Wikipedia suwiki https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepas MediaWiki 1.43.0-wmf.2 first-letter Média Husus Obrolan Pamaké Obrolan pamaké Wikipedia Obrolan Wikipedia Gambar Obrolan gambar MédiaWiki Obrolan MédiaWiki Citakan Obrolan citakan Pitulung Obrolan pitulung Kategori Obrolan kategori Portal Obrolan portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul 0 4989 666741 653010 2024-04-26T08:20:46Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = lightgreen | name = Bako | image =Nicotiana_tabacum_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-098.jpg | image_caption = ''Nicotiana tabacum'' | regnum = [[Tutuwuhan|Plantae]] | = [[tangkal kembangan|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Solanales]] | familia = [[Solanaceae]] | genus = '''''Nicotiana''''' | genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = [[Spésiés]] | subdivision = ''[[Nicotiana acuminata]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana alata]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana attenuata]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana benthamiana]]''<br> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana bigelovil]]''<br> --> ''[[Nicotiana clevelandii]]''<br> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana debneyi]]''<br> --> ''[[Nicotiana excelsior]]''<br> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana exigua]]''<br> --> ''[[Nicotiana forgetiana]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana glauca]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana glutinosa]]''<br> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana kawakamii]]''<br> --> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana knightiana]]''<br> --> ''[[Nicotiana langsdorffii]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana longiflora]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana obtusifolia]]''<br> <!-- ''[[Nicotiana otephora]]''<br> --> ''[[Nicotiana paniculata]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana plumbagifolia]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana quadrivalvis]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana repanda]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]''<br> <!-- ''N. × sanderae''<br> --> ''[[Nicotianasuaveolens]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana sylvestris]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]''<br> ''[[Nicotiana tomentosa]]''<br> Réf: [http://www.itis.usda.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30562 ITIS 30562]<br> ([[26 Agustus]] [[2005]]) }} '''Bako''' (''Nicotiana spp.'', L.) nujul ka hiji genus [[tutuwuhan]] nu daunna rubak pituin [[Amérika Kalér]] jeung [[Amérika Kidul|Kidul]], atawa siksikan daunna nu geus digaringkeun.<ref name=”Lut”>{{Cite book| url =https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=uTKyDgAAQBAJ| title =Kamus Genggam Bahasa SundaLuthfiyani| last =Luthfiyani| first =Lulu | publisher =FRASA LINGUA| location =Yogyakarta| year =2017|ISBN=9786026475275|pages =11}} Disungsi12 Januari 2023</ref> Daun bako sok diudud (baca [[udud bako]]) dina bentuk [[roko]] atawa bentuk séjénna. Bako ogé sok diseupah, atawa diseuseup tipungna.<ref name=“Bako”>{{Cite book | title =A Dictionary of the Sunda Language of Java| first =Jonathan | last =Rigg| publisher =Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen| location =Universitas Harvard| year =1862| pages =28|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=1PIUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA213&dq=KEHKEL&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7qpOVitnTAhWBO48KHXrzCD8Q6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=d&f=false|accessdate=(disungsi) 11 April 2020}}</ref> Kecap [[basa Spanyol]] "''tabaco''" cenah asalna tina [[basa Arawakan]] atawa [[basa Taino]] ti [[Karibia]], nu nujul ka gulungan daun bako (numutkeun Bartolome de Las Casas, 1552) atawa "''tabago''", sarupaning solobong nu bentukna "Y" pikeun nyeuseup haseup bako (numutkeun Oviedo), tapi "''tabaco''" (ogé [[basa Itali|It.]] "tobacco") ilahar dipaké pikeun nyebut [[tutuwuhan]] ubar taun [[1410]], nu asalna tina [[basa arab]] "tabaq", nu geus dipaké sahanteuna ti [[abad ka-9]]. Bako ngandung [[''alkaloid'']] [[''nikotin'']], [[''neurotoksin'']] kuat nu bisa maéhan [[''serangga'']]/[[gegeremet]]. Konsumsi bako, dina bentuk kumaha baé, bakal [[absorpsi (kimia)|nyerep]] nikotina kana [[aliran getih]], antukna lila-lila mah bisa ngabalukarkeun [[toléransi fisiologis|toléransi]] jeung [[kacanduan]]. [[Dosis létal]] nikotin sabenerna mah dikandung dina tilu watang roko (hiji satengah surutu), tapi da lolobana mah nikotin téh teu kaseuseup; kasus signifikan [[karacunan nikotin]] mah lolobana balukar tina nikotin dina [[inséktisida]]. Alkaloid aktif lianna nu aya dina bako nyaéta [[alkaloid harmala]]. Udud bako bisa ngabalukarkeun kasakit [[kangker]] jeung [[strok]], gangguan ''pernapasan'' jeung [[jantung]][http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16229246&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum], harepan hirup ogé sacara signifikan mondokan [http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/smokehealth.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105223223/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/smokehealth.htm |date=2015-11-05 }}. Loba nagara nu geus narékahan ngerém konsumsi roko, kalawan tujuan pikeun ngurangan résiko beban [[kaséhatan publik]]. Résiko katarajang kangker nu leuwih gedé téh sigana alatan ayana [[nitrosamina]] jeung sanyawa [[karsinogén]] nu aya dina bako jeung résidu pamanasan [[anaénalika rokona diduruk.robik]] nalika rokona diduruk. ==Sajarah== [[Image:Tobacco.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Kebon bako]] Urang Amérika geus maké bako saméméh bangsa [[Éropa|Éropah]] nepi ka buana éta. Malah sumebarna bako ka sakuliah dunya téh dimimitian nalika bangsa Éropah nu datang ka Amérika balik deui ka Éropah bari mawa éta kabiasaan. <!--At extremely high doses, tobacco becomes [[Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants|hallucinogenic]]; accordingly, Native Americans generally did not use the drug [[recreational drug|recreationally]]. Rather, it was often consumed in extraordinarily high quantities and used as an [[entheogen]]; generally, this was done only by experienced [[Shamanism|shamans]] or [[medicine man|medicine men]]. In addition to being smoked, uncured tobacco was often eaten, drunk as tobacco juice, or used in enemas. Early missionaries often reported on the state caused by tobacco, but as it spread into the west, it was no longer used in such large quantities or for entheogenic purposes. Religious use of tobacco is still common among many [[indigenous people]]s, particularly those of [[South America]]. With the arrival of Europeans, tobacco became one of the primary products fueling the colonization of the future American South, long before the creation of the [[United States]]. The initial colonial expansion, fueled by the desire to increase tobacco production, was one cause of the first colonial conflicts with [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] and became a driving factor for the use of [[African slaves]]' labor. In [[1609]], [[John Rolfe]] arrived at the [[Jamestown Settlement]] in [[Virginia]]. He is credited as the first man to successfully raise tobacco for commercial use at Jamestown. The tobacco raised in Virginia at that time, ''[[Nicotiana rustica]]'', was not to the liking of the Europeans, but Rolfe had brought some seed for ''[[Nicotiana tabacum]]'' with him from [[Bermuda]]. Shortly after arriving, his first wife died, and he married [[Pocahontas]], a daughter of Chief [[Powhatan]]. Although most of the settlers wouldn't touch the tobacco crop, Rolfe was able to make his fortune farming it for export at [[Varina, Virginia|Varina Farms Plantation]]. When he left for [[England]] with Pocahontas, he was wealthy. When Rolfe returned to Jamestown following Pocahontas's death in England, he continued to improve the quality of tobacco. By 1620, 40,000 pounds of tobacco were shipped to England. By the time John Rolfe died in [[1622]], Jamestown was thriving as a producer of tobacco and Jamestown's population would top 4,000. Tobacco led to the importation of the colony's first black slaves as well as women from England in [[1619]]. [[Image:Tobacco.JPG|thumb|200px|Slaves processing tobacco in Virginia 1670]] The importation of tobacco into Europe was not without resistance and controversy, even in the 17th century. King [[James VI of Scotland and I of England|James I]] of England (James VI of [[Scotland]]) wrote a famous [[polemic]] titled [[A Counterblast to Tobacco|''A Counterblaste to Tobacco'']] in [[1604]] (published in [[1672]]). In his essay, the king denounced tobacco use as "[a] custome lothsome to the eye, hatefull to the Nose, harmefull to the braine, dangerous to the Lungs, and in the blacke stinking fume thereof, neerest resembling the horrible Stigian smoke of the pit that is bottomelesse." In that same year, an English [[statute]] was enacted that placed a heavy protective [[tariff]] on every [[Pound (weight)|pound]] of tobacco brought into England. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, tobacco continued to be the "cash crop" of the Virginia Colony, along with [[The Carolinas]]. Large tobacco warehouses filled the areas near the wharfs of new thriving towns such as [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] and [[Manchester, Virginia|Manchester]] at the [[fall line]] ([[head of navigation]]) on the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]], and [[Petersburg, Virginia|Petersburg]] on the [[Appomattox River]]. Until 1883, tobacco excise tax accounted for one third of internal revenue collected by the United States government. A historian of the American South in the late 1860s reported on typical usage in the region where it was grown: <ref> ''A History of the United States since the Civil War'' Volume: 1. by Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer; 1917. P 93. </ref> <blockquote> The chewing of tobacco was well-nigh universal. This habit had been widespread among the agricultural population of America both North and South before the war. Soldiers had found the quid a solace in the field and continued to revolve it in their mouths upon returning to their homes. Out of doors where his life was principally led the chewer spat upon his lands without offence to other men, and his homes and public buildings were supplied with spittoons. Brown and yellow parabolas were projected to right and left toward these receivers, but very often without the careful aim which made for cleanly living. Even the pews of fashionable churches were likely to contain these familiar conveniences. The large numbers of Southern men, and these were of the better class (officers in the Confederate army and planters, worth $20,000 or more, and barred from general amnesty) who presented themselves for the pardon of President Johnson, while they sat awaiting his pleasure in the ante-room at the White House, covered its floor with pools and rivulets of their spittle. An observant traveller in the South in 1865 said that in his belief seven-tenths of all persons above the age of twelve years, both male and female, used tobacco in some form. Women could be seen at the doors of their cabins in their bare feet, in their dirty one-piece cotton garments, their chairs tipped back, smoking pipes made of corn cobs into which were fitted reed stems or goose quills. Boys of eight or nine years of age and half-grown girls smoked. Women and girls "dipped" in their houses, on their porches, in the public parlors of hotels and in the streets. </blockquote> As a lucrative crop, tobacco has been the subject of a great deal of biological and genetic research. The economic impact of Tobacco Mosaic disease was the impetus that led to the isolation of [[Tobacco mosaic virus]], the first virus to be identified; the fortunate coincidence that it is one of the simplest virii and can self-assemble from purified [[nucleic acid]] and [[protein]] led in turn to the rapid advancement of the field of [[virology]]. The [[1946]] [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] was shared by [[Wendell Meredith Stanley]] for his [[1935]] work crystallizing the virus, and showing that it still remains active. ===Early Medical Use=== *1529-Used for treating headaches, colds, abscesses, and sores *1550s-known in France as "the holy plant" *17th Century-possible negative health effects noted *1828-active ingredient, nicotine, isolated *18th and 19th Centuries-slow advances of medical science removed tobacco from doctor's prescription pad ==Cultivation== {| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left" ! colspan=2|Top Ten Tobacco Producers - 2005<br>(million metric ton) |- | {{CHN}} || align="right" | 2.51 |- | {{BRA}} || align="right" | 0.88 |- | {{IND}} || align="right" | 0.60 |- | {{USA}} || align="right" | 0.29 |- | {{IDN}} || align="right" | 0.14 |- | {{TUR}} || align="right" | 0.14 |- | {{GRE}} || align="right" | 0.12 |- | {{ARG}} || align="right" | 0.12 |- | {{ITA}} || align="right" | 0.11 |- | {{PAK}}|| align="right" | 0.08 |- |'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''6.38''' |- |colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN] |} ===Sowing=== Tobacco [[seed]]s are started very early in the year. The seeds are scattered onto the surface of the [[soil]], as their [[germination]] is activated by light. In colonial Virginia, seedbeds were fertilized with wood ash or animal [[manure]] (frequently powdered [[horse]] manure). Seedbeds were then covered with branches to protect the young plants from frost damage. These plants were left to grow until around April. In the [[nineteenth century]], young plants came under increasing attack from the flea [[beetle]] (''[[Epitrix cucumeris]]'' or ''[[Epitrix pubescens]]''), causing destruction of half the United States tobacco crop in [[1876]]. In the years afterward, many [[experiment]]s were attempted and discussed to control the flea beetle. By [[1880]] it was discovered that replacing the branches with a frame covered by thin fabric would effectively protect plants from the beetle. This practice spread until it became ubiquitous in the [[1890s]]. Today, in the [[United States]], unlike other countries, tobacco is often fertilized with the mineral [[apatite]] in order to partially starve the plant for [[nitrogen]], which changes the taste. This (together with the use of licorice and other additives) accounts for the different flavor of American cigarettes from those available in other countries. There is, however, some suggestion that this may have [[Tobacco smoke#Radioactive components of tobacco|adverse health effects]] attributable to the [[polonium]] content of apatite. ===Transplanting=== After the plants have reached a certain height, they are transplanted into fields. This was originally done by making a relatively large hole in the tilled earth with a tobacco peg, then placing the small plant in the hole. Various mechanical tobacco planters were invented throughout the late 19th and early 20th century to automate this process, making a hole, fertilizing it, and guiding a plant into the hole with one motion. ===Topping and suckering=== Once the tobacco plants are growing well, they will begin to produce shoots from the joint of each leaf with the stalk. These secondary shoots &mdash; known as "suckers" &mdash; are undesirable as they divert energy that could be directed into the leaves. They are removed in a process known as "suckering" (sometimes spelled "succoring" in older writing). Generally this is done by hand several times during the season. Recently anti-suckering compounds have come into use. At a certain stage of maturity, the plant will produce a flower cluster from its tip, as well as the tips of any suckers that remain on the plant. In order to divert more energy into the leaves, the plant is "topped" &mdash; the top is cut off. ===Harvest=== [[Image:basma-tobacco-drying.jpg|thumb|[[Basma]] leaves drying in the sun at [[Pomak]] village of [[Xanthi]],[[Greece]]]] Tobacco is harvested in one of two ways. In the oldest method, the entire plant is harvested at once by cutting off the stalk at the ground with a curved knife. In the nineteenth century, bright tobacco began to be harvested by pulling individual leaves off the stalk as they ripened. The leaves ripen from the ground upwards, so a field of tobacco may go through several "pullings" before the tobacco is entirely harvested, and the stalks may be turned into the soil. "Cropping" or "pulling" are terms for pulling leaves off tobacco. Leaves are cropped as they ripen, from the bottom of the stalk up. The first crop at the very bottom of the stalks are called "sand lugs", as they are often against the ground and are coated with dirt splashed up when it rains. Sand lugs weigh the most, and are most difficult to work with. Originally workers cropped the tobacco and placed it on mule-pulled sleds. Eventually tractors with wagons were used to transport leaves to the stringer, an apparatus which uses twine to sew leaves onto a stick . Some farmers use "tobacco harvesters" - basically a trailer pulled behind a tractor. The harvester is a wheeled sled or trailer that has seats for the croppers to sit on and seats just in front of these for the "stringers" to sit on. The croppers pull the leaves off in handfuls, and pass these to the "stringer", who loops twine around the handfuls of tobacco and hangs them on a long wooden square pole. Traditionally, the croppers, down in the dark and wet, with their faces getting slapped by the huge tobacco leaves, were men, and the stringers seated on the higher elevated seats were women. The harvester has places for 4 teams of workers: 8 people cropping and stringing, plus a packer who takes the heavy strung poles of wet green tobacco from the stringers and packs them onto the pallet section of the harvester, plus a driver, making the total crew of each harvester 10 people. Interestingly, the outer seats are suspended from the harvester - slung out over to fit into the aisles of tobacco. As these seats are suspended it is important to balance the weight of the 2 outside teams (similar to a playground see-saw). Having too heavy or light a person in an unbalanced combination often results in the harvester tipping over especially when turning around at the end of a lane. Water tanks are a common feature on the harvester due to heat, and danger of de-hydration for the workers. Salt tablets sometimes get used as well. ===Pests=== Pests of tobacco include the [[moth]]s ''[[Endoclita|Endoclita excrescens]]'', ''[[Manduca sexta]]'', and ''[[Manduca quinquemaculata]]''. Other [[Lepidoptera]] whose [[larva]]e use tobacco as a food plant include [[Angle Shades]], [[Cabbage Moth]], [[Mouse Moth]], [[Nutmeg (moth)| Nutmeg Moth]], [[Setaceous Hebrew Character]] and [[Turnip Moth]]. The dry tobacco leaves and [[cigarettes]] are sometimes used as food for the [[Cigarette Beetle]] (Lasioderma serricorne). ===Curing=== [[Image:MyrtlefordVicTobaccoDryingHut.JPG|thumb|[[Myrtleford, Victoria]], Australia: historic tobacco kiln]] Cut plants or pulled leaves are immediately transferred to tobacco barns, where they will be cured. Curing methods varies with the type of tobacco grown, and tobacco barn design varies accordingly. Air-cured tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of weeks. Fire-cured tobacco is hung in large barns where smoldering fires of hardwoods are kept burning. Flue-cured tobacco was originally strung onto tobacco sticks, which were hung from tier-poles in curing barns (Aus: [[kiln]]s, also traditionally called [http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/oast Oasts]). These barns have flues which run from externally-fed fire boxes to the roof, heat-curing the tobacco without exposing it to smoke. Traditional curing barns in the U.S. are falling into disuse, as the trend toward more efficient prefabricated metal "bulk bars", allows greater efficiency. Curing and subsequent aging allows for the slow [[oxidation]] and degradation of [[carotenoid]]s in tobacco leaf. This produces certain compounds in the tobacco leaves very similar and give a sweet hay, [[tea]], [[rose oil]], or fruity aromatic flavor that contribute to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Starch is converted to sugar which [[glycation|glycates]] protein and is oxidized into [[advanced glycation endproduct]]s (AGEs), a [[caramelization]] process that also adds flavor. Inhalation of these AGEs in tobacco smoke contributes to [[atherosclerosis]] and [[cancer]]<ref>{{cite journal | author=Cerami C, Founds H, Nicholl I, Mitsuhashi T, Giordano D, Vanpatten S, Lee A, Al-Abed Y, Vlassara H, Bucala R, Cerami A | title=Tobacco smoke is a source of toxic reactive glycation products | journal=PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (PNAS) | volume=94 | issue=25 | year=1997 | pages=13915-20 | url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/94/25/13915 | id=PMID 9391127 }}</ref>. Unaged or low quality tobacco is often flavoured with these naturally occurring compounds. Tobacco flavoring is a significant part of a multi-million dollar industry. The aging process continues for a period of months and often extends into the post-curing process. ===Post-cure processing=== After tobacco is cured, it is moved from the curing barn into a storage area for processing. If whole plants were cut, the leaves are removed from the tobacco stalks in a process called stripping. For both cut and pulled tobacco, the leaves are then sorted into different grades. In colonial times, the tobacco was then "prized" into hogsheads for transportation. In bright tobacco regions, prizing was replaced by stacking wrapped "hands" into loose piles to be sold at auction. Today, most cured tobacco is baled before sales under contract. ==Other Types== ===Aromatic Fire-cured=== Aromatic Fire-cured smoking tobacco is a robust variety of tobacco used as a condimental for pipe blends. It is cured by smoking over gentle fires. In the United States, it is grown in the western part of Tennessee, Western Kentucky and in [[Virginia]]. Latakia is produced from oriental varieties of ''N. tabacum''. The leaves are cured and smoked over smoldering fires of local hardwoods and aromatic shrubs in [[Cyprus]] and [[Syria]]. Latakia has a pronounced flavor and a very distinctive aroma, and is used in the so-called Balkan and English-style pipe tobacco blends. Fire-cured tobacco grown in [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]] is used in some chewing tobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes and as a condiment leaf in pipe tobacco blends. It has a rich, slightly floral taste, and adds body and aroma to the blend. [[Image:Tobac grnhouse8980.JPG|frame|Mowing young tobacco in greenhouse of half million plants [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]]] ===Brightleaf tobacco=== Prior to the [[American Civil War]], the tobacco grown in the US was almost entirely fire-cured dark-leaf. This was planted in fertile lowlands, used a robust variety of leaf, and was fire cured or air cured. Sometime after the [[War of 1812]], demand for a milder, lighter, more aromatic tobacco arose. [[Ohio]] and [[Maryland]] both innovated quite a bit with milder varieties of the tobacco plant. Farmers around the country experimented with different curing processes. But the breakthrough didn't come until 1854. [[Image:Ripe tobacco leaf 3037.JPG|300px|left|thumb|Brightleaf tobacco leaf ready for harvest. When it turns yellow-green the sugar content is at its peak, and it will cure to a deep golden color with mild taste.The leaves are harvested progressively up the stem from the base, as they ripen.]] It had been noticed for centuries that sandy, highland soil produced thinner, weaker plants. Captain Abisha Slade, of [[Caswell County, North Carolina]] had a good deal of infertile, sandy soil, and planted the new "gold-leaf" varieties on it. Slade owned a slave, Stephen, who accidentally produced the first real bright tobacco. He used charcoal to restart a fire used to cure the crop. The surge of heat turned the leaves yellow. Using that discovery, Slade developed a system for producing bright tobacco, cultivating on poorer soils and using charcoal for heat-curing. News spread through the area pretty quickly. The worthless sandy soil of the [[Appalachia]]n [[Piedmont (United States)|piedmont]] was suddenly profitable, and people rapidly developed flue-curing techniques, a more efficient way of smoke-free curing. By the outbreak of the War, the town of [[Danville, Virginia]] actually had developed a bright-leaf market for the surrounding area in [[Caswell County, North Carolina]] and [[Pittsylvania County, Virginia]]. Danville was also the main railway head for [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] soldiers going to the front. These brought bright tobacco with them from Danville to the lines, traded it with each other and Union soldiers, and developed quite a taste for it. At the end of the war, the soldiers went home and suddenly there was a national market for the local crop. Caswell and Pittsylvania counties were the only two counties in the South that experienced an ''increase'' in total wealth after the war. [[Image:Tobacco blossom 1580.JPG|frame|Tobacco blossom: longtitudinal section [[Hemingway, South Carolina]]]] ===White burley=== In [[1864]], George Webb of [[Brown County, Ohio]] planted Red [[Burley (tobacco)|Burley]] seeds he had purchased, and found that a few of the seedlings had a whitish, sickly look. He transplanted them to the fields anyway, where they grew into mature plants but retained their light color. The cured leaves had an exceedingly fine texture and were exhibited as a curiosity at the market in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]]. The following year he planted ten acres (40,000 m²) from seeds from those plants, which brought a premium at auction. The air-cured leaf was found to be mild tasting and more absorbent than any other variety. ''White Burley'', as it was later called, became the main component in chewing tobacco, American blend pipe tobacco, and American-style cigarettes. The white part of the name is seldom used today, since red burley, a dark air-cured variety of the mid-1800s, no longer exists. ===Shade tobacco=== It is not well known that the northern US state of [[Connecticut]] is also one of the important tobacco-growing regions of the country. Long before [[Europe]]ans arrived in the area, Native Americans harvested wild tobacco plants that grew along the banks of the [[Connecticut River]]. Today, the Connecticut River valley north of [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Connecticut]] is known as [[Tobacco Valley]], and the fields and [[drying shed]]s are visible to travelers on the road to and from [[Bradley Field]], the major Connecticut [[airport]]. The tobacco grown here is known as [[shade tobacco]], and is used as outer wrappers for some of the world's finest [[cigar]]s. Early Connecticut [[colonist]]s acquired from the Native Americans the habit of smoking tobacco in pipes and began cultivating the plant commercially, even though the [[Puritans]] referred to it as the "evil weed". The plant was outlawed in Connecticut in [[1650]], but in the [[1800]]s as [[cigar smoking]] began to be popular, tobacco farming became a major industry, employing farmers, laborers, local youths, southern African Americans, and