Musalia Mudavadi

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      <text bytes="4127" sha1="crhyghfcqmhakteo2fdf08md8cd67j5" xml:space="preserve">{{Mtu Mashuhuri
|jina        = Musalia Mudavadi
|picha       = Musalia Mudavadi, Prime Cabinet Secretary and Cabinet Secretary for Foreign and Diaspora Affairs of Kenya, at the Department of State in Washington, D.C. on February 1, 2024 (cropped).jpg
|caption     = Mudavadi alitumikia kama Waziri mkuu msaidizi nchini Kenya kuanzia Aprili 2008 mpaka Aprili 2013
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  =  [[12 Septemba]] [[1960]]
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = 
|tarehe_ya_kufa  =
|mahala_alipofia = 
|majina_mengine = 
|anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya   = 
|kazi_yake  = [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] maarufu nchini [[Kenya]]
|utaifa = Kenya
}}
'''Wycliffe Musalia Mudavadi''' (anajulikana zaidi kwa jina la Musalia Mudavadi; alizaliwa katika [[Kaunti ya Vihiga]], [[12 Septemba]] [[1960]]) ni [[Siasa|mwanasiasa]] maarufu nchini [[Kenya]]. 

Mudavadi amekuwa [[mbunge]] kwa miaka mingi. Aliingia [[bunge|bungeni]] kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka [[1989]] baada ya [[baba]] yake, [[Moses Mudavadi]], aliyekuwa akishikilia kiti hicho, kufariki.

Alikuwa ndiye [[Rais|makamu wa rais]] wa mwisho kabla [[Daniel Arap Moi]] hajaondoka [[madaraka|madarakani]]. Inaaminika kuwa alipewa umakamu wa rais ili kushawishi [[Waluhya]] kuiunga [[mkono]] [[KANU]]. Mpango huu haukufanikiwa.

Katika [[uchaguzi]] wa urais nchini Kenya mwaka [[2002]], Mudavadi alikuwa mgombea mwenza wa [[Uhuru Kenyatta]]. Pamoja na kuungwa mkono na rais aliyekuwa akimaliza muda wake, Moi, na mtandao mkubwa wa KANU, Kenyatta na Mudavadi walishindwa uchaguzi, Kenyatta hakuchaguliwa kuwa rais na Mudavadi alipoteza kiti cha ubunge wa [[eneo bunge la Sabatia|Sabatia]].

Wakati wa upigaji wa [[kura ya maoni]] kuhusu [[Katiba ya Kenya|katiba mpya ya Kenya]], Mudavadi alikuwa kwenye kambi iliyokuwa ikiipinga katiba hiyo. Katika kambi hiyo alikuwemo mwanasiasa maarufu [[Raila Odinga]].

Mudavadi alikuwa kwenye kambi ya watakaogombea urais wa Kenya mnamo Desemba [[2007]].
&lt;ref&gt;[http://MusaliaMudavadi.com Tovuti] {{Wayback|url=http://musaliamudavadi.com/ |date=20211218121012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mwaka [[2015]] alianzisha [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama cha]] [[Amani National Congress]] (ANC)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Amani-National-Congress-my-new-vehicle-says-Mudavadi/1064-2705436-vs58qnz/index.html Amani National Congress my new vehicle, says Mudavadi] Daily Nation, 3 May 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nation.co.ke/news/politics/Amani-National-Congress-Musalia-Mudavadi/1064-2767692-hwbukkz/index.html Amani lists first members] Daily Nation, 27 June 2015&lt;/ref&gt; kilichoendelea kusimama upande wa [[Raila Odinga]] kwenye uchaguzi wa rais mnamo [[2017]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/19/mudavadi-heads-back-home-to-plot-ancs-next-big-move_c1619055 Mudavadi heads back home to plot ANC’s next big move] {{Wayback|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/08/19/mudavadi-heads-back-home-to-plot-ancs-next-big-move_c1619055 |date=20171026002420 }} The Star, 25 October 2017&lt;/ref&gt;  

Mwaka [[2021]] Mudavadi aliungana na [[Kalonzo Musyoka]] (chama cha [[Wiper Democratic Movement|Wiper]]), [[Moses Wetangula]] ([[FORD-Kenya|Ford Kenya]]) na [[Gideon Moi]] ([[Kenya African National Union|Kanu]]) kuunda ONE KENYA ALLIANCE-OKA kwa kusudi la kumpata mgombea kwenye uchaguzi wa [[2022]]. Mudavadi alitangaza kwamba yeye alilenga kugombea mwenyewe&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/national/article/2001435299/why-i-want-to-be-your-president-musalia-mudavadi I want to reclaim the soul of Kenya, Musalia Mudavadi], The Standard 23.02.2022&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tarehe [[23 Januari]] 2022 Mudavadi alimkaribisha makamu wa rais [[William Ruto]] kwenye mkutano mkuu wa ANC na hivyo kusababisha wenzake Gideon Moi na Kalonzo Musyoka kuondoka kwenye ushirikiano naye.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2001435305/kalonzo-gideon-announce-parting-ways-with-mudavadi Kalonzo, Gideon: Why we walked out of Musalia Mudavadi's ANC’s event], The Standard 23.01.2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}
{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mudavadi, Musalia}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]
[[Jamii:Wanasiasa wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Wabunge wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Makamu wa Rais wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
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'''Digamma''' ([[kigiriki]] '''δίγαμμα''' ikaandikwa kama Ϝ au ϝ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama V au F. Asili yake ilikuwa Waw ya [[Kifinisia]].

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo. Alama ilitumiwa kwa namba 6 pekee. 

Lakini [[Waetruski]] walifufusha alama wakaihitaji kwa sauti ya F ikaingia hivyo katika [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]] na kuendelea vile.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/nonattic.html#digamma Digamma (Wau)] {{en}}

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*[[User:Riccardo Riccioni/Archive 1|Januri 2008 — Juni 9, 2024]]
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==Fransisko wa Asizi==
Riccardo, salam. Nd. Riccardo, ile makala ya Fransisko wa Asizi, umeandika safi sana na inaeleweka. Lakini je vipi kuhusu mwaka aliozaliwa huyu bwana unaujua? Natumai utakuwa umeitafsiri kutoka wiki zingine ama sivyo? Natumai ndivyo!! Basi kama utaweza kuandika mwanzo kabisa mwaka aliozaliwa itakuwa bora zaidi. Labada nikupe mfano mdogo: '''Fransisko wa Asizi''' (tarehe na mwaka aliozaliwa) alikuwa mtakatifu kutoka nchini Italia. Asizi alizaliwa katika mkoa wa Umbria, wilaya ya Perugia, Italia.... Kisha unaweka kama ndugu na mambo mengine!! Haya basi kama hujaelewa labda umwulize Kipala atakupa habari zaidi!! Kingine usisahau kuweka InterWiki katika makala yako kama ipo katika wiki zingine-'''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[it:Fransisko of Asizi]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' (sijui kwa lugha ya Kitaliano wanahitaje) lakini inategemea na lugha vyovyote vile inaswihi. Kingine kuweka vichwa katika makala, hili nenda kaangalie makala yako utaona nimefanya vipi mpaka kimekuja kichwa cha habari-[[Fransisko wa Asizi]]. Sina mengi na nakutakia kheri ya mwaka mpya na furaha tele moyoni!!--[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]] 05:08, 7 Januari 2008 (UTC)

Kuna kitu nimesahau kukueleza. Kuweka jamii au category katika makala, mfano: '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Watakatifu wa Italia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;''' au '''&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Category:Watakatifu]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;'''  na nyingine ya mwaka aliozaliwa -unaweka mabano kama hayo kisha unaadika (Waliozaliwa 19 na...) kama kafa unaandika Waliofariki (mwaka aliokufa). Natumai utakuwa umeelewa!!--[[User:Muddyb Blast Producer|Mwanaharakati]] 05:20, 7 Januari 2008 (UTC)


== Inquiry  ==
Hello Riccardo. I've seen in article's history (Tafsiri ya Vishazi na Virai ...) that you removed the image that goes with the article. I thought it's a good Wikipedia practice to communicate with you to inquire for the reason. '''[[Mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|Dee Soulza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|majadiliano]])''' 18:03, 8 Juni 2024 (UTC)

:Yes, it's a  good practice. The reason is that the image was not more visible. I don't know why, but if you can restore its visibility, let you do. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 04:56, 9 Juni 2024 (UTC)

== [[:File:Sumbawan languages.png]] ==

Hi Ricardo! helped me to add this Linguistic map of the Sumbawa language to Wikipedia English for the Sumbawa language thanks.
[[File:Sumbawan languages.png|thumb|Areas where Sumbawa language is spoken]]

[[Maalum:Michango/140.213.127.134|140.213.127.134]] 16:51, 15 Juni 2024 (UTC)

Why don't you yourself add it? I see there a editing war... Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:21, 16 Juni 2024 (UTC)

:Ha ha ha h aha... Umeona siwe tabu. Dah! [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Comic sans&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 10:00, 20 Juni 2024 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Makala_za_msingi/Sanaa]] ==
Ndugu [[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]],

Unadhani una muda wa kupitia makala za msingi? Pengine ukatafsiri vichwa vya makala? Nitaangalia namna ya kujaza makala hayo. Lakini nitahakikisha yanakuwemo humu. Unisamehe sana kwa usumbufu. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Comic sans&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 09:59, 20 Juni 2024 (UTC)
:Ndugu, kazi hiyo ni kubwa sana, ila bahati nzuri tulikwishafanya mimi na marehemu wetu mpenzi Kipala. Tazama: [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo]], [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi 1000 - orodha ya awali iliyopanuliwa]], [[Wikipedia:Makala za msingi za kamusi elezo/Zote 1000]]. Sijui kwa nini wanaoandaa edithatons wanaelekeza wahariri wapya kuandika makala juu ya watu wasiojulikana sana au ni maarufu kwa ushoga wao badala ya kutunga kurasa hizi za msingi... Amani kwako! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC)

== Unisamehe kwa kutunza kumbukumbu zako nje ya mfuko wa majadiliano ==

Ndugu Riccardo,

Kama umetambua hivi sasa majadiliano yako yanaonekana kiduchu sana. Nimeyahifadhi katika nyaraka zako kwa vile ni muhimu sana ziwepo. Pia unisamehe kwa kuja nyumbani na kuvunja vitu pasipo-adabu! [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Comic sans&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 07:43, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC)

No problem! Tuko pamoja. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:50, 23 Juni 2024 (UTC)

== Pendekezo la kuondoa wakabidhi  ==

Ndugu Riccardo,

Kuna pendekezo hapa. Naomba upige kura; https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wakabidhi#Pendekezo_la_kuondoa_WAKABIDHI_wasio_hai

Amani kwako. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb Mwanaharakati'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;font face=&quot;Comic sans&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb Blast Producer|&lt;font color=&quot;black&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]] 06:11, 8 Julai 2024 (UTC)

== Deleting files ==
Hello! I can't find the administrators notice board so I write to you because you are the most active admin. All files need a valid license and I noticed that a number of files on [[Maalum:FailiZisizotumika]] does not have a valid license.

Some have been nominated for deletion and can be seen in [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]]. Perhaps you can have a look and delete the files? The files in [[:Jamii:NowCommons]] can most likely also be deleted. 

Also GFDL is not a good license for media files so perhaps you can remove it from [[MediaWiki:Licenses]]? --'''[[Mtumiaji:MGA73|MGA73]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:MGA73|majadiliano]])''' 17:45, 17 Agosti 2024 (UTC)

== Ahsante sana bw. Riccardo  ==

'''Kiongozi''', nimefurahishwa sana na marekebisho ya kiufundi uliyoyafanya kwenye makala ya changamoto za Kiswahili. ''Aluta continua.'' Idumu Wikipidia ya Kiswahili''.'' '''[[Mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|Dee Soulza]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Dee Soulza|majadiliano]])''' 16:56, 30 Agosti 2024 (UTC)

==Childbirth==
Does SW WP not have an article on childbirth?[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581#sitelinks-wikipedia]. Not clear why this one was removed?[https://sw.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuzaa&amp;action=history] [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 07:08, 4 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

:Dear doctor, as you know from the past, the translations you promote have very problems, starting from the titles. We had an article about generation, but not about human childbirth. Now I have transferred your page on kuzaa to a new one about [[kujifungua]], that is human childbirth. No more. We are trying to accept your contributions, though recurrent mistakes, e.g. many links in the text redirecting to English title not existing in Sw Wiki, or missing categories below. Peace to you! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 07:51, 4 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
::Thank you for being willing to collaborate. I am of course working with volunteers and introducing them to Wikipedia. While they are generally language experts / translators they are not Wikipedia experts.
::We can put all articles translated into [[Jamii:Afya]]/[[Jamii:Madawa]] automatically if that would help. Have added attribution to Kujifungua.
::What do you mean by &quot;many links in the text redirecting to English title&quot;. The software should automatically be substituting EN link with SW links and if it is not I can file a bug report. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 13:16, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

:::Software is a machine... I found such wrong links in your articles, though I had not time to correct all of them. Peace to you, doctor! --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:19, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
::::Okay found the link issue... Will see what is happening and what we can do to prevent it going forwards. [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 13:31, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
:::::E.G. link to [[affect (psychology)]] in the first text of the now redirected Ugonjwa wa kutotulia kihisia. '''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 13:34, 6 Septemba 2024 (UTC)
::::::Thank you for all your help. We will continue to work on improving our efforts. Best [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 10:14, 9 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== Padre Giovanni Losi ==

Carissimo Riccardo, Pace! Come stai? Io abbastanza bene!!! A dine mese avremo un nuovo parroco, don Andrea Legranzini, proveniente da Boffalora d'Adda. Lo aspettiamo felici!!!

Ti chiedo, per favore, un piccolo favore, se potessi aprirmi questa piccola pagina in Swahili. Ri invio una bozza:

+++++++++++++

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:Father Giovanni Losi MCCI.jpg|Right|thumb|220px|Giovanni Losi (1865).]]

'''Giovanni Losi''' (amezaliwa [[Caselle Landi]], 29 November 1838 – 27 December 1882) ni alikuwa kasisi wa Kiitaliano na mmisionari [[Kanisa Katoliki|Mkatoliki]] nchini [[Italia]]. 

Alipewa upadre mwaka 1862, mwaka 1872 alikwenda Sudan pamoja na Daniele Comboni, hadi El-Obeid.&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 334&lt;/ref&gt;

aliandika, pamoja na Padre Bonomi, katekisimu na kamusi ya lugha ya Kinubi.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.comboni.org/fratelli/106304 In Pace Christi - Giovanni Losi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya kifo cha Comboni mnamo 1881, alikua mrithi wake hadi 1882, mwaka wa kifo chake.&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 336&lt;/ref&gt;


La traduzuione sarebbe:

Ordinato sacerdote nel 1862, nel 1872 andò in Sudan con daniele Comboni, a El-Obeid.

ha scitto, con padre Bonomi, un catechismo e un dizionario della lingua Nubiana.

Alla morte di Comboni, nel 1881, è diventato il suo successore fino al 1882, anno della sua morte.

Grzie di tutto quello che fai per me. Buon fine settimana!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 10:05, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

Sarebbe così:
[[Image:Father Giovanni Losi MCCI.jpg|Right|thumb|220px|Giovanni Losi (1865).]]
'''Giovanni Losi''' ([[Caselle Landi]], [[29 Novemba]] [[1838]] – [[27 Desemba]] [[1882]]) alikuwa [[kasisi]] na [[mmisionari]] wa [[Kanisa Katoliki]] kutoka [[Italia]]. 

Baada ya kupewa [[upadirisho]] [[mwaka]] [[1862]], mwaka [[1872]] pamoja na [[Daniele Comboni]] alikwenda [[Sudan]], hadi [[El-Obeid]].&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 334&lt;/ref&gt;

Huko aliandika, pamoja na padre Bonomi, [[katekisimu]] na [[kamusi]] ya [[lugha]] ya [[Kinubi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.comboni.org/fratelli/106304 In Pace Christi - Giovanni Losi]&lt;/ref&gt;

Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Comboni mnamo [[1881]], alikua [[mrithi]] wake hadi 1882, mwaka wa kifo chake.&lt;ref&gt;Giuseppe Bonfanti, Caselle del Po - Caselle Landi, un paese sul Po, 2a ed, Comune di Caselle Landi, 1998, pag. 336&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=Tanbihi=
{{Reflist}}

=Viungo vya nje=

* [https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovanni-losi_(Dizionario-Biografico)/ ''Dizionario biografico degli italiani'']

{{Mbegu-Mkristo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Losi, Giovanni}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1838]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1882]]
[[Jamii:watu wa Italia]] '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 10:04, 13 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== [[Giovanni Losi]] ==

Grazie di tutto, per il gradissimo aiuto!!!

Che padre Losi interceda per tutti noi!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 06:35, 18 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== Giovanni Losi ==

Grazie di tutto, Pace!!! '''[[Mtumiaji:Rei Momo|Rei Momo]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Rei Momo|majadiliano]])''' 20:40, 19 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

==Wikidata links==
Hey Riccardo... The SW Mpox article was linked to the outbreak[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q112070734&amp;diff=2254757978&amp;oldid=2234414990] rather then the disease itself.[https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Q382370&amp;diff=2254758018&amp;oldid=2254610542] Have fixed. [[User:Doc James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]] · [[Special:Contributions/Doc James|contribs]] · [[Special:EmailUser/Doc James|email]]) 17:20, 30 Septemba 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

Can you please take a look at [[:Jamii:Makala kwa ufutaji]]? Thanks, '''[[Mtumiaji:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:TenWhile6|majadiliano]])''' 09:51, 24 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Redirect ==
[[mwandiko]] is nothing but redirect to [[maandishi]].

Missing content exists in [[w:it:jod]] [[w:it:sho (lettera)]] @ [[w:it:Template:Alfabeto_greco_navbox]].

Please import it here, thank you. [[Maalum:Michango/&amp;#126;2024-8390|&amp;#126;2024-8390]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:&amp;#126;2024-8390|talk]]) 17:32, 3 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

:I wonder if you know the meaning of both articles. They are not the same as you claimed. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 09:01, 4 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

::Dear Muddy, thanks. As usual, they don't know our language. All the same, I have changed the redirect to a full article about &quot;handwriting&quot;. Peace to both of you. --'''[[Mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni|Riccardo Riccioni]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Riccardo Riccioni#top|majadiliano]])''' 09:21, 4 Novemba 2024 (UTC)
:::Ajabu kabisa. [[User:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;blue&quot;&gt;&lt;sub&gt;'''Muddyb'''&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;font face=&quot;Verdana&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Muddyb|&lt;font color=&quot;gray&quot;&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''Longa'''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/font&gt;]]&lt;/font&gt; 05:53, 10 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>d3jufx0hd2q43jrshs7ydhdlyeq1a38</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Malaria</title>
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      <text bytes="108686" sha1="5vhpuum7mrncnnb7p6r6xjv03mckc78" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Malaria.jpg|thumb|Protista ya plasmodium jinsi inavyoonekana kwa [[hadubini]]: ndiyo inayosababisha malaria]]
'''Malaria''' ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] ambao unaenezwa na [[mbu]] wa [[jenasi]] ''[[Anopheles]]'' na kusababishwa na [[kidubini]] aina ya [[protisti]] ''[[Plasmodium]]''. 

Kutokana na uenezi wake katika nchi zinazotumia [[Kiswahili]], mara nyingi [[ugonjwa]] huo huitwa &quot;[[homa]]&quot; tu, ingawa homa ni [[dalili]] yake mojawapo tu, pia kuna magonjwa mengi yanayosababisha homa. 

Malaria inatokea katika maeneo ya [[tropiki|kitropiki]] na yanayokaribia tropiki ikiwa ni pamoja na sehemu za [[Amerika]], [[Asia]] na [[Afrika]]. Mwaka [[2015]] [[duniani]] kulikuwa na [[maambukizi]] [[milioni]] 214 ya malaria, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm Malaria Facts.] ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.'' &lt;/ref&gt; na watu 438,000 walikufa, wengi wao (90%) wakiwa [[Bara|barani]] [[Afrika]], hasa [[watoto]] wachanga katika mataifa ya [[kusini kwa Sahara]]. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Malaria Fact sheet N°94&quot;. WHO. Retrieved 2 February 2016.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Malaria ni mojawapo ya magonjwa yaliyoenea sana na ni tatizo kuu la [[afya ya umma]]. Kwa kawaida huhusishwa na [[umaskini]], lakini pia ni sababu ya [[umaskini]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ftp.iza.org/dp2997.pdf|format=PDF|title=Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences|publisher=[[Institute for the Study of Labor]]|accessdate=2008-12-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; na kikwazo kikubwa kwa [[maendeleo]] ya [[uchumi]].

[[Spishi]] [[tano]] za [[vimelea]] vya Plasmodium huweza kumwambukiza [[binadamu]]; aina iliyo mbaya zaidi husababishwa na Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria inayosababishwa na ''[[Plasmodium vivax]], [[Plasmodium ovale]]'' na ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]'' husababisha ugonjwa usio shadidi sana kwa binadamu na aghalabu haijui. Spishi ya tano, ''[[Plasmodium knowlesi]]'', husababisha malaria kwa [[nyani]] aina ya [[makaku]] lakini inaweza pia kumwambukiza binadamu. [[Kundi]] hilo la spishi za ''Plasmodium'' linalosababisha ugonjwa kwa binadamu hujulikana kama ''vimelea vya malaria''.

Kwa kawaida, watu hupata ugonjwa wa malaria kwa kung'atwa na [[mbu]] wa kike wa jamii ya ''[[Anopheles]]'' aliyeambukizwa. Mbu aina ya Anopheles pekee ndio wanaoweza kusambaza malaria, na ni lazima wawe wameambukizwa kupitia [[damu]] waliyofyonza kutoka kwa mtu aliyeambukizwa. Mbu akimng'ata mtu aliyeambukizwa, huchukua kiasi kidogo cha [[damu]]: damu hiyo huwa na vimelea vya malaria. [[Wiki]] moja baadaye, wakati mbu anapofyonza mlo wake mwingine wa damu, vimelea hivyo huchanganyika na [[mate]] ya mbu na kuingia katika [[mfumo wa damu]] ya anayeng'atwa.

Vimelea hivyo huzaa ndani ya [[seli nyekundu za damu]], na kusababisha dalili kama vile [[anemia]], [[maumivu]] kidogo ya [[kichwa]], shida ya kupumua, [[takikadia]], n.k., aidha kuna dalili nyingine za jumla kama vile homa, [[baridi]], [[kichefuchefu]], [[mafua]], na katika hali mbaya zaidi [[kupoteza fahamu]] na hata [[kifo]].

Maambukizi ya malaria yanaweza kupunguzwa kwa kuzuia kung'atwa na [[mbu]] kutumia [[vyandarua]], [[dawa za kuzuia wadudu]], au hatua za kudhibiti maenezi ya mbu kama vile kunyunyizia [[dawa za kuua wadudu]] ndani ya [[nyumba]] na kupiga mifereji kuondoa [[maji]] yaliyosimama ambapo mbu hutaga [[mayai]] yao. 

Majaribio yamefanywa kuibuka na [[chanjo ya malaria]] bila mafanikio makuu, pamoja na kuibua mbinu za udhibiti wa kiajabu zaidi, kama vile kubadili [[kiini tete|viini tete]] vya mbu ili kuwafanya sugu kwa vimelea pia umefikiriwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Yoshida S, Shimada Y, Kondoh D, ''et al.'' |title=Hemolytic C-type lectin CEL-III from sea cucumber expressed in transgenic mosquitoes impairs malaria parasite development |journal=PLoS Pathog. |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e192 |year=2007 |pmid=18159942 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.0030192 |url=http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030192}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa [[utafiti]] unaendelea, hakuna [[chanjo]] iliyopatikana hadi sasa inayotoa ulinzi wa hali ya juu dhidi ya malaria &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0807381 |title=RTS,S vaccine protection rate |accessdate=2009-11-19 |archivedate=2009-11-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091108200359/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa0807381 }}&lt;/ref&gt;; mwaka 2015 ile pekee iliyoruhusiwa kutumika nje ya majaribio ni RTS,S, ambayo inatolewa kwa kudunga [[sindano]] mara nne, na hata hivyo ina ufanisi mdogo (26%-50%) kulingana na chanjo nyingine. Hivyo dawa za kuzuia lazima zitumiwe bila kukoma ili kupunguza hatari ya kuambukizwa. Madawa hayo ya kuzuia maambukizi mara nyingi huwa ghali mno kwa watu wengi wanaoishi katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huu hupatikana kwa wingi. 

[[Watu wazima]] wengi wanaoishi katika maeneo ambayo ugonjwa huo umeenea huwa na maambukizi ya muda mrefu ambayo hujitokeza mara kwa mara, na pia huwa na [[kinga]] kidogo; kinga hiyo hupunguka kadiri muda unavyosonga; watu wazima kama hao wanaweza kuambukizwa malaria kali ikiwa wameishi muda mrefu katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo haujaenea. Wanashauriwa kuchukua tahadhari kamili wanaporejea katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea. 

Maambukizi ya malaria hutibiwa kwa kutumia [[dawa ya malaria]], kama vile [[kwinini]] au vizalika vya [[atemisinin]]. Hata hivyo, vimelea vimekuwa sugu kwa nyingi ya dawa hizo. Kwa hiyo, katika baadhi ya maeneo ya dunia, dawa chache tu ndizo zilizo na uwezo wa kutibu malaria kwa ufanisi.

== Ishara na dalili ==
[[Picha:Symptoms of Malaria.png|thumb|Dalili kuu za malaria.&lt;ref&gt;WebMD Dalili za malaria Ilisashishwa Mwisho: 16 Mei 2007&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Dalili za malaria ni pamoja na homa, kutetemeka, [[athralgia]] (maumivu ya kifundo), [[kutapika]], [[anemia]] (inayosababishwa na kuachana kwa chembechembe nyekundu za damu), hemoglobinuria, kuharibika kwa [[retina]], &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Beare NA, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME |title=Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=790–7 |pmid=17123967 |pmc=2367432 |url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=17123967 |date= 1 Novemba 2006 |month=Nov |day=01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[mtukutiko wa maungo]]. 

Dalili tambulika za malaria hutokea kwa namna ya mzunguko wa [[baridi]] ya ghafla ikifuatiwa na [[kutetemeka]], kisha homa na kutokwa [[jasho]] kunakodumu kwa saa nne hadi sita: dalili hizo hujitokeza kila baada ya siku mbili kwa maambukizi ya ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale'', huku ikijitokeza kila baada ya siku tatu kwa ''P. malariae.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;RBMarmenia&quot;&gt;[http://www.malaria.am/eng/pathogenesis.php Malaria life cycle &amp;amp; pathogenesis.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.malaria.am/eng/pathogenesis.php |date=20080118084209 }} Malaria katika Armenia. Ilitumiwa 31 Oktoba 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; ''P. falciparum'' yaweza kuwa na homa inayojitokeza kila baada ya saa 36-48 au homa isiyoshadidi lakini inayoendelea. Kwa sababu zisizofahamika vyema, lakini ambazo zinaweza kuhusiana na shinikizo ya hali ya juu katika [[fuvu la kichwa]], watoto walio na malaria mara nyingi hudhihirisha [[mkao usiokuwa wa kawaida]], ishara ya uharibifu wa [[ubongo]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;Idro &quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last =Idro  | first =R | authorlink = | coauthors =Otieno G, White S, Kahindi A, Fegan G, Ogutu B, Mithwani S, Maitland K, Neville BG, Newton CR | title = Decorticate, decerebrate and opisthotonic posturing and seizures in Kenyan children with cerebral malaria| journal =Malaria Journal | volume =4 | issue =57  | pages = 57| publisher = | date = | url = | pmc = 1326205 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-4-57| pmid =16336645 | accessdate =2007-01-21}} &lt;/ref&gt; Imegunduliwa kuwa malaria husababisha matatizo ya kutambua, hasa kwa watoto. Husababisha kuenea sana kwa [[anemia]] katika kipindi cha kukua haraka kwa ubongo na pia uharibifu wa moja kwa moja wa ubongo. Uharibifu huo wa [[nyurolojia|kinurolojia]] hutokana na malaria ya ubongo ambayo ni hatari mno kwa watoto. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Boivin MJ |title=Effects of early cerebral malaria on cognitive ability in Senegalese children |journal=J Dev Behav Pediatr |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=353–64 |year=2002 |month=Oktoba |pmid=12394524 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0196-206X&amp;volume=23&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=353 |access-date=2009-11-19 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072406/http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=0196-206X&amp;volume=23&amp;issue=5&amp;spage=353 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; {{cite journal |author=Holding PA, Snow RW |title=Impact of Plasmodium falciparum malaria on performance and learning: review of the evidence |journal=Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=64 |issue=1-2 Suppl |pages=68–75 |year=2001 |pmid=11425179 |doi= |url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/68 |format= }} - &lt;sup&gt;[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;q=intitle%3AImpact+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+malaria+on+performance+and+learning%3A+review+of+the+evidence&amp;amp;as_publication=Am.+J.+Trop.+Med.+Hyg.&amp;amp;as_ylo=2001&amp;amp;as_yhi=2001&amp;amp;btnG=Search Orodha tafuta))]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; malaria ya ubongo huhusishwa na weupe wa retina, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Maude RJ, Hassan MU, Beare NAV|title=Severe retinal whitening in an adult with cerebral malaria|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=80|issue=6|year=2009|page=881|url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/80/6/881|pmid=19478242|pages=881|month=Jun|day=01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ambayo inaweza kuwa na manufaa kama ishara ya kutofautisha malaria na visababishi vingine vya homa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Beare NAV, Taylor TE, Harding SP, Lewallen S, Molyneux ME|year=2006|title=Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria|journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg|volume=75|pages=790–797|pmid=17123967|issue=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Spishi
! Mwonekano
! Dalili katika vipindi vinavyolingana
! Hudumu katika ini?
|-
|  ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]''
|  [[Picha:Plasmodium vivax 01.png|center|200px]]
|  kila baada ya siku tatu
|  ndio
|-
|  ''[[Plasmodium ovale]]''
|  [[Picha:Plasmodium ovale 01.png|center|200px]]
|  Kila baada ya siku tatu
|  ndio
|-
|  ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''
|  [[Picha:Plasmodium falciparum 01.png|center|200px]]
|  kila baada ya siku tatu
|  hapana
|-
|  ''[[Plasmodium malariae]]''
|  [[Picha:Mature Plasmodium malariae schizont PHIL 2715 lores.jpg|center|200px]]
|  kila baada ya siku nne
|  hapana
|}

Malaria kali husababishwa takriban kipekee na maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'': kwa kawaida hujitokeza kati ya siku 6-14 baada ya kuambukizwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trampuz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Trampuz A, Jereb M, Muzlovic I, Prabhu R | title = Clinical review: Severe malaria | url= | pmc=270697 | journal = Crit Care | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–23 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12930555 | doi = 10.1186/cc2183}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madhara ya ugonjwa wa malaria kali ni pamoja na [[kukosa fahamu]] na kifo ikiwa haitatibiwa-watoto wachanga na wanawake wajawazito hasa wamo hatarini. [[Splenomegali]] (kupanuka kwa wengu), [[maumivu makali ya kichwa]], [[iskemia ya ubongo]], [[hepatomegali]] (kupanuka kwa ini), [[hypoglisimia]], na hemoglobinuria na [[kufeli kwa figo]] huweza kutokea. Kufeli kwa figo kunaweza kusababisha [[homa ya mkojo wa damu]], ambapo hemoglobin kutoka katika chembechembe nyekundu za damu zilizosambaratika huvuja na kuingia katika mkojo. Malaria kali inaweza kuendelea kwa kasi na kusababisha kifo katika mudaa wa masaa  kadhaa au masiku. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trampuz&quot;/&gt; Katika hali mbaya zaidi ya ugonjwa huo viwango vya vifo vinaweza kuzidi 20%, hata kuwe na utunzi wa hali ya juu na matibabu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Kain K, Harrington M, Tennyson S, Keystone J | title = Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1998-07_27_1/page/142 | journal = Clin Infect Dis | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | pages = 142–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9675468 | doi = 10.1086/514616}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea, mara nyingi matibabu si ya kuridhisha na kiwango cha jumla cha vifo vinavyosababishwa na malaria huwa kimoja kati visa kumi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Mockenhaupt F, Ehrhardt S, Burkhardt J, Bosomtwe S, Laryea S, Anemana S, Otchwemah R, Cramer J, Dietz E, Gellert S, Bienzle U | title = Manifestation and outcome of severe malaria in children in northern Ghana | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–72 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15306705}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya muda mrefu, matatizo ya kukua yamerekodiwa kwa watoto ambao wameugua malaria kali. &lt;ref name=&quot;carter2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Carter JA, Ross AJ, Neville BG, Obiero E, Katana K, Mung'ala-Odera V, Lees JA, Newton CR | title=Developmental impairments following severe falciparum malaria in children | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2005-01_10_1/page/n4 | journal=Trop Med Int Health | year=2005 | volume=10 | pages=3–10  | pmid=15655008 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01345.x | issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malaria ya muda mrefu hutokana na ''P. vivax'' na ''P. ovale,'' lakini si katika ''P. falciparum.'' Hapa, ugonjwa huo unaweza kujitokeza tena miezi au miaka baada ya kuambukizwa kutokana na uwepo wa vimelea fiche katika [[ini]]. Kwa hivo, kueleza kuwa malaria imetibiwa kwa kutazama kutokuwepo kwa vimelea katika damu kunaweza kupotosha. Kipindi kirefu zaidi kati ya kuambukizwa vimelea na kujitokeza kwa dalili za ugonjwa kimeripotiwa kwa ''P. vivax'' kuwa miaka 30. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trampuz&quot;/&gt; Inakadiriwa kuwa moja kati ya visa vitano vya malaria vinavyosababishwa na ''P. vivax'' katika maeneo ya [[hari]] huhusiana na [[kujihifadhi kwa vijimelea]] vya hipnoziti (yaani, dalili hujitokeza mwaka unaofuata kung'atwa na mbu). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Adak T, Sharma V, Orlov V | title = Studies on the Plasmodium vivax relapse pattern in Delhi, India | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 175–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9684649}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sababu ==
[[Picha:Malaria.jpg|thumb|Spora ya Plasmodium huzunguka sitoplazimu ya seli epitheliumu ya utumbo wa kati ya mbu katika rangi hii bandia ya mikrografia eltroniki.]]

