an Northren Ireland}}}} |{{Infobox |subbox=yes |bodystyle=font-size:9pt;font-weight:normal; <!--Anglo--> |rowclass1=mergedrow |label1=[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]: |data1={{lang|en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}} |rowclass2=mergedrow |label2=[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster Scots]]:|data2={{lang|sco|Claught Kängrick o Docht Brätain an Norlin Airlann}} <!--Brittonic--> |rowclass3=mergedrow |label3=[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]: |data3={{lang|cy|Teyrnas Unedig Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon}} |rowclass4=mergedrow |label4=[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]: |data4={{lang|kw|Rywvaneth Unys Breten Veur ha Kledhbarth Iwerdhon}} <!--Goidelic--> |rowclass5=mergedrow |label5=[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]: |data5={{lang|gd|Rìoghachd Aonaichte Bhreatainn is Èireann a Tuath}} |rowclass6 =mergedrow |label6=[[Erse leid|Erse]]: |data6={{lang|ga|Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus Thuaisceart Éireann}} }} }} | common_name = Unitit Kinrick | linking_name = the Unitit Kinrick <!--Note: "the" required here as this entry used to create wikilinks--> | image_flag = Flag of the United Kingdom.svg | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom.svg | alt_coat = Coat of arms containing shield and crown in centre, flanked by lion and unicorn | symbol_type = {{nowrap|[[Ryal coat o airms o the Unitit Kinrick|Ryal coat o airms]]{{tsp}}{{#tag:ref |The Ryal coat o airms uised in Scotland:<br /><center>[[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland.svg|100px]]</center> |group="note"}}<!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | national_anthem = {{nowrap|1="[[God Save the King]]"{{#tag:ref |Thare is no authorised version o the naitional anthem as the wirds are a matter o tradeetion; anly the first verse is uisually sung.<ref>''[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Symbols/NationalAnthem.aspx National Anthem]'', British Monarchy official website. Retrieved 16 November 2013.</ref> No law wis passed makin "God Save the King" the offeecial anthem. In the Inglis tradeetion, such laws are nae necessary; proclamation an uisage are sufficient tae mak it the naitional anthem. "God Save the King" an aa serves as the [[Honours music|Ryal anthem]] for certain [[Commonweel realms]]. |group="note"}} <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the Queen.ogg]]</center></div><!--(end nowrap:)-->}} | image_map = Europe-UK.svg | map_caption = {{map_caption |countryprefix=the |country={{nobold|Unitit&nbsp;Kinrick}} |location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark gray |subregion= |subregion_color=green}} | languages_type = Offeecial leid<br />{{nobold|an national leid}} | languages = Inglis | languages2_type = Recognised regional<br />leids{{#tag:ref |Unner the [[Cooncil o Europe]]'s [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Leids]], Scots, Ulster-Scots, Welsh, Cornish, Erse an Scots Gaelic, are offeecially recognised as [[Regional leid|regional]] or [[Minority leid|minority]] leids bi the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|Breetish govrenment]] for the purposes o the Charter. See an aa [[Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref name="reglang">{{cite web |url=http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 |publisher=[[Council of Europe]] |accessdate=12 December 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212175720/http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?CL=ENG&NT=148&VL=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |group="note"<!--(end #tag:)-->}} | languages2 = {{hlist|list_style=line-height:1.3em;|item_style=white-space; |[[Scots leid|Scots]]|[[Ulster Scots leid|Ulster‑Scots]]|[[Welsh leid|Welsh]]|[[Cornish leid|Cornish]]|[[Scots&nbsp;Gaelic]]|[[Erse leid|Erse]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{ublist|list_style=line-height:1.3em; |class=nowrap |87.1% [[White fowk|White]] |7.0% [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] |3.0% [[Black Breetish|Black]] |2.0% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]] |0.9% ithers}} | ethnic_groups_year = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] | demonym = {{hlist|[[Breetish fowk|Breetish]] | Briton}} | capital = [[Lunnon]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Lunnon]] | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Charles, King o the Unitit Kinrick|Charles III]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime&nbsp;Meenister]] | leader_name2 = [[Keir Starmer]] | legislature = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|Pairlament]] | upper_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Lairds]]}} | lower_house = {{nowrap|[[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]]}} | sovereignty_type = [[History o the Unitit Kinrick|History]] | established_event1 = [[Acts o Union o Ingland an Scotland]] | established_date1 = {{nowrap|1 May 1707}} | established_event2 = [[Acts o Union o Great Breetain an Ireland]] | established_date2 = {{nowrap|1 January 1801}} | established_event3 = [[Erse Free State Constitution Act 1922|Erse Free State Constitution Act]] | established_date3 = {{nowrap|5 December 1922}} | established_date4 = {{nowrap|1 January 1973}} | area_rank = 80t | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_km2 = 243610 | area_sq_mi = 94,060 | percent_water = 1.34 | population_estimate = {{increase}} 67,886,004<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=population.un.org|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=2020-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604174948/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_census = 63,182,178<ref name="pop_census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/uk-census/index.html |title=2011 UK censuses |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2020 | population_estimate_rank = 21st | population_census_year = 2011 | population_census_rank = 22nt | population_density_km2 = 270.7 | population_density_sq_mi = 701.2 | population_density_rank = 50t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $3.131&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=14&pr.y=17&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=112&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |accessdate=30 October 2019}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 9t | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $46,827<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 26t | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $2.744&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 6t | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $41,030<ref name="IMFWEOUK"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20t | Gini = 33.1 | Gini_year = 2017 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 33rd | HDI = 0.940<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24 |url=http://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf |website=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |pages=274-277 |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 15t | currency = [[Poond&nbsp;sterling]] (£) | currency_code = GBP | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = &#8203;<!--NOTE: Please do not remove. This is a blank character entity so that the infobox displays "UTC" without a specified offset.--> | time_zone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = [[Richt- an left-haund traffic|left]] | calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in the Unitit Kinrick|+44]] | cctld = [[.uk]] <!--| national_motto = | religion = | footnotes = --> }} The '''Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Northren Ireland''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}), commonly kent the '''Unitit Kinrick''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom}}; '''UK''') or '''Breetain''' ({{lang-en|Britain}}), is a [[kintra]] in waster [[Europe]]. Lyin aff the north-wastren coast o the European mainlaund, the UK includes the isle o [[Great Breetain]], the north-eastren pairt o the isle o [[Ireland]] an mony smawer islands.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of Great Britain in English |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Great-Britain?q=Great+Britain |publisher=Oxford University Press |accessdate=29 October 2014 |quote=Great Britain is the name for the island that comprises England, Scotland and Wales, although the term is also used loosely to refer to the United Kingdom. |archive-date=2016-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814114302/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/great-britain?q=Great+Britain |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Norlin Airlan]] is the anly pairt o the Unitit Kinrick that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state{{mdashb}}the [[Republic o Ireland]].<ref group="note">Awtho Northren Ireland is the anly pairt o the UK that shares a laund mairch wi anither sovereign state, twa o [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|its Owerseas Territories]] an aa share laund mairches wi ither sovereign kintras. [[Gibraltar]] shares [[Gibraltar-Spain mairch|a mairch]] wi Spain, while the [[Sovereign Base Auries o Akrotiri an Dhekelia]] share borders wit the [[Republic o Cyprus]], the [[Turkis Republic o Northren Cyprus]] an the UN [[buffer zone]] separatin the twa Cypriot polities.</ref> Apairt frae this laund mairch, the UK is surroondit bi the Atlantic Ocean, wi the [[North Sea]] tae its east, the [[Inglis Channel]] tae its sooth an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae its sooth-sooth-wast, giein it the 12t-langest coastline in the warld. The [[Erse Sea]] lies atween Great Breetain an Ireland. Wi an aurie o {{convert|242500|km2|sqmi}}, the UK is the 78t-lairgest sovereign state in the warld an the 11t-lairgest in Europe. It is the 21st-maist populous kintra an aw, wi an estimatit 67.8 million indwallers as o 2020. The UK is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wi a [[pairlamentary seestem|pairliamentar democracy]].<ref>[http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/HowtheMonarchyworks/Whatisconstitutionalmonarchy.aspx The British Monarchy, ''What is constitutional monarchy?'']. Retrieved 17 Julie 2013</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html CIA, ''The World Factbook''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |date=2019-01-07 }}. Retrieved 17 July 2013</ref> The [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|monarch]] is [[Charles III|King Charles III]], The UK's caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Lunnon]], a [[global ceety]] an [[financial centre]] wi an urban aurie population o 10.3 million, the fowert-lairgest in Europe.<ref>The 30 Largest Urban Agglomerations Ranked by Population Size at Each Point in Time, 1950-2030, [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/ World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision], Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]]. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</ref> Ither major urban auries in the UK include the conurbations centred on [[West Midlands conurbation|Birmingham]], [[Wast Yorkshire Urban Aurie|Leeds]], [[Greater Glesga|Glesga]], [[Liverpuil Urban Aurie|Liverpuil]] an [[Greater Manchester Biggit-up Aurie|Manchester]]. The UK consists o fower kintras—[[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]].<ref name="page823">{{cite web |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080909013512/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |archive-date=9 September 2008 |title=Countries within a country |publisher=Prime Minister's Office |date=10 January 2003 |accessdate=8 March 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416083521/http://www.number10.gov.uk/Page823 |date=2010-04-16 }}</ref> Aw but Ingland hae [[devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolved]] admeenistrations,<ref name="devoladmins">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/devolution-of-powers-to-scotland-wales-and-northern-ireland#devolved-administrations |title=Devolution of powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland |publisher=United Kingdom Government |accessdate=17 April 2013 |quote=In a similar way to how the government is formed from members from the two Houses of Parliament, members of the devolved legislatures nominate ministers from among themselves to comprise executives, known as the devolved administrations...}}</ref> ilk wi varyin pouers,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7859034.stm |title=Fall in UK university students |publisher=BBC News |date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |title=Country Overviews: United Kingdom |publisher=Transport Research Knowledge Centre |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404062853/http://www.transport-research.info/web/countryprofiles/uk.cfm |archivedate=4 April 2010 |df=}}</ref> based in thair caipitals [[Edinburgh]], [[Cairdiff]] an [[Belfast]], respectively. The nearbi [[Isle o Man]], [[Bailiwick o Guernsey]] an [[Bailiwick o Jersey]] are no pairt o the UK, bein [[Croun dependencies]] wi the Breetish Govrenment responsible for defence an internaitional representation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |archivedate=15 October 2012 |title=Key facts about the United Kingdom |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012517 |accessdate=6 March 2015 |publisher=[[Directgov]] |quote=<blockquote style="padding-top:0; margin-top:0; padding-left:0; padding-right:0;">The full title of this country is 'the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'. Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales. The United Kingdom (UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. 'Britain' is used informally, usually meaning the United Kingdom.<br /> The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are not part of the UK.</blockquote> |df=}}</ref> Prior tae the [[History o the formation o the Unitit Kinrick|formation o the UK]], Wales haed been conquered an annexed bi the Kinrick o Ingland. This meant that the unitit kinrick creatit in 1707 bi the [[Treaty o Union]] atween Ingland an Scotland encompassed aw o Great Breetain. The Kinrick o Ireland merged wi this state in 1801 tae form the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain an Ireland. Five-saxts o Ireland secedit frae the UK in 1922, leavin the present formulation o the Unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain and Northren Ireland.<ref group="note">The [[Anglo-Erse Treaty]] wis signed on 6 December 1921 tae resolve the [[Erse War o Unthirldom]]. Whan it teuk effect ane year later, it established the [[Erse Free State]] as a separate [[dominion]] within the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Commonweel]]. The UK's current name wis adoptit tae reflect the cheenge.</ref> Thare are [[Breetish Owerseas Territories|fowerteen Breetish Owerseas Territories]],<ref name="overseasterrirories">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/protecting-and-developing-the-overseas-territories |title=Supporting the Overseas Territories |publisher=[[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> the remnants o the [[Breetish Empire]] that, at its hicht in the 1920s, encompassed awmaist a quarter o the warld's land mass an wis the lairgest empire in history. Breetish influence can be observed in the leid, cultur an legal seestems o mony o its umwhile colonies. The UK is a developit kintra an haes the warld's saxt-lairgest economy bi nominal GDP <ref>{{cite web|title=Britain crashes out of world's top 5 economies|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/11/22/news/economy/uk-france-biggest-economies-in-the-world|publisher=[[CNN]]}}.</ref> an ninth-lairgest economy bi [[purchasin pouer parity]]. It haes a heich-income economy an haes a "verra heich" [[Human Development Index]], rankin 16t in the warld. It wis the first industrialised kintra an the warld's foremaist pouer in the 19t an early 20t centuries.<ref>{{cite book |title=The First Industrial Nation: the Economic History of Britain, 1700–1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/firstindustrialn00unse |publisher=Routledge |location=London |author=Mathias, P. |year=2001 |isbn=0-415-26672-6}}</ref><ref name="ferguson">{{cite book |last=Ferguson |first=Niall |year=2004 |title=Empire: The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=0-465-02328-2}}</ref> The UK remeens a great pouer wi conseederable economic, cultural, militar, scienteefic an poleetical influence internaitionally.<ref>{{cite book |author1=T. V. Paul |author2=James J. Wirtz |author3=Michel Fortmann |title=Balance of Power |publisher=State University of New York Press, 2005 |year=2005 |pages=59, 282 |isbn=0791464016 |url=https://www.google.com/books?id=9jy28vBqscQC&pg=PA59&dq="Great+power"}} ''Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia and the United States'' p.59</ref><ref name="David M. McCourt">{{cite book |last=McCourt |first=David |title=Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=28 May 2014 |location=United States of America |pages= |isbn=0472072218 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=lwpOnwEACAAJ&dq=Britain+and+World+Power+Since+1945:+Constructing+a+Nation%27s+Role+in+International+Politics}}</ref> It is a recognised nuclear wappens state an is seivent in militar expenditur in the warld.<ref name="SIPRI">{{cite web |url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/Trends-world-military-expenditure-2016.pdf |title=Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2016 |publisher=[[Stockholm International Peace Research Institute]] |format=PDF |accessdate=26 April 2017}}</ref> It haes been a [[permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil|permanent member]] o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]] syne its first session in 1946. It wis a leadin member state o the EU an its predecessor, the [[European Economic Commonty]] (EEC), frae 1973 till 2020. The UK a member o the [[Commonweel o Naitions]], the [[G7 finance meenisters]], the [[G7 forum]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], [[NATO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development]] (OECD), an the [[Warld Tred Organisation]] (WTO). == Historie o tha Unitit Kinrick == ===Early history=== Settlement bi [[Cro-Magnons|anatomically modren humans]] o whit wis tae acome the Unitit Kinrick occurred in waves beginnin bi aboot 30,000 years agae.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/7069001.stm "Ancient skeleton was 'even older']". [[BBC News]]. 30 October 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2011.</ref> Bi the end o the [[Prehistoric Breetain|region's prehistoric period]], the population is thocht tae hae belanged, in the main, tae a cultur termed [[Insular Celts|Insular Celtic]], comprisin [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic Breetain]] an [[Gaelic Ireland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Celtic culture: A historical encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128 |page=[https://archive.org/details/celticculturehis00koch_128/page/n1016 973] |author=Koch, John T. |isbn=978-1-85109-440-0 |year=2006 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA}}</ref> The [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman conquest]], beginnin in 43 AD, an the 400-year [[Roman Britain|rule o soothren Breetain]], wis follaed bi an invasion bi [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[Anglo-Saxon]] settlers, reducin the Brythonic area [[Wales#Medieval Wales|mainly tae whit wis tae acome Wales]], [[Cornwall]] an the historic [[Kinrick o Strathclyde]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies|editor1-link=John Davies (historian) |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch |editor4-link=Peredur Lynch |title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 |page=915}}</ref> Maist o the region settled bi the Anglo-Saxons becam unifee'd as the [[Kinrick o Ingland]] in the 10t century.<ref name="Short Athelstan biography on the BBC History website">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/athelstan.shtml |title=Short Athelstan biography |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Dál Riata|Gaelic-speakers in north-wast Britain]] (wi connections tae the north-east o Ireland an tradeetionally supposed tae hae migratit frae thare in the 5t century)<ref>{{cite book |author=Mackie, J.D. |authorlink=J.D. Mackie |title=A History of Scotland |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0 |location=London |publisher=Penguin |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-14-013649-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofscotlan00mack_0/page/18 18]–19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Campbell, Ewan |title=Saints and Sea-kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots |url=https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh |year=1999 |isbn=0-86241-874-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/saintsseakingsfi0000camp/page/8 8]–15}}</ref> unitit wi the [[Picts]] tae creaut the [[Kinrick o Scotland]] in the 9t century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haigh |first=Christopher |title=The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |page=30 |isbn=978-0-521-39552-6}}</ref> The [[Early Modren Breetain|early modren period]] saw releegious conflict resultin frae the [[Reformation]] an the introduction o [[Protestantism in the Unitit Kinrick|Protestant]] state kirks in ilk kintra.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/479892/Protestantism/41558/The-Reformation-in-England-and-Scotland The Reformation in England and Scotland] and [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/293754/Ireland/22978/The-Reformation-period Ireland: The Reformation Period & Ireland under Elizabth I], Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</ref> Wales wis [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|fully incorporatit intae the Kinrick o Ingland]],<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web |title=British History in Depth&nbsp;– Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml |accessdate=21 September 2010 |publisher=BBC History |date=5 November 2009}}</ref> an Ireland wis constitutit as a kinrick in personal union wi the Inglis croun.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the modern British Isles, 1529–1603: The two kingdoms |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernb0000nich/page/171 171]–172 |first=Mark |last=Nicholls |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-631-19334-0 |publisher=Blackwell |location=Oxford}}</ref> In 1603, Elizabeth I o Ingland deed an [[Jamie VI o Scotland|Jamie the Saxt o Scotland]] becam [[James I o Ingland|James the First o Ingland]] an aa. Tha Acts o Union 1707 makkit tha [[Kinrick o Great Breetain]] an tha [[Scots Pairlament]] wis unitit wi tha Inglis pairlament in Lunnon. In the mid-17t century, aw three kinricks [[Wars o the Three Kinricks|war involved in a series o connectit wars]] (includin the [[Inglis Ceevil War]]) that led tae the temporar owerthraw o the monarchy an the establishment o the short-leeved [[unitar republic]] o the [[Commonweel o Ingland|Commonweel o Ingland, Scotland an Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/187936/English-Civil-Wars |title=English Civil Wars |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |accessdate=28 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/scotland/01_laws.php |title=Scotland and the Commonwealth: 1651–1660 |publisher=Archontology.org |date=14 March 2010 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref> Awtho the [[Restoration (1660)|monarchy wis restored]], the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] ensured (alang wi the [[Glorious Revolution]] o 1688 an the subsequent [[Bill of Rights 1689]], an the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]]) that, unlik muckle o the rest o Europe, [[ryal absolutism]] wad nae prevail, an a professed Catholic coud niver accede tae the thrane. The [[Breetish constitution]] wad develop on the basis o constitutional monarchy an the [[pairlamentary seestem]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Richard |year=2007 |origyear=1910 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EBSpvBxGyqcC |title=The History of England&nbsp;– From the Restoration to the Death of William III (1660–1702) |publisher=Read Books |page=8 |isbn=978-1-4067-0897-4}}</ref> ===Treaty o Union=== Tho previous attempts at unitin the twa kinricks within Great Breetain in 1606, 1667, an 1689 haed pruived unsuccessfu, the attempt initiatit in 1705 led tae the Treaty o Union o 1706 bein agreed an ratified bi baith pairlaments. On 1 Mey 1707, the unitit Kinrick o Great Breetain came intae bein, the result o Acts o Union bein passed bi the pairlaments o Ingland an Scotland tae ratify the 1706 Treaty o Union an sae unite the twa kinricks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/rise_parliament/docs/articles_union.htm |title=Articles of Union with Scotland 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=19 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/ |title=Acts of Union 1707 |publisher=UK Parliament |accessdate=6 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |title=Treaty (act) of Union 1706 |publisher=Scottish History online |accessdate=3 February 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527074630/http://www.scotshistoryonline.co.uk/union.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the 18t century, cabinet govrenment developed unner [[Robert Walpole]], in practice the first prime meenister (1721–1742). A series o [[Jacobite Uprisins]] socht tae remuive the Protestant [[Hoose o Hanover]] frae the Breetish thrane an restore the Catholic [[Hoose o Stuart]]. The Jacobites war feenally defeatit at the [[Battle o Culloden]] in 1746, efter that the [[Scots Hielanders]] war brutally suppressed. The Breetish colonies in North Americae that brak awey frae Britain in the [[American Revolutionary War|American War o Unthirldom]] becam the Unitit States o Americae, recognised bi Britain in 1783. Breetish imperial ambition turned taewart Asie, pairteecularly tae [[Company rule in Indie|Indie]].<ref>Library of Congress, [https://books.google.com/?id=BQDgr_XvsHoC&pg=PA73 ''The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad''], p. 73.</ref> Efter the defeat o Fraunce at the end o the [[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary]] an [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1792–1815), Great Breetain emerged as the principal naval an imperial pouer o the 19t century (wi Lunnon the lairgest ceety in the warld frae aboot 1830).<ref>Tellier, L.-N. (2009). ''Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective''. Quebec: PUQ. p. 463. {{ISBN|2-7605-1588-5}}.</ref> [[Ryal Navy#1815–1914|Unchallenged at sea]], Breetish dominance wis later descrived as ''[[Pax Britannica]]'' ("Breetish Peace"), a period o [[Internaitional relations o the Great Pouers (1814–1919)|relative peace amang the Great Pouers]] (1815–1914) in that the Breetish Empire becam the global [[hegemon]] an adoptit the role o global polisman.<ref>[[#refJohnston2008|Johnston]], pp.&nbsp;508-10.</ref><ref>[[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p.&nbsp;332.</ref><ref>Sondhaus, L. (2004). ''Navies in Modern World History''. London: Reaktion Books. p. 9. {{ISBN|1-86189-202-0}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Porter |title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-924678-5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC |ref=refOHBEv3 |page=332}}</ref> Breetain focht alangside Fraunce, Roushie an (efter 1917) the Unitit States, against Germany an its allies in the [[First Warld War]] (1914–1918).<ref>Turner, John (1988). ''Britain and the First World War''. London: Unwin Hyman. pp. 22–35. {{ISBN|978-0-04-445109-9}}.</ref> Breetish airmed forces war engaged athort muckle o the Breetish Empire an in several regions o Europe, pairteecularly on the [[Wastren Front (Warld War I)|Wastren front]].<ref name="Westwell&Cove">Westwell, I.; Cove, D. (eds) (2002). ''History of World War I, Volume 3''. Lunnon: Marshall Cavendish. pp. 698 an 705. {{ISBN|0-7614-7231-2}}.</ref> The heich fatalities o trench warfare caused the loss o muckle o a generation o men, wi lastin social effects in the naition an a great disruption in the social order. ===Erse unthirldom=== The rise o [[Erse naitionalism]], an disputes within Ireland ower the terms o [[Erse Hame Rule muivement|Erse Hame Rule]], led eventually tae the [[Pairteetion o Ireland|pairteetion o the island]] in 1921.<ref>SR&O 1921, No. 533 of 3 May 1921.</ref> The [[Erse Free State]] becam independent wi [[Dominion|Dominion status]] in 1922. Northren Ireland remeened pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="CAIN">{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |title=The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 6&nbsp;December 1921 |publisher=CAIN |accessdate=15 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145108/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/politics/docs/ait1921.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wave o strikes in the mid-1920s culminatit in the [[1926 Unitit Kinrick general strike|General Strike o 1926]]. Britain haed still nae recuivered frae the effects o the war whan the [[Great Depression]] (1929–1932) occurred. This led tae conseederable unemployment an haurdship in the auld industrial auries, as weel as poleetical an social unrest in the 1930s, wi risin membership in communist an socialist pairties. A coaleetion govrenment wis formed in 1931.<ref>Rubinstein, W. D. (2004). ''Capitalism, Culture, and Decline in Britain, 1750–1990''. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 11. {{ISBN|0-415-03719-0}}.</ref> Breetain entered the [[Seicont Warld War]] bi declarin war on Germany in 1939, efter Germany haed invadit Poland. [[Winston Churchill]] becam prime meenister an heid o a coaleetion govrenment in 1940. Despite the defeat o its European allies in the first year o the war, Breetain an its Empire conteena'd the ficht alane against Germany. In 1940, the [[Ryal Air Force]] defeatit the German [[Luftwaffe]] in a struggle for control o the skies in the [[Battle o Breetain]]. Urban auries suffered hivy bombin in [[the Blitz]]. Thare war an aa eventual haurd-focht veectories in the [[Battle o the Atlantic]], the [[North Africae campaign]] an the [[Burma campaign]]. Breetish forces played an important role in the [[Normandy laundins]] o 1944, achieved wi its Unitit States ally. ===Syne Warld War II=== Efter the end o the Seicont Warld War in 1945, the UK wis ane o the [[Fower Polismen|Big Fower]] pouers (alang wi the U.S., the Soviet Union, an Cheenae) that met tae plan the post-war warld;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Doenecke |first1=Justus D. |last2=Stoler |first2=Mark A. |title=Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt's foreign policies, 1933–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdMF9rX6mX8C&pg=PA62 |year=2005 |accessdate=19 March 2016 |isbn=0-8476-9416-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943-1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives. |last=Kelly |first=Brian |accessdate=25 August 2015}}</ref> it wis an oreeginal seegnatory tae the [[Declaration o the Unitit Naitions]]. The UK wis the third kintrea tae develop [[Nuclear wappen|a nuclear wappens airsenal]] (wi its [[Operation Hurricane|first atomic bomb test]] in 1952), but the new post-war leemits o Breetain's internaitional role war illustratit bi the [[Suez Creesis]] o 1956. Frae the late 1960s, Northren Ireland suffered communal an paramilitar veeolence (whiles affectin ither pairts o the UK) conventionally kent as [[the Tribbles]]. It is uisually conseedert tae hae endit wi the [[Belfast Agreement|Belfast "Guid Fryday" Agreement]] o 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh |first=Arthur |last=Aughey |isbn=978-0-415-32788-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsnorthern00augh/page/7 7] |year=2005 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name=Hope>"The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance." {{cite book |author=Holland, Jack |title=Hope against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland |url=https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl |publisher=Henry Holt |location=New York |year=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221 221] |isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4}}</ref><ref>Elliot, Marianne (2007). ''The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University.'' University of Liverpool Institute of Irish Studies, Liverpool University Press. p. 2. {{ISBN|1-84631-065-2}}.</ref> Aroond the end o the 20t century thare war major cheenges tae the govrenance o the UK wi the establishment o devolved admeenistrations for Scotland, Wales an Northren Ireland.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://publius.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/1/217 |title=Reforging the Union: Devolution and Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom |accessdate=4 February 2009 |journal=Publius: the Journal of Federalism |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=217–234 |last=Keating |first=Michael |date=1 January 1998 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a029948}}</ref> In the decade-lang process o [[European integration]], the UK wis a foondin member o the alliance cried the [[Wastren European Union]], established wi the [[Lunnon an Paris Conferences]] in 1954. In 1960 the UK wis ane o the seeven foondin members o the [[European Free Tred Association]] (EFTA), but in 1973 it left tae jyne the [[European Commonties]] (EC). Whan the EC becam the [[European Union]] (EU) in 1992, the UK wis ane o the 12 foondin members. In 2016, the Unitit Kinrick [[Unitit Kinrick European Union membership referendum, 2016|votit tae leave the European Union]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/britons-head-to-the-polls-for-historic-vote-on-eu/2016/06/23/0d466fb0-34a7-11e6-ab9d-1da2b0f24f93_story.html |title=In stunning decision, Britain votes to leave the E.U. |date=24 June 2016 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=24 June 2016}}</ref> The legal process o leavin the EU begoud on 29 Mairch 2017, wi the [[Unitit Kinrick invocation o Airticle 50 o the Treaty on European Union|UK's invocation o Airticle 50]] o the Treaty o Lisbon, formally notifyin the EU o the UK's intention tae leave. The UK steyed a fou member o the EU till 31 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/article-50-options|title=Article 50 extension|last=Wright|first=Georgina|date=29 October 2019|website=Institute for Government|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Uk topo en.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The topografie o the UK]] The tot aurie o the Unitit Kinrick is approximately {{convert|243610|km2|sqmi|-1}}. The kintra occupies the major pairt o the Breetish Isles<ref>Oxford English Dictionary: "British Isles: a geographical term for the islands comprising Great Britain and Ireland with all their offshore islands including the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands."</ref> [[airchipelago]] an includes the island o Great Breetain, the north-eastren ane-saxt o the island o Ireland an some smawer surroondin islands. It lies atween the North Atlantic Ocean an the North Sea wi the sooth-east coast comin within {{convert|35|km|mi|0|order=flip}} o the coast o northren Fraunce, frae that it is separatit bi the [[Inglis Channel]].<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |title=United Kingdom |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=23 September 2008 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1993 10% o the UK wis forestit, 46% uised for pastures an 25% cultivatit for agricultur.<ref name="Atlapedia">{{cite web |author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd |url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/unitedki.htm |title=United Kingdom&nbsp;– Atlapedia Online |publisher=Atlapedia.com |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> The [[Ryal Observatory, Greenwich|Ryal Greenwich Observatory]] in Lunnon is the definin pynt o the [[Prime Meridian]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |title=The Prime Meridian at Greenwich |author=ROG Learning Team |date=23 August 2002 |work=Royal Museums Greenwich |publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich |accessdate=11 September 2012 |archive-date=2015-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023957/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/history/the-prime-meridian-at-greenwich |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick lies atween latitudes [[49t parallel north|49°]] tae [[61st parallel north|61° N]], an longitudes [[9t meridian wast|9° W]] tae [[2nt meridian east|2° E]]. Northren Ireland shares a {{convert|360|km|mi|0|adj=on|order=flip}} laund boondary wi the Republic o Ireland.<ref name="factbook"/> The coastline o Great Breetain is {{convert|17820|km|mi|0|order=flip}} lang.<ref name="UK coastline">{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is connectit tae [[continental Europe]] bi the [[Channel Tunnel]], that at {{convert|50|km|mi|0|order=flip}} ({{convert|38|km|mi|0|order=flip}} unnerwatter) is the langest unnerwatter tunnel in the warld.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218114514/http://www.eurotunnel.com/ukcP3Main/ukcCorporate/ukcTunnelInfrastructure/ukcInfrastructure |archivedate=18 December 2010 |title=The Channel Tunnel |publisher=Eurotunnel |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> [[Ingland]] accoonts for juist ower hauf o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|130395|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/7327029.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=England&nbsp;– Profile |date=11 February 2010}}</ref> Maist o the kintra consists o lawland terrain,<ref name="Atlapedia"/> wi moontainous terrain north-wast o the [[Tees-Exe line]]; includin the [[Loch Destrict|Cumbrian Moontains]] o the Loch Destrict, the [[Pennines]], [[Exmoor]] an [[Dartmoor]]. The main rivers an estuaries are the [[River Thames|Thames]], [[River Severn|Severn]] an the [[Humber]]. Ingland's heichest moontain is [[Scafell Pike]] ({{convert|978|m|ft|0}}) in the [[Loch Destrict]]. Its principal rivers are the Severn, Thames, Humber, Tees, Tyne, Tweed, Avon, Exe an Mersey.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> [[Scotland]] accoonts for juist unner a third o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|78772|km2|sqmi|-1}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |title=Scotland Facts |publisher=Scotland Online Gateway |accessdate=16 July 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |archivedate=21 June 2008 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621045248/http://www.scotland.org/about/fact-file/index.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref> an includin nearly aicht hunder islands,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/the-complete-guide-to-the--scottish-islands-633851.html |title=The complete guide to the ... Scottish Islands |work=The Independent |location=London |date=1 June 2000 |first=Jon |last=Winter |accessdate=8 March 2015}}</ref> predominantly wast an north o the mainland; notably the [[Hebrides]], [[Orkney|Orkney Islands]] an [[Shetland|Shetland Islands]]. Scotland is the maist moontainous kintra in the UK an its topografie is distinguished bi the [[Hieland Boondary Faut]]—a [[Faut (geology)|geological rock fractur]]—that traverses Scotland frae [[Isle o Arran|Arran]] in the wast tae [[Stanehyve]] in the east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst7728.html |title=Overview of Highland Boundary Fault |work=Gazetteer for Scotland |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=27 December 2010}}</ref> The [[Faut (geology)|faut]] separates twa distinctively different regions; namely the [[Scots Hielands|Hielands]] tae the north an wast an the [[Scots Lawlands|lawlands]] tae the sooth an east. The mair rugged Hieland region conteens the majority o Scotland's moontainous laund, includin [[Ben Nevis]] that at {{convert|1343|m|ft|0}} is the heichest pynt in the Breetish Isles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |title=Ben Nevis Weather |publisher=Ben Nevis Weather |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAqrmVy?url=http://www.bennevisweather.co.uk/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lawland auries—especially the narrae waist o laund atween the [[Firth o Clyde]] an the [[Firth o Forth]] kent as the [[Central Lawlands|Central Belt]]—are flatter an hame tae maist o the population includin [[Glesga]], Scotland's lairgest ceety, an [[Edinburgh]], its caipital an poleetical centre, awtho upland an moontainous terrain lies within the [[Soothren Uplands]]. [[Wales]] accoonts for less nor a tent o the tot aurie o the UK, cuiverin {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|-1}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/6233450.stm |title=Profile: Wales |publisher=BBC News |date=9 June 2010 |accessdate=7 November 2010}}</ref> Wales is maistly moontainous, tho [[Sooth Wales]] is less moontainous nor [[North Wales|North]] an [[mid Wales]]. The main population an industrial auries are in Sooth Wales, consistin o the coastal ceeties o [[Cairdiff]], [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an the [[Sooth Wales Valleys]] tae their north. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonie]] an include [[Snowdon]] ({{lang-cy|Yr Wyddfa}}) that, at {{convert|1085|m|ft|0}}, is the heichest peak in Wales.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> The 14, or possibly 15, Welsh moontains ower {{convert|3,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} heich are kent collectively as the [[Welsh 3000s]]. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi|0|abbr=off|order=flip}} o coastline.<ref name="UK coastline" /> Several islands lie aff the Welsh mainland, the lairgest o that is [[Anglesey]] (''Ynys Môn'') in the north-wast. [[Northren Ireland]], separatit frae Great Breetain bi the [[Erse Sea]] an [[North Channel (Great Breetain an Ireland)|North Channel]], haes an aurie o {{convert|14160|km2|sqmi|-1}} an is maistly hilly. It includes [[Lough Neagh]] that, at {{convert|388|km2|sqmi|0}}, is the lairgest loch in the Breetish Isles bi aurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |title=Geography of Northern Ireland |publisher=University of Ulster |accessdate=22 May 2006 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118133131/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ni/geog.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The heichest peak in Northren Ireland is [[Slieve Donard]] in the [[Mourne Moontains]] at {{convert|852|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Atlapedia"/> ===Climate=== The Unitit Kinrick haes a temperate climate, wi plentifu rainfaw aw year roond.<ref name="factbook"/> The temperatur varies wi the saisons seendle drappin ablo {{convert|-11|C|lk=on}} or risin abuin {{convert|35|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |title=UK climate summaries |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=1 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAsDB9c?url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/ |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The prevailin wind is frae the sooth-wast an beirs frequent spells o mild an wet wather frae the Atlantic Ocean,<ref name="factbook"/> awtho the eastren pairts are maistly sheltered frae this wind syne the majority o the rain faws ower the wastren regions the eastren pairts are tharefore the driest. Atlantic currents, wairmed bi the [[Gulf Stream]], bring mild winters;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |title=Atlantic Ocean Circulation (Gulf Stream) |work=UK Climate Projections |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archive-date=2018-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017162552/http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/23152 |url-status=dead }}</ref> especially in the wast whaur winters are wet an iven mair sae ower heich grund. Simmers are wairmest in the sooth-east o Ingland, bein closest tae the European mainland, an cuilest in the north. Hivy snawfaw can occur in winter an early ware on heich grund, an occasionally settles tae great deepth awey frae the hills. ==Economy== The UK haes a pairtially regulatit [[mercat economy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/better-regulation/docs/p/11-795-principles-for-economic-regulation |title=Principles for Economic Regulation |date=April 2011 |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref> Based on mercat [[exchynge rate]]s, the UK is theday the fift-lairgest economy in the warld an the seicont-lairgest in Europe efter Germany. [[HM Thesaury]], led bi the [[Chancellor o the Exchequer]], is responsible for developin an executin the govrenment's public finance policy an economic policy. The [[Bank o Ingland]] is the UK's [[central bank]] an is responsible for issuin notes an cunyies in the naition's siller, the [[poond sterling]]. Banks in Scotland an Northren Ireland reteen the richt tae issue thair awn notes, subject tae reteenin eneuch Bank o Ingland notes in reserve tae cuiver their issue. The poond sterling is the warld's third-lairgest [[reserve siller]] (efter the US dollar an the euro).<ref>{{cite news |last=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first=Gertrude |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |agency=Reuters |title=Global reserves, dollar share up at end of 2007-IMF |date=1 April 2008 |accessdate=21 December 2009 |archive-date=2009-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109210433/http://in.reuters.com/article/asiaCompanyAndMarkets/idINN3141616420080331?sp=true |url-status=dead }}</ref> Syne 1997 the Bank o Ingland's [[Monetary Policy Committee]], heidit bi the Govrenor o the Bank o Ingland, haes been responsible for settin interest rates at the level necessar tae achieve the oweraw inflation target for the economy that is set bi the Chancellor ilk year.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312060011/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |title=More About the Bank |date=n.d. |publisher=Bank of England |url=http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/about/more_about.htm |archivedate=12 March 2008}}</ref> The UK [[Tertiary sector o the economy|service sector]] maks up aroond 79% o GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/bulletins/indexofservices/october2017|title=UK index of services: October 2017|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=15 January 2018}}</ref> == Demografie == === Population === In the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] the tot population o the Unitit Kinrick wis 63,181,775.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_292378.pdf |title=2011 Census: Population Estimates for the United Kingdom |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=27 March 2011 |accessdate=18 December 2012}}</ref> It is the fift-lairgest in the [[Commonweel o Nations]] an the 22nt lairgest in the warld. === Leids === The UK's ''de facto'' offeecial leid is Inglis.<ref name="direct.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121015000000/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/LivingintheUK/DG_10012519|archive-date=15 October 2012 |title=English language&nbsp;– Government, citizens and rights |work=[[Directgov]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="thecommonwealth.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookHomeInternal/139560/ |title=Commonwealth Secretariat&nbsp;– UK |publisher=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]] |accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref> Houiver, thar is monie leids spak in the Unitit Kinrick bi baith native an immigrant. The native leids can be spleet inti twa groups: * The [[Celtic leids]]: [[Scots Gaelic leid|Scots Gaelic]], [[Erse leid|Erse]], [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] an [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] * The [[Germanic leid]]s: [[Scots leid|Scots]] an [[Inglis leid|Inglish]] ===Releegion=== In the 2001 census 71.6% o aw respondents indicatit that thay war Christians, wi the next lairgest faiths bein Islam (2.8%), [[Hinduism]] (1.0%), [[Sikhism]] (0.6%), [[Judaism]] (0.5%), [[Buddhism]] (0.3%) an aw ither releegions (0.3%).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 |title=UK Census 2001 |publisher=National Office for Statistics |accessdate=22 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312034628/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=293 <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archivedate=12 March 2007}}</ref> 15% o respondents statit that thay haed na releegion, wi a forder 7% nae statin a releegious preference.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Populations |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 October 2004 |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2005/02/20757/53570 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5zFDlspeL?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archivedate=6 June 2011 |df=}}</ref> ==Politics== {{multiple image | align = right | image1 = Queen Elizabeth II in March 2015.jpg | width1 = 150 | caption1 = [[Queen Elizabeth II]], Monarch syne 1952 | image2 = Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg | width2 = 141 | caption2 = [[Boris Johnson]], Prime Meenister syne 2019 }} The Unitit Kinrick is a unitar state unner a constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II haes been the monarch an heid o state o the UK, as weel as Queen o fifteen ither independent [[Commonweel realm|Commonweel kintras]]. The monarch haes "the richt tae be consultit, the richt tae encourage, an the richt tae wairn".<ref>[[Walter Bagehot|Bagehot, Walter]] (1867). ''The English Constitution''. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 103.</ref> The Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick is [[uncodified constitution|uncodified]] an consists maistly o a collection o disparate written soorces, includin [[statute]]s, juidge-made [[case law]] an internaitional treaties, thegither wi [[Breetish Constitution#Conventions|constitutional conventions]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm#UK%20Legal%20System |title=A Guide To the UK Legal System |publisher=[[University of Kent|University of Kent at Canterbury]] |accessdate=16 May 2006 |author=Carter, Sarah |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6Ly5h?url=http://www.llrx.com/features/uk2.htm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> As thare is na technical difference atween ordinar statutes an "constitutional law", the Pairlament o the UK Pairlament can perform "constitutional reform" semply bi passin [[Act o Pairlament|Acts o Pairlament]], an sicweys haes the poleetical pouer tae cheenge or abolish awmaist ony written or unwritten element o the constitution. Houiver, na Pairlament can pass laws that futur Pairlaments canna cheenge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yH6yA8K?url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/sovereignty.cfm |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=Parliamentary sovereignty |publisher=UK Parliament |date=n.d.}}</ref> The UK haes a pairlamentar govrenmen based on the Wastmeenster seestem that haes been emulatit aroond the warld: a legacy o the Breetish Empire. The pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick meets in the [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] an haes twa houses: an electit [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] an appointit [[Hoose o Lairds]]. Aw bills passed are gien [[Ryal Assent]] afore acomin law. The poseetion o [[Prime Meenister o the Unitit Kinrick|prime meenister]],<ref group="note">Syne the early twentiet century the prime meenister haes held the office o [[First Laird o the Thesaury]], an in recent decades haes an aa held the office o [[Meenister for the Ceevil Service]].</ref> the UK's heid o govrenment,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Government, Prime Minister and Cabinet |work=Public services all in one place |publisher=[[Directgov]] |url=http://direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921004951/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Governmentcitizensandrights/UKgovernment/Centralgovernmentandthemonarchy/DG_073444 |archivedate=2012-09-21 |accessdate=9 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> belangs tae the person maist likely tae command the confidence o the Hoose o Commons. ==Cultur== ===Airts=== The Inglis playwright an poet [[William Shakespeare]] is widely regairdit as the greatest dramatist o aw time,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/537853/William-Shakespeare |title=William Shakespeare (English author) |publisher=Britannica Online encyclopedia |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060209154055/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761562101/Shakespeare.html |archivedate=9 February 2006 |title=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia article on Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Shakespeare%2c+William |publisher=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia |title=William Shakespeare |accessdate=26 February 2006}}</ref> [[Robert Burns]] is a weel kent an praised poet. [[The Beatles]] hae internaitional sales o ower ane billion units an are the biggest-sellin an maist influential baund in the history o popular muisic.<ref name="Beatles sales">{{cite web |url=http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/# |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |archivedate=25 April 2014 |title=1960–1969 |publisher=EMI Group |accessdate=9 March 2015 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425011032/http://www.emimusic.com/about/history/1960-1969/ |date=2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref name="McCartney">{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |title=Paul At Fifty |work=Time |location=New York |date=8 June 1992 |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518221715/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975715-2,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Guinness">[https://books.google.com/?id=rdU1xtIWJz0C Most Successful Group] ''[[The Guinness Book of Records]]'' 1999, p. 230. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/music/news/beatles-a-big-hit-with-downloads-15013117.html |title=Beatles a big hit with downloads |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph |date=25 November 2010 |accessdate=16 May 2011}}</ref> Ither prominent Breetish contreibutors tae hae influenced popular muisic ower the last 50 year include [[The Rolling Stones]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[Led Zeppelin]], the [[Bee Gees]], an [[Elton John]], aw o that hae warldwide record sales o 200&nbsp;million or mair.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar®-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423012539/http://www.emimusic.com/news/2009/singstar%C2%AE-queen-to-be-launched-by-sony-computer-entertainment-europe/ |archivedate=23 April 2014 |title=British rock legends get their own music title for PlayStation3 and PlayStation2 |publisher=[[EMI]] |date=2 February 2009 |accessdate=9 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |title=Sir Elton John honoured in Ben and Jerry ice cream |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 July 2008 |first=Urmee |last=Khan |location=London |access-date=2018-02-04 |archive-date=2008-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801175725/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2305273/Sir-Elton-John-honoured-in-Ben-and-Jerry-ice-cream.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1562875/Rock-group-Led-Zeppelin-to-reunite.html |title=Rock group Led Zeppelin to reunite |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 April 2008 |location=London |first=Richard |last=Alleyne |accessdate=31 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Floyd 'true to Barrett's legacy' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5170644.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=11 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Kate |last=Holton |title=Rolling Stones sign Universal album deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSL1767761020080117 |publisher=Reuters |date=17 January 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Walker |title=Jive talkin': Why Robin Gibb wants more respect for the Bee Gees |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=12 May 2008 |accessdate=26 October 2008 |archive-date=2011-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013215157/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jive-talkin-why-robin-gibb-wants-more-respect-for-the-bee-gees-826116.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Unitit Kinrick haes haed a conseederable influence on the history o the cinema. The Breetish directors [[Alfred Hitchcock]], that's film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]'' is conseedert bi some creetics as the [[Leet o films conseedert the best|best film o aw time]],<ref name="bbc">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19078948 |title=Vertigo is named 'greatest film of all time' |publisher=BBC News |date=2 August 2012 |accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref> an [[David Lean]] are amang the maist critically acclaimed o aw-time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67yHUco5o?url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/topten/poll/directors-directors.html |archivedate=27 May 2012 |title=The Directors' Top Ten Directors |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> ither important directors includin [[Charlie Chaplin]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Powell]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/447167/index.html |title=Powell, Michael (1905–1990) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Carol Reed]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/459891/index.html |title=Reed, Carol (1906–1976) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Edgar Wright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bacc7dbca |title=Wright, Edgar (1974–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Christopher Nolan]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bbfd6e83e |title=Nolan, Christopher (1970–) |accessdate=6 May 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> an [[Ridley Scott]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462413/index.html |title=Scott, Sir Ridley (1937–) |accessdate=25 January 2011 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Mony Breetish actors hae achieved internaitional fame an creetical success, includin: [[Julie Andrews]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/446530/index.html |title=Andrews, Julie (1935–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Richard Burton]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/472165/index.html |title=Burton, Richard (1925–1984) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Michael Caine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/463342/index.html |title=Caine, Michael (1933–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Colin Firth]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/873595/index.html |title=Firth, Colin (1960–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Gary Oldman]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/471018/index.html |title=Oldman, Gary (1958–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ben Kingsley]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/474377/index.html |title=Kingsley, Ben (1942–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Ian McKellen]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/492416/index.html |title=McKellen, Ian (1939–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Liam Neeson]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/490910/index.html |title=Neeson, Liam (1952–) |accessdate=12 September 2017 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Charlie Chaplin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/462570/index.html |title=Chaplin, Charles (1889–1977) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Sean Connery]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/455509/index.html |title=Connery, Sean (1930–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Vivien Leigh]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/488753/index.html |title=Leigh, Vivien (1913–1967) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[David Niven]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/458293/index.html |title=Niven, David (1910–1983) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Laurence Olivier]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/450224/index.html |title=Olivier, Laurence (1907–1989) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Peter Sellers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/461941/index.html |title=Sellers, Peter (1925–1980) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Kate Winslet]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/489012/index.html |title=Winslet, Kate (1975–) |accessdate=11 December 2010 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> [[Anthony Hopkins]],<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/Player/Player_Page/0,,-3689,00.html |title=Anthony Hopkins |work=The Guardian |location= London |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref> an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21570142 |title= Daniel Day-Lewis makes Oscar history with third award |publisher=BBC News |date=25 February 2013 |accessdate=15 August 2013}}</ref> ==Sport== Major sports, includin association fitbaa, [[tennis]], [[rugby union]], [[rugby league]], [[gowf]], [[boxin]], [[netbaw]], [[rowin (sport)|rowin]] an [[cricket]], oreeginatoy or war substantially developed in the UK an the states that precedit it. Wi the rules an codes o mony modren sports inventit an codifee'd in late 19t century Victorian Breetain, in 2012, the Preses o the IOC, [[Jacques Rogge]], statit; ''"This great, sports-loving country is widely recognised as the birthplace of modern sport. It was here that the concepts of sportsmanship and fair play were first codified into clear rules and regulations. It was here that sport was included as an educational tool in the school curriculum"''.<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_London_2012/London_2012_Opening_ceremony_Speech_Jacques_Rogge.pdf "Opening ceremony of the games of the XXX Olympiad"]. Olympic.org. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 "Unparalleled Sporting History"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031252/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/07/23/uk-oly-preview-ad-idUKBRE86M0I720120723 |date=2013-12-03 }}. Reuters. Retrieved 30 November 2013.</ref> ==Notes== <references group="note"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|United Kingdom}} [[Category:Unitit Kinrick| ]] <!-- An article should be at the top of its own category, so please do not remove the space.--> [[Category:Breetish Islands| ]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Kintras borderin the Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Union for the Mediterranean]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Northren European kintras]] [[Category:Wastren European kintras]] 38mt7jf7nk0j52fpuvibwxfut16qf3c Manmohan Singh 0 6953 901493 850351 2024-12-26T21:10:38Z 2.28.254.177 901493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Manmohansingh04052007.jpg|thumb|Manmohan Singh]] '''Manmohan Singh''' ([[Punjabi leid|Punjabi]]: ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ; [[Hindi]]: मनमोहन सिंह, pronoonced {{IPA-pa|mənˈmoːhən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ|}}; born 26 September 1932; deed 26 December 2024) wis the [[Leet o Prime Meenisters o Indie|13t an umwhile]] [[Prime meenister]] o [[Indie]], frae 2004 tae 2014. He is the anerlie Prime Meenister syne Jawaharlal Nehru tae retour til pouer efter completin a full five-year term. He is the first Sikh tae hauld the office. Forby, Singh is the 7t Prime Meenister that belangs the Indie Naitional Congress pairty. ==References== {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manamohan}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:Alumni o Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Category:Alumni o St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Fellaes o St John's College, Cambridge]] [[Category:Fellaes o Nuffield College, Oxford]] [[Category:Finance Meenisters o Indie]] [[Category:Govrenors o the Reserve Bank o Indie]] [[Category:Indie ceevil servants]] [[Category:Indie economists]] [[Category:Indie Naitional Congress politeecians]] [[Category:Indie Sikhs]] [[Category:2024 daiths]] [[Category:Manmohan Singh admeenistration]] [[Category:Meenisters for Freemit Affairs o Indie]] [[Category:Panjab Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chakwal District]] [[Category:Fowk frae Chandigarh]] [[Category:Prime Meenisters o Indie]] [[Category:Punjab, Indie politeecians]] [[Category:Recipients o the Ootstandin Parliamentarian Awaird]] [[Category:Members o the Plannin Commeession o Indie]] [[Category:Members o the Rajya Sabha]] {{Stub/Indie}} nyptdnqa9p3lhbp3beuf2m8vko3hnz1 Paper note 0 9098 901485 340003 2024-12-26T12:10:27Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 901485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} A '''paper note''' is a paper by whilk a [[baunk]] hechts for tae pey tae the caddie on demaund. Alang wi [[cunyie]]s, paper notes mak up the [[cash]] forms o aw modren [[siller]]. Cunyies are for ordinar uised for laicher vailyied monetary units, an paper notes for buiner vailyies. Oreeginally, the vailyie o money wis determined by the [[vailyie]] o the [[material]] the money wis makkit oot o, sic as [[siller (element)|siller]] or [[gowd]]. This is whaur we get the wird ''siller'' meanin money. {{Commonscat|Banknotes by country}}{{Stub}} [[Category:Siller]] ax87i7yw9wkvvveu98s2h9fjl5ub3oz Rafael Nadal 0 36584 901490 901284 2024-12-26T18:32:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox tennis biography <!-- PLEASE DON'T FORGET TO PLACE THE RELATED DATE IN THE "UPDATED" PARAMETER BELOW AFTER EACH UPDATE, THANKS --> |name = Rafael Nadal |fullname = Rafael Nadal Parera |image= Nadal Japan Open 2011.jpg |caption = Rafael Nadal in 2011 |country = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain |nickname = ''Rafa''<br />''The King of Clay''<br />''The Matador''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/tennis/australian-open/the-man-from-majorca-breathes-the-sweet-scent-of-victory/2009/02/02/1233423135781.html |title=The man from Majorca breathes scent of victory | last=Niall | first=Jake | work=The Age | date=3 February 2009 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=Melbourne}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304002/Wimbledon-Rafael-Nadal-happy-with-his-game---and-his-shorts---as-he-moves-through-gears.html | title=Wimbledon: Rafael Nadal happy with his game – and his shorts – as he moves through gears | last=Scott | first=Brough | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=24 June 2008 | accessdate=5 April 2010 | location=London | archive-date=2012-09-14 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914045140/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304002/Wimbledon-Rafael-Nadal-happy-with-his-game---and-his-shorts---as-he-moves-through-gears.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |residence = [[Manacor]], [[Majorca]], [[Balearic Islands]], Spain |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|6|3}} |birth_place = Manacor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain |height = 1.85 m (6&nbsp;ft 1&nbsp;in) |weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb st|abbr=on}} |turnedpro = 2001 |plays = Carrie-haunit (twa-haunit backhaun) |careerprizemoney = US$124,961,595<ref name="career-prize-money-leaders">{{cite web |title=ATP Prize Money Leaders|url=http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf}}</ref> *<small>&nbsp;[[ATP Warld Tour records#Prize money leaders|3rd&nbsp;aw-time&nbsp;leader&nbsp;in&nbsp;earnins]]</small> |singlesrecord = {{#property:P564}} |singlestitles = 83 <small>([[Open Era tennis records – men's singles#Aw tournaments|4t in the Open Era]])</small> |currentsinglesranking = No. 6 (8 November 2021)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/es/players/eswiki/N409/overview|title=Rafael Nadal - Overview - ATP World Tour - Tennis|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |highestsinglesranking = No. '''1''' (18 August 2008) |AustralianOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2009 Australian Open – Men's Singles|2009]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2005 French Open – Men's Singles|2005]], [[2006 French Open – Men's Singles|2006]], [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|2007]], [[2008 French Open – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 French Open – Men's Singles|2010]], [[2011 French Open – Men's Singles|2011]], [[2012 French Open – Men's Singles|2012]], [[2014 French Open – Men's Singles|2014]], [[French Open- Men's Singles (2017)|2017]], [[French Open- Men's Singles (2018)|2018]], [[2019 French Open – Men's Singles|2019]], [[2020 French Open – Men's Singles|2020]]) |Wimbledonresult = '''W''' ([[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2008]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2010]]) |USOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010]], [[2013 US Open – Men's Singles|2013]], [[2017 US Open – Men's Singles|2017]], [[2019 US Open – Men's Singles|2019]]) |Othertournaments = Aye |MastersCupresult = F ([[2010 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2010]], [[2013 ATP World Tour Finals – Singles|2013]]) |Olympicsresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's singles|2008]]) |doublesrecord = {{#property:P555}} |doublestitles = 11 |currentdoublesranking = |highestdoublesranking = No. 26 (8 August 2005) |grandslamsdoublesresults = Aye |AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[2004 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2004]], [[2005 Australian Open – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |WimbledonDoublesresult = 2R ([[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles|2005]]) |USOpenDoublesresult = SF ([[2004 US Open – Men's Doubles|2004]]) |OthertournamentsDoubles = Aye |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[File:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gold medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's Doubles|2016]]) |Team=yes |DavisCupresult = '''W''' (2004, 2008, 2009, 2011) | medaltemplates-expand = yes | medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry | {{ESP}} }} {{MedalSport|Men's [[Tennis at the Simmer Olympics|Tennis]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]]|[[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics - Men's singles|Singles]]}} {{MedalGold|[[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]]|[[Tennis at the 2016 Simmer Olympics – Men's doobles|Doobles]]}} |updated = {{date|2021-12-19}} }} '''Rafael''' "'''Rafa'''" '''Nadal Parera''' ({{IPA-ca|rəfəˈɛɫ nəˈðaɫ pəˈɾeɾə|lang}}, {{IPA-es|rafaˈel naˈðal paˈɾeɾa|lang}}; born 3 Juin 1986) is a Spaingie professional [[tennis]] player currently ranked warld No. 