migrant workers. Working conditions varied from pleasant summer work for students, to backbreaking exploitation of migrants. Each tobacco plant yields only 18 leaves useful as cigar wrappers, and each leaf requires a great deal of individual manual attention after harvesting, some of which must be carried out in the [[drying shed]]s, where the temperature exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit. In [[1921]], Connecticut tobacco production peaked, at 31,000 acres (125 km²) under [[cultivation]]. The rise of [[cigarette smoking]] and the decline of [[cigar smoking]] has caused a corresponding decline in the demand for shade tobacco, reaching a minimum in [[1992]] of 2,000 acres (8 km²) under cultivation. Since then, however, cigar smoking has become more popular again, and in [[1997]] tobacco farming had risen to 4,000 acres (16 km²). The industry has weathered some major [[catastrophe]]s, including a devastating [[hailstorm]] in [[1929]], and an epidemic of [[brown spot fungus]] in [[2000]]. ===Perique=== {{main |Perique}} Perhaps the most strongly-flavored of all tobaccos is the Perique, from [[Saint James Parish, Louisiana|Saint James Parish]], [[Louisiana]]. When the Acadians made their way into this region in 1776, the [[Choctaw]] and [[Chickasaw]] tribes were cultivating a variety of tobacco with a distinctive flavor. A farmer called Pierre Chenet is credited with first turning this local tobacco into the Perique in 1824 through the technique of pressure-fermentation. The tobacco plants are manually kept suckerless, and pruned to exactly 12 leaves, through their early growth. In late June, when the leaves are a dark, rich green and the plants are 24-30 inches (600 to 750 mm) tall, the whole plant is harvested in the late evening and hung to dry in a sideless curing barn. Once the leaves have partially dried, but while still supple (usually less than 2 weeks in the barn), any remaining dirt is removed and the leaves are moistened with water and stemmed by hand. The leaves are then rolled into "torquettes" of approximately 1 pound (450 g) and packed into [[hickory]] [[whiskey]] barrels. The tobacco is then kept under pressure using oak blocks and massive screw jacks, forcing nearly all the air out of the still-moist leaves. Approximately once a month, the pressure is released, and each of the torquettes is "worked" by hand to permit a little air back into the tobacco. After a year of this treatment, the Perique is ready for consumption, although it may be kept fresh under pressure for many years. Extended exposure to air degrades the particular character of the Perique. The finished tobacco is dark brown, nearly black, very moist with a fruity, slightly vinegary aroma. Considered the [[truffle]] of [[smoking pipe|pipe]] tobaccos, the Perique is used as a component of many blended pipe tobaccos, but is too strong to be smoked pure. At one time, the freshly moist Perique was also chewed, but none is now sold for this purpose. Less than 16 acres (65,000 m²) of this crop remain in cultivation, most by a single farmer called Percy Martin, in Grande Pointe, Louisiana. For reasons unknown, the particular flavor and character of the Perique can only be acquired on a small triangle of Saint James Parish, less than 3 by 10 miles (5 by 16 km). Although at its peak, Saint James Parish was producing around 20 tons of the Perique a year, output is now merely a few barrelsful. While traditionally a pipe tobacco (and still available from some specialist tobacconists), the Perique may now also be found in the Perique cigarettes of Santa Fe Natural Tobacco Co., in an approximately 1 part to 5 blend with lighter tobaccos. A similar tobacco, based on pressure-fermented [[Kentucky]] tobacco is available by the name Acadian Green River Perique. ==Tobacco products== ===Snuff=== [[image:copenhagentin.jpg|thumb|right|Copenhagen snuff tin]] Snuff is a generic term for fine-ground smokeless tobacco products. Originally the term referred only to dry snuff, a fine tan dust popular mainly in the eighteenth century. This is often called "Scotch Snuff", a folk-etymology derivation of the scorching process used to dry the cured tobacco by the factory. '''European''' (dry) snuff is intended to be ''sniffed'' up the nose. Snuff is not "snorted" due to the fact that snuff shouldn't get past the nose i.e.; into sinuses, throat or lungs. European snuff comes in several varieties: Plain, Toast (fine ground - ''very'' dry), "Medicated" (menthol, camphor, eucalyptus, etc.), Scented and Schmalzler (a German variety.) The major brand names of European snuff are: Bernards (Germany), Fribourg & Treyer (UK), Gawith (UK), Gawith Hoggarth (UK), Hedges (UK), Lotzbeck (Germany), McChrystal's (UK), Pöschl (Germany) and Wilsons of Sharrow (UK). Snuff has even been found to be beneficial in some cases of hay fever due to the fact that the snuff may prevent allergens from getting to the mucus membrane within the nose.{{fact}} '''American''' snuff is much stronger, and is intended to be dipped. It comes in two varieties -- "sweet" and "salty". Until the early 20th century, snuff dipping was popular in the United States among rural people, who would often use sweet barkless twigs to apply it to their gums. Popular brands are [[Tube Rose]] and [[Navy]]. The second, and more popular in North America, variety of snuff is moist snuff, or [[dipping tobacco]]. This practice is known as "dipping." In the Southern states, taking a "dip" of moist snuff is called "putting a rub in," the moist snuff in the mouth is known as a "rub." This is occasionally referred to as "[[snoose]]" in New England and the Midwest and is derived from the Scandinavian word for snuff, "[[snus]]". Like the word, the origins of moist snuff are Scandinavian, and the oldest American brands indicate that by their names. American Moist snuff is made from dark fire-cured tobacco that is ground, sweetened, and aged by the factory. Prominent North American brands are [[Copenhagen tobacco|Copenhagen]], [[Skoal tobacco|Skoal]], [[Timber Wolf tobacco|Timber Wolf]], [[Chisholm tobacco|Chisholm]], [[Grizzly tobacco|Grizzly]], and [[Kodiak tobacco|Kodiak]]. American moist snuff tends to be dipped. Some modern ''smokeless tobacco'' brands, such as Kodiak, have an aggressive nicotine delivery. This is accomplished with a higher dose of nicotine than cigarettes, a high [[pH]] level (which helps nicotine enter the blood stream faster), and a high portion of unprotonated (free base) nicotine. It has been suggested by ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine that the [[Smoking ban|ban on smoking tobacco]] indoors in some areas, such as [[Britain]] and [[New York City]], may lead to a resurgence in the popularity of snuff as an alternative to tobacco smoking. Although the large-scale closure of British [[mining|mines]] in the 1980s deprived the snuff industry of its major market since snuff became unfashionable (miners took snuff underground instead of smoking to avoid lethal explosions and fires), sales at Britain's largest snuff retailer have reportedly been rising at about 5% per year. <ref name="Economist">[[The Economist]]: ''Thou shalt not inhale'', Issue 8465, February 18th, pg 28</ref> ==== Chewing tobacco ==== {{main|Chewing tobacco}} [[Image:Mailpouch8466.jpg|frame|[[Mail Pouch Tobacco Barn|Mail Pouch Barn]] advertisement: A bit of Americana in southern [[Ohio]]. Mail Pouch painted the barns for free.]] Chewing is one of the oldest ways of consuming tobacco leaves. Native Americans in both North and South America chewed the leaves of the plant, frequently mixed with lime. Modern chewing tobacco is produced in three forms: twist, plug, and scrap. A few manufacturers in the [[United Kingdom]] produce particularly strong twist tobacco meant for use in [[smoking pipe]]s rather than chewing. These twists are not mixed with lime although they may be flavored with whisky, rum, cherry or other flavors common to pipe tobacco. Twist is the oldest form. One to three high-quality leaves are braided and twisted into a rope while green, and then are cured in the same manner as other tobacco. Originally devised by sailors due to fire hazards of smoking at sea; and until recently this was done by farmers for their personal consumption in addition to other tobacco intended for sale. Modern twist is occasionally lightly sweetened. It is still sold commercially, but rarely seen outside of [[Appalachia]]. Popular brands are Mammoth Cave, Moore's Red Leaf, and Cumberland Gap. Users cut a piece off the twist and chew it, expectorating. Plug chewing tobacco is made by pressing together cured tobacco leaves in a sweet (often [[molasses]]-based) syrup. Originally this was done by hand, but since the second half of the [[19th century]] leaves were pressed between large tin sheets. The resulting sheet of tobacco is cut into plugs. Like twist, consumers sometimes cut, but more often bite off a piece of the plug to chew. Major brands are Days O Work and Cannonball. Scrap, or looseleaf chewing tobacco, was originally the excess of plug manufacturing. It is sweetened like plug tobacco, but sold loose in bags rather than a plug. Looseleaf is by far the most popular form of chewing tobacco. Popular brands are [[Red Man]], Beechnut, Mail Pouch and Southern Pride. Looseleaf chewing tobacco can also be dipped. During the peak of popularity of chewing tobacco in the Western [[United States]] in the late 19th century, [[spittoon]]s were a common device for users to spit into. ====Snus==== {{main|snus}} Swedish [[snus]] is different in that it is made from steam-cured tobacco, rather than fire-cured, and its [[snus#Health consequences|health effects]] are markedly different, with epidemiological studies showing dramatically lower rates of cancer and other tobacco-related health problems than cigarettes, American "[[Tobacco#Chewing Tobacco|Chewing Tobacco]]", Indian [[Gutka]] or African varieties. Prominent Swedish brands are [[Swedish Match]], [[Ettan]], and [[Tre Ankare]]. In the Scandinavian countries, moist snuff comes either in loose powder form, to be pressed into a small ball or ovoid either by hand or with the use of a special tool. It is sometimes packaged in small bags, suitable for placing inside the upper lip, called &quot;portion snuff". In the United States, the Skoal brand of moist snuff distributes a similar product, packed with standard american moist snuff, often flavored with fruits or liquors; these small bags are called "Skoal Pouches." These small bags keep the loose tobacco from becoming lodged between the user's teeth; they also generate less spittle when in contact with mucous membranes inside the mouth which extends the usage time of the tobacco product. Since it is not smoked, snuff in general generates less of the nitrosamines and other carcinogens in the tar that forms from the partially anaerobic reactions in the smoldering smoked tobacco. The steam curing of snus rather than fire-curing or flue-curing of other smokeless tobaccos has been demonstrated to generate even fewer of such compounds than other varieties of snuff; 2.8 parts per mil for ''Ettan'' brand compared to as high as 127.9 parts per mil in American brands, according to a study by the State of [[Massachusetts]] Health Department. It is hypothesized that the widespread use of snus by Swedish men (estimated at 30% of Swedish men, possibly because it is much cheaper than cigarettes), displacing tobacco smoking and other varieties of snuff, is responsible for the incidence of tobacco-related mortality in men being significantly lower in Sweden than any other European country. In contrast, since women are much less likely to use snus, their rate of tobacco-related deaths in Sweden is similar to that in other European countries. Snus is clearly less harmful than other tobacco products; according to [[Kenneth Warner]], director of the [[University of Michigan]] Tobacco Research Network, :"The Swedish government has studied this stuff to death, and to date, there is no compelling evidence that it has any adverse health consequences. ... Whatever they eventually find out, it is dramatically less dangerous than smoking." Public health researchers maintain that, nevertheless, even the low nitrosamine levels in snus cannot be completely risk free, but snus proponents maintain that inasmuch as snus is used as a substitute for smoking or a means to quit smoking, the net overall effect is positive, similar to the effect of [[nicotine patch]]es, for instance. Snus is banned in the [[European Union]] countries outside of Sweden (regular snus, not portion, is allowed in Denmark and snus is also becoming a regular among Norwegians, as cigarettes are seen by Norwegian popular culture as untrendy and much more unhealthy than snus). Although this is officially for health reasons, it is widely regarded, in fact, as being for economic reasons, since other smokeless tobacco products (mainly from [[India]]) associated with much greater risk to health are sold too. Although it lacks the carcinogenicity of high levels of nitrosamines, however, any harmful effects of nicotine will still be seen with snus usage. Current research concentrates on nicotine's effect on the circulatory system and on the pancreas. On [[June 11]], [[2006]], [[Reynolds Tobacco]] announced that it would be test marketing Camel brand snus in [[Portland, Oregon]] and [[Austin, Texas]] by the end of the month. The product would be manufactured in Sweden, in conjunction with [[British American Tobacco]], manufacturers of BAT snus. [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/june112006/smokeless_ashtrays_61106.php] ===Gutka=== [[Gutka]] is a tobacco product manufactured and used mainly in [[India]]. It contains [[sweetener]]s, food coloring and [[paan]] [[flavoring]]s . It is used by constantly chewing without swallowing the juices and then spitting the juices out once the mouth is full of the liquid. This results in the walls of most public buildings to be covered in red stains called pichkari, especially in areas where males from lower income levels congregate. ===Creamy snuff=== [[Creamy snuff]] is a tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in [[India]], and is known by the brand names [[Ipco]] (made by [[Asha Industries]]), [[Denobac]], [[Tona]], [[Ganesh]]. According to the U.S [[NIH]]-sponsored [http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/TCRB/stfact_sheet_combined10-23-02.pdf 2002 Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet], it is marketed as a [[dentifrice]]. The same factsheet also mentions that it is "often used to clean teeth. The manufacturer recommends letting the paste linger in the mouth before rinsing." ===Cai Bako=== [[Tobacco water]] is a traditional [[organic farming|organic]] [[insecticide]] used in domestic [[gardening]]. Tobacco dust can be used similarly. It is produced by boiling strong tobacco in water, or by steeping the tobacco in water for a longer period. When cooled the mixture can be applied as a spray, or 'painted' on to the leaves of garden plants, where it will prove deadly to insects. [[Basque people|Basque]] ''angulero'' fishermen kill immature [[eel]]s (elvers) in an [[infusion]] of tobacco leaves before [[parboil]]ing them in salty water for transportation to market as ''angulas'', a seasonal delicacy.[http://www.buber.net/Basque/Food/food1.html]--> ==Baca ogé== *[[Roko]] *[[Nikotin]] *[[Industri bako]] *[[Virus mosaik bako]] *[[Ubar psikoaktif]] *[[Pahpir]] ==Rujukan== <div style="font-size:small;"> <references /> </div> ==Bacaan salajengna== * Breen, T. H. (1985). ''Tobacco Culture''. Princeton Univerisity Press. ISBN 0-691-00596-6. ''Source on tobacco culture in eighteenth-century Virginia pp. 46-55'' * W.K. Collins and S.N. Hawks. "Principles of Flue-Cured Tobacco Production" 1st Edition, 1993 * Fuller, R. Reese (Spring 2003). Perique, the Native Crop. ''Louisiana Life''. * Gately, Iain. ''Tobacco: A Cultural History of How an Exotic Plant Seduced Civilization.'' Grove Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8021-3960-4. * Graves, John. "Tobacco that is not Smoked" in ''From a Limestone Ledge'' (the sections on snuff and chewing tobacco) ISBN 0394512383 * Killebrew, J. B. and Myrick, Herbert (1909). ''Tobacco Leaf: Its Culture and Cure, Marketing and Manufacture.'' Orange Judd Company. ''Source for flea beetle typology (p. 243)'' * Poche, L. Aristee (2002). ''Perique tobacco: Mystery and history''. * Tilley, Nannie May. ''The Bright Tobacco Industry 1860-1929'' ISBN 0405047282. ''Source on flea beetle prevention (pp. 39-43), and history of flue-cured tobacco'' ==Tumbu kaluar== * [http://www.tobacco.org/ Latest news on tobacco and smoking issues] * [http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html/ Timeline of tobacco history] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430225803/http://www.tobacco.org/resources/history/Tobacco_History.html/ |date=2012-04-30 }} * [http://www.stogiefresh.com/ Stogie Fresh: The art and science of storing and aging cigars] * [http://www.cigarenvy.com/ Cigar Envy: Reviews, feature stories, news and information on cigars.] * [http://www.texcigars.com/article/How-Cigars-Are-Made/ How Cigars are Made.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621103043/http://www.texcigars.com/article/How-Cigars-Are-Made/ |date=2009-06-21 }} * [http://www.plot55.com/growing/nicotiana.html Growing Nicotiana species (Plot55.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305171642/http://www.plot55.com/growing/nicotiana.html |date=2012-03-05 }} * [http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/thome/band4/tafel_033.html Image of Nicotiana tabacum from 'Flora von Deutschland Österreich und der Schweiz'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813214046/http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/thome/band4/tafel_033.html |date=2006-08-13 }} * [http://www.liberherbarum.com/Pn0500.HTM Nicotiana tabacum at Liber Herbarum II] * [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants?Nicotiana+tabacum Nicotiana tabacum at Plants for a Future] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926205341/http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants?Nicotiana+tabacum |date=2006-09-26 }} * [http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/survey/mm4819fs.htm Nicotine, pH, and Moisture Content of Six U.S. Commercial Moist Snuff Products [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] tobacco reséarch] * [http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/indexes/vol83index.html Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking, Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation 2004] by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]]. * [http://www.greenfacts.org/tobacco/ A summary of the IARC report] by [[GreenFacts]]. * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3300769.stm BBC report on questions re European Union partial ban on some smokeless tobacco products (''i.e.'' snus)] * [http://www.tobaccoheritage.com/ History of U.S. tobacco farming and commercialization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804005555/http://www.tobaccoheritage.com/ |date=2006-08-04 }} * [http://fact-sheets.com/plants/2006/05/scientists-search-for-healthy-uses-for.html Scientists Search for Healthy Uses for Tobacco] {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Solanaceae]] [[Kategori:Tutuwuhan industri]] ay9g8dee6n164qahr01yf9bfcn2nvmj 0 6452 666742 657337 2024-04-26T10:11:54Z Kwamikagami 10699 wikitext text/x-wiki :'' Keur game arcad, tempo [[Asteroids (game komputer)]]''. [[Gambar:(253) mathilde crop.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[253 Mathilde]], [[Astéroid tipe C]].]] '''Astéroid''', planét leutik, jeung planétoid mangrupa sinonim, sarta digunakeun keur nandaan golongan sagala rupa banda angkasa leutik nu kumalayang dina [[Surya Mandala|sistim suryamandala]] sarta [[orbit|ngorbit]] ka [[panonpoé]]. ''Astéroid'' ([[basa Yunani]] keur "siga-béntang") mangrupa kecap nu sering dipaké dina literatur [[basa Inggris]] keur [[planét leutik]], mangrupa istilah nu dipilih ku [[International Astronomical Union]]; nu séjénna leuwih milih ''planétoid'' (basa Yunani: "siga-planét"). Dina [[définisi ulang planét 2006|Agustus 2006]] ahir, IAU ngawanohkeun istilah ''banda-banda leutik dina sistim suryamandala'' ("[[small solar system body|small solar system bodies]]", SSSBs), nu ngawengku lolobana objék nu satuluyna diklasifikasikeun minangka planét leutik, saperti [[komét]]; aranjeunna ogé ngawanohkeun "planet katé" ("[[dwarf planet]]") keur planét leutik panggedéna. Artikel Wikipedia ieu tetep nyebut planét leutik nu ngorbit dina sistim suryamandala beulah jero (kasarannana nepi ka orbit [[Yupiter (planét)|Yupiter]]). Keur tipe objék séjén, saperti komét, [[objék Trans-Neptunian]], jeung [[Centaur (planétoid)|Centaur]], tempo [[Small solar system body]]. Astéroid nu munggaran kanyahoan, [[1 Ceres|Ceres]] mangrupa asteroid panggedéna nu kiwari diklasifikasikeun minangka [[planét dwarf]], sedengkeun kabéh sésana kiwari diklasifikasikeun minangka SSSBs. lolobana astéroid kaasup kana [[beubeur astéroid]] utama, kalayan orbit [[élips|éliptisna]] aya di antara [[Mars (planét)|Mars]] jeung [[Jupiter]]. Astéroid dianggap minangka sésa ''[[protoplanetary disc]]'', sarta dina wewengkon ieu kumpulan sésa ''protoplanetary'' nu jadi planét dilingkung ku kacona [[gravitasi]] nu gedé alatan pangaruh [[Jupiter]] salila période diwangunna sistim suryamandala. Sababaraha astéroid miboga [[bulan astéroid|bulan]] atawa kapanggih minangka pasangan nu disebut sistim binér. == Astéroid dina sistim suryamandala == [[Gambar:4 Vesta 1 Ceres Moon at 20 km per px.png|thumb|right|Ti kénca ka katuhu: [[4 Vesta]], [[1 Ceres]], [[Bulan]]na Bumi.]] Ratusan tina rébuan astéroid geus katimu dina sajeroeun sistim suryamandala sarta rata-rata panimuan kiwari nyaéta 5000 per bulan. Dina [[27 Agustus]], [[2006]], tina total 339.376 <!--- itungan rékaman astorb.dat ---> planét leutik nu kadaptar, 136.563 di antarana miboga orbit nu cukup dipikawanoh antukna bisa dibéré [[perjangjian pangaranan astronomis|nomer resmi nu permanén]]. Ti antara éta, 13.350<ref>{{cite web|title=Minor Planet Names|accessdate=2006-09-14|url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPNames.html}}</ref> miboga ngaran resmi (trivia: kira-kira 650<!--- Give or take two or so, as the Schmadel and IPA lists disagree a little ---> di antara ngaran ieu merlukeun [[tanda pangwanoh]]). Nomer nu panghandapna tapi mangrupa planét leutik nu teu dingaranan nyaéta [[(3360) 1981 VA]]; planét leutik nu dingaranan kalayan nomer pangluhurna (salian ti [[planét dwarf]] '''[[136199 Eris]]''' jeung '''[[Pluto|134340 Pluto]]''') nyaéta [[129342 Ependes]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (125001)-(130000) |accessdate=2006-07-12|url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/NumberedMPs125001.html}}</ref>. Kiwari diperkirakeun yén astéroid nu diaméterna leuwih ti 1&nbsp;km dina sistim suryamandala jumlah totalna aya antara 1.1 nepi ka 1.9 yuta<ref>{{cite web|title=New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed|accessdate=2006-03-28|url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=7925}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306222828/https://spaceref.com/press-release/new-study-reveals-twice-as-many-asteroids-as-previously-believed/ |date=2023-03-06 }}</ref>. Astéroid panggedéna dina sistim suryamandala beulah jero nyaéta [[1 Ceres]], kalayan diaméter 900–1000&nbsp;km. Dua astéroid beubeur sistim suryamandala beulah jero nyaéta [[2 Pallas]] jeung [[4 Vesta]]; duanana miboga diaméter ~500&nbsp;km. Vesta mangrupa astéroid beubeur pangutamana nu kadang-kadnag katempo ku mata taranjang (dina sababaraha kajadian nu kacida jarangna, astéroid nu deukeuteun bumi bisa katempo tanpa bantuan téhnis; tempo [[99942 Apophis]]). Massa sakabéh astéroid Beubeur Utama diperkirakeun kurang leuwih 3.0-3.6{{e|21}}&nbsp;kg<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt|author=[[Georgij A. Krasinsky|Krasinsky, G. A.]]; Pitjeva, E. V.; Vasilyev, M. V.; Yagudina, E. I.|journal=Icarus|volume=158|number=1|pages=98-105|year=2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Pitjeva, E. V.|title=High-Precision Ephemerides of Planets - EPM and Determination of Some Astronomical Constants|journal=Solar System Research|volume=39|pages=176|year=2005}}</ref>, atawa kurang leuwih 4% tina massa bulan. Tina ieu, [[1 Ceres]] ngawengku 0.95{{e|21}}&nbsp;kg, 32% tina totalna. Satuluyna nyaéta astéroid pangpadetna, [[4 Vesta]] (9%), [[2 Pallas]] (7%), jeung [[10 Hygiea]] (3%), mawa gambaran ieu jadi 51%; tilu deui sanggeusna éta, [[511 Davida]] (1.2%), [[704 Interamnia]] (1.0%), jeung [[3 Juno]] (0.9%), ukur nambah 3% kana massa totalna. Jumlah astéroid satuluyna nambah sacara [[Distribusi éksponénsial|éksponénsial]] sanajan massa masing-masingna turun ogé. ''Tempo ogé [[Daptar astéroid nu kasohor]] dina Sistim Suryamandala urang, atawa [[Daptar astéroid]] dumasar runtuyannana.'' == Klasifikasi astéroid == Astéroid ilaharna digolongkeun jadi grup dumasar kana sipat orbitna sarta detil [[spéktrum nu katempo|spéktrum]] sinar panonpoé anu di''pantul''keunnana. === Kelompok orbit jeung kulawarga === {{utama|kulawarga astéroid|planét leutik}} Loba astéroid geus digolongkeun kana kelompok jeung kulawarga dumasar kana karakteristik orbitna. Geus ilahar pikeun ngaranan hiji kelompok astéroid dumasar kana anggota grup nu munggaran kapanggih. Kelompok rélatif miboga kakaitan nu leuwih longgar, sedengkeun kulawarga leuwih "raket" sarta mangrupa hasil tina rundayan astéroid indungna nu ancur jaman baheula. Keur daptar lengkep ngeunaan kelompok jeung kulawarga astéroid nu kanyahoan, tempo [[planét leutik]] jeung [[kulawarga astéroid]]. === Klasifikasi spéktral === [[Gambar:433eros.jpg|thumb|right|Gambar [[433 Eros]] ieu nunjukkeun panempoan ti salasahiji tungtung astéroid ''across the gouge on its underside and toward the opposite end''. Gambar nu leutikna 35 m ngalintang bisa katempo.]] Dina taun 1975, sistim [[taksonomi]] astéroid dumasar kana [[warna]], [[albedo]], jeung [[garis spéktral|wangun spéktral]] diwangun ku [[Clark R. Chapman]], [[David Morrison]], jeung [[Ben Zellner]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Chapman, C. R., Morrison, D., & Zellner, B.|title=Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry|journal=Icarus|volume=25|pages=104-130|year=1975}}</ref>. Sipat ieu ngarujuk kana komposisi bahan pabeungeutan astéroid. Asalna, aranjeunna ukur ngagolongkeun astéroid jadi tilu rupa: * [[Astéroid tipe C]] - ngandung [[karbon]], 75% tina astéroid nu dipikawanoh * [[Astéroid tipe S]] - ngandung [[silika]], 17% tina astéroid nu dipikawanoh * [[Astéroid tipe M]] - ngandung [[logam]], lolobana astéroid sésana Daptar ieu geus ngagedéan jadi ngawengku tipe-tipe astéroid séjénna. Jumlah tipena terus tumuwuh alatan leuwih lobana deui astéroid nu kaulik. Tempo [[Tipe spéktral astéroid]] keur leuwih detil atawa [[:Kategori:Kelas spéktral astéroid]] pikeun daptarna. Perlu dicatet yén perbandingan astéroid nu kanyahoan nu kabagi jadi mangrupa-rupa tipe spéktral henteu ngaréfléksikeun perbandingan sakabéh astéroid tipe nu kitu; sababaraha tipe leuwih gampang kanyahoan ti batan tipe lianna, nu akibatna ngabiaskeun total astéoid nu aya. ==== Masalah nu patali jeung klasifikasi spéktral ==== Satadina, rancangan spéktral dumasar kana kasimpulan-kasimpulan komposisi astéroid:<ref>{{cite book|last=McSween Jr., Harry Y.