=== Vimelea vya malaria ===
Vimelea vya malaria ni wa [[jenasi]] ya ''[[Plasmodium]]'' (Faila Apicomplexa). Katika binadamu malaria husababishwa na ''P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, P. vivax'' na ''P. knowlesi.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mueller I, Zimmerman PA, Reeder JC |title=Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale--the &quot;bashful&quot; malaria parasites |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-parasitology_2007-06_23_6/page/278 |journal=Trends Parasitol. |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=278–83 |year=2007 |month=Juni |pmid=17459775 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2007.04.009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Singh B, Kim Sung L, Matusop A, ''et al.'' |title=A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings |journal=Lancet |volume=363 |issue=9414 |pages=1017–24 |year=2004 |month=Machi |pmid=15051281 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15836-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''P. falciparum'' ndiyo iliyoenea zaidi na huchangia takriban 80% ya maambukizi yote ya malaria, na pia inahusishwa na karibu 90% ya vifo vinavyotokana na malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Mendis K, Sina B, Marchesini P, Carter R | title = The neglected burden of Plasmodium vivax malaria | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 97–106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11425182 | format = PDF | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2009-03-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326131917/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/reprint/64/1_suppl/97.pdf | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Vimelea vya spishi ya ''Plasmodium''  huambukiza pia ndege, mitambaazi, nyani, sokwe na panya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Escalante A, Ayala F | title = Phylogeny of the malarial genus Plasmodium, derived from rRNA gene sequences | doi= 10.1073/pnas.91.24.11373 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 91 | issue = 24 | pages = 11373–7 | year = 1994 | pmid = 7972067}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kumedhibitishwa maambukizi kadhaa ya wanadamu na [[Wiktionary:simian|spishi zinazoambukiza nyani]] malaria, yaani ''P. knowlesi, P. inui, P. cynomolgi,'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Garnham | first=PCC | year=1966 | title=Malaria parasites and other haemosporidia | publisher=Blackwell Scientific Publications|location=Oxford }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''P. simiovale, P. brazilianum, P. schwetzi'' na ''P. simium'', hata hivyo, isipokuwa kwa ''P. knowlesi,'' hizo nyingine hazina umuhimu  kwa afya ya umma. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=''Plasmodium knowlesi:'' Finally being recognized|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=199|pages=1107–1108|doi=10.1086/597415|pmid=19284287|last1=Collins|first1=WE|last2=Barnwell|first2=JW|issue=8|author1=&amp;Amp, Collins W.E.|author2=Barnwell, J.W.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa [[malaria ya ndege]] inaweza kuua [[kuku]] na [[batamzinga]], ugonjwa huu hausababishi hasara kubwa kiuchumi kwa wafugaji wa kuku. &lt;ref&gt;Investing in Animal Health Research to Alleviate Poverty. Taasisi ya Utafiti wa Mifugo ya kimataifa. Permin A. na Madsen M. (2001) [http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/investinginanimal/Book1/media/PDF_Appendix/Appendix8.pdfLiterature Appendix 2: review on disease occurance and imparct (smallholder poultry).] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ilri.cgiar.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/investinginanimal/Book1/media/PDF_Appendix/Appendix8.pdfLiterature |date=20110718022608 }} Ilitumika 29 Oktoba 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, tangu kuingizwa kiajali na binadamu imeeneza ugonjwa na kuua idadi kubwa ya  ndege wa [[Hawaii]], ambao walikuwa wamekua katika mazingira bila kimelea hicho na kwa hivyo hawakuwa na kinga yoyote dhidi yake. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Atkinson CT, Woods KL, Dusek RJ, Sileo LS, Iko WM |title=Wildlife disease and conservation in Hawaii: pathogenicity of avian malaria (''Plasmodium relictum'') in experimentally infected iiwi (''Vestiaria coccinea'') |journal=Parasitology |volume=111 Suppl |issue= |pages=S59–69 |year=1995 |pmid=8632925 |doi=10.1017/S003118200007582X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taratibu ==
=== Mzunguko wa maisha ya ''Plasmodium'' na vekta wa mbu ===
Kimelewa cha msingi (mahsusi) cha kimelea hicho na [[njia ya uenezi]] na [[vekta]] zake ni [[mbu]] jike wa jenasi ya ''[[Anopheles]]'', binadamu na wanyama wengine wenye uti wa mgongo ni vimelewa wa ziada. Kwanza mbu wachanga  humeza vimelea kwa kufyonza damu ya mwanadamu aliyeambukizwa kisha mbu huyo wa aina ya''Anopheles'' hubeba [[mbegu za vimelea]] za ''Plasmodium'' katika [[matezi ya mate]] yao. Mbu huambukizwa baada ya kufyonza damu kutoka kwa binadamu aliyeambukizwa. Baada ya kumezwa, [[gameti]] za vimelea viliyofyonzwa pamoja na damu hujigawanya kwa msingi wa [[mbegu]] za kiume au za kike na kisha kuungana katika utumbo wa mbu. Hii hubuni [[ukineti]] inayopenya wambo wa utumbo wa mbu na kuzalisha [[uusisi]] katika ukuta wa utumbo. Uusisi inapopasuka, inatoa spora(sporozoites)vinayohama katika mwili wa mbu kuelekea katika matezi ya mate ya mbu, ambapo huwa tayari kumwambukiza binadamu mwingine. Aina hii ya maambukizi wakati mwingine hujulikana kama uhamisho kituo wa kabla(anterior station transfer). Spora huingizwa ndani ya ngozi, pamoja na mate, wakati mbu anapofyonza mlo wake mwingine wa damu.

Mbu jike tu ndio hufyonza damu, hivyo mbu wa kiume hawasambazi ugonjwa huo. Mbu jike wa jenasi ya ''Anopheles'' hupendelea kutafuta mlo usiku. Huanza kutafuta mlo [[giza]] linapoanza kuingia na kuendelea usiku kucha mpaka watakapopata mlo. Vimelea vya malaria pia vinaweza kuambukizwa kupitia kuongezwa damu, ingawa hii ni nadra. 

=== Pathojenesisi ===
[[Picha:MalariacycleBig.jpg|thumb|right|Mzunguko wa maisha ya vimelea vya malaria katika mwili wa binadamu. Mbu anamwambukiza mtu kwa kufyonza mlo damu. Kwanza, spora huingia katika mfumo wa damu, na kuhamia ini. Huambukiza chembechembe za ini (hepatosaiti), ambapo huzaana kuwa merozoiti, kurarua chembe za ini, na kujipenyeza kurudi katika mfumo wa damu. Kisha, merozoiti huambukiza chembechembe nyekundu za damu, ambapo hukua katika umbo pete, kisha trofozoiti (awamu ya kula), kisha skizonti (awamu ya kula), kisha kurejea kuwa merozoitiVijiumbe vinayoitwa gameti pia huzalishwa, ambayo, kama ikivyonzwa na mbu, vitamwambukiza mdudu huyo na kuendelea na mzunguko wa uhai.]]

Malaria katika binadamu hupevuka katika awamu mbili: awamu ya eksoirithasitika na erithrasiti. Awamu ya eksoirithasitika inahusisha maambukizi ya mfumo wa ini, huku awamu ya erithrasiti inahusisha maambukizo ya seli nyekundu za damu. Mbu aliyeambukizwa anapodunga ngozi ya binadamu kufyonza mlo wa  damu, [[spora]] katika mate ya mbu huingia katika mfumo wa damu ya binadamu na kuhamia katika [[ini]]. Katika muda wa dakika 30 ya kuwa mwilini mwa binadamu, spora huambukiza [[seli za ini]], kujizidisha kwa uzazi nafsi na bila kusababisha dalili za ugonjwa kwa muda wa kati ya siku 6 na 15. Mara zinapoingia katika ini viumbe hivyo huzaana kwa maelfu ya [[merozoiti]], ambazo, baada ya kupasuka kwa seli ya kimelewa wao, hujipenyeza ndani ya damu na kuambukiza [[chembechembe nyekundu za damu]], na hivyo [[kuanza]] awamu ya erithrasiti katika mzunguko wa maisha. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318200741/http://www.sma.org/pdfs/objecttypes/smj/91C48D32-BCD4-FF25-565C69314AF7EB48/1196.pdf Bledsoe, GH (]&lt;/ref&gt; Vimelea hutoka katika ini bila kutambulika  kwa kujizungusha kwenye kiwambo cha seli ya ini ya kimelewa aliyeambukizwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;sturm2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Sturm A,
Amino R, van de Sand C, Regen T, Retzlaff S, Rennenberg A, Krueger A, Pollok JM, Menard R, Heussler VT | title=Manipulation of host hepatocytes by the malaria parasite for delivery into liver sinusoids | journal=Science | year=2006 | volume=313 | pages=1287–1490  | pmid=16888102 | doi = 10.1126/science.1129720 | issue=5791
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndani ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu, vimelea huendelea kuongezeka, kwa uzazi nafsi, mara nyingine hujipenyeza nje ya chembe wenyeji na kuvamia chembechembe nyekundu zilizokuwa hazijaambukizwa. Mizunguko kadhaa kama hiyo ya kujiongezea nguvu hutokea. Kwa hivyo, maelezo yanayofahamika ya kukumbwa na homa ya ghafla hutokea wakati merozoiti wanapojipenyeza na kuambukiza chembechembe nyekundu za damu.

Baadhi ya spora za ''P. vivax''  na ''P. ovale''  hazikui moja kwa moja kuwa merozoiti katika awamu ya eksoirithasitika, badala yake huzalisha hipnozoiti zinazobakia bwete kwa kipindi cha kati ya miezi kadhaa (aghalabu miezi 6-12) hadi urefu wa mpaka miaka mitatu. Baada ya kipindi cha kuwa bwete, vimelea hivyo hujiamilisha na kuzalisha merozoiti. Hipnozoiti zanahusika na kipindi kirefu cha kati ya kuambukizwa na cha maradhi, na kurejea tena kwa ugonjwa katika aina hizi mbili za malaria.

Kimelea cha malaria kwa kiwango fulani hulindwa dhidi ya kushambuliwa na [[mfumo wa kinga mwili]] kwa sababu katika kipindi cha mzunguko wa maisha kinapoishi katika mwili wa mwanadamu, hukaa ndani ya ini na chembechembe nyekundu za damu na haionekani kwa urahisi kwa ufuatiliaji wa kinga mwili. Hata hivyo, chembechembe za damu zilizoambukizwa na zilizo katika mzunguko wa damu huharibiwa katika [[wengu]]. Ili kuepuka hali hii vimelea vya ''P. falciparum'' hutandaza [[protini]] inayonata juu ya chembechembe za damu zilizoambukizwa, hii husababisha chembechembe hizo kukwama kwenye kuta za mishipa ndogo ya damu, hivyo basi kutenga vimelea hivyo na mzunguko wa jumla na wengu. Hali hii ya &quot;kunata&quot; ni sababu kuu inayochangia matizo ya [[kutokwa damu]]wakati wa malaria. [[Vena ndogo za endotheliumu]] (matawi madogo kabisa katika mzunguko wa damu) zinaweza kuzibwa na mkusanyiko wa chembechembe hizo za damu zilizoambukizwa. Kuzibwa kwa mishipa hii husababisha dalili kama zinazohusishwa na malaria ya kondo ya nyuma na malaria ya ubongo. Katika malaria ya ubongo chembechembe nyekundu za damu zilizotengwa zinaweza kuvunja [[kizuizi cha damu na ubongo]] hali inayoweza kupelekea kukosa fahamu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Adams S, Brown H, Turner G | title = Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria? | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-parasitology_2002-08_18_8/page/360 | journal = Trends Parasitol | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | pages = 360–6 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12377286 | doi = 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02353-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa protini gandishi ya uso wa chembechebe nyekundu za damu (iitwayo PfEMP1, yaani ''Plasmodium falciparum'' erythrocyte membrane protini 1) ziko wazi kwa mfumo wa kinga, hazisaidii kama kinga nzuri kwa minajili ya chanjo kwa sababu ya utofauti wao uliokithiri; kuna angalau aina 60 za protini ndani ya kimelea kimoja na ina tofauti zaidi katika jamii ya vimelea. &lt;ref name=&quot;Chen&quot;/&gt; Kimelea hicho hujigeuza kati ya mchanganyiko mkubwa wa protini gandishi za uso PfEMP1, hivyo basi kuwa hatua moja mbele ya mfumo wa kinga unaoitafuta.

Baadhi ya merozoiti hugeuka kuwa [[gameti]] za kiume au za kike. Mbu anapong'ata ngozi ya mtu aliyeambukizwa, mara moja huwa na uwezo kufyonza gameti zilizo damuni. Muunganiko wa mbegu za kiume na kike za vimelea hutokea katika utumbo wa mbu, na hivyo kumfanya mbu kuwa [[kimelea]] cha [[msingi]] wa ugonjwa huo. Spora mpya hukua na kusafiri kuelekekea katika tezi ya mate ya mbu, na hivyo kukamilisha mzunguko. [[Wanawake]] [[Ujauzito|wajawazito]] hasa huwa kivutio kwa mbu, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Lindsay S, Ansell J, Selman C, Cox V, Hamilton K, Walraven G | title = Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes | journal = Lancet | volume = 355 | issue = 9219 | pages = 1972 | year = 2000 | pmid = 10859048 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02334-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; malaria kwa wanawake wajawazito ni kisababishi kikuu cha [[uzazimfu]], vifo vya watoto wachanga na uzaaji wa watoto wasio na uzito unaostahili, &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = van Geertruyden J, Thomas F, Erhart A, D'Alessandro U | title = The contribution of malaria in pregnancy to perinatal mortality | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/35 | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 71 | issue = 2 Suppl | pages = 35–40 | date = 1 Agosti 2004 | pmid = 15331817 | month = Aug | day = 01 | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2010-04-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100403200936/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/35 | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; hasa katika maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'', lakini pia kutokana na maambukizi ya spishi nyingine, kama vile ''P. vivax.'' &lt;ref name=&quot;rodriguezmorales2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Sanchez E, Vargas M, Piccolo C, Colina R, Arria M, Franco-Paredes C | title=Pregnancy outcomes associated with Plasmodium vivax malaria in northeastern Venezuela | journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg | year=2006 | volume=74 | pages=755–757  | pmid = 16687675 | issue=5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uaguzi ==
[[Picha:Plasmodium falciparum 02.jpg|thumb|Mpako wa damu kutoka P. falciparum iliyokuzwa (K1 Strain). Chembechembe kadhaa nyekundu za damu zilizo na awamu ya pete ndani yazo. Karibu katikati kuna schizont na kushoto kuna trofozoiti.]]

Tangu Charles Laveran alipokiona kwa mara ya kwanza kimelea cha malaria katika damu mwaka wa 1880, &lt;ref name=&quot;Sutherland2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Sutherland CJ, Hallett R|title=Detecting malaria parasites outside the blood|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=199|issue=11|pages=1561–1563|doi=10.1086/598857|pmid=19432543|last1=Sutherland|first1=CJ|last2=Hallett|first2=R}}&lt;/ref&gt; msingi wa uaguzi wa malaria umekuwa uchunguzi wa damu kwa hadubini.

Homa na mshtuko wa mwili huchukuliwa kimakosa kama aina ya malaria kali sana barani Afrika kiasi cha kutoshughulikia magonjwa mengine hatari. Katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea [[uwepo wa vimelea]] damuni hakutoshi kutoa uaguzi wa malaria kali kwa sababu uwepo wa vimelea unaweza kusababishwa na maradhi mengine yanayolingana na malaria. Uchunguzi wa hivi karibuni unapendekeza kuwa [[upimaji mwanga katika retina]] ni njia bora ya kuagua malaria (uwezo wa kijumla wa kupitisha mwangaza wa 95% na uwezo wa bainifu wa 90%) zaidi ya mbinu za kutegemea dalili au maabara katika utofautishaji baina ya malaria na magonjwa mengine.{ {1/}

Ingawa damu ni sampuli inayotumiwa  mara nyingi kufanya uaguzi, mate na mkojo vimechunguzwa kama sampuli mbadala, inayoingiwa na vimelea chache. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sutherland2009&quot;/&gt;

=== Uaguzi wa dalili ===
Maeneo yasiyoweza kumudu angaa vipimo sahili vya kimaabara aghalabu hutegemea historia ya dalili za homa ambazo mgonjwa ataeleza kuamua kutoa tiba ya malaria. Kwa kutumia damu iliyopakwa Gemsa kutoka kwa watoto nchini Malawi, utafiti ulionyesha kwamba wakati uaguzi wa dalili (joto la mjiko, weupe wa shina la ukucha, na kupanuka kwa wengu) zilipotumika kama ishara ya tiba, badala ya kutumia dalili anazoeleza mgonjwa,kiwango cha  uaguzi sahihi kiliongezeka kutoka 21 % hadi 41% na kutoa matibabu ya  malaria kusikohitajika kukapungua vikubwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M 2006 80&quot;&gt; {{cite journal |author=Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M |title=Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=8996 | pages = 80 | year = 2006 |pmid=8551881 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90404-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Uchunguzi hadubini wa filmu za damu ===
{{Details3|[[Plasmodium falciparum|P. falciparum]], [[Plasmodium vivax|P. vivax]], [[Plasmodium ovale|P. ovale]], [[Plasmodium malariae|P. malariae]]|individual parasites}}
Njia ya kiiktisadi zaidi, inayopendelewa, na ya kuaminika kwa uaguzi wa malaria ni uchunguzi hadubini wa [[filmu]] za [[damu]] kwa sababu kila moja ya spishi nne za vimelea huwa na sifa bainifu. Kwa kawaida, aina mbili za filmu ya damu hutumika. Filmu nyembamba ni sawa na filmu ya damu za kawaida na huruhusu utambulisho wa spishi kwa sababu mwonekano wa vimelea huhifadhiwa vyema katika maandalizi hayo. Filmu nzito humruhusu mhadubini kuchunguza kiasi kikubwa cha damu na ni karibu mara kumi na moja rahisi kuonekana kuliko filmu nyembamba, kwa hivyo kutambua viwango vya chini ya maambukizi ni rahisi kwa kutumia filmu nzito, lakini mwonekano wa vimelea huwa umepotoa zaidi na hivyo kutofautisha kati ya spishi mbalimbali kunaweza kuwa vigumu zaidi. Kwa kuzingatia faida na mapungufu ya filmu nzito na nyembamba, ni muhimu kutumia filmu hizi mbili wakati wa kutafuta uaguzi bainifu. &lt;ref name=&quot;warhurst1996&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Warhurst DC, Williams JE | title=Laboratory diagnosis of malaria | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pathology_1996-07_49_7/page/n6 | journal=J Clin Pathol | year=1996 | volume=49 | pages=533–38 |pmid=8813948 | doi = 10.1136/jcp.49.7.533 | issue=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kutoka kwa filamu nzito, mhadubini anaweza kuchunguza viwango vya vimelea (au [[uwepo wa vimelea)]] hadi kiwango cha chini cha 0.0000001% cha chembechembe nyekundu za damu. Utambuzi wa spishi unaweza kuwa vigumu kwa sababu trofozoiti (&quot;umbo pete&quot;) za mapema maishani mwa vimelea zote hufanana na kamwe haiwezekani kutambua spishi kwa msingi wa umbo pete moja; utambulisho wa spishi hutegemea trofozoiti kadhaa.

=== Uchunguzi nyanjani ===
Katika maeneo ambapo uchunguzi hadubini haupatikani, au ambapo wafanyakazi wa maabara hawana uzoefu katika uaguzi wa malaria, kuna [[vipimo antijeni]] ambavyo vinahitaji tone tu la damu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Pattanasin S, Proux S, Chompasuk D, Luwiradaj K, Jacquier P, Looareesuwan S, Nosten F | title=Evaluation of a new Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase assay (OptiMAL-IT) for the detection of malaria | journal=Transact Royal Soc Trop Med | year=2003 | volume=97 | pages=672–4  | pmid=16117960 | doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(03)80100-1 | issue=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vipimo vya imunokromatografia (pia huitwa: Uaguzi Haraka wa Malaria, Uchanganuzi wa Kukamata Antijeni au &quot;Dipsticks&quot;) vimetengenezwa, kusambazwa na kujaribiwa nyanjani. Vipimo hivi hutumia damu inayotolewa  kidoleni au damu ya vena, kipimo kamilufu huchukua jumla ya dakika 15-20, na maabara haihitajiki. Upeo chini wa vipimo vya uaguzi haraka upo katika vimelea 100 / μl ya damu ikilinganishwa  na uchunguzi hadubini kutumia filmu nzito ambapo upeo huo ni 5. Vipimo vya uaguzi haraka vya kwanza vilitumia ''P. falciparum'' [[glutamate dehydrogenase]] kama antijeni. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Ling IT., Cooksley S., Bates PA., Hempelmann E., Wilson RJM.
| title=Antibodies to the glutamate dehydrogenase of Plasmodium falciparum
| journal=Parasitology | year=1986 | volume=92, | pages=313–24  | pmid=3086819 | doi=10.1017/S0031182000064088 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nafasi ya PGluDH ilichukuliwa na ''P.falciparum'' lactate dehydrogenase, aina moja ya 33 kDa [[oxidoreductase]] [EC 1.1.1.27]. Ndicho kimeng'enya cha mwisho katika njia ya [[glaikoliti]], na ni muhimu kwa uzalishaji [[ATP]] na pia ni mojawapo ya kimeng'enya kinachopatikana kwa wingi katika ''P.falciparum.'' PLDH haiendelei kuwa katika damu bali humalizika karibu wakati mmoja na vimelea kufuatia matibabu yaliyofanikiwa. Kutokuwepo kwa antijeni baada ya tiba hufanya upimaji wa pLDH muhimu katika kutabiri ikiwa matibabu hayakufaulu. Kwa jinsi hii, pLDH ni sawa na pGluDH. Uchanganuzi wa OptiMAL-IT unaweza kutofautisha kati ya ''P. falciparum'' na ''P. vivax'' kwa sababu ya tofauti ya kiantijeni kati ya kimeng'enya chao pLDH.

=== Mbinu za kimolekyuli ===
Mbinu za kimolekyuli hupatikana katika baadhi ya maabara za kimatibabu na asei za uchanganuzi wa papo kwa hapo (kwa mfano, [[QT-NASBA]] inayotumia mmenyuko endelevu wa polimeresi ) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title=Detection and identification of human Plasmodium species with real-time quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based amplification | author=Mens PF, Schoone GJ, Kager PA, Schallig HDFH. | journal=Malaria Journal | year=2006 | volume=5 | issue=80 | doi=10.1186/1475-2875-5-80 | pages=80 | pmid=17018138 | last1=Mens | first1=PF | last2=Schoone | first2=GJ | last3=Kager | first3=PA | last4=Schallig | first4=HD }}&lt;/ref&gt;zinaendelea kuandaliwa kwa matumaini ya kuzisambaza katika maeneo ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea.

=== Vipimo haraka vya antijeni ===
OptiMAL-IT inaweza kuchunguza kwa umadhubuti uwepo wa vimelea vya P. falciparum hadi chini ya 0.01% na vimelea visivyo falciparum hadi 0.1%. ''Para'' check-PF huweza kuchunguza vimelea chini ya 0.002% lakini haiwezi kutofautisha kati  ya malaria inayoambukizwa na ''falciparum'' na isiyoambukizwa na ''falciparum''. Asidi za viiniseli vya vimelea hugunduliwa kutumia [[mmenyuko endelevu wa polimeresi]]. Mbinu hii ni sahihi zaidi kuliko uchunguzi hadubini. Hata hivyo, ni ghali, na inahitaji maabara maalumu. Pia, uwepo wa vimelea si lazima uwiane na kukua kwa ugonjwa, hasa wakati kimelea kinaweza kujigandisha katika kuta za mishipa ya damu. Kwa hivyo, vifaa zaidi vilivyo na uwezo wa kupima mabadiliko madogo na visivyohitaji teknolojia ya hali ya juu vinafaa kubuniwa ili kugundua uwepo wa vimelea vya viwango vya chini nyanjani.
&lt;ref&gt; {{cite journal |author=Redd S, Kazembe P, Luby S, Nwanyanwu O, Hightower A, Ziba C, Wirima J, Chitsulo L, Franco C, Olivar M |title=Clinical algorithm for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in children |journal=Lancet |volume=347 |issue=8996 |pages=80 |year=2006 |pmid=8551881 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90404-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kuzuia ==
[[Picha:Anopheles albimanus mosquito.jpg|thumb|Mbu aina ya Anopheles Albimanus afyonza mkono wa binadamu. Mbu huyu ni vekta wa malaria na udhibiti wa mbu ni njia madhubuti sana ya kupunguza matukio ya malaria.]]
Mbinu zinazotumiwa kuzuia kuenea kwa ugonjwa, au kulinda watu katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea ni pamoja na madawa ya kuzuia ugonjwa, kutokomeza mbu, na uzuiaji kung'atwa na mbu.

Kuendelea kuwepo kwa malaria katika eneo kunahitaji; mseto wa idadi kubwa ya binadamu, idadi kubwa ya mbu katika eneo moja, na viwango vya juu vya maambukizi kutoka kwa binadamu hadi kwa mbu na  kutoka kwa mbu hadi kwa binadamu. Ikiwa hali hizi zote zitapunguzwa kwa viwango vya kutosha, bila shaka kimelea cha malaria kitatoweka kutoka katika eneo hilo, kama ilivyotokea [[Amerika ya Kaskazini, Ulaya]] sehemu kubwa ya [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. Hata hivyo, vimelea visipotokomezwa kutoka dunia nzima, vinaweza kujisitawisha tena ikiwa hali itarejea kuwa inayofaa kuzaana kwao. Nchi nyingi zinashuhudia ongezeko la idadi ya maambukizi ya malaria kutokana na usafiri na uhamaji mwingi.

Kwa sasa, hakuna [[kinga]] inayozuia malaria lakini utafiti unaendelea.

Watafiti wengi wanasema kuwa kinga ya malaria inaweza kuwa nafuu zaidi kuliko tiba ya ugonjwa huo kwa muda mrefu, lakini mtaji unaohitajika ni wa juu sana kwa watu wengi maskini duniani. Mshauri wa kiuchumi [[Jeffrey Sachs]] anakadiria kwamba malaria inaweza kudhibitiwa kwa msaada wa dola za Amerika bilioni 3  kila mwaka. Imesemekana kuwa, ili kufikia [[Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia]], pesa lazima zielekezwe kutoka katika juhudi za kutibu [[VVU]] / [[UKIMWI]] na kuelekezwa kuzuia malaria, ambayo kwa kiasi sawa cha fedha  kutakuwa na manufaa makubwa kwa chumi za Afrika.

Usambazaji wa ufadhili inatofautiana miongoni mwa mataifa. Nchi zenye idadi kubwa ya watu hazipokei kiasi sawa cha msaada. Nchi 34 zilizopokea msaada wa chini ya $ 1 kwa kila mtu kila mwaka ni baadhi ya mataifa maskini zaidi barani Afrika.

[[Brazili]], [[Eritrea]], [[India]] na [[Vietnam]], tofauti na nchi nyingine zinazoendelea, zimefanikiwa kupunguza tatizo la malaria. Sababu zilizopelekea mafanikio katika mataifa hayo ni pamoja na mazingira mazuri ya nchi, mpangilio mahususi wa kiufundi unaotumia zana faafu kuwafikia walengwa, kufanya uamuzi kwa misingi ya utafiti, uongozi tendaji katika ngazi zote za serikali, kushirikisha jamii, ugatuzi wa utekelezaji na udhibiti wa fedha, wafanyikazi wa kiufundi na wa usimamizi wenye ujuzi katika ngazi ya taifa na nyanjani, kujishughulisha moja kwa moja kiufundi na kivitendo kwa mashirika wafadhili na fedha za kutosha na zinazopatikana kwa urahisi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Barat L | title = Four malaria success stories: how malaria burden was successfully reduced in Brazil, Eritrea, India, and Vietnam | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–6 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16407339}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Udhibiti Vekta ===
Juhudi za kukomesha malaria na kutokomeza mbu zimefanikiwa katika baadhi ya maeneo. Kitambo malaria ilikuwa ugonjwa wa kawaida [[Amerika]] na [[Ulaya kusini]] lakini juhudi za kudhibiti vekta, pamoja na matibabu na ufuatiliaji wa binadamu walioambukizwa, ulikomesha ugonjwa huo katika maeneo hayo. Katika baadhi ya maeneo, kukomesha mitiririsho kwenye maeneo chepechepe ambapo mbu huzaliana na kuimarisha usafi kuliwezesha hali hiyo. Malaria ilitokomezwa kutoka kaskazini mwa Marekani mapema katika karne ya 20 kwa mbinu kama hizo, na matumizi ya [[kiuadudu]] cha [[DDT]] yaliutokomeza kutoka Kusini kufikia mwaka wa 1951. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDChistory&quot;&gt; http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/eradication_us.htm Centers for Disease Control. ''Eradication of Malaria in the United States (1947-1951)''  2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Katika mwaka wa 2002, kuliripotiwa matukio 1059 ya malaria nchini Amerika, ikiwa ni pamoja na vifo vinane, lakini kati ya hayo yote, matukio matano tu ya ugonjwa huo yaliambukizwa ndani ya Amerika.

Kabla ya kuvumbuliwa kwa kiuadudu cha DDT,maeneo kadhaa ya kitropiki pia yalitokomeza au kudhibiti  malaria kwa kuondoa au kusumisha maeneo ya mbu kuzaliana au maji ambamo lava huishi, kwa mfano kwa kumwaga au kujaza mafuta mahali maji yamesimama. Mbinu hizi hazijatumika vilivyo barani Afrika kwa zaidi ya nusu karne. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Killeen G, Fillinger U, Kiche I, Gouagna L, Knols B | title = Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Brazil: lessons for malaria control in Africa? | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 2 | issue = 10 | pages = e192 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12383612 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00397-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na [[Miaka ya 1960|1960]] kulikuwa na juhudi kubwa za afya ya umma kutokomeza ugonjwa wa malaria duniani kwa kulenga maeneo ambako malaria ilikuwa imeenea. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Gladwell, Malcolm.|date=2001-07-02 | title=The Mosquito Killer | url=http://www.gladwell.com/2001/2001_07_02_a_ddt.htm | publisher=The New Yorker}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, juhudi hizi hazijafaulu kutokomeza malaria katika sehemu nyingi zinazoendelea duniani, tatizo hilo limeenea zaidi barani Afrika.