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singles Rankings - ATP World Tour|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/singles|website=Association of Tennis Professionals|publisher=ATP|accessdate=5 August 2018|archive-date=2018-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210234213/https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/rankings/singles|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is widely regardit as the greatest [[clay court]] player in history{{efn|See<ref name="TIME Why Djoikovic's">{{cite news |last=Dodds |first=Eric |title=Why Djokovic’s French Open Loss Is A Win for Men’s Tennis |url=http://keepingscore.blogs.time.com/2013/06/07/why-djokovics-french-open-loss-is-a-win-for-mens-tennis/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Time |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Rafael Nadal wins record eighth">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Henry |title=Rafael Nadal wins a record eig"hth French Open tennis title |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jun/09/sports/la-sp-french-open-men-20130610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu The king and his court">{{cite news |title=The king and his court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/the-king-and-his-court/article4801157.ece |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="SB Nation French Open results 2013">{{cite news |last=Rothstein |first=Ethan |title=French Open results 2013: Rafael Nadal advances to final with 5-set victory over Novak Djokovic |url=http://www.sbnation.com/tennis/2013/6/7/4405760/french-open-tennis-2013-results-scores-roland-garros-novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-semifinal |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=SB Nation |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="NY Times Nadal Embraces History">{{cite news |last=Bishop |first=Greg |title=Nadal Embraces History With a Record Seventh Title on the Clay of Roland Garros |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/12/sports/tennis/nadal-finishes-off-djokovic-for-seventh-french-open-title.html?_r=1&ref=tennis |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 June 2012}}</ref>}} an haes been nicknamed "The King of Clay."{{efn|See<ref name="Plain Dealer King of Clay">{{cite news |title='King of Clay' Rafael Nadal outlasts Novak Djokovic in stirring French Open semifinal |url=http://www.cleveland.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/06/king_of_clay_rafael_nadal_outl.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Plain Dealer |date=7 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="LA Times French Open 2013">{{cite news |last=McMahon |first=James| title=French Open 2013: Breaking Down Why Rafael Nadal is so Dominant on Clay |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666425-french-open-2013-breaking-down-why-rafael-nadal-is-so-dominant-on-clay |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=8 June 2013|agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="NBC Sports Nadal Shakes Off">{{cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Pritha |title=Nadal Shakes Off Protessters, Ferrer to Win French Open |url=http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=NBC Sports |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Reuters |archive-date=2013-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612103854/http://www.nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/52148421 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="USA Today Nadal takes down Djokovic">{{cite news |last=Robson |first=Douglas |title=Nadal takes down Djokovic, reaches French Open final |url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/06/07/rafael-nadal-novak-djokovic-french-open-mens-semifinals/2400029/|accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=USA Today |date=7 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Boston Herald Rafael Nadal overcomes">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal overcomes doubts to win 8th French title |url=http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Boston Herald |date=10 June 2013 |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=2013-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108192340/http://bostonherald.com/sports/other/tennis/2013/06/rafael_nadal_overcomes_doubts_to_win_8th_french_title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports Nadal roars back">{{cite news |last=Evans |first=Richard |title=Nadal roars back to King of Clay throne |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704182501/http://msn.foxsports.com/tennis/story/rafael-nadal-retakes-king-of-clay-title-with-french-open-win-060610 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} His evolution intae an aw-court threat haes established him as ane o the greatest players in tennis,{{efn|See<ref name="Atlantic Greatest Mens' Tennis Player">{{cite news |last=St. John |first=Allen |title=The Greatest Men's Tennis Player of All Time Is at the French Open |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/06/the-greatest-mens-tennis-player-of-all-time-is-at-the-french-open/258262/|accessdate=11 June 2013|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=7 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="LA Times Where Rafael Nadal Fits">{{cite news |last=Eckstein |first=Jeremy |title=Where Rafael Nadal Fits in the Greatest of All Time Debate |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1666069-whose-legacy-is-greatest-rafael-nadal-roger-federer-or-pete-sampras |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=9 June 2013 |agency=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref name="HuffPost Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest">{{cite news |last=Goldring |first=Fred |title=Could Rafa Nadal Be the Greatest Tennis Player of All Time? |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/fred-goldring/nadal-french-_b_871946.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=6 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="WP Who's the best">{{cite news |last=Bowen |first=Fred |title=Who's the best tennis player of all time? |url=http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=31 August 2011 |archive-date=2013-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613014812/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-08-31/lifestyle/35270499_1_tennis-player-bjorn-borg-roy-emerson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Business Insider Rafael Nadal is Challenging">{{cite news |last=Gaines |first=Cork |title=Rafael Nadal Is Challenging Roger Federer for the Title Of 'Greatest of All Time'|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-why-rafael-nadal-is-making-case-as-the-greatest-of-all-time-2013-6 |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Chattanooga Nadal may now argue">{{cite news |last=Wiedmer |first=Mark |title=Wiedmer: Nadal may now argue for best ever |url=http://timesfreepress.com/news/2013/jun/10/nadal-may-now-argue-for-best-ever/ |accessdate=11 June 2013 |newspaper=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="ESPN Becker questions">{{cite news |last=Palmer |first=Kevin |title=Becker questions whether Federer is greatest ever |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |accessdate=11 June 2013 |publisher=ESPN |date=4 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222423/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/177649.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite news |title=Roger Federer is greatest player of all time says Australian tennis legend Rod Laver |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/tennis/roger-federer-is-greatest-player-of-all-time-says-australian-tennis-legend-rod-laver/story-e6frf4mu-1226418545853#.UbdoXpwQNxV |accessdate=11 June 2013 |work=Fox Sports |date=6 July 2012}}</ref>}} wi some considering Nadal tae be the greatest player o aw time.<ref name="ftw.usatoday.com">{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Chris |url=http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/01/roger-federer-rafael-nadal-australian-open/|title=Roger Federer just made Rafael Nadal's case for greatest of all time |work=USA Today |date=24 January 2014|accessdate=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heveldt |first1=Guy |last2=Walker |first2=Nick |last3=Smith |first3=Elliott |title=Tennis: Nadal will overtake Federer - Sampras |url=http://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/auckland/news/spten/299691324-tennis--nadal-will-overtake-federer---sampras |work=Newstalk ZB |date=26 January 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Andre Agassi picks Rafael Nadal ahead of Roger Federer as tennis's greatest all-time player |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/rafaelnadal/10816170/Andre-Agassi-picks-Rafael-Nadal-ahead-of-Roger-Federer-as-tenniss-greatest-all-time-player.html |accessdate=8 June 2014 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=8 May 2014}}</ref> Nadal haes won 15 [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions|Grand Slam singles teetles]], the [[Tennis at the 2008 Simmer Olympics – Men's singles|2008 Olympic gowd medal in singles]], a [[Tennis Masters Series records an stateestics#Teetles matrix|record 28 teetles]] [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]]<ref name="ESPN Cinc">{{cite news |title=Nadal captures Cincinnati crown |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=ESPN |date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=2015-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110093810/http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/sport/story/231081.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tworld Cinc">{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisworldusa.org/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Isner-to-win-26th-Masters-1000-title-in-Cincinnati-articolo12228.html |title=Rafael Nadal beats Isner to win 26th Masters 1000 title in Cincinnati |publisher=Tennisworldusa.org |date=18 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal wins Madrid Masters after Kei Nishikori retires |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/27368033 |work=BBC Sport |date=11 May 2014 |accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> an 17 [[ATP World Tour 500]] tournaments. He wis a member o the winnin [[Spain Davis Cup team]] in [[2004 Davis Cup|2004]], [[2008 Davis Cup|2008]], [[2009 Davis Cup|2009]], an [[2011 Davis Cup|2011]]. In 2010, he became the seivent player in history an youngest o fower in the [[Open Era]] tae achieve the [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions#Winners of the Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]]. He is the seicont male player, efter [[Andre Agassi]], tae complete the singles [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Golden Slam|Career Golden Slam]]. In 2011, Nadal wis named the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|title=Awards 2011|publisher=Laureus World Sports Awards|accessdate=13 August 2014|archive-date=2015-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701234042/http://www.laureus.com/awards/2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an [[Mats Wilander]] is the anly twa male players in history wha haes won at least twa Grand Slam teetles on three different surfaces—haurd coort, grass, an clay.<ref name=surface>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/36-US-Open-Week-2/US-Open-Monday-Final-Nadal-Completes-Career-Slam.aspx|title=US Open Final - Nadal Completes Career Grand Slam - Tennis - ATP World Tour|work=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Bi winnin the [[2014 French Open]], Nadal became the anly male player tae win a single Grand Slam tournament nine times an the first tae win at least ane Grand Slam tournament for ten year efter ither, breakin the record o aicht year efter ither that wis skared bi [[Björn Borg]], [[Pete Sampras]], an [[Roger Federer]]. Nadal hauds the record for [[Overall tennis tournaments records and statistics#Most consecutive titles at a particular tournament|maist consecutive teetles at a pairteecular toornament]] efter winnin his echth straucht [[Monte-Carlo Masters]] in 2012. He haes won at least ane Masters 1000 an ane ATP 500 series toornament for 10 year efter ither. ==Early life== Rafael Nadal wis born in [[Manacor]], Balearic Islands, Spain, tae Sebastián Nadal, a businessman who ains an insurance company, a gless an windae company, Vidres Mallorca, an manages his ain restaurant, Sa Punta. His mither is Ana María Parera, a housewife. He haes a younger sister named María Isabel. His uncle, [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]], is a retired professional [[association fitbaw|footballer]], who played for [[RCD Mallorca]], [[FC Barcelona]], an the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]].<ref name="times">{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey | title=Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners | date=6 June 2005 | work=[[The New York Times]] | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/sports/tennis/06nadal.html|accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal supports football clubs [[Real Madrid]] an RCD Mallorca.<ref>{{cite news | title=Sportsround meets Rafael Nadal | date=11 November 2006 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6130000/newsid_6135900/6135996.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Recognizing that Nadal haed a naitural talent for tennis, anither uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], a umwhile professional tennis player, introduced him tae tennis whan he wis three year auld.<ref name="Rajaraman">{{cite web|url=http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|first=Aarthi|last=Rajaraman|title=At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal|date=1 June 2008|work=Inside Tennis|accessdate=5 April 2010|archive-date=2010-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609141023/http://www.insidetennis.com/archive/0608_french_open_nadal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age aicht, Nadal won an unner-12 regional tennis championship at a time whan he wis an aa a promising football player.<ref name="timesonline">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|title=The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal|work=The Sunday Times|date=23 April 2006|first=Alison|last=Kervin|accessdate=5 April 2010|location=London|archive-date=2011-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907070717/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article708386.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> This made Toni Nadal intensify training, an at that time he encouraged Nadal tae play left-handed for a naitural advantage on the tennis court, as he noticed Nadal played [[forehand]] shots wi twa haunds.<ref name="timesonline"/> This mey be due tae the fact he is ambidextrous, playin tennis wi his left haund, an writing wi his right.<ref>{{cite news | title = Rafael Nadal | url = http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx | archivedate = 2015-06-02 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 | url-status = bot: unknown }}</ref> When Nadal wis 12, he won the Spanish an European tennis teetles in his age group an wis playin tennis an football aw the time.<ref name="timesonline"/> Nadal's faither made him choose atween football an tennis sae that his schuil wirk wad nae deteriorate entirely. Nadal said: "I chose tennis. Football had to stop straight away."<ref name="timesonline"/> When he wis 14, the Spanish tennis federation requestit that he leave Mallorca an muive tae [[Barcelona]] tae continue his tennis training. Nadal's faimily turned doun this request, partly acause thay feared it wad hurt his eddication,<ref name="timesonline"/> but an aa acause Toni said that "I don't want to believe that you have to go to America, or other places to be a good athlete. You can do it from your home."<ref name="Rajaraman"/> The decision tae stay hame meant that Nadal received less financial support frae the federation; insteid, Nadal's faither covered the costs. In Mey 2001, he defeatit umwhile Grand Slam tournament champion [[Pat Cash]] in a clay-court exhibition match.<ref name="times"/> Nadal turned professional at the age o 15,<ref name="rafarenaissance">{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-May-2010/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=The Rafa Renaissance | work=atpworldtour | first=Joel | last=Drucker | date=18 May 2010}}</ref> an participatit in twa events on the [[International Tennis Federation|ITF]] junior circuit. In 2002, at the age o 16, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the Boy's Singles tournament at Wimbledon, in his first ITF junior event.<ref name="ITFTennis">{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|title=ITF Tennis – Juniors – Player Activity|accessdate=15 June 2012|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET2x3WX?url=http://www.itftennis.com/juniors/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100007935|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi the age o 17, he beat [[Roger Federer]] the first time thay played an acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon syne [[Boris Becker]]. At 18, he helped pace Spain ower the US in the junior [[Davis Cup]] in his seicont, an feenal, appearance on the ITF junior circuit. At 19, Nadal won the French Open the first time he played it, a feat nae accomplished in Paris for mair nor 20 years. He eventually won it the first fower times he played at Roland Garros.<ref name="rafarenaissance"/> In 2003, he haed won the ATP [[ATP World Tour Awards#Newcomer of the Year|Newcomer of the Year]] Award. Early in his career, Nadal acame kent for his habit o bitin the trophies he won.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |title=10 Questions for Rafael Nadal |accessdate=14 September 2010 |work=Time |first=Nathan |last=Thornburgh |date=15 August 2007 |archive-date=2013-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812171900/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1653408,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Tennis career== ===2002–2004=== In Aprile 2002, at 15 years an 10 month, the warld No. 762 Nadal won his first [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] match, defeatin [[Ramón Delgado]], an acame the ninth player in the [[Open Era]] tae dae sae afore the age o 16.<ref name="Tennis.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=10488 |title=Wimbledon 2006: The Duel |last=Tignor |first=Stephen |date=20 June 2006 |work=[[Tennis Magazine]] |accessdate=8 November 2008 |archive-date=2013-07-19 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6IET4ENJL?url=http://www.tennis.com/players-rankings/features/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The follaein year, Nadal won twa Challenger teetles an finished the year in the tap 50. At his Wimbledon debut in 2003, Nadal acame the youngest man tae reach the third roond syne [[Boris Becker]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news | first=Christopher | last=Clarey |title=Wimbledon Tennis: An unusual comfort zone | date=26 June 2003 | url =http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/26/sports/26iht-tennis_ed3__12.html | work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the third roond o the [[2004 Australian Open]] whaur he lost in three sets against Australian [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. Interestingly, haed he won, he wad hae faced Roger Federer in the next roond.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2004-01-24/hewitt-sets-up-federer-clash/124708 |title=Hewitt sets up Federer clash |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=24 November 2012}}</ref> Later that year, Nadal played his first match against warld No. 1 Roger Federer at the [[2004 Miami Masters]], an won in straucht sets, afore losin tae [[Fernando González]] in the fowert roond. He wis ane o the sax players who defeatit Federer that year (alang wi [[Tim Henman]], [[Albert Costa]], [[Gustavo Kuerten]], [[Dominik Hrbatý]], an [[Tomáš Berdych]]). He missed maist o the clay court saison, includin the French Open, acause o a stress fracture in his left ankle.<ref name="times"/> Nadal, at 18 years an sax month, acame the youngest player tae register a singles veectory in a [[Davis Cup]] feenal for a winning naition.<ref name="telenadkno1">{{cite news | first=Emily | last=Benammar | title=Rafael Nadal: All you need to know | date=8 July 2008 | url =http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2305040/Rafael-Nadal-All-you-need-to-know.html | work=The Daily Telegraph | accessdate =5 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Bi beatin warld No. 2 [[Andy Roddick]], he helped Spain clinch the 2004 teetle ower the Unitit States in a 3–2 win. He finished the year ranked warld No. 51. ===2005: First Grand Slam title=== At the [[2005 Australian Open]], Nadal lost in the fowert roond tae eventual runner-up [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. Twa month later, Nadal reached the feenal o the [[2005 Miami Masters]], an despite bein twa pynts frae a straucht-sets veectory, he wis defeatit in five sets bi warld No. 1 Roger Federer. Baith performances war considered tae be breakthroughs for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Brave Hewitt battles past Nadal | date=24 January 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4200919.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal proves to be the real deal | date=5 April 2005 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/4412667.stm |publisher=BBC Sports | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then dominatit the spring clay court saison. He won 24 consecutive singles matches, which broke [[Andre Agassi]]'s Open Era record o consecutive match wins for a male teenager.<ref>{{cite news | title=Teen Nadal gives Spain reign over French Open | date=5 June 2006 | url =http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/french/2005-06-05-day-14_x.htm | agency=Associated Press |work=USA Today | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal won the [[Torneo Godo|Torneo Conde de Godó]] in Barcelona an beat [[2004 French Open]] runner-up [[Guillermo Coria]] in the feenals o the [[2005 Monte Carlo Masters]] an the [[2005 Rome Masters]]. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 5<ref name="ranking2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh |title=ATP Rankings History: Rafael Nadal |accessdate=6 April 2010 |publisher=ATP Tour }}</ref> an made him ane o the favorites at his career-first French Open. On his 19t birthday, Nadal defeatit Federer in the [[2005 French Open]] semifeenals, bein ane o anly fower players who defeatit the tap-seedit player that year (alang wi [[Marat Safin]], [[Richard Gasquet]], an [[David Nalbandian]]). Twa days later, he defeatit [[Mariano Puerta]] in the feenal, acomin the seicont male player efter [[Mats Wilander]] tae win the French Open on his first attempt. He an aa acame the first teenager tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle syne [[Pete Sampras]] won the [[1990 US Open (tennis)|1990 US Open]] at age 19.<ref name="times"/> Winning the French Open improved Nadal's ranking tae warld No. 3.<ref name="ranking2005"/> Three days efter his veectory in Paris, Nadal's 24-match winning streak wis snapped in the first roond o the grass coort [[Gerry Weber Open]] in Halle, Germany, whaur he lost tae the German [[Alexander Waske]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Waske snaps Nadal's winning streak | date=10 June 2005 | url =http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2005/06/10/2003258798 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> He then lost in the seicont roond o [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|2005 Wimbledon]] tae [[Gilles Müller]] o Luxembourg. Immediately efter Wimbledon, Nadal won 16 consecutive matches an three consecutive tournaments, bringin his ranking tae warld No. 2 on 25 Julie 2005. Nadal stairtit his North American summer haurd-court saison bi defeatin Agassi in the feenal o the [[2005 Canada Masters]], but lost in the first roond o the [[2005 Cincinnati Masters]]. Nadal wis seedit seicont at the [[2005 US Open (tennis)|2005 US Open]], whaur he wis upset in the third roond bi warld No. 49 [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] in fower sets. In September, he defeatit Coria in the feenal o the [[China Open (tennis)|China Open]] in Beijing an won baith o his [[Davis Cup]] matches against Italy. In October, he won his fowert ATP Masters Series teetle o the year, defeatin [[Ivan Ljubičić]] in the feenal o the [[Madrid Masters|2005 Madrid Masters]]. He then suffered a fit injury that preventit him frae competin in the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]].<ref>{{cite news | first=Julian | last=Linden | title=Foot injury delays Rafael Nadal's comeback | date=5 January 2006 | url =http://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/jan/05nadal.htm | agency=Reuters| accessdate =6 April 2010}}</ref> Baith Nadal an Federer won eleven singles teetles an fower ATP Masters Series teetles in 2005. Nadal broke [[Mats Wilander]]'s previous teenage record o nine in 1983.<ref name=2005eleven>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/1/en/2008news/nadal_newno1.asp|title=Rafael Nadal No. 1 Tribute|accessdate=7 July 2009|date=18 August 2008|work=ATP World Tour}}{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> Nine o Nadal's teetles war on clay, an the remainder war on haurd courts. Nadal won 79 matches, seicont anly tae Federer's 81. Nadal won the [[Golden Bagel Award]] for 2005, wi eleven 6–0 sets during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sidespinproductions.com/news9.php |title=Nadal Grabs the Golden Bagel |accessdate=6 April 2010 |date=11 December 2005 |publisher=SideSpin Productions }}</ref> An aa, he earned the heichest year-end ranking ever bi a Spaniard an the ATP Maist Improved Player o the Year award. ===2006: Second French Open title=== Nadal missed the Australian Open acause o a fit injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/4561684.stm|title=Champion Safin out of Aussie Open|work=BBC Sport|date=10 January 2006|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Februar, he lost in the semifeenals o the first tournament he played, the [[Open 13]] tournament in [[Marseille]], Fraunce. Twa weeks later, he handed Roger Federer his first loss o the year in the feenal o the [[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Duty Free Men's Open]] (in 2006, Rafael Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] war the anly twa men who defeatit Federer). Tae complete the spring haurd-court saison, Nadal wis upset in the semifeenals o the [[Indian Wells Masters|Pacific Life Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California]], bi James Blake, an wis upset in the seicont roond o the [[2006 Miami Masters]]. On European [[clay court|clay]], Nadal won aw fower tournaments he entered an 24 consecutive matches. He defeatit Federer in the feenal o the [[Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]] in fower sets. The follaein week, he defeatit [[Tommy Robredo]] in the feenal o the [[Torneo Godó|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] tournament in [[Barcelona]]. Efter a ane-week break, Nadal won the Masters Series [[Rome Masters|Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] in Rome, defeatin Federer in a fift-set tiebreaker in the feenal, efter saving twa match pynts an equaling [[Björn Borg]]'s tally o 16 ATP teetles won as a teenager. Nadal broke Argentinian [[Guillermo Vilas]]'s 29-year male record o 53 consecutive clay-court match victories bi winning his first roond match at the [[2006 French Open|French Open]]. Vilas presentit Nadal wi a trophy, but commentit later that Nadal's feat wis less impressive than his ain acause Nadal's winning streak covered twa years an wis accomplished bi adding easy tournaments tae his schedule.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=With Vilas in stands, Nadal makes history | date=31 May 2006 | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2462389&lpos=spotlight&lid=tab4pos1 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN |accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal went on tae play Federer in the feenal o the French Open. The first twa sets o the match war hardly competitive, as the rivals traded 6–1 sets. Nadal won the third set easily an served for the match in the fowert set afore Federer broke him an forced a tiebreaker. Nadal won the tiebreaker an acame the first player tae defeat Federer in a Grand Slam tournament feenal.<ref>{{cite web| first=Greg | last=Garber | title=Roger's reign on hold with Nadal's dominance | date=12 June 2006 | work=ESPN Tennis/French06|publisher=ESPN | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french06/news/story?id=2479425 | accessdate =13 November 2008 }}</ref> [[File:Image-Nadal photographié-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|upright|2006 [[French Open|Roland Garros]] champion]] Nadal injured his shouder while playin a quarterfeenal match against [[Lleyton Hewitt]] at the [[Queen's Club Championships|Artois Championships]], played on grass at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D03EEDA1131F934A25755C0A9609C8B63|title=Shoulder Forces Nadal To Quit London Match|date=17 June 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> Nadal wis unable tae complete the match, which ended his 26-match winning streak. Nadal wis seedit seicont at Wimbledon, but wis twa pynts frae defeat against American qualifier [[Robert Kendrick]] in the seicont roond afore coming back tae win in five sets. In the third roond, Nadal defeatit warld No. 20 [[Andre Agassi]] in straucht sets at Agassi's last career match at Wimbledon. Nadal an aa won his next three matches in straucht sets, which set up his first Wimbledon feenal, which wis against Federer, who haed won this tournament the three previous years. Nadal wis the first Spanish man syne [[Manuel Santana]] in 1966, tae reach the Wimbledon feenal, but Federer won the match in fower sets tae win his fowert consecutive [[Wimbledon 2006|Wimbledon]] teetle. During the lead up tae the [[2006 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Nadal played the twa Masters Series tournaments in North Americae. He wis upset in the third roond o the [[Canada Masters|Rogers Cup]] in Toronto an the quarterfeenals o the [[Cincinnati Masters|Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. Nadal wis seedit seicont at the US Open, but lost in the quarterfeenals tae warld No. 54 [[Mikhail Youzhny]] o Roushie in fower sets. Nadal played anly three tournaments the remainder o the year. [[Joachim Johansson]], ranked warld No. 690, upset Nadal in the seicont roond o the [[Stockholm Open]]. The follaein week, Nadal lost tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenals o the year's last Masters Series tournament, the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid. During the roond-robin stage o the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]], Nadal lost tae [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]] but defeatit [[Nikolay Davydenko]] an Robredo. Acause o those twa victories, Nadal qualified for the semifeenals, whaur he lost tae Federer. This wis Nadal's third loss in nine career matches wi Federer. Nadal went on tae acome the first player syne [[Andre Agassi]] in 1994–95 tae finish the year as the warld No. 2 in consecutive years. ===2007: Third French Open title=== {{Main|2007 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit the year bi playin in sax haurd-court tournaments. He lost in the semifeenals an first roond o his first twa tournaments an then lost in the quarterfeenals o the [[2007 Australian Open|Australian Open]] tae eventual runner-up [[Fernando González]]. Efter anither quarterfeenal loss at the [[Dubai Tennis Championships]], he won the [[2007 Indian Wells Masters]], afore [[Novak Djoković]] defeatit him in the quarterfeenals o the [[2007 Miami Masters]]. He haed comparatively mair success efter returning tae Europe tae play five clay-court tournaments. He won the teetles at the [[Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]], the [[Torneo Godo|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] in Barcelona, an the Masters Series [[Internazionali BNL d'Italia]] in Rome, afore losin tae Roger Federer in the feenal o the [[Masters Series Hamburg]]. This defeat ended his 81-match winning streak on clay, which is the male Open Era record for consecutive wins on a single surface. He then rebounded tae win the [[2007 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open]] for the third straucht year, defeatin Federer ance again in the feenal. Atween the tournaments in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal defeatit Federer in the "[[Battle o Surfaces]]" exhibeetion match in Mallorca, Spain, wi the tennis court bein hauf [[grass court|grass]] an hauf clay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebattleofsurfaces.com | title = The Battle of Surfaces | accessdate =4 April 2007}}</ref> Nadal played the [[Artois Championships]] at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon for the seicont consecutive year. As in 2006, Nadal wis upset in the quarterfeenals. Nadal then won consecutive five-set matches during the third an fowert roonds o [[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]] afore bein beaten bi Federer in the five-set feenal. This wis Federer's first five-set match at Wimbledon syne 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/6280788.stm|title=Wimbledon 2007|publisher=BBC Sport |first=Caroline|last=Cheese|date=7 July 2007|accessdate=13 November 2008}}</ref> In Julie, Nadal won the clay court [[Mercedes Cup]] in [[Stuttgart]], which proved tae be his last teetle o the year. He played three important tournaments during the North American summer haurd court saison. He wis a semifeenaleet at the Masters Series [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] in Montreal afore losin his first match at the [[Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. He wis the seicont-seedit player at the [[2007 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], but wis defeatit in the fowert roond bi [[David Ferrer]]. Efter a month-lang break frae tournament tennis, Nadal played the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid an the [[BNP Paribas Masters]] in Paris. [[David Nalbandian]] upset him in the quarterfeenals an feenal o those tournaments. Tae end the year, Nadal won twa o his three roond robin matches tae advance tae the semifeenals o the [[Tennis Masters Cup]] in Shanghai, whaur Federer defeatit him in straucht sets. During the seicont hauf o the year, Nadal battled a knee injury suffered during the Wimbledon feenal. In addition, thare war rumors at the end o the year that the fit injury he suffered during 2005, caused lang-term damage, which war gien credence bi coach [[Toni Nadal]]'s claim that the problem wis "serious". Nadal an his spokesman strangly denied this, houiver, wi Nadal himsel calling the story "totally false".