|title=Meteorites and Their Parent Planets|id=ISBN 0-521-58751-4}}</ref> * C - [[karbonat|ngandung karbon]] * S - [[silikat|ngandung silikat]] * M - [[Métalik]] Tapi, hubungan antara kelas spéktral jeung komposisi téh henteu salawasna alus, katambah deui réa pisan ragem klasifikasi nu dipaké. Hal ieu geus nyababkeun kabingungan nu cukup serius. ku sabab astéroid dina klasifikasi spéktral nu béda téh sigana dijieun tina bahan nu béda ogé, jadina téh taya jaminan yén astéroid nu kelas taksonomina sarua dijieun tina bahan nu sarua ogé. Kiwari mah, klasifikasi spéktral nu dumasar kana sababaraha survéy spéktroskopis résolusi garis badag dina taun [[1990-an]] masih kénéh dijadikeun standar. Élmuwan henteu bisa nyaluyuan sistim taksonomi nu leuwih alus, alatan héséna manggihan pangukuran detil nu panceg keur sampel astéroid nu loba (contona spéktra résolusi nu leuwih alus, atawa data non-spéktral saperti kapadetan bakal kacida kapakéna). == Pamanggihan astéroid == [[Gambar:243 ida.jpg|thumb|right|[[243 Ida]] jeung bulanna, Dactyl, satelit astéroid munggaran nu kapanggih.]] === Métode pamanggihan historis === Métoda manggihan astéroid geus dimekarkeun sacara drastis salila dua abad katukang. Dina taun-taun terahir [[abad ka-18]], Baron [[Franz Xaver von Zach]] ngorganisir 24 urang [[astronom]] pikeun maluruh "planét nu leungit" di langit nu diperkirakeun 2.8 [[Unit Astronomis|AU]] ti [[Panonpoé]] dumasar kana [[aturan Titius-Bode]], sabagéannana minangka balukar tina pamanggihan planét [[Uranus (planét)|Uranus]], ku Sir [[William Herschel]] taun [[1781]], dina jarak nu "diperkirakeun" ku hukum kasebut. Tugas ieu merlukeun disayagakeunnana peta langit nu digambar ku leungeun keur sakabéh béntang dina pita [[zodiac]] nepikeun ka wates kapusing nu disatujuan. Dina peuting nu patuturut, langit digambar deui sarta objék-objék nu pindah bakal ditandaan ku titik. Gerakan planét leungit nu diharepkeun harita mah 30 detik arc per jam, kakara bisa katempo ku panalungtik. Ironisna, astéroid munggaran, [[1 Ceres]], henteu katimu ku anggota grup, tapi sacara henteu ngahaja dina taun [[1801]] ku [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] diréktur observatorium [[Palermo]], di [[Sicilia]]. Anjeunna manggihan hiji objék siga béntang dina [[Taurus (gugus béntang)|Taurus]] sarta anjeunna nuturkeun parobahan tempat objék ieu salila sababaraha peuting. Babaturannana, [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], ngagunakeun observasi ieu keur nangtukeun jarak pasti ti objék nu teu kanyahoan ieu nepi ka Bumi. Itungan Gauss nempatkeun objék ieu antara planét [[Mars (planét)|Mars]] jeung [[Yupiter (planét)|Yupiter]]. Piazzi ngaranan [[Ceres (mitologi)|Ceres]], déwa tatanén Romawi. Tilu astéroid séjénna ([[2 Pallas]], [[3 Juno]], [[4 Vesta]]) kapanggih ngan sakeudeung, sababaraha taun sanggeusna, Vesta mah kapanggihna taun 1807. Sanggeus dalapan taun deui maluruh tanpa hasil, lolobana astronom nganggep yén geus taya deui astéroid lianna. Ku kituna, pamaluruhan satuluyna dibolaykeun. Sanajan kitu, [[Karl Ludwig Hencke]] mah tetep maluruh astéroid séjénna, nu dimimitian dina taun 1830. Lima belas taun sanggeusna, anjeunna manggihan [[5 Astraea]], astéroid anyar munggaran nu kapanggih deui salila 38 taun. Anjeunna ogé manggih [[6 Hebe]] kurang tina dua taun satuluyna. Sanggeus ieu, astronom séjén milu nalungtik deui antukna satuluyna mah saeutikna hiji astéroid anyar kapanggih sanggeus waktu harita (kajaba wanci perang taun 1945). Nu seneng moro astéroid nu kasohor dina jaman kiwari nyaéta [[John Russell Hind|J. R. Hind]], [[Annibale de Gasparis]], [[Karl Theodor Robert Luther|Robert Luther]], [[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|H. M. S. Goldschmidt]], [[Jean Chacornac]], [[James Ferguson (astronomer)|James Ferguson]], [[Norman Robert Pogson]], [[Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel|E. W. Tempel]], [[James Craig Watson|J. C. Watson]], [[Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters|C. H. F. Peters]], [[Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly|A. Borrelly]], [[Johann Palisa|J. Palisa]], [[Paul Henry and Prosper Henry]] jeung [[Auguste Charlois]]. Dina taun 1891, [[Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf|Max Wolf]] naratas dipigunakeunnana [[astrofotografi]] keur ngadetéksi asteroid, nu katémbong minangka corétan pondok dina pelat fotografis pencahayaan panjang ''(long-exposure)''. Hal ieu sacara drastis nambah rata-rata detéksi lamun dibandingkeun jeung métode visual saméméhna: Wolf sorangan manggih 248 asteroid, nu dimimitian ku [[323 Brucia]], padahal ukur saeutik leuwih ti 300 nu kapanggih nepi ka wanci digunakeunnana métodena Wolf. Deui, saabad sanggeusna, ukur sababaraha ratus asteroid nu kaidéntifikasi, dinomeran jeung dingaranan. Harita ogé sabenerna kanyahoan yén loba kénéh asteroid, tapi lolobana astronom henteu ngawaro, nyebutna ogé "bentang leutik di langit". === Métode pamanggihan modéren === Nepi ka 1998, astéroid pinanggih dina prosés opat léngkah. Kahiji, hiji wewengkon langit [[fotografi|difoto]] ku [[teleskop]] widang lega. Pasangan-pasangan foto dicokot, ilaharna béda sajam. Kumpulan pasangan-pasangan bisa dicokot ngaruntuy sababaraha poé. Kadua, duanana [[film]] dina wewengkon nu sarua ditempo maké [[stéréoskop]]. Sababaraha banda dina orbit sabudeureun Sarangenge bakal pindah saeutik-saeutik antara pasangan film. Dina steréoskop, gambar banda bakal katempo ngambang saeutik dina saluhureun latar tukang béntang-béntang. Katilu, sakali waé hiji banda nu pindah téh kanyahoan, lokasina bisa diukur sacara présisi ngagunakeun mikroskop nu didigitalkeun. Lokasina bakal diukur rélatif kana lokasi béntang nu geus dipikanyaho<ref>{{cite web|title=Carolyn Shoemaker|accessdate=2003-06-23|url=http://astrogeology.usgs.gov/About/People/CarolynShoemaker/}}</ref>. Katilu léngkah tacan mangrupa pamanggihan astéroid: panalungtik ukur nimu kaahéngan, nu ukur meunang [[panangtuan samentara dina astronomi|panangtuan samentara]], nyieun taun pamanggihan, surat nu nunjukkeun minggu pamanggihan, sarta ahirna surat jeung nomer nu nunjukkeun nomer runtuy pamanggihan (conto: {{mp|1998 FJ|74}}). Léngkah pamungkas dina pamanggihan nyaéta ngirim lokasi jeung wanci observasi ka [[Brian Marsden]] di [[Puseur Planét Leutik]]. Dr. Marsden mibanda program komputer nu ngitung yén hiji kaahéngan sarua patalina jeung kaahéngan saméméhna jadi hiji orbit nu sarua. Panalungtik munggaran kalayan orbit nu geus diitung nu dianggep jadi pamanggihna, sarta manéhna meunang kahormatan pikeun ngaranan astéroid nu kapanggih téa (poko keur idin ti [[International Astronomical Union]]) sanggeus dinomeran. === Téhnologi panganyarna: ngadetéksi astéroid nu ngabahyakeun === [[Gambar:Asteroid 2004 FH.gif|thumb|right|[[2004 FH]] nyaéta titik puseur nu diturutan sacara ruruntuyan; objék nu reup bray dina klip nyaéta satelit.]] Aya kahayang nu beuki gedé pikeun ngidéntifikasi astéroid nu orbitna meuntasan orbit [[Bumi]], sarta bisa, tinggal nunggu wanci nu mustari, bisa tabrakan jeung Bumi (tempo [[astéroid nu meuntasan Bumi]]). Tilu grup [[astéroid nu deukeuteun Bumi]] pangpentingna nyaéta [[astéroid Apollo|Apollo]], [[astéroid Amor|Amor]], jeung [[astéroid Aten|Aten]]. Rupa-rupa [[siasat pikeun méngkolkeun astéroid]] geus diusulkeun. Astéroid [[objék deukeuteun Bumi|deukeuteun Bumi]] [[433 Eros]] geus kapanggih ti saprak 1898, sarta dina [[1930-an]] kungsi diributkeun deui ku ayana objék nu sarua. Runtuyan pamanggihannana, nyaéta: [[1221 Amor]], [[1862 Apollo]], [[2101 Adonis]], tur ahirna [[69230 Hermes]], nu jauhna ampir 0.005 [[Astronomical Unit|AU]] ka [[Bumi]] dina taun 1937. Ti harita astronom mimiti sadar ngeunaan tubrukan astéroid jeung Bumi. Dua kajadian dina dasawarsa-dasawarsa terahir nambah tingkat pangéling: beuki ditarimana téori [[Walter Alvarez]] ngeunaan [[lastarina K-T|lastarina dinosaurus]] boa-boa alatan [[kajadian tubrukan]], katambah ku observasi [[Komet Shoemaker-Levy 9]] taun 1994 nu nabrak [[Jupiter (planét)|Jupiter]]. Militér AS ogé nyebutkeun informasi yén satelit militérna, nu diwangun keur ngadetéksi ngabeledugna nuklir, geus ngadetéksi ratusan tubrukan di saluhureun atmosfir ku objék nu bentangannana hiji nepi ka sapuluh méter. Sakabéh pertimbangan-pertimbangan ieu geus ngarojong digunakeunnana sistim otomatis nu kacida éfisiénna nu ngandung kaméra Charge-Coupled Device ([[Charge-coupled device|CCD]]) jeung komputer nu langsung dihubungkeun jeung teleskop. Ti 1998, lolobana astéroid geus kapanggih ngagunakeun sistim otomatis siga kieu. Daptar tim nu ngagunakeun sistim otomatis siga kieu nyaéta:<ref>{{cite web|title=Near Earth Object Program|accessdate=2004-06-23|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/programs}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040513160616/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/programs/ |date=2004-05-13 }}</ref> * Tim [[Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research]] (LINéaR) * Tim [[Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking]] (NéaT) * [[Spacewatch]] * Tim [[LONEOS|Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search]] (LONéoS) * Tim [[Catalina Sky Survey]] (CSS) * Tim [[Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Objects Survey]] (CINéoS) * Tim [[Japanese Spaceguard Association]] * Tim [[Asiago-DLR Asteroid Survey]] (ADAS) Sistim LINéaR nyorangan geus manggihan 67,820 astéroid nepi ka [[13 Juni]], [[2006]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Minor Planet Discover Sites|accessdate=2006-07-12|url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPDiscSites.html}}</ref>. Di antara sakabéh sistim otomatis, 4076 astéroid nu deukeuteun Bumi geus kapanggih <ref>{{cite web|title=Unusual Minor Planets|accessdate=2006-07-14|url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/Unusual.html}}</ref> kaasup 600 leuwih nu diaméterna leuwih ti 1&nbsp;km. == Ngaranan astéroid == === Sawangan: format pangaranan === Astéroid nu kapanggih kiwari-kiwari ieu [[Panandaan samentara dina astronmi|dingaranan samentara]] kalayan ngandung taun pamanggihan jeung kode alfanumeris (kawas [[2002 AT4]]). Lamun hiji orbit geus dikonfirmasi, karék dibéré nomer, sarta saterusna dingaranan (contona [[433 Eros]]). Konvénsi pangaranan resmi maké tanda kurung keur nomerna (contona ''(433) Eros''), tapi miceun tanda kurung ogé mangrupa hal nu ilahar. Sacara teu resmi, ilahar ogé miceun nomer nu marengannana, atawa miceun nomer sanggeus disebutkeun sakali nalika ngaran ieu dibalikan sababaraha kali dina téks. Astéroid nu geus dinomeran tapi tacan dingaranan bakal tetep maké panangtuan samentarana, ''contona''. [[(29075) 1950 DA]]. ku sabab téhnik pamanggihan modéren kacida lobana manggihan astéroid anyar, beuki loba waé astéroid nu teu dingaranan. Astéroid munggaran tanpa ngaran nyaéta [[(3360) 1981 VA]]. Dina sababaraha kajadian, [[Panetepan samentara dina astronomi|panetepan samentara]] hiji astéroid bisa dipaké minangka ngaranna sorangan: [[(15760) 1992 QB₁]] mikeun ngaranna keur kelompok astéroid nu disebut [[cubewano]]. === Nganomeran astéroid === Astéroid dibéré nomer resmi nalika munggaran orbitna ditetepkeun. Marengan gancang nambahanana pamanggihan astéroid, astéroid kiwari dibéré nomer genep angka. Gantina tina lima angka jadi genep angka nyaéta nalika publikasi ''[[Minor Planet Circular]]'' (MPC) [[19 Oktober]], [[2005]], nu nunjukkeun astéroid nu dinomeran pangluhurna luncat ti 99947 jadi 118161. Parobahan ieu nyababkeun krisis leutik saperti "[[Y2k]]" keur sababaraha layanan data otomatis, sabab ukur lima digit nu diidinan dina lolobana format data keur nomer astéroid. lolobana layanan kiwari geus ngalegaan widang nomer astéroid. Keur nu teu bisa dibenerkeun, masalah ieu diréngsékeun ku jalan ngaganti digit pangkéncana (tempatna puluh rébuan) ku [[alfabét]] minangka éksténsi digitna. A=10, B=11,…, Z=35, a=36,…, z=61. Nomer nu luhur saperti 120437 diganti jadi C0437 dina sababaraha daptar. === Sumber keur ngaran === {{utama|Harti ngaran astéroid}} Asteroid-asteroid munggaran nu jumlahna saeutik kénéh dingarananana siga ngaran inohong-inohong tina [[mitologi Graeco-Romawi]], tapi ku sabab ngaran-ngaran ieu kurang kénéh, lianna mah satuluyna maké ngaran jalma nu kasohor, karakter nu patali jeung sastra, ngaran pamajikan nu manggihan, anak-anakna, sarta malahan mah karakter-karaktr dina [[tipi]]. Asteroid munggaran nu dingaranan ku ngaran non-mitologis nyaéta [[20 Massalia]], siga ngaran kota [[Marseille]]. Keur sababaraha waktu, dipaké ukur ngaran awéwé (atawa nu diawéwékeun); [[Alexander von Humboldt]] mangrupa ngaran lalaki munggaran nu miboga ngaran asteroid siga ngaranna, tapi ngaranna diawéwékeun jadi [[54 Alexandra]]. Tradisi nu teu dikecapkeun ieu dipilampah nepi ka ahirna dingaranannana [[334 Chicago]]; malahan mah, ngaran nu diawéwékeun téh jadi ahéng lamun aya dina daptar taun-taun satuluyna. Alatan jumlah asteroid mimiti nepi ka ratusan, malahan mah jadi rébuan, para pamanggih mimiti beuki loba nu méré ngaran sacara sagawayah. Isarat munggaran ngeunaan ieu nyaéta ti mimiti [[482 Petrina]] jeung [[483 Seppina]], nu mana ngaran ieu mangrupa anjing piaraan nu manggihan. Aya saeutik kontrovérsi ngeunaan ieu nepi ka taun 1971, ku dingarananana [[2309 Mr. Spock]] (nu mana lain dingaranan siga karakter dina ''[[Star Trek]]'', tapi siga [[ucing]]na nu nimukeun anu dianggap siga manéhna). Sanajan [[International Astronomical Union|IAU]] satuluyna ngalarang ngaran sato piaraan minangka sumber, ngaran asteroid nu arahéng masih kénéh diajukeun jeung ditarima, saperti [[6042 Cheshirecat]], [[9007 James Bond]], atawa [[26858 Misterrogers]]. === Aturan pangaranan husus === Kangaranan astéroid henteu malulu bébas keur sakabéhna: aya sababaraha rupa astéroid nu aturan-aturannana geus dimekarkeun ngeunaan sumber ngaranna. Contona [[Centaur (planétoid)|Centaur]] (astéroid nu ngorbit antara Saturnus jeung Néptunus) dingaranan dumasar [[centaur]] mitologis, [[astéroid Trojan|Trojan]] dumasar kana pahlawan ti [[Perang Trojan]], sarta [[objék trans-Néptunian]] dumasar sumanget di dunya. Aturan nu geus matuh lianna nyaéta réhna komét dingaranan siga nu nimukeunana, sedengkeun asteroid henteu. salah sahiji cara keur "ngagilekkeun" aturan ieu geus aya keur astronom pikeun silih tukeuran kahormatan ngaranan pamanggihannana jeung astronom lianna. Pangecualian husus keur aturan ieu nyaéta [[96747 Crespodasilva]], nu dingaranan dumasar pamanggihna, [[Lucy d'Escoffier Crespo da Silva]], sabab kacida pikasediheunnana anjeunna pupus sanggeus nimukeun asteroid, dina umur 22 taun<ref>{{cite web|title=Citation from MPC 55988|accessdate=2006-06-05|url=http://scully.cfa.harvard.edu/~cgi/ShowCitation.COM?num=96747}}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MIT News Office: Lucy Crespo da Silva, 22, a senior, dies in fall|accessdate=2006-06-05|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2000/dasilva.html}}</ref>. === Lambang astéroid === Sacara tradisional, asteroid munggaran dilambangan siga carana ngalambangan Bumi, Bulan, Panonpoé jeung planét. Lambang-lambang ieu lila-lila mah henteu nguntungkeun, hésé digambar tur hésé dipikawanohna. Nepi ka ahir taun 1851 aya 15 asteroid nu dipikanyaho, masing-masing (kajaba hiji) miboga lambang sorangan. {| class="wikitable" |- align="center" style="align:center; background:#ffc0c0" ! Astéroid || Lambang |- | [[1 Ceres]] || [[Gambar:Ceres symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|Lambang planét Ceres heubeul]] |- | [[2 Pallas]] || [[Gambar:Pallas symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|Lambang Pallas heubeul]] |- | [[3 Juno]] || [[Gambar:Juno symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|Lambang heubeul Juno]] |- | [[4 Vesta]] || [[Gambar:Vesta symbol (original, fixed width).svg|24px|Lambang Vesta nu heubeul]] [[Gambar:Vesta symbol (fixed width).svg|24px|Lambang astrologis moderen Vesta]] |- | [[5 Astraea]] || [[Gambar:Astraea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[6 Hebe]] || [[Gambar:Hebe symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[7 Iris]] || [[Gambar:Iris symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[8 Flora]] || [[Gambar:Flora symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[9 Metis]] || [[Gambar:Metis symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[10 Hygiea]] || [[Gambar:Hygiea symbol (original, fixed width).svg|24px]] [[Gambar:Hygiea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[11 Parthenope]] || [[Gambar:Parthenope symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[12 Victoria]] || [[Gambar:Victoria symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[13 Egeria]] || [[Gambar:Egeria symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[14 Irene]] || [[Gambar:Irene symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[15 Eunomia]] || [[Gambar:Eunomia symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[16 Psyche]] || [[Gambar:Psyche symbol (elaborate, fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[28 Bellona]] || [[Gambar:Bellona symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[35 Leukothea]] || [[Gambar:Leukothea symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |- | [[37 Fides]] || [[Gambar:Fides symbol (fixed width).svg|24px]] |} [[Johann Franz Encke]] nyieun parobahan gedé dina ''Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch'' (BAJ, "Berlin Astronomical Yearbook") salila taun 1854. Anjeunna ngawanohkeun nomer-nomer nu nguriling ti batan lambang, sanajan nomerna dimimitian ku [[5 Astraea|Astraea]] ogé, da opat nomer munggaran mah terus maké lambang tradisional. Inovasi simbolis ieu diadopsi kacida gancangna ku komunitas astronomis. Taun satuluyna (1855), nomer Astraéa diisedkeun ka 5, tapi Ceres nepi ka Vesta didaptarkeun dumasar nomerna ukur dina édisi 1867. Asteroid lianna ([[28 Bellona]], [[35 Leukothea]], jeung [[37 Fides]]) dilambangan ogé lian ti maké skéma panomeran téh. Kumpulan ngaran ieu ditulis dina jero kurung, sarta tanda kurung ieu kadang-kadang dipiceun dina dasawarsa-dasawarsa satuluyna mah.<ref>{{cite web|title=When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets|work=[[James L. Hilton]]|accessdate=2006-03-26|url=http://aa.usno.navy.mil/hilton/AsteroidHistory/minorplanets.html}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520185324/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/hilton/AsteroidHistory/minorplanets.html |date=2006-05-20 }}</ref> == Éksplorasi astéroid == Nepi ka jaman [[perjalanan angkasa]], astéroid ukur mangrupa titik cahya leutik sanajan ngagunakeun teleskop panggedéna ogé sarta wangun jeung daérahna tetep jadi misteri. Foto [[close-up]] objék nu siga astéroid munggaran dicokot dina taun 1971 nalika [[Mariner 9]] mariksa [[Phobos (bulan)|Phobos]] jeung [[Deimos (bulan)|Deimos]] nu kagambarkeun, nyaéta dua bulan leutik bogana [[Mars (planét)|Mars]], nu meureun nangkep astéroid. Gambar ieu muka wangun astéroid nu teu tangtu tur siga kentang, saperti gambar satuluyna tina pamariksaan [[program Voyager|Voyager]] kana bulan leutik tina [[raksasa gas]]. <!-- [[Image:951 Gaspra.jpg|thumb|right|[[951 Gaspra]], the first asteroid to be imaged in close up.]]--> Asteroid sajati munggaran nu dipoto close-up nyaéta [[951 Gaspra]] taun 1991, dituluykeun taun 1993 ku [[243 Ida]] jeung bulanna [[Dactyl (asteroid)|Dactyl]], nu mana sakabéhna digambarkeun ku [[pesawat angkasa Galileo|panyilidikan Galileo]] ''en route'' ka [[Jupiter (planét)|Jupiter]]. Panyilidikan asteroid resmi munggaran nyaéta [[NEAR Shoemaker]], nu moto [[253 Mathilde]] taun 1997, saméméh asup kana orbit di sabudeureun [[433 Eros]], ahirna badarat dina pabeungeutannana taun 2001. Asteroid lianna dilongok sacara singget ku pesawat angkasa ''en route'' ka tujuan lianna kaasup [[9969 Braille]] (ku [[Deep Space 1]] taun 1999), jeung [[5535 Annefrank]] (ku [[Stardust (pesawat angkasa)|Stardust]] taun 2002). Dina September 2005, panyalidikan urang Jepang [[Hayabusa]] mulai ngulik [[25143 Itokawa]] sacara jéntré tur bakal malikkeun sampel pabeungeutannana ka bumi. Sanggeus ieu, asteroid satuluyna diulik ku urang Éropa [[panyilidikan angkasa Rosetta|panyilidikan Rosetta]] (diayakeun taun 2004), nu bakal ngulik [[2867 Šteins]] jeung [[21 Lutetia]] taun 2008 jeung 2010. [[NASA]] ngarencanakeun ngayakeun [[Misi Fajar]] taun 2007, nu bakal ngorbit [[1 Ceres]] jeung [[4 Vesta]] taun 2011-2015, nu mana misi ieu meureun diteruskeun ka [[2 Pallas]]. Geus diusulkeun yén asteroid keur ka hareupna bisa dipaké minangka sumber bahan nu boa-boa geus langka atawa béak ([[pertambangan asteroid]]). == Astéroid dina fiksi == :''Artikel utama:'' [[Astéroid dina fiksi]] Gambaran umum astéroid (jeung henteu sering, [[Komét]]) dina fiksi nyaéta minangka anceman, nu tabrakannana jeung bumi bisa nyababkeun karusakan nu teu bisa diitung sarta leungitna kahirupan<ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur C.|last=Clarke|title=The Hammer of God|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Larry|last=Niven|title=Lucifer's Hammer|year=1977}}</ref>. Geus jadi dasar dina hipotésis saintifik ngeunaan tabrakan kawas kieu dina mangsa jauh ka tukang nu nyababkeun punahna [[Dinosaurus]] jeung raksasa baheula lianna; sanajan, sabab katingalina mah unggal-unggal tabrakan téh kajadianana dina mangsa sapersauluh juta taun, taya alesan husus (lian ti jadi alur sajarah nu dramatis) pikeun merkirakeun tabrakan anyar kawas kieu dina milénium pangdeukeutna. Cara séjén nu mana astéroid bisa dianggep minangka sumber bahya nyaéta ku jalan ngagambarkeunana minangka bahya keur navigasi, hususna anceman keur kapal nu lumaku ti Bumi ka bagian séjén di saluareun Sistim Suryamandala sarta saterusna perlu ngaliwatan Beubeur Astéroid (atawa nyieun jalan muter di sabudeureunnana nu méakkeun waktu jeung bahan bakar ). Asteroid dina konteks ieu nyadiakeun rohangan keur carita perjalanan angkasa nu sarua jeung batu sarta karang jero cai dina aliran kolot carita pangumbaraan perjalanan di laut<ref>{{cite book|first=Isaac|last=Asimov|title=Lucky Starr and the Pirates of the Asteroids|year=1953}}</ref>. Sarta siga batu jeung karang di sagara, asteroid minangka bahya navigasi bisa dipaké ku nu ngalanggar hukum pikeun nyingkahan udagan. Gambaran Beubeur Asteroid dina film cenderung dikacokeun ku karang nu ngabahyakeun sacara teu réalistis. Dina asteroid nyata, malah sanajan dina beubeur utama, misah kacida jauhna. Saméméh kolonisasi asteroid jadi kamungkinan nu menarik, katertarikan utamana nyaéta tiori-tiori saperti asal-usulna - hususna, tiori yén asteroid mangrupa sésa planét nu bitu. Hal ieu sacara alamiah nungtun urang kana jalan carita SF nu patali jeung kamungkinan yén planét geus ditempatan, sarta lamun enya téa mah - yén pangeusina nyababkeun karuksakanana sorangan, ku cara perang atawa henteu benerna dina ngokolakeun lingkungan sakumna. Satuluyna, bisa jadi tina asteroid nu aya saméméhna nyababkeun karuksakan Bumi atawa planét liana dina mangsa nu bakal datang, sarta bisa jadi parobahanana jadi asteroid anyar.<ref>{{cite book|first=James P.|last=Hogan|title=Inherit the Stars|year=1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Heinlein|title=Space Cadet|year=1948}}</ref> Nalika jejer kolonisasi antarplanét munggaran asup kana SF, Beubeur Asteroid nempatan urutan nu rada handap dina daptar ''real estate'' nu dipikarep, jauh di satukangeun planét-planét siga [[Mars]] jeung [[Vénus]] (sering dibayangkeun minangka sarupaning planét sawarga, nepi ka panyilidikan dina taun [[1960-an]] nu nerangkeun hawa jeung kondisi nu pihariwangeun nalika mendung). ku sabab kitu, dina lolobana carita jeung buku, Beubeur Asetroid, lamun henteu mangrupa bahya nu positif, masih kénéh mangrupa tempat nu mencil dina Sistim Suryamandala nu ditempatan.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Isaac Asimov|title=Marooned off Vesta|journal=Amazing Stories|year=March 1939}}</ref> Prospék keur nempatan planét-planét dina Sistim Suryamandala beuki harieum sajalan jeung pamanggihan nu nambah ngeunaan kaayaannana. Sabalikna, ajén poténsial asteroid nambah, minangka akumulasi nu kacida tina kasajahtraan mineral, bisa diakses dina kondisi gravitasi minimal, sarta ngalengkepan sumberdaya di Bumi nu beuki ngurangan. Carita ngeunaan pertambangan asteroid beuki loba ti saprak ahir [[1940-an]], kalayan léngkah logis satuluyna jadi gambaran ngeunaan masarakat di asteroid— dina sababaraha kaayaan ngali di pabeungeutan, lianna miboga tempat cicing nu wangunna momolo sarta lianna deui dikulibeng ku atmosfir nu tetep di tempatna alatan ayana gravitasi jieunan. Hiji gambaran nu diwangun sarta dibawa ti panulis ka panulis, ngeunaan "Belters" atawa "Rock Rats" minangka individu nu kasar jeung nu mikir bébas, nu mikangewa sakabéh nu berwenang (dina sababaraha buku jeung carita ngeunaan kakawasaan militér jeung pulitis ngeunaan kaayaan nagara di sabudeureun Bumi, lian ti kakawasaan badan hukum tina pausahaan gedé)<;ref>{{cite book|first=Jack|last=Williamson|title=Seetee Ship|year=1950}}</ref>. Saperti kitu, sub-aliran ieu ngabuktikeun dayatarik alamiah keur panulis nu miboga kacenderungan [[Libertarian]] tendencies<ref>{{cite book|first=L. Neil|last=Smith|title=Pallas|year=1993}}</ref>. Leuwih-leuwih, gambaran Beubeur Asteroid minangka Wates Anyar sacara jelas digambarkeun (kadang-kadang kacida eksplisit) dina literatur nu bisa dianggep, Nineteenth-Century [[Frontier]] jeung [[Wild West]]. == Tempo ogé == * [[Beubeur astéroid]] * [[:Kategori:Kelompok jeung kulawarga astéroid|Kategori:Kelompok jeung kulawarga astéroid]] * [[:Kategori:Astéroid|Kategori:Astéroid]] * [[Daptar astéroid]] * [[Daptar astéroid nu dingaranan jalma penting]] * [[Daptar astéroid nu dingaranan tempat]] * [[Daptar astéroid penting]] * [[Harti ngaran astéroid]] * [[Planét leutik]] * [[Puseur planét leutik]] * [[Objék deukeuteun bumi]] * [[Kajadian tabrakan]] * [[Pangecapan ngaran astéroid]] == Référénsi == <references/> == Tumbu kaluar == {{Commonscat|Astéroid}} * [http://www.armageddononline.org/asteroid.php Known Asteroid Impacts & Their Effects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051208010040/http://www.armageddononline.org/asteroid.php |date=2005-12-08 }} * [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/MPNames.html Alphabetical list of minor planet names (ASCII)] (Minor Planet Center) * [http://www.ipa.nw.ru/PAGE/DEPFUND/LSBSS/englenam.htm Alphabetical and numerical lists of minor planet names (Unicode)] (Institute of Applied Astronomy) * [http://newton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/neodys/neoibo Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site] * [http://hamilton.dm.unipi.it/cgi-bin/astdys/astibo Asteroids Dynamic Site] Up-to date [[osculating orbit|osculating]] [[orbital elements]] and [[proper orbital elements]] * [http://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/PAGE/DEPFUND/LSBSS/statmpn.htm Asteroid naming statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311151738/http://quasar.ipa.nw.ru/PAGE/DEPFUND/LSBSS/statmpn.htm |date=2013-03-11 }} * [http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov/ Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024002715/http://neat.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=2015-10-24 }} * [http://www.newscientistspace.com/channel/solar-system/comets-asteroids Everything you wanted to know about comets and asteroids] — Provided by ''[[New Scientist]]''. * [http://www.spaceguarduk.com/ Spaceguard UK] * [http://aa.usno.navy.mil/hilton/AsteroidHistory/minorplanets.html When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520185324/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/hilton/AsteroidHistory/minorplanets.html |date=2006-05-20 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105100522/http://www.astrosurf.com/aude/map/us/AstFamilies2004-05-20.htm Large amount of information on asteroid groups collected by Gérard Faure], translation Richard Miles. * [http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/applets/satellites.html Asteroid Simulator with Moon and Earth] {{clear}} <center>''(navigator astéroid) | [[1 Ceres|Astéroid munggaran]] | ...''