[[Mbinu ya kutasisha mdudu]] inajitokeza kama mbinu ya kudhibiti mbu. Maendeleo kuelekea transijeni, au wadudu waliogeuzwa vinasaba, zinaonyesha kwamba mbu mwitu wanaweza kubadilishwa kuwa sugu kwa malaria. Watafiti katika [[Imperial College London]] walibuni mbu wa kwanza wa malaria ulimwenguni aliyegeuzwa vinasaba, &lt;ref&gt;Imperial College, London, [http://www.ic.ac.uk/templates/text_3.asp?P=1911 &quot;Scientists create first transgenic malaria mosquito&quot;,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ic.ac.uk/templates/text_3.asp?P=1911 |date=20060926003820 }} 2000/06/22.&lt;/ref&gt; huku spishi wa kwanza sugu kwa  Plasmodium akizinduliwa na watafiti kutoka [[Case Western Reserve University Ohio]] mwaka wa 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;ito2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Ito J, Ghosh A, Moreira LA, Wimmer EA, Jacobs-Lorena M | title=Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=417 | pages=387–8  | pmid=12024215 | doi = 10.1038/417452a | issue=6887}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mafanikio ya kubadilisha kizazi cha sasa na kizazi kilicho na vinasaba vipya, yanategemea mfumo kadhaa, kama vile vipengele vinavyoweza kubadilishwa kuruhusu nadharia nyingine za [[jenetikia]] mbali na ya [[Mendel]]. Hata hivyo, mbinu hii ina matatizo mengi na mafanikio yako mbali mno. &lt;ref&gt; Knols et al., 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Mbinu nyingine ya usoni zaidi ya kudhibiti vekta ni uwezekano wa kutumia [[mwanga]] wa [[leza]] kuua mbu wanaoruka. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123680870885500701.html |title=Rocket Scientists Shoot Down Mosquitoes With Lasers |publisher=WSJ.com |author=Robert Guth |accessdate=8 Julai 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pia inadaiwa kuwa harufu ya ndege wafugwao ikiwapo kuku huweza kuwafukuza wadudu warukao ikiwamo mbu wa malaria&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=HANS|first=RAPHAEL|title=HARUFU YA KUKU HUFUKUZA MALARIA|url=https://afyazetu360.blogspot.com/2017/08/harufu-ya-kuku-hufukuza-malaria.html|work=A-Z 360|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madawa ya kuzuia ===
Madawa mengi ambayo hutumiwa kutibu malaria, yanaweza kutumika kuzuia. Kwa ujumla, dawa hizi hutumiwa kila siku au kila wiki, katika kipimo cha chini kuliko inavyofaa kutumiwa kutibabu mtu ambaye kweli ameambukizwa ugonjwa huo. Matumizi ya madawa ya kuzuia ni nadra kwa wakazi wa maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea, matumizi hayo kawaida huwa kwa wageni wa muda mfupi na wasafiri wanaotembelea maeneo ya malaria. Hii ni kutokana na gharama ya madawa hayo, [[athari]] mbaya kutokana na matumizi ya muda mrefu, na kwa sababu baadhi ya madawa madhubuti ya kupambana na malaria hayapatikani kwa rahisi  nje ya mataifa tajiri.

[[Kwinini]] ilianza kutumika kama dawa ya kuzuia malaria (profilaksis) katika karne ya 17. Kubuniwa kwa madawa mbadala fanisi zaidi kama vile [[kwinakrini]], [[klorokwini]] na [[primakwini]] katika [[karne ya 20]], kulipunguza kutegemewa kwa kwinini. Siku hizi, kwinini bado inatumiwa katika kutibu malaria sugu inayoambukizwa na ''Plasmodium falciparum'' pamoja na kutibu [[malaria ya ubongo]], lakini kwa kawaida haitumiki kama kizuia malaria.

Madawa ya kisasa yanayotumiwa kuzuia ni pamoja na [[mefloqine]] ''(Lariam),''  [[doxycycline/0} (inapatikana kwa urahisi), na mchanganyiko wa atovaquone na proguanil hydrochloride ya {0{/0} (Malarone).|doxycycline/0} (inapatikana kwa urahisi), na mchanganyiko wa [[atovaquone]] na proguanil hydrochloride ya {0{/0} ''(Malarone).'' Chaguo la dawa gani litumike hutegemea vimelea vilivyo [[sugu]] katika eneo hilo, athari ya dawa hiyo na maswala mengine. Dawa ya prophylactic haianzi kufanya kazi mara moja baada ya kumezwa, kwa hivyo watu wanaopanga kutembelea maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea kawaida huanza kutumia dawa hiyo wiki moja au mbili kabla ya kutembelea sehemu hizo na ni lazima waendeleae kuzitumia kwa wiki 4 baada ya kuondoka (isipokuwa atovaquone proguanil inayohitaji kuanza kutumiwa siku 2 kabla ya kusafiri na kuendelea siku 7 baadaye ya kuondoka).

Matumizi ya madawa ya kuzuia malaria katika maeneo ambapo mbu wanaoambukiza malaria wanapatikana yanaweza kufanya mwili kuwa sugu katika kupata malaria. &lt;ref&gt;[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 Roestenberg M, et al.] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 |date=20090802093941 }}[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 ''Protection against a Malaria Challenge by Sporozoite Inoculation.'' ] {{Wayback|url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/361/5/468 |date=20090802093941 }} New England J. Med. 361:468, 30 Julai 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Unyunyizaji majumbani ===
Unyunyizaji majumbani (IRS) ni hali ya kunyunyizia viuadudu kwenye kuta za ndani ya nyumba katika maeneo yaliyoathirika na malaria. Baada ya kufyonza, spishi nyingi za mbu hupumzika juu ya kitu kilicho karibu huku akimeng'enya mlo wake wa damu, kwa hivyo iwapo kuta za majumba zitanyunyuziwa viuadudu, mbu wanaopumzika huenda wakauawa kabla kumng'ata mhasiriwa mwingine, na kumhamishia vimelea vya malaria

Kiuadudu cha kwanza kilichotumika katika unyunyizaji majumbani (IRS) kilikuwa [[DDT]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;CDChistory&quot;/&gt; Ingawa awali kilitumika kupambana na malaria pekee, matumizi yake yalienea kwa haraka na kuingia katika [[kilimo]]. Baada ya muda, dawa ya DDT ilianza kutumika hasa kwa lengo la kudhibiti wadudu kuliko kama dawa ya kuzuia ugonjwa kuenea na kutokana na matumizi haya makubwa katika kilimo kulizuka mbu sugu katika maeneo mengi. Usugu wa mbu wa aina ya Anopheles dhidi ya  DDT unaweza kufananishwa na usugu wa bakteria kwa viuavijasumu. Matumizi ya kupindukia ya sabuni za kuua bakteria na viuavijasumu dhidi ya bakteria yalisabisha usugu kwa bakteria kwa viuavijasumu, sawa na jinsi unyunyizaj wa DDT wa kupundukia kwa mimea  ulipelekea usugu wa mbu wa Anopheles kwa DDT. Katika miaka ya 1960, uenezaji wa habari kuhusu madhara ya matumizi ya kiholela ya DDT uliongezeka, jambo ambalo lilipelekea matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo kupigwa marufuku katika nchi nyingi katika miaka ya 1970. Kwa kuwa matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo yamepungua au kupigwa marufuku kwa muda, DDT sasa inaweza kuwa njia ya kufaa kama hatua ya kudhibiti ugonjwa.

Ingawa matumizi ya DDT kudhibiti malaria hayajawahi kupigwa marufuku na kwamba kuna viuadudu vingine vingi vinavyoweza kutumika kunyunyiza, baadhi ya wanaharakati wamedai kwamba marufuku haya yamesababisha vifo vya mamilioni ya watu katika nchi za kitropiki ambapo DDT iliwahi kuwa madhubuti katika kudhibiti malaria. Fauka ya hayo, matatizo mengi yanayokurubishwa na matumizi ya DDT yanatokana na matumizi yake kwa viwango pana katika kilimo, wala si matumizi yake katika [[afya ya umma]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid17111979&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tia E, Akogbeto M, Koffi A, ''et al.'' |title=[Pyrethroid and DDT resistance of Anopheles gambiae s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) in five agricultural ecosystems from Côte-d'Ivoire] |language=French |journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique (1990) |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=278–82 |year=2006 |pmid=17111979 |doi=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO) kwa sasa linashauri matumizi ya aina 12 tofauti za viuadudu katika operesheni za kunyunyiza. Hizi ni pamoja na matumizi ya DDT na msururu wa vibadala (kama vile pyrethroids [[Permethrin]] na [[deltamethrin]]), ili kupambana na malaria katika maeneo ambapo mbu wamekuwa sugu kwa DDT  ili kupunguza kasi ya mabadiliko kuelekea usugu. &lt;ref&gt;[http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf Indoor Residual Spraying: Use of Indoor Residual Spraying for Scaling Up Global Malaria Control and Elimination.] {{Wayback|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_HTM_MAL_2006.1112_eng.pdf |date=20160122134004 }} Shirika la Afya Duniani, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Matumizi haya ya viwango vidogo vya DDT katika afya ya umma yanaruhusiwa chini ya [[Mkataba wa Stolckholm wa Usimamizi wa Taka za Kemikali Zinazodumu katika Mazingira kwa Muda Mrefu]] (POPs), ambao unapiga marufuku matumizi ya DDT katika kilimo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/10thingsonDDT.pdf 10 Things You Need to Know about DDT Use under The Stockholm Convention]&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, kwa sababu ya [[historia]] yake, nchi nyingi zilizoendelea zimewekea vikwazo matumizi ya DDT hata kwa viwango vidogo. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pops.int/ The Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last= Rosenberg | first= Tina |title= &quot;What the world needs now is DDT&quot; | publisher= New York Times |date=  2007-04-11 | url= http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&amp;res=9F0DEEDA1738F932A25757C0A9629C8B63 | accessdate= 2008-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tatizo mojawapo la aina zote za unyunyizaji wa viuadudu majumbani ni [[usugu]] unaotokana na mabadiliko ya mbu. Kulingana na utafiti uliochapishwa kuhusu  Mosquito Behavior and Vector Control, spishi wa mbu wanaoathiriwa na IRS ni wale wanaopumzika na kuishi majumbani (endophilic), kutokana na mwasho unasababishwa na dawa za kunyunyizia, vizazi vyao wanabadilika kuelekea spishi wanaopumzika na kuishi nje (exophilic), kumaanisha hawaathiriki - ikiwa wanaathirika kwa vyovyote - na IRS, na kufanya mbinu hii kuwa isiyofaa kwa kiasi fulani katika kujilinda.

=== Vyandarua vya mbu na matandiko ===
{{Main|Chandarua}}
Vyandarua vya mbu husaidia kutenga watu na mbu na kupunguza maambukizi na usambazaji wa malaria kwa kiwango kikubwa. Vyandarua si vizuizi kamilifu na mara nyingi hutiwa kiuadudu kilichotengenezwa kuua mbu kabla apate muda wa kutafuta upenyu wa kuingia ndani ya chandarua. Vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa (Insectcide-Treated-Neta;ITN) vinakadiriwa kuwa na ufanisi mara mbili zaidi ya vyandarua visivyotiwa dawa, &lt;ref name=&quot;hull2006&quot;/&gt; na hutoa ulinzi zaidi ya 70% ikilinganishwa na kutotumia chandarua. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bachou H, Tylleskär T, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, Tumwine JK |title=Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda |journal=BMC Infect. Dis. |volume=6 |issue= |pages=160 |year=2006 |pmid=17090299 |pmc=1660577 |doi=10.1186/1471-2334-6-160 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ingawa vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa, ITN vimedhibitishwa kuwa na ufanisi dhidi ya malaria, chini ya 2% ya watoto katika miji ya mataifa ya Afrika iliyo Kusini kwa Sahara wanalindwa na ITN. Kwa sababu mbu wa ''[[Anopheles]]'' hufyonza damu usiku, njia inayopendekezwa ni kuning'iniza  neti katikati ya kitanda hivi kwamba inafunika kitanda chote.

Usambazaji wa vyandarua vilivyotiwa viuadudu kama vile [[Pamethrin]] au deltamethrin umeonyesha kuwa ni mbinu madhubuti mno katika kuzuia malaria, na pia ni mojawapo ya mbinu yenye gharama nafuu zaidi. Vyandarua hivi vinaweza kupatikana kwa dola zipatazo 2,50-$ 3,50 (kati ya euro 2-3 ) kutoka kwa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]], Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) na mashirika mengine. Vyandarua vilivyotiwa dawa (ITN) vimedhibitishwa kuwa mbinu yenye gharama nafuu zaidi katika kuzuia malaria na ni sehemu ya Malengo ya Maendeleo ya Milenia (Millennium Development Goals;MDGs) za WHO.

Kwa ufanisi zaidi, vyandarua lazima vitiwe viuadudu kila baada ya miezi sita. Mchakato huu hukumbwa na tatizo la ukosefu wa vifaa muhimu katika maeneo ya vijijini. Kuna teknolojia mpya kama Olyset au DawaPlus inayowezesha neti kudumu kwa muda mrefu(Long- Lasting Insecticide nets;LLIN),ambapo vyandarua hivyo hutoa viuadudu kwa takriban miaka 5, &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2004-11/2004-11-23-voa30.cfm?CFID=15461499&amp;amp;CFTOKEN=28007413 New Mosquito Nets Could Help Fight Malaria in Africa]&lt;/ref&gt; na hugharimu takribani US $ 5.50. Vyandarua hivi huwalinda wanaovotumia na kuua mbu wanaogusa chandarua hicho. Watu wanaolala katika chumba kimoja na hawajajifunika kwa chandarua pia hupata ulinzi wa kiasi fulani.

Huku usambazaji wa vyandarua vya mbu ukiwa sehemu muhimu ya mbinu za kuzuia malaria, uelimishaji na uhamasishaji wa jamii kuhusu hatari za ugonjwa wa malaria huambatanishwa na kampeni za usambazaji ili kuhakikisha kuwa watu wanaopokea vyandarua wanajua jinsi ya kuvitumia. Kampeni za &quot;Hang Up&quot; kama zinazofanywa na wanaojitolea kuhudumu na shirika la [[Kimataifa]] la [[Red Cross]] na la [[Red Crescent Movement]] hushirikisha kutembelea miji ambayo ilipokea vyandarua ifikapo mwisho wa kampeni au kabla tu ya msimu wa mvua kuhakikisha kwamba chandarua kinatumika vizuri na kwamba watu walio hatarini zaidi ya kuambukizwa, kama watoto wachanga na wazee, wanalala chini neti. Utafiti uliofanywa na [[CDC]] nchini [[Sierra Leone]] ulionyesha ongezeko la asilimia 22 katika utumiaji wa chandarua kufuatia kutembelewa kibinafsi na mtu wa kujitolea anayeishi katika jamii hiyo. Utafiti nchini [[Togo]] ulionyesha hali bora sawa  na hukSierra Leoneo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ifrc.org/what/health/diseases/malaria/156800-Malaria-Report-EN-LR.pdf |title=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (200) &quot;The winning formula - World Malaria Day Report 2009&quot; |accessdate=2009-11-19 |archivedate=2009-08-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809050332/http://www.ifrc.org/what/health/diseases/malaria/156800-Malaria-Report-EN-LR.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gharama ya kutibu malaria huwa juu ikilinganishwa na mapato ya mgonjwa,na basi ugonjwa huo husababisha hali ya mtu kupoteza riziki yake. Mara nyingi vyandarua huwa ghali kwa watu katika nchi zinazoendelea, hasa kwa wengi walio hatari ya kuambukizwa. Mtu 1 tu katiya watu 20 huwa na chandarua cha mbu barani Afrika. &lt;ref name=&quot;hull2006&quot;/&gt; Vyandarua pia husambazwa wakati wa kampeni za kutoa chanjo kwa kutumia vocha za ruzuku, kama vile wakati wa kampeni za kuwachanja watoto dhidi ya [[surua]].

Utafiti uliofanywa miongoni mwa [[wakimbizi]] wa [[Afghanistani]]  nchini [[Pakistan]] ulibainisha kuwa kutia dawa ya permethrin kwenye matandiko na [[buibui]] (pamoja na [[hijabu]]) huwa na athari sawa na hali ya kutumia chandarua kilichotiwa dawa, lakini bei yake ni nafuu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Rowland M, Durrani N, Hewitt S, Mohammed N, Bouma M, Carneiro I, Rozendaal J, Schapira A | title = Permethrin-treated chaddars and top-sheets: appropriate technology for protection against malaria in Afghanistan and other complex emergencies | journal = Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume = 93 | issue = 5 | pages = 465–72 | year = 1999| pmid = 10696399 | doi = 10.1016/S0035-9203(99)90341-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbinu nyingine mbadala hutumia spora za kuvu  [[Beauveria bassiana]] kunyunyizia kuta na vyandarua ili kuua mbu. Japo baadhi ya mbu wamekua sugu kwa kemikali, haijapatikana kuwa wamekuwa sugu kwa maambukizi ya kuvu. &lt;ref name=&quot;bbcfungus&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4074212.stm &quot;Fungus 'may help malaria fight'&quot;,] ''BBC News,''  2005/06/09&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Chanjo ===
{{main|Chanjo ya Malaria}}
Kingamaradhi (au, kwa usahihi zaidi, kuhimili malaria) hutokea kawaida, lakini baada ya maambukizi yaliyorudiwarudiwa na aina nyingi za malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Färnert A, Williams TN, Mwangi TW, ''et al.''|title=Transmission‐dependent tolerance to multiclonal ''Plasmodium falciparum'' infection|journal=J Infect Dis|year=2009|volume=200|issue=7|pages=1166–1175|doi=10.1086/605652|pmid=19702508|last1=Färnert|first1=A|last2=Williams|first2=TN|last3=Mwangi|first3=TW|last4=Ehlin|first4=A|last5=Fegan|first5=G|last6=Macharia|first6=A|last7=Lowe|first7=BS|last8=Montgomery|first8=SM|last9=Marsh|first9=K}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Chanjo]] ya malaria inaendelea kufanyiwa utafiti na, hakuna chanjo madhubuti iliyopatikana hadi sasa. Ufafiti wa kwanza ulioonyesha uwezekano wa kupatikana kwa chanjo ya malaria ulifanyika mwaka wa 1967 kwa kumchanja panya na [[spora hai zilizodhoofishwa kwa mnunurisho]], na ilitoa kinga kwa takriban 60% ya panya baadaye walipodungwa kwa spora hai zinazoweza kuambukiza. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nussenzweig1967&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nussenzweig R, Vanderberg J, Most H, Orton C |title=Protective immunity produced by the injection of x-irradiated sporozoites of plasmodium berghei |journal=Nature |volume=216 |issue=5111 |pages=160–2 |year=1967 | pmid = 6057225 | doi = 10.1038/216160a0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tangu 1970, kumekuwa na juhudi za kubuni chanjo kwa binadamu kutumia mikakati sawa na hiyo. Ilibainishwa kwamba mtu anaweza kupata kinga dhidi ya maambukizo ya ''P. falciparum'' ikiwa atang'atwa zaidi ya mara 1,000 na mbu walioambukizwa, ambao pia wamenunurishwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hoffman SL, Goh LM, Luke TC, ''et al.'' |title=Protection of humans against malaria by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=185 |issue=8 |pages=1155–64 |year=2002 |pmid=11930326| doi = 10.1086/339409 |last12=Stoute |first12=JA |last13=Church |first13=LW |last14=Sedegah |first14=M |last15=Heppner |first15=DG |last16=Ballou |first16=WR |last17=Richie |first17=TL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imekubaliwa kwa ujumla kwamba ni vigumu kutumia mkakati kama huo kutoa chanjo kwa watu walio hatarini kuambukizwa. Badala yake, kazi nyingi zimefanywa kujaribu kuelewa michakato ya [[kiimyunolojia]] inayotoa kinga baada ya kuchanjwa kwa spora iliyonunurishwa. Baada ya utafiti wa chanjo kwa panya mwaka wa 1967, &lt;ref name=&quot;Nussenzweig1967&quot;/&gt; ilichukuliwa kinadharia kwamba spora zilizodungwa zilikuwa zikitambuliwa na mfumo wa kingamwili, ambao kwa upande wake ulikuwa ukiunda [[mazindikomwili]] (antibodies) dhidi ya vimelea. Ilidhibitishwa kwamba mfumo wa kingamwili ulikuwa ukibuni mazindikomwili dhidi ya protini ya [[circumsporozoite]] (CSP) iliyokuwa imeizunguka spora. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Zavala F, Cochrane A, Nardin E, Nussenzweig R, Nussenzweig V |title=Circumsporozoite proteins of malaria parasites contain a single immunodominant region with two or more identical epitopes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-experimental-medicine_1983-06_157_6/page/1947 |journal=J Exp Med |volume=157 |issue=6 |pages=1947–57 |year=1983 | doi = 10.1084/jem.157.6.1947 |pmid=6189951 |unused_data=|i pmid = 6189951}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aidha, mazindikomwili dhidi ya CSP yalizuia spora kuzivamia seli za ini (hepatocytes). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hollingdale M, Nardin E, Tharavanij S, Schwartz A, Nussenzweig R |title=Inhibition of entry of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax sporozoites into cultured cells; an in vitro assay of protective antibodies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-immunology_1984-02_132_2/page/909 |journal=J Immunol |volume=132 |issue=2 |pages=909–13 |year=1984 | pmid =  6317752}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hivyo basi CSP ilichaguliwa kama protini iliyokuwa na uwezekano zaidi wa kubuni chanjo dhidi ya spora ya malaria. Ni kwa sababu hizi za kihistoria ambapo chanjo zilizo na msingi katika CSP ni nyingi miongoni mwa chanjo za malaria.

Kwa sasa, kuna aina tofauti za chanjo zinazokaguliwa. Chanjo inayolenga vimelea kabla havijafikia damu (pre-erythrocytic), hasa chanjo ambazo misingi yake ni CSP, huchangia pakubwa la tafiti za chanjo ya malaria. Aina nyingine za tafiti za chanjo zinajumuisha: zile zinazotafuta kuweka kinga katika awamu ya kuambukizwa kwa damu; zinazotafuta kuepuka pathologia kali zaidi ya malaria kwa kuzuia kushikamana kwa vimelea katika [[mishipa]] ya damu au na [[chanjo dhidi ya uenezi]] utakaokomesha kukua kwa vimelea mwilini mwa mbu baada ya mbu kufyonza damu ya mtu aliyeambukizwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Matuschewski2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Matuschewski K |title=Vaccine development against malaria |journal=Curr Opin Immunol |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=449–57 |year=2006 | pmid = 16765576 | doi = 10.1016/j.coi.2006.05.004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Inatarajiwa kwamba matokeo ya utafiti wa mpangilio wa [[jinomu]] ya ''P. falciparum'' uliomalizika mwaka wa 2002 &lt;ref&gt; http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v419/n6906/full/nature01097.html&lt;/ref&gt;, yatatoa mwelekeo kuhusu dawa au chanjo mpya. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Gardner M, Hall N, Fung E, ''et al.'' | title = Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum | journal = Nature | volume = 370 | issue = 6906 | pages = 1543 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12368864 | doi = 10.1038/nature01097 | last12 = James | first12 = K | last13 = Eisen | first13 = JA | last14 = Rutherford | first14 = K | last15 = Salzberg | first15 = SL | last16 = Craig | first16 = A | last17 = Kyes | first17 = S | last18 = Chan | first18 = MS | last19 = Nene | first19 = V | last20 = Shallom | first20 = SJ | last21 = Suh | first21 = B | last22 = Peterson | first22 = J | last23 = Angiuoli | first23 = S | last24 = Pertea | first24 = M | last25 = Allen | first25 = J | last26 = Selengut | first26 = J | last27 = Haft | first27 = D | last28 = Mather | first28 = MW | last29 = Vaidya | first29 = AB | last30 = Martin | first30 = DM | last31 = Fairlamb | first31 = AH | last32 = Fraunholz | first32 = MJ | last33 = Roos | first33 = DS | last34 = Ralph | first34 = SA | last35 = Mcfadden | first35 = GI | last36 = Cummings | first36 = LM | last37 = Subramanian | first37 = GM | last38 = Mungall | first38 = C | last39 = Venter | first39 = JC | last40 = Carucci | first40 = DJ | last41 = Hoffman | first41 = SL | last42 = Newbold | first42 = C | last43 = Davis | first43 = RW | last44 = Fraser | first44 = CM | last45 = Barrell | first45 = B}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chanjo ya kwanza ambayo imebuniwa na kufanyiwa majaribio nyanjani, ni SPf66, iliyoandaliwa na [[Manuel Elkin Patarroyo]] mwaka 1987. Inatoa mchanganyiko wa mazindikomwili chanjo kutoka kwa spora (kutumia marudio ya CS) na vimelea vya merozoiti. Katika awamu ya kwanza ya majaribio umadhubuti wa 75% ulipatikana na chanjo ikaonekana kuhimiliwa vizuri na watafitiwa na ilikuwa na uwezo wa kuanzisha kingamwili. Awamu za IIb na III ya majaribio haikuridhisha sana, umadhubuti ulishuka kwa kiwango cha kati ya 38.8% na 60.2%. Jaribio lilifanyika Tanzania mwaka wa 1993 na kuonyesha umadhubuti wa 31% baada ya kufuatilia wahusika kwa mwaka, hata hivyo hivi karibuni (ingawa kuna utata) utafiti uliofanywa nchini Gambia haukuonyesha madhara yoyote. Licha ya muda mrefu na tafiti nyingi zilizofanywa, bado haijulikani jinsi chanjo ya SPf66 hutoa kinga; kwa hivyo inawezekana isiwe ufumbuzi wa tatizo la malaria.

CSP ndiyo chanjo nyingine iliyobuniwa na ilionekana kuwa ingepitia  majaribio. Pia msingi wake ni protini inayozunguka spora (circumsporoziote), lakini zaidi ya hivyo imeunganika na  protini (Asn-Ala-Pro15Asn-Val-ASP-Pro) 2-Leu-arg (R32LR)  kwa kufungamanisha elekroni pamoja na ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''  tovin(A9) iliyosafishwa. Hata hivyo katika hatua za awali ukosefu kamili wa kinga kwa waliochanjwa ulidhihirika miongoni mwa waliochanjwa. Kundi la watafitiwa lililopewa dawa ya majaribio nchini Kenya lilikuwa na kiwango cha matukio ya maambukizi cha 82% huku kundi ambalo halikupewa chanjo likiwa na kiwango cha  maambukizi cha 89%. Chanjo hiyo ililenga kuongeza seli za limfosayti T kwa waliochanjwa, hali ambayo haikutokea.

Umadhubuti wa chanjo ya Patarroyo umetiliwa shaka huku baadhi ya wanasayansi wa Marekani wakiandika katika [[The Lancet]] (1997) kwamba &quot;chanjo hiyo si madhubuti na ni lazima itupiliwe mbali&quot; huku raia huyo wa [[Kolombia]] akiwatuhumu kuwa na &quot;kiburi&quot; na kupuuzilia mbali madai yao na kuongeza kuwa wanafanya hivyo kwa sababu yeye anatoka katika taifa linaloendelea.

RTS, S/AS02A ni chanjo ambayo imebuniwa kwa ubia kati ya Mchakato wa PATH wa kutafuta Chanjo ya Malaria (PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative) (unaofadhiliwa na Wakfu wa Gates, kampuni ya GlaxoSmithKline, na Walter Reed Army Institute of Research &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heppner DG, Kester KE, Ockenhouse CF, ''et al.'' |title=Towards an RTS,S-based, multi-stage, multi-antigen vaccine against falciparum malaria: progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research |journal=Vaccine |volume=23 |issue=17-18 |pages=2243–50 |year=2005 |pmid=15755604 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.142 |last12=Angov |first12=E |last13=Cummings |first13=JF |last14=Leach |first14=A |last15=Hall |first15=BT |last16=Dutta |first16=S |last17=Schwenk |first17=R |last18=Hillier |first18=C |last19=Barbosa |first19=A |last20=Ware |first20=LA |last21=Nair |first21=L |last22=Darko |first22=CA |last23=Withers |first23=MR |last24=Ogutu |first24=B |last25=Polhemus |first25=ME |last26=Fukuda |first26=M |last27=Pichyangkul |first27=S |last28=Gettyacamin |first28=M |last29=Diggs |first29=C |last30=Soisson |first30=L |last31=Milman |first31=J |last32=Dubois |first32=MC |last33=Garçon |first33=N |last34=Tucker |first34=K |last35=Wittes |first35=J |last36=Plowe |first36=CV |last37=Thera |first37=MA |last38=Duombo |first38=OK |last39=Pau |first39=MG |last40=Goudsmit |first40=J |last41=Ballou |first41=WR |last42=Cohen |first42=J}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika chanjo hiyo, sehemu ya CSP imeunganishwa na &quot;S [[antigen]]&quot; ya [[Virusi vya homa ya manjano B]]; {0   protini hii ya {0} mseto hudungwa pamoja na [[ajuvanti]] AS02A. &lt;ref name=&quot;Matuschewski2006&quot;/&gt; Mnamo Oktoba 2004, watafiti wa RTS, S/AS02A  walitangaza matokeo ya [[Awamu ya majaribio ya IIb]], iliyoonyesha chanjo hiyo ilipunguza hatari ya maambukizi kwa takribani 30% na ukali wa maambukizi kwa zaidi ya 50%. Utafiti huo uliwahusisha zaidi ya watoto 2,000 wa [[Msumbiji]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Alonso PL, Sacarlal J, Aponte JJ, ''et al.'' |title=Efficacy of the RTS,S/AS02A vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum infection and disease in young African children: randomised controlled trial |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9443 |pages=1411–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15488216 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17223-1 |last12=Aide |first12=P |last13=Ofori-Anyinam |first13=O |last14=Navia |first14=MM |last15=Corachan |first15=S |last16=Ceuppens |first16=M |last17=Dubois |first17=MC |last18=Demoitié |first18=MA |last19=Dubovsky |first19=F |last20=Menéndez |first20=C |last21=Tornieporth |first21=N |last22=Ballou |first22=WR |last23=Thompson |first23=R |last24=Cohen |first24=J}}&lt;/ref&gt; Majaribio yaliyofuata ya chanjo ya RTS, S/AS02A yalilenga usalama na umadhubuti wa kutoa chanjo hiyo kwa watoto. Katika mwezi wa Oktoba 2007, watafiti walitangaza matokeo ya [[awamu ya majaribio ya I / IIb]] yaliofanywa kwa watoto 214 wa Msumbiji wa kati ya umri wa miezi 10 na miezi 18 ambao walipokea vipimo kamili vitatu vya chanjo iliyopunguza maambukizi kwa 62% bila madhara makubwa isipokuwa tu uchungu wa kudungwa sindano. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aponte JJ, Aide P, Renom M, ''et al.'' |title=Safety of the RTS,S/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in a highly endemic area of Mozambique: a double blind randomised controlled phase I/IIb trial |journal=Lancet |volume=370 |issue=9598 |pages=1543–51 |year=2007 |month=Novemba |pmid=17949807 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61542-6 |url= |last12=Vekemans |first12=J |last13=Sigauque |first13=B |last14=Dubois |first14=MC |last15=Demoitié |first15=MA |last16=Sillman |first16=M |last17=Savarese |first17=B |last18=Mcneil |first18=JG |last19=Macete |first19=E |last20=Ballou |first20=WR |last21=Cohen |first21=J |last22=Alonso |first22=PL}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Njia nyinginezo ===
Elimu kuhusu utambuaji dalili za malaria umepunguza idadi ya maambukizi katika baadhi ya maeneo ya nchi zinazoendelea kwa hadi kiasi cha 20%. Kutambua ugonjwa huo katika hatua za mapema pia kunaweza kuondoa hatari ya ungonjwa huo. Elimu pia inaweza kuwafundisha watu kufunika maeneo ambapo maji yamesimama, kwa mfano tangi ya maji ambayo ni sehemu bora ya kuzaliana kwa vimelea na mbu, hivyo kupunguza hatari ya maambukizi kwa watu. Hii hasa hutekelezwa katika maeneo ya miji ambako kuna sehemu kubwa zilizo na idadi ya watu wengi wanaoishi pamoja, kuna uwezekano wa maambukizi kutokea katika maeneo hayo.

[[Mradi]] wa [[Kudhibiti Malaria]] sasa unatumia muda ambapo watu hujitolea kote duniani wanapokuwa hawafanyi kazi (tazama [[Volunteer computing]] and [[BOINC]]) ili kujaribu modeli za madhara ya kiafya na mienendo ya maambukizi ili kupata njia bora au mchanganyiko wa mbinu kudhibiti malaria. Mbinu hii ya kuchanganua modeli hutegemea utumizi mpana wa kompyuta kwa sababu ya idadi kubwa ya watu kutoka sehemu mbalimbali walio na vigezo anuwai vya kibayolojia na sababu za kijamii zinazoathiri kuenea kwa ugonjwa. Inatarajiwa kuwa itachukua miezi michache kutumia nguvu za waliojitolea wanaotumia kompyuta ikilinganishwa na miaka 40 ambayo ingechukua kutumia rasilimali walizonazo sasa wanasayasi waliobuni mpango huo. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=What is Malariacontrol.net | publisher=AFRICA@home | url=http://africa-at-home.web.cern.ch/africa%2Dat%2Dhome/malariacontrol.html | accessdate=2007-03-11 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315221605/http://africa-at-home.web.cern.ch/africa-at-home/malariacontrol.html | archivedate=2007-03-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mfano wa umuhimu wa modeli za kompyuta katika kupangilia michakato ya [[kutokomeza]] ugonjwa wa malaria ni ulio katika chapisho la Aguas na wengine. Walibainisha kuwa kutokomeza malaria kunategemea sana kupata na kutibu idadi kubwa ya watu katika maeneo ambapo malaria imeenea na malaria isiyoonyesha dalili za ugonjwa (asymptomatic), ambayo huwa kama hifadhi ya maambukizi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Águas R, White LJ, Snow RW, Gomes MG |title=Prospects for malaria eradication in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=e1767 |year=2008 |pmid=18335042 |pmc=2262141 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001767 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vimelea vya malaria haviathiri wanyama na hivyo kutokomeza ugonjwa huo kutoka kwa binadamu kunatarajiwa kufanikiwa .