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7117076.stm|title=Nadal plays down foot injury fear |work=BBC Sport Tennis|first=Piers|last= Newbury|date=28 November 2007|accessdate =11 February 2009 }}</ref> === 2008: French Open, Wimbledon, Olympic Gold & ascent to No. 1 === {{Main|2008 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year in Indie, whaur he wis comprehensively beaten bi [[Mikhail Youzhny]] in the feenal o the [[Chennai Open]]. Nadal then reached the semifeenals o the [[2008 Australian Open|Australian Open]] for the first time. [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]] defeatit Nadal in the semifeenal o 2008 Australian Open. Nadal an aa reached the feenal o the [[2008 Miami Masters|Miami Masters]] for the seicont time. During the spring clay-court saison, Nadal won fower singles teetles an defeatit Roger Federer in three feenals. He beat Federer at the [[2008 Monte Carlo Masters|Masters Series Monte Carlo]] for the third straucht year, capturing his [[Open Era]] record fowert consecutive teetle thare. He won in straucht sets, despite Federer's holding a 4–0 lead in the seicont set.<ref name="therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Roger & Rafa: The Rivalry|date=14 March 2013|publisher=ATPtennis.com|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref> Nadal then won his fowert consecutive teetle at the [[2008 Torneo Godó|Open Sabadell Atlántico]] tournament in [[Barcelona]]. A few weeks later, Nadal won his first teetle at the [[2008 Hamburg Masters|Masters Series Hamburg]], defeatin Federer in the three-set feenal. He then won the [[2008 French Open|French Open]], acomin the fift man in the [[Open Era]] tae win a Grand Slam singles teetle wioot losin a set.<ref>{{cite news | title = Men's Grand Slam Titles Without Losing A Set | url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/09/sports/TEN-Mens-Grand-Slam-Titles-No-Lost-Sets.php | agency=Associated Press | work=International Herald Tribune. Sports | date=9 June 2008 | accessdate =9 August 2008}}</ref> He defeatit Federer in the feenal for the third straucht year, but this wis the maist lopsided o aw thair matches, as Nadal anly lost fower gemmes an gae Federer his first [[Tennis terminology#B|bagel]] syne 1999.<ref name="therivalry"/> This wis Nadal's fowert consecutive French teetle, tying [[Björn Borg]]'s aw-time record. Nadal acame the fowert male player during Open era tae win the same Grand Slam singles tournament fower consecutive years (the others bein Borg, [[Pete Sampras]], an Federer). [[File:236 - Centre Court - R Nadal.JPG|thumb|left|Nadal against [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]] in the [[2008 Wimbledon Championships]] first roond]] Nadal then played Federer in the feenal o [[2008 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] for the third consecutive year, in the maist anticipatit match o [[Federer–Nadal rivalry|thair rivalry]].<ref name="wim2008pre">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2008/07/05/wimbledon-federer-nadal.html|title= Federer, Nadal set for Wimbledon showdown|agency=Associated Press| work=CBCSport|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="nadaledge">{{cite web| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3473804|title= Nadal enters Wimbledon final with clear mental edge|first= Ravi |last= Ubha |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009 }}</ref> Nadal entered the feenal on a 23-match winning streak, includin his first career grass-court teetle at the [[2008 Queen's Club Championships - Singles|Artois Championships]] staged at the [[Queen's Club]] in Lunnon prior tae Wimbledon. Federer haed won his record fift grass-court teetle at the [[2008 Gerry Weber Open|Gerry Weber Open]] in [[Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia|Halle]], an then reached the Wimbledon feenal wioot losin a set. Unlik thair previous twa Wimbledon feenals, tho, Federer wis nae the prohibitive favorite, an mony analysts picked Nadal tae win.<ref name="nadaledge"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/blog/index?entryID=3474615&name=bodo_peter | title= Karma on Nadal's side|first= Bodo |last= Peter |publisher=ESPN |date=5 June 2008| accessdate=11 February 2009}}</ref> Thay played the langest (in terms o time on coort, nae in terms o nummers o gemmes) feenal in Wimbledon history, an acause o rain delays, Nadal won the fift set 9–7 in near-darkness. The match wis widely lauded as the greatest Wimbledon feenal ever, wi some tennis critics even calling it the greatest match in tennis history.<ref name="asgoodasitgets">{{cite news|work=International Herald Tribune (Associated Press)|title=Federer-Nadal rivalry as good as it gets|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|date=7 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823030306/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/07/sports/TEN-On-Tennis-Rafa---Roger.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatestmatchever">{{cite news|first = Bruce|last=Jenkins|title = The Greatest Match Ever | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/06/SPP711KSLR.DTL |date=7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref><ref name="McEnroe">{{cite news | first = Richard|last= Alleyne | title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever | url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008 | accessdate =7 August 2008 | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheimgreatest">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|first=Jon|last=Wertheim|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|work=Sports Illustrated|date=9 July 2008|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Alistair Magowan|title=Roger v Rafa – the best final ever?| url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7493099.stm|publisher=BBC Sport |date =7 July 2008| accessdate =8 July 2008}}</ref> Bi winning his first Wimbledon teetle, Nadal acame the third man in the open era tae win baith the French Open an Wimbledon in the same year, efter [[Rod Laver]] in 1969, an Borg in 1978–80, (Federer later accomplished this the follaein year) as well as the seicont [[Spaniard]] tae win Wimbledon. He an aa ended Federer's record streak o five consecutive Wimbledon teetles an 65 straucht wins on grass courts. This wis an aa the first time that Nadal won twa Grand Slam tournaments back-tae-back. Efter Wimbledon, Nadal extendit his winning streak tae a [[ATP Tour records#Winning streaks|career-best 32 matches]]. He won his seicont [[2008 Canada Masters|Rogers Cup]] teetle in Toronto, an then made it intae the semifeenals o the [[2008 Cincinnati Masters|Western & Southern Financial Group Masters]] in [[Cincinnati]]. As a result, Nadal clinched the [[2008 US Open Series|US Open Series]] an, combined wi Federer's early-roond losses in baith o those tournaments, feenally earned the [[Leet o ATP nummer 1 ranked players|warld No. 1]] ranking on 18 August, offeecially endin Federer's record fower-and-a-hauf-year reign at the tap. At the [[2008 Beijing Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Olympics]], Nadal defeatit [[Novak Djoković]] in the semifeenals an [[Fernando González]] o Chile in the feenal tae win his first Olympic gowd medal. Nadal acame the first male player ranked in the tap five tae win the gowd medal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|title=Nadal wins Olympic gold over Gonzalez|publisher=Tennis.com|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=5 April 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615205322/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=142024|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2008 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], Nadal wis the tap-seedit player for the first time at a Grand Slam tournament. He did nae lose a set during his first three matches, defeatin qualifiers in the first an seicont roonds an [[Viktor Troicki]] in the third roond. He then needed fower sets tae defeat baith [[Sam Querrey]] in the fowert roond an [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals. In the semifeenals, he lost tae eventual runner up, Andy Murray. Later in the year in [[Madrid]], Nadal helped Spain defeat the Unitit States in the [[Davis Cup]] semifeenals. At the [[Madrid Masters|Mutua Madrileña Masters]] in Madrid, Nadal lost in the semifeenals tae [[Gilles Simon]]. Houiver, his performance at the event guaranteed that he wad acome the first Spaniard during the open era tae finish the year as the warld No. 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|title=Nadal Clinches Year End No. 1 For First Time|publisher=ATPtennis.com|date=18 August 2008|accessdate=20 October 2008|archive-date=2008-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022030531/http://www.atptennis.com/1/en/2008news/nadalno1.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 24 October at the Campoamor theatre in [[Oviedo]], Spain, Nadal wis gien the [[Prince o Asturias Awaird]] for Sports, in recognition o his achievements in tennis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |title=2008 Prince of Asturias Award for Sports |accessdate=5 April 2010 |publisher=Fundación Principe de Asturias |archive-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824003930/http://www.fpa.es/en/awards/2008/rafael-nadal-1/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Twa weeks efter the Madrid Masters at the [[BNP Paribas Masters]] in Fraunce, Nadal reached the quarterfeenals, whaur he faced [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. Nadal lost the first set 6–1, afore retiring in the seicont wi a knee injury.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/tennisNews/idUKLV49845520081031|title= UPDATE 2-Tennis-Knee injury forces Nadal to retire in Paris|first= Julien|last= Pretot|agency= Reuters|accessdate= 5 April 2009|date= 31 October 2008|archive-date= 2019-08-22|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004126/https://uk.reuters.com/article/tennis-men-masters-nadal/update-2-tennis-knee-injury-forces-nadal-to-retire-in-paris-idUKLV49845520081031|url-status= dead}}</ref> The follaein week, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the year-endin [[Tennis Masters Cup]] in Shanghai, citing [[tendinitis]] o the knee. On 10 November, Nadal widrew frae Spain's Davis Cup feenal against Argentina, as his knee injury haed nae healed completely.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| title=Nadal withdraws from Masters Cup| date=3 November 2008| publisher=Tennis.com| accessdate=4 November 2008| archive-date=2009-06-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615204253/http://tennis.com/news/news.aspx?id=151554.asp| url-status=dead}}</ref> ===2009: Australian Open title, Shocked in Paris=== {{Main|2009 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal's first offeecial ATP tour event for the year wis the [[ATP World Tour 250 series|250 series]] [[2009 Qatar Open|Qatar Open]] in [[Doha]]. Efter his first-roond match wi [[Fabrice Santoro]], Nadal wis awairdit the 2008 ATP World Tour Champion trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nadal, Murray, Federer Off the Mark in 2009|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/01/dohatuesday.aspx|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> Nadal eventually lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Gaël Monfils]]. Nadal an aa entered an won the tournament's [[2009 Qatar Open – Doubles|doubles event]] wi pairtner [[Marc López]], defeatin the warld No. 1 doubles team o [[Daniel Nestor]] an [[Nenad Zimonjić]] in the feenal. As notit bi statistician [[Greg Sharko]], this wis the first time syne 1990 the warld No. 1 singles player haed played the warld No. 1 doubles player in a feenal.<ref>{{cite web|title=DEUCE Australian Open 2009 Shark Bites|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/DEUCE-Tennis/DEUCE-Australian-Open-2009/Shark-Bites.aspx|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=15 June 2012|first=Greg|last=Sharko|publisher=ATP World Tour}}</ref> At the [[2009 Australian Open]], Nadal won his first five matches wioot dropping a set, afore defeatin compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]] in the semifeenals in the seicont langest match in Australian Open history at 5 oors an 14 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=ubha_ravi&id=3871740|title=One for the record books|publisher=ESPN|first=Ravi|last=Ubha|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> This win set up a championship match wi Roger Federer, thair first meetin ever in a haurd-court Grand Slam tournament an thair [[Federer–Nadal rivalry#Analysis|nineteent meetin overall]]. Nadal defeatit Federer in five sets tae earn his first haurd-court Grand Slam singles teetle,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|title=Rafael Nadal Completed Matches, 2009 Australian Open|publisher=[[Tennis Australia]]|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120557/http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/players/cmatch/atpn409.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> makin him the first Spaniard tae win the Australian Open an the fowert male tennis player—efter [[Jimmy Connors]], [[Mats Wilander]], an [[Andre Agassi]]—tae win Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces. This win an aa made Nadal the first male tennis player tae haud three Grand Slam singles teetles on three different surfaces at the same time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first|title=Record-breaking Rafa Notches Up Another First|publisher=Tennishead|date=4 February 2009|accessdate=4 February 2009|archive-date=2009-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716191125/http://www.tennishead.net/on-tour/Features/2009/record-breaking-rafa-notches-up-another-first/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament]] in [[Rotterdam]], Nadal lost in the feenal tae seicont-seedit Andy Murray in three sets. During the feenal, Nadal cried a trainer tae attend tae a tendon problem wi his right knee, which notably affectit his play in the feenal set.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/feb/16/tennis-andy-murray-rafael-nadal |title=Murray takes title to complete hat-trick over crocked Nadal |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=16 February 2009 |accessdate=16 February 2009 | first=Simon | last=Cambers}}</ref> Awtho this knee problem wis nae associatit wi Nadal's right knee tendonitis, it wis serious eneuch tae cause him tae widraw frae the [[Barclays Dubai Tennis Championships]] a week later.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7895679.stm| title=Injured Nadal pulls out of Dubai |publisher=BBC Sport |date=19 February 2009 |accessdate=19 February 2009 }}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Serbia in a [[Davis Cup]] World Group first-roond tie on clay in [[Benidorm]], Spain. Nadal defeatit [[Janko Tipsarević]] an Novak Djokovic. The win ower warld No. 3 Djokovic wis Nadal's twalt consecutive Davis Cup singles match win an boostit his career win–loss record against Djokovic tae 11–4, includin 6–0 on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to help Spain clinch win|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC Sports|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011224054/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/29580139/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Iain|title=Nadal beats Djokovic to put Spain through|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=8 March 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063244/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE5270T420090308?sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 Indian Wells Masters]], Nadal won his thirteent [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000|Masters 1000]] series tournament. In the fowert roond, Nadal saved five match pynts, afore defeatin [[David Nalbandian]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Oberjuerge|first=Paul|title=Nadal Shows Why He's No. 1, and Safina Shows Why She Isn't|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/20/sports/tennis/20nadal.html|accessdate=9 July 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 March 2009}}</ref> Nadal defeatit [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the quarterfeenals an [[Andy Roddick]] in the semifeenals, afore defeatin Murray in the feenal. The next ATP tour event wis the [[2009 Miami Masters]]. Nadal advanced tae the quarterfeenals, whaur he again faced Argentinian del Potro, this time losin the match. This wis the first time del Potro haed defeatit Nadal in five career matches.<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/3/en/players/headtohead/?player1=Del+Potro%2C+Juan+Martin&player2=nadal Head to Head Player Details]</ref> Nadal began his European clay court saison at the [[2009 Monte Carlo Masters]], whaur he won a record fift consecutive singles teetle thare.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8007021.stm|title=Nadal seals fifth Monte Carlo win |date=19 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=20 April 2009}}</ref> He defeatit Novak Djokovic in the feenal for his fift consecutive win, a record in the open era. Nadal is the first male player tae win the same ATP Master series event for five consecutive years. Nadal then competit in the ATP 500 event in Barcelona. He advanced tae his fift consecutive Barcelona feenal, whaur he faced David Ferrer. Nadal went on tae beat Ferrer tae record five consecutive Barcelona victories.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8019528.stm|title=Nadal storms to Barcelona victory |date=26 April 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=26 April 2009}}</ref> At the [[Rome Masters]], Nadal reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit Novak Djokovic tae improve his overall record tae 13–4 an clay record tae 8–0 against the Serb.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8031729.stm|title=Nadal regains Rome Masters title |date=3 May 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref> He acame the first player tae win fower Rome teetles. [[File:Nadal Miami 2009 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal at [[2009 Sony Ericsson Open]], Miami, Florida, United States]] Efter winning twa clay-court Masters, he participatit in the [[Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open|Madrid Open]]. He lost tae Roger Federer in the feenal. This wis the first time that Nadal haed lost tae Federer syne the semifeenals o the [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup]]. On 19 Mey, the ATP World Tour annoonced that Nadal wis the first player oot o aicht tae qualify for the [[2009 ATP World Tour Finals]], tae be played at the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]] in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|last=Herman|first=Martyn|title=Nadal seals spot for ATP season finale in London|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|agency=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2010|date=19 May 2009|archive-date=2012-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525063306/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCATRE54I3JX20090519|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bi beatin [[Lleyton Hewitt]] in the third roond o [[2009 French Open]], Nadal (2005–09 French Open) set a record o 31 consecutive wins at Roland Garros, beatin the previous record o 28 bi [[Björn Borg]] (1978–81 French Open). Nadal haed won 32 consecutive sets at Roland Garros (syne winning the last 2 sets at the [[2007 French Open]] feenal against Federer), the seicont-langest winning streak in the tournament's history behind Björn Borg's record o 41 consecutive sets. This run [[Söderling–Nadal match at the 2009 French Open|came tae an end on 31 Mey 2009]], whan Nadal lost tae eventual runner-up, [[Robin Söderling]] in the 4t roond. This wis Nadal's first and, until 2015, anly loss at the French Open. Efter his surprise defeat at Roland Garros, Nadal widrew frae the [[AEGON Championships]]. It wis confirmed that Nadal wis sufferin frae [[tendinitis]] in baith o his knees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=4245078 |title=Rafael Nadal has problems in both knees, will try to rehab in time for Wimbledon |publisher=ESPN |date=9 June 2009 |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> On 19 Juin, Nadal widrew frae the 2009 Wimbledon Championship, citing his recurring knee injury.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8085394.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal out of Wimbledon | date=19 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> He wis the first champion nae tae defend the teetle syne [[Goran Ivanišević]] in 2001.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> Roger Federer went on tae win the teetle, an Nadal consequently dropped back tae warld No. 2 on 6 Julie 2009. Nadal later annoonced his widrawal frae the Davis Cup. On 4 August, Nadal's uncle, Toni Nadal, confirmed that Nadal wad return tae play at the [[Montreal Masters|Rogers Cup]] in Montreal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |title=Rafael Nadal returns to tennis at Montreal Masters |date=4 August 2009 |work=GOTOTENNIS |accessdate=5 August 2009 |archive-date=2009-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806204201/http://www.gototennisblog.com/2009/08/04/rafael-nadal-on-his-return-to-montreal-roger-federer-and-davis-cup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare, in his first tournament syne Roland Garros, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals tae [[Juan Martín del Potro]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis/09/08/15/manual_073518.html |title=Nadal Suffers Montreal Setback |date=15 August 2009 |work=Sporting Life |location=UK |accessdate=15 August 2009 |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118065911/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=tennis%2F09%2F08%2F15%2Fmanual_073518.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wi this loss, he relinquished the No. 2 spot tae Andy Murray on 17 August 2009, ranking ootside the tap twa for the first time syne 25 Julie 2005. In the quarterfeenals o the [[2009 US Open – Men's Singles|US Open]] he defeatit Fernando Gonzálezin a rain-delayed encounter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8249729.stm|title=Nadal finishes Gonzalez with ease |date=12 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Houiver, lik his [[2008 US Open – Men's Singles|previous US Open campaign]], he fell in the semifeenals, this time losin tae eventual champion Juan Martín del Potro.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8253542.stm|title=Del Potro thrashes Nadal in semis |date=13 September 2009|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=13 September 2009}}</ref> Despite the loss, he regained the No. 2 ranking efter Andy Murray's early exit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|title=Tennis: Nadal knees hold up as he regains No. 2 spot with victory|date=9 September 2009|work=The Edinburgh Paper|accessdate=13 September 2009|archive-date=2011-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615114206/http://edinburghnews.scotsman.com/tennis/Tennis-Nadal-knees-hold-up.5629994.jp|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2009 ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]], Nadal lost aw three o his matches against [[Robin Söderling]], [[Nikolay Davydenko]], an [[Novak Djokovic]] respectively wioot winning a set. In December, Nadal participatit in the seicont Davis Cup feenal o his career. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] in his first singles rubber tae gie the [[Spanish Davis Cup Team]] thair first pynt in the tie. Efter the [[Spain Davis Cup team|Spanish Davis Cup team]] haed secured its fowert [[Davis Cup]] veectory, Nadal defeatit [[Jan Hájek (tennis)|Jan Hájek]] in the first Davis Cup [[dead rubber]] o his career. The win gae Nadal his 14t consecutive singles veectory at Davis Cup (his 13t on clay). Nadal finished the year as No. 2 for the fowert time in five years. Nadal won the [[Golden Bagel Award]] for the third time in 2009, wi nine 6–0 sets during the year. In daein sae he set a new record o Awaird wins, syne matched anly bi Novak Djokovic. ===2010: Return to No. 1 and Career Grand Slam=== {{Main|2010 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year bi pairteecipatin in the [[2010 Capitala World Tennis Championship|Capitala World Tennis Championship]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit compatriot [[David Ferrer]] tae reach his seicont feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, Nadal defeatit [[Robin Söderling]] in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8437851.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins Abu Dhabi exhibition title |date=2 January 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=4 January 2010}}</ref> Nadal participatit in an Australian Open warm-up tournament, the [[2010 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar ExxonMobil Open]] ATP 250 event in Doha, whaur he lost in the feenals tae [[Nikolay Davydenko]].<ref name="bbcqatar"/><ref name="bbcqatar">{{cite news | title=Davydenko shocks Nadal in final | date=9 January 2010 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8450315.stm | work=The British Broadcasting Corporation | accessdate =9 January 2010}}</ref> In the [[2010 Australian Open – Men's Singles|Australian Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Peter Luczak]], [[Lukáš Lacko]], [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]], an [[Ivo Karlović]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8474055.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Champion Nadal reaches round four | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> In the quarterfeenals, Nadal pulled oot at 3–0 doun in the third set against [[Andy Murray]], haein lost the first twa sets.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/8478297.stm |publisher=BBC News | title=Murray through after Nadal injury | date=26 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> Efter examining Nadal's knees, doctors told him that he should tak twa weeks o rest, an then twa weeks o rehabilitation. Nadal reached the semifeenals in singles at the [[BNP Paribas Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California|Indian Wells]], whaur he wis the defendin champion; houiver, eventual champion [[Ivan Ljubičić]] defeatit him in three sets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |title=Ljubicic Shows Heart in semi-final Win Over Nadal |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323001822/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Ljubicic-Shows-Fight-In-SF-Comeback.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> He an countryman [[Marc López|López]] won the doubles teetle, tho, as wildcard entrants against nummer ane seeds [[Daniel Nestor]] an [[Nenad Zimonjić]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |title=Lopez/Nadal Upset Top Seeds To Take Doubles Title |publisher=BNP Paribas Open |date=20 March 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2017-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183003/http://www.bnpparibasopen.org/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/ATP-Saturday2-Nadal-Lopez-Take-Doubles-Title.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> This boostit his doubles ranking 175 places<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Rankings/Doubles.aspx?d=22.03.2010&r=1&c=# |title=Emirates ATP Doubles Ranking on 22.03.2010 |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=6 April 2013}}</ref> tae warld nummer 66, whauras he wis 241st afore Indian Wells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx |title=Tennis – ATP World Tour – Tennis Players – Rafael Nadal |publisher=ATP World Tour |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Efter Indian Wells, Nadal reached the semifeenals o the [[2010 Sony Ericsson Open|Sony Ericsson Open]], whaur he lost tae eventual champion [[Andy Roddick]] in three sets.<ref>{{cite news | title=Roddick edges Nadal in three sets | date=3 April 2010 | publisher=ESPN News | url =http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/news/story?id=5050939 | agency=Associated Press | accessdate =5 April 2010}}</ref> Nadal reached the feenal o the [[Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] in Monaco, efter beatin fellae Spaniard [[David Ferrer]] in the semifeenals. This wis Nadal's first tour feenal syne [[Doha]] earlier in the year. He won the feenal in straucht sets ower his compatriot [[Fernando Verdasco]]. He lost 14 gemmes throughout aw five matches, the fewest he haed ever lost en route tae a championship, an the feenal wis the shortest Masters 1000 feenal in terms o gemmes. Wi this win, Nadal acame the first player in the open era tae win a tournament teetle for sax straucht years.<ref>{{cite news | title=Unstoppable Nadal Captures Sixth Straight Title | date=18 April 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=18 April 2010 | archive-date=2010-04-21 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421003655/http://www.monte-carlorolexmasters.com/News/Tennis/2010/Tournament/Sunday-Singles-Final.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> Unlik in previous years, Nadal next chose tae skip the Barcelona tournament (despite bein that event's five-time defendin champion), an his next tournament wis the [[2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]]. He defeatit Philipp Kohlschreiber, Victor Hănescu, an Stanlias Wawrinka, aw in straucht sets, tae win his 57th straucht match in Aprile. In the semis, he faced a resilient [[Ernests Gulbis]], who defeatit Roger Federer earlier in the tournament an teuk Nadal tae three sets for the first time this clay-court saison. Nadal eventually prevailed in 2 oors an 40minutes. He then defeatit compatriot [[David Ferrer]] in the feenal for his fift teetle at Rome tae equal [[Andre Agassi]]'s record o winnin 17 ATP Masters teetles. [[File:Nadal 2010 Madrid 01.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], Madrid, Spain]] Nadal then entered the [[2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]], whaur he haed finished runner-up the previous year. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the seicont roond, he defeatit qualifier [[Oleksandr Dolgopolov, Jr.]] in straucht sets. He then played the sax-fit-nine-inch American [[John Isner]]. Nadal comfortably came throu in straucht sets. He defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] in the quarterfeenals an his countryman [[Nicolás Almagro]] in the next roond, who wis playin in his first Masters 1000 semifeenal. The first set o his match against Almagro wad be juist the seicont set he lost on clay up tae this pynt in 2010. Nadal then defeatit longtime rival Roger Federer, avenging his 2009 feenals loss tae Federer. The win gae him his 18t Masters teetle, breaking the aw-time record. He acame the first player tae win aw three clay-court Masters teetles in a single year an the first player tae win three consecutive Masters events. Nadal moved back tae No. 2 the follaein day. Entering the [[2010 French Open|French Open]], mony war expecting anither Nadal-Federer feenal. Houiver, this acame impossible whan rival Robin Söderling defeatit Federer in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite news | title=Soderling Stuns Federer For Semi-final Berth; Battle For No. 1 Intensifies | date=1 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Tuesday2-Soderling-Stuns-Federer.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> The failure o Federer tae reach the semifeenals allowed Nadal tae regain the warld No. 1 ranking if he war tae win the tournament. Nadal advanced tae the feenal an defeatit Soderling. The win gae Nadal his seivent Grand Slam tournament teetle, tying him wi [[John McEnroe]], [[John Newcombe]], an [[Mats Wilander]] on the aw-time leet, an allaed Nadal tae reclaim the poseetion o warld No. 1, denyin his biggest rival [[Roger Federer]] the aw-time record for weeks at No. 1.<ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Sets Up Soderling Re-Match; Bidding For Fifth Title & Return To No. 1 | date=4 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Friday-2-Nadal-Eyes-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=James Buddell | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Nadal Reclaims No. 1 Ranking With Fifth Roland Garros Title | date=6 June 2010 | publisher=ATP World Tour | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/05/Roland-Garros/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Wins-Fifth-Title.aspx | work=ATP Staff | accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> Bi this win, Nadal acame the first man tae win the three Masters series on clay an the French Open. The veectory at Roland Garros merked the seicont time (2008) that Nadal haed won the French Open wioot dropping a single set (tying the record held bi Björn Borg). Wi the win in Paris he an aa booked his place at the [[2010 ATP World Tour Finals|World Tour Finals]] in Lunnon an acame the first player tae win five French Open teetles in sax years. In Juin, Nadal entered the [[AEGON Championships]], which he haed won in 2008, at the prestigious [[Queen's Club]]. He played singles an doubles at this grass court tournament as a warmup for Wimbledon. Bein ane o the tap aicht seeds, he received a bye in the first roond. In the seicont roond, whaur he played his first match on grass syne winning Wimbledon 2008, he defeatit [[Marcos Daniel]]. In the third roond, he played [[Denis Istomin]] o Uzbekistan, whom he defeatit tae advance tae the quarterfeenals. Houiver, he wis defeatit bi compatriot [[Feliciano López]]. At the [[2010 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Championships]], Nadal beat [[Kei Nishikori]] an [[Robin Haase]] in the openin roonds. He defeatit [[Philipp Petzschner]] in the third roond, winning efter five sets o play. During his match wi Petzschner, Nadal wis warned twice for allegedly receivin coachin frae his coach an uncle, [[Toni Nadal]], resultin in a $2000 fine bi Wimbledon officials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon10/news/story?id=5337651|title=Nadal fined for receiving coaching|publisher=ESPN |agency=Associated Press|date=28 June 2010|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Brooks|first=Xan|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal v Tomáš Berdych – as it happened|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/jul/04/wimbledon-2010-rafael-nadal-tomas-berdych|date=4 July 2010|accessdate=6 June 2010|location=London|work=The Guardian|quote=During the final match at Wimbledon 2010 between Nadal and Tomáš Berdych, someone, allegedly Toni Nadal, yelled "I love you, Rafa!"