</center> {{PlanetLeutik}} {{Suryamandala}} [[Kategori:Astéroid|*]] [[Kategori:Planét leutik]] f2xqaz87061t4q54m1ct1t8e7wwiqwk 0 24451 666740 660447 2024-04-26T07:18:47Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country |native_name = <big>جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان </big><br /><small>''Jamhūrī-ye Islāmī-ye Afġānistān''</small> |conventional_long_name = Républik Islam Apganistan |common_name = Apganistan |image_flag = Flag of Afghanistan.svg |image_coat = |symbol_type = Lambang |image_map = Afghanistan in its region.svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = ''[[Lagu Kabangsaan Apganistan|Milli Surood<br />Surood-e Milli]]'' |official_languages = [[Basa Pérsia|Pérsia]] ([[Dari (Basa Pérsia)|Dari]]), [[Basa Pastun|Pastun]], [[Basa Arab|Arab]] |demonym = Apgan |capital = [[Kabul]] |latd=34 |latm=31 |latNS=N |longd=69 |longm=08 |longEW=E |largest_city = Ibu kota |government_type = [[Républik Islam]] |leader_title1 = [[Présidén Apghanistan|Présidén]] |leader_title2 = [[Wakil Présidén Apganistan|Wakil Présidén (kahiji)]] |leader_name1 = [[Hamid Karzai]] |leader_name2 = [[Mohammad Qasim Fahim]] |leader_title3 = [[Wakil Presiden Apganistan|Wakil Présidén (kadua)]] |leader_name3 = [[Karim Khalili]] |area_rank = ka-41 |area_magnitude = 1_E11 |area = 647.500 |areami² = 251.772 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 0 |population_estimate = 31.889.923 |population_estimate_year = 2007 |population_estimate_rank = ka-37 |population_census = 13.051.358 |population_census_year = 1979 |population_density = 46 |population_densitymi² = 119 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = ka-150 |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP = $32,4 miliar |GDP_PPP_rank = ka-92 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1.490 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ka-158 |HDI_year = 1993 |HDI = 0.229 |HDI_rank = teu karengking |HDI_category = <font color="gray">n/a</font> |FSI = 102.3 {{increase}} 2.5 |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = ka-8 |FSI_category = <font color="#FF0000">Peringetan</font> |sovereignty_type = [[Pajangjian Rawalpindi|Merdika]] |sovereignty_note = ti [[Britania]] |established_event1 = Déklarasi |established_event2 = Diaku |established_date1 = [[8 Agustus]], [[1919]] |established_date2 = [[19 Agustus]], 1919 |currency = [[Afghani Apganistan|Afghani]] |currency_code = AFN |country_code = AFG |time_zone = |utc_offset = +4:30 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 |cctld = [[.af]] |calling_code = 93 |footnote1 = }} '''Apganistan''', resmina '''[[Républik Islam]] Apganistan''' ([[Basa Pérsia]]: '''جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان''', [[Basa Pastun]]:''' د افغانستان اسلامى جمهوريت ''' ), nyaéta hiji nagara [[singkur]] nu aya di jajantungna [[Asia]]. Dicaturkeun kénéh ngeunaan perenahna Apganistan sacara géograpis, naha aya di [[Asia Tengah]]<ref>http://web.utah.edu/meca/2007Conf/2007%20MECA-%20Final%20Program.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720103531/http://web.utah.edu/meca/2007Conf/2007%20MECA-%20Final%20Program.pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}</ref><ref>http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/eng/01/mreo0506.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226204353/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2006/eng/01/mreo0506.pdf |date=2008-02-26 }}</ref>, [[Wétan Tengah]]<ref>http://menic.utexas.edu/Countries_and_Regions/Afghanistan {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509155444/http://menic.utexas.edu/Countries_and_Regions/Afghanistan/ |date=2008-05-09 }} UT - MENIC</ref><ref>[http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_afghanistan.html ''Afghanistan Profile''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312072701/http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_afghanistan.html |date=2008-03-12 }}, National Geographic (dicutatd [[20 Januari]] [[2006]]).</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html#Geo ''Afghanistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035637/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html#Geo |date=2016-07-09 }}, CIA Factbook (dicutat [[20 Januari]] 2006).</ref><ref>[http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=afghanistan ''Afghanistan''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035455/http://www.mideasti.org/countries/countries.php?name=afghanistan |date=2007-09-28 }}, Middle East Institute (dicutat [[20 Januari]] 2006).</ref>, atawa [[Asia Kidul]]<ref name=Berkeley>[http://www.ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/aboutus.html Center for South Asia Studies: University of California, Berkeley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621132352/http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/aboutus.html |date=2008-06-21 }}</ref><ref name=Madison>[http://www.southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/countries.htm Center for South Asia Outreach UW-Madison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227072256/http://www.southasiaoutreach.wisc.edu/countries.htm |date=2010-02-27 }}</ref><ref name=UPenn>[http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/home/views/languages.html Department of South Asia Studies: University of Pennsylvania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304233956/http://www.southasia.upenn.edu/home/views/languages.html |date=2008-03-04 }}</ref><ref name=WorldBank>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,menuPK:158937~pagePK:158889~piPK:146815~theSitePK:223547,00.html South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724140309/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,menuPK:158937%7EpagePK:158889%7EpiPK:146815%7EtheSitePK:223547,00.html |date=2008-07-24 }}</ref><ref name="USGS">MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA [http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |date=2013-12-25 }} Includes Afghanistan</ref><ref name="statedept">Afghanistan-Tajikistan Bridge Links Central, South Asia [http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2007&m=August&x=20070829160347saikceinawz0.2609064] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221010314/http://usinfo.state.gov/xarchives/display.html?p=washfile-english&y=2007&m=August&x=20070829160347saikceinawz0.2609064 |date=2006-02-21 }} Refers to Afghanistan as South Asian and Tajikistan as Central Asian</ref><ref name="uw">University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref><ref name="syra">Syracruse University: The South Asia Center http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |date=2015-03-26 }}</ref>. Apganistan boga patula patali jeung nagara tatanggana sacara relijieus, kasukuan jeung basa, sarta géograpis. Diwatesan ku [[Pakistan]] di wétan jeung,<ref name="India">Catetan suku: The Government of India also considers Afghanistan to be a bordering country. This is because it considers the entire state of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] to be a part of India including the portion bordering [[Afghanistan]]. A ceasefire sponsored by the [[United Nations]] in 1948 froze the positions of Indian and [[Pakistan]]i held territory. As a consequence, the region bordering Afghanistan is in Pakistani-administered territory.</ref> [[Iran]] di kulon, [[Turkménistan]], [[Uzbékistan]], jeung [[Tajikistan]] di kalér, sarta [[Républik Rahayat Cina|Cina]] jauh di wétan kaléreunnana. Ngaran Apganistan hartina "''Lemah [[Urang Pastun|Apgan]]''." == Babagian administratif == {{utama|Propinsi di Apganistan|Distrik di Apganistan}} Apganistan administratifna dibagi kana [[propinsi di Apganistan|34 propnsi]] (''[[wilayah|wilayats]]''), kalawan unggal propinsi miboga ibu kotana sorangan jeung hiji pamaréntahan kapropinsian. Propinsi-propinsina teras dibagi kana (total: kira-kira 398) [[distrik di Apganistan|distrik]]. [[Daptar gubernur propinsi di Apganistan ayeuna|Gubernur propinsi]] ditunjuk ku [[Présidén Apganistan]] sarta gubernur distrik dipilih ku gubernur propinsi. Gubernur propinsi nyaéta pawakilan pikeun pamaréntah puseur di Kabul sarta mibanda tanggung jawab kana sadaya perkawis pamaréntahan jeung kanegrian dina propinsi-propinsina. Aya ogé déwan propinsi nu dipilih langkung pamilu langsung pikeun jabatan 4 taun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |title=Explaining Elections, Independent Election Commission of Afghanistan |publisher=Iec.org.af |date=October 9, 2004 |accessdate=February 4, 2012 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827204439/http://www.iec.org.af/eng/content.php?id=5&cnid=24 |date=August 27, 2010 }}</ref> Kagunaan déwan propinsi nyaéta pikeun nyandak bagian dina rancangan pamekaran propinsi jeung ngring dina ngawasan jeung meunteunan lembaga kapropinsian lian. Dumasar kana Pasal 140 konstitusi jeung dekrit présidén dina hukum pamilihan, [[walikota]] kedah dipilih ;angkung pamilu nu bébas jeung langsung pikeun jabatan 4 taun. Tapi, ku sabab masalah biaya, pamilu kota teu pernah dilaksanakeun, sarta walikota ditunjuk ku pamaréntah. Pikeun ibu kota nagara, Kabul, walikotana ditunjuk ku Présidén Apganistan. Di handap nyaéta 34 [[propinsi di Apganistan]] dina susunan alfabétis sarta petana kalawan nomer di mana propinsi éta ayana. [[Gambar:Afghanistan provinces numbered.png|center|350px|Apganistan dibagi kana [[propinsi di Apganistan|34 propinsi]] sarta unggal propinsi salajengna dibagi kana [[distrik di Apganistan|distrik-distrik]]]] {{col|4}} # [[Propinsi Badakhshan|Badakhshan]] # [[Propinsi Badghis|Badghis]] # [[Propinsi Baghlan|Baghlan]] # [[Propinsi Balkh|Balkh]] # [[Propinsi Bamyan|Bamyan]] # [[Propinsi Daykundi|Daykundi]] # [[Propinsi Farah|Farah]] # [[Propinsi Faryab|Faryab]] # [[Propinsi Ghazni|Ghazni]] # [[Propinsi Ghor|Ghor]] # [[Propinsi Helmand|Helmand]] # [[Propinsi Herat|Herat]] # [[Propinsi Jowzjan|Jowzjan]] # [[Propinsi Kabul|Kabul]] # [[Propinsi Kandahar|Kandahar]] # [[Propinsi Kapisa|Kapisa]] # [[Propinsi Khost|Khost]] # [[Propinsi Konar|Konar]] # [[Propinsi Kunduz|Kunduz]] # [[Propinsi Laghman|Laghman]] # [[Propinsi Logar|Logar]] # [[Propinsi Nangarhar|Nangarhar]] # [[Propinsi Nimruz|Nimruz]] # [[Propinsi Nurestan|Nurestan]] # [[Propinsi Oruzgan|Oruzgan]] # [[Propinsi Paktia|Paktia]] # [[Propinsi Paktika|Paktika]] # [[Propinsi Panjshir|Panjshir]] # [[Propinsi Parvan|Parvan]] # [[Propinsi Samangan|Samangan]] # [[Propinsi Sare Pol|Sare Pol]] # [[Propinsi Takhar|Takhar]] # [[Propinsi Vardak|Wardak]] # [[Propinsi Zabol|Zabol]] </div> == Tempo ogé == <div style="font-size:95%;"> {{columns |gap=1em |col1width=20em |col1 = * [[Perang di Apganistan (2001–kiwari)|Perang di Apganistan]] * [[Daptar pamingpin Apganistan]] * [[Tim Rékonstruksi Propinsi]] * [[International Security Assistance Force]] |col2width=18em |col2 = * [[Hak asasi manusa di Apganistan]] * [[Periode saméméh Islam di Apganistan]] * [[Islamic conquest of Afghanistan]] * ''[[Afuganisu-tan]]'' * [[European influence in Afghanistan]] * [[Foreign relations of Afghanistan]] |col3width=21em |col3 = * [[First Anglo-Afghan War]] * [[Help Afghan School Children Organization]] * [[Afghan Scout Association]] * [[Golden Needle Sewing School]] * [[Afghanaid]] }} '''Perangko''' * [[Postage stamps and postal history of Afghanistan]] * [[List of birds on stamps of Afghanistan]] * [[List of fish on stamps of Afghanistan]] </div> == Bibliograpi == <div class="references-small"> {{columns|width=50% |col1= * Dupree, Nancy Hatch (1977). ''An Historical Guide to Afghanistan''. 2nd Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Afghan Tourist Organization. * Fowler, Corinne. Chasing Tales: Travel writing, journalism and the history of British ideas about Afghanistan, 2007 (forthcoming), Rodopi, Amsterdam and New York. * Ghobar, Mir Gholam Mohammad. Afghanistan in the Course of History, 1999, All Prints Inc. [http://www.cpol.net/history/] * Griffiths, John C. 1981. ''Afghanistan: A History of Conflict''. André Deutsch, London. Updated edition, 2001. Andre Deutsch Ltd, 2002, ISBN 0-233-05053-1. * Levi, Peter. 1972. ''The Light Garden of the Angel King: Journeys in Afghanistan''. Collins, 1972, ISBN 0-00-211042-3. Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1973, Indianapolis/New York, ISBN 0-672-51252-1. * [[William Moorcroft (traveller)|Moorcroft, William]] and [[Trebeck, George]]. 1841. ''Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825'', Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971. Oxford University Press, 1979, ISBN 0-19-577199-0. |col2 = * Rashid, Ahmed (2000) "Taliban - Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia", Yale University Press * [[Olaf Caroe|Caroe, Olaf]]. 1958. ''The Pathans'' (on the ethnic origin of Afghans). * Shahrani, M. Nazif. (1979) ''The Kirghiz and Wakhi of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers and War''. University of Washington Press. 1st paperback edition with new preface and epilogue (2002). ISBN 0-295-98262-4. * Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. ''Between Oxus and Jumna''. Oxford University Press, London. ISBN B0006DBR44. * Wood, John. 1872. ''A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus''. New Edition, edited by his son, with an essay on the "Geography of the Valley of the Oxus" by Henry Yule. John Murray, London. Gregg Division McGraw-Hill, 1971, ISBN 0-576-03322-7. * Heathcote, T.A. The Afghan Wars 1839–1999, 1980,2003, Spellmount Staplehurst. * Rall, Ted. 2002. "To Afghanistan and Back: A Graphic Travelogue" New York: NBM Publishing. * Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. ''The Afghans''. Blackwell Publishers. Oxford. ISBN 0631198415. }} </div> == Rujukan jeung catetan suku == {{Reflist|2}} == Tumbu luar == {{Wikisource1911Enc|Afghanistan}} {{sisterlinks|Afghanistan}} <div style="font-size:95%;"> '''Loka pamaréntah resmi''' * [http://www.af/ Official website of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621015944/http://president.gov.af/ |date=2010-06-21 }} * [http://www.president.gov.af/ Official website of the President of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621015944/http://www.president.gov.af/ |date=2010-06-21 }} * [http://www.loc.gov/law/guide/afghanistan.html Laws of Afghanistan] * [http://www.customs.gov.af/ Afghanistan Customs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111153242/http://www.customs.gov.af/ |date=2007-11-11 }} * [http://www.ands.gov.af/ Afghanistan National Development Strategy (ANDS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928082412/http://www.ands.gov.af/ |date=2008-09-28 }} * [http://www.aisa.org.af/ Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415145549/http://www.aisa.org.af/ |date=2007-04-15 }} '''Informasi umum''' * {{CIA World Factbook link|af|Afghanistan}} * [http://www.embassyofafghanistan.org/brief.html Afghanistan in Brief (Embassy of Afghanistan)] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/country_profiles/1162668.stm BBC News Country Profile - Afghanistan] * [http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/destinationAfghanistan.aspx CDC Health Information for Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114130215/http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/destinationAfghanistan.aspx |date=2007-11-14 }} * [http://numismondo.com/pm/afg Afghanistan's Paper Money] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021022175857/http://numismondo.com/pm/afg/ |date=2002-10-22 }} {{wikivoyage|Afghanistan}} '''Budaya jeung warta''' * [http://www.afghan-web.com/ Afghanistan Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218214918/https://www.afghan-web.com/ |date=2021-12-18 }} * [http://www.islamicrepublicofafghanistan.com Islamic Republic Of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017170425/http://www.islamicrepublicofafghanistan.com/ |date=2008-10-17 }} Afghan cultural issues * [http://www.afghanistan.culturalprofiles.net/ Afghanistan Cultural Profile] - Afghanistan national cultural portal * [http://www.kabulpress.org/indexkabul.htm KabulPress.org] * [http://www.aopnews.com/ Afghan Online Press] * [http://www.afgha.com/ News, Information, Pictures from Afghanistan] * [http://www.pajhwok.com/ Local Afghan News] * [http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/ RAWA News] * [http://www.bakhtarnews.com.af/?Lang=E Bakhtar News Agency (Official Afghan Agency)] * [http://www.eafghans.com/ General Afghan Information and Entertainment Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071111134949/http://eafghans.com/ |date=2007-11-11 }} '''Lianna''' * [http://asiapolis.perspektive89.com/gallery Picture galleries from Kabul and Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613121333/http://asiapolis.perspektive89.com/gallery |date=2007-06-13 }} * [http://www.afghanistan-photos.com Old photos of Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506205344/http://www.afghanistan-photos.com/ |date=2019-05-06 }} * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/world/asia/centralasia/afghanistan/returntoafghanistan/returntoafghanistan.htm Return to Afghanistan - Short films by the Washington Post on the New Afghanistan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20030621192703/http://www.mod.uk/rcds/bashir.htm British Royal College for Defense Studies analyses and proposes a war in August 2001] * [http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=804&rel= Afghanistan: The Genesis of the Final Crusade, an insider's perspective of the war on Afghanistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221113316/http://www.icssa.org/article_detail_parse.php?a_id=804&rel= |date=2008-02-21 }} * [http://www.theafghanistandirectory.com/ The Afghanistan Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011053655/http://theafghanistandirectory.com/ |date=2007-10-11 }} </div> {{Template group |title = Géografi lokal |list = {{Countries of Central Asia}} {{Countries of South Asia}} {{Countries and territories of the Middle East}} {{Countries of Asia}} }} {{Template group |title = Kaanggotaan internasional |list = {{Islamic republics}} {{Indo-Iranian-speaking regions}} {{South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)|state=collapsed}} }} {{Countries_of_the_Indosphere}} [[Kategori:Apganistan| ]] [[Kategori:Nagara Asia Tengah]] [[Kategori:Plato Iran]] [[Kategori:Républik Islam]] [[Kategori:Nagara Islam]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu dilingkung]] [[Kategori:Nagara nu kirang kawangun]] [[Kategori:Anggota OSI]] [[Kategori:Anggota SAARC]] [[Kategori:Anggota Pasarikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] [[Kategori:Nagara Wétan Tengah]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Pastun]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu maké basa Pérsia]] [[Kategori:Nagara di Asia Kidul]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1709]] [[Kategori:Nu ngadeg taun 1747]] [[Kategori:Wewengkon nu dikawasa militér]] {{nagara-geo-stub}} pydzltl4y9gd9qotbjxvrbtkjnauw8y 0 35826 666743 652847 2024-04-26T10:12:12Z Kwamikagami 10699 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:SPHERE image of Hygiea.jpg|thumb|right|hygiea]] '''Hygiéa''' (simbol: [[File:Hygiea symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|⯚]]) nyaéta hiji [[astéroid]] perenahna di [[Beubeur astéroid]] utama.<ref name="sumber1">{{id}}[http://www.uniknya.com/2011/05/5-asteroid-paling-terkenal-di-tata-surya-kita/=id 5 Asteroid paling terkenal di Tata Surya]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (diaksés tanggal 2 Desember 2011)</ref> Kalayan diaméter anu saeutik ''membujur'' sapanjang 350–500&nbsp;km, sarta mibanda massa kira-kira 2,9% ti total massa [[Beubeur Astéroid]], Hygiéa nyaéta objek pangbadagna kaopat di wewengkon kasebut dina hal volume sarta massa.<ref name="sumber1"/> Hygiéa nyaéta anu pangbadagna pikeun kelas [[astéroid]] gelap tipe-c kalayan permukaan anu beunghar karbon.<ref name="sumber1"/> Sanajan mangrupa [[astéroid]] pangbadagna di wewengkonna, alatan permukaannya anu gelap sarta jaraknya anu sacara rata-rata leuwih laér ka [[Panonpoé]], mangka manéhna kasampak pohara redup sabot dititénan ti [[Bumi]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Alatan ékol kasebut, sawatara [[astéroid]] leutik leuwih tiheula kapanggih [[Annibale de Gasparis]], saméméh manéhna manggihan Hygiéa ping 12 April [[1849]].<ref name="sumber1"/> Dina lolobana oposisi, Hygiéa miboga ''magnitudo'' opat order leuwih redup batan [[Vesta]]. Ngimeutan Hygiéa baris merlukeun sahenteuna teleskop 100&nbsp;mm (4 inci), sedengkeun dina oposisi perihelik, manéhna meureun bisa dititénan kalayan binokular 10×50.<ref name="sumber1"/> Massa sakumna [[astéroid]] [[Beubeur]] Utama kira-kira kira-kira 3.0-3.61021&nbsp;kg[4][5], atawa kurang leuwih 4% tina massa [[bulan]].<ref name="sumber2">{{id}}[http://indonesiaindonesia.com/f/2399-asteroid/=id Asteroid] (diaksés tanggal 3 Desember 2011)</ref> Ti kakabéhanana ieu, 1 [[Ceres]] miboga massa 0.951021&nbsp;kg, 32% ti totalna.<ref name="sumber2"/> Saterusna [[astéroid]] pangmundelna, 4 [[Vesta]] (9%), 2 [[Pallas]] (7%), sarta 10 Hygiéa (3%), ngajadikeun perkiraan ieu jadi 51%; tilu saterusna, 511 [[Davida]] (1.2%), 704 [[Interamnia]] (1.0%), sarta 3 [[Juno]] (0.9%), ngan nambahan 3% ti massa totalna.<ref name="sumber2"/> Jumlah [[astéroid]] saterusna nambahan sacara eksponensial sanajan massa unggal turun.<ref name="sumber2"/> ==Rujukan== {{reflist}} {{pondok}} [[Kategori:Surya Mandala]] [[Kategori:Astéroid]] 6gy61zm5z1mxumj4ypyzruosifvetec 4 45544 666738 665483 2024-04-25T20:20:39Z MediaWiki message delivery 11074 /* Berikan suara Anda dalam pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama */ bagean anyar wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{Hider kaca sawala|Kawijakan|alpha=yes|start=100|Kaca salawa baagian '''kawijakan''' digunakeun pikeun nyawalakeun ajuan kawijakan jeung palanggeran ogé parobahan [[WP:Policies and guidelines|kawijakan jeung palanggeran]] anu aya.<br>Saupamana Anjeun hayang ngajukeun hiji hal anyar anu '''teu''' aya pakuat-pakaitna jeung kawijakan, mangka kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:SA|ajuan]]'''.<br> Mun Anjeun boga pitanyaeun ngeunaan kabahasaan siga palanggeran sarta éjahan basa Sunda anu merenah, mangka kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:SB|basa]]'''. <br>Ieu mah '''lain tempat ajang néangan bongbolongan''' anu sipatna téknis, éta mah kudu ka bagian '''[[WP:ST|téknis]]''' wé. Mangga ilikan '''[[Wikipedia:NLD|kaca NLD (nu loba ditanyakeun)]]''' pikeun caraman sarta hal-hal anu diheugbaékeun sarta. |WP:SK|WP:SWKJ}}__NEWSECTIONLINK__ __TOC__ <span id="below_toc"></span> [[Category:Sawala Wikipedia]] </noinclude> {{clear}} == Arsip == * [[/2015-2019]] == Wiki Loves Folklore == [[File:WLL Subtitled Logo (transparent).svg|100px|right|frameless]] '''Hello Folks,''' Wiki Loves Love is back again in 2020 iteration as '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' from 1 February, 2020 - 29 February, 2020. Join us to celebrate the local cultural heritage of your region with the theme of folklore in the international photography contest at [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wllove Wikimedia Commons]. Images, videos and audios representing different forms of folk cultures and new forms of heritage that haven’t otherwise been documented so far are welcome submissions in Wiki Loves Folklore. Learn more about the contest at [[m:Wiki Loves Folklore|Meta-Wiki]] and [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Commons]]. '''Kind regards,'''<br/> [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore/International Team|'''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''']]<br/> <small>&mdash;&nbsp;[[User:Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">'''Tulsi Bhagat'''</font>]] <small>([[Special:Contributions/Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">contribs</font>]] &#124; [[User talk:Tulsi Bhagat|<font color="black">talk</font>]])</small><br/> sent using [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2020 06.15 (UTC)</small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tulsi Bhagat@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wll&oldid=19716850 --> == Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project == Hello The Wikimedia Foundation’s Community Development team is seeking to learn more about the way volunteers learn and develop into the many different roles that exist in the movement. Our goal is to build a movement informed framework that provides shared clarity and outlines accessible pathways on how to grow and develop skills within the movement. To this end, we are looking to speak with you, our community to learn about your journey as a Wikimedia volunteer. Whether you joined yesterday or have been here from the very start, we want to hear about the many ways volunteers join and contribute to our movement. To learn more about the project, [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project|please visit the Meta page]]. If you are interested in participating in the project, please complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegM07N1FK_s0VUECM61AlWOthwdn5zQOlVsa2vaKcx13BwZg/viewform?usp=sf_link this simple Google form]. Although we may not be able to speak to everyone who expresses interest, we encourage you to complete this short form if you are interested in participating! -- [[user:LMiranda (WMF)|LMiranda (WMF)]] ([[user talk:LMiranda (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Januari 2020 19.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19738989 --> == Additional interface for edit conflicts on talk pages == ''Sorry, for writing this text in English. If you could help to translate it, it would be appreciated.'' You might know the new interface for edit conflicts (currently a beta feature). Now, Wikimedia Germany is designing an additional interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This interface is shown to you when you write on a discussion page and another person writes a discussion post in the same line and saves it before you do. With this additional editing conflict interface you can adjust the order of the comments and edit your comment. We are inviting everyone to have a look at [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|the planned feature]]. Let us know what you think on our [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|central feedback page]]! -- For the Technical Wishes Team: [[m:User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 26 Pébruari 2020 14.15 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19845780 --> :Thank you for the info! [[Pamaké:Kumincir|nandar]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Kumincir|sawala]]) 27 Pébruari 2020 11.00 (UTC) == Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]] The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]]. The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]]. [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]] The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now. This early version can sign and indent comments automatically. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].</strong> *On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias: [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]]. If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]]. *The team is planning some upcoming changes. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page.</strong> The team will test features such as: **an easy way to mention another editor ("pinging"), **a rich-text visual editing option, and **other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors. To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|<strong>"Get involved"</strong>]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]]. – [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 8 April 2020 19.27 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox3&oldid=19967063 --> == Editing news 2020 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar. [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]] This issue of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|<strong>Reply tool</strong>]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias). The Beta Feature is called "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}". The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon. The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing <code>@</code>. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] now. Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|<strong>New requirements for user signatures</strong>]]: Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable. Most editors will not be affected. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|<strong>New discussion tool</strong>]]: The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Usage of talk pages|<strong>Research on the use of talk pages</strong>]]: The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles. We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages. – [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 17 Juni 2020 20.33 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20184653 --> == Annual contest Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos == [[File:WPWP logo 1.png|150px|right|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP)]] This is to invite you to join the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign starts today 1st July 2020 and closes 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 1 Juli 2020 08.24 (UTC) ''feel free to translate this message to your local language when this helps your community'' <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/MassMessage&oldid=20232618 --> == Feedback on movement names == {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{int:please-translate}} if necessary. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} There are a lot of conversations happening about the future of our movement names. We hope that you are part of these discussions and that your community is represented. Since 16 June, the Foundation Brand Team has been running a [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9G2dN7P0T7gPqpD survey] in 7 languages about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project/Naming convention proposals|3 naming options]]. There are also community members sharing concerns about renaming in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community open letter on renaming|Community Open Letter]]. Our goal in this call for feedback is to hear from across the community, so we encourage you to participate in the survey, the open letter, or both. The survey will go through 7 July in all timezones. Input from the survey and discussions will be analyzed and published on Meta-Wiki. Thanks for thinking about the future of the movement, --[[:m:Talk:Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project|The Brand Project team]], 2 Juli 2020 19.42 (UTC) ''Note: The survey is conducted via a third-party service, which may subject it to additional terms. For more information on privacy and data-handling, see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Naming Convention Proposals Movement Feedback Survey Privacy Statement|survey privacy statement]].'' <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20238830 --> : Thank you for sending us this message. We will discuss this topic with the other administrators and Wikipedians. Hopefully we can participate on the survey. -- [[Pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|ilhamkang]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Ilham.nurwansah|sawala]]) 4 Juli 2020 00.28 (UTC) == Editing news 2020 #3 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"> == Warta Editing 2020 #3 == <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:50M@2x.png|thumb|alt=Béntang emas maké ribon paul, sarta téks 50j|Leuwih ti <strong>50 juta éditan</strong> geus dijieun maké éditor visual dina déstop.|400px]] Seven years ago this month, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] offered the visual editor to most Wikipedia editors. Since then, editors have achieved many milestones: * More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop. * More than <strong>2 million new articles</strong> have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019. * The visual editor is <strong>increasingly popular</strong>. The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has increased every year since its introduction. * In 2019, <strong>35% of the edits by newcomers</strong> (logged-in editors with ≤99 edits) used the visual editor. This percentage has <strong>increased every year</strong>. * Almost <strong>5 million edits on the mobile site</strong> have been made with the visual editor. Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018. * On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 <strong>first edit from outer space</strong>] was made in the mobile visual editor. 🚀 👩‍🚀 * Editors have made more than <strong>7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor</strong>, including starting <strong>600,000 new articles</strong> in it. The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]]. [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 9 Juli 2020 12.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=20232673 --> == Announcing a new wiki project! Welcome, Abstract Wikipedia == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi all, It is my honor to introduce Abstract Wikipedia, a new project that has been unanimously approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. Abstract Wikipedia proposes a new way to generate baseline encyclopedic content in a multilingual fashion, allowing more contributors and more readers to share more knowledge in more languages. It is an approach that aims to make cross-lingual cooperation easier on our projects, increase the sustainability of our movement through expanding access to participation, improve the user experience for readers of all languages, and innovate in free knowledge by connecting some of the strengths of our movement to create something new. This is our first new project in over seven years. Abstract Wikipedia was submitted as a project proposal by Denny Vrandečić in May 2020 <ref>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]</ref> after years of preparation and research, leading to a detailed plan and lively discussions in the Wikimedia communities. We know that the energy and the creativity of the community often runs up against language barriers, and information that is available in one language may not make it to other language Wikipedias. Abstract Wikipedia intends to look and feel like a Wikipedia, but build on the powerful, language-independent conceptual models of Wikidata, with the goal of letting volunteers create and maintain Wikipedia articles across our polyglot Wikimedia world. The project will allow volunteers to assemble the fundamentals of an article using words and entities from Wikidata. Because Wikidata uses conceptual models that are meant to be universal across languages, it should be possible to use and extend these building blocks of knowledge to create models for articles that also have universal value. Using code, volunteers will be able to translate these abstract “articles” into their own languages. If successful, this could eventually allow everyone to read about any topic in Wikidata in their own language. As you can imagine, this work will require a lot of software development, and a lot of cooperation among Wikimedians. In order to make this effort possible, Denny will join the Foundation as a staff member in July and lead this initiative. You may know Denny as the creator of Wikidata, a long-time community member, a former staff member at Wikimedia Deutschland, and a former Trustee at the Wikimedia Foundation <ref>[[m:User:Denny|User:Denny]]</ref>. We are very excited that Denny will bring his skills and expertise to work on this project alongside the Foundation’s product, technology, and community liaison teams. It is important to acknowledge that this is an experimental project, and that every Wikipedia community has different needs. This project may offer some communities great advantages. Other communities may engage less. Every language Wikipedia community will be free to choose and moderate whether or how they would use content from this project. We are excited that this new wiki-project has the possibility to advance knowledge equity through increased access to knowledge. It also invites us to consider and engage with critical questions about how and by whom knowledge is constructed. We look forward to working in cooperation with the communities to think through these important questions. There is much to do as we begin designing a plan for Abstract Wikipedia in close collaboration with our communities. I encourage you to get involved by going to the project page and joining the new mailing list <ref>[[mail:abstract-wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia mailing list]]</ref>. We recognize that Abstract Wikipedia is ambitious, but we also recognize its potential. We invite you all to join us on a new, unexplored path. Yours, Katherine Maher (Executive Director, Wikimedia Foundation) <references/> </div> <small>Sent by [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 9 Juli 2020 20.10 (UTC) - '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/July 2020 announcement]]''' </small> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20265921 --> == Kode Etik Universal (''Universal Code of Conduct'') == ''Mohon maaf bila pesan ini tidak diterjemahkan dari bahasa Indonesia. Anda dapat menerjemahkannya ke dalam bahasa Sunda bila perlu.'' Meneruskan pesan dari tim [[:meta:Trust and Safety|Trust and Safety WMF]]: Dalam 19 tahun terakhir, para Wikimedian telah bahu-membahu membangun sumber daya pengetahuan bebas paling besar dalam sejarah umat manusia. Dalam waktu yang singkat, Wikimedia telah tumbuh dari sekelompok kecil penyunting menjadi sebuah masyarakat besar yang terdiri atas para editor, pengembang, mitra berafiliasi, pembaca, penyumbang, dan rekan kerja sama. Anda tentu menyadari bahwa untuk komunitas masih harus bekerja keras untuk bisa mewujudkan cita-cita Wikimedia, yang terejawantahkan pada pernyataan "bayangkan sebuah dunia di mana setiap orang dapat berbagi segala macam pengetahuan dengan bebas" (''imagine a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge''). Di sisi lain, komunitas Wikimedia masih belum memiliki panduan yang jelas dan mengikat untuk menciptakan sebuah lingkungan di mana pengetahuan bebas dapat dibagikan tanpa sebarang ketakutan. Untuk menciptakan hal itu, perlulah dijamin keamanan dan kenyamanan semua orang yang ingin berbagi pengetahuan secara bebas, sehingga dapat mendorong mereka untuk bergabung dan berkontribusi. Singkatnya, diperlukan sebuah panduan yang dapat membangun sebuah lingkungan yang inklusif, konstruktif, dan mendorong pembebasan pengetahuan. Selama ini, telah ada perbincangan atas perlunya sebuah peraturan perilaku global yang mengikat seluruh komunitas Wikimedia. Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia telah mengumumkan '''[[:meta:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/May 2020 - Board of Trustees on Healthy Community Culture, Inclusivity, and Safe Spaces|''Community Culture Statement'']]''' yang menjadi panduan untuk mencegah pelecehan dan menganjurkan inklusivitas di seluruh proyek Wikimedia. Sebagai pelaksanaan dari pernyataan tersebut, sebuah '''Kode Etik Universal''' (''Universal Code of Conduct'') akan diadakan sebagai standar minimum di seluruh proyek Wikimedia dan akan berlaku bagi para sukarelawan maupun staf Wikimedia di seluruh dunia. Kode Etik ini akan menjadi dasar pertimbangan dalam seluruh kegiatan di Wikimedia, baik itu pada tingkat proyek, kelompok, maupun perseorangan. Mari berpartipasi dalam perbincangan mengenai Kode Etik Universal ini: apa yang mesti diatur dan tidak perlu diatur, bagaimana cara peraturan ini berkembang dan diterapkan, dan apa untung-ruginya bagi komunitas Wikimedia. Komunitas Anda adalah bagian dari Wikimedia, dan suara Anda amat berharga. Anda dapat memulai dengan membaca rancangan [[:meta:Universal Code of Conduct|'''Kode Etik Universal''']] dan membincangkannya di [[:meta:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct|'''halaman diskusinya''']]. Agar lebih banyak anggota komunitas Wikimedia yang berpartisipasi, Anda dianjurkan untuk '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct&language=en&action=page&filter= menerjemahkan rancangan Kode Etik Universal ke dalam bahasa Anda]'''. Perlu dicatat bahwa jika halaman Kode Etik Universal tersebut belum diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Anda, usulan atau tanggapan dalam bahasa selain Inggris pada diskusi yang dimulai dengan bahasa Inggris akan tetap diterima. Salam, [[Pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|David Wadie Fisher-Freberg]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:David Wadie Fisher-Freberg|sawala]]) 14 Juli 2020 18.38 (UTC) == Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter and FileImporter]] will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. How does it work? Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link "Move file to Wikimedia Commons" on the local file page. Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration_file_documentation|configuration file]] which is created and maintained by each local wiki community. Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons. If you want to know more about the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter extension]] or the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|Technical Wishes Project]], follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: </div>[[User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 6 Agustus 2020 09.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=20343133 --> == Important: maintenance operation on September 1st == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Baca ieu surat dina séjén basa]] [[foundation:|Yayasan Wikimédia]] bakal nguji puseur data sekundér. Ieu pikeun mastikeun yén Wikipédia jeung wiki Wikimédia séjénna bisa angger onlén najan aya bencana. Pikeun mastikeun yén sakabéhna jalan, departemén Téknologi Wikimédia kudu migawé uji anu direncana. Ieu uji bakal némbongkeun bisa henteuna pindah ti hiji puseur data ka puseur data séjénna. Gawé kieu butuh loba tim pikeun nataharkeun uji sarta sayaga menerkeun lamun aya masalah anu teu dipiharep. Maranéhna bakal mindahkeun sakabéh patalimarga ka puseur data sekundér poé '''Salasa, 1 Séptémber 2020'''. Hanjakalna, kusabab ayana kawates di [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], sakabéh gawé ngédit kudu eureun nalika pindah. Ku kituna kami ménta hampura, jaga mah muga-muga bisa leuwih hadé. '''Anjeun bakal bisa maca, tapi teu bisa ngaropéa/ngédit, sakur wiki dina waktu éta.''' *Anjeun moal bisa ngédit nepi ka sajam dina poé Salasa, 1 Séptémber. Ujina bakal dimimitian dina [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200901T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, jeung di Selandia Anyar 02:00 NZST poé Rebo 2 Séptémber). *Lamun nyoba ngédit dina mangsa éta, anjeun bakal manggih iber éror. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' </div></div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 26 Agustus 2020 13.49 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20384955 --> == Invitation to participate in the conversation == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies for cross-posting, and that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following announcement may be available on '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/Invitation (long version)|Meta]]'''. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' We are excited to share '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct]]''', which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020. The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved? Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too. To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcomed to translate this message and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review]]. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. To learn more about the UCoC project, see the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] page, and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|FAQ]], on Meta. Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]], 10 Séptémber 2020 17.55 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Draft_review/Invitation_(long_version)/List&oldid=20440292 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki where the community can work together on a library of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Wiki_of_functions_naming_contest#function|functions]]. The community can create new functions, read about them, discuss them, and share them. Some of these functions will be used to help create language-independent Wikipedia articles that can be displayed in any language, as part of the Abstract Wikipedia project. But functions will also be usable in many other situations. There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with voting beginning on 29 September and 27 October. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on 8 December. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 29 Séptémber 2020 21.22 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_5&oldid=20492309 --> == Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric|check the full announcement]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Qgil-WMF|Qgil-WMF]] ([[m:User talk:Qgil-WMF|talk]]) 7 Oktober 2020 17.17 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Board&oldid=20519859 --> == Important: maintenance operation on October 27 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 14:00 UTC] (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of October 26, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2020_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> -- <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 21 Oktober 2020 17.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20519839 --> == Wiki of functions naming contest - Round 2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose the name for the new Wikimedia wiki project - the library of functions. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikicode, Wikicodex, Wikifunctions, Wikifusion, Wikilambda, Wikimedia Functions</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest/Names|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] </div> 5 Nopémber 2020 22.10 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20564572 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021 == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021]]''' telah dibuka! Survei ini adalah proses dimana komunitas akan memutuskan apa yang tim [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] harus kerjakan selama satu tahun kedepan. Kami mendorong semua orang untuk mengirimkan proposal hingga batas waktu berakhir pada '''{{#time:j xg|2020-11-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}''', atau mengomentari proposal lain untuk membuatnya menjadi lebih baik. Komunitas akan memberikan suara pada proposal antara {{#time: j xg|2020-12-08| {{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} dan {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. Tim Community Tech berfokus pada perkakas-perkakas bagi penyunting Wikimedia berpengalaman. Anda dapat menulis proposal dalam bahasa apa pun, dan kami akan menerjemahkannya untuk Anda. Kami tak sabar ingin melihat proposal Anda! Terima kasih. [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 20 Nopémber 2020 05.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=20689321 --> == Global bot policy proposal: invitation to a Meta discussion == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! I apologize for sending a message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. According to [[:m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|the list]], your wiki project currently is opted in to the [[:m:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bot policy]]. Under this policy, bots that fix double redirects or maintain interwiki links are allowed to operate under a global bot flag that is assigned directly by the stewards. As the Wikimedia projects developed, the need for the current global bot policy decreased, and in the past years, no bots were appointed via that policy. That is mainly given Wikidata were estabilished in 2013, and it is no longer necessary to have dozens of bots that maintain interwiki links. A [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|proposal]] was made at Meta-Wiki, which proposes that the stewards will be authorized to determine whether an uncontroversial task may be assigned a global bot flag. The stewards already assign permissions that are more impactful on many wikis, namely, [[:m:GS|global sysops]] and [[:m:GR|global renamers]], and I do not think that trust should be an issue. The stewards will assign the permission only to time-proven bots that are already approved at a number of projects, like [[:m:User:ListeriaBot|ListeriaBot]]. By this message, I would like to invite you to comment [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|in the global RFC]], to voice your opinion about this matter. Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br /> [[User:Martin Urbanec|Martin Urbanec]] ([[:m:User talk:Martin Urbanec|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 24 Nopémber 2020 11.49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Martin Urbanec@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Martin_Urbanec/sand&oldid=20709229 --> == Wikidata descriptions changes to be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for sending this message in English. Translations are available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Announcements/Announcement Wikidata descriptions in watchlist|this page]]. Feel free to translate it in more languages!'' As you may know, you can include changes coming from Wikidata in your Watchlist and Recent Changes ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist|in your preferences]]). Until now, this feature didn’t always include changes made on Wikidata descriptions due to the way Wikidata tracks the data used in a given article. Starting on December 3rd, the Watchlist and Recent Changes will include changes on the descriptions of Wikidata Items that are used in the pages that you watch. This will only include descriptions in the language of your wiki to make sure that you’re only seeing changes that are relevant to your wiki. This improvement was requested by many users from different projects. We hope that it can help you monitor the changes on Wikidata descriptions that affect your wiki and participate in the effort of improving the data quality on Wikidata for all Wikimedia wikis and beyond. Note: if you didn’t use the Wikidata watchlist integration feature for a long time, feel free to give it another chance! The feature has been improved since the beginning and the content it displays is more precise and useful than at the beginning of the feature in 2015. If you encounter any issue or want to provide feedback, feel free to use [[Phab:T191831|this Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks! [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 30 Nopémber 2020 14.39 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/wikis&oldid=20728482 --> == 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony on December 11th == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2020 [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on Friday, December 11th, at 17:00 GMT. This award is highlighting tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects, and the ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to the tools developers and maybe discover new tools! You will find more information [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|here]] about the livestream and the discussions channels. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 7 Désémber 2020 10.55 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20734978 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="id" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''Kami mengundang semua pengguna terdaftar untuk memberikan suara pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Survei Harapan Komunitas 2021]]. Anda dapat memberi suara mulai dari sekarang hingga {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|id}} dalam harapan berbeda sebanyak-banyaknya.''' Dalam survei ini, harapan untuk perkakas baru dan yang lebih baik untuk editor berpengalaman akan dikumpulkan. Setelah pemungutan suara berlangsung, kami akan melakukan yang terbaik untuk mengabulkan harapanmu. Kami akan memulai dengan harapan yang terpopuler. Kami, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]], adalah salah satu tim dari [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. Kami membuat dan meningkatkan perkakas penyuntingan dan administrasi wiki. Apa yang kami kerjakan ditentukan berdasarkan hasil Survei Harapan Komunitas ini. Setahun sekali, Anda dapat mengirimkan sejumlah harapan. Setelah dua minggu berlangsung, Anda memilih salah satu harapan yang paling diminati. Selanjutnya, kami memilih harapan dari survei tersebut untuk dikerjakan. Beberapa harapan lain mungkin dikerjakan oleh pengembang sukarelawan atau tim lain. Kami menunggu suara Anda. Terima kasih! </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 11 Désémber 2020 14.