Hatua nyingine kwa ajili ya kudhibiti ugonjwa wa malaria ni pamoja na kutoa dawa kwa waathiriwa wengi na [[kinga]] ya muda.

== Tiba ==
Maambukizi ya ''P. falciparum'' hai ni hali ya [[dharura]] ya kiafya inayomhitaji muathiriwa [[kulazwa hospitalini]]. Maambukizi ya ''P. vivax, P. ovale''  au ''P. malariae'' mara nyingi huweza kutibiwa huku mgonjwa akiruhusiwa kurudi nyumbani. Matibabu ya malaria hujumlisha utoaji wa huduma za kiusaidizi pamoja na madawa maalum ya malaria. Mgonjwa wa malaria akitibiwa vizuri, anaweza kupata afueni kamili. &lt;ref&gt;[156] ^ [http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/faq.htm#treatment  If I get malaria, will I have it for the rest of my life?] uchapishaji la CDC, Ilitumika 14 Novemba 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madawa ya malaria ===
{{main|Dawa za malaria}}
Kuna aina kadhaa ya madawa yanayotumika kutibu malaria. {0Aina ya Chloroquine{/0} ina bei nafuu sana, hadi hivi majuzi, ilikuwa madhubuti sana, jambo lililoifanya kuwa dawa ya malaria iliyopendelewa na wengi kwa miaka mingi katika sehemu nyingi za dunia. Hata hivyo, usugu wa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kwa dawa ya Chloroquine kumeenea hivi karibuni kutoka Asia hadi Afrika, na kuifanya isiweze kutibu aina nyingi za Plasmodium hatari katika maeneo mengi ya dunia yaliyoathirika. {1/ Katika maeneo ambapo klorokwini bado ni madhubuti kuponyesha inabakia kuwa chaguzi ya kwanza. Kwa bahati mbaya, usugu dhidi ya chloroquine unahusishwa na usugu kwa madawa mengine kama [[quinine]] na [[amodaquine.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Tinto H, Rwagacondo C, Karema C, ''et al.'' | title=In-vitro susceptibility of ''Plasmodium falciparum'' to monodesethylamodiaquine, dihydroartemsinin and quinine in an area of high chloroquine resistance in Rwanda | journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg | volume=100 | issue=6 | pages=509–14 | doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.09.018 | year=2006 | pmid=16337665 | last1=Tinto | first1=H | last2=Rwagacondo | first2=C | last3=Karema | first3=C | last4=Mupfasoni | first4=D | last5=Vandoren | first5=W | last6=Rusanganwa | first6=E | last7=Erhart | first7=A | last8=Van Overmeir | first8=C | last9=Van Marck | first9=E }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuna dutu nyingine kadhaa zinatumiwa kutibu, na kwa kiasi, kuzuia [[(Prophylaxis).]] Madawa mengi yanaweza kutumiwa kwa madhumuni hayo mawili; dozi kubwa hutumiwa kutibu malaria. Kutolewa kwao kunategemea sana marudio ya matukio ya vimelea kuwa sugu katika eneo ambapo dawa inatumika. Dawa moja inayochunguzwa kwa madhumuni ya kutumiwa kama dawa ya malaria, hasa kutibu vimelea sugu ni [[beta blocker propranolol]]. Propranolol imepatikana kuwa na uwezo wa kuzuia Plasmodium kuingia katika chembechembe nyekundu za damu na kuanzisha maambukizi, vilevile huzuia vimelea kuzaana. Utafiti wa Desemba 2006 uliofanywa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern]] ulipendekeza kuwa propranolol inaweza kupunguza dozi za dawa zinazotumika sasa kuwa na udhibiti mkuu dhidi ya P. falciparum kwa kiwango cha 5 - hadi 10, na kupendekeza jukumu la dawa mchanganyiko. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murphy S, Harrison T, Hamm H, Lomasney J, Mohandas N, Haldar K |title=Erythrocyte G protein as a novel target for malarial chemotherapy |journal=PLoS Med |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e528 |year=2006 | month=Desemba | pmid=17194200 | doi= 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030528}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madawa ya malaria yanayopatikana kwa sasa ni pamoja na: &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/travel/malariadrugs.htm  Prescription drugs for malaria] Ilipatikana 27 Februari 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Artemether]] - [[lumefantrine]] (Kutibu tu, majina ya kibiashara ni ''[[Coartem]]'' na ''Riamet)''
* [[Artesunate]] - [[amodiaquine]] (Kutibu tu)
* [[Artesunate]] - [[mefloquine]] (Kutibu tu)
* [[Artesunate]] - [[Sulfadoxine]] / [[pyrimethamine]] (Kutibu tu)
* [[Atovaquone]] - [[proguanil]], jina la kibiashara [[Malarone]] (Kutibu na kuzuia)
* [[Quinine]] (Kutibu tu)
* [[Chloroquine]] (Kutibu na kukinga; manufaa sasa yamepunguzwa kutokana na usugu)
* [[Cotrifazid]] (Kutibu na kuzuia)
* [[Doxycycline]] (Kutibu na kuzuia)
* [[Mefloquine]], jina la kibiashara Lariam (Kutibu na kuzuia)
* [[Primaquine]] (Tiba kwa ''P. vivax''  na ''P. ovale''  tu, si ya kuzuia)
* [[Proguanil]] (Kuzuia tu)
* [[Sulfadoxine]] - [[pyrimethamine]] (Kutibu; hutumika kuzuia kwa wanawake wajawazito walio na nusu-kinga katika nchi ambazo ugonjwa umeenea huitwa &quot;Intermittent Preventive Treatment&quot; - IPT)
* [[Hydroxychloroquine]], jina la kibiashara Plaquenil (Kutibu na kuzuia)

Utengenezaji wa madawa uliwezeshwa na kufanikiwa kwa [[ukuzaji]] wa vimelea vya ''Plasmodium falciparum''. &lt;ref name=&quot;Trager1976&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author= Trager W, Jensen JB | title=Human malaria parasites in continuous culture | journal=Science| year=1976| volume=193 |issue=4254| pages=673–5  | pmid=781840| doi=10.1126/science.781840}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii ilifanikisha kujaribiwa kwa madawa mapya maabarani.

Dutu kutoka katika mmea ''[[Artemisia annua]],'' ulio na msombo wa [[artemisinin]] au vizalika sanisi vyake (dutu isiyohusiana na kwinini), hutoa umadhubuti wa zaidi ya 90%, lakini kutolewa kwao hakutimizi mahitaji. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Senior K | title = Shortfall in front-line antimalarial drug likely in 2005 | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 75 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15702504}}&lt;/ref&gt; Utafiti mmoja nchini [[Rwanda]] ulionyesha kuwa watoto waliokuwa na maambukizi yasiyo kali ya P. falciparum walionyesha dalili na ishara chache za kuwa na vimelea katika siku ya 28 ya baada ya matibabu wakati walipopewa mchanganyiko wa amodiaquine na [[artesunate]], badala ya kutolewa pekee (AU = 0.34). Hata hivyo, kuongezeka kwa usugu dhidi ya amodiaquine katika kipindi hiki cha utafiti pia ulibainisha. &lt;ref&gt; {{cite journal |author=Rwagacondo C, Karema C, Mugisha V, Erhart A, Dujardin J, Van Overmeir C, Ringwald P, D'Alessandro U |title=Is amodiaquine failing in Rwanda? Efficacy of amodiaquine alone and combined with artesunate in children with uncomplicated malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tropical-medicine-and-international-health_2004-10_9_10/page/1091 |journal=Trop Med Int Health |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=1091–8 |year=2004 |pmid=15482401 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01316.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuanzia mwaka wa 2001, [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] limependekeza kutumiwa kwa dawa mseto ya [[artemisinin]] combination therapy (ACT) kama tiba ya kwanza kwa malaria isiyo kali katika maeneo ambapo kuna usugu kwa madawa ya awali. Hivi karibuni WHO imetoa [http://www.who.int/malaria/docs/TreatmentGuidelines2006.pdf miongozo ya tiba ya malaria] inayopendekeza aina nne tofauti za ACT. Ijapokuwa nchi nyingi, zikiwa ni pamoja na mataifa mengi ya Afrika, zimejumuisha mabadiliko hayo katika sera zao rasmi kuhusu matibabu ya malaria, gharama kubwa bado ni kikwazo katika utekelezaji wa ACT. Kwa sababu ACT hugharamu hadi mara ishirini ya dawa za zamani, zimebakia ghali kwa nchi nyingi ambako maleria imeenea. Kuna utata kuhusu sehemu ambayo artemisisn hulenga, ingawa tafiti za hivi karibuni zinadokeza kwamba [[SERCA]], aina ya kalsiamu ambayo huelekezwa katika [[endoplasmic reticulum]] inaweza kuhusishwa na usugu wa artemisinin. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Eckstein-Ludwig U, Webb R, Van Goethem I, East J, Lee A, Kimura M, O'Neill P, Bray P, Ward S, Krishna S | title = Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum | journal = Nature | volume = 424 | issue = 6951 | pages = 957–61 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12931192 | doi = 10.1038/nature01813}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vimelea vya malaria vinaweza kuwa sugu dhidi ya artemisinin na usugu unaweza kuletwa na mgeuko palepale wa SERCA. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Uhlemann A, Cameron A, Eckstein-Ludwig U, Fischbarg J, Iserovich P, Zuniga F, East M, Lee A, Brady L, Haynes R, Krishna S | title = A single amino acid residue may determine the sensitivity of SER`CAs to artemisinins | journal = Nat Struct Mol Biol | volume = 12 | issue = 7 | pages = 628–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15937493 | doi = 10.1038/nsmb947}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, tafiti nyingine zinadokeza kuwa  mitokondria ndiyo inayolengwa sana na artemisinin na analogi zake. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Li W, Mo W, Shen D, Sun L, Wang J, Lu S, Gitschier J, Zhou B | title = Yeast model uncovers dual roles of mitochondria in action of artemisinin | journal = PLoS Genet | volume = 1 | issue = 3 | pages = e36 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16170412 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010036}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa kuna dawa madhubuti za malaria, ugonjwa huo unaendelea kuwa tishio kwa watu wanaoishi katika maeneo ambapo umeenea na wasioweza kupata dawa hizo madhubuti vyema mapema. Upatikanaji wa madawa na vituo vya afya, pamoja na gharama ya madawa, ni pingamizi kubwa. [[Médecins Sans Frontières]] inakadiria kwamba gharama ya kutibu mtu aliyeambukizwa malaria katika nchi ambapo ugonjwa huo umeenea ilikuwa kati ya $ 0.25 na 2.40 $ kwa kila dozi katika mwaka 2002. Karibu watu milioni moja hufa kila mwaka kwa sababu ya kutoweza kununua dawa sahihi za malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091102/hl_nm/us_malaria_drugs_1 |title=Millions die because of high malaria drug prices - Yahoo! News |format= |work= |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Madawa ghushi ===
Madawa ghushi [[changamano]] yamepatikana katika nchi kadhaa za Asia kama vile [[Kambodia]], &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
| author=Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, Phanouvong S, ''et al.''
| title=Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia 
| year=2006
| journal=Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg
| volume=100
| issue=11
| pages=1019–24
| doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.01.003
| pmid=16765399
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uchina]], &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| author=U. S. Pharmacopeia
| title=Fake antimalarials found in Yunan province, China
| url=http://www.uspdqi.org/pubs/other/FakeAntimalarialsinChina.pdf
| accessdate=2006-10-06
| year=2004
| format=PDF
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909112739/http://www.uspdqi.org/pubs/other/FakeAntimalarialsinChina.pdf
| archivedate=2006-09-09
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] na yametuhumiwa kusababisha vifo vingi ambavyo vingeepukwa katika nchi hizo. {3/
[[WHO]] imesema kwamba tafiti zimeonyesha kuwa hadi 40% ya madawa ya malaria yaliyo na msingi wa [[artesunate]] ni bandia, hasa katika kanda ya Greater [[Mekong]] na kuanzisha mpango wa kutoa onyo haraka kupitia habari kuhusu madawa ghushi kuripotiwa kwa kasi kwa mamlaka husika katika nchi shiriki. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| author=Jane Parry
| title=WHO combats counterfeit malaria drugs in Asia
| url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/330/7499/1044-d
| accessdate=2008-07-19 | year=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hakuna njia ya kuaminika kwa madaktari au watu wa kawaida kugundua dawa bandia bila msaada wa maabara. Makampuni yanajaribu kukabiliana na kuendelea kuwepo kwa dawa ghushi kwa kutumia teknolojia mpya kutoa usalama kutoka uzalishaji hadi usambazaji.

== Uenezi ==
{{main|Maradhi ya ufukara|Maradhi ya tropiki}}
[[File:Malaria world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|Vifo kutokana na malaria mwaka 2012 (asilimilioni){{refbegin|3}}{{legend|#ffff20|0-0}}{{legend|#ffa020|1-2}}{{legend|#ff9a20|3-54}}{{legend|#f08015|55-325}}{{legend|#e06815|326-679}}{{legend|#d85010|680-949}}{{legend|#d02010|950-1,358}}{{refend}}]]
Malaria husababisha karibu visa milioni 250 vya homa na takriban vifo nusu milioni kila mwaka. &lt;ref name=&quot;wmr08&quot;&gt; WHO 2005 [http://www.who.int/malaria/mediacentre/wmr2008/   World Malaria Report 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; Idadi kubwa ya visa hutokea kwa watoto chini ya umri wa miaka 5; &lt;ref name=&quot;greenwood2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA | title=Malaria | journal=Lancet | year=2005 | volume=365 | pages=1487–1498  | pmid = 15850634 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3 | issue=9469}}&lt;/ref&gt; wanawake wajawazito hasa pia huwa hatarini. Licha ya jitihada za kupunguza maambukizi na kuongeza matibabu, kumekuwa na mabadiliko madogo katika maeneo ambapo hatari ya ungojwa huu upo tangu mwaka 1992. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Hay S, Guerra C, Tatem A, Noor A, Snow R | title = The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 4 | issue = 6 | pages = 327–36 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15172341 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01043-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa hakika, ikiwa maambukizi ya malaria yataendelea kuongezeka kama ilivyo sasa, kiwango cha vifo kinaweza kuongezeka mara mbili katika miaka ishirini ijayo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Breman&quot;/&gt; Takwimu sahihi hazijulikani kwa sababu kesi nyingi hutokea katika maeneo ya vijijini ambako watu hawana huduma za hospitali au pesa za kuwawezesha kupata  huduma za afya. Kwa sababu hiyo, visa vingi havijarekodiwa.. &lt;ref name=&quot;Breman&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Breman J | title = The ears of the hippopotamus: manifestations, determinants, and estimates of the malaria burden | url = http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/1 | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | date = 1 Januari 2001 | volume = 64 | issue = 1-2 Suppl | pages = 1–11 | pmid = 11425172 | month = Jan | day = 01 | access-date = 2009-11-19 | archive-date = 2010-07-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100708013818/http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/abstract/64/1_suppl/1 | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU na malaria husababisha ongezeko la vifo, hili si tatizo kuu likilinganishwa na maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU/[[kifua kikuu]], kwa sababu magonjwa hayo mawili huathiri rika mbili tofauti, huku malaria ikiwa imeenea miongoni mwa watoto ,kifua kikuu kimeenea miongoni mwa watu wazima. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Korenromp E, Williams B, de Vlas S, Gouws E, Gilks C, Ghys P, Nahlen B | title = Malaria attributable to the HIV-1 epidemic, sub-Saharan Africa | url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no09/05-0337.htm | journal = Emerg Infect Dis | volume = 11 | issue = 9 | pages = 1410–9 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16229771}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU/malaria huleta dalili zisizo kali zaidi zikilinganishwa na maambukizi ya pamoja ya VVU na TB, VVU na malaria huchangia kuenea kwa kila mmojawapo. Athari hii hutokana na malaria kuongeza [[wingi]] wa [[virusi]] mwilini huku VVU ikiongeza uwezekano wa mtu kuambukizwa malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Abu-Raddad L, Patnaik P, Kublin J |title=Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5805 |pages=1603–6 |year=2006 | pmid = 17158329 | doi = 10.1126/science.1132338}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa malaria imeenea katika ukanda wote wa [[ikweta]], katika maeneo ya [[Amerika]], sehemu nyingi za [[Asia]], na sehemu kubwa ya [[Afrika]], hata hivyo, ni katika mataifa ya Afrika kusini kwa Sahara ambapo 90% ya vifo vya malaria hutokea. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | author = Layne SP | title = Principles of Infectious Disease Epidemiology / | work = EPI 220 | publisher = UCLA Department of Epidemiology | url = http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/layne/Epidemiology+220/07.malaria.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-15 | format = PDF | archivedate = 2006-02-20 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060220083223/http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/layne/Epidemiology+220/07.malaria.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; Usambaaji kijiografia wa malaria ndani ya maeneo makubwa ni changamano, maeneo yaliyo na malaria na yasiyo na malaria aghalabu hupakana.&lt;ref name=&quot;greenwood2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Greenwood B, Mutabingwa T | title=Malaria in 2002 | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=415 | pages=670–2  | pmid = 11832954 | doi = 10.1038/415670a | issue=6872}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika maeneo kame, mikurupuko ya malaria inaweza kutabiriwa kwa kiasi cha usahihi kwa kutazama ramani ya mvua. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Grover-Kopec E, Kawano M, Klaver R, Blumenthal B, Ceccato P, Connor S | title = An online operational rainfall-monitoring resource for epidemic malaria early warning systems in Africa | url= | journal = Malar J | volume = 4 | issue = | pages = 6 | year = 2005 | pmc = 548290 | pmid = 15663795 | doi = 10.1186/1475-2875-4-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malaria imeenea zaidi katika maeneo ya vijijini kuliko miji; hii ni tofauti na [[homa ya kidingapopo]] ambayo  inaenea zaidi katika mijini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Van Benthem B, Vanwambeke S, Khantikul N, Burghoorn-Maas C, Panart K, Oskam L, Lambin E, Somboon P |title=Spatial patterns of and risk factors for seropositivity for dengue infection | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/72/2/201 |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=72 |issue=2 |pages=201–8 |date= 1 Februari 2005 | pmid = 15741558 |month=Feb |day=01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa mfano, miji ya [[Vietnam, Laos]] na [[Kambodia]] kimsingi haina malaria, lakini ugonjwa huo upo katika maeneo mengi vijijini. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Trung H, Van Bortel W, Sochantha T, Keokenchanh K, Quang N, Cong L, Coosemans M |title=Malaria transmission and major malaria vectors in different geographical areas of Southeast Asia |journal=Trop Med Int Health |volume=9 |issue=2 | pages = e473 |year=2004 | pmid = 15040560 | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01179.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tofauti na hivyo,katika  Afrika malaria ipo katika maeneo ya mijini na vijijini, ingawa hatari yake ni ndogo katika miji. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Keiser J, Utzinger J, Caldas de Castro M, Smith T, Tanner M, Singer B |title=Urbanization in sub-saharan Africa and implication for malaria control | url=http://www.ajtmh.org/cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/118 |journal=Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=71 |issue=2 Suppl |pages=118–27 |date= 1 Agosti 2004 |pmid=15331827 |month=Aug |day=01 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Uenezi]] wa malaria duniani haujakadiriwa tangu miaka ya 1960. Hata hivyo, wakfu wa [[Wellcome Trust]], ya Uingereza, umefadhili mradi wa[[Malaria Atlas Project]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Hay SI, Snow RW | title = The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk | doi =  10.1371/journal.pmed.0030473 | journal = PLoS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 12 | pages = e473 | year = 2006 |pmid=17147467 |pmc=1762059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kurekebisha hili, inatoa njia ya kisasa na imara zaidi ya kutathmini [[]]madhara/0} ya ugonjwa wa malaria sasa na baadaye .

== Historia ==
{{main|Historia ya malaria}}
Malaria imewaambukiza binadamu kwa zaidi ya miaka 50,000, na ''Plasmodium'' huenda imekuwa [[kijasumu]] kwa binadamu tangu spishi hiyo ilipoanza kuishi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Joy D, Feng X, Mu J, ''et al.'' | title = Early origin and recent expansion of Plasmodium falciparum | journal = Science | volume = 300 | issue = 5617 | pages = 318–21 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12690197 | doi = 10.1126/science.1081449 | last12 = Su | first12 = XZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vimelea vinavyohusiana kwa karibu na vimelea vya malaria kwa binadamu vinapatikana miongoni mwa sokwe kwa wingi. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Escalante A, Freeland D, Collins W, Lal A | title = The evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome | doi= 10.1073/pnas.95.14.8124 | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci USA | volume = 95 | issue = 14 | pages = 8124–9 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9653151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maelezo kuhusu homa za kipekee za malaria yamenakiliwa katika maandiko ya kihistoria, kuanzia mwaka 2700 KK huko Uchina. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Cox F | title = History of human parasitology | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2002-10_15_4/page/595| pmc = 126866 | journal = Clin Microbiol Rev | volume = 15 | issue = 4 | pages = 595–612 | year = 2002 | pmid = 12364371 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neno malaria lina usuli wake katika[[Kiitaliano cha enzi ya kati:]] ''mala aria''  - [[&quot;hewa mbaya&quot;;]] ugonjwa huo zamani uliitwa ''ague''  au ''Marsh fever''  kutokana na ukuruba wake na mabwawa na maeneo ya kinamasi. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol6no1/reiter.htm From Shakespeare to Defoe: Malaria in England in the Little Ice Age.] Paul Reiter. ''Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, San Juan, Puerto Rico.'' &lt;/ref&gt;  Kuna nyakati ambapo visa vya malaria vilikuwa vingi [[Ulaya]] na [[Amerika Kaskazini]], ambako sasa ugongwa huo [[haujaenea]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511254819&amp;amp;ss=exc Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America.] Norman G. Gratz. ''World Health Organisation, Geneva.'' &lt;/ref&gt; ingawa unaweza kuletwa na mgeni aliyesafiri kutoka nchi nyingine .

Tafiti za kisayansi kuhusu malaria zilipata mafanikio muhimu ya kwanza mwaka 1880, wakati daktari wa jeshi la Ufaransa [[Constantine Alphonse Laveran]] aliyekuwa akifanya kazi katika hospitali ya kijeshi nchini [[Algeria]] alipotambua kwa mara ya kwanza vimelea ndani ya [[chembechembe nyekundu za damu]] ya watu waliokuwa wakiugua malaria. Kwa hiyo, alipendekeza kwamba ugonjwa wa malaria unasababishwa na kiumbe huyo, mara ya kwanza kabisa ambapo kijiumbe mwenye seli moja (Protista) alitambuliwa kusababisha ugonjwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Biography of Alphonse Laveran | publisher = The Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1907/laveran-bio.html | accessdate = 2007-06-15}} Nobel foundation. Ilitumika 25 Oktoba 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa sababu hii na vumbuzi nyingine za baadaye , alipokea [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba]] mwaka 1907. Kimelea cha malaria kiliitwa ''Plasmodium'' na wanasayansi wa Kiitalia [[Ettore]] [[Marchiafava]] na [[Angelo Celli]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =  Ettore Marchiafava| work = | url = http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2478.html | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka mmoja baadaye, [[Carlos Finlay]], daktari wa [[Kuba]] aliyekuwa akitibu wagonjwa wa [[homa ya manjano]] huko [[Havana]], alitoa ushahidi madhubuti kuwa mbu walihusika katika kusambaza ugonjwa huo miongoni mwa  binadamu. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tan SY, Sung H |title=Carlos Juan Finlay (1833–1915): of mosquitoes and yellow fever |journal=Singapore Med J |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=370–1 |year=2008 |month=Mei |pmid=18465043 |url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/4905/4905ms1.pdf|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kazi hii ilifuata mapendekezo ya awali ya [[Yosia C. Nott]], &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chernin E |title=Josiah Clark Nott, insects, and yellow fever |journal=Bull N Y Acad Med |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=790–802 |year=1983 |month=Novemba |pmid=6140039 |pmc=1911699 |url=}}&lt;/ref&gt; na [[Patrick Manson]] kuhusu maambukizi ya [[homa ya mitoki]].

Hata hivyo, ilikuwa Mwingereza [[Sir Ronald Ross]] aliyekuwa akifanya kazi katika [[Presidency General Hospital]] [[Calcutta]], ambaye hatimaye katika mwaka wa 1898 alidhibitisha kuwa malaria inasambazwa na mbu. Alifanya hivyo kwa kuonyesha kwamba spishi fulani za mbu husambaza malaria kwa ndege na kuchuja vimelea vya malaria kutoka katika matezi ya mate ya mbu ambao walikuwa wamefyonza ndege waliokuwa wameambukizwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Biography of Ronald Ross | publisher = The Nobel Foundation | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1902/ross-bio.html | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa kazi hii Ross alipokea Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba mwaka wa 1902. Baada ya kujiuzulu kutoka Indian Medical Service, Ross alifanya kazi katika chuo kilichokuwa kipya cha [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]] na kuelekezwa juhudi za kudhibiti malaria  katika nchi za [[Misri, Panama, Ugiriki]] na [[Morishash.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Ross and the Discovery that Mosquitoes Transmit Malaria Parasites| work = CDC Malaria website | url = http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/history/ross.htm | accessdate = 2007-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Matokeo ya Ross na Finlay baadaye yalithibitishwa na bodi ya matibabu iliyoongozwa na [[Walter Reed]] mwaka 1900, na mapendekezo yake kutekelezwa na [[William C. Gorgas]] katika [[hatua za kiafya zilizorchukuliwaatibiwa]] wakati wa ujenzi wa [[Mfereji wa Panama.]] Kazi hii ya afya ya umma iliokoa maisha ya maelfu ya wafanyakazi na ikasaidia kubuni mbinu zilizotumika katika kampeni za afya ya umma dhidi ya ugonjwa huu baadaye .

Tiba ya kwanza madhubuti dhidi ya malaria ilitoka katika gome ya [[mti]] wa [[mkwinini]] ambayo ina [[kwinini.]] Mti huu hukua kwenye miteremko ya [[Andes]], hasa [[Peru.]] Dawa iliyoundwa kutokana na bidhaa hii asili ilitumiwa na wenyeji wa [[Peru]] kudhibiti malaria, [[Wajesuti]] walieneza matumizi haya hadi Ulaya katika miaka ya 1640, ambapo ilikubalika kwa haraka. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Kaufman T, Rúveda E | title = The quest for quinine: those who won the battles and those who won the war | journal = Angew Chem Int Ed Engl | volume = 44 | issue = 6 | pages = 854–85 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15669029 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200400663}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hata hivyo, ilikuwa hadi 1820 ambapo kiambato tendi, kwinini, ilipofyonzwa kutoka gome ya mti, kuchujwa na kupewa jina na wanakemia wa Kifaransa [[Pierre Joseph Pelletier]] na [[Joseph Bienaimé Caventou.]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kyle R, Shampe M |title=Discoverers of quinine |journal=JAMA |volume=229 |issue=4 | pages = e320 |year=1974 |pmid=4600403 | doi = 10.1001/jama.229.4.462}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mapema katika karne ya 20, kabla  [[viuavijasumu]] kuvumbuliwa, [[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]] aligundua kwamba wagonjwa wa [[kaswende]] wangeweza kutibiwa kwa kuambukizwa kimakusudi kwa vimelea vya malaria; homa iliyosababishwa iliua [[spirochete]] za malaria, hatimaye [[kwinini]] ingetolewa kudhibiti malaria. Ingawa baadhi ya wagonjwa walikufa kutokana na malaria, hii ilidhaniwa kuwa afadhali kuliko kifo ambacho hakinge epukika kutokana na kaswende. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Raju T | title = Hot brains: manipulating body heat to save the brain | doi= 10.1542/peds.2005-1934 | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 117 | issue = 2 | pages = e320–1 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16452338 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/117/2/e320}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ingawa awamu ya maisha ya kimelea katika damu na katika mbu katika hatua ya mzunguko wa maisha ya kimelea cha malaria iligunduliwa karne ya 19 na mapema karne ya 20, ilikuwa katika miaka ya 1980 ambapo awamu fiche ya kimelea hicho katika  ini ilipoonekana. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Krotoski W, Collins W, Bray R, ''et al.'' | title = Demonstration of hypnozoites in sporozoite-transmitted Plasmodium vivax infection | journal = Am J Trop Med Hyg | volume = 31 | issue = 6 | pages = 1291–3 | year = 1982 | pmid = 6816080}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = Meis J, Verhave J, Jap P, Sinden R, Meuwissen J | title = Malaria parasites--discovery of the early liver form | journal = Nature | volume = 302 | issue = 5907 | pages = 424–6 | year =1983 | pmid = 6339945 | doi = 10.1038/302424a0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugunduzi huu wa awamu fiche ya kimelea hatimaye ulieleza kwa nini watu wangeweza kuonekana wamepona malaria lakini wakaugua tena miaka baada ya vimelea kutoweka katika mfumo wa damu.

=== Shinikizo la kubadilisha jeni za malaria ===
{{main|Mageuko ya spishi}}
Malaria inakisiwa kuwa na[[shinikizo kubwa kwa jieni ya binadamu]] katika siku za hivi karibuni. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kwiatkowski_2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kwiatkowski DP |title=How malaria has affected the human genome and what human genetics can teach us about malaria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2005-08_77_2/page/171 |journal=Am J Hum Genet. |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=171–92 |year=2005 |month=Agosti |pmid=16001361 |pmc=1224522 |doi=10.1086/432519 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii ni kutokana na [[vifo vingi]] na [[maradhi]] yanayosababishwa na malaria, hasa spishi ya ''[[P. falciparum]]''.

==== Ugonjwa wa seli mundu ====
[[Picha:Paludisme - Frequence statistique.png|thumb|right|Matukio na vyanzo vya visa vya malaria mwaka 1996. &lt;ref&gt;Http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/services/sante_voyages/pathologies/paludisme/monde/frequence/ {{Wayback|url=http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/services/sante_voyages/pathologies/paludisme/monde/frequence/ |date=20100619103234 }} CHU Hôpitaux de Rouen. Fréquence et tillhörighet des cas de paludisme.&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Athari iliyotafitiwa sana ya vimelea vya malaria kwa jinomu ya binadamu ni ya ugonjwa wa damu wa kinasaba yaani [[ugonjwa wa seli mundu]]. Seli mundu husababisha ugonjwa, lakini hata walioathirika kwa kiwango kidogo kwa seli mundu huwa na kinga ya kutosha dhidi ya malaria.

Katika maradhi ya seli mundu, kuna mabadiliko katika jeni ya ''HBB'', ambayo husimba viwango vidogo vya haemoglobin viitwavyo beta-globini. Aleli ya kawaida husimba [[glutamate]] katika sehemu ya sita ya protini ya beta-globini, ilihali aleli ya seli mundu husimba [[valine.]] Mabadiliko haya kutoka asidi amino inayoyeyuka majini hadi isiyoyeyuka majini husababisha kushikana kwa molekyuli za hemoglobini na upolimishaji wa hemoglobini ambao husababisha kuharibika kwa maumbo ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu kuwa katika umbo la &quot;mundu&quot;. Chembe chembe kama hizo zilizoharibika umbo huondolewa haraka kutoka kwa damu, hasa katika wengu, ambapo huharibiwa na kuchakatwa tena.

Katika hatua ya merozoiti kwenye mzunguko wa uhai wao, vimelea vya malaria huishi ndani ya chembechembe nyekundu za damu, na umetaboli wavyo hubadili kemia ya ndani ya chembe chembe nyekundu za damu. Seli zilizoambukizwa kwa kawaida huishi hadi vimelea vizaane, lakini, ikiwa chembechembe nyekundu zina mchanganyiko wa mundu na hemoglobini ya kawaida, kuna uwezekano wa seli hizo kuangamizwa kabla vimelea kuzaa. Hivyo basi, watu walio na maumbo ya aina mbili ya seli nyekundu lakini moja ndiyo [[inayotambaa]] yaani aleli iliyogeuka, ijulikanayo kama seli mundu, wanaweza kuwa na kiwango cha chini cha anemia kisicho na athari kubwa, lakini pia uwezekano wa wao kuambukizwa na malaria huwa umepunguzwa kwa kiwango kikubwa. Huu ni mfano wa kipekee wa faida inayotokana na hali ya kuwa na namna mbili za jeni moja ([[heterozygote]]).