}}</ref> He defeatit [[Paul-Henri Mathieu]] o Fraunce in the roond o 16 an in the quarterfeenals, he beat Robin Söderling o Swaden in fower sets. He defeatit Andy Murray in straucht sets tae reach his fowert Wimbledon feenal. Nadal won the [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|2010 Wimbledon men's title]] bi defeatin [[Tomáš Berdych]] in straucht sets. Efter the win, Nadal said that winning Wimbledon wis "more than a dream" for him, an thanked the crowd for bein baith kynd an supportive tae him an his adversary during the match an in the semifeenal against Andy Murray.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|title=AFP: Nadal reclaims Wimbledon crown in style|last=Millard|first=Robin|date=4 July 2010|agency=Agence France-Presse|accessdate=4 July 2010|archive-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095210/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gkNZrTZDvv_4f2PAU2cXA-kRxarg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The win gae him a seicont Wimbledon teetle an an aicht career major teetle<ref name="BBC-8784861">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8784861.stm|title=Wimbledon 2010: Rafael Nadal beats Berdych in final|date=4 July 2010|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=4 July 2010|first=Piers|last=Newbery}}</ref> juist past the age o 24.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | work=The Tennis Times | title=Tennis News: Nadal is Champion Again! | date=22 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010 | archive-date=2010-07-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707023650/http://thetennistimes.com/rafael-nadal-2010-wimbledon-champion/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The win an aa gae Nadal his first "Old World Triple"; the last person tae achieve this wis [[Björn Borg]] in 1978 ("Old World Triple" is a term gien tae winning the Italian Open, French Open, an Wimbledon in the same year). In his first haurd-court tournament syne Wimbledon, Nadal advanced tae the semifeenals o the [[Rogers Cup (tennis)|Rogers Cup]], alang wi No. 2 Novak Djokovic, No. 3 Roger Federer, an No. 4 Andy Murray, efter coming back frae a ane-set deficit tae defeat Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|title=Nadal rallies to reach Rogers Cup semifinal|work=Tennis Talk|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2010-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118103647/http://www.tennistalk.com/en/match_report/Rogers_Cup/2010/Rafael_Nadal_-_Philipp_Kohlschreiber|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the semifeenal, defendin champion Murray defeatit Nadal, acomin the anly player tae triumph ower the Spaniard twice in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|title=Murray upsets Nadal in Rogers Cup semifinal|work=CBS Sports|date=14 August 2010|accessdate=14 August 2010|archive-date=2011-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911171111/http://www.cbssports.com/tennis/story/13761191/murray-upsets-nadal-in-rogers-cup-semifinal|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal an aa competit in the doubles wi Djokovic in a ane-time, heich-profile pairtnership o the warld No. 1 an No. 2, the first sic team syne the [[Jimmy Connors]] an [[Arthur Ashe]] team in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |title=Nadal and Djokovic to play double together |publisher=News.tennisty.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210527/http://news.tennisty.com/tennis-players-updates/nadal-and-djokovic-to-play-double-together/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Houiver, Nadal an Djokovic lost in the first roond tae Canadians [[Milos Raonic]] an [[Vasek Pospisil]]. The next week, Nadal wis the tap seed at the [[Cincinnati Masters]], losin in the quarterfeenals tae 2006 Australian Open feenaleet [[Marcos Baghdatis]]. At the [[2010 US Open – Men's Singles|2010 US Open]], Nadal wis the tap seed for the seicont time in three years. He defeatit [[Teymuraz Gabashvili]], [[Denis Istomin]], [[Gilles Simon]], nummer 23 seed [[Feliciano López]], nummer 8 seed [[Fernando Verdasco]], an nummer 12 seed [[Mikhail Youzhny]] aw wioot dropping a set, tae reach his first US Open feenal, acomin anly the aicht man in the Open Era tae reach the feenal o aw fower majors, an at age 24 the seicont youngest ever tae dae sae, behind anly [[Jim Courier]]. In the feenal, he defeatit [[Novak Djokovic]], which completit the [[Grand Slam (tennis)#Career Grand Slam|Career Grand Slam]] for Nadal; he an aa acame the seicont male efter [[Andre Agassi]] tae complete a [[Career Golden Slam]].<ref name=goldenslam>{{cite news|url=http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|title=Nadal Captures U.S. Open To Complete Career Grand Slam|publisher=The Sports Network (TSN)|date=14 September 2010|accessdate=12 June 2012|quote=Nadal...also owns an Olympic gold medal, which makes him one of only two men to corral the career Golden Slam, with the great Agassi being the other.|archive-date=2013-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109202116/http://www.tsn.ca/tennis/story/?id=333700|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal's US Open veectory meant that he an aa acame the first man tae win majors on clay, grass, an haurd court in the same year, an the first tae win the French Open, Wimbledon, an the US Open in the same year syne [[Rod Laver]] in 1969. Nadal an [[Mats Wilander]] are the anly male players tae win at least twa Grand Slams each on clay, grass, an hardcourts in thair careers.<ref name=surface/> Nadal an aa acame the first left-handed man tae win the US Open syne [[John McEnroe]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/8992563.stm|title=Rafael Nadal wins US Open to seal career Grand Slam |date=14 September 2010|publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=14 September 2010}}</ref> Nadal's veectory an aa clinched the [[Leet o ATP number 1 ranked players|year-end No. 1 ranking]] for 2010, makin Nadal anly the third player (efter [[Ivan Lendl]] in 1989 an Roger Federer in 2009) tae regain the year-end nummer ane ranking efter haein lost it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/09/Other/Nadal-ATP-World-Tour-Champion.aspx |title=Nadal Clinches Year-End No. 1 For Second Time |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |date=16 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> [[File:Rafa Nadal 7738 2 Japan Open Tennis Tokio 2010.jpg|thumb|upright|Nadal serving in Tokyo]] Nadal began his Asian tour at the [[2010 PTT Thailand Open]] in [[Bangkok]] whaur he reached the semifeenals, losin tae compatriot [[Guillermo García-López]]. Nadal wis able tae regroup, an at the [[2010 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships]] in Tokyo (debut), he defeatit [[Santiago Giraldo]], [[Milos Raonic]], an [[Dmitry Tursunov]]. In the semifeenals against [[Viktor Troicki]], Nadal saved twa match pynts in the deciding set tiebreaker tae win it 9–7 in the end. In the feenal, Nadal comfortably defeatit [[Gaël Monfils]] for his seivent teetle o the saison. Nadal next played in the [[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters]] in Shanghai, whaur he wis the tap seed, but lost tae warld No. 12 [[Jürgen Melzer]] in the third roond, snapping his record streak o 21 consecutive Masters quarterfeenals. On 5 November, Nadal annoonced that he wis pulling oot o the [[2010 BNP Paribas Masters|Paris Masters]] due tae tendinitis in his left shouder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/11/Other/Nadal-Withdraws-From-Paris.aspx |title=Nadal withdraws from fatigue at the Paris |publisher=Atpworldtour.com |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> On 21 November 2010, in Lunnon, Nadal won the [[ATP Warld Tour Awairds|Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Awaird]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal wins Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship Award|date=20 November 2010|url=http://www.tennis.com/articles/templates/news.aspx?articleid=8843|publisher=Tennis.com (Associated Press)|accessdate=20 June 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> At the [[2010 ATP Warld Tour Finals]] in Lunnon, Nadal defeatit Roddick<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/8152867/ATP-World-Tour-Finals-Rafael-Nadal-defeats-Andy-Roddick-in-nervy-encounter-at-Londons-O-Arena.html|title=ATP World Tour Finals: Rafael Nadal defeats Andy Roddick in nervy encounter at London's O² Arena |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> in the first match, Djokovic in the seicont match, an Berdych in the third match, tae advance tae the semifeenals for the third time in his career. This wis the first time that Nadal achieved three wins in the roond-robin stage. In the semifeenal, he defeatit Murray in a haurd-focht match tae reach his first feenal at the tournament. In anly thair seicont meetin o the year, Federer beat Nadal in the feenal. Efter the match, Nadal stated, "Roger is probably the more complete player of the world. I'm not going to say I lost that match because I was tired." This wis a reference tae his marathon veectory ower Murray on Saturday. "I tried my best this afternoon, but Roger was simply better than me."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |title=Nadal after end of the ATP World Tour Finals final "I tried my best, but Roger was better than me" |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |accessdate=11 December 2010 |archive-date=2010-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218024516/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/i-tried-my-best-roger-was-better-me |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended the 2010 saison haein won three Grand Slams an three Masters 1000 tournaments, an haein regained the No. 1 ranking. Next up for Nadal wis a twa-match exhibition against Federer for the [[Roger Federer Foundation]]. The first match teuk place in [[Zürich]] on 21 December 2010, an the seicont in Madrid the next day. ===2011: Sixth French Open title=== {{Main|2011 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal stairtit 2011, bi pairteecipatin in the [[2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship|Mubadala World Tennis Championship]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates. He defeatit [[Tomáš Berdych]] tae reach his third feenal in the exhibition tournament. In the feenal, he won ower his main rival Roger Federer. At the [[2011 Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Qatar ExxonMobil Open]] ATP 250 event in [[Doha]], Qatar, Nadal barely struggled past his first three opponents, [[Karol Beck]], [[Lukáš Lacko]], an [[Ernests Gulbis]], citin fiver as the primary reason for his puir performance. He fell in straicht sets tae a resurgent [[Nikolay Davydenko]] in the semifeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.live-tennis.com/category/Tennis-News/Rafael-Nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-Doha-201101080008/|title=Rafael Nadal – Nadal struggles with fever in Doha|publisher=Live-tennis.com|date=8 January 2011|accessdate=3 June 2011|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402073346/https://www.live-tennis.com/category/tennis-news/rafael-nadal-struggles-with-fever-in-doha-201101080008/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He an countryman [[Marc López|López]] won the doubles teetle bi defeatin the Italian duo [[Daniele Bracciali]] an [[Andreas Seppi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|title=Rafa wins doubles will delay trip australia|work=The official nadal website|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=7 January 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101031917/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-wins-doubles-will-delay-trip-australia|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2011 Australian Open14.jpg|thumb|left|Nadal at the [[2011 Australian Open]]]] In the first roond o the [[2011 Australian Open|Australian Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Marcos Daniel]]. In the seicont roond, he beat upcoming qualifier [[Ryan Sweeting]]. In the third roond, he wis testit bi emergin player [[Bernard Tomic]] o Australie, but Nadal wis victorious in straucht sets. He went on tae defeat [[Marin Čilić]] o Croatie, in the fowert roond. He suffered an apparent hamstring injury against felloae Spaniard [[David Ferrer]] early in the pair's quarterfeenal match an ultimately lost in straicht sets, sicweys endin his effort tae win fower major tournaments in a row.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gleeson|first=Michael|title=Rafa slammed: run at history falls short as Ferrer KOs ailing ace|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=27 January 2011|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/australian-open/rafa-slammed-run-at-history-falls-short-as-ferrer-kos-ailing-ace-20110126-1a5hr.html|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref> On 7 Februar 2011, in [[Abu Dhabi]], Unitit Arab Emirates, Nadal won the [[Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year|Laureus World Sportsman of the Year]] for the first time, ahead o footballer [[Lionel Messi]], [[Sebastian Vettel]], Spain's [[Andres Iniesta]], [[Los Angeles Lakers|Lakers]] basketball player [[Kobe Bryant]], an [[Filipino people|Filipino]] boxer [[Manny Pacquiao]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal, Vonn win top Laureus awards|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|date=8 February 2011|accessdate=20 June 2012|publisher=CNN|archive-date=2018-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924191932/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/02/08/laureus.nadal.vonn.awards/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch, Nadal helped Spain defeat Belgium in a [[2011 Davis Cup World Group]] first-roond tie on haurd indoor courts in the [[Spiroudome]] in [[Charleroi]], Belgium. Nadal defeatit [[Ruben Bemelmans]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins in Davis Cup in Belgium, Gives Spain Lead|date=4 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=4 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2011-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307092454/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/04/rafael-nadal-wins-davis-cup-belgium-gives-spain-lead/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Efter Spain's veectory in three matches, Nadal won a seicont dead rubber against [[Olivier Rochus]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal Wins Second Match in Davis Cup, Helps Spain Dominate Belgium|date=6 March 2011|url=http://latiNo.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=6 March 2011|publisher=Fox News Channel|archive-date=2013-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812205953/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/sports/2011/03/07/rafael-nadal-wins-second-match-davis-cup-helps-spain-dominate-belgium/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[2011 BNP Paribas Open]] in [[Indian Wells, California|Indian Wells]], Nadal defeatit upcoming qualifier [[Rik de Voest]] in his first match. In the third roond, he beat qualifier Ryan Sweeting He then defeatit qualifier [[Somdev Devvarman]] in the fowert roond. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed a haurd time against Croatian [[Ivo Karlović]], an in the semifeenals he met Juan Martín del Potro. The last three confrontations atween the players war in favor o del Potro, but despite some difficulties, Nadal won in straucht sets. He reached his third feenal at Indian Wells, an lost against Novak Djokovic.<ref>{{cite news|title=Djokovic beats Nadal to win BNP Paribas Open|date=20 March 2011|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=2012-03-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063523/http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=ap-indianwells|url-status=dead}}</ref> The next day, Nadal an Djokovic played a friendly match in [[Bogotá]], Colombia, which Nadal won.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal beats Djokovic in Colombia's most important tennis match ever|date=21 March 2011|url=http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=21 March 2011|archive-date=2011-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110325082047/http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/sports/15046-nadal-beats-djokovic-in-colombias-most-important-tennis-match-ever.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal stairtit the [[2011 Sony Ericsson Open]] wi a win ower [[Kei Nishikori]] then met his compatriot [[Feliciano López]] in the third roond, whom he defeatit. In the fowert roond, he defeatit [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]]. In the quarterfeenals, Nadal haed the first real test o the tournament whan he met the warld No. 7 Tomáš Berdych, who he defeatit in three sets. In the semifeenals, Nadal met his main rival Roger Federer, thair first meetin in a semifeenal syne the [[2007 Tennis Masters Cup|2007 Masters Cup]]. Nadal won in straucht sets. For the seicont time in twa weeks, Nadal faced Novak Djokovic in the feenal. As in the Indian Wells tournament, Nadal won the first set, an Djokovic the seicont. The third set ended in a tiebreak, wi Djokovic winning.<ref>{{cite news|title=HARD FINAL IN MIAMI|date=4 April 2011|url =http://rafaelnadal.com/content/hard-final-miami|agency=Associated Press|accessdate =4 April 2011 }}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> This wis the first time Nadal reached the feenals o Indian Wells an Miami in the same year. Nadal began his clay-court saison bi winning the [[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] wi the loss o juist ane set. Nadal defeatit [[Jarkko Nieminen]], [[Richard Gasquet]], [[Ivan Ljubičić]], an Andy Murray tae reach his seivent consecutive feenal in Monte Carlo. In the feenal, Nadal avenged his defeat bi David Ferrer in the quarterfeenals o the [[2011 Australian Open]]. He acame the first man tae win the same tournament seiven times in a row at the ATP level in the open era.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nadal won seven tournaments in a row at the ATP|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal chalked up his 37th straucht win at the clay-court event, whaur he haes nae lost syne the [[2003 Monte Carlo Masters]]. It wis his 44th career teetle an 19t at a Masters event.<ref>{{cite news|title=The last loss in Monte Carlo was in 2003|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis his first teetle syne winning the Japan Open. Nadal shares third place wi [[Björn Borg]] an [[Manuel Orantes]] in the leet o players wi the maist teetles on clay.<ref>{{cite news|title=NADAL WINS 7TH STRAIGHT MONTECARLO TITLE|date=17 April 2011|url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=17 April 2011|archive-date=2012-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101024426/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/nadal-wins-7th-straight-montecarlo-title|url-status=dead}}</ref> Juist a week later, Nadal won his saxt Barcelona Open crown, winning the [[2011 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]] feenal against Ferrer in straucht sets. In daein sae, Nadal acame the first man in the open era tae hae won twa tournaments at least sax times each. Nadal wis then the leader in terms o matches won in the year, wi 29. He did nae gain ony pynts for this veectory, houiver, as anly fower ATP 500 tournaments can be countit towards a players ranking at ane time, but thay will gang intae effect 8 August 2011, whan the result o the [[2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic]] expires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rb|title=Ranking Breakdown Rafael Nadal|date = 9 June 2011|work= ATP Worldtour|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> At the [[2011 Mutua Madrid Open]] in Mey, he defeatit [[Marcos Baghdatis]], haed a walkover against [[Juan Martín del Potro]], an defeatit [[Michaël Llodra]] an Roger Federer, afore losin the feenal tae Novak Djokovic in twa sets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/sports/tennis/09madrid.html|title=Djokovic Tops Nadal in Another Final|date= 8 May 2011|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Nadal again lost in straucht sets tae Novak Djokovic in the [[2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Rome Masters final]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2011/may/15/novak-djokovic-rafael-nadal-rome|title=Novak Djokovic rolls on with defeat of Rafael Nadal in Rome final|date= 15 May 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=7 June 2011|location=London|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell}}</ref> This merked the first time that Nadal haes lost twice on clay tae the same player in a single saison.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/tennis/2011-05-15-italian-open_N.htm|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in Rome in French Open warm-up|date= 17 May 2011|work=USA Today|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, Nadal retained his No. 1 rankin during the clay-coort saison an won his saxt French Open teetle bi defeatin Roger Federer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/french11/news/story?id=6628276|title=Rafael Nadal wins sixth French Open|date= 6 June 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=7 June 2011}}</ref> During the first three roonds o Wimbledon, Nadal beat [[Michael Craig Russell|Michael Russell]], Ryan Sweeting, an [[Gilles Müller]]. He then faced Juan Martín del Potro in the fowert roond an [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals, defeatin baith players in fower sets. His semifeenal opponent wis warld No. 4 Andy Murray. Nadal lost the first set, then won the next three. This set up a feenal against warld No. 2 Novak Djokovic, who haed beaten Nadal in aw fower o thair matches in 2011 (aw in Masters feenals). Efter dropping the third set, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the fowert. This wis the first Grand Slam tournament feenal that Nadal haed lost tae someone ither than Roger Federer an his first loss at Wimbledon syne his five-set loss tae Federer in the 2007 feenal. The loss ended Nadal's winning streak in Grand Slam feenals at seiven, preventin him frae tying the Open-Era record o aicht victories in a row set bi [[Pete Sampras]]. Djokovic's success at the tournament an aa meant that the Serb ascended tae warld No. 1 for the first time, breaking the dominance o Federer an Nadal on the poseetion, which ane o them haed held for every week syne 2 Februar 2004. Nadal fell tae warld No. 2 in the rankings for the first time syne Juin 2010. Efter restin for a month frae a fit injury sustained during Wimbledon, he contestit the [[2011 Rogers Cup]], whaur he wis shocked bi Croatian [[Ivan Dodig]] in a third-set tiebreak. He next played in the [[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's Singles|2011 Cincinnati Masters]], whaur he lost tae [[Mardy Fish]] in the quarterfeenals. At the [[2011 US Open – Men's Singles|2011 US Open]], Nadal defeatit [[Andrey Golubev]] in straicht sets an advanced tae the third roond efter Frenchman [[Nicolas Mahut]] retired. Efter defeatin [[David Nalbandian]] on 4 September, Nadal collapsed in his post-match press conference due tae severe cramps.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/14783093.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Nadal collapses in front of media | date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the feenal in fower sets. Efter the US Open, Nadal made the feenal o the [[Japan Open Tennis Championships]]. Nadal, who wis the 2010 champion, wis defeatit bi Andy Murray. At the [[Shanghai Masters]], Nadal wis tap seed wi the absence o Novak Djokovic, but wis upset in the third roond bi No. 23 ranked [[Florian Mayer]] in straucht sets. At the [[2011 ATP World Tour Finals]], Nadal wis defeatit bi Roger Federer in the roond-robin stage, in ane o the quickest matches atween the twa, lasting juist 60 minutes. In the follaein match, Nadal wis defeatit bi Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, an wis eliminatit frae the tournament. In the Davis Cup feenal in December, Nadal haed a quick straucht-set win ower [[Juan Mónaco]] in his first match. In his seicont match against Juan Martín del Potro, Nadal did nae win a single service gemme in the first set but came back tae win the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/home.aspx |title=Davis Cup site |publisher=Daviscup.com |accessdate=8 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal ended his tennis saison wi the [[2011 Mubadala World Tennis Championship (December)|Mubadala World Tennis Championship]], an exhibeetion tournament nae affiliatit wi the ATP. The tournament, normally held in early Januar, wis held frae 29 tae 31 December 2011. Nadal haed a bye intae the semifeenals an played against David Ferrer, who defeatit Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfeenals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-28/LEGENDS_LOOK_FORWARD_TO_MUBADALA_WORLD_TENNIS_CHAMPIONSHIP_FOR_THE_START_OF_GLOBAL_TENNIS_SEASON.aspx|title=Legends Look Forward to Mubadala World Tennis Championship for the Start of Global Tennis Season|date=28 December 2011}}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> Ferrer won the match in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|title=Djokovic dominates to secure place in final against impressive Ferrer|date=30 December 2011|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2012-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114134639/http://www.mubadalawtc.com/NewsDetails/11-12-30/DJOKOVIC_DOMINATES_TO_SECURE_PLACE_IN_FINAL_AGAINST_IMPRESSIVE_FERRER.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wis then relegatit tae the third place match against Roger Federer. Nadal won in straucht sets. ===2012: Seventh French Open title=== {{Main|2012 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:Nadal Monte Carlo 2012.JPG|thumb|right|Nadal during the finals of the Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]] Nadal began his ATP World Tour saison at the [[2012 Qatar Open|Qatar Open]]. He beat [[Philipp Kohlschreiber]] an qualifier [[Denis Gremelmayr]] in roonds ane an twa an then won against seivent-seedit [[Mikhail Youzhny]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/tennis/news?slug=reu-mendoha|title=Federer and Nadal stay on course for final showdown|publisher=Yahoo Sports|date=5 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In the semifeenal he lost tae Gaël Monfils in twa sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|title=Monfils tops Nadal, faces Tsonga in final|date=6 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports|access-date=2015-06-03|archive-date=2003-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030213071930/http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-qataropen|url-status=dead}}{{failed verification|date=April 2012}}</ref> In the [[2012 Australian Open|Australian Open]] Nadal began the tournament bi breezing past qualifier [[Alex Kuznetsov]] o Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=ap-australianopen-nadal|title=Nadal eases to 1st-round win at Australian Open|date=16 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The seicont roond against [[Tommy Haas]], who haes never won a set against Rafael, wis tighter, but Nadal again advanced in three straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.yahoo.com/ten/news?slug=afp-tennis_aus_open_men_20120118|title=Nadal beats Haas as Federer puts feet up at Aussie Open|date=18 January 2012|publisher=Yahoo Sports}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He defeatit Feliciano López in the fowert roond, then won in his quarterfeenal an semifeenal matches against Tomáš Berdych an Roger Federer respectively. Bi daein sae, he haes reached the feenals o aw fower majors consecutively. In the feenal, on 29 Januar, he wis beaten bi Novak Djokovic in a five-set match that lastit 5 oors an 53 minutes, the langest ever match for a Grand Slam teetle. The pair set a new warld record, breaking the latest langest major singles feenal atween Mats Wilander an Ivan Lendl, which lastit 4 oors an 54 minutes, at the US Open in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/aus12/story/_/id/7515950/2012-australian-open-novak-djokovic-outlasts-rafael-nadal-longest-grand-slam-final|title=Longest Men's Singles Championship Final|date=30 January 2012|publisher=ESPN Sports}}</ref> Nadal made it tae the semifeenals in [[2012 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]], whaur he wis beaten in straucht sets bi eventual champion Roger Federer. He an aa made the semifeenals in [[Sony Ericsson Open|Miami]], but widrew acause o knee problems. As the clay court saison stairtit, Nadal wis seedit 2nt at the [[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]]. He defeatit Jarkko Nieminen, Mikhael Kukushkin, [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], an [[Gilles Simon]] afore topping warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic tae win his 8t consecutive Monte Carlo trophy. This ended a streak o seiven straucht feenal losses tae Djokovic, which began at the 2011 Indian Wells Masters feenal. A day efter the Monte Carlo Masters Final, Nadal traveled tae Barcelona whaur he received a bye in the first roond. His tremendous record on clay continued as he beat compatriot David Ferrer in a haurd focht feenal tae clinch his seivent teetle in aicht years at the Barcelona Open. The [[Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open]] did nae gang very well for Nadal. He beat Nikolay Davydenko, ane o the few players tae haud a positive heid tae heid record ower Nadal, in straucht sets. He then lost tae [[Fernando Verdasco]], who he held a 13–0 record against in the third roond 7–5 in the third, efter blowing a 4–0 feenal set lead. Nadal statit that he wis very unhappy wi the new blue-coloured clay an threatened nae tae attend in the future if the surface wis nae changed back tae red clay. Several ither players (sic as Novak Djokovic) voiced seemilar criticism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |title=Stars not happy with Madrid |publisher=Incyprus.com.cy |date=11 May 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2013-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825034412/http://www.incyprus.com.cy/en-gb/tennis/4172/27612/stars-not-happy-with-madrid |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the last tournament afore the French Open, Nadal went tae the Internazionali BNL d'Italia in Rome. He advanced tae his 7t feenal efter defeatin Florian Mayer, Marcel Granollers, Tomáš Berdych, an David Ferrer aw in straucht sets, setting up anither feenals showdown wi World nummer ane Novak Djokovic. Nadal defeatit Djokovic in a tight straucht sets encounter. This wis his seicont veectory ower Novak Djokovic in 2012 an his third teetle o the saison, as well as his 6t Rome teetle overall. At the [[2012 French Open]], Nadal dropped anly 30 gemmes against his first five opponents, wioot losin a set. In the semifeenal he faced a friend an compatriot in David Ferrer. Unlik thair previous twa encounters in Barcelona an Rome, Nadal showed awmaist no flaws, dismantling Ferrer tae set up anither championship teetle fecht wi warld No. 1 Novak Djokovic. This merked the first time whaur twa opposing players faced ilk ither in fower consecutive Grand Slam tournament feenals. Thay an aa acame the anly players tae hae faced the same opponent in the feenals o aw fower Majors. Nadal won the first twa sets afore Djokovic claimed the third. Play wis suspended in the fowert set due tae rain. When the match resumed the follaein day, Nadal won whan Djokovic dooble faultit on match pynt, sealing a record 7t Roland Garros teetle for Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|title=Nadal wins record seventh French Open|agency=Reuters|first=Toby|last=Davis|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222136/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCABRE85A0LW20120611?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true|url-status=dead}}</ref> Throughout the tournament, Nadal lost anly ane set, occurring in the feenal. Bi winning his seivent teetle<ref>{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/french-open-2012/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-beats-Novak-Djokovic-to-win-record-seventh-French-Open-title/articleshow/14026658.cms|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win record seventh French Open title|date=11 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> at Roland Garros, Nadal surpassed Borg's overall teetles record<ref name=RG7>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2012/06/23/Roland-Garros-Final-Nadal-Beats-Djokovic-To-Make-History.aspx|title=Nadal Tops Djokovic To Break Borg's Paris Record|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> tae acome the maist successfu tennis player in French Open history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18395750|title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win seventh French Open|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Mike|last=Henson|date=11 June 2012|accessdate=11 June 2012}}</ref> Nadal anly lost a tot o three sets in the 2012 clay court saison. In his first grass court tournament o the saison at [[2012 Gerry Weber Open – Singles|Halle]], Nadal advanced tae quarterfeenals, whaur he lost tae Philipp Kohlschreiber.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Rafael-Nadal-bombs-out-in-quarterfinals-at-Halle/articleshow/14152923.cms|title= Rafael Nadal bombs out in quarterfinals at Halle|date=15 June 2012 | work=The Times of India}}</ref> At [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon]], Nadal beat [[Thomaz Bellucci]] in the first roond. He then met [[Lukáš Rosol]] in the seicont roond, a player who wis then ranked 100th in the warld an haed never advanced beyond the first qualifying roond in his five previous Wimbledons. In ane o the biggest upsets in Grand Slam history, Rosol defeatit Nadal in five sets. This wis the first time syne the [[2005 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon 2005]] championships that Nadal haed failed tae progress past the 2nt roond o a Grand Slam tournament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rafael Nadal falls to shock Wimbledon defeat by Lukas Rosol|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18627648|accessdate=28 June 2012|publisher=BBC News|date=28 June 2012}}</ref> In Julie 2012, Nadal widrew frae the 2012 Olympics due tae [[tendinitis]] in his knee, which subsequently an aa led tae him pulling oot o baith the Rogers Cup an Cincinnati Masters. On 15 August, Nadal annoonced his widrawal frae the US Open in New York, as he felt he still wis nae healthy eneuch tae compete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.express.co.uk/posts/view/354475/Rafa-Nadal-withdraws-from-Paris-and-London-tournaments|title= Nadal withdraws from Paris and London tournaments|accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/news/tennis/2012/07/features/london-olympics-nadal-pulls-out-with-injury.aspx|title=Reigning Champion Nadal Withdraws From London Olympics|accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> On 11 September 2012, Nadal fell tae a warld No. 4 ranking, his lowest syne 2010, as 2012 US Open winner Andy Murray climbed tae No. 3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |title=Rafael Nadal falls, as Andy Murray climbs in ATP Rankings |publisher=Livetennisguide.com |accessdate=24 November 2012 |archive-date=2017-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171825/http://www.livetennisguide.com/2012/09/11/rafael-nadal-falls-as-andy-murray-climbs-in-atp-rankings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal ended 2012 ranked No. 4 in the warld, the first time in aicht years that he haes nae been ranked 1st or 2nt at the end o the year. ===2013: Eighth French Open, second US Open title, return to No. 1=== {{Main|2013 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Twa weeks prior tae the [[2013 Australian Open]], Nadal offeecially widrew frae the tournament citing a painch virus.