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=20689321 --> == Undangan urun pikiran dalam konsultasi Kode Etik Universal == Salam, Anda diundang untuk ikut urun pikiran dan gagasan pada proses konsultasi tahap kedua '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]]''' (UCoC). Konsultasi tahap kedua UCoC akan berfokus pada perumusan mekanisme penerapan dan penegakan yang efektif dan berlaku bagi seluruh proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Tahap kedua ini penting mengingat UCoC merupakan salah satu mandat utama dari proses [[meta:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2018-20/Recommendations/Provide for Safety and Inclusion|Strategi Gerakan Wikimedia]] dan akan menjadi standar minimum bagi kebijakan tingkah laku di proyek-proyek Wikimedia. Komunitas bahasa Sunda, sebagai bagian dari komunitas Wikimedia di Indonesia, akan memainkan peran yang penting dalam penegakan UCoC berdasarkan nilai-nilai lokal, pengalaman terdahulu, ingatan institusional, dan kearifan budaya yang berlaku di sini. Kami menyediakan beberapa bahan bacaan yang dapat membantu Anda mengetahui dasar-dasar mengenai UCoC. Anda dapat membaca '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/id|rancangan akhir UCoC]]''' yang disusun oleh komite staf dan sukarelawan Wikimedia; '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/Initial 2020 Consultations/id|laporan akhir]]''' dari konsultasi tahap pertama mengenai perumusan UCoC; dan '''[[meta:Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ/id|pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang sering ditanyakan]]''' terkait UCoC (FAQ). Anda dapat berpartisipasi dengan berkomentar di '''[https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Permohonan_pendapat/Pelaksanaan_Kode_Etik_Universal halaman permohonan pendapat]''', yang akan dibuka sampai akhir bulan Februari 2021. Namun, bila Anda memiliki pertanyaan lain atau ingin menyampaikan respon yang dirasa lebih sesuai disampaikan pada ruang privat, silakan kirimkan surel atau tinggalkan pesan di halaman pembicaraan saya untuk mengatur cara komunikasi yang lebih sesuai dengan kondisi Anda. Kami memohon maaf karena keterbatasan sumber daya, diskusi hanya dapat diselenggarakan dalam bahasa Indonesia dan tidak dalam bahasa-bahasa daerah lain yang dipertuturkan di Indonesia. Namun, Anda amat dianjurkan untuk berkomentar dan menyampaikan pendapat sesuai dengan kondisi komunitas Sunda. Terima kasih atas perhatian dan partisipasi Anda. Kami menunggu sumbangan pemikiran dan pendapat yang baik, dalam rangka membuat gerakan Wikimedia sebuah tempat yang lebih nyaman bagi semua orang. Salam hangat, [[Pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|sawala]]) 17 Januari 2021 23.32 (UTC) :Halo semua. Untuk mengetahui secara lebih spesifik lagi dari komunitas Wikimedia di Indonesia, kami mengundang Anda untuk mengisi survei tentang Kode Etik Universal di '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScTt6L1S4_7ENltfoVGuGdVqhy9wwcpqYL5kGBafEPt8bVJSw/viewform tautan ini]'''. Terima kasih! [[Pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:RamzyM (WMF)|sawala]]) 10 Pébruari 2021 07.42 (UTC) == Moving Wikimania 2021 to a Virtual Event == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikimania_logo_with_text_2.svg|right|alt=Wikimania's logo.|75px]] ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' [[:m:Wikimania 2021|Wikimania will be a virtual event this year]], and hosted by a wide group of community members. Whenever the next in-person large gathering is possible again, [[:m:ESEAP Hub|the ESEAP Core Organizing Team]] will be in charge of it. Stay tuned for more information about how ''you'' can get involved in the planning process and other aspects of the event. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2021-January/096141.html Please read the longer version of this announcement on wikimedia-l]. ''ESEAP Core Organizing Team, Wikimania Steering Committee, Wikimedia Foundation Events Team'', 27 Januari 2021 15.16 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikimania21&oldid=21014617 --> == Project Grant Open Call == This is the announcement for the [[m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] open call that started on January 11, with the submission deadline of February 10, 2021.<br> This first open call will be focussed on Community Organizing proposals. A second open call focused on research and software proposals is scheduled from February 15 with a submission deadline of March 16, 2021.<br> For the Round 1 open call, we invite you to propose grant applications that fall under community development and organizing (offline and online) categories. Project Grant funds are available to support individuals, groups, and organizations to implement new experiments and proven ideas, from organizing a better process on your wiki, coordinating a campaign or editathon series to providing other support for community building. We offer the following resources to help you plan your project and complete a grant proposal:<br> * Weekly proposals clinics via Zoom during the Open Call. Join us for [[m:Grants:Project|#Upcoming_Proposal_Clinics|real-time discussions]] with Program Officers and select thematic experts and get live feedback about your Project Grants proposal. We’ll answer questions and help you make your proposal better. We also offer these support pages to help you build your proposal: * [[m:Grants:Project/Tutorial|Video tutorials]] for writing a strong application<br> * General [[m:Grants:Project/Plan|planning page]] for Project Grants <br> * [[m:Grants:Project/Learn|Program guidelines and criteria]]<br> Program officers are also available to offer individualized proposal support upon request. Contact us if you would like feedback or more information.<br> We are excited to see your grant ideas that will support our community and make an impact on the future of Wikimedia projects. Put your idea into motion, and [[m:Grants:Project/Apply|submit your proposal]] by February 10, 2021!<br> Please feel free to get in touch with questions about getting started with your grant application, or about serving on the Project Grants Committee. Contact us at projectgrants{{at}}wikimedia.org. Please help us translate this message to your local language. [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 28 Januari 2021 08.01 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RSharma (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20808431 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2021 is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2021|Wiki Loves Folklore 2021]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the 1st till the 28th of February. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2021 submitting] them in this commons contest. Please support us in translating the [[:c:Commons: Wiki Loves Folklore 2021|project page]] and a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Translate?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-wikiloveslove2020&language=en&filter=%21translated&action=translate|one-line banner message] to help us spread the word in your native language. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 6 Pébruari 2021 13.25 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wll&oldid=21073884 --> == Feminism & Folklore 1 February - 31 March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|Feminism and Folklore]] writing contest'''. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, etc. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles centered on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch-hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2021/List of Articles|suggested articles here]]. You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]]. Thank you. Feminism and Folklore team, [[m:User:Joy Agyepong|Joy Agyepong]] ([[m:User talk:Joy Agyepong|talk]]) 16 Pébruari 2021 02.40 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=20421065 --> == Wikifunctions logo contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Hello}}. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-Wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 2 Maret 2021 01.47 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21087740 --> == Universal Code of Conduct – 2021 consultations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> === Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 === {{int:please-translate}} The [[:wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']] provides a universal baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement and all its projects. The project is currently in Phase 2, outlining clear enforcement pathways. You can read more about the whole project on its [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''project page''']]. ==== Drafting Committee: Call for applications ==== The Wikimedia Foundation is recruiting volunteers to join a committee to draft how to make the code enforceable. Volunteers on the committee will commit between 2 and 6 hours per week from late April through July and again in October and November. It is important that the committee be diverse and inclusive, and have a range of experiences, including both experienced users and newcomers, and those who have received or responded to, as well as those who have been falsely accused of harassment. To apply and learn more about the process, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee]]. ==== 2021 community consultations: Notice and call for volunteers / translators ==== From 5 April – 5 May 2021 there will be conversations on many Wikimedia projects about how to enforce the UCoC. We are looking for volunteers to translate key material, as well as to help host consultations on their own languages or projects using suggested [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Discussion|key questions]]. If you are interested in volunteering for either of these roles, please [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|contact us]] in whatever language you are most comfortable. To learn more about this work and other conversations taking place, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations]]. -- [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Xeno (WMF)|talk]]) 5 April 2021 22.09 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Without_Russian,_Polish_and_translated/6&oldid=21302337 --> == Global bot policy changes == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:hello}}! I apologize for sending a message in English. {{int:please-translate}}. According to [[:m:Bot_policy/Implementation#Where_it_is_policy|the list]], your wiki project is currently opted in to the [[:m:Bot_policy#Global_bots|global bot policy]]. As such, I want to let you know about some changes that were made after the [[:m:Requests for comment/Refine global bot policy|global RfC]] was closed. *Global bots are now subject to a 2 week discussion, and it'll be publicized via a MassMessage list, available at [[:m:Bot policy/New global bot discussion|Bot policy/New global bot discussion]] on Meta. Please subscribe yourself or your wiki if you are interested in new global bots proposals. *For a bot to be considered for approval, it must demonstrate it is welcomed in multiple projects, and a good way to do that is to have the bot flag on at least 5 wikis for a single task. *The bot operator should make sure to adhere to the wiki's preference as related to the use of the bot flag (i.e., if a wiki doesn't want a bot to use the flag as it edits, that should be followed). Thank you for your time. Best regards,<br /> —'''''<span style="font-family:Candara">[[User:Tks4Fish|<span style="color:black">Thanks for the fish!</span>]] ^{[[User Talk:Tks4Fish|<span style="color:blue">talk</span>]]•[[Special:Contribs/Tks4Fish|contribs]]}</span>''''' 6 April 2021 18.48 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tks4Fish@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tks4Fish/temp&oldid=21306363 --> == Line numbering coming soon to all wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Technical_Wishes_–_Line_numbering_-_2010_wikitext_editor.png|thumb|Example]] From April 15, you can enable line numbering in some wikitext editors - for now in the template namespace, coming to more namespaces soon. This will make it easier to detect line breaks and to refer to a particular line in discussions. These numbers will be shown if you enable the syntax highlighting feature ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), which is supported in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017]] wikitext editors. More information can be found on [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|this project page]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|on this talk page]]. </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12 April 2021 15.09 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21329014 --> == Suggested Values == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From April 29, it will be possible to suggest values for parameters in templates. Suggested values can be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] and will then be shown as a drop-down list in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|VisualEditor]]. This allows template users to quickly select an appropriate value. This way, it prevents potential errors and reduces the effort needed to fill the template with values. It will still be possible to fill in values other than the suggested ones. More information, including the supported parameter types and how to create suggested values: [[mw:Help:TemplateData#suggestedvalues|[1]]] [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters|[2]]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|on this talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] 22 April 2021 14.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21361904 --> == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 1, June 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1|Read the full newsletter]]</span> ---- Welcome to the first issue of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct News]]! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|subscribe here]]. You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|add your name here]] if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Affiliate consultations''' – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec1|continue reading]]) * '''2021 key consultations''' – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec2|continue reading]]) * '''Roundtable discussions''' – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec3|continue reading]]) * '''Phase 2 drafting committee''' – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec4|continue reading]]) * '''Diff blogs''' – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec5|continue reading]])</div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 11 Juni 2021 23.06 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SOyeyele (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SOyeyele_(WMF)/Announcements/Other_languages&oldid=21578291 --> == Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions == [[File:Wikimania logo with text 2.svg|right|200px]] Dear all, Wikimania 2021 will be [[:wikimania:2021:Save the date and the Core Organizing Team|hosted virtually]] for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers|Core Organizing Team]] (COT) for Wikimania 2021. '''Event Program''' - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Language Accessibility|here]]. Below are some links to guide you through; * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions|Program Submissions]] * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines|Session Submission Guidelines]] * [[:wikimania:2021:FAQ|FAQ]] Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021. '''Announcements'''- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section [[:wikimania:2021:Announcements|here]]. '''Office Hour''' - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have. Details can be found [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers#Office hours schedule|here.]] Best regards, [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 16 Juni 2021 04.18 (UTC) On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Bodhisattwa@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21597568 --> == Editing news 2021 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="su" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2021/June|Baca dina séjén basa]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Pendaptaran pikeun ieu wartasurat multibasa]]</em> [[File:Reply Tool A-B test comment completion.png|alt=<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Junior contributors comment completion rate across all participating Wikipedias</span>|thumb|296x296px|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When newcomers had the Reply tool and tried to post on a talk page, they were more successful at posting a comment. ([https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ Source])</span>]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply Tool]]. The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped [[mw:Talk pages project/Glossary|newer editors]] communicate on wiki. The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The key results were:</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Newer editors who had automatic ("default on") access to the Reply tool were [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ more likely] to post a comment on a talk page.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ less likely] to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful.</span> <strong><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Looking ahead</span></strong> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months. This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The next step is to [[phab:T280599|resolve a technical challenge]]. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the [[phab:T267379|Wikipedias that participated in the study]]. After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|in Beta Features]] now. After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].</span> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">talk</span>]]) </div> 24 Juni 2021 14.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21624491 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. <!-- They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. --> Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1624975200 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of June 28. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2021_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 27 Juni 2021 01.19 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21463754 --> == Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guidelines review == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="content"/>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Komite Perumus Fase 2]] meminta pendapat, pandangan, dan komentar mengenai '''[[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|Rancangan Panduan Penegakan]]''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Kode Etik Universal]] (UCoC). Periode peninjauan ini akan berlangsung dari 17 Agustus hingga 17 Oktober 2021. Panduan penegakan ini masih bersifat rancangan. Anda dapat membantu menyempurnakannya dengan memberikan pandangan Anda. Komite Perumus akan menyempurnakan teks naskah panduan ini selaras dengan umpan balik yang didapat dari para anggota komunitas. Anda dapat berkomentar menggunakan bahasa apa pun pada [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|halaman pembicaraan]] dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Discussions|beberapa saluran diskusi]] lainnya. Anggota komunitas dianjurkan pula untuk mengorganisir diskusi dan percakapan mengenai hal ini pada komunitas mereka. Berikut beberapa diskusi yang akan dilangsungkan dan membahas mengenai Rancangan Panduan Penegakan UCoC: :[[wmania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Sesi Wikimania 2021]] - 16 Agustus @ 11:00 UTC - 11:45 UTC :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation hours|Jam kerja terbuka]] - 24 Agustus, 31 Agustus, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC & 14:00 UTC :[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Forum diskusi virtual]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC & 15:00 UTC Ringkasan hasil diskusi akan dipublikasikan setiap dua minggu [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee/Digests|di sini]]. Harap beritahu saya jika Anda punya pertanyaan.<section end="content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17 Agustus 2021 23.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895766 --> == Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election has come to an end == Thank you for participating in the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021|2021 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]! Voting closed August 31 at 23:59. The official data, including the four most voted candidates, will be announced as soon as the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] completes their review of the ballots. The official announcement of the new trustees appointed will happen later, once the selected candidates have been confirmed by the Board. 6,946 community members from 216 wiki projects have voted. This makes 10.2% global participation, 1.1% higher than in the last Board elections. In 2017, 5167 people from 202 wiki projects cast their vote. A full analysis is planned to be published in a few days when the confirmed results are announced. In the meantime, you can check the [[:meta:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Stats|data produced during the election]]. Diversity was an important goal with these elections. Messages about the Board election were translated into 61 languages. This outreach worked well. There were 70 communities with eligible voters voting in this election for the first time. With your help, next year’s Board of Trustees election will be even better. 2 Séptémber 2021 10.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=21895840 --> == The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello everyone, We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well. Summary: <div style="font-style:italic;"> We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]]. </div> === Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year === In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published. However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]]. We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist. === Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities === We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes. === A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet === We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe. We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon! === Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase === If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes! === Feedback === * What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages? * How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]] * What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022? * What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022? Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings. </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 7 Séptémber 2021 00.23 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>Tim Strategi Gerakan mengundang Anda untuk [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|mendaftar menjadi anggota Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan]]. Periode pendaftaran dimulai pada 2 Agustus 2021 dan berakhir pada 14 September 2021. Para anggota Komite diharapkan dapat mewakili [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|tingkat keberagaman]] dalam gerakan Wikimedia. Hal ini diukur melalui faktor gender, bahasa yang dipertuturkan, geografis, dan pengalaman berpartisipasi dalam proyek Wikimedia, organisasi mitra, dan Yayasan Wikimedia. Kefasihan berbahasa Inggris tidak diperlukan untuk menjadi anggota Komite. Jika diperlukan, jasa penerjemahan dan penafsiran akan disediakan. Anggota Komite akan mendapatkan tunjangan sebesar US$100 setiap dua bulan untuk membantu biaya keikutsertaan yang mungkin diperlukan. Kami mencari individu yang memiliki [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|kemampuan berikut ini]]: * Mampu menulis secara kolaboratif (pengalaman yang demonstratif adalah nilah tambah) * Bersedia untuk mencari jalan tengah. * Berfokus pada inklusi dan keberagaman. * Mengetahui seluk-beluk konsultasi komunitas. * Memiliki pengalaman komunikasi antarbudaya. * Memiliki pengalaman dalam tata kelola organisasi nirlaba atau komunitas. * Berpengalaman dalam bernegosisasi dengan pihak-pihak yang berbeda. Komite ini diperkirakan akan beranggotakan sekitar 15 orang. Jika ada 20 calon atau lebih, akan dilangsungkan proses pemilihan dan seleksi. Jika ada 19 calon atau kurang, proses seleksi akan berlangsung tanpa pemilihan. <div class="mw-translate-fuzzy"> Mari sertai langkah maju gerakan Wikimedia! Calonkan diri Anda [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|pada halaman ini]]. Jika Anda punya pertanyaan lebih lanjut, silakan hubungi strategy2030{{at}}wikimedia.org. </div><section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 10 Séptémber 2021 17.02 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22002240 --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Séptémber 2021 00.45 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Talk to the Community Tech == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello! As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join''']. '''Agenda''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022 * Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes * Questions and answers '''Format''' The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English. We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting. '''Invitation link''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online] * Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390 * One tap mobile ** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York) ** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose) * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location] See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 11 Séptémber 2021 03.03 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 --> == Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter == Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Pamaké:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:Dušan Kreheľ|sawala]]) 30 Séptémber 2021 01.56 (UTC) == Lenyepan kumaha carana Hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan bisa ngarojong rencana Strategi Gerakan anjeun == <section begin="announcement-content"/>Hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan ayeuna nyadiakeun leuwih ti $2,000 USD pikeun ngajalankeun rarancang Strategi Gerakan. Baca leuwih lengkep ngeunaan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|hibah Implementasi Strategi Gerakan, pasaratan, jeung cara daptar]].<section end="annoumcent-content"/> [[Pamaké:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|sawala]]) 24 Oktober 2021 08.22 (UTC) == Nepangkeun anggota anyar Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan == :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Prosés pamilihan Komite Perumus Piagam Gerakan geus réngsé. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|Hasil pamilihan geus diémbarkeun]]. Aya 1018 pamilon geus méré sora pikeun milih tujuh anggota komite: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|Prosés apiliat]] geus milih genep anggota: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * Yayasan Wikimédia geus [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|nunjuk]] dua anggota: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. Komite sagancangna bakal ngayakeun sawala pikeun mitembeyan makarya. Komite bisa nunjuk nepi ka tilu aonggota lianna pikeun jadi cukang karageman jeung kasenjangan kaahlian. Lamun anjeun aya kereteg pikeun aub dina prosés panyusunan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Piagam Gerakan]], tuturkeun pamutahiranana [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|di Méta]] tur gabung ka [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf grup Telegram]. Panuhun ti tim Tata Keloka jeung Strategi Gerakan.