Watu walio na jeni ya aina moja ya damu iliyobadilika kabisa ([[Homozygous]]) huwa na ugonjwa kamili wa seli mundu ambao ni nadra kuishi zaidi ya umri wa kubaleghe. Hata hivyo, katika maeneo ambapo malaria [[imeenea]], [[maenezi]] ya jeni inayosababisha seli mundu ni takribani 10%. Uwepo wa jeni nne zinazotoshelezana kwa pamoja ([[haplotype]]) za hemoglobini mundu unaashiria kwamba kumekuwa na mabadiliko ya [[kujitegemea]] ya jeni angalau mara nne katika maeneo ambayo malaria imeenea, hii inaonyesha faida ya mabadiliko katika maeneo hayo yaliyoathiriwa. Aidha kuna mabadiliko mengine ya jeni ya HBB yanayosababisha molekyuli za hemoglobini zilizo na uwezo wa kutoa kinga sawa na hiyo dhidi ya maambukizi ya malaria. Mabadiliko hayo husababisha hemoglobini ya aina za HbE na HbC, ambazo kwa kawaida hupatikana [[Kusini Mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Afrika Magharibi]], kwa usanjari huo.

==== Thalasemia ====
Mabadiliko mengine yaliyothibitishwa yanayopatikana katika jinomu ya binadamu yanayohusiana na ugonjwa wa malaria ni yanayohusika katika kusababisha matatizo ya damu yajulikanayo kama [[thalasemia.]] Utafiti uliofanywa [[Sardinia]] na [[Papua New Guinea]]umeonyesha kwamba [[ueneaji wa jeni]] ya [[β-thalasemia]] unahusiana na kiwango cha kuenea kwa malaria miongoni mwa watu wa eneo fulani. Utafiti uliofanyiwa watoto zaidi ya 500 nchini [[Liberia]] ulibainisha kwamba wale waliokuwa na β-thalasemia walikuwa kiwango cha 50% cha kinga dhidi ya dalili za malaria. Tafiti nyingine kama hizo zimegundua uhusiano baina ya maenezi ya jeni na ueneaji wa malaria katika aina ya α + ya α-thalasemia. Inakadiriwa kuwa jeni hizi pia [[zimechaguliwa]] katika mfululizo wa mabadiliko ya binadamu.

==== Antijeni za Duffy ====
[[Antijeni za Duffy]] ni [[antijeni]] zinazopatikana kwenye chembechembe nyekundu za damu na seli nyingine katika mwili na hufanya kazi kama kipokezi cha [[kemokini]]. Antijeni hiyo ya Duffy hudhihirika kwenye chembechembe za damu kwa kusimbwa na jeni za Fy (Fya, Fyb, Fyc nk). Kimelea cha malaria cha ''[[Plasmodium vivax]]'' hutumia antijeni za Duffy kuingia kwenye seli za damu. Hata hivyo, antijeni za Duffy zisidhihirike kwenye chembechembe nyekundu za damu (Fy-/Fy-). Aina hizi za [[muundojeni]] hutoa kinga kamili dhidi ya maambukizi ya kimelea cha ''P. vivax''. Muundojeni huu ni nadra sana miongoni mwa wakazi wa Ulaya, Asia na Marekani, lakini hupatikana katika takribani wakazi wote wa kiasili wa Afrika Magharibi na Kati. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Carter R, Mendis KN |title=Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/564?view=long&amp;pmid=12364370#RBC%20Duffy%20Negativity |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=564–94 |year=2002 |pmid=12364370 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.4.564-594.2002 |access-date=2009-11-19 |archive-date=2009-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116020425/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/564?view=long&amp;pmid=12364370#RBC%20Duffy%20Negativity |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hii inafikiriwa kusababishwa na kukumbana sana na vimelea vya ''P. vivax''  katika [[Afrika]] vikwi vichache vilivyopita.

==== G6PD ====
[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] (G6PD) ni [[kimeng'enya]] ambacho huzuia athari za [[msongo]] unaotokana na [[uoksidishaji]] chembechembe nyekundu za damu. Hata hivyo, upungufu wa kimeng'enya hicho kwa sababu za kijenetiki huongeza kinga dhidi ya malaria kali.

==== HLA na interleukin-4 ====
[[HLA-B53]] inahusishwa na kupunguzwa kwa hatari ya malaria kali. Molekyuli ya [[MHC]] hii huwawasilisha hatua ya [[ini]] na [[antijeni za spora]] kwa [[seli za T]] Interleukin-4, inayosimbwa na IL4, huzalishwa na seli za T zinazochochewa na hukuza kuzaana na utofautishaji seli B ambazo huzalisha zindikomwili. Utafiti uliofanywa miongoni mwa jamii ya Fulani wa Burkina Faso, ambao huwa na visa vya maambukizi ya malaria vichache na viwango vya juu vya zindikomwili dhidi ya malaria kuliko jamii jirani, uligundua kuwa aleli ya IL4-524 T inahusishwa na viwango vya juu vya zindikomwili dhidi ya antijeni za malaria, hali ambayo inaongeza uwezakano
hii inaweza kuwa sababu ongezeko la kinga dhidi ya malaria. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Verra F, Luoni G, Calissano C, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Perlmann H, Arcà B, Sirima B, Konaté A, Coluzzi M, Kwiatkowski D, Modiano D |title=IL4-589C/T polymorphism and IgE levels in severe malaria |journal=Acta Trop. |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=205–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15177147 | doi = 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.014 |last12=Modiano |first12=D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Usugu Kusini mwa Asia ====
Vilima vya chini ya Mlima Himalaya na [[mabonde ya Terai ama ya Doon]] nchini [[Nepal]] na [[India]] huwa na visa vingi vya malaria kutokana na hali ya hewa ya joto na vinamasi vinavyohimiliwa wakati wa kiangazi na chemichemi inayotiririka kutoka vilima vya juu. Misitu iliyokuwa na malaria ilitunzwa kimakusudi na watawala wa Nepal kama mbinu ya kujihami. Binadamu waliojaribu kuishi katika eneo hili walikufa kwa wingi kuliko katika nyanda za juu zaidi au sehemu kame [[Tambarare za Ganges]], hata hivyo, [[wenyeji wa Tharu]] walikuwa wameishi katika eneo hili kwa muda mrefu kiasi cha kuwa na kinga kupitia kwa mabadiliko katika jeni nyingi. [[Ndoa]]za tabaka au kabila zilionekana kufungia hali hiyo mingoni mwa wenyeji wa Tharu. Vinginevyo jeni hizi pengine zingekuwa zimesambaa karibu kote Kusini mwa Asia na kwingineko kwa sababu ya thamani yao dhahiri na kutokuwa na madhara ikilinganishwa na Anemia ya Seli Mundu.

== Jamii na utamaduni ==
[[File:Saving Lives with SMS for Life.jpg|thumb|right|Kliniki ya Malaria nchini Tanzania.]]
Malaria si ungonjwa unaohusishwa tu na umaskini bali pia husababisha umaskini na ni kikwazo kikubwa kwa [[maendeleo ya kiuchumi.]] Maeneo ya hali ya joto yameathirika zaidi, hata hivyo kiwango cha athari kamili ya malaria hufika katika baadhi ya maeneo yenye joto la wastani na misimu isiyotabirika Ugonjwa huu umehusishwa na athari mbaya za kiuchumi katika maeneo ambayo umeenea sana. Mwishoni mwa karne ya 19 na mapema katika karne ya 20, ugonjwa huu ndio uliosababisha kudorora kwa uchumi kwa majimbo ya kusini mwa Marekani. &lt;ref name=&quot;humphreys&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Humphreys|first=M|title=Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/malariapovertyra0000hump|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/malariapovertyra0000hump/page/n256 256]|isbn=0-8018-6637-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ulinganisho wa Pato wastani la Taifa kwa kila mtu mnamo mwaka 1995, iliyorekebishwa kuzingatia tofauti za [[uwezo wa kununua]], kati ya nchi zilizo na zisizo na malaria ulionyesha tofauti za aina tano($ 1.526 dola dhidi ya $ 8.268 USD). Katika nchi ambazo malaria inapatikana kwa wingi, Pato Wastani la Taifa kwa kila mtu limeongezeka (kati ya 1965 na 1990) kwa 0.4% tu kwa kila mwaka, ikilinganishwa na 2.4% kwa kila mwaka katika nchi nyingine. &lt;ref name=&quot;sachs2002&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author=Sachs J, Malaney P | title=The economic and social burden of malaria | journal=Nature | year=2002 | volume=415 | pages=680–5 | pmid = 11832956 | doi = 10.1038/415680a | issue=6872}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umaskini ni kisababishi na athari, hata hivyo, kwa sababu maskini hawana uwezo wa kifedha kuzuia au kutibu ugonjwa huo. Watu wa pato la chini nchini Malawi katika mwaka wa (1994) walitumia 32% ya pato lao la kila mwaka katika kugharamia ugonjwa huu ikilinganishwa na 4% ya watu wa pato la chini. Kijumla, athari ya kiuchumi ya malaria kwa Afrika inakadiriwa kugharimu dola za kimarekani $ billion 12 kila mwaka. Athari za kiuchumi ni pamoja na gharama za huduma za afya, siku za kazi kupotea kutokana na ugonjwa huu, siku kupotezwa katika elimu, uzalishaji kupungua kutokana na uharibifu wa ubongo kufuatia malaria ya ubongo, na hasara ya uwekezaji na utalii. &lt;ref name=&quot;greenwood2005&quot;/&gt; Katika baadhi ya nchi zilizo athiriwa sana na malaria, ugonjwa huu hugharimu hadi 40% ya fedha zilizotengwa kwa matumizi ya afya ya umma, kati ya 30-50% ya wagongwa waliolazwa, na hadi 50% ya wagonjwa wanaotibiwa na kuruhusiwa kurudi nyumbani. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| author=Roll Back Malaria WHO partnership| title=Economic costs of malaria| url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/cmc_upload/0/000/015/363/RBMInfosheet_10.pdf| publisher=[[World Health Organization|WHO]]| accessdate=2009-09-18| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229044311/http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/cmc_upload/0/000/015/363/RBMInfosheet_10.pdf| archivedate=2009-12-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [http://www.who.int/malaria/ WHO site on malaria]
* [http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap/ Global Malaria action plan] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/gmap/ |date=20100411074836 }}
* [http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ Malaria Atlas Project] {{Wayback|url=http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/ |date=20150330171641 }}
* [http://www.mmv.org Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)]
* [http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/wmr2005/ World Malaria Report 2005]
* [http://doctorswithoutborders.org/news/issue.cfm?id=2395 Madaktari Wasiokuwa na Mipaka / Doctors Without Borders - ''Malaria'' ] kurasa za habari
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/malaria.html Medline Plus - ''Malaria'' ]

[[Jamii:Malaria]]</text>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:54:28Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2024-10027</username>
        <id>71030</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Idadi ya simba</comment>
      <origin>1362108</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12409" sha1="88jgtfxq8hnxff483srneqpklnak8km" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;.Kuna simba 3000

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

{{coord|2|19|51|S|34|50|0|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
      <sha1>88jgtfxq8hnxff483srneqpklnak8km</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362119</id>
      <parentid>1362108</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:38:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/~2024-10027|~2024-10027]] ([[User talk:~2024-10027|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:197.186.18.40|197.186.18.40]]</comment>
      <origin>1357216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12617" sha1="4mgubjrikzakrwswftl19q0y77es07f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar, by Phillip Briggs, 2006, page 198. ISBN 1841621463.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm Maa (Maasai) Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

{{coord|2|19|51|S|34|50|0|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12574" sha1="17v0xlww978klzrsipwdcpnwqky1qcn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar, by Phillip Briggs, 2006, page 198. ISBN 1841621463.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm Maa (Maasai) Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
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      <id>1362121</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:07:52Z</timestamp>
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        <id>45962</id>
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      <text bytes="12574" sha1="i9cnoj2wzfor332w7tg6yni1s0n5aa6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar, by Phillip Briggs, 2006, page 198. ISBN 1841621463.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm Maa (Maasai) Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
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        <id>45962</id>
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      <text bytes="12529" sha1="fd47qljvauuhlidnfm0yeifk013ep6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| coordinates = {{coord|2|19|58|S|34|34|0|E|display=title}}
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}


[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Northern Tanzania with Kilimanjaro and Zanzibar, by Phillip Briggs, 2006, page 198. ISBN 1841621463.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~dlpayne/Maa%20Lexicon/index-english/main.htm Maa (Maasai) Dictionary]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
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      <comment>Masahihisho aliyefanya [[Special:Contributions/Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[User talk:Justine Msechu|Majadiliano]]) yalirejeshwa hadi sahihisho la mwisho na [[User:~2024-10027|~2024-10027]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="12409" sha1="88jgtfxq8hnxff483srneqpklnak8km" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;.Kuna simba 3000

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;
==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

{{coord|2|19|51|S|34|50|0|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12366" sha1="0wyr7d06arr5yw0wc2j2eedh6rnxpvm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox protected area
| name = Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| iucn_category = II
| photo = Zebras, Serengeti savana plains, Tanzania.jpg
| photo_caption = katika Hifadhi ya Serengeti
| location = [[Tanzania]]
| nearest_city =
| map = Parks Tanzania.svg
| map_caption = Mahali pa Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Serengeti
| locator_x = 120
| locator_y = 50
| lat_d = 2
| lat_m = 19
| lat_s = 58
| lat_NS = S
| long_d = 34
| long_m = 34
| long_s = 0
| long_EW = E
| area = 14,763 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| established = 1951
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
}}

[[Image:Hifadhi za Taifa - Tanzania Kaskazini.PNG|thumb|300px|Ramani ya Tanzania Kaskazini pamoja na Serengeti]]
[[File:Zebra in the Serengeti Wildebeest Migration.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pundamilia]] na [[nyumbu]] wakati wa kuhama]]
[[File:Serengeti sunset, Tanzania.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Machweo]] ya Serengeti]]
'''Hifadhi ya Serengeti''' ni eneo kubwa la [[mbuga]] na [[misitu]] katika Tanzania ya kaskazini hasa katika mikoa ya [[Mkoa wa Mara|Mara]] na [[Mkoa wa Arusha|Arusha]] ikipakana na nchi ya [[Kenya]]. [[Jina]] Serengeti limechukuliwa kutoka [[lugha]] ya [[Kimasai]] hasa: &quot;Serengit&quot; humaanisha &quot;Kiwara kisichoisha&quot;.Kuna simba 3000

==Eneo==
Eneo lake ni 14,763 [[km²]] na ki[[jiografia]] inaendelea ndani ya Kenya inapoitwa [[Hifadhi ya Masai Mara]].

[[Mazingira]] ya Serengeti ni kanda ya kijiografia katika kaskazini-magharibi mwa [[Tanzania]] na inaenea kusini-magharibi mwa [[Kenya]] kati ya latitude 1 na 3 Kusini na longitude 34 na 36 Mashariki. Inaenea kiwango cha mraba kilometa 30,000 &lt;sup&gt;2.&lt;/sup&gt;

Eneo la [[hifadhi]] ya [[Ngorongoro]] liliwahi kuwa sehemu ya Serengeti hadi kutengwa kama hifadhi ya pekee. [[Olduvai Gorge|Bonde la Olduvai]] ambako mabaki ya [[zamadamu]] yalipatikana liko ndani ya Serengeti.

Kanda hii ina [[hifadhi za taifa]] na [[hifadhi mchezo kadhaa]].

==Wanyama==
Kuna idadi kubwa ya [[wanyamapori]]. Serengeti pamoja na Masai Mara inajulikana hasa kwa [[uhamisho]] wa kila mwaka wa zaidi ya milioni moja ya [[nyumbu]] wanaovuka [[mto Mara]]. Ndiyo gura ya wanyama kwenye [[ardhi]] iliyo kubwa na ndefu zaidi [[duniani]],&lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first=Frank | last=Partridge | coauthors= | title=The fast show | date=2006-05-20 | publisher= | url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060520/ai_n16416123 | work =The Independent (London) | pages = | accessdate = 2007-03-14 | language = }}&lt;/ref&gt; ambao huwa tukio la [[nusu]] mwaka. Uhamiaji huo ni moja ya [[maajabu kumi ya asili ya ulimwengu ya kusafiri]]. 

Mnamo [[Oktoba]], [[wanyama wanaokula majani]] (si [[nyama]]) karibu milioni 2 husafiri kutoka [[milima]] ya kaskazini kuelekea nyanda za kusini na kuvuka [[mto wa Mara]] katika harakati za [[mvua]]. Katika mwezi [[Aprili]], wao hurejea kaskazini kwa kupitia magharibi, na kwa mara nyingine tena kuvuka Mto wa Mara. Jambo hili la mara kwa mara huitwa kwa [[Kiingereza]] &quot;Circular migration&quot; yaani [[uhamiaji mviringo]]. Nyumbu zaidi ya 250,000 pekee watakufa safarini kutoka Tanzania kwenda katika [[Masai Mara|mbuga ya wanyama ya Masai Mara]] huko Kenya pande za juu, ambayo ni jumla ya [[maili]] 500. [[Kifo]] mara nyingi unasababishwa na maudhi au [[uchovu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;partridge&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamiaji huu umeonyeshwa katika [[filamu]] na [[programu]] nyingi za [[televisheni]] kote duniani.

Kuna pia aina nyingine nyingi za [[wanyama]], kati yao &quot;watano wakubwa&quot; wanaovuta watalii hasa yaani [[tembo]], [[simba]], [[chui]], [[fisi]], [[kifaru]] na [[nyati]]. Inakadiriwa [[mamalia]] 70 kubwa na baadhi ya [[spishi]] 500 [[avifauna]] (yaani [[Ndege (mnyama)|ndege]]) hupatikana huko. Tofauti hii ya juu upande wa spishi ni shughuli makazi mbalimbali kuanzia misitu ya riverine, ma[[bwawa]], [[kopjes]] mbuga na misitu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt; [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us 403 Forbidden]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyumbu bluu]], [[swara]], [[punda milia]] na [[nyati]] ni baadhi ya mamalia kubwa ambao kwa kawaida hupatikana katika kanda hii.

==Historia==
[[File:Serengeti NCR Maasai.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mvulana wa kimaasai (Moran au askari) anatembea ndani ya Serengeti na miinuko ya Ngorongoro iko nyuma.]]
Sehemu kubwa wa Serengeti hapo awali ilijulikana kama Maasailand kwa wageni. 

[[Wamasai]] walijulikana kama [[shujaa]] wakali, na waliishi pamoja na wanyamapori huku wakila [[mifugo]] yao pekee. 

[[Nguvu]] zao na [[sifa]] zilisababisha wasafiri kutoka [[Ulaya]] kutotumia wanyama na [[rasilimali]] ya nchi yao vibaya. 

[[Janga la &quot;rinderpest&quot;]] na [[ukame]] wakati wa [[1890]] ulisababisha kupungua kwa idadi ya Wamasai na wanyama. [[Uwindaji haramu]] wa wanyamapori na ukosefu wa [[moto]], ambayo yalikuwa matokeo ya [[shughuli]] za [[binadamu]], yaliweka hatua ya maendeleo ya misitu na vichaka kwa miaka 30-50 ijayo.

[[Uongezekaji wa chafuo]] sasa ulisababisha kutokuwa kwa makazi ya [[binadamu]] katika eneo hili. 

Moto, tembo, na nyumbu walikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kuamua sasa muundo wa Serengeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem. Anthony Ronald Entrican Sinclair, Peter Arcese. 1995. University of Chicago Press. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Kurasa 73-76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1960]], idadi ya binadamu ilivyoongezeka, moto, aidha kuwashwa kwa makusudi na Wamaasai ili kuongeza eneo ya [[malisho]] ya mifugo, au kwa [[ajali]], ulisababisha kuchomeka kwa miche mipya ya miti. 

Mvua nzito ilichangia [[ukuaji]] wa majani, ambao ulikuwa kama [[mafuta]] kwa moto wakati wa misimu mikavu ifuatayo. Miti mizee ya Acacia, ambayo huishi tu miaka 60-70, ilianza kufa. Awali tembo, ambao hula miti michanga na mizee, walilaumiwa kwa kumaliza misitu. Lakini majaribio yalionyesha kulikuwa na [[sababu]] nyingine muhimu zaidi. Wakati huo huo, idadi ya tembo ilipunguzwa kutoka 2,460 mwaka [[1970]] hadi 467 katika mwaka [[1986]] kutokana na uwindaji haramu. &lt;ref&gt; ''Serengeti II.''  Sinclair, Arcese. [http://books.google.com/books?id=qSb-dHu7rGQC&amp;pg=PA73&amp;lpg=PA73&amp;dq=acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;source=web&amp;ots=iV6h7FIz19&amp;sig=6IwU_AOUf0FX3va-4MOewUx8IvQ Ukurasa 76.] ISBN 0226760316.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mnamo [[miaka ya 1970]] idadi ya nyumbu na nyati wa Afrika ilikuwa imeongezeka, na walikuwa wakipunguza idadi ya majani kwa [[kasi]], na kusababisha upungufu wa mafuta ya kusambazaa moto. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2010-02-06 |archivedate=2005-11-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051103072950/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/278/5346/2059 }}&lt;/ref&gt; kupunguka kwa ukali wa moto umesababisha Acacia kuwa imara tena. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hifadhi ya mazingira==
Bara la Maasai lina mbuga ya wanyama bora zaidi Afrika Mashariki. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Nigel Pavitt. 2001. Ukurasa 122. Harry S. Abrams, Incorporated, New York. ISBN 0-8109-0602-3.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Serikali]] za Tanzania na Kenya hutunza idadi kadhaa ya maeneo yaliyochunwa: mbuga, maeneo ya hifadhi, mapori ya akiba, n.k., ambayo hutoa [[ulinzi wa kisheria]] kwa zaidi ya 80% ya Serengeti. &lt;ref&gt;http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:rss9ABx99HUJ:www.ath.aegean.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx%3Faa%3D8868+serengeti+ecosystem+kenya&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=4&amp;gl=us&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ol Doinyo Lengai]], ikiwapo [[volkeno hai]] katika eneo la Serengeti, ni mlima wa moto pekee ambao bado hutoa &quot;carbonatite lava&quot;. &quot;Carbonatite lava&quot;, unapofichuliwa kutoka kwa [[hewa]], hubadilisha [[rangi]] kutoka [[samawati]] hadi [[nyeusi]] na kufanana na &quot;washing soda&quot;. [[Tabaka]] zito la [[jivu]] linaweza kugeuka kuwa hardpan iliotajirika na kalsiamu ngumu kama [[saruji]] baada ya kunyeshewa. Mizizi ya mti haiwezi kupenya [[safu]] hii, na kimsingi [[tambarare]] bila miti ya Serengeti, ambayo iko magharibi na [[upepo]] chini ya Ol Doinyo Lengai, ni matokeo. &lt;ref&gt; ''Africa's Great Rift Valley.''  Pavitt, kurasa 130, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Serengeti koppie.jpg|thumb|left|350px|Miinuko ya [[mwamba]], au &quot;koppes&quot;, katika tambarare ya Serengeti.]]

Eneo la Kusini-Mashariki ambalo lipo katika [[kivuli]] mvua ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na linajumuisha tambarare lenye majani mafupi bila miti na &quot;dicot&quot; tele ndogondogo. [[Udongo]] una [[rutuba]] kwa wingi, yakiwa juu ya &quot;calcareous hardpan&quot; fupi. &quot;Gradient&quot; ya [[urefu]] wa udongo kaskazini-mashariki ukipita tambarare husababisha mabadiliko katika [[jamii]] na herbaceous na nyasi refu. 

Baadhi ya 70 km magharibi, [[misitu ya Acacia]] huonekana ghafla na kunyoosha magharibi kuelekea [[ziwa Victoria]] na kaskazini kuelekea katika tambarare za [[Loita]], kaskazini mwa [[mbuga ya wanyama ya kitaifa ya Maasai Mara]]. Aina 16 tofauti ya Acacia zipo katika [[msitu]] huu, [[usambazaji]] wake ukiamuliwa na hali [[&quot;edaphic&quot;]] na urefu wa udongo. 

Karibu na [[Ziwa Viktoria]] kuna tambarare yenye [[mafuriko]] yaliyotokana na &quot;lakebeds&quot; za kale. Katika kaskazini magharibi, misitu ya Acacia imebadilishwa na misitu ya &quot;Terminalia-Combretum&quot; yenye majani mapana, uliodhamiria kutokana na mabadiliko katika [[jiolojia]]. Eneo hili lina kiwango cha juu zaidi cha mvua katika mfumo na huunda [[kimbilio]] kwa wanyama wanaohama mwisho wa msimu wa [[kiangazi]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3Aj9xvfWrq0L0J%3Awww.uoguelph.ca%2Fib%2Fpdfs%2FSinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2012-12-09 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121209175953/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:j9xvfWrq0L0J:www.uoguelph.ca/ib/pdfs/Sinclair_2007_ConsBiol.pdf+acacia+trees+serengeti+fire&amp;hl=en&amp;ct=clnk&amp;cd=6&amp;gl=us |archivedate=2012-12-09 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mwinuko]] katika Serengeti huanzia [[mita]] 920 hadi 1850 na [[joto]] wastani kuanzia [[digrii]] 15 hadi digrii 25 &quot;Celsius&quot;. Ingawa kwa kawaida [[hali ya hewa]] huwa ya joto na kavu, mvua hutokea katika misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi-Mei, na msimu mfupi katika Oktoba na Novemba. Kiasi cha mvua inatofautiana kutoka kiwango cha chini cha 508 mm katika upande wa &quot;lee&quot; ya miinuko ya Ngorongoro na kiwango cha juu cha 1,200 mm katika [[pwani]] ya Ziwa Victoria. &lt;ref&gt; http://www.glcom.com/hassan/serengeti.html&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nyanda za juu]], ambazo ni [[baridi]] kuliko tambarare na kufunikwa na misitu ya &quot;montane&quot;, ndiyo alama ya [[mpaka]] wa mashariki ya bonde ambayo Serengeti uko.

Tambarare wazi ya Serengeti ina miinuko ya &quot;granite&quot; inayojulikana kama &quot;koppes&quot;. Miinuko hiyo ni matokeo ya volkeno. &quot;Koppies&quot; hutoa makazi madogo kwa nyanda zisizo wanyamapori. &quot;Koppe&quot; moja inayoweza kuonekana kwa wageni huko Serengeti ni [[Simba Koppe]] (Lion Koppe). Serengeti ilitumika kama [[jukwaa]] kutengeneza filamu ya &quot;Disney&quot; ya ''[[The Lion King]]'' na baadaye uvumbuaji wa filamu za jukwaa.

Eneo hilo pia ni nyumbani kwa [[eneo lililohifadhiwa la Ngorongoro]] ambalo lina &quot;[[Olduvai Gorge]]&quot;, ambapo baadhi ya &quot;hominid fossils&quot; kongwe hupatikana, vilevile pia &quot;[[Ngorongoro Crater]]&quot;, caldera ya volkeno kubwa zaidi ulimwenguni.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia katika Afrika]]
&lt;gallery&gt;
Picha:Serengeti 4.jpg|Twiga akiwa amepandwa na ndege mgongoni
Picha:Serengeti National Park 03 - tawny eagle - Aquila rapax.jpg|Tai
Picha:Giraffe Standing alone in Serengeti, Tanzania.jpg|alt=Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania|Twiga Amesimama peke yake Serengeti, Tanzania
Picha:Lions sleeping in Serengeti Tanzania.jpg|Simba wakilala Serengeti Tanzania baada ya kuwinda
&lt;/gallery&gt;


== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Serengeti}}
* [https://www.serengeti.com/ Serengeti - Tovuti rasmi ya hifadhi ya kitaifa]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/animals.html#g Wanyama wa Serengeti]
* [http://www.serengeti.org/plantlife.html Mimea ya Serengeti]
* [http://flickr.com/photos/tags/serengeti/ Picha za Flickr za Serengeti]
* [http://www.martinruffe.co.uk/portfolio/pm_cat_Tropics_subcat_Serengeti/index.aspx Picha kutoka Serengeti]

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Serengeti}}
[[Jamii:Hifadhi za Taifa za Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mahali pa Urithi wa Dunia katika Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Mara]]
[[Jamii:Mkoa wa Arusha]]</text>
      <sha1>0wyr7d06arr5yw0wc2j2eedh6rnxpvm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sampi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>40073</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362243</id>
      <parentid>1145383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:49:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="473" sha1="srhemqlrt96j8bgt53swcqd4xb19wez" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Sampi uc lc 2}}
'''Sampi''' ([[kigiriki]] '''σαμπῖ''' ikaandikwa kama Ϡ au ϡ) ilikuwa herufi katika matumizi ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]] ya kale kabla ya haikusanifishwa. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama S au SS.

Haikuendelea kutumiwa kama herufi lakini iliendelea kutumiwa kama alama kwa namba 900 pekee. 

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/other_nonattic.html#sampi Sampi] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>srhemqlrt96j8bgt53swcqd4xb19wez</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48250</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362237</id>
      <parentid>988719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:43:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362237</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="641" sha1="kkfjyum04fo4wsm3ude1ps1vll7tmj4" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Mu uc lc}}
'''Mi''' au '''Mu''' ('''Μ μ''') ni [[herufi]] ya 12 katika [[Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Inaandikwa kama '''μ''' (alama ya kawaida) au '''Μ''' (alama kubwa mwanzoni mwa majina). 

Zamani za [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ilikuwa pia [[tarakimu]], ikiwa alama ya [[namba]] 40.

Asili ya mi ni herufi ya [[Kifinisia]] ya [[Mem (letter)|mem]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician mem.svg|20px]].

[[Matamshi]] yake yalikuwa &quot;m&quot;.

Katika [[alfabeti]] zinazofuata mfano wa [[Kigiriki]] ilipokelewa katika [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]] kama &quot;[[M]]&quot; na katika [[alfabeti ya Kikirili]] kama &quot;M&quot;.

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>kkfjyum04fo4wsm3ude1ps1vll7tmj4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>48368</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362238</id>
      <parentid>988720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:44:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="631" sha1="b9xg0yvp6o7a14ypun93himabexi354" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Nu uc lc}}
'''Ni''' ('''Ν ν''') ni [[herufi]] ya 13 katika [[Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Inaandikwa kama '''ν''' (alama ya kawaida) au '''Ν''' (alama kubwa mwanzoni mwa majina). 

Zamani za [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ilikuwa pia [[tarakimu]], ikiwa alama ya [[namba]] 50.

Asili ya 'ni' ni herufi ya [[Kifinisia]] ya [[Nun (letter)|nun]] 𐤔 [[Image:Phoenician nun.svg|20px]].

[[Matamshi]] yake yalikuwa &quot;n&quot;.

Katika [[alfabeti]] zinazofuata mfano wa [[Kigiriki]] ilipokelewa katika [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]] kama &quot;[[N]]&quot; na katika [[alfabeti ya Kikirili]] kama &quot;H&quot;.

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>b9xg0yvp6o7a14ypun93himabexi354</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bonifas mfiadini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>57463</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362252</id>
      <parentid>1298427</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Raymond</username>
        <id>1236</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>high res image</comment>
      <origin>1362252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3422" sha1="fdbld4k8pxe6fogivxqht6yasnq6crp" xml:space="preserve">[[Image:St Boniface - Baptising-Martyrdom - Sacramentary of Fulda - 11Century.jpg|thumb|200px|''Mt. Bonifas [[ubatizo|akibatiza]] [[Wasaksoni]]'' na ''[[Kifodini]] cha Mt. Bonifacio'', katika ''[[Sakramentari]] ya [[Fulda]]'' ([[karne XI]]).]]
[[File:Hess Boniface leaves England 1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Kadi ya [[karne ya 20]] ikimuonyesha Bonifas akihama Uingereza.]]
[[File:Fulda-Bonifatiusstatue-Sockel.png|thumb|200px|''[[Kifo]] cha Mt. Bonifas'', kilivyochongwa na Werner Henschel, [[1830]], Fulda.]]
[[File:Grab des Bonifatius, Krypta, Dom Fulda-6384.jpg|thumb|Kikanisa cha Mt. Bonifas chini ya ardhi, Fulda]]
'''Bonifas''' (kwa [[Kilatini]] '''Bonifacius''', yaani ''Mtendamema'', ambaye aliitwa ''Wynfrith'' kabla ya kutajiwa na [[Papa Gregori II]] [[jina]] hilo jipya; [[Crediton]], [[Wessex]], [[673]] hivi - Dokkum, [[5 Juni]] [[754]]) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] [[Wabenedikto|Mbenedikto]] kutoka [[Uingereza]] aliyetumwa kama [[mmisionari]] huko [[Ujerumani]] ([[716]]). 

Ili kushinda vipingamizi alikwenda huko [[Roma]] akafanywa kwanza [[askofu]] ([[722]]), baadaye [[askofu mkuu]] ([[732]]), na baadaye tena [[balozi wa Papa]] ([[738]]), akijitahidi kuimarisha [[Kanisa]] katika [[dola]] lote. 

Hatimaye akawa [[mfiadini]] pamoja na [[Eobani na wenzake|wenzake walau 9]] katika [[Uholanzi]] wa leo.

Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na wengineo kama [[mtakatifu]], akiitwa pengine &quot;mtume wa Ujerumani&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/23300&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] 5 Juni ya kila [[mwaka]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Sala yake==
Mungu wa milele, kimbilio la wanao wote,
katika udhaifu wetu ndiwe nguvu yetu,
katika giza letu ndiwe mwanga wetu,
katika uchungu wetu ndiwe faraja na amani yetu.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

== Marejeo ==
*Talbot, C. H., ed. ''The Anglo-Saxon Missionaries in Germany: Being the Lives of S.S. Willibrord, Boniface, Strum, Leoba and Lebuin, together with the Hodoeporicon of St. Willibald and a Selection from the Correspondence of St. Boniface''. New York: Sheed and Ward, 1954.
**The Bonifacian ''vita'' was republished in Noble, Thomas F. X. and Thomas Head, eds. ''Soldiers of Christ: Saints and Saints’ Lives in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages''. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1995. 109-40.
* ''Die Briefe des heiligen Bonifatius und Lullus'', a cura di M. Tangl, Berlin, 1916
* J. Semmler - G. Bernt - G. Binding, ''Bonifatius'', in ''Lexikon des Mittelalters'', München, 1983

==Viungo vya nje==
{{commons category|Saint Boniface}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/6/051.html &quot;St. Boniface, Archbishop of Mentz, Apostle of Germany and Martyr&quot;], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* [http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&amp;bookId=00000705 Wilhelm Levison, ''Vitae Sancti Bonifatii''] {{Wayback|url=http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&amp;bookId=00000705 |date=20110405140508 }}
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Category:Waliozaliwa 673]]
[[Category:Waliofariki 754]]
[[Category:Wabenedikto]]
[[Category:Wamonaki]]
[[Category:Wamisionari]]
[[Category:Maaskofu Wakatoliki]]
[[Category:Wafiadini Wakristo]]
[[Category:Watakatifu wa Uingereza]]
[[Category:Watakatifu wa Ujerumani]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Uholanzi]]</text>
      <sha1>fdbld4k8pxe6fogivxqht6yasnq6crp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Kigezo:Drugbox</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>1362173</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:30:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
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      <origin>1362173</origin>
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|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold&quot; {{!}} {{{drug_name|{{{imagename|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}{{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|mab|&lt;sup&gt;[[Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies|?]]&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{name|}}}| 
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: right; &quot; {{!}} {{Navbar|Drugbox/{{PAGENAME}}|mini=1}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}|
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}} | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}} | {{Px|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}|
{{#ifexist:File:{{PAGENAME}}.png|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[File:{{PAGENAME}}.png | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}}|alt={{{alt|}}}| Chemical structure of {{PAGENAME}} ]]
{{!}}-|{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:0}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing a structure drawing]] }}}}}}}} }} }}
{{#if: {{{caption|}}}|
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&lt;!-- Top header for Combination, Monoclonal else default IUPAC header
--&gt;! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#switch: {{{type|}}}
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|-
&lt;!-- Naming 1) If not mab/combo/vaccine show IUPAC value --&gt;{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | mab | combo | vaccine = | #default ={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | {{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11px&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name}}}&lt;/span&gt; }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 2) If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! Target disease
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! [[Vaccine#Types|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch:{{{vaccine_type|}}}
 |Killed |killed |Inactivated |inactivated = Killed/Inactivated
 |Attenuated |attenuated = [[Attenuated virus]]
 |Live |live = Live bacteria
 |Toxoid |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |Subunit |subunit = Subunit
 |Protein subunit |protein subunit |Protein |protein = [[Protein subunit]]
 |Conjugate |conjugate=[[Conjugate vaccine]]
 |Recombinant |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant Vector]]
 |DNA |dna = [[DNA vaccination]]
 | ? }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 3) If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab |
{{#if: {{{mab_type|}}} | ! [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{mab_type|}}}
 | MAB | mab = Whole antibody
 | Fab | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | F(ab')2 | f(ab')2 = [[F(ab')2 fragment|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | Fab' | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scFv | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discFv | discfv = Di-[[single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdAb | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clFab | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | BiTE | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | ? }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{source|}}} | ! [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{source|}}}
 | a = [[Panya]]
 | e = [[Hamster]]
 | i = [[Primate]]
 | o = [[Kipanya]]
 | u = [[Binadamu]]
 | xi/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]
 | zu/a = [[Humanized]] (from [[Panya]])
 | zu/e = [[Humanized]] (from [[hamster]])
 | zu/i = [[Humanized]] (from [[primate]])
 | zu/o = [[Humanized]] (from [[Kipanya]])
 | zu = [[Humanized]]
 | xizu/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid
 | axo = [[Panya]]/[[Kipanya]] hybrid
 | {{{source|}}}[[Category:Drugboxes with unformatted antibody source]] }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{target|}}} | ! [[Antigen|Target]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 4) if type=combo show its components (2 obligatory, 3 &amp; 4 optional) --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component1|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class1|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component2|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class2|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component3|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component3|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class3|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component4|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component4|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class4|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Data ya kikliniki
|-
{{#if:{{{tradename|}}}|
! [[Majina ya kibiashara]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{tradename|}}} | {{{tradename}}}
}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{ASHP|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|ASHP]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{ASHP|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.safemedication.com/searchresults/DisplayDrug.aspx?id={{{ASHP}}} {{{ASHP}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{Drugs.com|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{Drugs.com|}}} | {{{Drugs.com}}}}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|
! [[eMedicine]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{eMedicine|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-{{{eMedicine}}}/article_em.htm {{{eMedicine}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|
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{{!}} {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Taarifa za leseni]]
{{!}} }}{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}} | [[European Medicines Agency|EMA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{EMA-EPAR|{{{licence_EU}}}}} Link]&lt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ,&amp;nbsp; }}
}}{{#if:{{{DailyMedID|}}} | [[Daily Med|US&amp;nbsp;Daily&amp;nbsp;Med]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id={{{DailyMedID}}} link]&lt;/span&gt; |{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}} | [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|US&amp;nbsp;FDA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&amp;SearchTerm={{{licence_US}}}&amp;SearchType=BasicSearch link]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
! [[Pregnancy category|Kategoria ya ujauzito]]
| {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b1 | B1 = B1
 | b2 | B2 = B2
 | b3 | B3 = B3
 | b | B = B?
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_US|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b | B = B
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_category|}}} | {{{pregnancy_category}}} | {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_US|}}} | | ? }} }}
|-
! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Hali ya kisheria]]
| &lt;!--
 All but first country block must start the '{{#ifeq' on same line as preceeding block's closing '}}'.
 Test for upper &amp; lower case, use wikilinked two-letter ISO country codes (ISO 3166-1) within the framework of [[WP:MOS]].
 Note space after counry code as separator &amp; allows line wrapping.
 Previous legal-status kept both for backwards compatibility - most articles currently use this and for furture appends free-text to country-specified categorisations.
--&gt;{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_AU|}}}
 | unscheduled | Unscheduled = U&lt;small&gt;nscheduled&lt;/small&gt; |
 | s2 | S2 | Schedule 2 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicine|Pharmacy Only (S2)]]
 | s3 | S3 | Schedule 3 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 3 Pharmacist Only Medicine|Pharmacist Only (S3)]]
 | s4 | S4 | Schedule 4 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine|Prescription Only (S4)]]
 | s5 | S5 | Schedule 5 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 5 Caution|Caution (S5)]]
 | s6 | S6 | Schedule 6 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 6 Poison|Poison (S6)]]
 | s7 | S7 | Schedule 7 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 7 Dangerous Poison|Dangerous Poison (S7)]]
 | s8 | S8 | Schedule 8 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 8 Controlled Drug|Controlled (S8)]]
 | s9 | S9 | Schedule 9 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 9 Prohibited Substance|Prohibited (S9)]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_CA|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_CA|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_II|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_III|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_V|Schedule V]]
 | Schedule VI = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VI_(Precursors)|Schedule VI]]
 | Schedule VII = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VII|Schedule VII]]
 | Schedule VIII= [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VIII|Schedule VIII]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Kanada|CA]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_UK|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_UK|}}}
 | gsl | GSL = GSL
 | p | P =P
 | pom | POM = [[Prescription drug|POM]]
 | cd | CD =CD
 | CD Lic = CD Lic
 | CD POM = CD POM
 | CD No Reg POM = CD No Reg POM
 | CD (Anab) POM = CD (Anab) POM
 | CD (Benz) POM = CD (Benz) POM
 | CD Inv POM = CD Inv POM
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Ufalme wa Muungano|UK]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_US|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_III_drugs|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_drugs|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs|Schedule V]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_status|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_status|}}}
 | rx | RX | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = {{Unicode|℞}} P&lt;small&gt;rescription only&lt;/small&gt;
 | {{{legal_status}}}
 }}
}}{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}} | | ? }}
|-
{{#if:{{{dependency_liability|}}}|
! style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot; {{!}}  [[Drug dependence|Dependence liability]]
{{!}} {{{dependency_liability}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{routes_of_administration|}}}|
! [[Route of administration|Njia mbalimbali za matumizi]]
{{!}} {{{routes_of_administration}}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolism|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya utendakazi }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}|
! [[Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili]]
{{!}} {{{bioavailability}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | | {{#if:{{{protein_bound|}}}|
! [[Plasma protein binding|Kufunga kwa protini]]
{{!}} {{{protein_bound}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{metabolism|}}}|
! [[Drug metabolism|Kimetaboliki]]
{{!}} {{{metabolism}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{elimination_half-life|}}}|
! [[Biological half-life|Nusu uhai]]
{{!}} {{{elimination_half-life}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{excretion|}}}|
! [[Utoaji wa uchafu]]
{{!}} {{{excretion}}} }} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Vitambulisho
|-
{{#if:{{{CAS_number|}}}{{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |
! [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term={{{CAS_number}}}&amp;rn=1 {{{CAS_number}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} {{{CAS_supplemental|}}} }}{{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | |[[Category:Chemical pages needing a CAS Registry Number]]}}
|-
! {{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]] | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Nambari ya ATC]]}}
| {{#if:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} }} | none | None [[Category:Drugs not assigned an ATC code]] | [[ATC_code_{{{ATC_prefix}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | Q}}{{{ATC_prefix}}}]]{{#if:{{{ATC_suffix|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | http://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=Q{{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}} | http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code={{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}}}}]&lt;/span&gt; {{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }} }} | {{#if:{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| {{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| ? &lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Drugboxes with an unspecified ATC code]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChemSubstance|}}} |
! [[PubChem]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid={{{PubChem}}} CID {{{PubChem}}}]&lt;/span&gt; |
&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid={{{PubChemSubstance}}} SID{{{PubChemSubstance}}}]
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} |
! [[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|IUPHAR ligand]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId={{{IUPHAR_ligand}}} {{{IUPHAR_ligand}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{DrugBank|}}} |
! [[DrugBank]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/{{{DrugBank}}} {{{DrugBank}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |
! [[ChemSpider]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.{{{ChemSpiderID}}} {{{ChemSpiderID}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{UNII|}}} |
! [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno={{{UNII}}} {{{UNII}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{UNII_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{KEGG|}}} |
! [[KEGG]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.kegg.jp/entry/{{{KEGG}}} {{{KEGG}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{KEGG_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEBI|}}} |
! [[ChEBI]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}} CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEMBL|}}} |
! [[ChEMBL]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}} CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}} |
! [[Visawe]]
{{!}} {{{synonyms}}}
}} }}
|-
&lt;!-- If type=combo or vaccine, then none of following chemical data parameters to be displayed
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{type|}}}|combo|vaccine=|#default=
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya kikemikali
{{!}}-
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | ! [[Chemical formula|Fomyula]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{chemical_formula|}}} | {{{chemical_formula}}} | {{#if:{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{S|}}} |&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{C|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{C|}}} |Carbon }}
     | atom_color=rgb(000,000,000)
     | atom_abb=C
     | atom_number={{{C}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{H|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{H|2}}} |Hydrogen }}
     | atom_color=rgb(77,77,77)
     | atom_abb=H
     | atom_number={{{H}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |Silver}}
     | atom_color=rgb(160,160,160)
     | atom_abb=Ag
     | atom_number={{{Ag}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{As|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{As|}}} |Arsenic}}
     | atom_color=rgb(101,71,120)
     | atom_abb=As
     | atom_number={{{As}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Au|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Au|}}} |Gold}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,84,0)
     | atom_abb=Au
     | atom_number={{{Au}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{B|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{B|}}}|Boron}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(116,82,82)
     | atom_abb=B
     | atom_number={{{B}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Bi|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Bi|}}}|Bismuth}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(87,33,94)
     | atom_abb=Bi
     | atom_number={{{Bi}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Br|}}} |atom }}
| atom_name={{#if:{{{Br|}}}|Bromine}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(83,20,20)
     | atom_abb=Br
     | atom_number={{{Br}}}
 |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Cl|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Cl|}}}|Chlorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(15,95,15)
     | atom_abb=Cl
     | atom_number={{{Cl}}}
     |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Co|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Co|}}} |Cobalt }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(53,59,90)
     | atom_abb=Co
     | atom_number={{{Co}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{F|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{F|}}} |Fluorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(66,98,98)
     | atom_abb=F
     | atom_number={{{F}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |Iron}}  
     | atom_color=
     | atom_abb=Fe
     | atom_number={{{Fe}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |Gadolinium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(64,0,64)
     | atom_abb=Gd
     | atom_number={{{Gd}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{I|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{I|}}} |Iodine}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(74,11,74)
     | atom_abb=I
     | atom_number={{{I}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{K|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{K|}}} |Potassium}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(72,32,106)
     | atom_abb=K
     | atom_number={{{K}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |Manganese}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(78,21,99)
     | atom_abb=Mn
     | atom_number={{{Mn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{N|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{N|}}} |Nitrogen }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(0,0,128)
     | atom_abb=N
     | atom_number={{{N}}}
  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Na|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Na|}}}|Sodium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(11,11,97)
     | atom_abb=Na
     | atom_number={{{Na}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{O|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{O|}}} |Oxygen}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(116,35,35)
     | atom_abb=O
     | atom_number={{{O}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{P|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{P|}}} |Phosphorus}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,63,0)
     | atom_abb=P
     | atom_number={{{P}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |Platinum}}
     | atom_color=rgb(21,53,79)
     | atom_abb=Pt
     | atom_number={{{Pt}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{S|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{S|}}} |Sulfur}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(114,97,31)
     | atom_abb=S
     | atom_number={{{S}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |Antimony}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(86,47,94)
     | atom_abb=Sb 
     | atom_number={{{Sb}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Se|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Se|}}}|Selenium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(105,78,25)
     | atom_abb=Se
     | atom_number={{{Se}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sr|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sr|}}}|Strontium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(14,67,14)
     | atom_abb=Sr
     | atom_number={{{Sr}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |Technetium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(30,79,84)
     | atom_abb=Tc
     | atom_number={{{Tc}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |Zinc}}
     | atom_color=rgb(54,60,104)
     | atom_abb=Zn
     | atom_number={{{Zn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;{{#if:{{{charge|}}}|{{{charge}}}|&amp;nbsp;}}&lt;/sup&gt; | ? }} }} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{molecular_weight|}}} |
! [[Molecular mass|Mol. mass]]
{{!}} {{{molecular_weight}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{smiles|}}} |
! [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]]
{{!}} &lt;!-- exluded until it is clear how we can use a nowiki-tag for template replacements &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{smiles}}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; --&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&amp;q={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} eMolecules]&lt;/span&gt; &amp; &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} PubChem]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}| {{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{!}} {{Collapsible list|title =[[International Chemical Identifier|Kitambulisho cha Kimataifa cha Kemikali]] | 1 ={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}|InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}x | {{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChIKey_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}x |{{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}}}}}}}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{density|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{sec_combustion|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Physical data
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{density|}}} |
! [[Densiti]]
{{!}} {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm³
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}} |
! [[Melting point|Kiwango cha kuyeyuka]
{{!}} {{{melting_point}}}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{{melting_high}}}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{melting_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{#expr: ( {{{melting_high}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }} }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{melting_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}} |
! [[Kiwango cha kuchemka]]
{{!}} {{{boiling_point}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{boiling_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{boiling_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |
! [[Solubility]] in [[Water (molecule)|water]]
{{!}} {{{solubility}}}&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{specific_rotation|}}} |
! [[Specific rotation|Spec. rot]]
{{!}} {{{specific_rotation}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{sec_combustion|}}} |
! [[Standard enthalpy change of combustion|SEC Combust]]
{{!}} {{{sec_combustion}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#if: {{{chemical_formula|}}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing formula fontification]] |}}
{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|
{{!}}-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&amp;nbsp;{{Cross|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{Tick|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(Hiki ni nini?)]]}}}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?&amp;diff=cur&amp;oldid={{{verifiedrevid|}}} (thibitisha)]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&lt;br /&gt;|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields]]|}}{{#ifeq:{{{Watchedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]]|}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}||[[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes]]}}
|-

|}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bbf2mrsefe2lliv6gf1eu451lgy2pkx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362175</id>
      <parentid>1362173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:32:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362175</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="26392" sha1="kus877ippqt1lvud48u0kik1qk277xn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold&quot; {{!}} {{{drug_name|{{{imagename|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}{{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|mab|&lt;sup&gt;[[Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies|?]]&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{name|}}}| 
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: right; &quot; {{!}} {{Navbar|Drugbox/{{PAGENAME}}|mini=1}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}|
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}} | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}} | {{Px|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}|
{{#ifexist:File:{{PAGENAME}}.png|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[File:{{PAGENAME}}.png | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}}|alt={{{alt|}}}| Chemical structure of {{PAGENAME}} ]]
{{!}}-|{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:0}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing a structure drawing]] }}}}}}}} }} }}
{{#if: {{{caption|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
&lt;!-- Top header for Combination, Monoclonal else default IUPAC header
--&gt;! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#switch: {{{type|}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody#Applications|Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default = {{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | Jina la Utaratibu la ([[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature|IUPAC]])}}}}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 1) If not mab/combo/vaccine show IUPAC value --&gt;{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | mab | combo | vaccine = | #default ={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | {{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11px&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name}}}&lt;/span&gt; }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 2) If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! Target disease
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! [[Vaccine#Types|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch:{{{vaccine_type|}}}
 |Killed |killed |Inactivated |inactivated = Killed/Inactivated
 |Attenuated |attenuated = [[Attenuated virus]]
 |Live |live = Live bacteria
 |Toxoid |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |Subunit |subunit = Subunit
 |Protein subunit |protein subunit |Protein |protein = [[Protein subunit]]
 |Conjugate |conjugate=[[Conjugate vaccine]]
 |Recombinant |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant Vector]]
 |DNA |dna = [[DNA vaccination]]
 | ? }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 3) If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab |
{{#if: {{{mab_type|}}} | ! [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{mab_type|}}}
 | MAB | mab = Whole antibody
 | Fab | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | F(ab')2 | f(ab')2 = [[F(ab')2 fragment|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | Fab' | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scFv | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discFv | discfv = Di-[[single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdAb | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clFab | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | BiTE | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | ? }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{source|}}} | ! [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{source|}}}
 | a = [[Panya]]
 | e = [[Hamster]]
 | i = [[Primate]]
 | o = [[Kipanya]]
 | u = [[Binadamu]]
 | xi/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]
 | zu/a = [[Humanized]] (from [[Panya]])
 | zu/e = [[Humanized]] (from [[hamster]])
 | zu/i = [[Humanized]] (from [[primate]])
 | zu/o = [[Humanized]] (from [[Kipanya]])
 | zu = [[Humanized]]
 | xizu/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid
 | axo = [[Panya]]/[[Kipanya]] hybrid
 | {{{source|}}}[[Category:Drugboxes with unformatted antibody source]] }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{target|}}} | ! [[Antigen|Target]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 4) if type=combo show its components (2 obligatory, 3 &amp; 4 optional) --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component1|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class1|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component2|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class2|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component3|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component3|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class3|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component4|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component4|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class4|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Data ya kikliniki
|-
{{#if:{{{tradename|}}}|
! [[Majina ya kibiashara]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{tradename|}}} | {{{tradename}}}
}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{ASHP|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|ASHP]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{ASHP|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.safemedication.com/searchresults/DisplayDrug.aspx?id={{{ASHP}}} {{{ASHP}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{Drugs.com|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{Drugs.com|}}} | {{{Drugs.com}}}}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|
! [[eMedicine]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{eMedicine|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-{{{eMedicine}}}/article_em.htm {{{eMedicine}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|
! [[MedlinePlus]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Taarifa za leseni]]
{{!}} }}{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}} | [[European Medicines Agency|EMA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{EMA-EPAR|{{{licence_EU}}}}} Link]&lt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ,&amp;nbsp; }}
}}{{#if:{{{DailyMedID|}}} | [[Daily Med|US&amp;nbsp;Daily&amp;nbsp;Med]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id={{{DailyMedID}}} link]&lt;/span&gt; |{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}} | [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|US&amp;nbsp;FDA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&amp;SearchTerm={{{licence_US}}}&amp;SearchType=BasicSearch link]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
! [[Pregnancy category|Kategoria ya ujauzito]]
| {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b1 | B1 = B1
 | b2 | B2 = B2
 | b3 | B3 = B3
 | b | B = B?
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_US|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b | B = B
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_category|}}} | {{{pregnancy_category}}} | {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_US|}}} | | ? }} }}
|-
! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Hali ya kisheria]]
| &lt;!--
 All but first country block must start the '{{#ifeq' on same line as preceeding block's closing '}}'.
 Test for upper &amp; lower case, use wikilinked two-letter ISO country codes (ISO 3166-1) within the framework of [[WP:MOS]].
 Note space after counry code as separator &amp; allows line wrapping.
 Previous legal-status kept both for backwards compatibility - most articles currently use this and for furture appends free-text to country-specified categorisations.
--&gt;{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_AU|}}}
 | unscheduled | Unscheduled = U&lt;small&gt;nscheduled&lt;/small&gt; |
 | s2 | S2 | Schedule 2 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicine|Pharmacy Only (S2)]]
 | s3 | S3 | Schedule 3 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 3 Pharmacist Only Medicine|Pharmacist Only (S3)]]
 | s4 | S4 | Schedule 4 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine|Prescription Only (S4)]]
 | s5 | S5 | Schedule 5 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 5 Caution|Caution (S5)]]
 | s6 | S6 | Schedule 6 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 6 Poison|Poison (S6)]]
 | s7 | S7 | Schedule 7 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 7 Dangerous Poison|Dangerous Poison (S7)]]
 | s8 | S8 | Schedule 8 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 8 Controlled Drug|Controlled (S8)]]
 | s9 | S9 | Schedule 9 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 9 Prohibited Substance|Prohibited (S9)]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_CA|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_CA|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_II|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_III|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_V|Schedule V]]
 | Schedule VI = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VI_(Precursors)|Schedule VI]]
 | Schedule VII = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VII|Schedule VII]]
 | Schedule VIII= [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VIII|Schedule VIII]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Kanada|CA]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_UK|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_UK|}}}
 | gsl | GSL = GSL
 | p | P =P
 | pom | POM = [[Prescription drug|POM]]
 | cd | CD =CD
 | CD Lic = CD Lic
 | CD POM = CD POM
 | CD No Reg POM = CD No Reg POM
 | CD (Anab) POM = CD (Anab) POM
 | CD (Benz) POM = CD (Benz) POM
 | CD Inv POM = CD Inv POM
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Ufalme wa Muungano|UK]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_US|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_III_drugs|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_drugs|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs|Schedule V]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_status|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_status|}}}
 | rx | RX | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = {{Unicode|℞}} P&lt;small&gt;rescription only&lt;/small&gt;
 | {{{legal_status}}}
 }}
}}{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}} | | ? }}
|-
{{#if:{{{dependency_liability|}}}|
! style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot; {{!}}  [[Drug dependence|Dependence liability]]
{{!}} {{{dependency_liability}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{routes_of_administration|}}}|
! [[Route of administration|Njia mbalimbali za matumizi]]
{{!}} {{{routes_of_administration}}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolism|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya utendakazi }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}|
! [[Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili]]
{{!}} {{{bioavailability}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | | {{#if:{{{protein_bound|}}}|
! [[Plasma protein binding|Kufunga kwa protini]]
{{!}} {{{protein_bound}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{metabolism|}}}|
! [[Drug metabolism|Kimetaboliki]]
{{!}} {{{metabolism}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{elimination_half-life|}}}|
! [[Biological half-life|Nusu uhai]]
{{!}} {{{elimination_half-life}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{excretion|}}}|
! [[Utoaji wa uchafu]]
{{!}} {{{excretion}}} }} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Vitambulisho
|-
{{#if:{{{CAS_number|}}}{{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |
! [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term={{{CAS_number}}}&amp;rn=1 {{{CAS_number}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} {{{CAS_supplemental|}}} }}{{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | |[[Category:Chemical pages needing a CAS Registry Number]]}}
|-
! {{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]] | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Nambari ya ATC]]}}
| {{#if:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} }} | none | None [[Category:Drugs not assigned an ATC code]] | [[ATC_code_{{{ATC_prefix}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | Q}}{{{ATC_prefix}}}]]{{#if:{{{ATC_suffix|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | http://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=Q{{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}} | http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code={{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}}}}]&lt;/span&gt; {{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }} }} | {{#if:{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| {{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| ? &lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Drugboxes with an unspecified ATC code]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChemSubstance|}}} |
! [[PubChem]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid={{{PubChem}}} CID {{{PubChem}}}]&lt;/span&gt; |
&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid={{{PubChemSubstance}}} SID{{{PubChemSubstance}}}]
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} |
! [[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|IUPHAR ligand]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId={{{IUPHAR_ligand}}} {{{IUPHAR_ligand}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{DrugBank|}}} |
! [[DrugBank]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/{{{DrugBank}}} {{{DrugBank}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |
! [[ChemSpider]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.{{{ChemSpiderID}}} {{{ChemSpiderID}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{UNII|}}} |
! [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno={{{UNII}}} {{{UNII}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{UNII_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{KEGG|}}} |
! [[KEGG]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.kegg.jp/entry/{{{KEGG}}} {{{KEGG}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{KEGG_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEBI|}}} |
! [[ChEBI]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}} CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEMBL|}}} |
! [[ChEMBL]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}} CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}} |
! [[Visawe]]
{{!}} {{{synonyms}}}
}} }}
|-
&lt;!-- If type=combo or vaccine, then none of following chemical data parameters to be displayed
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{type|}}}|combo|vaccine=|#default=
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya kikemikali
{{!}}-
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | ! [[Chemical formula|Fomyula]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{chemical_formula|}}} | {{{chemical_formula}}} | {{#if:{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{S|}}} |&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{C|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{C|}}} |Carbon }}
     | atom_color=rgb(000,000,000)
     | atom_abb=C
     | atom_number={{{C}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{H|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{H|2}}} |Hydrogen }}
     | atom_color=rgb(77,77,77)
     | atom_abb=H
     | atom_number={{{H}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |Silver}}
     | atom_color=rgb(160,160,160)
     | atom_abb=Ag
     | atom_number={{{Ag}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{As|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{As|}}} |Arsenic}}
     | atom_color=rgb(101,71,120)
     | atom_abb=As
     | atom_number={{{As}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Au|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Au|}}} |Gold}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,84,0)
     | atom_abb=Au
     | atom_number={{{Au}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{B|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{B|}}}|Boron}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(116,82,82)
     | atom_abb=B
     | atom_number={{{B}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Bi|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Bi|}}}|Bismuth}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(87,33,94)
     | atom_abb=Bi
     | atom_number={{{Bi}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Br|}}} |atom }}
| atom_name={{#if:{{{Br|}}}|Bromine}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(83,20,20)
     | atom_abb=Br
     | atom_number={{{Br}}}
 |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Cl|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Cl|}}}|Chlorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(15,95,15)
     | atom_abb=Cl
     | atom_number={{{Cl}}}
     |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Co|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Co|}}} |Cobalt }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(53,59,90)
     | atom_abb=Co
     | atom_number={{{Co}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{F|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{F|}}} |Fluorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(66,98,98)
     | atom_abb=F
     | atom_number={{{F}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |Iron}}  
     | atom_color=
     | atom_abb=Fe
     | atom_number={{{Fe}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |Gadolinium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(64,0,64)
     | atom_abb=Gd
     | atom_number={{{Gd}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{I|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{I|}}} |Iodine}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(74,11,74)
     | atom_abb=I
     | atom_number={{{I}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{K|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{K|}}} |Potassium}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(72,32,106)
     | atom_abb=K
     | atom_number={{{K}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |Manganese}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(78,21,99)
     | atom_abb=Mn
     | atom_number={{{Mn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{N|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{N|}}} |Nitrogen }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(0,0,128)
     | atom_abb=N
     | atom_number={{{N}}}
  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Na|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Na|}}}|Sodium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(11,11,97)
     | atom_abb=Na
     | atom_number={{{Na}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{O|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{O|}}} |Oxygen}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(116,35,35)
     | atom_abb=O
     | atom_number={{{O}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{P|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{P|}}} |Phosphorus}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,63,0)
     | atom_abb=P
     | atom_number={{{P}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |Platinum}}
     | atom_color=rgb(21,53,79)
     | atom_abb=Pt
     | atom_number={{{Pt}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{S|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{S|}}} |Sulfur}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(114,97,31)
     | atom_abb=S
     | atom_number={{{S}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |Antimony}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(86,47,94)
     | atom_abb=Sb 
     | atom_number={{{Sb}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Se|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Se|}}}|Selenium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(105,78,25)
     | atom_abb=Se
     | atom_number={{{Se}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sr|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sr|}}}|Strontium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(14,67,14)
     | atom_abb=Sr
     | atom_number={{{Sr}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |Technetium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(30,79,84)
     | atom_abb=Tc
     | atom_number={{{Tc}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |Zinc}}
     | atom_color=rgb(54,60,104)
     | atom_abb=Zn
     | atom_number={{{Zn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;{{#if:{{{charge|}}}|{{{charge}}}|&amp;nbsp;}}&lt;/sup&gt; | ? }} }} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{molecular_weight|}}} |
! [[Molecular mass|Mol. mass]]
{{!}} {{{molecular_weight}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{smiles|}}} |
! [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]]
{{!}} &lt;!-- exluded until it is clear how we can use a nowiki-tag for template replacements &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{smiles}}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; --&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&amp;q={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} eMolecules]&lt;/span&gt; &amp; &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} PubChem]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}| {{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{!}} {{Collapsible list|title =[[International Chemical Identifier|Kitambulisho cha Kimataifa cha Kemikali]] | 1 ={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}|InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}x | {{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChIKey_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}x |{{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}}}}}}}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{density|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{sec_combustion|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Physical data
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{density|}}} |
! [[Densiti]]
{{!}} {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm³
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}} |
! [[Melting point|Kiwango cha kuyeyuka]]
{{!}} {{{melting_point}}}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{{melting_high}}}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{melting_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{#expr: ( {{{melting_high}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }} }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{melting_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}} |
! [[Kiwango cha kuchemka]]
{{!}} {{{boiling_point}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{boiling_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{boiling_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |
! [[Solubility]] in [[Water (molecule)|water]]
{{!}} {{{solubility}}}&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{specific_rotation|}}} |
! [[Specific rotation|Spec. rot]]
{{!}} {{{specific_rotation}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{sec_combustion|}}} |
! [[Standard enthalpy change of combustion|SEC Combust]]
{{!}} {{{sec_combustion}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#if: {{{chemical_formula|}}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing formula fontification]] |}}
{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|
{{!}}-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&amp;nbsp;{{Cross|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{Tick|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(Hiki ni nini?)]]}}}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?&amp;diff=cur&amp;oldid={{{verifiedrevid|}}} (thibitisha)]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&lt;br /&gt;|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields]]|}}{{#ifeq:{{{Watchedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]]|}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}||[[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes]]}}
|-