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/8786752/rafael-nadal-pulls-australian-open-due-virus | title=Rafael Nadal out of Aussie Open | publisher=ESPN | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=29 December 2012}}</ref> Nadal's widrawal subsequently saw him drop oot o the ATP's Tap Four for the first time syne 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-01-28/nadal-out-of-top-four-serena-williams-rises-on-rankings |title=Nadal Out of Top Four, Serena Williams Rises on Rankings |date=28 January 2013 |work=Business Week}}</ref> Playin in his first tournaments in South Americae syne 2005, Nadal made his comeback at the Latin American [[Golden Swing]], stairtin his 2013 saison at the [[2013 VTR Open]] in Chile,<ref>{{cite web|last=Clarke|first=Patrice|title=Rafael Nadal Smart to Make Long-Awaited Return on Clay at 2013 ATP VTR Open|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1506335-rafael-nadal-smart-to-make-long-awaited-return-on-clay-at-2013-atp-vtr-open|publisher=Bleacher Report|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref> whaur he advanced tae the feenal wioot dropping a set but wis beaten bi Argentine warld No. 73 journeyman [[Horacio Zeballos]]. He an aa lost in the doubles feenal (wi Juan Mónaco). At the [[2013 Brasil Open]], at [[São Paulo]], Nadal struggled in the openin roonds, dropping sets tae Berlocq an qualifier Alund. Despite the poor clay surface, which wis the subject o player complaints, he reached the feenal, whaur he defeatit David Nalbandian.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/21036474| title=Rafael Nadal to make comeback from knee injury at Brazil Open | work=BBC Sport | date=15 January 2013 | accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> In the teetle match o the [[2013 Abierto Mexicano Telcel]] in Acapulco, Nadal defeatit warld No. 4 David Ferrer, losin juist twa gemmes in the match. Nadal then returned tae the American haurd courts efter a year, playin the [[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|Indian Wells Masters]] as the fift seed. He lost anly ane set, an defeatit warld No. 2 [[Roger Federer]] an warld No. 6 [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the matches leadin up tae the feenal. Nadal recovered frae bein ane set doun in the feenal, tae defeat Juan Martín del Potro. This wis his third Indian Wells Masters teetle an his first hardcourt teetle syne October 2010, an made Nadal the player wi the maist Masters 1000s wins. Efter widrawing frae Miami, Nadal attemptit tae defend his teetle at the [[2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters]], but, despite reachin the feenal for the ninth consecutive year, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets. He then won at the [[2013 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell]] ower Almagro, in straucht sets. This wis his 8t veectory thare, makin him the first man tae win twa different tournaments aicht or mair times each. It wis an aa his fowert teetle o the saison, an his saxt consecutive feenal. Nadal won his 23rd ATP Masters 1000 tournament at the [[2013 Mutua Madrid Open]], beatin Wawrinka, despite previously haein been twa pynts frae defeat in his quarterfeenal against David Ferrer. The blue clay that haed troubled him the previous year thare haed been exchanged for the traditional red clay. In Mey, he won his record 24t Masters 1000 teetle, beatin Roger Federer for his 7t championship at the [[2013 Rome Masters]]. It wis his 6t teetle o the saison an his aicht consecutive feenal. Thir victories raised his ranking tae warld No. 4. Nadal won the [[2013 French Open]] efter beatin Djokovic in the [[Big Four (tennis)#2013 French Open semifinal|semifinal]] an Ferrer in the feenal. His match wi Djokovic wis widely considered ane o the greatest clay court matches ever played, as Nadal came back frae doun a break in the fift set tae tak oot a haurd-focht 4-oor, 37-minute veectory. Houiver, acause o the nuances o how rankings are calculatit (includin an improvement in performance bi the then warld No. 5 David Ferrer at the French Open), Nadal's warld ranking dropped frae No. 4 tae No. 5, wi Ferrer replacing him at No. 4. Nadal then lost his first-roond match at the [[2013 Wimbledon Championships]] in straucht sets tae unseedit Belgian [[Steve Darcis]] (ranked No. 135), makin it the seicont time in a row he failed tae reach the third roond at Wimbledon an the first ever time Nadal haed lost in the first roond o a Grand Slam. Darcis is the lowest-ranked player ever tae beat Nadal in a Grand Slam tournament. In August 2013, Nadal won the semifeenal match in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] teetle.<ref name="CO2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2013/08/32/Montreal-Saturday-Djokovic-Nadal.aspx |title=Nadal Edges Djokovic In Montreal Thriller, Faces Raonic in Final |publisher=ATP World Tour |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal proceeded tae win the teetle efter beatin [[Milos Raonic]] in the feenal in straucht sets. This wis Nadal's 25t Masters 1000 teetle an third teetle at the Canadian Open.<ref name="TGaM">{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/more-sports/rafael-nadal-dominates-milos-raonic-in-rogers-cup-final/article13704194/ |title=Rafael Nadal dominates Milos Raonic in Rogers Cup final |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=11 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> He won his 26t ATP Masters 1000 in Cincinnati on Sunday 18 August efter beatin [[John Isner]] in the feenal.<ref name="ESPN Cinc"/> Nadal concluded a brilliant North American haurd court saison wi his 4t haurd court teetle o the year, defeatin Djokovic at the [[2013 US Open (tennis)|2013 US Open]] feenal in fower sets, bringin his Slam count tae 13 an giein Nadal a male tennis record paycheck o $3.6 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win second US Open title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24027678 |work=BBC Sport |date=10 September 2013 |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Not the real prizemoney: Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams lament tax impact on record purse |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/tennis/not-the-real-prizemoney-rafael-nadal-and-serena-williams-lament-tax-impact-on-record-purse-20130910-2thqc.html |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 September 2013}}</ref> Later in September, Nadal helped Spain secure thair Davis Cup World Group Playoff spot for 2014, wi a veectory against Sergiy Stakhovsky an a doubles win wi Marc Lopez. In October, he reached the feenal o the [[China Open (tennis)|China Open]], guaranteeing he wad acome warld nummer ane for the third time efter losin it in Julie 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rafael Nadal reaches China Open final to become world number one |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24409808 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the feenal, he wis beaten bi Djokovic in straucht sets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Novak Djokovic beats Rafael Nadal in China Open final |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24418035 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=10 June 2014}}</ref> At the [[2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters]], Nadal reached the semi-feenals but wis defeatit bi Del Potro. In November 2013, Nadal played his feenal event o the saison in Lunnon at the [[2013 ATP Warld Tour Finals]] whaur he secured the year end Warld Nummer Ane spot. Nadal beat David Ferrer, Stanislas Wawrinka an Tomáš Berdych in the Roond Robin stage tae set up a semi feenal an veectory ower Roger Federer. Nadal met Djokovic in the feenal, losin in straicht sets. ===2014: Ninth French Open title & struggles with form=== {{Main|2014 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} [[File:IBI14 Rafa Nadal.jpg|thumb|Nadal during a press conference at the [[2014 Internazionali BNL d'Italia]]]] Rafael Nadal began his 2014 saison at the [[2014 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Singles|Qatar Open]] in Doha, defeatin [[Lukáš Rosol]] in the first roond<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-01/nadal-evens-the-ledger-against-rosol-in-doha/5180650?section=sport Rafael Nadal beats Czech Republic player Lukas Rosol to advance to second round of Qatar Open], ''ABC Grandstand Sport (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'', 1 January 2014</ref> an he won the teetle efter defeatin [[Gaël Monfils]] in the feenal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rafael Nadal beats Gael Monfils to win Qatar title |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/25606655 |accessdate=19 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport |date=4 January 2014}}</ref> It wis annoonced in Februar 2014 that "After compiling one of the greatest comeback seasons on the ATP World Tour in 2013, World No. 1 Rafael Nadal is a contender to be nominated for the Laureus World Comeback of the Year Award."<ref>{{cite news | title = Nadal a Possible Nominee for Laureus Award | url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171023/http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/02/8/Nadal-Laureus-Nomination.aspx | archivedate = 22 February 2014 | publisher = ATP | accessdate = 22 February 2014 }}</ref> At the [[2014 Australian Open - Men's Singles|Australian Open]], he defeatit [[Roger Federer]] tae reach his third Australian Open feenal, improving his career record against Federer tae 23–10. This merked Nadal's 11t consecutive veectory in a Major semifeenal (seicont anly tae Borg's aw-time record o 14), an advanced him tae his 19t Major feenal, tyin him wi Lendl for seicont aw-time behind Federer's 24. It an aa merked Nadal's saxt consecutive veectory ower Federer in a Major. In the feenal, he faced [[Stanislas Wawrinka]], against whom he entered the match wi a 12-0 record, haein won aw o thair previous 26 sets. Efter losin the first set, Nadal suffered a back injury doun 2-0 in the seicont set, an awtho he won a set, he lost the match in fower sets. The first tournament he played efter that wis the inaugural [[2014 Rio Open – Men's Singles|Rio Open]] which he won efter defeatin [[Alexandr Dolgopolov]] in the feenal extendin his record o ATP 500 teetles tae 15. Houiver, at the [[2014 BNP Paribas Open – Men's Singles|Indian Wells Masters]], Dolgopolov wad avenge his loss, defeatin Nadal in three sets in the third roond. He reached the feenal o the [[2014 Sony Open Tennis – Men's Singles|Miami Masters]] afore fawin tae [[Novak Djokovic]] in straucht sets. Nadal began his clay court saison wi a quarterfeenal loss tae [[David Ferrer]] in the [[2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Singles|Monte-Carlo Masters]]. He wis stunned bi [[Nicolas Almagro]] in the quarterfeenals o the [[2014 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell – Singles|Barcelona Open]]. Nadal won the [[2014 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's Singles|Madrid Open]] efter [[Kei Nishikori]] retired in the third set.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> On 8 Juin 2014, Nadal defeatit Novak Djokovic in the Men's Singles [[2014 French Open – Men's Singles|French Open final]] tae win his 9t French Open teetle an a 5t straicht win at Roland Garros. Nadal dropped the first set but came back in the gemme tae win the next three sets tae lift the trophy. Nadal equaled Pete Sampras' tot o 14 Grand Slam wins, the seicont heichest nummer o single [[Leet o Grand Slam men's singles champions|Grand Slam titles]] efter Roger Federer.<ref name="2014 French open">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beats Novak Djokovic to win ninth French Open title |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27753534 |date=8 June 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal lost in the seicont roond o the [[2014 Gerry Weber Open – Singles|Halle Open]] tae [[Dustin Brown (tennis)|Dustin Brown]] the follaein week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/story/_/id/11070600/rafael-nadal-falls-halle-1st-match-french |title=Rafael Nadal ousted in Halle |date=12 June 2014 |accessdate=14 June 2014 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Nadal then entered the [[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles|Wimbledon Championships]] in a bid tae win the tournament for the third time an tae win his 15t Grand Slam teetle overall. In the first three roonds he faced [[Martin Kližan]], Lukáš Rosol (tae whom he suffered a shock defeat at the same stage o the tournament twa years earlier) an [[Mikhail Kukushkin]]. In each o thir matches he lost the first set afore takin command an winnin them in fower sets. In the fowert roond he faced Australian teenager [[Nick Kyrgios]] (ranked 143 places lawer than Nadal) an again lost the first set, but despite winning the seicont set, he wis unable tae turn the tide an eventually lost in fower sets.<ref name="Wimbledon 2014">{{cite news |last1=Newbery |first1=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Nick Kyrgios at Wimbledon |url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28118239 |date=1 July 2014 |accessdate=1 July 2014 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Nadal widrew frae the American swing due tae a wrist injury. He made his return at the [[2014 China Open (tennis)|2014 China Open]]. He wis defeatit bi [[Martin Klizan]] in three sets. At the [[2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters]], he suffered frae appendicitis, therefore he eventually went doun bi [[Feliciano Lopez]] in straucht sets. Later, he wis upset bi [[Borna Coric]] at the quarterfeenals o the [[2014 Swiss Indoors]]. Efter the loss, he annoonced that he will skip the rest o the saison. ===2015: King of Clay Dethroned=== {{main|2015 Rafael Nadal tennis season}} Nadal began the year as the defendin Champion at Qatar, but suffered a shocking three set defeat tae [[Michael Berrer]] in roond ane o the Qatar Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30702154 |title=Rafael Nadal suffers shock defeat by Michael Berrer in Doha |date=6 January 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> He won the doubles teetle wi [[Juan Monaco]]. At the [[2015 Australian Open – Men's Singles|Australian Open]], Nadal beat [[Mikhail Youzhny]] in the first roond in straucht sets, afore prevailing in a tough five-setter against American [[Tim Smyczek]] in the seicont roond, despite bein visibly unwell at times during the gemme. He then beat [[Dudi Sela]] an [[Kevin Anderson (tennis)|Kevin Anderson]] in straucht sets tae advance tae his 28t career quarterfeenal. Nadal lost in straucht sets tae [[Tomáš Berdych]] in the quarterfeenal, sicweys endin a 17-match winning streak against the seivent-seedit Czech.<ref>{{cite news |last=Newbery |first=Piers |title=Rafael Nadal beaten by Tomas Berdych at Australian Open |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/30996172 |accessdate=24 May 2015 |work=BBC Sport |date=27 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal lost in the semifeenal tae [[Fabio Fognini]] at the [[Rio Open]], afore going on tae win his 46th career clay-court teetle against [[Juan Monaco]] at the Argentina Open.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31687217 |title=Rafael Nadal: Argentina Open win equals clay-court title record |date=1 March 2015 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> In Mey, Nadal lost in the quarterfeenals o the [[Rome Masters]] tae [[Stan Wawrinka]] in straucht sets. On Juin 3rd, his 29t birthday, Nadal lost tae Novak Djokovic in the quarterfeenals o the French Open, endin his winning streak o 39 consecutive victories in Paris syne his defeat bi Robin Söderling in 2009. Efter the tournament, Nadal will drop tae nummer 10 in the ATP-rankings, his lowest ranking in ower a decade. ==Rivalries== {{see also|Big Four (tennis)}} ===Nadal vs. Federer=== {{Main|Federer–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal at the 2006 Wimbledon Championships.jpg|thumb|Nadal an Federer during the [[2006 Wimbledon Championships]] final]] [[Roger Federer|Federer]] an Nadal hae been playin ilk ither syne 2004, an thair rivalry is a significant pairt o baith men's careers.<ref name="asgoodasitgets"/><ref name="moveoverborgmac">{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Weaver|title = Move over McEnroe and Borg, this one will run and run in the memory|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/07/wimbledon.tennis4|work=The Guardian|location=London|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="asgoodassportgets">{{cite news|first = Martin|last = Flanagan|title = Federer v Nadal as good as sport gets|work = The Age|location = Melbourne|url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/tennis/federer-v-nadal-as-good-as-|access-date = 2015-06-03|archive-date = 2013-08-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814212515/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=F324|url-status = dead}}</ref> Thay held the tap twa rankings on the ATP Tour frae Julie 2005 until 14 August 2009, whan Nadal fell tae warld No. 3 (Andy Murray acame the new No. 2).<ref>{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Jago|title = Murray reaches world No.2|date = 15 August 2009|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2009/aug/15/andy-murray-montreal-masters-jo-wilfried-tsonga|work=The Observer|accessdate =16 August 2010|location=London}}</ref> Thay are the anly pair o men tae hae ever finished fower consecutive calendar years at the tap.<ref>{{cite web|title=Roger Federer Ranking History|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Roger-Federer.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Association of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Rafael-Nadal.aspx?t=rh|publisher=Associate of Tennis Professionals|accessdate=9 February 2013}}</ref> Nadal ascended tae No. 2 in Julie 2005 an held this spot for a record 160 consecutive weeks afore surpassing Federer in August 2008.<ref name="nadalnum1">{{cite web|url=http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|title=It's official: Nadal will pass Federer for No. 1|date=1 August 2008|publisher=NBC Sports (Associated Press)|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2008-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019231656/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/25978842/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay hae played 33 times, an Nadal leads thair heid-tae-heid series 23–10 overall an 9–2 in Grand Slam tournaments. Fifteen o thair matches hae been on clay, which is statistically Nadal's best surface.<ref name="FedEx ATP Reliability Index">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|title=FedEx ATP Reliability Index|accessdate=1 April 2012|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212601/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Reliability-Zone/Reliability-Clay-Career-List.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Federer haes a winning record on grass (2–1) an indoor haurd courts (4–1) while Nadal leads the outdoor haurd courts bi 8–2 an clay bi 13–2.<ref name="atp-headtohead">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title=Head to Head player details|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=14 April 2013}}</ref> As tournament seedings are based on rankings, 20 o thair matches hae been in tournament feenals, includin an aw-time record 8 Grand Slam tournament feenals.<ref name="atp-therivalry">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/Rivalries/Nadal-Federer-Rivalry.aspx|title= Rafa & Roger: The Rivalry|date=18 March 2012|publisher=ATP World Tour|accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> Frae 2006 tae 2008, thay played in every French Open an Wimbledon feenal, an an aa met in the teetle match o the 2009 Australian Open an the 2011 French Open.<ref name="atp-therivalry"/> Nadal won sax o the aicht, losin the first twa Wimbledon feenals. Three o thir matches war five set-matches (2007 an 2008 Wimbledon, 2009 Australian Open), an the 2008 Wimbledon feenal haes been lauded as the greatest match ever bi mony lang-time tennis analysts.<ref name="greatestmatchever"/><ref name="McEnroe-greatestmatch">{{cite news|first = Richard|last = Alleyne|title = Wimbledon 2008: John McEnroe hails Rafael Nadal victory as greatest final ever|work=The Telegraph|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2305019/Wimbledon-2008-John-McEnroe-hails-Rafael-Nadal-victory-as-greatest-final-ever.html|date = 7 July 2008|accessdate =14 February 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref name="wertheim-greatestmatch">{{cite news|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|title=Without a doubt, it's the greatest|last=Wertheim|first=Jon|date=9 July 2008|work=Tennis Mailbag|accessdate=14 February 2009|archive-date=2013-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813175621/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/jon_wertheim/07/09/wertheim.mailbag/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tignor-greatestmatch">{{cite web|url=http://tennisworld.typepad.com/thewrap/2008/07/w-report-cards.html|title=W: Report Cards|last=Tignor|first=Steve|work=Concrete Elbow|publisher=Tennis.com|date=8 July 2008|accessdate=14 February 2009}}</ref> ===Nadal vs. Djokovic=== {{Main|Djokovic–Nadal rivalry}} [[Novak Djokovic]] an Nadal hae met 43 times (mair nor ony ither players in the Open Era) wi Nadal haein a 23–20 advantage.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Featured Columnist |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1800155-analyzing-importance-of-novak-djokovics-china-open-win-vs-rafael-nadal |title=Analyzing Importance of Novak Djokovic's China Open Win vs. Rafael Nadal |publisher=Bleacherreport.com |date=6 October 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=D643|title=FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Nadal leads on grass 2–1 an clay 14–5, but Djokovic leads on haurd courts 14–7.<ref name="CO2013"/><ref name="FEDEX ATP HEAD 2 HEADs"/> In 2009, this rivalry wis listit as the third greatest o the previous 10 years bi ATPwarldtour.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2009/12/Decade-In-Review-Rivalries.aspx|title=RIVALRIES OF THE DECADE|accessdate=19 August 2011}}</ref> Djokovic is ane o anly twa players tae hae at least ten match wins against Nadal (the ither bein Federer) an the anly person tae defeat Nadal seiven consecutive times an twa times consecutively on clay. The twa earlier shared the record for the langest match played in a best o three sets (4 oors an 3 minutes) at the 2009 Mutua Madrid Open semifeenals until the match atween [[Roger Federer]] an [[Juan Martín del Potro]] in the [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|London 2012 Olympics Semifinal]], which is the langest best-of-three-set match bi time (at 4 oors an 26 minutes).<ref name=OlympicEpic>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|title= Roger Federer’s History-Making Olympic Epic Over Juan Martin del Potro|author= Walker, Randy|publisher= World Tennis Magazine|date= 3 August 2012|accessdate= 4 August 2012|archive-date= 2018-07-25|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180725111408/http://www.worldtennismagazine.com/archives/7566|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |title= Federer edges epic encounter |publisher= London2012.com |date= 3 August 2012 |accessdate= 4 August 2012 |archive-date= 2012-12-09 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121209204441/http://www.london2012.com/news/articles/federer-edges-epic-encounter.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> Thay hae an aa played in a [[ATP Masters Series#Records an trivia|record]] 12 [[ATP Masters Series|Masters Series]] feenals. In the 2011 Wimbledon feenal, Djokovic won in fower sets for his first Slam feenal ower Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/04/sports/tennis/2011-wimbledon-mens-final-novak-djokovic-defeats-rafael-nadal.html?amp=&pagewanted=all|title=Djokovic Overwhelms Nadal for Wimbledon Title|accessdate=3 July 2011 | work=The New York Times|first=Christopher|last=Clarey|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> Djokovic an aa defeatit Nadal in the 2011 US Open Final. In 2012, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in the Australian Open feenal for a third consecutive Slam feenal win ower Nadal. This wis the langest Grand Slam tournament feenal in Open era history at 5 hrs, 53 mins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Paul Gittings|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|title=Djokovic beats Nadal in marathon classic to win Australian Open|publisher=CNN|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=2013-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303015240/http://articles.cnn.com/2012-01-29/tennis/sport_tennis_tennis-djokovic-nadal-australia_1_mallorcan-djokovic-nadal-victory?_s=PM:TENNIS|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal won thair last three 2012 meetins in the feenal o Monte Carlo Masters, Rome Masters an French Open in Aprile, in Mey an in Juin 2012, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/18150412|title= Rafael Nadal|accessdate=21 May 2012}}</ref> In 2013, Djokovic defeatit Nadal in straucht sets in the feenal at Monte Carlo, endin Nadal's record aicht consecutive teetles thare, but Nadal got revenge at the French Open in an epic five-setter 9–7 in the fift. In August 2013, Nadal won in Montreal, denying Djokovic his fowert [[Canadian Open (tennis)|Rogers Cup]] teetle.<ref name="CO2013"/> Nadal an aa defeatit Djokovic in the 2013 US Open Final. In thair third clash o 2014 Nadal defeatit Djokovic in the 2014 French Open feenal. ===Nadal vs. Murray=== {{Main|Murray–Nadal rivalry}} [[File:Murray and Nadal Tokyo (1) (1).jpg|thumbnail|Nadal an Murray in Tokyo]] Nadal an [[Andy Murray]] hae met on 21 occasions syne [[2007 ATP Tour|2007]], wi Nadal leadin 15–6. Nadal leads 6–1 on clay, 3–0 on grass an 6–5 on haurd courts (includin 5–3 in outdoor courts, but Murray leads 2–1 on indoor haurd courts). The pair ance met regularly at [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, wi aicht oot o thair twinty-ane meetins coming in slams, wi Nadal leadin 6–2 (3–0 at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]], 1–0 at the French Open, 1–1 at the Australian Open & 1–1 at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Players/Head-To-Head.aspx?pId=N409&oId=MC10|title=Nadal v Murray Head to Head|publisher=atpworldtour.com|accessdate=6 August 2012}}</ref> Seiven o thir aicht appearances hae been at quarterfeenal an semifeenal level, makin the rivalry an important pairt o baith men's careers. Thay hae never met in a Slam feenal, houiver, Murray leads 3–1 in [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] feenals, wi Nadal winning at [[2009 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]] in [[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7958375.stm|title=Nadal blows Murray away in final|work=BBC Sport|date=22 March 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> an Murray winnin in [[2009 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam]] the same year,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7891311.stm|title=Murray beats Nadal to take title|work=BBC Sport|date=15 February 2009|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> [[2011 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships|Tokyo]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/15231444|title=Andy Murray defeats Rafael Nadal in Japan Open final|work=BBC Sport|date=9 October 2011|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> in [[2011 ATP Warld Tour|2011]], an [[2015 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid]] in [[2015 ATP Warld Tour|2015]]. Murray lost three consecutive Grand Slam semifeenals tae Nadal in 2011 frae the [[2011 French Open|French Open]] tae the [[2011 US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Remarkably, o the past 19 Grand Slam drawsheets, thay hae been drawn in the same hauf 16 times. The pair did nae meet in [[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]], haein been scheduled tae meet in the semifeenal o the [[2012 Miami Masters|Miami Masters]] afore Nadal widrew wi injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/17560498|title=Andy Murray to play Djokovic in Miami final after Nadal withdraws|work=BBC Sport|date=1 April 2012|accessdate=6 February 2012}}</ref> ==Playing style== [[File:Rafael Nadal at the 2010 US Open 06.jpg|thumbnail|left|Nadal's forehand]] Nadal generally plays an aggressive, behind-the-[[Tennis court#Dimensions|baseline]] gemme foondit on hivy [[topspin]] groundstrokes, consistency, speedy footwork an tenacious coort coverage, sicweys makin him an aggressive counterpuncher.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon08/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=3472238|title=Nadal Has Improved Virtually Every Aspect of His Game|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=3 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Kent for his athleticism an speed aroond the court, Nadal is an excellent defender<ref name="about bio">{{cite news | first=Jeff | last=Cooper | title=Rafael Nadal&nbsp;– Game Profile | url=http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | accessdate=30 July 2007 | archive-date=2016-11-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107033909/http://tennis.about.com/od/playersmale/a/nadalgp.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> who hits well on the run, biggin winning plays frae seemingly defensive poseetions. He an aa plays very fine dropshots, which wirk especially well acause his hivy topspin eften forces opponents tae the back o the court.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|title=Rafael Nadal's Drop Volley|work=Tennis Magazine|date=27 March 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026221750/http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/netgame/netgame.aspx?id=123244|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nadal 4 Monte Carlo 2007.jpg|thumb|Nadal playin on clay]] Nadal employs a semi-wastren grip forehand, eften wi a "lasso-whip" follae throu, whaur his left arm hits throu the baw andfinishes abuin his left shouder – as opposed tae a mair traditional finish athort the body or aroond his opposite shouder.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elitetennistraining.com/free-online-tennis-lessons/gripping-the-tennis-racquet/ | title=How To Hold A Tennis Racket | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.essentialtennis.com/category/video/grips/ | title=Essential Tennis - Rafael Nadal’s Forehand Grip Revealed | accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref> Nadal's forehand groundstroke form allows him tae hit shots wi hivy topspin – mair sae than mony o his contemporaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/sports/tennis/27tennis.html |title=More and More Players Deliver Slap to Classic Forehand|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 June 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Christopher | last=Clarey}}</ref> San Francisco tennis researcher John Yandell uised a heich-speed video camera an special software tae count the average nummer o revolutions o a tennis ball hit full force bi Nadal. While Nadal's shots tend tae land short o the baseline, the characteristically heich bounces his forehands achieve tend tae mitigate the advantage an opponent wad normally gain frae capitalizing on a short ball.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|title=The Forehand of Rafael Nadal|work=Tennis Magazine|date=15 December 2006|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304142514/http://tennis.com/yourgame/instructionarticles/forehand/forehand.aspx?id=56544|url-status=dead}}</ref> Awtho his forehand is based on hivy topspin, he can hit the ball deep an flat wi a mair orthodox follae throu for clean winners. {{rquote|right|"The first guys we did were Sampras an Agassi. They were hitting forehands that in general were spinning about 1,800 to 1,900 revolutions per minute. Federer is hitting with an amazing amount of spin, too, right? 2,700 revolutions per minute. Well, we measured one forehand Nadal hit at 4,900. His average was 3,200."|John Yandell, San Francisco-based tennis researcher.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ripped. (Or Torn Up?) |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/magazine/21nadal-t.html |work=[[The New York Times]] | first=Cynthia | last=Gorney | date=17 June 2009 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref>}} Nadal's serve wis initially considered a waik pynt in his gemme, awtho his improvements in baith first-serve pynts won an break pynts saved syne 2005 hae allowed him tae consistently compete for an win major teetles on faster surfaces. Nadal relies on the consistency o his serve tae gain a strategic advantage in pynts, rather than going for [[Serve (tennis)#Serve terminology|service winners]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon/2304937/Rafael-Nadal-determined-to-keep-one-step-ahead-of-Roger-Federer.html|title=Rafael Nadal Determined to Keep One Step Ahead of Roger Federer|work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=6 July 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009 | first=Clive | last=White}}</ref> Houiver, afore the 2010 US Open, he altered his service motion, arrivin in the trophy pose earlier an pullin the racket lawer during the trophy pose. Afore the 2010 U.S. Open, Nadal modified his service grip tae a mair continental ane. Thir twa changes in his serve increased his average speed bi aroond 10&nbsp;mph during the 2010 US Open, maxing oot at 135&nbsp;mph (217&nbsp;km), allouin him tae win mair free pynts on his serve.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tony Kurdzuk/The Star-Ledger |url=http://www.nj.com/sports/njsports/index.ssf/2010/09/rafael_nadal_has_gotten_a_grip.html |title=12 September 2010 |work=The Star-Ledger |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Houiver, syne the 2010 US Open, Nadal's serve speed haes dropped back doun tae previous levels an haes again been citit as a need for improvement.