--[[Pamaké:SOyeyele (WMF)|SOyeyele (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:SOyeyele (WMF)|sawala]]) 1 Nopémber 2021 18.19 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 28th''' of February. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2022 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 9 Januari 2022 13.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22560402 --> == Survei Harapan Komunitas 2022 == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|right|200px]] '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey {{{year|2022}}}|Survei Harapan Komunitas {{{year|2022}}}]]''' telah dibuka!''' Survei ini adalah proses dimana komunitas akan memutuskan apa yang tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech| Community Tech]] harus kerjakan selama satu tahun kedepan. Kami mendorong semua orang untuk mengirimkan proposal hingga batas waktu berakhir pada '''23 Januari''', atau mengomentari proposal lain untuk membuatnya menjadi lebih baik. Komunitas akan memberikan suara pada proposal antara 28 Januari dan 11 Februari. Tim Community Tech berfokus pada perkakas-perkakas bagi penyunting Wikimedia berpengalaman. Anda dapat menulis proposal dalam bahasa apa pun, dan kami akan menerjemahkannya untuk Anda. Kami tak sabar ingin melihat proposal Anda! Terima kasih. [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 10 Januari 2022 18.10 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] --11 Januari 2022 05.49 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22574381 --> == Berbicara dengan Community Tech == [[File:Community Wishlist Survey Lamp.svg|150px|right]] {{int:Hello}} Kami, tim yang mengerjakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Survei Harapan Komunitas]], mengundang Anda untuk mengikuti pertemuan daring bersama kami. Pertemuannya akan dilakukan pada [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220119T1800 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-19}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-19}}), {{#time:H:i e|18:00|id|1}}'''] di Zoom dan akan berlangsung selama satu jam. Sistem eksternal ini tidak mematuhi [[foundation:Privacy_policy|Kebijakan Privasi WMF]]. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 '''Tekan di sini untuk bergabung''']. '''Agenda''' * Berikan draf proposal Anda dan berbicara ke anggota Tim Community Tech tentang pertanyaan Anda mengenai cara memperbaiki proposal '''Format''' Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Catatan tanpa atribusi akan dibuat dan diterbitkan di Meta-Wiki. Presentasi (semua poin dalam agenda kecuali untuk pertanyaan dan jawaban) akan diberikan dalam bahasa Inggris. Kami bisa menjawab pertanyaan dalam bahasa Inggris, Prancis, Polandia, Spanyol, dan Jerman. Jika Anda ingin menanyakan pertanyaan lebih awal, tambahkan pertanyaannya [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|di halaman pembicaraan Survei Harapan Komunitas]] atau kirimkan ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (manajer [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]]) akan menjadi tuan rumah pertemuan ini. '''Tautan undangan''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/85804347114 Bergabung secara daring] * ID Pertemuan: <span dir=ltr>85804347114</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/keu6UeRT0T Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda] Kami berharap bisa bertemu Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 18 Januari 2022 00.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Subscribe to the This Month in Education newsletter - learn from others and share your stories == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear community members, Greetings from the EWOC Newsletter team and the education team at Wikimedia Foundation. We are very excited to share that we on tenth years of Education Newsletter ([[m:Education/News|This Month in Education]]) invite you to join us by [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|subscribing to the newsletter on your talk page]] or by [[m:Education/News/Newsroom|sharing your activities in the upcoming newsletters]]. The Wikimedia Education newsletter is a monthly newsletter that collects articles written by community members using Wikimedia projects in education around the world, and it is published by the EWOC Newsletter team in collaboration with the Education team. These stories can bring you new ideas to try, valuable insights about the success and challenges of our community members in running education programs in their context. If your affiliate/language project is developing its own education initiatives, please remember to take advantage of this newsletter to publish your stories with the wider movement that shares your passion for education. You can submit newsletter articles in your own language or submit bilingual articles for the education newsletter. For the month of January the deadline to submit articles is on the 20th January. We look forward to reading your stories. Older versions of this newsletter can be found in the [[outreach:Education/Newsletter/Archives|complete archive]]. More information about the newsletter can be found at [[m:Education/News/Publication Guidelines|Education/Newsletter/About]]. For more information, please contact spatnaik{{@}}wikimedia.org. ------ <div style="text-align: center;"><div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[User:ZI Jony|<span style="color:#8B0000">'''ZI Jony'''</span>]] [[User talk:ZI Jony|^{<span style="color:Green"><i>(Talk)</i></span>}]], {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>#time:l G:i, d F Y|}} (UTC)</div></div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/Awareness_of_Education_Newsletter/List_of_Village_Pumps&oldid=21244129 --> == Kabar terkini Pembaruan Desktop dan undangan ''Office Hours'' == {{int:Hello}}. Saya ingin memberi kabar mengenai proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Pembaruan Desktop]] yang sedang dikerjakan oleh tim Web Wikimedia Foundation dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Tujuan proyek ini adalah untuk membuat antarmuka lebih ramah dan nyaman untuk para pembaca dan berguna untuk pengguna tingkat lanjut. Proyek ini terdiri dari serangkaian pembaruan fitur yang diharapkan dapat membantu dalam membaca dan mempelajari konten, berpindah dari satu situs ke situs lainnya, mencari konten, mengubah bahasa, membuka tab-tab dalam artikel, menggunakan menu pengguna, dan lain-lain. Pembaruan ini sudah dapat dilihat secara langsung oleh pembaca dan penyunting di 24 situs wiki berbeda, termasuk situs Wikipedia dalam bahasa [[:fr:|Prancis]], [[:pt:|Portugis]], dan [[:fa:|Persia]]. Pembaruan tersebut hanya mempengaruhi pengguna atau pembaca yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=vector}} ''Vector'']. Pengguna yang menggunakan kulit [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=monobook}} ''Monobook''] atau [{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAMEE}}|useskin=timeless}} ''Timeless''] tidak akan melihat pembaruan-pembaruan ini. === Fitur yang dirilis sejak pembaruan terakhir === * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/User_menu|Menu pengguna]] - berfokus untuk membuat penjelajahan lebih intuitif dengan menyorot visual struktur pranala pengguna dan tujuan-tujuan itu. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Features/Sticky Header|Bagian kepala menempel]] - berfokus untuk memberi akses terhadap fungsi-fungsi penting (masuk/keluar log, riwayat, halaman pembicaraan, dll.) tanpa menyuruh pengguna untuk menggulung ke bagian atas halaman. Senarai fitur yang dikerjakan dalam proyek ini dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman ini]]. Kami mengundang Anda untuk melihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates|halaman kabar terkini]]. [[File:Table_of_contents_shown_on_English_Wikipedia_02.webm|thumb|600px|center]] <br clear=all> === Cara mengaktifkan pembaruan ini === [[File:Desktop Improvements - how to enable globally.png|thumb|[[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|{{int:globalpreferences}}]]]] * Pengguna dapat mengaktifkan pembaruan ini untuk diri sendiri [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|di tab Tampilan di dalam preferensi]] dengan menghapus centang di kotak "{{int:prefs-vector-enable-vector-1-label}}". (Harus dikosongkan.) Pengguna juga dapat mengaktifkannya untuk semua wiki dengan menggunakan [[Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|preferensi global]]. * Di wiki tempat perubahannya terlihat secara baku bagi semua orang, pengguna yang masuk log dapat mematikan perubahan ini dan menggunakan Legacy Vector. Terdapat pranala yang mudah diakses di bilah sisi Vector yang baru. === Pelajari lebih lanjut dan ikuti acara-acara kami === Jika Anda ingin mengetahui perkembangan terbaru mengenai proyek ini, Anda dapat [[mw:Special:Newsletter/28/subscribe|berlangganan nawala kami]]. Silakan membaca [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman proyek ini]], lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Frequently_asked_questions|pertanyaan umum]], beri saran di [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraannya]], dan ikuti pertemuan daring dengan kami ([https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220127T1500 '''{{#time:j xg|2022-01-27}} ({{#time:l|2022-01-27}}), {{#time:H:i e|15:00|id|1}}''']). Cara bergabung dalam pertemuan daring * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89205402895 Gabung secara daring] * ID Pertemuan: <span dir=ltr>89205402895</span> * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kdPQ6k2Bcm Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda] {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} Atas nama tim Web Wikimedia Foundation, [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 25 Januari 2022 06.32 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc. We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language. Best wishes, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 22 Pébruari 2022 04.50 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == Coming soon == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> === Several improvements around templates === Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki: * Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]), * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]), * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right). All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. </div> - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 28 Pébruari 2022 12.38 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=22907463 --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. ([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram]) The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]] A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]]. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 14 Maret 2022 14.40 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]] [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on <b>31 March 2022 11:59 UTC</b>. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as <i>folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more</i> Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 26 Maret 2022 14.29 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Rockpeterson@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&oldid=23060054 --> == Mari berdiskusi bersama kami perihal Peningkatan Desktop == [[File:New table of contents shown on English wikipedia.png|thumb]] Halo! Apakah Anda menyadari bahwa beberapa wiki memiliki tampilan yang berbeda? Ingin tahu bagaimana tahapan selanjutnya? Mungkin Anda memiliki pertanyaan atau ide untuk menjadikannya lebih baik? Mari berdiskusi bersama dengan kami, tim yang mengerjakan proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|Peningkatan Desktop]], melalui pertemuan secara daring (''online'')! Pertemuan ini akan berlangsung pada tanggal '''29 April 2022 pukul [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1300 13:00 UTC] dan [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20220429T1800 18:00 UTC]''' melalui aplikasi Zoom. '''[https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/88045453898 Klik di sini untuk bergabung]'''. Meeting ID: 88045453898 [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kcOMICmyyA Panggil berdasarkan lokasi Anda]. '''Agenda''' * Menyampaikan informasi terkini perihal perkembangan proyek * Tanya jawab dan diskusi '''Format''' Pertemuan ini tidak akan direkam atau disiarkan. Namun, catatan dari pertemuan ini akan disimpan dalam [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1G4tfss-JBVxyZMxGlOj5MCBhOO-0sLekquFoa2XiQb8/edit# berkas Google Documents] agar bisa diakses kapan saja. Manajer Produk kami yakni [[mw:User:OVasileva_(WMF)|Olga Vasileva]] akan membawakan pertemuan ini. Presentasi akan dibawakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Terlepas dari presentasi yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris, Anda dapat mengajukan pertanyaan dalam bahasa Indonesia, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, dan Polandia. Apabila Anda ingin mengajukan pertanyaan sebelum sesi pertemuan berlangsung, silakan kirimkan pertanyaan Anda melalui [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements|halaman pembicaraan]] atau melalui surel ke sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. Pada pertemuan ini, aturan mengenai [[foundation:Friendly_space_policy|kebijakan ruang ramah]] dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Code_of_Conduct|kode etik]] mutlak berlaku. Sementara itu, Zoom tidak termasuk dalam [[foundation:Privacy_policy|kebijakan privasi WMF]]. Kami harapkan kedatangan Anda! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|bicara]]) 27 April 2022 14.41 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Id_fallback&oldid=21253627 --> == Coming soon: Improvements for templates == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!--T:11--> [[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]] Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon: The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]] In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]] Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages! </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 29 April 2022 11.14 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=23222263 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berita penyuntingan 2022 #1</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Baca nawala ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Daftar langganan nawala multibahasa ini]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|Penyunting baru lebih mampu menyunting dengan alat baru ini.]] Alat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|Topik baru]] membantu penyunting membuat ==Bagian== baru di halaman pembicaraan. Penyunting baru lebih mampu menyunting dengan alat baru ini. Anda bisa [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|membaca laporannya]]. Tidak lama lagi, tim Editing akan menawarkan alat ini kepada semua penyunting di 20 Wikipedia yang ikut serta dalam uji cobanya. Anda bisa mematikan alat tersebut di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> </div> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 2 Méi 2022 18.55 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=22019984 --> == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Sundanese Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{Int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know that we will like to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Sundanese Wikipedia. For this, our team will love you to read about the tool and test it so you can: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Give us your feedback <nowiki>*</nowiki> Ask us questions <nowiki>*</nowiki> Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and help us with feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Sundanese Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since data shows significant mobile editing activity. We plan to enable the tool on Sundanese Wikipedia in the coming weeks if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: <nowiki>*</nowiki> As a reply to this message <nowiki>*</nowiki> On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on your Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:ts:Special:ContentTranslation|https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: <nowiki>*</nowiki> The tool <nowiki>*</nowiki> What you think about our plans to enable it <nowiki>*</nowiki> Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback and questions. [[Pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|sawala]]) 12 Juli 2022 01.57 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team '''PS''': Sending your feedback or questions in English is particularly appreciated. But, you can still send them in the language of your choice. ===Section Translation tool enabled in Sundanese Wikipedia=== Hello Friends! The Language team is pleased to let you know that the [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation?from=en&to=su&sx=true#/ now enabled in Sundanese Wikipedia]. It means you can translate real content one section at a time using your mobile devices with ease. Now you can also start translating an article on your mobile device right when you notice it is missing in Sundanese. From a Wikipedia article in any language, switch languages and search for Sunda. If the article does not exist, an option to translate it will appear, as shown in the image below. [[File:Sx-language-selector-invite-th.png|thumb|center|Image of the entry point]] Content created with the tool will be marked [https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husus:Catatan?type=&user=&page=&wpdate=&tagfilter=sectiontranslation&wpfilters%5B%5D=newusers with the “sectiontranslation” tag] for the community to review. We’ll monitor the content created, but we are very interested in hearing about your experience using the tool and reviewing the content created with it. So, [https://su.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation enjoy the tool] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation provide feedback] on improving it. Thank you! [[Pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:UOzurumba (WMF)|sawala]]) 10 Agustus 2022 17.47 (UTC) == The Vector 2022 skin as the default in two weeks? == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Wikimania 2022 Vector (2022) Presentation.pdf|thumb|The slides for our presentation at Wikimania 2022|page=26]] Hello. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. '''In two weeks, we would like to make the Vector 2022 skin the default on this wiki.''' We have been working on it for the past three years. So far, it has been the default on more than 30 wikis, including sister projects, all accounting for more than 1 billion pageviews per month. On average [[phab:T317529#8246686|87% of active logged-in users]] of those wikis use Vector 2022. It would become the default for all logged-out users, and also all logged-in users who currently use Vector legacy. Logged-in users can at any time switch to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|any other skins]]. No changes are expected for users of these skins. <div style="width:100%; margin:auto;"><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="Top of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 top.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 top.png|Vector 2022 </gallery><gallery widths="220" heights="150" mode="packed" caption="A section of an article"> Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2010 scrolled.png|Vector legacy (current default) Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|Vector 2022 </gallery></div> === About the skin === '''[Why is a change necessary]''' The current default skin meets the needs of the readers and editors as these were 13 years ago. Since then, new users have begun using Wikimedia projects. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2022/08/18/prioritizing-equity-within-wikipedias-new-desktop/ The old Vector doesn't meet their needs.] '''[Objective]''' The objective for the new skin is to make the interface more welcoming and comfortable for readers and useful for advanced users. It draws inspiration from previous requests, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], and gadgets and scripts. The work helped our code follow the standards and improve all other skins. [[phab:phame/post/view/290/how_and_why_we_moved_our_skins_to_mustache/|We reduced PHP code in Wikimedia deployed skins by 75%]]. The project has also focused on making it easier to support gadgets and use APIs. '''[Changes and test results]''' The skin introduces a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features|series of changes]] that improve readability and usability. The new skin does not remove any functionality currently available on the Vector skin. * The sticky header makes it easier to find tools that editors use often. It decreases scrolling to the top of the page by 16%. * The new table of contents makes it easier to navigate to different sections. Readers and editors jumped to different sections of the page 50% more than with the old table of contents. It also looks a bit different on talk pages. * The new search bar is easier to find and makes it easier to find the correct search result from the list. This increased the amount of searches started by 30% on the wikis we tested on. * The skin does not negatively affect pageviews, edit rates, or account creation. There is evidence of increases in pageviews and account creation across partner communities. '''[Try it out]''' Try out the new skin by going to the appearance tab in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your preferences]] and selecting Vector 2022 from the list of skins. === How can editors change and customize this skin? === It's possible to configure and personalize our changes. We support volunteers who create new gadgets and user scripts. Check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Repository|our repository]] for a list of currently available customizations, or add your own. === Our plan === '''If no large concerns are raised, we plan on deploying in the week of October 3, 2022'''. If your community would like to request more time to discuss the changes, hit the button and write to us. We can adjust the calendar. <div style="text-align: center;">[[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|<span class="plainlinks mw-ui-button">Request for more time to discuss the change</span>]]</div> If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer! Also, [[mw:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Frequently asked questions|see our FAQ]]. Thank you! [[mw:User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 22 Séptémber 2022 04.15 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23838600 --> == Update on Vector 2022 == [[File:Screenshot Historia da moeda do Tíbet - 2022-09-22 - Vector 2022 scrolled.png|thumb]] <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello. I'm sorry for not communicating in your language. I'll be grateful if you translated my message. I'm writing on behalf of the [[mw:Reading/Web|Web team]] working on the new skin, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|Vector 2022]]. We wanted to apologize for the delays in the deployment of Vector 2022. We know many of you are waiting for this eagerly. We have been delaying the deployment because we have been working on the logos. It has taken us more time than originally expected. Once the logos are ready, we will let you know the exact date of deployment. '''We are planning for either the next (more likely) or the following week'''. If your wiki doesn't currently have a localized logo, we encourage you to [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|reach out to us]] and we can help make one. We invite you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements#contact|get involved in the project]]. Contact us if you have any questions or need any help, particularly with the compatibility of gadgets and user scripts. Thank you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 19 Oktober 2022 23.24 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/MM/Varia&oldid=23955535 --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2023 opens in January! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:Please-translate}}'' {{int:Hello}} The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023|'''Community Wishlist Survey (CWS) 2023''']], which lets contributors propose and vote for tools and improvements, starts next month on Monday, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1674496831 23 January 2023, at 18:00 UTC] and will continue annually. We are inviting you to share your ideas for technical improvements to our tools and platforms. Long experience in editing or technical skills is not required. If you have ever used our software and thought of an idea to improve it, this is the place to come share those ideas! The dates for the phases of the Survey will be as follows: * Phase 1: Submit, discuss, and revise proposals – Monday, Jan 23, 2023 to Sunday, Feb 6, 2023 * Phase 2: WMF/Community Tech reviews and organizes proposals – Monday, Jan 30, 2023 to Friday, Feb 10, 2023 * Phase 3: Vote on proposals – Friday, Feb 10, 2023 to Friday, Feb 24, 2023 * Phase 4: Results posted – Tuesday, Feb 28, 2023 If you want to start writing out your ideas ahead of the Survey, you can start thinking about your proposals and draft them in [[m:Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|the CWS sandbox]]. We are grateful to all who participated last year. See you in January 2023! </div> {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Community Tech, [[m:User:STei (WMF)|STei (WMF)]]</bdi> 13 Désémber 2022 12.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:STei_(WMF)/CWS_2023_List&oldid=24226232 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, Christmas Greetings and a Happy New Year 2023, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2023|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/List of Articles|list]] of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a fountain tool or dashboard. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the fountain/dashboard link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year we would be supporting the community's financial aid for Internet and childcare support. This would be provided for the local team including their jury and coordinator team. This support is opt-in and non mandatory. Kindly fill in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this Google form] and mark a mail to [mailto:support@wikilovesfolklore.org support@wikilovesfolklore.org] with the subject line starting as [Stipend] Name or Username/Language. The last date to sign up for internet and childcare aid from our team is 20th of January 2023, We encourage the language coordinators to sign up their community on this link by the 25th of January 2023. Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2023/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 24 Désémber 2022 10.