|}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362176</id>
      <parentid>1362175</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
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      <text bytes="26394" sha1="9sc2fi7egudci8qnscwpqf6t1hmktgr" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold&quot; {{!}} {{{drug_name|{{{imagename|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}{{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|mab|&lt;sup&gt;[[Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies|?]]&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{name|}}}| 
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: right; &quot; {{!}} {{Navbar|Drugbox/{{PAGENAME}}|mini=1}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}|
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}} | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}} | {{Px|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}|
{{#ifexist:File:{{PAGENAME}}.png|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[File:{{PAGENAME}}.png | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}}|alt={{{alt|}}}| Chemical structure of {{PAGENAME}} ]]
{{!}}-|{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:0}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing a structure drawing]] }}}}}}}} }} }}
{{#if: {{{caption|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
&lt;!-- Top header for Combination, Monoclonal else default IUPAC header
--&gt;! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#switch: {{{type|}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody#Applications|Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default = {{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | Jina la Utaratibu la ([[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature|IUPAC]])}}}}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 1) If not mab/combo/vaccine show IUPAC value --&gt;{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | mab | combo | vaccine = | #default ={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | {{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11px&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name}}}&lt;/span&gt; }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 2) If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! Target disease
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! [[Vaccine#Types|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch:{{{vaccine_type|}}}
 |Killed |killed |Inactivated |inactivated = Killed/Inactivated
 |Attenuated |attenuated = [[Attenuated virus]]
 |Live |live = Live bacteria
 |Toxoid |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |Subunit |subunit = Subunit
 |Protein subunit |protein subunit |Protein |protein = [[Protein subunit]]
 |Conjugate |conjugate=[[Conjugate vaccine]]
 |Recombinant |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant Vector]]
 |DNA |dna = [[DNA vaccination]]
 | ? }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 3) If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab |
{{#if: {{{mab_type|}}} | ! [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{mab_type|}}}
 | MAB | mab = Whole antibody
 | Fab | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | F(ab')2 | f(ab')2 = [[F(ab')2 fragment|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | Fab' | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scFv | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discFv | discfv = Di-[[single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdAb | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clFab | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | BiTE | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | ? }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{source|}}} | ! [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{source|}}}
 | a = [[Panya]]
 | e = [[Hamster]]
 | i = [[Primate]]
 | o = [[Kipanya]]
 | u = [[Binadamu]]
 | xi/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]
 | zu/a = [[Humanized]] (from [[Panya]])
 | zu/e = [[Humanized]] (from [[hamster]])
 | zu/i = [[Humanized]] (from [[primate]])
 | zu/o = [[Humanized]] (from [[Kipanya]])
 | zu = [[Humanized]]
 | xizu/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid
 | axo = [[Panya]]/[[Kipanya]] hybrid
 | {{{source|}}}[[Category:Drugboxes with unformatted antibody source]] }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{target|}}} | ! [[Antigen|Target]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 4) if type=combo show its components (2 obligatory, 3 &amp; 4 optional) --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component1|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class1|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component2|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class2|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component3|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component3|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class3|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component4|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component4|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class4|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Data ya kikliniki
|-
{{#if:{{{tradename|}}}|
! [[Majina ya kibiashara]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{tradename|}}} | {{{tradename}}}
}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{ASHP|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|ASHP]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{ASHP|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.safemedication.com/searchresults/DisplayDrug.aspx?id={{{ASHP}}} {{{ASHP}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{Drugs.com|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{Drugs.com|}}} | {{{Drugs.com}}}}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|
! [[eMedicine]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{eMedicine|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-{{{eMedicine}}}/article_em.htm {{{eMedicine}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|
! [[MedlinePlus]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Taarifa za leseni]]
{{!}} }}{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}} | [[European Medicines Agency|EMA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{EMA-EPAR|{{{licence_EU}}}}} Link]&lt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ,&amp;nbsp; }}
}}{{#if:{{{DailyMedID|}}} | [[Daily Med|US&amp;nbsp;Daily&amp;nbsp;Med]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id={{{DailyMedID}}} link]&lt;/span&gt; |{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}} | [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|US&amp;nbsp;FDA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&amp;SearchTerm={{{licence_US}}}&amp;SearchType=BasicSearch link]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
! [[Pregnancy category|Kategoria ya ujauzito]]
| {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b1 | B1 = B1
 | b2 | B2 = B2
 | b3 | B3 = B3
 | b | B = B?
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_US|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b | B = B
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_category|}}} | {{{pregnancy_category}}} | {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_US|}}} | | ? }} }}
|-
! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Hali ya kisheria]]
| &lt;!--
 All but first country block must start the '{{#ifeq' on same line as preceeding block's closing '}}'.
 Test for upper &amp; lower case, use wikilinked two-letter ISO country codes (ISO 3166-1) within the framework of [[WP:MOS]].
 Note space after counry code as separator &amp; allows line wrapping.
 Previous legal-status kept both for backwards compatibility - most articles currently use this and for furture appends free-text to country-specified categorisations.
--&gt;{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_AU|}}}
 | unscheduled | Unscheduled = U&lt;small&gt;nscheduled&lt;/small&gt; |
 | s2 | S2 | Schedule 2 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicine|Pharmacy Only (S2)]]
 | s3 | S3 | Schedule 3 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 3 Pharmacist Only Medicine|Pharmacist Only (S3)]]
 | s4 | S4 | Schedule 4 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine|Prescription Only (S4)]]
 | s5 | S5 | Schedule 5 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 5 Caution|Caution (S5)]]
 | s6 | S6 | Schedule 6 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 6 Poison|Poison (S6)]]
 | s7 | S7 | Schedule 7 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 7 Dangerous Poison|Dangerous Poison (S7)]]
 | s8 | S8 | Schedule 8 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 8 Controlled Drug|Controlled (S8)]]
 | s9 | S9 | Schedule 9 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 9 Prohibited Substance|Prohibited (S9)]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_CA|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_CA|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_II|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_III|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_V|Schedule V]]
 | Schedule VI = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VI_(Precursors)|Schedule VI]]
 | Schedule VII = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VII|Schedule VII]]
 | Schedule VIII= [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VIII|Schedule VIII]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Kanada|CA]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_UK|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_UK|}}}
 | gsl | GSL = GSL
 | p | P =P
 | pom | POM = [[Prescription drug|POM]]
 | cd | CD =CD
 | CD Lic = CD Lic
 | CD POM = CD POM
 | CD No Reg POM = CD No Reg POM
 | CD (Anab) POM = CD (Anab) POM
 | CD (Benz) POM = CD (Benz) POM
 | CD Inv POM = CD Inv POM
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Ufalme wa Muungano|UK]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_US|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_III_drugs|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_drugs|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs|Schedule V]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_status|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_status|}}}
 | rx | RX | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = {{Unicode|℞}} P&lt;small&gt;rescription only&lt;/small&gt;
 | {{{legal_status}}}
 }}
}}{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}} | | ? }}
|-
{{#if:{{{dependency_liability|}}}|
! style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot; {{!}}  [[Drug dependence|Dependence liability]]
{{!}} {{{dependency_liability}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{routes_of_administration|}}}|
! [[Route of administration|Njia mbalimbali za matumizi]]
{{!}} {{{routes_of_administration}}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolism|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya utendakazi }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}|
! [[Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili]]
{{!}} {{{bioavailability}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | | {{#if:{{{protein_bound|}}}|
! [[Plasma protein binding|Kufunga kwa protini]]
{{!}} {{{protein_bound}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{metabolism|}}}|
! [[Drug metabolism|Kimetaboliki]]
{{!}} {{{metabolism}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{elimination_half-life|}}}|
! [[Biological half-life|Nusu uhai]]
{{!}} {{{elimination_half-life}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{excretion|}}}|
! [[Utoaji wa uchafu]]
{{!}} {{{excretion}}} }} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Vitambulisho
|-
{{#if:{{{CAS_number|}}}{{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |
! [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term={{{CAS_number}}}&amp;rn=1 {{{CAS_number}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} {{{CAS_supplemental|}}} }}{{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | |[[Category:Chemical pages needing a CAS Registry Number]]}}
|-
! {{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]] | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Nambari ya ATC]]}}
| {{#if:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} }} | none | None [[Category:Drugs not assigned an ATC code]] | [[ATC_code_{{{ATC_prefix}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | Q}}{{{ATC_prefix}}}]]{{#if:{{{ATC_suffix|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | http://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=Q{{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}} | http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code={{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}}}}]&lt;/span&gt; {{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }} }} | {{#if:{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| {{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| ? &lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Drugboxes with an unspecified ATC code]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChemSubstance|}}} |
! [[PubChem]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid={{{PubChem}}} CID {{{PubChem}}}]&lt;/span&gt; |
&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid={{{PubChemSubstance}}} SID{{{PubChemSubstance}}}]
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} |
! [[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|IUPHAR ligand]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId={{{IUPHAR_ligand}}} {{{IUPHAR_ligand}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{DrugBank|}}} |
! [[DrugBank]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/{{{DrugBank}}} {{{DrugBank}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |
! [[ChemSpider]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.{{{ChemSpiderID}}} {{{ChemSpiderID}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{UNII|}}} |
! [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno={{{UNII}}} {{{UNII}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{UNII_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{KEGG|}}} |
! [[KEGG]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.kegg.jp/entry/{{{KEGG}}} {{{KEGG}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{KEGG_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEBI|}}} |
! [[ChEBI]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}} CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEMBL|}}} |
! [[ChEMBL]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}} CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}} |
! [[Visawe]]
{{!}} {{{synonyms}}}
}} }}
|-
&lt;!-- If type=combo or vaccine, then none of following chemical data parameters to be displayed
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{type|}}}|combo|vaccine=|#default=
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya kikemikali
{{!}}-
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | ! [[Chemical formula|Fomyula]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{chemical_formula|}}} | {{{chemical_formula}}} | {{#if:{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{S|}}} |&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{C|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{C|}}} |Carbon }}
     | atom_color=rgb(000,000,000)
     | atom_abb=C
     | atom_number={{{C}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{H|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{H|2}}} |Hydrogen }}
     | atom_color=rgb(77,77,77)
     | atom_abb=H
     | atom_number={{{H}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Ag|}}} |Silver}}
     | atom_color=rgb(160,160,160)
     | atom_abb=Ag
     | atom_number={{{Ag}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{As|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{As|}}} |Arsenic}}
     | atom_color=rgb(101,71,120)
     | atom_abb=As
     | atom_number={{{As}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Au|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Au|}}} |Gold}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,84,0)
     | atom_abb=Au
     | atom_number={{{Au}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{B|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{B|}}}|Boron}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(116,82,82)
     | atom_abb=B
     | atom_number={{{B}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Bi|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Bi|}}}|Bismuth}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(87,33,94)
     | atom_abb=Bi
     | atom_number={{{Bi}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Br|}}} |atom }}
| atom_name={{#if:{{{Br|}}}|Bromine}}   
     | atom_color=rgb(83,20,20)
     | atom_abb=Br
     | atom_number={{{Br}}}
 |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Cl|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Cl|}}}|Chlorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(15,95,15)
     | atom_abb=Cl
     | atom_number={{{Cl}}}
     |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Co|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Co|}}} |Cobalt }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(53,59,90)
     | atom_abb=Co
     | atom_number={{{Co}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{F|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{F|}}} |Fluorine}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(66,98,98)
     | atom_abb=F
     | atom_number={{{F}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Fe|}}} |Iron}}  
     | atom_color=
     | atom_abb=Fe
     | atom_number={{{Fe}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Gd|}}} |Gadolinium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(64,0,64)
     | atom_abb=Gd
     | atom_number={{{Gd}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{I|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{I|}}} |Iodine}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(74,11,74)
     | atom_abb=I
     | atom_number={{{I}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{K|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{K|}}} |Potassium}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(72,32,106)
     | atom_abb=K
     | atom_number={{{K}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Mn|}}} |Manganese}} 
     | atom_color=rgb(78,21,99)
     | atom_abb=Mn
     | atom_number={{{Mn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{N|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{N|}}} |Nitrogen }} 
     | atom_color=rgb(0,0,128)
     | atom_abb=N
     | atom_number={{{N}}}
  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Na|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Na|}}}|Sodium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(11,11,97)
     | atom_abb=Na
     | atom_number={{{Na}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{O|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{O|}}} |Oxygen}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(116,35,35)
     | atom_abb=O
     | atom_number={{{O}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{P|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{P|}}} |Phosphorus}}
     | atom_color=rgb(127,63,0)
     | atom_abb=P
     | atom_number={{{P}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Pt|}}} |Platinum}}
     | atom_color=rgb(21,53,79)
     | atom_abb=Pt
     | atom_number={{{Pt}}}  |var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{S|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{S|}}} |Sulfur}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(114,97,31)
     | atom_abb=S
     | atom_number={{{S}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sb|}}} |Antimony}}    
     | atom_color=rgb(86,47,94)
     | atom_abb=Sb 
     | atom_number={{{Sb}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Se|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Se|}}}|Selenium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(105,78,25)
     | atom_abb=Se
     | atom_number={{{Se}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Sr|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Sr|}}}|Strontium}}  
     | atom_color=rgb(14,67,14)
     | atom_abb=Sr
     | atom_number={{{Sr}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Tc|}}} |Technetium}}
     | atom_color=rgb(30,79,84)
     | atom_abb=Tc
     | atom_number={{{Tc}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{Zn|}}} |Zinc}}
     | atom_color=rgb(54,60,104)
     | atom_abb=Zn
     | atom_number={{{Zn}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;sup&gt;{{#if:{{{charge|}}}|{{{charge}}}|&amp;nbsp;}}&lt;/sup&gt; | ? }} }} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{molecular_weight|}}} |
! [[Molecular mass|Mol. mass]]
{{!}} {{{molecular_weight}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{smiles|}}} |
! [[Simplified molecular input line entry specification|SMILES]]
{{!}} &lt;!-- exluded until it is clear how we can use a nowiki-tag for template replacements &lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{smiles}}}&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt; --&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emolecules.com/cgi-bin/search?t=ex&amp;q={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} eMolecules]&lt;/span&gt; &amp; &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/?smarts={{urlencode:{{{smiles}}}}} PubChem]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}| {{!}} colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{!}} {{Collapsible list|title =[[International Chemical Identifier|Kitambulisho cha Kimataifa cha Kemikali]] | 1 ={{#if:{{{StdInChI|}}}|InChI={{{StdInChI}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChI_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChI_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}x | {{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChI_Ref|}}}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;Key:{{{StdInChIKey}}}{{#if:{{{StdInChIKey_comment|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{{StdInChIKey_comment}}} }}{{#switch:{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}x |{{Stdinchicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without InChI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;|{{{StdInChIKey_Ref|}}}}}}}}}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{density|}}}{{{melting_point|}}}{{{boiling_point|}}}{{{solubility|}}}{{{specific_rotation|}}}{{{sec_combustion|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya kimwili
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{density|}}} |
! [[Densiti]]
{{!}} {{{density}}}&amp;nbsp;g/cm³
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{melting_point|}}} |
! [[Melting point|Kiwango cha kuyeyuka]]
{{!}} {{{melting_point}}}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{{melting_high}}}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{melting_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}{{#if:{{{melting_high|}}}| –{{#expr: ( {{{melting_high}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }} }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{melting_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{boiling_point|}}} |
! [[Kiwango cha kuchemka]]
{{!}} {{{boiling_point}}}&amp;nbsp;°C ({{#expr: ( {{{boiling_point}}} * 9 / 5 ) + 32 round 0 }}&amp;nbsp;°F) {{{boiling_notes|}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{solubility|}}} |
! [[Solubility]] in [[Water (molecule)|water]]
{{!}} {{{solubility}}}&amp;nbsp;mg/mL (20&amp;nbsp;°C)
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{specific_rotation|}}} |
! [[Specific rotation|Spec. rot]]
{{!}} {{{specific_rotation}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#if:{{{sec_combustion|}}} |
! [[Standard enthalpy change of combustion|SEC Combust]]
{{!}} {{{sec_combustion}}}
}} }} }}
|-
{{#if: {{{chemical_formula|}}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing formula fontification]] |}}
{{#if:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|
{{!}}-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&amp;nbsp;{{Cross|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(what is this?)]]|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;{{Tick|14}}[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation|(Hiki ni nini?)]]}}}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?&amp;diff=cur&amp;oldid={{{verifiedrevid|}}} (thibitisha)]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|&lt;br /&gt;|{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{Verifiedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields]]|}}{{#ifeq:{{{Watchedfields|}}}|changed|[[Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields]]|}}{{#if:{{{verifiedrevid|}}}||[[Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes]]}}
|-

|}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362177</id>
      <parentid>1362176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:36:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
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      <text bytes="26393" sha1="0dlwutd9ja0y7yzq5xv8btqgmtegruq" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; font-size: 88%; width: 22em; line-height: 1.5em&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold&quot; {{!}} {{{drug_name|{{{imagename|{{PAGENAME}} }}} }}}{{#ifeq:{{{type|}}}|mab|&lt;sup&gt;[[Nomenclature of monoclonal antibodies|?]]&lt;/sup&gt;}}
|-
{{#if:{{{name|}}}| 
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: right; &quot; {{!}} {{Navbar|Drugbox/{{PAGENAME}}|mini=1}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{image|}}}{{{image2|}}}|
{{#if:{{{image|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image}}} | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}
{{#if:{{{image2|}}}|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[file:{{{image2}}} | {{Px|{{{width2|}}}|{{{width|}}}|220}} |alt={{{alt2|}}}]]
{{!}}-
}}|
{{#ifexist:File:{{PAGENAME}}.png|
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} [[File:{{PAGENAME}}.png | {{Px|{{{width|}}}|220}}|alt={{{alt|}}}| Chemical structure of {{PAGENAME}} ]]
{{!}}-|{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | {{#ifeq: {{NAMESPACE}} |{{ns:0}} | [[Category:Drug pages needing a structure drawing]] }}}}}}}} }} }}
{{#if: {{{caption|}}}|
{{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{{caption}}}
{{!}}-
}}
&lt;!-- Top header for Combination, Monoclonal else default IUPAC header
--&gt;! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} {{#switch: {{{type|}}}
 | vaccine = [[Vaccine|Vaccine description]]
 | combo = Combination of
 | mab = [[Monoclonal antibody#Applications|Monoclonal antibody]]
 | #default = {{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | Jina la Utaratibu la ([[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature|IUPAC]])}}}}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 1) If not mab/combo/vaccine show IUPAC value --&gt;{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | mab | combo | vaccine = | #default ={{#if:{{{IUPAC_name|}}} | {{!}} colspan=2 style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; {{!}} &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:11px&quot;&gt;{{{IUPAC_name}}}&lt;/span&gt; }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 2) If type=vaccine then show vaccine details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! Target disease
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | ! [[Vaccine#Types|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch:{{{vaccine_type|}}}
 |Killed |killed |Inactivated |inactivated = Killed/Inactivated
 |Attenuated |attenuated = [[Attenuated virus]]
 |Live |live = Live bacteria
 |Toxoid |toxoid = [[Toxoid]]
 |Subunit |subunit = Subunit
 |Protein subunit |protein subunit |Protein |protein = [[Protein subunit]]
 |Conjugate |conjugate=[[Conjugate vaccine]]
 |Recombinant |recombinant = [[Recombinant DNA|Recombinant Vector]]
 |DNA |dna = [[DNA vaccination]]
 | ? }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 3) If type=mab then show monoclonal antibody details --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab |
{{#if: {{{mab_type|}}} | ! [[:File:Engineered monoclonal antibodies.svg|Type]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{mab_type|}}}
 | MAB | mab = Whole antibody
 | Fab | fab = [[Fab fragment]]
 | F(ab')2 | f(ab')2 = [[F(ab')2 fragment|F(ab')&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fragment]]
 | Fab' | fab' = [[Fab' fragment]]
 | scFv | scfv = [[Single-chain variable fragment]]
 | discFv | discfv = Di-[[single-chain variable fragment]]
 | sdAb | sdab = [[Single domain antibody]]
 | 3funct = [[Trifunctional antibody]]
 | clFab | clfab = [[Chemically linked Fab]]
 | BiTE | bite = [[Bi-specific T-cell engager]]
 | ? }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{source|}}} | ! [[Monoclonal antibody#Production|Source]]
{{!}} {{#switch: {{{source|}}}
 | a = [[Panya]]
 | e = [[Hamster]]
 | i = [[Primate]]
 | o = [[Kipanya]]
 | u = [[Binadamu]]
 | xi/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]] ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xi = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]
 | zu/a = [[Humanized]] (from [[Panya]])
 | zu/e = [[Humanized]] (from [[hamster]])
 | zu/i = [[Humanized]] (from [[primate]])
 | zu/o = [[Humanized]] (from [[Kipanya]])
 | zu = [[Humanized]]
 | xizu/a = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Panya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/e = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[hamster]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/i = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[primate]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu/o = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid ([[Kipanya]]/[[Binadamu]])
 | xizu = [[chimeric antibody|Chimeric]]/[[humanized]] hybrid
 | axo = [[Panya]]/[[Kipanya]] hybrid
 | {{{source|}}}[[Category:Drugboxes with unformatted antibody source]] }}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | mab | {{#if: {{{target|}}} | ! [[Antigen|Target]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{target|}}} | {{{target}}} | ? }} }} }}
|-
&lt;!-- Naming 4) if type=combo show its components (2 obligatory, 3 &amp; 4 optional) --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component1|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class1|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | ! [[{{{component2|? Component}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class2|? Class}}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component3|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component3|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class3|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | {{#if:{{{component4|}}} |
{{!}}-
! [[{{{component4|?}}}]]
{{!}} {{{class4|? Class}}}
}} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Data ya kikliniki
|-
{{#if:{{{tradename|}}}|
! [[Majina ya kibiashara]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{tradename|}}} | {{{tradename}}}
}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{ASHP|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|ASHP]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{ASHP|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.safemedication.com/searchresults/DisplayDrug.aspx?id={{{ASHP}}} {{{ASHP}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{Drugs.com|}}}|
! [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{Drugs.com|}}} | {{{Drugs.com}}}}} }}
&lt;!-- |-
{{#if:{{{eMedicine|}}}|
! [[eMedicine]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{eMedicine|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-{{{eMedicine}}}/article_em.htm {{{eMedicine}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }} --&gt;
|-
{{#if:{{{MedlinePlus|}}}|
! [[MedlinePlus]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{MedlinePlus|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/{{{MedlinePlus}}}.html {{{MedlinePlus}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}}{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Taarifa za leseni]]
{{!}} }}{{#if:{{{licence_EU|}}} | [[European Medicines Agency|EMA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{EMA-EPAR|{{{licence_EU}}}}} Link]&lt;/span&gt;{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}}{{{DailyMedID|}}} | ,&amp;nbsp; }}
}}{{#if:{{{DailyMedID|}}} | [[Daily Med|US&amp;nbsp;Daily&amp;nbsp;Med]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id={{{DailyMedID}}} link]&lt;/span&gt; |{{#if:{{{licence_US|}}} | [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration|US&amp;nbsp;FDA]]:&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.SearchAction&amp;SearchTerm={{{licence_US}}}&amp;SearchType=BasicSearch link]&lt;/span&gt;
}} }}
|-
! [[Pregnancy category|Kategoria ya ujauzito]]
| {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_AU|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b1 | B1 = B1
 | b2 | B2 = B2
 | b3 | B3 = B3
 | b | B = B?
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{pregnancy_US|}}}
 | a | A = A
 | b | B = B
 | c | C = C
 | d | D = D
 | x | X = X
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt;([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{pregnancy_category|}}} | {{{pregnancy_category}}} | {{#if:{{{pregnancy_AU|}}}{{{pregnancy_US|}}} | | ? }} }}
|-
! [[Regulation of therapeutic goods|Hali ya kisheria]]
| &lt;!--
 All but first country block must start the '{{#ifeq' on same line as preceeding block's closing '}}'.
 Test for upper &amp; lower case, use wikilinked two-letter ISO country codes (ISO 3166-1) within the framework of [[WP:MOS]].
 Note space after counry code as separator &amp; allows line wrapping.
 Previous legal-status kept both for backwards compatibility - most articles currently use this and for furture appends free-text to country-specified categorisations.
--&gt;{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_AU|}}}
 | unscheduled | Unscheduled = U&lt;small&gt;nscheduled&lt;/small&gt; |
 | s2 | S2 | Schedule 2 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 2 Pharmacy Medicine|Pharmacy Only (S2)]]
 | s3 | S3 | Schedule 3 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 3 Pharmacist Only Medicine|Pharmacist Only (S3)]]
 | s4 | S4 | Schedule 4 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 4 Prescription Only Medicine|Prescription Only (S4)]]
 | s5 | S5 | Schedule 5 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 5 Caution|Caution (S5)]]
 | s6 | S6 | Schedule 6 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 6 Poison|Poison (S6)]]
 | s7 | S7 | Schedule 7 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 7 Dangerous Poison|Dangerous Poison (S7)]]
 | s8 | S8 | Schedule 8 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 8 Controlled Drug|Controlled (S8)]]
 | s9 | S9 | Schedule 9 = [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons#Schedule 9 Prohibited Substance|Prohibited (S9)]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Australia|AU]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_CA|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_CA|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_II|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_III|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_V|Schedule V]]
 | Schedule VI = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VI_(Precursors)|Schedule VI]]
 | Schedule VII = [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VII|Schedule VII]]
 | Schedule VIII= [[Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_VIII|Schedule VIII]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Kanada|CA]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_UK|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_UK|}}}
 | gsl | GSL = GSL
 | p | P =P
 | pom | POM = [[Prescription drug|POM]]
 | cd | CD =CD
 | CD Lic = CD Lic
 | CD POM = CD POM
 | CD No Reg POM = CD No Reg POM
 | CD (Anab) POM = CD (Anab) POM
 | CD (Benz) POM = CD (Benz) POM
 | CD Inv POM = CD Inv POM
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Ufalme wa Muungano|UK]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_US|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_US|}}}
 | otc | OTC = [[Over-the-counter drug|OTC]]
 | {{Unicode|℞}}-only | {{Unicode|℞}} | rx | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = [[Prescription drug|{{Unicode|℞}}&lt;small&gt;-only&lt;/small&gt;]]
 | Schedule I = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_I_drugs|Schedule I]]
 | Schedule II = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II_drugs|Schedule II]]
 | Schedule III = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_III_drugs|Schedule III]]
 | Schedule IV = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV_drugs|Schedule IV]]
 | Schedule V = [[Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_V_drugs|Schedule V]]
 | ?
 }}&lt;small&gt; ([[Marekani|US]]) &lt;/small&gt;
}}{{#if:{{{legal_status|}}} |
 {{#switch: {{{legal_status|}}}
 | rx | RX | Rx | rx-only | Rx-only = {{Unicode|℞}} P&lt;small&gt;rescription only&lt;/small&gt;
 | {{{legal_status}}}
 }}
}}{{#if:{{{legal_AU|}}}{{{legal_CA|}}}{{{legal_UK|}}}{{{legal_US|}}}{{{legal_status|}}} | | ? }}
|-
{{#if:{{{dependency_liability|}}}|
! style=&quot;white-space: nowrap&quot; {{!}}  [[Drug dependence|Dependence liability]]
{{!}} {{{dependency_liability}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{routes_of_administration|}}}|
! [[Route of administration|Njia mbalimbali za matumizi]]
{{!}} {{{routes_of_administration}}} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default={{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}{{{protein_bound|}}}{{{metabolism|}}}{{{elimination_half-life|}}}{{{excretion|}}} |
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya utendakazi }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{bioavailability|}}}|
! [[Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili]]
{{!}} {{{bioavailability}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | | {{#if:{{{protein_bound|}}}|
! [[Plasma protein binding|Kufunga kwa protini]]
{{!}} {{{protein_bound}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{metabolism|}}}|
! [[Drug metabolism|Kimetaboliki]]
{{!}} {{{metabolism}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{elimination_half-life|}}}|
! [[Biological half-life|Nusu uhai]]
{{!}} {{{elimination_half-life}}} }} }}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{excretion|}}}|
! [[Utoaji wa uchafu]]
{{!}} {{{excretion}}} }} }}
|-
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; | Vitambulisho
|-
{{#if:{{{CAS_number|}}}{{{CAS_supplemental|}}} |
! [[CAS registry number|CAS number]]
{{!}} {{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2009/MB_cgi?term={{{CAS_number}}}&amp;rn=1 {{{CAS_number}}}]&lt;/span&gt;}}{{{CAS_number_Ref|}}} {{{CAS_supplemental|}}} }}{{#if: {{{CAS_number|}}} | |[[Category:Chemical pages needing a CAS Registry Number]]}}
|-
! {{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System#ATCvet|ATCvet code]] | [[Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System|Nambari ya ATC]]}}
| {{#if:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} | {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{ATC_prefix|}}} }} | none | None [[Category:Drugs not assigned an ATC code]] | [[ATC_code_{{{ATC_prefix}}}|{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | Q}}{{{ATC_prefix}}}]]{{#if:{{{ATC_suffix|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[{{#ifeq:{{{ATCvet}}} | yes | http://www.whocc.no/atcvet/atcvet_index/?code=Q{{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}} | http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code={{{ATC_prefix}}}{{{ATC_suffix}}} {{{ATC_suffix}}}}}]&lt;/span&gt; {{{ATC_supplemental|}}} }} }} | {{#if:{{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| {{{ATC_supplemental|}}}| ? &lt;includeonly&gt;[[Category:Drugboxes with an unspecified ATC code]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{PubChem|}}}{{{PubChemSubstance|}}} |
! [[PubChem]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{PubChem|}}} | &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid={{{PubChem}}} CID {{{PubChem}}}]&lt;/span&gt; |
&lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?sid={{{PubChemSubstance}}} SID{{{PubChemSubstance}}}]
}} }}
|-
{{#if:{{{IUPHAR_ligand|}}} |
! [[International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology|IUPHAR ligand]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.iuphar-db.org/DATABASE/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId={{{IUPHAR_ligand}}} {{{IUPHAR_ligand}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{DrugBank|}}} |
! [[DrugBank]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/{{{DrugBank}}} {{{DrugBank}}}]&lt;/span&gt;
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChemSpiderID|}}} |
! [[ChemSpider]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.{{{ChemSpiderID}}} {{{ChemSpiderID}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{ChemSpiderID_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{UNII|}}} |
! [[Unique Ingredient Identifier|UNII]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://fdasis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsdirect.jsp?regno={{{UNII}}} {{{UNII}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{UNII_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{KEGG|}}} |
! [[KEGG]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[http://www.kegg.jp/entry/{{{KEGG}}} {{{KEGG}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{{KEGG_Ref|}}}
}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEBI|}}} |
! [[ChEBI]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}} CHEBI:{{{ChEBI}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEBI_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#if:{{{ChEMBL|}}} |
! [[ChEMBL]]
{{!}} &lt;span class=&quot;reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/index.php/compound/inspect/CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}} CHEMBL{{{ChEMBL}}}]&lt;/span&gt;{{#switch:{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}x | {{Ebicite}}x=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Tick|7}}&lt;/sup&gt;[[Category:Articles without EBI source]] | changedx=&amp;nbsp;&lt;sup&gt;{{Cross|7}}&lt;/sup&gt; |{{{ChEMBL_Ref|}}}}}}}
|-
{{#switch: {{{type|}}} | combo | vaccine= | #default= {{#if:{{{synonyms|}}} |
! [[Visawe]]
{{!}} {{{synonyms}}}
}} }}
|-
&lt;!-- If type=combo or vaccine, then none of following chemical data parameters to be displayed
--&gt;{{#switch:{{{type|}}}|combo|vaccine=|#default=
! colspan=2 style=&quot;background-color: #ddd; text-align: center&quot; {{!}} Data ya kikemikali
{{!}}-
}}
{{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | combo | | {{#ifeq: {{{type|}}} | vaccine | | ! [[Chemical formula|Fomyula]]
{{!}} {{#if:{{{chemical_formula|}}} | {{{chemical_formula}}} | {{#if:{{{C|}}}{{{H|}}}{{{O|}}}{{{N|}}}{{{S|}}} |&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{C|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{C|}}} |Carbon }}
     | atom_color=rgb(000,000,000)
     | atom_abb=C
     | atom_number={{{C}}}
     | var1= }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{OrganicBox_{{#if:{{{H|}}} |atom }}
     | atom_name={{#if:{{{H|2}}} |Hydrogen }}
     | atom_color=rgb(77,77,77)
     | atom_abb=H
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    <title>Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina</title>
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      <text bytes="34349" sha1="4pke70pu1w9l5ed5rj6mwafnl01avfg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Bridge Crossing.jpg|thumb|Jeshi la Misri likivuka Mfereji wa Suez tarehe 7 Oktoba 1973.]]
'''Mapambano kati ya Israeli na Palestina''' ni [[ugomvi]] baina ya nchi ya [[Israeli]] na wakazi wa [[Palestina]] unaoathiri pia uhusiano na nchi jirani. Ugomvi huu ulianza katika [[karne ya 20]] baina ya wakazi [[Wayahudi]] na [[Waarabu]] wa maeneo ambayo leo hii yako chini ya Israeli na [[Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]]. Ulisababisha tayari [[vita]] sita kati ya nchi ya [[Israeli]] tangu kuundwa kwake mwaka [[1948]] na jirani zake za [[Kiarabu]]. Mapambano yanaendelea, hayajapata [[suluhisho]] hadi sasa. 

Mapambano yalianza wakati wa kuongezeka kwa [[uhamiaji]] wa Wayahudi katika maeneo ya [[Palestina]] yaliyokaliwa na Waarabu. Kuundwa kwa Dola la Israeli kulisababisha vita ya kwanza baina ya Israeli mypa na nchi zote za jirani. Hivyo ilikuwa pia chanzo cha [[mgongano kati ya Israeli na nchi za Waarabu]] kwa jumla.

==Msingi katika [[itikadi]]==
Mapambano hayo si ya kijeshi tu, bali yanaanza upande wa [[siasa]] na pia upande wa [[dini]]. 