<ref>{{cite web|author=Timothy Rapp |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1044134-rafael-nadal-rafa-must-improve-serve-to-beat-novak-djokovic |title=Rafael Nadal: Rafa Must Improve Serve to Beat Novak Djokovic |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 30 January 2012|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Skuzinski |url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men#/articles/815240-2011-us-open-biggest-weaknesses-in-the-top-8-men/page/5 |title=Rafael Nadal's Serve, and 7 Other Weak Shots Among the Top 8 Men |publisher=Bleacher Report |date= 22 August 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Naharnet Newsdesk |url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/14931 |title=Beaten Nadal Vows to Turn Tables on Djokovic |publisher=Naharnet |date= 13 September 2011|accessdate=3 May 2012}}</ref> Nadal is a clay court specialeet in the sense that he haes been extremely successfu on that surface. Syne 2005, he won nine times at Roland Garros, aicht times at Monte Carlo an seiven at Rome. Houiver, Nadal haes shed that label due tae his success on ither surfaces, includin holding simultaneous Grand Slam tournament teetles on grass, haurd courts, an clay on twa separate occasions, winning aicht Masters series teetles on hardcourt, an winning the Olympic gowd medal on hardcourt.<ref name="ESPN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=harwitt_sandra&id=3876694|title=No limit to what Nadal can accomplish|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=1 February 2009|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> Despite praise for Nadal's talent an skill, some hae questioned his longevity in the sport, citing his big an playin style as conducive tae injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen07/news/story?id=2996956|title=Style of play catching up with Rafa?|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=30 August 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal himsel haes admittit tae the physical toll haurd courts place on [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP Tour]] players, calling for a reevaluatit tour schedule featurin fewer haurd court tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|title=Oz Champ Nadal Wants Changes in Tennis Schedule|work=Tennis Magazine|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=2 February 2009|archive-date=2009-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615164042/http://tennis.com/tournaments/2009/australianopen/australianopen.aspx?id=163626|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- Nadal is ''not'' a clay-court specialist. Although clay is his best surface, four of his slams have been on non-clay surfaces, he won the Olympic singles gold medal on hardcourt, and has won five Masters titles on hardcourts. Just because clay is his best surface does not make him a claycourt specialist. Sergi Bruguera, Thomas Muster, Alberto Berasategui, Carlos Costa – those are clay-court specialists, none of whom even made a major final other than the French (and all were terrible on grass). Nadal has made five Wimbledon finals and was clearly the second-best player in the world on grass for 2006, and 2007, and 2011, and was the best in 2008, and 2010. That is not counting his Australian Open title, U.S. Open titles, or Olympic gold medal. Nadal has made 10 of his 18 Grand Slam finals outside of clay. --> ==Public image== ===Equipment and endorsements=== [[File:Nadal vs Federer RG 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Nike Inc.|Nike]] sleeveless shirt wi matching headband & wrist bands and [[Babolat]] AeroPro Drive GT at [[French Open|Roland Garros]] 2007]] Nadal haes been sponsored bi [[Kia Motors]] syne 2006. He haes appeared in advertising campaigns for Kia as a global ambassador for the company. In Mey 2008, Kia released a [[claymation]] viral ad featurin Nadal in a tennis match wi an alien.<ref>[http://paultan.org/archives/2008/05/24/kias-bizarre-nadal-versus-alien-video/ Kia Nadal versus Alien Video].</ref> In Mey 2015, Nadal extendit his partnership wi Kia for anither five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rafael Nadal and Kia Motors double up for another five years|url=http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|website=Hyundai Motor Group|accessdate=25 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525181424/http://www.hyundaimotorgroup.com/MediaCenter/News/Press-Releases/kia-motor-Rafael-Nadal-support-eng-150504.hub|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nike Inc.|Nike]] serves as Nadal's clothing an shae sponsor. Nadal's signature on-court attire entailed a variety o sleeveless shirts paired wi 3/4 lenth [[capri pants]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/fashion/08/fall/49256|title=The Beefcake in the Backcourt|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|date=17 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> For the 2009 saison, Nadal adoptit mair-traditional on-court apparel. Nike encouraged Nadal tae update his leuk in order tae reflect his new status as the sport's tap player at that time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/aus09/columns/story?columnist=tandon_kamakshi&id=3837536&campaign=rss&source=TENNISHeadlines|title=Rafa Needs More Than a New Look|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=17 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an associate Nadal wi a style that, while less distinctive than his "pirate" leuk, wad be mair widely emulatit bi consumers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|title=Rafael Nadal to Launch New, More Traditional Image at US Open|work=Sports Business Daily|date=1 August 2008|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2008-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202122241/http://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/article/123520|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/28854928|title=Nadal's Wardrobe Malfunction|publisher=[[CNBC]]|date=26 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> At warmup tournaments in [[2009 Capitala World Tennis Championship|Abu Dhabi]] an [[Qatar ExxonMobil Open|Doha]], Nadal played matches in a [[polo shirt]] specifically designed for him bi Nike,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/20/fashion-focus-rafa-after-a-hiccup-finally-grows-up/|title=Fashion Focus: Rafael Nadal|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> paired wi shorts cut abuin the knee. Nadal's new, mair conventional style carried ower tae the [[2009 Australian Open]], whaur he wis outfittit wi Nike's Bold Crew Men's Tee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204467/pgid-204469|title=Nike Bold New Tennis Crew|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> an Nadal Lang Check Shorts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://store.nike.com/index.jsp?sitesrc=USLP&country=US&lang_locale=en_US#l=shop,pdp,ctr-inline/cid-1/pid-204474/pgid-204476|title=Nadal Long Check Shortsbhnu|publisher=Nike Store|date=30 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cornedbeefhash.wordpress.com/2009/01/24/rafas-costume-change-part-deux/|title=Rafa's Costume Change|publisher=Tennis Served Fresh|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|title=Emperor's New Clothes|work=Tennis Magazine|date=24 January 2009|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2009-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205003824/http://www.tennis.com/uploadedImages/Features/Photo_Galleries/TENNIS_Gallery/2009_01_22_pg22.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nadal wears Nike's Air CourtBallistec 2.3 tennis shuin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |title=Nike Air CourtBallistec 1.3 |accessdate=5 September 2007 |archive-date=2009-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224005406/http://tenniswarehouse-europe.com/descpageMSNIKEH-NMACBT.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> bearing various customizations throughout the saison, includin his nickname "Rafa" on the right shae an a stylized bull logo on the left. He acame the face o [[Lanvin (clothing)|Lanvin's]] ''L'Homme Sport'' cologne in Aprile 2009.<ref>{{cite web |author=Marie-Helene Wagner |url=http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |title=Lanvin L'Homme Sport (2009): Fronted by Rafael Nadal |publisher=Mimifroufrou.com |date=3 March 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082901/http://www.mimifroufrou.com/scentedsalamander/2009/03/lanvin_lhomme_sport_2009_front.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal uses an AeroPro Drive racquet wi a 4{{frac|1|4}}-inch L2 grip. {{As of|2010|alt=As of the 2010 season}}, Nadal's racquets are paintit tae resemble the new Babolat AeroPro Drive wi Cortex GT racquet in order tae mercat a current model which Babolat sells.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|title=Nadal Doesn't Use an APDC|publisher=Talk Tennis|date=1 September 2007|accessdate=30 January 2009|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163905/http://tt.tennis-warehouse.com/showthread.php?t=154451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen04/news/story?id=1872892|title=The Tennis Racket|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=30 January 2009}}</ref> Nadal uses no replacement grip, an insteid wraps twa overgrips aroond the haundle. He uised Duralast 15L strings until the 2010 saison, whan he switched tae Babolat's new, black-coloured, RPM Blast string. Nadal's rackets are ayeweys strung at {{convert|55|lb|abbr=on}}, regairdless o which surface or conditions he is playin on.{{Citation needed|daye=January 2011|date=January 2011}} {{As of|2010|January}}, Nadal is the international ambassador for [[Quely]], a company frae his native [[Mallorca]] that manufactures biscuits, bakery an chocolate coatit products; he haes consumed thair products ever syne he wis a young bairn.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |title=Rafa Nadal is Quely's embassador |publisher=Rafaelnadal.com |date=21 December 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208130450/http://rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-nadal-quelys-embassador |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, luxury watchmaker Richard Mille annoonced that he haed developed an ultra-licht wristwatch in collaboration wi Nadal cried the Richard Mille RM027 Tourbillon watch.<ref name="watchmaker">{{cite news | first=Rob | last=Corder | title=Rafael Nadal to wear $525,000 Richard Mille watch | date=5 April 2010 | publisher=Professional Jeweller}}</ref> The watch is made o titanium an lithium an is valued at US$525,000; Nadal wis involved in the design an testin o the watch on the tennis court.<ref name="watchmaker"/> During the 2010 French Open, [[Men's Fitness]] reportit that Nadal wore the Richard Mille watch on the court as pairt o a sponsorship deal wi the Swiss watchmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mensfitness.com/sports_and_recreation/athletes/224|title=Nadal Wears $525K Watch at French Open|publisher=mensfitness.com|accessdate=6 July 2010}}</ref> Nadal replaced [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] as the new face o [[Emporio Armani|Emporio Armani Underwear]] an [[Armani Jeans (brand)|Armani Jeans]] for the spring/summer 2011 collection.<ref name="TS">{{cite web |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |title=Rafael Nadal strips to his undies for Armani |publisher=Typicallyspanish.com |date=20 January 2011 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2012-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330060410/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_28805.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> This wis the first time that the label haes chosen a tennis player for the job; association football haes ruled lately prior tae Ronaldo, [[David Beckham]] graced the ads syne 2008.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cowles |first=Charlotte |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2010/12/raphael_nadal_replaces_cristia.html |title=Rafael Nadal Replaces Cristiano Ronaldo as the New Face of Emporio Armani Underwear |work=New York |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> Armani said that he selectit Nadal as his latest male unnerwear model acause "...he is ideal as he represents a healthy and positive model for youngsters."<ref name="TS"/> In Juin 2012, Nadal jynt the group o sports endorsers o the [[PokerStars]] [[online poker]] cardroom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tennis Champion Rafael Nadal Joins Team PokerStars |url=http://www.pokernews.com/news/2012/06/tennis-champion-rafael-nadal-joins-team-pokerstars-12909.htm |work=Poker News |accessdate=19 July 2014}}</ref> In December 2013, Nadal won a charity poker tournament against retired Brazilian football player [[Ronaldo]] an fower ither competitors.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/tennis/article-2761579/Ronaldo-challenges-Rafael-Nadal-live-head-head-poker-duel.html "Ronaldo challenges Rafael Nadal to live head-to-head poker duel"]. ''Daily Mail''. Retrieved 29 September 2014</ref> ===In popular culture=== In Februar 2010, Rafael Nadal wis featurt in the muisic video o [[Shakira]]'s "[[Gypsy (Shakira song)|Gypsy]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3-GiVIE8gc |title=Music video for "Gypsy" by Shakira featuring Rafael Nadal |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |title=Shakira – Gypsy |publisher=YouTube |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2018-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408001342/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dvH5KbwjCoo |url-status=dead }}</ref> an pairt o her album release ''[[She Wolf (album)|She Wolf]]''. In expleenin why she chose Nadal for the video, Shakira wis quotit as saying in an interview wi the ''Latin American Herald Tribune'': "I thought that maybe I needed someone I could in some way identify with. And Rafael Nadal is a person who has been totally committed to his career since he was very young. Since he was 17, I believe."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |title=Shakira: I Chose Nadal for Video Because I "Identify with Him" |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519190554/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352754&CategoryId=13003 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Source: Penny Newton |url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |title=Shakira's Sexy New Video ''Gypsy'' |publisher=MTV |date=24 February 2010 |accessdate=6 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-06-04 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68AHQTnyt?url=http://www.mtv.com.au/news/3347ebee-shakira-gypsy-mtv-exclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Asteroid=== [[128036 Rafaelnadal]] is a [[main belt]] asteroid discovered in 2003 at the [[Observatorio Astronómico de Mallorca]] an named efter Nadal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2008/07/nadalasteroid.aspx|title=Asteroid Named After Rafael Nadal|publisher=ATP World Tour|date=13 July 2012|accessdate=12 June 2012}}</ref> ==Off the court== ===Involvement in football=== Nadal is an avid fan o association football club [[Real Madrid]]. On 8 Julie 2010, it wis reportit that he haed acome a shareholder o [[RCD Mallorca]], his local club bi birth, in an attempt tae assist the club frae debt.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | agency=[[Reuters]] | title=Soccer-Rafa Nadal becomes shareholder at troubled Real Mallorca | date=9 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2010-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103356/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE66727020100708 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Nadal reportedly ains 10 percent an wis offered the role o vice preses, but he rejectit that offer.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | work=[[Real Mallorca]] | title=Sale of the club completed | date=7 September 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2012-09-11 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911090749/http://www.realmallorca.co.uk/news/club/2010/sale-of-the-club-completed | url-status=dead }}</ref> His uncle [[Miguel Ángel Nadal]], acame assistant coach unner [[Michael Laudrup]]. Nadal remains a passionate [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] supporter; ''[[ESPN.com]]'' writer Graham Hunter wrote, "He's as ''Merengue'' as [Real Madrid icons] [[Raúl (footballer)|Raúl]], [[Iker Casillas]] and [[Alfredo Di Stéfano]]." Shortly efter acquiring his interest in Mallorca, Nadal cried oot [[UEFA]] for apparent hypocrisy in ejecting the club frae the [[2010–11 UEFA Europa League]] for excessive debts, saying throu a club spokesperson, "Well, if those are the criteria upon which UEFA is operating, then European competition will only comprise two or three clubs because all the rest are in debt, too."<ref name=Football>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/sports/soccer/news/_/id/5542102/rafael-nadal-tries-save-mallorca-football-club |title=Rafa to the rescue |first=Graham |last=Hunter |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=9 September 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010}}</ref> He is a fervent supporter o the [[Spain national football team|Spanish national team]], ane o anly sax people nae affiliatit wi the team or the [[Royal Spanish Football Federation|national federation]] allowed intae the team's locker room immediately follaein Spain's veectory in the [[2010 FIFA World Cup Final]].<ref name=Football/> ===Philanthropy=== Nadal teuk pairt in Thailand's "A Million Trees for the King" project, planting a tree in honour o Keeng [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] on a veesit tae [[Hua Hin]] during his [[2010 PTT Thailand Open|Thailand Open 2010]]. "For me it's an honour to part of this project", said Nadal. "It's a very good project. I want to congratulate the Thai people and congratulate the King for this unbelievable day. I wish all the best for this idea. It's very, very nice."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2010/10/39/Bangkok-Nadal-Plants-Tree.aspx |title=Nadal Lends Hand To Million Trees Project |publisher=[[ATP World Tour]] |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> ====Fundación Rafa Nadal==== The creation o the Fundación Rafa Nadal teuk place in November 2007, an its offeecial presentation wis in Februar 2008, at the Manacor Tennis Club in Mallorca, Spain. The foundation will focus on social wirk an development aid parteecularly on childhood an youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fundacionrafanadal.org/ |title=Rafa Nadal Foundation |publisher=Fundacionrafanadal.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref> On deciding why tae stairt a foundation, Nadal said "This can be the beginning of my future, when I retire and have more time, [...] I am doing very well and I owe society, [...] A month-and-a-half ago I was in [[Chennai]], in India. The truth is we live great here....I can contribute something with my image..." Nadal wis inspired bi the [[Leet o Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|Red Cross]] benefit match against [[malaria]] wi Real Madrid goalkeeper [[Iker Casillas]], recalling, "We raised an amount of money that we would never have imagined. I have to thank Iker, my project partner, who went all out for it, [...] That is why the time has come to set up my own foundation and determine the destination of the money." Nadal's mither, Ana Maria Parera, chairs the charitable organisation an faither Sebastian is vice-chairman. Coach an uncle Toni Nadal an his agent, umwhile tennis player [[Carlos Costa (tennis)|Carlos Costa]], are an aa involved. Roger Federer haes gien Nadal advice on getting involved in philanthropy. Despite the fact that poverty in Indie struck him parteecularly haurd, Nadal wants tae stairt bi helpin "people close by, in the [[Balearic Islands]], in Spain, and then, if possible, abroad."<ref>{{cite news |agency=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]] |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |title=Rafael Nadal launches foundation |publisher=Earth Times News |date=13 February 2008 |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2019-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519231644/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/news/185574,rafael-nadal-launches-foundation--feature.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 16 October 2010, Nadal traveled tae Indie for the first time tae veesit his tennis academy for unnerprivileged childer at [[Anantapur Sports Village]], in the [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur City, Andhra Pradesh]]. His foundation haes an aa worked in the Anantapur Educational Center project, in collaboration wi the [[Vicente Ferrer Moncho|Vicente Ferrer Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |title=Rafa and his foundation in India |publisher=The Official Rafa Nadal Website |accessdate=3 June 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001054734/http://www.rafaelnadal.com/content/rafa-and-his-foundation-india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rafa in India to promote tennis school |first=Sreenivas |last=Janyala |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rafa-in-india-to-promote-tennis-school/698828/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Mumbai |date=18 October 2010}}</ref> ===Personal life=== Nadal lived wi his parents an younger sister Maria Isabel in a five-story apartment biggin in thair hometown o Manacor, Mallorca. In Juin 2009, Spanish newspaper ''[[La Vanguardia]]'', an then ''[[The New York Times]]'', reportit that his parents, Ana Maria an Sebastian, haed separated. This news came efter weeks o speculation in Internet posts an message boards ower Nadal's personal issues as the cause o his setback.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon09/columns/story?columnist=garber_greg&id=4280346 | publisher=ESPN | title=Personal woes affecting Rafa? | date=23 July 2009}}</ref> Nadal haes revealed himsel tae be [[Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | work=[[Sports Illustrated]] | title=Q&A with Rafael Nadal | date=16 July 2010 | access-date=2015-06-03 | archive-date=2013-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105222559/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2010/writers/jon_wertheim/07/16/nadal.interview/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> As a young boy, he wad run home frae schuil tae watch [[Goku]] in his favorite Japanese anime, ''[[Dragon Ball]]''. [[CNN]] released an article aboot Nadal's childhood inspiration, an cried him "the Dragon Ball of tennis" due tae his unorthodox style "from another planet."<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Christopher|title=Rafael Nadal: The 'Dragon Ball' of tennis|url=http://www.cnngo.com/tokyo/play/rafael-nadal-dragon-ball-tennis-216638|accessdate=31 December 2011|newspaper=[[CNN International]]|date=8 October 2010}}</ref> In addition tae tennis an football, Nadal enjoys golf an an aa poker.<ref>{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Smith |title=Away from tennis court, Rafael Nadal seeks a golf course |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |date=28 March 2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref> In Aprile 2014 he played the warld's nummer 1 female poker player, [[Vanessa Selbst]], in a poker gemme in Monaco.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/RafaelNadal/status/454703137358901248/photo/1 |title=Twitter / RafaelNadal: Great experience playing with |publisher=Twitter.com |date=11 April 2014 |accessdate=31 July 2014}}</ref> Nadal's autobiography, ''Rafa'' ([[Hyperion Books|Hyperion]], 2012, ISBN 1401310923), written wi assistance frae [[John Carlin (journalist)|John Carlin]], wis published in August 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/tennis/usopen11/story/_/id/6896793/us-open-twenty-things-learn-rafael-nadal-autobiography|title=U.S. Open – Twenty things we learn in Rafael Nadal's autobiography|last=Tandon|first=Kamakshi|date=26 August 2011|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref> ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{official website|http://www.rafaelnadal.com}} *{{twitter|RafaelNadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{Facebook|Nadal|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ATP|N409|Rafael Nadal}} *{{ITF male profile|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} *{{DavisCup player|100007935|Rafael Nadal}} {{Tap ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal in the [[grand slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] toornaments |list1= {{Australian Open men's singles champions}} {{French Open men's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon men's singles champions}} {{US Open men's singles champions}} {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Tennis men grand slam three and over}} {{Men's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} }} {{navboxes|title=Rafael Nadal [[Rafael Nadal career statistics|achievements]] |list1= {{Tennis Warld ATP Nummer Anes (men)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Men}} {{Laureus World Sportsman of the Year}} {{Spanish Sportsman of the Year}} {{Top ten tennis players|atpsingles=y}} {{Top ten male singles tennis players of countries belonging to Tennis Europe}} {{Top ten Spanish male singles tennis players}} }} {{ATP Masters Series tournament winners}} {{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nadal, Rafael}} [[Category:1986 births]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for Spain]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o Spain]] [[Category:Fowk frae Manacor]] [[Category:Rafael Nadal| ]] [[Category:Spaingie agnostics]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbaw chairmen an investors]] [[Category:Spaingie male tennis players]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2004 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] tg9pryy0zbggi0nu5c50vpeqi3x10fy Pablo Escobar 0 41519 901488 893864 2024-12-26T14:00:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Spainyie name|Escobar|Gaviria}} {{Infobox creeminal | name = Pablo Escobar | image_name = | image_caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1949|12|1}} | birth_place = [[Rionegro]], [[Antioquia Depairtment|Antioquia]], [[Colombie]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|12|2|1949|12|1}} | death_place = [[Medellín]], [[Colombie]] | alias = El Patrón, Don Pablo,<br>El Señor, El Robin Hood Criollo | conviction = [[Illegal drog trade|Drog trokin an smugglin]], [[assassination]]s, [[bombin]], [[bribery]], [[Racket (creeme)|racketeerin]], [[money launderin]], [[murther]], [[poleetical corruption]] | conviction_penalty = | conviction_status = Deceased | occupation = Heid o the [[Medellín Cartel]] | spouse = Maria Victoria Henao | parents = | children = Juan Pablo, Manuela Escobar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.celebfamily.com/business/pablo-escobar-family.html |title=www.celebfamily.com |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-date=2016-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811124903/http://www.celebfamily.com/business/pablo-escobar-family.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.biography.com/people/pablo-escobar-9542497#profile www.biography.com]</ref>}} [[File:Pablo Escobar Mug.jpg|thumb]] '''Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria''' (1 December 1949{{spaced ndash}}2 December 1993) wis a [[Colombie]] [[drog laird]] an [[narcoterrorist]]. He wis an elusive [[cocaine]] [[Drog trokin|troker]]<ref name="colombialink.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html |title=Pablo Escobar Gaviria – English Biography – Articles and Notes |publisher=ColombiaLink.com |date= |accessdate=2011-03-16 |archive-date=2006-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108191638/http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> an a rich creeminal.<ref>{{cite web |author=Business |url=http://businessnews.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=155873587&page=1 |title=Pablo Emilio Escobar 1949 – 1993 9 Billion USD – The business of crime – 5 'success' stories |publisher=Businessnews.za.msn.com |date=2011-01-17 |accessdate=2011-03-16 |archive-date=2011-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714123931/http://businessnews.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=155873587&page=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1983, he haed a short-livit career in Colombie politics. == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Books == * Bowden, Mark (2002). ''Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw''. Penguin Pub. * Escobar, Roberto (2009). ''The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellín Cartel''. Grand Central Pub. * McAleese, Peter (1993, 2001). ''No Mean Soldier''. Cassell Pub. ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category-inline|Pablo Escobar}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Escobar, Pablo}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:1993 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century creeminals]] [[Category:Colombie drog trokers]] [[Category:Daiths bi fireairm in Colombie]] [[Category:Fowk saunts]] [[Category:Medellín Cairtel trokers]] [[Category:Colombie mob bosses]] [[Category:Fowk frae Rionegro]] [[Category:Varsity o Antioquia alumni]] 6uhky8zx0jec2yxfn8eoi2ipp8aiq93 Template:Olympic Gemmes 10 48694 901492 842960 2024-12-26T19:25:29Z Domhnallbeag 93583 901492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{Games|}}}|{{EventsAt{{{Games}}}Olympics}}{{#if:{{{Sport|}}}|{{Olympic Games {{{Sport}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{Sport|}}}|{{Olympic Games {{{Sport}}}}}|}} }}{{Navbox | name = Olympic Gemmes | title = [[Olympic Gemmes]] | image = [[File:Olympic rings without rims.svg|100px]] | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle = background:#BFD7FF | abovestyle = background: #BFD7FF | belowstyle = background: #BFD7FF | state = collapsed | above = * ''[[Olympic sports|Sports]]'' * ''[[Leet o Olympic venues|Venues]]'' * ''[[Olympic Gemmes ceremony|Ceremonies]]'' * ''[[Olympic medal|Medals]]'' * ''[[Aw-time Olympic Gemmes medal table|Medal tables]]'' * ''[[Leets o Olympic medallists|Medallists]]'' * ''[[Bids for Olympic Gemmes|Bidding]]'' * ''[[Internaitional Olympic Committee|IOC]]'' * ''[[Naitional Olympic Committee|NOCs]]'' * ''[[Leet o IOC kintra codes|Kintra codes]]'' * ''[[Olympic seembols|Seembols]]'' * ''[[Leet o Olympic torch relays|Torch relays]]'' * ''[[Auncient Olympic Gemmes]]'' | group1 = [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Gemmes]] | list1 = * [[1896 Simmer Olympics|1896]] * [[1900 Simmer Olympics|1900]] * [[1904 Simmer Olympics|1904]] * [[1906 Intercalatit Gemmes|1906]] {{sup|1}} * [[1908 Simmer Olympics|1908]] * [[1912 Simmer Olympics|1912]] * ''[[1916 Simmer Olympics|1916]]'' {{sup|2}} * [[1920 Simmer Olympics|1920]] * [[1924 Simmer Olympics|1924]] * [[1928 Simmer Olympics|1928]] * [[1932 Simmer Olympics|1932]] * [[1936 Simmer Olympics|1936]] * ''[[1940 Simmer Olympics|1940]]'' {{sup|3}} * ''[[1944 Simmer Olympics|1944]]'' {{sup|3}} * [[1948 Simmer Olympics|1948]] * [[1952 Simmer Olympics|1952]] * [[1956 Simmer Olympics|1956]] * [[1960 Simmer Olympics|1960]] * [[1964 Simmer Olympics|1964]] * [[1968 Simmer Olympics|1968]] * [[1972 Simmer Olympics|1972]] * [[1976 Simmer Olympics|1976]] * [[1980 Simmer Olympics|1980]] * [[1984 Simmer Olympics|1984]] * [[1988 Simmer Olympics|1988]] * [[1992 Simmer Olympics|1992]] * [[1996 Simmer Olympics|1996]] * [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000]] * [[2004 Simmer Olympics|2004]] * [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008]] * [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]] * [[2016 Simmer Olympics|2016]] * [[2020 Simmer Olympics|2020]] * [[2024 Simmer Olympics|2024]] * ''[[2028 Simmer Olympics|2028]]'' | group2 = [[Winter Olympic Gemmes|Winter Gemmes]] | list2 = * [[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]] * [[1928 Winter Olympics|1928]] * [[1932 Winter Olympics|1932]] * [[1936 Winter Olympics|1936]] * ''[[1940 Winter Olympics|1940]]'' {{sup|3}} * ''[[1944 Winter Olympics|1944]]'' {{sup|3}} * [[1948 Winter Olympics|1948]] * [[1952 Winter Olympics|1952]] * [[1956 Winter Olympics|1956]] * [[1960 Winter Olympics|1960]] * [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]] * [[1968 Winter Olympics|1968]] * [[1972 Winter Olympics|1972]] * [[1976 Winter Olympics|1976]] * [[1980 Winter Olympics|1980]] * [[1984 Winter Olympics|1984]] * [[1988 Winter Olympics|1988]] * [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992]] * [[1994 Winter Olympics|1994]] * [[1998 Winter Olympics|1998]] * [[2002 Winter Olympics|2002]] * [[2006 Winter Olympics|2006]] * [[2010 Winter Olympics|2010]] * [[2014 Winter Olympics|2014]] * [[2018 Winter Olympics|2018]] * [[2022 Winter Olympics|2022]] * ''[[2026 Winter Olympics|2026]]'' | below = {{sup|1}}&nbsp;Discountit ''ex post facto'' bi the IOC. {{sup|2}}&nbsp;Cancelled due tae [[Warld War I]]. {{sup|3}}&nbsp;Cancelled due tae [[Warld War II]]. }}<noinclude> <!-- PLEASE ADD THIS TEMPLATE'S CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS TO THE /doc SUBPAGE, THANKS --> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> i5jpz58jv4t0zyu5z9cbm4inqt116uq Wetland 0 62406 901497 830463 2024-12-27T00:47:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901497 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''wetland''' is a land aurie that is [[Aquifer|saturatit]] wi [[watter]], aither permanently or saisonally, sic that it taks on the characteristics o a distinct [[ecoseestem]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Department of Environmental Protection State of Florida Glossary | publisher = State of Florida | accessdate = 2011-09-25 | url = http://www.dep.state.fl.us/evergladesforever/about/glossary.htm | archive-date = 2011-07-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110703070613/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/evergladesforever/about/glossary.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Primarily, the factor that distinguishes wetlands frae ither laund furms or watter bodies is the characteristic [[vegetation]] that is adaptit tae its unique sile condeetions: Wetlands conseest primarily o [[hydric soil]], which supports [[aquatic plants]].<ref name="Official Macquarie Dictionary">{{cite book |editor= Butler S. |title=Macquarie Concise Dictionary |edition=5th |year=2010 |publisher=Macquarie Dictionary Publishers Ltd |location=Sydney Australia |isbn=978-1-876429-85-0}} </ref><ref name="ramsar">{{cite web | title = Official page of the Ramsar Convention| accessdate = 2011-09-25 | url = http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-pubs/main/ramsar/1-30_4000_0__}}</ref> The watter foond in wetlands can be [[Seawatter|sautwatter]], [[freshwatter]], or [[brackish]].<ref name="ramsar" /> Main wetland types include [[swamp]]s, [[marsh]]es, [[bog]]s an [[fen]]s.<ref name="Keddy2010">{{cite book|last=Keddy|first=Paul A.|title=Wetland ecology : principles and conservation|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0521519403|pages=497|url=http://www.drpaulkeddy.com/wetlandecology2.html|edition=2nd|access-date=2013-11-20|archive-date=2013-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411041256/http://www.drpaulkeddy.com/wetlandecology2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sub-types include [[mangrove]], [[Carr (landform)|carr]], [[pocosin]], an [[Varzea forest|varzea]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wetlands| ]] [[Category:Terrestrial biomes]] [[Category:Habitat]] [[Category:Environmental terminology]] [[Category:Aquatic ecologie]] <!