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Baca nawala ini dalam bahasa lain]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Daftar langganan nawala multibahasa ini]]</i> Nawala kali ini memuat dua berita utama mengenai pekerjaan tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]]: # Tim Editing akan merampungkan penambahan fitur-fitur baru dalam proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|halaman pembicaraan]] dan meluncurkannya. # Kini, mereka memulai proyek baru, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Periksa perubahan]]. <strong>Proyek halaman pembicaraan</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Tangkapan layar yang memperlihatkan perubahan desain halaman pembicaraan yang saat ini tersedia sebagai fitur beta dalam semua wiki Wikimedia. Fitur-fitur ini berisi informasi mengenai jumlah pengguna dan tanggapan di dalam setiap diskusi.|thumb|300px|Perubahan-perubahan yang akan datang]] Tim Editing hampir menyelesaikan tahap pertama dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|halaman pembicaraan]] ini. Hampir semua [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|fitur baru]] sudah tersedia dalam [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Fitur Beta {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. Hal ini akan menampilkan informasi tentang seberapa aktif sebuah diskusi, termasuk tanggal komentar terbaru. Tombol "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" yang baru akan segera hadir. Anda dapat menonaktifkannya di [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Mohon [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|beri tahu pendapat Anda]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Tingkat penyelesaian suntingan harian berdasarkan kelompok uji: DiscussionTools (kelompok uji coba) dan paparan MobileFrontend (kelompok kontrol)]] Uji A/B untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} di situs seluler]] telah selesai. Para editor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|merasa lebih puas dengan {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. Tim Editing mengaktifkan fitur-fitur ini bagi semua penyunting di situs seluler. <strong>Proyek Baru: Periksa Perubahan</strong> Tim Editing sedang memulai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|sebuah proyek untuk membantu para penyunting baru di Wikipedia]]. Proyek ini akan membantu para pengguna dalam mengenali beberapa masalah sebelum mereka mengeklik "{{int:publishchanges}}". Perkakas pertama akan mendorong pengguna untuk menambahkan referensi ketika mereka menambahkan materi baru. Silakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|pantau]] halaman tersebut untuk mendapatkan informasi lebih lanjut. Anda dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|bergabung dalam sebuah pertemuan virtual pada tanggal 3 Maret 2023]] untuk belajar lebih lanjut.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 22 Pébruari 2023 23.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == Your wiki will be in read only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Baca ieu surat dina séjén basa]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Yayasan Wikimédia]] nguji saklar antara puseur data primér jeung sekundér. Ieu pikeun mastikeun yén Wikipédia jeung wiki Wikimédia séjénna bisa angger onlén najan aya bencana. Pikeun mastikeun yén sakabéhna jalan, departemén Téknologi Wikimédia kudu migawé uji anu direncana. Ieu uji bakal némbongkeun bisa henteuna pindah ti hiji puseur data ka puseur data séjénna. Gawé kieu butuh loba tim pikeun nataharkeun uji sarta sayaga menerkeun lamun aya masalah anu teu dipiharep. Sakabéh patalimarga bakal hurung '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|su}}'''. Uji cobana bakal dimimitian dina '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Hanjakalna, kusabab kawates di [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWikina]], sakabéh gawé ngédit kudu eureun nalika pindah. Ku kituna kami ménta hampura, jaga mah muga-muga bisa leuwih hadé. '''Anjeun bakal bisa maca, tapi teu bisa ngaropéa/ngédit, sakur wiki dina waktu éta.''' *Anjeun moal bisa ngédit nepi ka sajam dina poé {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|su}}. *Lamun nyoba ngédit dina mangsa éta, anjeun bakal manggih iber éror. Muga-muga moal aya éditan nu leungit dina menit-menit ieu, tapi taya jaminan. Lamun anjeun manggihan iber éror, tungguan nepi ka normal deui. Salajengna, anjeun bisa nyimpen éditan anjeun. Ngan, anjeun leuwih hadé nyimpen tironanana, pikeun jaga-jaga. ''Pangaruh lianna'': *Hanca di pipir bakal rada kapendet. Tutumbu beureum bisa teu kaanyarkeun sakumaha biasa. Lamun anjeun nyieun artikel anu geus numbu, tutumbuna bakal angger beureum leuwih lila ti biasana. Sababaraha skrip anu ngayayay bakal dieureunan. * Rencanana pamedalan kode bakal lumangsung sakumaha minggu lianna. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> Ieu proyék bisa ditunda lamun perlu. Anjeun bisa [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|maca jadwalna di wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Sagala parobahan bakal diwawarkeun dina jadwal. Bakal aya iber lianna ngeunaan ieu. Bakal aya spanduk midang di sakabéh wiki 30 menit méméh mitembeyan oprasi. '''Mangga salabarkeun ieu iber ka komunitas anjeun.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 27 Pébruari 2023 21.21 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Membuka Pendaftaran Program</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimedia_Singapore_Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Apakah Anda ingin menyelenggarakan sesi tatap muka atau maya di Wikimania 2023? Misalnya lokakarya praktis, diskusi yang meriah, pertunjukan seru, poster menarik, atau perbincangan ringan yang berkesan? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Pendaftaran dibuka hingga 28 Maret''']]. Acara ini akan memiliki beberapa blok khusus untuk sesi hibrida sehingga pengajuan program daring dan rekaman konten juga diterima. Jika Anda memiliki pertanyaan, silakan hadir dalam perbincangan pada tanggal 12 atau 19 Maret, atau hubungi kami melalui alamat surel wikimania@wikimedia.org atau di Telegram. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di halaman wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 26 April 2023 19.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == Global ban proposal for Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. If this is not the proper place to post, please move it somewhere more appropriate. {{int:Please-translate}} There is an on-going discussion about a proposal that Piermark/House of Yahweh/HoY be globally banned from editing all Wikimedia projects. You are invited to participate at [[:m:Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark|Requests for comment/Global ban for Piermark]] on Meta-Wiki. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:Unite together|U.T.]] ([[User talk:Unite together|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 4 Méi 2023 12.36 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:1234qwer1234qwer4@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Requests_for_comment/Global_ban_for_Piermark/Invitations/AN2&oldid=24980083 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 27 Méi 2023 04.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Pangumuman anggota kiwari == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|Aranjeun tiasa mendakeun terjemahan ieu ka mokaha basa]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Sampurasun Wilujeung bungah, dina ieu email, urang sarerea bungah ngumumkeun [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|anggota Panitia Pamilihan anyar sareng panaséhat]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Panitia Pamilihan]] ngarancang jeung ngalaksanakeun prosés pikeun milih pangawas Organisasi Komunitas jeung Mitra salaku bagian ti Badan Pengawasan Yayasan Wikimedia. Sanggeus ngaliwatan prosés nominasi kabuka, calon calon diwawancara ku Dewan. Opat calon diondang pikeun ngagabung jadi anggota Panitia Seleksi. Opat calon séjén diondang pikeun gabung salaku panaséhat. Hatur nuhun ka anggota komunitas anu nyalonkeun diri. Sarerea siap neruskeun pidamelan sareng Panitia Pemilihan. Ngawakilkeun Déwan Pembina Yayasan Wikimedia,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 28 Juni 2023 18.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == MinT Machine Translation added to your Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) system for [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation Content Translation] in your Wikipedia called MinT; you can use [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/MinT MinT machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles using the Content and Section Translation tool. The WMF Language team provides the MinT service. It is hosted in the Wikimedia Foundation Infrastructure with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_machine_translation neural machine translation] models that other organizations have released with an open-source license. MinT integrates translation based on [https://ai.facebook.com/research/no-language-left-behind/ NLLB-200], [https://opus.nlpl.eu/ OpusMT], [https://ai4bharat.iitm.ac.in/indic-trans2 IndicTrans2] and [https://github.com/Softcatala/nmt-models Softcatalà]. This MT is set as optional in your Wikipedia. Still, you can choose not to use it by selecting "Start with empty paragraph" from the "Initial Translation" dropdown menu. Since MinT is hosted in the WMF Infrastructure and the models are open source, it adheres to Wikipedia's policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user and brand representation. You can find more information about the MinT machine translation and the models on [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content%20translation/Machine%20Translation/MinT this page]. Please note that the use of the MinT MT is not compulsory. However, we would want your community to: *use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service *[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about its quality, and '''if you prefer the MinT machine translation as default in your Wikipedia'''. We trust that introducing this MT is a good support to the Content Translation tool. Thank you! </div> [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|obrolan]]) 4 Juli 2023 22.02 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_MinT_announcement_list_2&oldid=25258883 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 27 Juli 2023 02.26 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 28 Agustus 2023 15.35 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Pembukaan perekrutan anggota Komite Afiliasi, Komisi Ombuds, dan Komite Peninjauan Kasus ==</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Halo semua! [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Komite Afiliasi]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Komisi Ombuds]] (OC), dan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Komite Peninjauan Kasus]] (CRC) sedang mencari anggota baru. Komite-komite sukarelawan ini bertugas untuk memberikan dukungan struktural dan pengawasan yang penting bagi komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia. Anda diundang untuk mencalonkan diri atau mencalonkan orang lain yang menurut Anda akan dapat berkontribusi pada kelompok-kelompok ini untuk mendaftar. Ada lebih banyak informasi tentang peran kelompok, keterampilan yang dibutuhkan, dan kesempatan untuk mendaftar pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''halaman Meta-wiki''']]. Atas nama tim ''Committee Support'',<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 9 Oktober 2023 16.41 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == Ulasan jeung kamandang ngeunaan pakét aturan pamilihan Déwan Pangawas Yayasan Wikimédia 2024 == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| Anjeun bisa maca tarjamah ieu béwara dina basa lianna di Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Haturan ka sadayana, Mangga ngulas jeung mairan dina pakét aturan pamilihan Déwan Pangawas Yayasan Wikimédia ti ayeuna nepi ka 29 Oktober 2023. Pakét aturan pamilihan nuturkeun pérsi saméméhna dina Panitia Pamilihan sarta bakal dipaké dina pamilihan Déwan Pangawas 2024. Kamandang anjeun dipikabutuh sangkan prosés pamilihan Déwan lungsur-langsar. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|Leuwih lengkepna dina kaca Meta-wiki]]. Tabé, Katie Chan <br> Pupuhu Panitia Pamilihan<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> 17 Oktober 2023 01.13 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 15 Nopémber 2023 13.11 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 13 Désémber 2023 12.31 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite2&oldid=26055343 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2024 07.26 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Obrolan pamaké:MediaWiki message delivery|sawala]]) 18 Januari 2024 07.26 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Pemungutan Suara untuk Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin memberitahukan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) telah resmi dibuka. Semua anggota komunitas bisa [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]] dari sekarang hingga tanggal '''2 Februari 2024'''. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 19 Januari 2024 18.08 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hari terakhir untuk memberikan suara pada Piagam Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|Anda bisa membaca pengumuman berikut dalam bahasa lain di situs Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin mengingatkan kepada Anda bahwa tahap pemungutan suara untuk Piagam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) akan segera ditutup pada '''2 Februari 2024'''. Semua anggota komunitas dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|memberikan suara dan mengirimkan komentar tentang piagam ini melalui SecurePoll]]. Bagi Anda yang pernah mengikuti proses pemungutan suara selama proses pengembangan [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Pedoman Penegakan UCoC]] akan menemukan kemiripan proses pemungutan untuk kali ini. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Versi terkini Piagam U4C]] dan juga terjemahannya sudah tersedia di halaman Meta-Wiki Baca informasi tentang piagam, pilih, dan bagikan pengumuman ini ke kawan-kawan komunitas Anda. Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa Panitia Persiapan U4C juga mengharapkan keikutsertaan Anda. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 31 Januari 2024 17.00 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Hasil pemungutan suara ratifikasi Piagam Komite Pengarah UCoC</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semuanya, Terima kasih atas atensi Anda terhadap perkembangan proses Kode Etik Universal. Bersama pesan ini, saya mengabarkan hasil [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|pemungutan suara ratifikasi]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]]. 1746 kontributor memberikan suara mereka pada pemungutan suara kali ini; 1249 orang mendukung pemberlakuan Piagam sementara 420 menolak. Pada proses ratifikasi ini, para pemilih dapat memberikan komentar mereka tentang isi Piagam. Laporan statistik pemungutan suara dan ringkasan komentar dari seluruh pemilih akan diterbitkan di Meta dalam beberapa pekan ke depan. Anda dapat mendengar lebih lanjut mengenai langkah selanjutnya dalam proses ini segera. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 12 Pébruari 2024 18.24 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Laporan pengesahan Piagam U4C dan Pembukaan Pendaftaran Calon U4C kini tersedia</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya menulis pesan ini kepada Anda hari ini dengan dua informasi penting. Pertama, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] kini telah tersedia. Kedua, pendaftaran calon U4C telah dibuka hingga tanggal 1 April 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) merupakan sebuah komunitas global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas diundang untuk mengajukan lamarannya untuk menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Berdasarkan piagam, terdapat 16 kursi untuk posisi U4C yang terdiri atas: delapan kursi dari komunitas umum dan delapan kursi dari komunitas berbasis wilayah untuk memastikan bahwa U4C mewakili keberagaman gerakan. Baca lebih lanjut dan kirimkan lamaran Anda di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Kode Etik Universal/Komite Pengarah/Pemilihan/2024|Meta-wiki]]. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 5 Maret 2024 16.25 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia 2024</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| Anda bisa membaca terjemahan pesan ini ke bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Halo semua, Tahun ini, periode 4 (empat) tahun jabatan Dewan Pengawas Yayasan Wikimedia untuk kursi perwakilan Komunitas dan Mitra Lokal akan berakhir. [1] Dewan Pengawas mengundang seluruh anggota Gerakan untuk ikut serta dalam proses pemilihan tahun ini serta memberikan suaranya supaya jabatan yang kosong bisa terisi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Komite Pemilihan]] akan mengawasi proses pemilihan dengan dukungan dari staf Yayasan Wikimedia. [2] Komite Tata Kelola Dewan telah membuat Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang terdiri atas anggota-anggota Dewan Pengawas yang tidak bisa mencalonkan diri pada proses pemilihan Dewan Pengawas yang dipilih oleh komunitas dan mitra lokal tahun 2024. Kelompok kerja tersebut terdiri dari Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, dan Shani Evenstein Sigalov. [3] Mereka bertugas untuk mengawasi proses pemilihan 2024 serta memberikan informasi kepada Dewan Pengawas. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut tentang peran Komite Pemilihan, Dewan Pengawas, dan staf, silakan kunjungi pranala pada catatan kaki di bawah ini. [4] Berikut merupakan garis waktu proses pemilihan yang direncanakan: * Mei 2024: Undangan pencalonan dan pengajuan pertanyaan * Juni 2024: Mitra lokal memberikan suara untuk memilih 12 calon teratas Dewan Pengawas (proses pengerucutan calon tidak akan dilakukan jika hanya ada 15 calon atau kurang) [5] * Juni--Agustus 2024: Kampanye * Akhir Agustus/awal September 2024: tahap pemungutan suara komunitas selama dua minggu * Oktober--November 2024: Pemeriksaan latar belakang dari calon terpilih * Rapat Dewan Pengawas pada bulan Desember 2024: anggota Dewan Pengawas baru ditetapkan Silakan pelajari proses pemilihan 2024 lebih mendalam, termasuk rincian lini masa, proses pencalonan, peraturan kampanye, dan syarat kelayakan pemilih pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|halaman Meta-Wiki]] dan rencanakan keikutsertaan Anda. '''Sukarelawan Pemilihan''' Cara lain untuk terlibat dalam proses pemilihan 2024 yaitu dengan menjadi Sukarelawan Pemilihan. Sukarelawan Pemilihan akan menjembatani komunikasi antara Komite Pemilihan dan komunitas terkait. Mereka akan membantu untuk memastikan agar komunitas mereka terwakili dan mengajak anggota komunitas untuk ikut serta memberikan suaranya. Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang program ini dan cara bergabung melalui halaman [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta Wiki]]. Salam hangat, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Ketua Komite Tata Kelola, Kelompok Kerja Pemilihan Dewan Pengawas) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Walaupun jumlah ideal sebanyak 12 calon untuk memperebutkan 4 kursi, proses pengerucutan calon akan dilakukan jika ada lebih dari 15 calon. Sebab, jika hanya 1-3 calon yang dihapus maka akan menimbulkan rasa peliyanan serta memberikan beban kerja bagi organisasi afiliasi dalam proses proses pengerucutan calon karena hanya untuk mengurangi 1-3 calon supaya bisa mendapatkan 12 calon teratas.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]12 Maret 2024 19.57 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Berikan suara Anda dalam pemilihan anggota U4C yang pertama</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|Anda dapat menemukan pesan ini dalam bahasa lain di Meta-Wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Halo semua, Saya ingin menginformasikan bahwa masa pemilihan untuk Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) telah dibuka saat ini sampai tanggal 9 Mei 2024. Silakan baca informasi pada [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|halaman pemilihan di Meta Wiki]] untuk mempelajari tentang pemilihan ini serta syarat kelayakan pemilih. Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal (U4C) merupakan sebuah komite global yang berdedikasi untuk memastikan penerapan UCoC yang adil dan konsisten. Para anggota komunitas Wikimedia diundang untuk mengajukan pencalonan dan menjadi bagian dari U4C. Untuk informasi lengkap dan tanggung jawab dari U4C, silakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|tinjau Piagam U4C]]. Mohon bagikan pesan ini kepada anggota komunitas Anda, sehingga mereka juga dapat ikut serta dalam pemilihan kali ini. Atas nama tim proyek UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 25 April 2024 20.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> g4jiaifycgkfh6c4jjfjm0evy51n55r 0 101989 666739 652914 2024-04-26T06:05:49Z InternetArchiveBot 25926 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Aksara Gedé.jpg|jmpl|406x406px|Wangun Aksara Gedé]] '''Aksara Gedé''' atawa dina [[basa Indonésia]] disebut ''huruf kapital'' mangrupa aksara anu miboga wangun jeung ukuran husus. Salah sahiji fungsi ieu aksara nyaéta bisa digunakeun dina awal [[Kecap (basa Sunda)|kecap]] unggal [[kalimah]], nuliskeun [[Ngaran urang Sunda|ngaran jelema]] atawa [[Inohong|tokoh (inohong)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://puebi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/huruf/huruf-kapital/|title=Huruf Kapital - PUEBI Daring|website=puebi.readthedocs.io|accessdate=2021-04-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505234619/https://puebi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/huruf/huruf-kapital/ |date=2021-05-05 }}</ref> == Aksara Gedé dina Alpabét == Bagan di handap mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina alpabét<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.erlangga.co.id/sumber-belajar/96-teks/6970-penulisan-huruf-kapitalhuruf-besar-b-indonesia-kelas-4|title=Penulisan Huruf Kapital/Huruf Besar|website=www.erlangga.co.id|accessdate=2021-04-01}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423064734/https://www.erlangga.co.id/sumber-belajar/96-teks/6970-penulisan-huruf-kapitalhuruf-besar-b-indonesia-kelas-4 |date=2023-04-23 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Aksara Ged'''é''' !Aksara Leutik !Katerangan |- |A |a |dibaca "a" |- |B |b |dibaca "bé" |- |C |c |dibaca "cé" |- |D |d |dibaca "dé" |- |E |e |dibaca "é" |- |F |f |dibaca "éf" |- |G |g |dibaca "gé" |- |H |h |dibaca "ha" |- |I |i |dibaca "i" |- |J |j |dibaca "jé" |- |K |k |dibaca "ka" |- |L |l |dibaca "él" |- |M |m |dibaca "ém" |- |N |n |dibaca "én" |- |O |o |dibaca "o" |- |P |p |dibaca "pé" |- |Q |q |dibaca "qi" |- |R |r |dibaca "ér" |- |S |s |dibaca "és" |- |T |t |dibaca "té" |- |U |u |dibaca "u" |- |V |v |dibaca "vi" |- |W |w |dibaca "wé" |- |X |x |dibaca "éx" |- |Y |y |dibaca "yé" |- |Z |z |dibaca "zéd" |} == Fungsi Aksara Gedé == Ngalarapkeun fungsi aksara gedé dina kalimah bisa pasing-pasing dumasar udaganana. Fungsi aksara gedé di antarana larap dina<ref>{{Cite book|title=Panggelar Basa Sunda|last=Sudaryat|first=Yayat|publisher=Erlangga|year=2013|isbn=978-602-434-367-5|location=Bandung|pages=44-46}}</ref>: '''1. Aksara gedé digunakeun pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji di awal kalimah.''' Conto: *''I''sukan mah teu sakola. *''B''aheula mah sapanjang jalan téh loba tatangkalan. *''L''oba kénéh daérah anu acan diaspal jalanna. (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé di awal kalimah). '''2. Aksara gedé digunakeun nalika nuliskeun aksara kahiji dina awal kalimah cutatan langsung.''' Conto: :Manéhna nanya, “''K''unaon budak téh ceurik? :“''D''inten énjing mah teu ka sakola”, walon kuring. (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina kalimah anu aya cutatan langsungna). '''3. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji dina kecap anu aya patalina jeung hal-hal kaagamaan, kitab, jeung jenengan Allah (kaasup kecap sulur-Na).''' Conto: *''A''llah *''N''u ''M''ahaasih. *''A''l-''Q''ur’an. (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina hal-hal kaagamaan). '''4. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun hiji gelar kahormatan anu dituturkeun ku ngaran macakal''' Conto: *''G''ubernur  Jawa Barat *''R''ektor UPI *''K''apala ''S''akola SMAN 1 Cibadak (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina ngaran gelar kahormatan) '''5. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun ngaran jalma, tokoh, atawa inohong''' Conto: *''H''asan ''S''adikin *''R''isma ''P''ertiwi (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé pikeun nuliskeun ngaran jalma, tokoh, atawa inohong '''6. Aksara gedé digunakeun pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji dina ngaran bangsa, sélér bangsa, jeung basa''' Conto: *bangsa ''I''ndonesia *urang ''S''unda *basa ''A''rab (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina nuliskeun ngaran bangsa, basa, jeung sélér bangsa) '''7. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun ngaran taun, bulan, poé, hari raya, jeung kajadian sajarah''' Conto: *a. taun ''H''ijriah *b. poé ''S''alasa *c. ''P''roklamasi ''K''amerdékaan *d. ''P''erang ''B''ubat (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina nuliskeun ngaran poé, hari raya, jeung kajadian sajarah) '''8. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji ngaran-ngaran dina istilah géografi.''' Contona: *''W''alungan ''C''iliwung *''G''unung ''G''alunggung *''P''ulo ''M''adura *''P''rovinsi ''J''awa ''B''arat (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina nuliskeun ngaran-ngaran dina istilah géografi) '''9. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun ngaran resmi badan, lembaga pamaréntahan, katatanagaraan, jeung ngaran dokumén resmi.''' Conto *''D''epartemen ''P''endidikan dan ''K''ebudayaan *''K''arajaan ''P''ajajaran *''U''ndang-''U''ndang ''D''asar 1945 (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina nuliskeun ngaran resmi badan, lembaga pamaréntahan, katatanagaraan, jeung ngaran dokumén resmi) '''10. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun ngaran buku, majalah, surat kabar, jeung judul karangan. (Kecuali kata hubung)''' Conto: *Mun hayang leuwih anteb micinta lemah cai, baca ''Lalaki di Tegal Pati'' karya Sayudi. (aksara anu dimiringkeun mangrupa larapna aksara gedé dina nuliskeun ngaran buku, majalah, surat kabar, jeung judul karangan) '''11. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun singgetan gelar jeung sesebutan.''' * Dr.    : Doktor * Drs    : Doktorandus * Ir.    : Insinyur * S.H.   : Sarjana Hukum * Sdrk.  : Sadérék '''12. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji anu nuduhkeun pancakaki (saperti ''bapak, ema, kakang, emang, uwa, jst'') anu dipaké pikeun gaganti kecap sulur atawa sesebutan.''' Conto: *Iraha Bapa angkat ka Bogor téh? *Kumaha damang, Pa? *Mangga calik, Kang! '''13. Aksara gedé dipaké pikeun nuliskeun aksara kahiji kecap anu nuduhkeun jujuluk.''' Conto: *Saha ari Ki Umbara teh? *Dayang Sumbi nundung putrana. *Julukan Si Jalak Harupat téh nyaéta Otto Iskandar Dinata == Daftar Référénsi == <references /> [[Kategori:Basa]] [[Kategori:Aksara]] nuvovr99mnnxsuparmw7hnv4u1s7buq