---saline---> [[Category:Freshwatter ecology]] cxhztsrp30wihq5af7h8p830kgngh1x Bryan Cranston 0 74949 901491 736637 2024-12-26T19:10:17Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in in infobox an tags 901491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}} {{short description|American actor (born 1956)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Infobox person|name=Bryan Cranston|image=BryanCranston2022.jpg|caption=Cranston in 2022|birth_name=Bryan Lee Cranston|birth_date={{birth date and age|1956|3|7}}|birth_place=[[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.|alma_mater=Los Angeles Valley College (Associate o Science)|occupation={{flatlist| * Actor * filmmaker}}|years_active=1980–present|spouse={{ubl|{{marriage|Mickey Middleton|1977|1982|end=divorced}}|{{marriage|Robin Dearden|1989|}}}}|children=Taylor Dearden|father=Joseph Cranston|works=|awards=|known for=Breaking Bad, Malcom in the Middle}}[[File:Bryan Cranston by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Cranston in Julie 2013]] '''Bryan Lee Cranston''' (born [[7 Mairch]], [[1956]]) or '''Lee Stone'''; is an [[Unitit States|American]] actor, producer, writer, an movie director. He is best kent for his roles as Hal in ''Malcolm in the Middle'' an as Walter White in ''[[Breaking Bad]]''. He haes won an Emmy Award for his role in Breaking Bad an a Saturn Award. {{Stub/USActor}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cranston, Bryan}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:American film directors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male televeesion actors]] [[Category:American male vyce actors]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion directors]] [[Category:American televeesion producers]] [[Category:Best Drama Actor Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Drama Desk Award winners]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Film directors frae Californie]] [[Category:Gowden Globe Awaird winners]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Los Angeles Valley College fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Fowk frae Canoga Park, Los Angeles]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Lead Actor in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Ootstaundin Performance bi a Cast in a Motion Pictur Screen Actors Guild Awaird winners]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Tony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Activists frae Californie]] raktt2j0s05ci9c236eeq9uwr26ud79 Xbox One 0 75470 901498 897737 2024-12-27T00:58:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | name = Xbox One | title = Xbox One | logo = | image = [[File:Microsoft-Xbox-One-Console-Set-wKinect.jpg|frameless|upright=1.2|border]] | caption = Xbox One console wi its controller an bundled [[Kinect]] motion sensin peripheral | developer = [[Microsoft]] | manufacturer = [[Flextronics]], [[Foxconn]]<ref>[http://www.digitimes.com/news/a20130904PD219.html Flextronics lands 90% of Xbox One orders, leaving Foxconn the rest] DigiTimes, 4 September 2013.</ref> | family = [[Xbox]] | type = [[Video gemme console]] | generation = [[History o video gemme consoles (aicht generation)|Aicht generation]] | releasedate = {{vgrelease|NA=November 22, 2013<ref name="majornelson.com">{{cite web|url=http://majornelson.com/2013/09/04/xbox-one-to-launch-on-november-22-2013-in-13-markets |title=Xbox Live's Major Nelson » Xbox One to Launch on November 22, 2013 in 13 Markets : |publisher=Majornelson.com |date=2013-09-04 |accessdate=2013-09-27}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|EU=November 22, 2013 (some countries, 2014 for others)<ref name="launchdate">{{cite web|url=http://news.xbox.com/2013/08/xbox-one-confirmed-markets |title=Xbox One Launch Markets Confirmed |publisher=Xbox Leadership Team, Microsoft |date=2013-08-14 |accessdate=2013-08-24}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|[[Australie|AU]]|November 22, 2013}}{{vgrelease|[[Brazil|BR]]|November 22, 2013}}{{vgrelease|JP=September 4, 2014<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dualshockers.com/2013/07/02/microsoft-no-xbox-one-in-japan-this-year-tier-2-country-asks-journalist-not-to-report-negatively | title = Microsoft: No Xbox One in Japan this Year: "Tier 2 Country" Asks Journalist Not to Report Negatively | date = 2013-07-02 | accessdate = 2013-07-02 | first = Allisa | last = James | publisher = Dualshockers }}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://news.xbox.com/2014/03/xbox-one-new-markets | title = Xbox One Coming to 26 New Markets in September | date = 2014-03-18 | accessdate = 2014-03-18 | publisher = Xbox website}}</ref>}}{{vgrelease|[[Cheenae|CN]] ([[Shanghai Free-Trade Zone|SFTZ]])|September 2014<ref name="ChinaRelease">{{cite web|url=http://news.xbox.com/2014/04/xbox-one-china|title=BesTV and Microsoft to bring Xbox One to China in September|publisher=Xbox Marketing, Microsoft|date=2014-04-29|accessdate=2014-05-13}}</ref>}} | lifespan = | price = US$499<ref name="verge10june">{{cite news|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/10/4415186/xbox-one-pricing-release-date|title=Xbox One launching in November for $499 in 21 countries, pre-orders start now|agency=The Verge|date=10 June 2013|accessdate=10 June 2013}}</ref>/€499<ref name="verge10june"/>/£429<ref name="verge10june"/> | discontinued = | unitssold = 3 million (as o December 31, 2013)<ref name="Xbox wire">[http://news.xbox.com/2014/01/xbox-one-january-thank-you Microsoft’s Xbox One Sales Hit 3 Million] 6 January 2014</ref> 5 million shipped tae retailers (as o Aprile 1, 2014)<ref name="Xbox wire2">[http://news.xbox.com/2014/04/xbox-one-march-npd March Titanfall on Xbox One is Number One Selling Game] 17 April 2014</ref> | media = [[Blu-ray disc|Blu-ray]],<ref name="cnet">{{cite web |last=Stein |first=Scott |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/microsoft-xbox-one/ |title=Microsoft Xbox One - Consoles - CNET Reviews |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=2013-06-19 |accessdate=2013-06-24 |archive-date=2014-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323091553/http://reviews.cnet.com/microsoft-xbox-one/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[DVD]], [[Compact Disc|CD]] | os = Xbox OS,<ref>[http://www.anandtech.com/show/7528/the-xbox-one-mini-review-hardware-analysis AnandTech | The Xbox One - Mini Review & Comparison to Xbox 360/PS4<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Windows custom kernel an a [[hypervisor]] | power = | soc = <!-- system-on-chip --> | cpu = Custom 1.75 [[GHz]] [[AMD]] 8 core [[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit|APU]] (2 Quad-Core [[Jaguar (microarchitecture)|Jaguar]] modules)<ref name="cnet"/><ref name="JaguarAnandtech">{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/6976/amds-jaguar-architecture-the-cpu-powering-xbox-one-playstation-4-kabini-temash/4 |title=AMD’s Jaguar Architecture: The CPU Powering Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Kabini & Temash |publisher=Anandtech.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-24}}</ref> | graphics = 853 [[MHz]] [[Radeon|AMD Radeon]] [[Graphics Core Next|GCN]] airchitectur (inside o APU) | storage = 500&nbsp;[[Gigabyte|GB]] internal [[Haird disk drive|haird drive]]<ref name="cnet"/> | memory = 8&nbsp;GB [[DDR3]] (5&nbsp;GB available tae gemmes)<ref name = "The Tech Spec Test: Xbox One Vs. PlayStation 4" >{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2013/05/21/the-tech-spec-test-xbox-one-vs-playstation-4.aspx|title=The Tech Spec Test: Xbox One Vs. PlayStation 4|publisher=Game Informer|date=2013-05-21|accessdate=2013-05-22|archive-date=2013-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607180640/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2013/05/21/the-tech-spec-test-xbox-one-vs-playstation-4.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | display = [[4K resolution|4K]], [[1080p]], an [[720p]] resolutions | sound = [[7.1 surround soond]] | input =[[HDMI]] | controllers = Xbox One controller, [[Kinect]] for Xbox One, [[Xbox SmartGlass|SmartGlass]] | camera = 1080p Kinect camera | touchpad = | connectivity = [[Wi-Fi]] [[IEEE 802.11n-2009|IEEE 802.11n]], [[Ethernet]], 3 × [[USB 3.0]], [[HDMI 1.4]] in/oot, [[S/PDIF]] oot, [[Infared|IR]]-oot, Kinect port | service = [[Xbox Live]] <!-- online service/s offered --> | dimensions = | weight = | topgame = | compatibility = Yes<ref name = "Verge Backwards Compat.">{{cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/5/21/4350662/new-xbox-has-no-backwards-compatibilty|title=Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games|last=Hollister|first=Sean|work=The Verge|date=2013-05-21|accessdate=2013-05-21}}</ref> | predecessor = [[Xbox 360]] | successor = | related = | website = {{URL|xbox.com}} }} '''Xbox One''' is a [[video gemme console]] developed an mercatit bi [[Microsoft]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Xbox One]] [[Category:Aicht-generation video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Microsoft]] [[Category:Microsoft video gemme consoles]] [[Category:Products introduced in 2013]] mzmziri0uuwj1lyy5ajnjjmc4x7bmmi Oracle Corporation 0 81258 901487 886625 2024-12-26T13:46:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company |name = Oracle Corporation |logo = [[File:Oracle logo.svg|200px|Oracle Corporation Logo]] |image = [[File:Oracle Headquarters Redwood Shores.jpg|230px]] |image_caption = Heidquarters in [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]], [[Californie]] |type = [[Public company|Public]] |traded_as = {{NYSE|ORCL}}| |industry = [[Enterprise software]]<br>[[Computer hardware]] |founder = [[Larry Ellison]], [[Bob Miner]],<br>[[Ed Oates]] |foundation = {{Start date|1977|06|16}}, [[Santa Clara, Californie|Santa Clara]], [[Californie]], [[Unitit States]]<ref name="incorporation">[http://www.oracle.com/corporate/investor_relations/faq.html Oracle, FAQ]; [http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO www.orafaq.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116210119/http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO |date=2008-01-16 }}.</ref> |location_city = [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]] |location_country = Unitit States |area_served = Warldwide |key_people = [[Jeffrey O. Henley|Jeff Henley]] (Chairman)<br>[[Larry Ellison]] (CEO)<br>[[Safra A. Catz|Safra Catz]] (Preses)<br>[[Mark Hurd]] (President) |products = [[Oracle Applications]], [[Oracle Database]], [[Oracle Enterprise Manager]], [[Oracle Fusion Middleware]], [[Server (computin)|server]]s, [[wirkstation]]s, [[Computer data storage|storage]]<br>([[Oracle Corporation#Products an services|See Oracle products]]) | revenue = {{Increase}} {{USD|37.73 billion|link=yes}} (2017)<ref name='xbrlus_1'>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312517214833/d385998d10k.htm|title=Oracle Corporation 2017 Annual Report Form (10-K) |website=EDGAR |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |date=June 27, 2017 |access-date=October 27, 2017}}</ref> | operating_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|12.71 billion}} (2017)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/> | net_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|9.34 billion}} (2017)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/> | assets = {{Increase}} {{USD|134.99 billion}} (2017)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/> | equity = {{Increase}} {{USD|54.25 billion}} (2017)<ref name='xbrlus_1'/> | num_employees = 136,000 (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/oracle-fact-sheet-079219.pdf |title=Oracle Fact Sheet |access-date=November 1, 2018}}</ref> |subsid = [[Leet o acquisitions bi Oracle|Leet o Oracle subsidiaries]] |homepage = {{URL|http://www.oracle.com|www.oracle.com}} |aum = }} '''Oracle Corporation''' is an American [[multinaitional corporation|multinaitional]] computer technology corporation heidquarterit in [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Texas]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1977 establishments in Californie]] [[Category:Companies based in Redwood Shores, Californie]] [[Category:Companies established in 1977]] [[Category:Computer companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Business saftware companies]] [[Category:CRM saftware companies]] [[Category:Development saftware companies]] [[Category:ERP saftware companies]] [[Category:Linux companies]] [[Category:Supply chain saftware companies]] [[Category:Multinaitional companies heidquartered in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Oracle Corporation| ]] [[Category:American buists]] [[Category:Companies leetit on the New York Stock Exchynge]] [[Category:Saftware companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:UML Pairtners]] [[Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:Redwood City, Californie]] [[Category:Companies umwhile leetit on NASDAQ]] [[Category:HSA Foundation members]] ciayo5a33su8viwygoz3vhz7egbs50c Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais 0 82669 901489 891490 2024-12-26T17:54:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901489 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Faunaexoticamsnpucminas.jpg|thumb|right|255px|<center> PUC-MG </center>]] '''PUC-MG''' ([[Portuguese leid]]: '''Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais'''), founded in 1958, is a kenspeckle centre for teachin an resairch in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Minas Gerais]], [[Brazil]].<ref>[http://pucminas.br/portal/index_padrao.php?pagina=72 pucminas.br] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006114237/http://pucminas.br/portal/index_padrao.php?pagina=72 |date=2014-10-06 }}, PUC Minas em números</ref> The varsity is amangst the lairgest an maist presteegious in the [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pucminas.br/destaques/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-10-06 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135911/http://www.pucminas.br/destaques/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Notes == <references/> {{Commonscat|Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais}} {{coord|10.6500|S|52.9500|W|source:wikidata|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pontificia Universidade Catolica De Minas Gerais}} [[Category:Eddicational institutions established in 1958]] [[Category:Varsities an colleges in Minas Gerais]] [[Category:1958 establishments in Brazil]] [[Category:Pontifical varsities in Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} oak16qt7dciqv50ekesy2qagths75f9 Oakland, Californie 0 126933 901486 884245 2024-12-26T13:30:58Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage. --> |name = Aikland, Californie |settlement_type = [[Chairter ceety]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/city_b_day_may_2002.pdf|title=Legal Briefs|publisher=City of Oakland Office of the City Attorney|accessdate=March 19, 2015|date=May 2002|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924054030/http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/city_b_day_may_2002.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |official_name = Ceety o Aikland <!-- Images and maps ------> |image_skyline = OAKLAND, CA, USA - Skyline and Bridge.JPG |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Aikland skyline, wi the auld eastren span o the [[San Francisco–Akeland Bay Brig]] in backgrund |image_flag = Flag of Oakland, California.svg |image_seal = Seal of Oakland, California.png |nickname = "Aiktoun", "The Toun", "Bump Ceety" (uncommon)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumca.org/theoaklandstandard/bump-city |title=Bump City &#124; The Oakland Standard |publisher=Museumca.org |accessdate=2013-07-08 |archive-date=2013-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723190509/http://museumca.org/theoaklandstandard/bump-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> |image_map = Alameda County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Oakland Highlighted.svg |mapsize = 250px |map_caption = Location in [[Alameda Coonty, Californie|Alameda Coonty]] an the state o Californie |pushpin_map = USA |pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States <!-- Location ------------> |coordinates = {{coord|37|48|16|N|122|16|15|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Unitit States|size=22px}} |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Californie|size=22px}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Californie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Alameda County, California.svg|size=22px}} [[Alameda Coonty, Californie|Alameda]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Leet o regions o Californie|Region]] |subdivision_name3 = [[San Francisco Bay Aurie]] <!-- History --------------> |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]] |established_date = Mey 4, 1852<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | title = California Cities by Incorporation Date | format = Word | publisher = California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s | accessdate = March 27, 2013 | archive-date = 2013-10-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052413/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | url-status = dead }}</ref> <!-- Government ----------> |government_type = [[Mayor-cooncil govrenment|Strang mayor]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/ElectedOfficials/index.htm | title = Elected Officials | publisher = City of Oakland, California | accessdate = January 31, 2015 | archive-date = 2015-01-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150131221100/http://www2.oaklandnet.com/Government/o/ElectedOfficials/index.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |leader_title = [[Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Sheng Thao]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.oaklandca.gov/officials/sheng-thao | title = Mayor | publisher = City of Oakland, California | accessdate = January 12, 2023 | archive-date = 2023-01-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230109183829/https://www.oaklandca.gov/officials/sheng-thao | url-status = dead }}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[Californie's 9t State Senate destrict|State senator]] |leader_name1 = {{Representative|casd|9|fmt=sleader}}<ref name=SSenate>{{cite web |url=http://senate.ca.gov/senators |title=Senators |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |publisher=State of California}}</ref> |leader_title2 = [[Californie State Assembly|Assemblymembers]] |leader_name2 = {{Representative|caad|15|fmt=sleader}} an<br/>{{Representative|caad|18|fmt=sleader}}<ref name=SAssembly>{{cite web |url=http://assembly.ca.gov/assemblymembers |title=Members Assembly |accessdate=March 18, 2013 |publisher=State of California}}</ref> |leader_title4 = [[Californie's 13t congressional destrict|U. S. rep.]] |leader_name4 = {{Representative|cacd|13|fmt=usleader}}<ref name="California">{{Cite GovTrack|CA|13|accessdate=March 9, 2013}}</ref> <!-- Area-----------------> |unit_pref = US |area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi = 78.002 |area_total_km2 = 202.024 |area_land_sq_mi = 55.786 |area_land_km2 = 144.485 |area_water_sq_mi = 22.216 |area_water_km2 = 57.54 |area_water_percent = 28.48 <!-- Elevation ------------> |elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite GNIS|277566|Oakland}}</ref> |elevation_ft = 43 <!-- Population -----------> |population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|Aprile 1, 2010]] |population_footnotes = <ref name=quif>{{Cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0653000.html|title=Oakland (city) QuickFacts|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 7, 2015|archive-date=2012-08-25|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6ABLyY0vF?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0653000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_total = 390724 |pop_est_as_of = 2014 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2014/SUB-EST2014.html|title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref> |population_est = 413775 |population_rank = [[Alameda Coonty, Californie|1st]] in Alameda Coonty<br/>[[Leet o lairgest Californie ceeties bi population|8t]] in Californie<br/>[[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|45t]] in the Unitit States |population_density_sq_mi = 7417 |population_demonym = Akelander <!-- Time zones -----------> |timezone = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Paceefic]] |utc_offset = −8 |timezone_DST = [[Pacific Daylicht Time|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = −7 <!-- Codes ---------------> |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s |postal_code = 94601–94615, 94617–94624, 94649, 94659–94662, 94666<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup | publisher = [[United States Postal Service]] | accessdate = November 7, 2014}}</ref> |area_code_type = [[North American Nummerin Plan|Aurie code]] |area_code = [[Area code 510|510]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code |blank_info = {{FIPS|06|53000}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur IDs |blank1_info = {{GNIS4|277566}}, {{GNIS4|2411292}} |website = {{URL|www.oaklandnet.com}} }} '''Aikland''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|k|l|ə|n|d}} is a major [[Wast Coast o the Unitit States|Wast Coast]] port ceety in the [[U.S. state]] o [[Californie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portofoakland.com/port/history/ |title=Port of Oakland – History |access-date=2018-01-31 |publisher=Port of Oakland}}</ref> ==Sister ceeties== Oakland haes 13 [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Oakland,%20California |title=Interactive City Directory |publisher=Sister-cities.org |date= |accessdate=2014-08-07 |archive-date=2014-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728012620/http://sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Oakland,%20California |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Kintra ! Ceety ! Year o Pairtnership |- | {{flagu|Japan}} | [[Fukuoka]] | 1962 |- | {{flagu|Roushie}} | [[Nakhodka]] | 1975 |- | {{flagu|Ghana}} | [[Sekondi Takoradi]] | 1975 |- | {{flagu|Cheenae}} | [[Dalian]] | 1982 |- | {{flagu|Jamaica}} | [[Ocho Rios]] | 1986 |- | {{flagu|Portugal}} | [[Funchal]] | 1999 |- | {{flagu|Cuba}} | [[Santiago de Cuba]] | 2000 |- | {{flagu|Vietnam}} | [[Da Nang]] | 2005 |- | {{flagu|Nigerie}} | [[Benin Ceety]] | 2010 |- | {{flagu|Cheenae}} | [[Foshan]] | |- | {{flagu|Japan}} | [[Kawasaki]] | |- | {{flagu|Haiti}} | [[Port-de-Paix]] | |- | {{flagu|Nigerie}} | [[Bauchi]] | |- | {{flagu|Australia}} | [[Oakleigh]] | |} {{Div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Oakland, Californie| ]] [[Category:1852 establishments in Californie]] [[Category:Californie Enterprise Zones]] [[Category:Ceeties in Alameda Coonty, Californie]] [[Category:Ceeties in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:Coonty seats in Californie]] [[Category:Incorporatit ceeties an touns in Californie]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the Unitit States Paceefic coast]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1852]] itrlejmi5y77mxdiwi5e6i52fxa1qh5 Tenrec 0 143140 901495 836854 2024-12-26T22:40:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic Taxobox | name = Tenrecidae | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Bartonian|Recent}}<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Martin Pickford |year=2015 |title=Late Eocene Potamogalidae and Tenrecidae (Mammalia) from the Sperrgebiet, Namibia |journal=Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia |volume=16 |pages=114–152 |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/407_Comms%20GSN%2016,%202015%20Pickford%20Tenrecoidea,114-152.pdf |access-date=2019-07-18 |archive-date=2020-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907171550/http://www.mme.gov.na/files/publications/407_Comms%20GSN%2016,%202015%20Pickford%20Tenrecoidea,114-152.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image = Tanrek.jpg | image_caption = [[Tailless tenrec]] (''Tenrec ecaudatus'') | taxon = Tenrecidae | authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1821 | subdivision_ranks = Subfaimilies | subdivision = *[[Geogalinae]] *[[Oryzorictinae]] *[[Tenrecinae]] }} A '''tenrec''' is ony species o [[mammal]] within the [[faimily (biology)|faimily]] '''Tenrecidae'''. Tenrecs [[Endemism (biology)|anly bide in]] [[Madagascar]]. <!--Tenrecs are widely diverse; as a result of convergent evolution some resemble [[hurcheon]]s, [[screw (beast)|screw]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[ratton]]s or mice. They occupy aquatic, arboreal, terrestrial and fossorial environments. Some of these species, including the greater hedgehog tenrec, bide in the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. However, the speciation rate in this group has been higher in humid forests. All tenrecs are believed to descend from a common ancestor that lived 29–37 million years ago after rafting over from Africae. The split from their closest relatives, African [[otter screw]]s, is estimated to have occurred about 47–53 Ma ago. ==Characteristics== Tenrecs ar smaw mammals of variable body form. The smawest species are the size of screws, with a body length of around 4.5 cm (1.8 in), and weighing just 5 g (0.18 oz), while the largest, the common or tailless tenrec, is 25 to 39 cm (9.8 to 15.4 in) in length, and can weigh over 1 kilogram (2.2 lb). Although they may resemble screws, hurcheons, or opposums, they are not closely related to any of these groups, their closest relatives being the otter screws, and after that, other African insectivorous mammals, such as golden moles and elephant screws. The common ancestry of these animals, along with aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, and sea cows in the group Afrotheria, was not recognized until the late 1990s. Continuing work on the molecular and morphological diversity of afrotherian mammals has provided ever increasing support for their common ancestry. Unusually among placental mammals, the anus and urogenital tracts of tenrecs share a common opening, or cloaca, a feature more commonly seen in birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a low body temperature, sufficiently so that they do not require a scrotum to cool their sperm as do most other mammals. All species appear to be at least somewhat omnivorous, with invertebrates forming the largest part of their diets. One species, Microgale mergulus, is semiaquatic (similar to the lifestyle of their closest relatives, the otter shrews). All of the species, semiaquatic or not, appear to have evolved from a single, common ancestor, with the otter shrews comprising the next, most-closely related mammalian species. While the fossil record of tenrecs is scarce, at least some specimens from the early Miocene of Kenya show close affinities to living species from Madagascar, such as Geogale aurita. Most species are nocturnal and have poor eyesight. Their other senses are well developed, however, and they have especially sensitive whiskers. As with many of their other features, the dental formula of tenrecs varies greatly between species; they can have from 32 to 42 teeth in total. Unusual for mammals, the permanent dentition in tenrecs tends not to completely erupt until well after adult body size has been reached. This is one of several anatomical features shared by elephants, hyraxes, [[elephant screw|sengi]]s, and gowden moles (but apparently not [[aardvark]]s), consistent with their descent from a common ancestor. Tenrecs have a gestation period of 50 to 64 days, and give birth to a number of relatively undeveloped young. While the otter shrews have just two young per litter, the tailless tenrec can have as many as 32, and females possess up to 29 teats, more than any other mammal. At least some tenrec species are social, living in multigenerational family groups with over a dozen individuals. ==Interactions with humans== In the island nation of Mauritius, and also on the Comoran island of Mayotte, some of the inhabitants eat tenrec meat, though it is difficult to obtain (as it is not sold in shops or markets) and difficult to prepare correctly. The lesser hedgehog tenrec (''Echinops telfairi'') is one of 16 mammalian species that will have its genome sequenced as part of the Mammalian Genome Project. It is increasingly popular in the pet trade, and in the future may serve as an important model organism in biomedicine, as it is only distantly related to the mice, rattons, guinea pigs, and rhesus macaques that comprise the most common research animals. --> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q23340}} [[Category:Afrosoricida]] [[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]] [[Category:Ainimals that uise echolocation]] {{stub/Ainimal}} 0yvxjy5fphw3b7h3882p5tu319bei4r Straikin 0 143588 901499 525769 2024-12-27T01:47:56Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 901499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}[[File:MIT streaker at HarvardYale game.jpg|alt=|thumb|250px|right|A straiker at the 2006 [[Harvard–Yale fitbaa rivalry|Yale–Harvard gemme]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]]] '''Straikin''' is the act o runnin nakit throu a public place as a [[prank]], dare or an act o [[protest]]. {{Stub}} [[Category:Straikin]] [[Category:Nudity]] pipk7k9rpw100qzxkbi0cvghrghf59r Spain–Turkey relations 0 214763 901494 879701 2024-12-26T21:26:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 901494 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Spaingie–Turkis relations''' are foreign relations atween the [[Spain|Kinrick o Spain]] an the [[Turkey|Republic o Turkey]]. Spain haes an embassy in [[Ankara]] an a consulate general in [[Istanbul]]. Turkey haes an embassy in [[Madrid]] an a consulate general in [[Barcelona]]. == History == During the 16th century, [[Habsburg Spain]] an the [[Ottoman Empire]] focht for supremacy in the Mediterranean.<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/5462231/Ottoman-Spanish_Economic_Relations_in_the_16th_century Ottoman-Spanish Economic Relations in the 16th century]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.turkishstudies.net/dergi/cilt1/sayi5/sayi5pdf/tabakogluhuseyinserdar.pdf |title=Hüseyin Serdar Tabakoğlu ''The Re-Establishment Of Ottoman-Spanish Relations In 1782'', Turkish Studies, Volume 2/3, Summer 2007 |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407013641/http://www.turkishstudies.net/dergi/cilt1/sayi5/sayi5pdf/tabakogluhuseyinserdar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A hichlicht wis the [[battle o Lepanto]] whur the Spaingie-led fleet (all'eed wi the [[Republic o Venice]] an the [[Papal States]]) won ower the Ottoman fleet. In North Africaw, the Spaingie actions against the [[Barbary pirates]] (Ottoman allies) wur nae successful for long. During this time, the Ottomans welcomed mony [[Sephardi Jews]] an [[Conversos]], fleeing frae releegious persecution in Spain, who introduced the Gutenberg press an theater, an supportit a failed [[Morisco]] revolt. The silver brocht frae [[Spanish Americae]] caused massive inflation in Spain, that extendit tae the rest o Europe an even the Ottoman Empire. Modeen relations atween the twa kintras stairtit in 1782 when the ''Agreement of Peace, Friendship and Trade'' wis signed.<ref name="political">[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-spain.en.mfa Turkey´s Political Relations with Spain / Rep. of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626075025/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-spain.en.mfa |date=2009-06-26 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.tr/article-by-h_e_-ahmet-davutoglu-published-in-el-pais-newspaper-_spain_-on-16_11_2009.en.mfa Article by H.E. Ahmet Davutoğlu published in El Pais Newspaper (Spain) on 16.11.2009]</ref> == Political relations == [[File:Family photo of Council of ministers of Turkey and Spain.jpg|thumb|Offeecial family photo o fowerth Heich Consultative Meeting in 2012]] Turkey an Spain are baith members o the [[Cooncil o Europe]], the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]], the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]], the [[World Trade Organization]], an the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. Tgare are nae poleetical problems atween Turkey an Spain at bilateral level.<ref name="political"/> Spain is ane o the major kintras supportin Turkey’s membership tae the [[European Union]].<ref name="political"/> The jynt action plan signed atween Turkey an Spain, on 22 Julie 1998, established the framewirk o the bilateral relations atween the twa countries.<ref name="political"/> The [[Alliance of Civilizations]] wis initiatit bi Spaingie Prime Mennister [[José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]], co-sponsored bi the Turkis Prime Meenister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]].<ref name="political"/> == Economic relations == Trade volume atween Turkey an Spain wis €5.99 billion in 2011.<ref name="economic">[http://www.trademap.org/tradestat/Bilateral_TS.aspx International Trade Centre]</ref> Thare wis a development in the economic field in 2015 wi trade at USD 8.5 billion.<ref>[http://www.theworldfolio.com/interviews/turkey-is-not-turning-its-back-on-the-west/3427/ Turkey is not turning its back on the West] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203524/http://www.theworldfolio.com/interviews/turkey-is-not-turning-its-back-on-the-west/3427/ |date=2019-04-07 }}</ref> Thare are mair nor 610 Spanish firms operatin in Turkey. The value o Spanish investments in Turkey is aroond $10 billion.<ref>[http://www.turkishamericannews.com/business-news/item/7170-spanish-investors-continue-to-bolster-turkey-s-foreign-investment-relations Spanish Investors Continue To Bolster Turkey's Foreign Investment Relations]</ref> In 2008, mair nor 350,000 Spanish tourists visited Turkey.<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/arsiv/141678/spanyol-turist-istikrarli |title=İspanyol turist istikrarlı {{in lang|tr}} |access-date=2020-01-19 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174310/http://www.hurriyet.de/haberler/arsiv/141678/spanyol-turist-istikrarli |url-status=dead }} İspanyol turist istikrarlı {{in lang|tr}}]</ref> Aroond 75 Turkish firms operate in Spain. The Turkish investments in Spain reached $143 million in the period o 2002-2015. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.tcmadridbe.org/ Turkish embassy in Madrid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612162153/http://www.tcmadridbe.org/ |date=2010-06-12 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626075025/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-spain.en.mfa Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Spain] * [http://www.iemed.org/publicacions/historic-de-publicacions/monografies/sumaris-fotos-monografies/8.-spain-turkey-civic-forum.-reinforcing-bilateral-relations-for-a-common-european-vision Spain-Turkey Civic Forum. Reinforcing bilateral relations for a common european vision]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Spain–Turkey relations| ]] g58krnb0ckbltv8cstwmf6czdk81uj4