Wayahudi wa [[Ulaya]] waliokuwa wahamiaji wa kwanza kuja Palestina waliona uhamiaji wao kama kurudi kwenye nchi ya ma[[babu]] wao kwenye mahali ambako [[taifa]] lao litazaliwa upya. Sehemu ya Wayahudi waliona mwendo wao si kurudi tu kwenye ardhi ya mababu kama taifa lakini pia [[utimiaji]] wa [[sala]] ya Kiyahudi yenye ombi la &quot;kuonana katika [[Yerusalemu]] [[mwaka]] ujao&quot;. Mpaka leo wengine wanaona jambo hilo kutokana na ahadi za [[Mungu]] kwa taifa lao kadiri ya [[Tanakh]] (yaani [[Biblia ya Kiebrania]]).

Kumbe wakazi Waarabu wa Palestina waliona uhamiaji wa wageni kutoka Ulaya kama [[harakati]] ya ki[[koloni]] iliyolenga kutwaa [[ardhi]] yao. Tena [[Waislamu]] kadhaa wanaona ya kwamba, tangu itwaliwe na [[jeshi]] la [[Uislamu]] katika [[karne ya 7]] ardhi ya Palestina - Israeli imekuwa nchi ya Kiislamu inayopaswa kutawaliwa na [[serikali]] ya Waislamu daima. [[Wakristo]] hawakuwa wengi, tena wamezidi kupungua kwa kuhama kutokana na ugumu wa hali yao wanaojisikia kubaguliwa kama kundi dogo hata kati ya Wapalestina.
 
==Historia==

===Utangulizi: Pogromu, Uhamiaji na Uzayuni===
[[Picha:Theodor Herzl retouched.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Theodor Herzl, mwanzilishaji wa Uzayuni.]]
[[file:Second aliyah Pioneers in Migdal 1912 in kuffiyeh.jpg|thumb|200px|Wahamiaji Wayahudi kwenye Kibbutz ya Migdal wakati wa kazi shambani mwaka 1912]]
Katika [[karne ya 19]] idadi kubwa ya Wayahudi waliishi katika maeneo kadhaa ya [[Milki ya Urusi]] &lt;ref&gt;katika nchi za kisasa za [[Poland]], [[Belarus]] na [[Ukraine]] zilizokuwa chini ya [[Tsar]] wa [[Urusi]] wakati ule&lt;/ref&gt; yaliyotwaliwa na [[milki]] hiyo mnamo [[1800]].  

[[Uadui]] dhidi ya Wayahudi ulitokea dhidi ya utawala wa Kirusi &lt;ref&gt;Maeneo penye Wayahudi wengi yalikuwa chini ya milki ya Poland hadi [[kugawanyika kwa Polandi]] kati ya majirani yake. Wayahudi waliowahi kuwa na [[uhuru]] fulani katika Poland walijikuta chini ya [[utawala]] wa Kirusi. Warusi ambao hawakuzoea Wayahudi wengi waliwabana [[wananchi]] wapya hao kwa [[sheria za ubaguzi]].&lt;/ref&gt; Kuanzia mwaka [[1880]] kulitokea [[ghasia]] mbalimbali ambako Wayahudi walishambuliwa katika miji ya Urusi. [[Wimbi]] la pili la ghasia hizo zilizoitwa [[pogromu]] likatokea mwaka [[1905]], ambapo Wayahudi zaidi ya 2000 waliuawa mjini [[Odessa]] &lt;ref&gt;Ukraine ya leo&lt;/ref&gt;. Wakati ule Wayahudi wa Urusi walianza kuhamia nje: wengi wao walikwenda [[Marekani]], lakini wachache walielekea Palestina.  
 
Mapogromu yalikuwa pia chanzo cha harakati mpya ya [[Uzayuni]] (''Zionism'') kati ya Wayahudi wa Ulaya. Uzayuni ulilenga kuwapa Wayahudi eneo maalum ili wapate kujenga upya taifa katika dola lao wenyewe, ambako wangekuwa [[wenyeji]], si kundi la pekee katikati ya watu waliowadharau. 

Mwaka [[1896]] [[Theodor Herzl]] ([[1860]]-[[1904]]) aliandika kitabu &quot;[[Dola la Wayahudi]]&quot; alimodai kuundwa dola la pekee kwa ajili ya Wayahudi. [[Mkutano]] wa kwanza wa wafuasi wake ulichagua [[jina]] la &quot;Zayuni&quot; ambalo lilikuwa jina asilia la [[mlima]] wa [[hekalu]] mjini Yerusalemu; wakachagua jina hilo kwa sababu linataja mahali patakatifu zaidi pa [[Uyahudi]]. Mkutano huo uliazimia kuwa &quot;Uzayuni unalenga kuunda [[makazi]] salama yaliyokubaliwa [[rasmi]] kwa ajili ya taifa la Kiyahudi katika nchi ya Palestina&quot;.

Wazayuni walikusanya [[pesa]] kote Ulaya wakanunua ardhi katika Palestina na kuanzisha vijiji kwa ajili ya Wayahudi waliohima huko. 

[[Picha:Milki ya Osmani 1914.png|300px|thumbnail|Palestina katika Milki ya Osmani mwaka 1914]]

===Tamko la Balfour na chanzo cha mapambano===
[[Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia]] ilikwamisha mipango yote kwa sababu Palestina ilikuwa sehemu ya [[Milki ya Osmani]] iliyoshiriki katika vita pamoja na [[Ujerumani]] na [[Austria]] dhidi ya Urusi, [[Ufaransa]] na [[Uingereza]]. 

Mwaka [[1917]] wakati ambapo jeshi la Uingereza lilifaulu kusogea mbele kutoka [[Misri]] na kuingia Palestina, [[waziri wa mambo ya nje]] [[Arthur James Balfour]] alitoa [[tamko la Balfour]] yaani [[tamko]] rasmi kuwa Uingereza inataka kusaidia mipango ya kuanzisha makazi ya Kiyahudi katika Palestina. Wakati uleule Waingereza waliwaahidi Waarabu kuundwa kwa dola la Kiarabu kwenye maeneo yaliyokaliwa nao katika Milki ya Osmani. Lakini wakati huohuo walipatana na Ufaransa kuhusu ugawaji wa maeneo ya Kiarabu ya Milki ya Osmani. 

Kwenye [[mkutano wa amani wa Paris]] wa mwaka [[1919]], ulioandaa [[Mkataba wa Versailles]], [[mwakilishi]] wa Waarabu, [[Faisal bin Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi]], alipatana na mwakilishi wa [[Wazayuni]], [[Chaim Weizmann]], kuwa anakubali [[uhamisho]] wa Wayahudi kuja Palestina, na Palestina kuwa eneo la pekee tofauti na Dola la Waarabu ambayo Faisal alilenga kujenga [[Uarabuni]] pamoja na [[Syria]] na [[Irak]]. [[Haki]] za wakazi Waarabu zilitakiwa kulindwa na [[maendeleo]] ya pamoja kati ya wakazi Waarabu na Wayahudi kujengwa. Lakini Uingereza na Ufaransa waliendelea kugawa [[Mashariki ya Kati]], hivyo Waarabu wengi hawakusikia ya kwamba mapatano ya Faisal yalikuwa na [[umuhimu]] tena.

Baada ya vita Uingereza ilichukua utawala wa Palestina kama [[eneo la kudhaminiwa]] kwa [[niaba]] ya [[Shirikisho la Mataifa]]. Idadi ya Wayahudi waliofika kutoka nchi za Ulaya iliongezeka, lakini bado Wayahudi wengi walihamia Marekani, si Palestina. Hata hivyo shirika za Uzayuni ziliendelea kununua ardhi, kuanzisha vijiji vya [[Ujamaa]] vilivyoitwa [[Kibbutz]] hata [[Tel Aviv]] ilikua kama mji wa Kiyahudi kandokando ya [[Yafo]] ya Kiarabu. Mnamo 1931 asilimia 17 ya wakazi wa Palestina walikuwa Wayahudi.

Katika Palestina [[mufti]] mkuu wa Yerusalemu, [[Mohammed Amin al-Husseini]], alichukua [[uongozi]] wa Waarabu akapinga kufika kwa Wayahudi wapya. Serikali ya Kiingereza ilisitasita kuamua juu ya msimamo wake - haikuzuia kufika kwa Wayahudi, lakini haikuwasaidia kujiimarisha nchini.

Ma[[shambulio]] dhidi ya Wayahudi yalianza mwaka [[1921]]. Mwaka [[1929]] Wayahudi 67 waliuawa mjini [[Hebron]]. 

Kati ya [[1936]] na [[1939]] kulitokea ghasia kubwa ya Waarabu dhidi ya [[polisi]] na jeshi la Kiingereza na dhidi ya makazi ya Wayahudi. Uingereza ulifaulu kukandamiza ghasia hii kwa jeshi lake. Kati ya Wayahudi vikundi vyenye [[silaha]] vilianzishwa vilivyolenga kutetea vijiji vya Kiyahudi na kulipiza [[kisasi]] kwa mashambulio. Vikundi hivyo viliendelea baadaye kuwa [[chanzo]] cha [[jeshi la Israeli]].

Siasa ya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi iliyoendeshwa na [[Chama cha Nazi]] chini ya [[dikteta]] [[Adolf Hitler]] katika Ujerumani na nchi nyingine za Ulaya iliongeza namba ya Wayahudi waliopaswa kuondoka kwao Ulaya. Miaka baada ya [[1933]] takriban [[wakimbizi]] Wayahudi 250,000 walifika Palestina - hii ilikuwa [[sababu]] moja ya ghasia ya Waarabu miaka [[1936]]-[[1939]]. Hadi mwaka [[1945]] Wayahudi walikuwa asilimia 33 ya wakazi wote wa Palestina. 

Baada ya [[vita kuu ya pili]] kulikuwa na [[laki]] za Wayahudi waliowekwa huru kutoka [[makambi ya KZ]] na wengi wao walielekea Palestina. Hapo Serikali ya Uingereza, iliyosita kuamua kama ilitaka kutekeleza [[ahadi]] zake kwa Waarabu au kwa Wayahudi, iliomba [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kuamua juu ya [[hatua]] zijazo kwa ajili ya Palestina, maana ilikuwa eneo la kudhaminiwa na [[asili]] ya mamlaka hii ilikuwa imepita kutoka Shirikisho la Mataifa kwenda [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].&lt;ref&gt;Umoja wa Mataifa uliundwa wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili kama maungano ya mataifa yote yaliyopiga vita dhidi ya Ujerumani na [[Japani]]. Shirikisho la Mataifa lilijifuta yenyewe mwaka [[1946]] na kukabidhi [[shughuli]] zake zote kwa UM&lt;/ref&gt;.

===Kuundwa kwa Dola la Israeli===
[[Picha:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.svg|300px|thumbnail|Mpango wa Umoja wa Mataifa wa mwaka 1947 ya kugawa Palestina]]
Mwaka [[1947]] [[Mkutano Mkuu wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] ulipigia [[kura]] [[mpango]] wa [[ugawaji]] wa Palestina. Mataifa 33 yalipiga kura ya [[ndiyo]], 13 [[hapana]], 10 hayakusimama upande wowote. Hivyo eneo la Palestina lilitakiwa kugawiwa kwa dola la Kiyahudi, dola la Kiarabu na mji wa Yerusalemu. Mamlaka ya Uingereza yalitakiwa kwisha tarehe [[14 Mei]] [[1948]].

Waarabu walipinga ugawaji kwa kudokeza ya kwamba mpango wa ugawaji haukuwa [[adili]] kwa sababu zifuatazo. Mwaka 1947 Palestina ilikuwa na wakazi 1,845,000. Watu 1,237,000 au [[theluthi]] mbili walikuwa Waarabu, wakati watu 608,000 tu au theluthi moja walikuwa Wayahudi. Kumbe Dola la Kiyahudi lilitakiwa kupokea [[asilimia]] 56 cha ardhi, pamoja na maeneo yaliyofaa zaidi kwa [[kilimo]] ingawa [[mali]] ya Kiyahudi wakati ule ilikuwa asilimia 7 tu ya ardhi yote ya Palestina. Katika eneo la Dola la Kiyahudi takriban 40% ya wakazi wangekuwa Waarabu. Sehemu kubwa ya ardhi katika sehemu ya Dola la Kiarabu ilikuwa mlimani na haikufaa vema kwa ajili ya kilimo. 

Wawakilishi wa Kiyahudi walisema idadi ya Wayahudi itaongezeka [[haraka]] kutokana na uhamiaji wa Wayahudi wengine - wakati ule walikuwa bado laki za Wayahudi katika makambi katika nchi za Ulaya, ni hao ambao hawakuuawa na Wajerumani katika [[Holocaust]].

Mara baada ya azimio la UM, mapigano yalianza katika Palestina na kuwa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] nchini. Vikundi vya [[wanamgambo]] wa Kiarabu vilishambulia makazi ya Kiyahudi kote nchini. Wayahudi pia walikuwa na vikundi vya wanamgambo. 

Tarehe [[14 Mei]] mkutano wa wawakilishi Wayahudi ulitangaza Dola la Israeli kama nchi mpya. Waingereza waliondoa jeshi lao.

Tarehe [[15 Mei]] 1948 majeshi ya Misri, [[Yordani]], [[Lebanoni]], Syria na Irak yaliingia Palestina yakatwaa maeneo ya Kiarabu na kushambulia makazi ya Kiyahudi. Katika vita ya miezi 10 jeshi la Israeli lilifaulu kusimamisha wapinzani na kuwarudisha nyuma. Jeshi la Kiarabu pekee lenye [[uwezo]] lilikuwa Kikosi Arabu cha Yordani. Wakati wa kusimamisha mapigano Israeli ilikuwa imeongezeka maeneo yake ikatawala asilimia 78 za eneo la kukabidhiwa la awali yaani maeneo yote yaliyowahi kukusudiwa na Umoja wa Mataifa kwa ajili ya Dola la Kiyahudi pamoja na nusu ya maeneo yaliyokusudiwa kwa ajili ya Dola la Kiarabu. 

[[Ukanda wa Gaza]] ulitawaliwa na Misri na [[Ukingo wa Magharibi]] wa [[Yordani (mto)]] pamoja na mji wa kale wa Yerusalemu ukawa chini ya milki ya Yordani.

Zaidi ya wakazi Waarabu 700.000 walilazimika kuondoka au walimkimbia kutoka miji na vijiji vyao, wakikaa nje ya maeneo yaliyotawaliwa sasa na Israeli. Waarabu 150,000 hivi walibaki ndani ya maeneo haya sasa kama [[raia]] Waarabu wa Israeli. Baada ya vita Israeli ilikataa kurudi kwa waliokuwa nje. Ndiyo asili ya Wakimbizi Wapalestina wanaoishi Syria, Lebanoni, Yordani na Misri, pamoja na hao wanaoendelea kukaa katika ma[[kambi]] katika maeneo ya Gaza na Ukingo wa Magharibi. 

Madola yote ya Waarabu isipokuwa milki ya Yordani yalikataa kuwapa wakimbizi hao haki za [[uraia]], na kwa hiyo hadi leo wajukuu wamebaki kama wakimbizi katika nchi za kigeni bila uraia; wakisafiri wanatumia vitambulisho vilivyotolewa na [[UM]], wanakosa haki ya kutafuta kazi au kushiriki katika siasa kama raia wa kawaida, hata kama [[familia]] zimeshaishi katika nchi hizo hadi [[kizazi]] cha tatu au nne.

===Wapalestina baada ya 1948===
[[Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu]] ilianzisha [[taasisi]] iliyoitwa &quot;Serikali kwa Palestina yote&quot; ([[ing.]] All-Palestine Government, [[ar.]] حكومة عموم فلسطين ''hukumat 'umum Filastin'') wakati wa vita (1948) iliyotambuliwa na nchi za Kiarabu isipokuwa milki ya Yordani. Ilikuwa na [[mamlaka]] fulani katika Ukanda wa Gaza pekee, ikafanya kazi chini ya [[usimamizi]] wa Misri na mwisho wa 1948 ilipelekwa [[Kairo]] ikafutwa na serikali ya Misri mwaka [[1959]].

Taasisi mpya ikaundwa mwaka [[1964]] kwa [[azimio]] la Jumuiya ya Nchi za Kiarabu ikaitwa PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization, [[ar.]]: منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية‎ [[munaẓẓamat at-taḥrīr al-filasṭīniyyah) ambayo ni maungano ya vikundi mbalimbali ya Kipalestina. [[Shabaha]] yake ilikuwa &quot;ukombozi wa Palestina&quot;. Serikali ya Misri ilikuwa na [[athira]] kubwa katika PLO. Harakati ya [[Fatah]] mwanzoni haikushiriki. PLO iliendesha vikundi vya wanamgambo ya [[Fedayin]] Wapalestina walioshambulia mipaka ya Israel mara kwa mara. 

Yordani na Israeli (kwa Wapalestina walioweza kubaki kwao) zilikuwa nchi pekee zilizowapa Wapalestina uraia, lakini katika nchi nyingine walibaki kama wakimbizi bila uraia. Makambi yao yaliangaliwa na shirika la Umoja wa Mataifa linaloitwa [[UNRWA]].

===Israel na majirani hadi 1973===
[[Picha:Baada ya Vita ya Siku Sita 1967.png|thumbnail|300px|Maeneo yaliyotwaliwa na Israeli baada ya vita ya siku 6 mwaka 1967 hadi mapatano ya Misri 1973]]
Baada ya vita ya 1948-1949 nchi jirani zilikataa kutambua dola la Israeli. Hali ya vita ikaendelea ingawa bila mapigano kati ya majeshi makubwa. Wanamgambo wa Wafedayin Wapalestina waliendelea kuvuka [[mpaka]] kutoka makambi ya wakimbizi na kushambulia vijiji vya Kiyahudi. Wanamgambo hao walipata mara nyingi silaha na mafunzo kutoka kwa majeshi ya Misri na Syria.
 
Vita ya 1948-1949 ilisababisha ghasia na mashambulio dhidi ya Wayahudi walioishi katika nchi za Kiarabu. Nchi kadhaa za Kiarabu ziliweka sheria za ubaguzi dhidi ya Wayahudi. Hivyo katika miaka baada ya kuundwa kwa Israeli karibu Wayahudi wote waliondoka au walifukuzwa katika nchi za Kiarabu na kufika kama wakimbizi katika Israel, Marekani au Ulaya. Jumla ya wakimbizi hao Wayahudi karibu ililingana na idadi ya Waarabu waliofukuzwa kutoka Palestina. Hivyo idadi ya wananchi Wayahudi wa Israeli iliongezeka sana. 

[[Uhusiano]] mbaya kati ya Israeli na majirani Waarabu ulisababisha vita zaidi. 

Mwaka [[1956]] Israeli ilishambulia Misri katika [[vita ya Suez]] kufuatana na mpango wa pamoja na Ufaransa na Uingereza baada ya kuona [[ununuzi]] wa silaha nyingi na Misri. 

Mwaka [[1967]] jeshi la Misri lilikusanya vikosi vingi vya jeshi lake katika [[rasi ya Sinai]] ikafukuza [[walinzi wa amani wa UM]] na kufunga [[mlango wa Tiran]] hivyo kuzuia [[usafiri]] wa [[meli]] baina ya Israeli na [[Bahari Hindi]]. Israeli ikajibu kwa kushambulia Misri tarehe [[5 Juni]] 1967 katika [[Sinai]] ikaharibu jeshi la Misri katika [[vita ya siku 6|muda wa siku 6]]. Wakati huohuo milki za Yordani na Syria ziliamua kushikamana na Misri zikashambulia eneo la Israeli. Tokeo lake lilikuwa ya kwamba jeshi la Israeli likatwaa [[Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani]] na pia [[milima ya Golan]] hadi maadui walisalimisha amri tarehe [[10 Juni]]. Pia eneo lote la Sinai likatwaliwa na Israel na [[Mfereji wa Suez]] ulifungwa.

[[Vita ya Yom Kippur]] iliyofuata ilikuwa mashambulio ya Misri na Syria dhidi ya Israeli katika mwezi wa Oktoba [[1973]]. Mashambulio yalianza kwenye [[sikukuu]] ya Kiyahudi ya [[Yom Kippur]]. Jeshi la Misri lilifaulu kuingia kwenye rasi ya Sinai na Syria kwenye milima ya Golan. Lakini Syria ilirudishwa nyuma  haraka na Waisraeli walifikia [[kilomita]] 40 tu kutoka [[Dameski]]. Jeshi la Misri lilifeli zaidi hadi Israeli iliweza kuvuka mfereji wa Suez na kufunga [[kikosi]] kikubwa cha Wamisri nyuma ya mstari wa mapigano na kuingia katika mji wa Suez na hata kukaribia [[Kairo]]. Mnamo [[23 Oktoba]] pande zote zilikubali kusimamisha mapigano kwa ombi la UM. Baada ya majadiliano marefu, kila upande ulirudisha wanajeshi wake kilomita kadhaa kwa kusudi la kuwa na [[umbali]] kati ya majeshi.

Misri na Israeli zikaendelea kuwa na majadiliano na kupatana kufanya [[amani]] mwaka 1978. Israeli iliondoka katika Sinai na nchi zote mbili zikafungua [[ubalozi]] katika nchi ya pili. Ukanda wa Gaza ulibaki chini ya Israeli.

===Uamsho wa Wapalestina na PLO===
Vita ya siku 6 ya 1967 ilileta [[uamsho]] kati ya Wapalestina katika makambi ya wakimbizi. Kundi la Fatah lililoundwa mwaka 1959 nchini [[Kuwait]] liliongeza sifa zake kutokana na kupigana na jeshi la Israeli mwaka [[1968]] katika kambi la Karame (Yordani). Fatah lilijiunga na PLO na [[mwenyekiti]] wake [[Yasser Arafat]] akawa mwenyekiti wa PLO. Alileta [[mwelekeo]] mpya kuwa Wapalestina wanapaswa kujikomboa badala ya kutegema nchi za Waarabu wengine. Vikundi vya PLO viliendelea na mashambulio pamoja na kutumia [[mbinu za kigaidi]] dhidi ya wananchi raia wa Israeli. 

Tangu 1968 vikundi vya PLO viliteka [[nyara]] [[ndege]] au watu raia kwa shabaha ya kuwabadilisha na wafungwa Wapalestina katika Israeli. Hadi mwaka [[1970]] PLO ilikua kuwa na mamlaka kubwa nchini Yordani hadi jeshi la nchi hiyo iliwafukuza vikosi vya PLO kutoka milki ya Yordani. 

Hapo Arafat na sehemu ya askari wake walihamia Lebanoni. Wakati wa [[vita ya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Lebanoni]] PLO ilichukua upande na kushiriki lakini sehemu nyingine za vikundi vya Kipalestina vilishikamana na serikali za nchi za Waarabu zilizoshiriki pia katika vita hiyo ndani ya Lebanoni. Baada ya mashambulio ya Israeli PLO ilifukuzwa kutoka Lebanoni na kuhamia [[Tunisia]] mwaka [[1982]]. 

===Intifada ya kwanza===
Katika miaka iliyofuata Wapalestina katika Ukanda wa Gaza na Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani walisikia maisha kuwa vigumu zaidi. Wengi wao walikuwa [[vijana]] waliozaliwa chini ya utawala wa Israeli. Vijana wengi walikosa [[kazi]]. Hawakuwa na matumaini katika jitihada za PLO iliyokuwa mbali nao. 

Basi, baada ya [[ajali]] ya barabarani ambako Wapalestina wanne waliuawa na [[gari la kijeshi]] la Israeli, mnamo Disemba [[1987]] ililipuka ghasia ya [[ghafla]] iliyoitwa [[intifada]]. Wapalestina waliandamana barabarani, [[watoto]] na vijana walitupa mawe dhidi ya askari wa Israeli. Kundi jipya la [[Hamas]] lilichokoza mwendo huu na kuongoza upinzani. Katika miezi iliyofuata Wapalestina 1,551 na Waisraeli 422 waliuawa. 

===Kutangazwa kwa &quot;Dola la Palestina&quot; na majadiliano kati ya PLO na Israeli===
Mwaka moja baada ya intifada ya kwanza PLO katika mji wa Tunis ilitoa tamko la kutangaza &quot;Dola la Palestina&quot;. Katika tamko hili PLO ilitambua kwa mara ya kwanza kuwepo kwa Israeli. Tamko hili lilikuwa msingi kwa nchi kama Marekani kutambua pia PLO kama mwakilishi wa Wapalestina na baadaye kwa majadiliano ya kwanza kati ya PLO na Israeli.

Wakati wa [[Vita ya Ghuba ya 1990/91]] Arafat aliamua kuwa upande wa [[Saddam Hussein]] aliyeshambulia [[Kuwait]]. Hii ilisababisha kufukuzwa kwa Wapalestina wengi kutoka Kuwait baada ya vita na kushindwa kwa [[Iraq]]. Nchi za Kiarabu kama Misri na [[Saudia]] zilizowahi kusaidia PLO lakini zilichukua msimamo dhidi ya Saddam Hussein zilikata misaada yao kwa PLO. Kudhoofishwa kwa PLO kwa njia hii ilisaidia pia kuanzisha majadiliano ya moja kwa moja. Katika mkutano wa amani wa [[Madrid]], [[Hispania]], Wapalestina walishiriki kwa mara ya kwanza katika majadiliano na Israeli.

===Mapatano ya Oslo na kuanzishwa kwa mamlaka ya kitaifa ya Palestina===
Tangu Januari [[1993]] wawakilishi wa PLO na Israeli walikutana kwa [[siri]] mjini [[Oslo]], [[Norwei]]. Arafat alitamka kutambua Israeli na kuachana na mbinu za kigaidi katika barua kwa kiongozi wa Israeli [[Yitzhak Rabin]]. Rabin na Arafat walikutana [[Washington, D.C.]] na kutia [[sahihi]] mapatano ya kwanza yaliyokuwa mwanzo wa mfuatano wa majadiliano marefu yaliyolenga kuleta amani kati ya Wapalestina na Israeli katika muda wa miaka 5.

Kwa jumla mapatano hayakuweza kufikia mwisho. Lakini katika hatua za kwanza [[Mamlaka ya Kitaifa ya Palestina]] yaliundwa kama [[mbegu]] ya serikali kamili. Jeshi la Israeli ilijiondoa katika Gaza na sehemu za Ukingo wa Magharibi wa Yordani zilizowekwa chini ya mamlaka mpya. 

Mwaka [[1995]] uongozi wa PLO ulihamia Palestina na kuanzisha [[ofisi]] kuu ya Mamlaka ya Palestina huko [[Ramallah]].

Kukwama kulisababishwa na shaka kama ifuatavyo:
*katika jamii ya Israeli kama Arafat na upande wa Kipalestina walitaka kweli kujenga amani na kusimamisha [[ugaidi]] wakati mashambulio dhidi ya askari na wananchi raia wa Israeli yalipoendelea kutokea. Kilele cha upinzani ndani ya Israeli kilikuwa [[uuaji]] wa [[waziri mkuu]] Rabin mwaka 1995 uliofanywa na mpinzani Mwisraeli.
*Katika jamii ya Wapalestina kama Israeli ilitaka kweli amani kwa sababu kujengwa kwa makazi kwa [[walowezi]] Waisraeli nje ya mipaka ya Israeli ya 1967 kuliendelea.
*Sehemu ya vikundi vya kisiasa upande wa Palestina, hasa Hamas, ilikataa kukubali mapatano yaliyofikiwa.
*Swali la pekee lilihusu hali ya Yerusalemu ya [[Mashariki]] ambayo Wapalestina wanaidai kama mji mkuu wao ambayo iko nje ya mipaka ya Israeli ya 1967. Lakini Israeli iliwahi kutangaza kuunganishwa kwa mji huu wote na kuitawala sehemu ya magharibi na ya mashariki kama mji mmoja wa Israeli usioweza kutengwa tena.
*Tatizo ni pia suala la &quot;haki ya kurudi&quot; kwa ajili ya watoto na wajukuu wa wakimbizi Wapalestina wa mwaka 1948 wanaotaka kurudi kwenye makazi ya mababu yaliyo sasa ndani ya eneo la Israeli. 

Katika uchaguzi wa mwaka [[1996]] chama cha [[Benyamin Netanyahu]] kilishinda kura ya bunge la Israeli. Netanyahu hakukubali majadiliano; alidai kuwa yaliimarisha tu wapinzani wakali wa Israeli upande wa Wapalestina na kusabisha mashambulio na ugaidi zaidi.

Mwaka [[2005]] jeshi la Israeli lilitoka kabisa katika Ukanda wa Gaza na kubomoa vijiji vya walowezi Wayahudi kule. 

Mafarakano kati ya Wapalestina yaliendelea kuongezeka kati ya Fatah na Hamas. Mwaka [[2007]] Chama cha Hamas kilichukua mamlaka juu ya Gaza kikaendelea kushambulia Israeli kwa ma[[kombora]]. Israeli ilijibu kwa kufunga mipaka ya Gaza na kungilia ndani ya Ukanda wa Gaza kijeshi mara kadhaa.

Kutokana na mashambulio dhidi ya wananchi wa Israeli yaliyoendelea Waisraeli walianza kujenga [[fensi]] na [[ukuta]] wa kutenganisha Ufuko wa Magharibi na Israeli yenyewe. Ukuta huu wenye [[urefu]] hadi [[mita]] nane umesaidia kupunguza sana mashambulio dhidi ya raia, lakini umejengwa zaidi kwenye ardhi ya Kipalestina na kuongeza matatizo kwa wananchi. 

Israeli inaendelea kujenga makazi na vijiji kwa walowezi wa Kiyahudi ndani ya eneo la Kipalestina. Jeshi lake linashika vituo vingi katika ufuko wa magharibi na kutawala mwendo wa watu huko na kuzuia usafiri mara kwa mara kwa kulinda usalama wake.  
 
Farakano kati ya Hamas upande wa Gaza na Mamlaka ya Kipalestina mkononi mwa PLO-Fatah upande wa Ramallah haijapata suluhisho.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Mgongano kati ya Israeli na nchi za Waarabu]]

==Tanbihi==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Marejeo==
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* Brown, Wesley H. &amp; Peter F. Penner (ed.): ''Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict''. Neufeld Verlag, Schwarzenfeld 2008. ISBN 978-3-937896-57-1.
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* Casper, Lionel L. (2003). ''Rape of Palestine and the Struggle for Jerusalem''. New York &amp; Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 965-229-297-4.
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==Viungo vya nje==

===Vyanzo rasmi===
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
**[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Palestinian+terror+since+2000/Victims+of+Palestinian+Violence+and+Terrorism+sinc.htm Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000]
* [http://www.arableagueonline.org/ League of Arab States] {{Wayback|url=http://www.arableagueonline.org/ |date=20161013055010 }}
* [http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ Palestinian Authority Ministry of Foreign Affairs] {{Wayback|url=http://www.mofa.gov.ps/ |date=20100805011339 }}
* [http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/qpal/ United Nations on the Question of Palestine]
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/arabisrael.htm Arab-Israeli Conflict] {{Wayback|url=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/us/arabisrael.htm |date=20091129133441 }} from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''

===Vyanzo vya kieneo===
;Israeli
* [http://www.ynetnews.com/ Israel News – Yedioth Aharonoth] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist [http://www.ynet.co.il/ (Hebrew)]
* [http://www.jpost.com/ Jerusalem Post], Israel's oldest English newspaper, conservative
* [http://www.haaretz.com/ Ha'aretz] Israeli newspaper, liberal
* [http://www.jnewswire.com/ Jerusalem Newswire] Christian-run Jerusalem-based news website, conservative
;Arab
* [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ Lebanon Daily Star] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/ |date=20200920005543 }}, largest English-circulation newspaper in the Arab world
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ Al Ahram] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/ |date=20140502000102 }}, Egypt's largest newspaper (see also [[Al Ahram]])
* [http://www.palestinechronicle.com/ Palestine Chronicle], weekly electronic paper

===Uchunguzi wa kitaalamu===
*[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552621 Dean Peter Krogh Examines Prospects for Peace] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://www.ngo-monitor.org/ NGO Monitor], NGO watchdog group, highlighting perceived instances of anti-Israeli NGO bias
* [http://www.jcpa.org/ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]
* [http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.passia.org/index_pfacts.htm |date=20041211100305 }}, Palestinian research organization
* [http://www.ipcri.org/ Israel/Palestine Center for Research and Information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcri.org/ |date=20140125104211 }} Joint Israeli-Palestinian think tank
* [http://www.merip.org/ Middle East Research and Information Project] (see also [[Middle East Research and Information Project]])
* [http://www.brookings.edu/saban.aspx Saban Center for Middle East Policy] (see also [[Saban Center for Middle East Policy]])
*[http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/ Washington Institute for Near East Policy] (see also [[Washington Institute for Near East Policy]])
*[http://www.memri.org/conflict.html Original analysis of current developments in the peace-process] {{Wayback|url=http://www.memri.org/conflict.html |date=20060301003045 }}, from [[Middle East Media Research Institute]]
*[http://www.acpr.org.il/ The Ariel Center for Policy Research] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acpr.org.il/ |date=20060422071051 }}
*[http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm A Regional Perspective on the Arab-Israeli Conflict by Jay Shapiro] {{Wayback|url=http://www.acpr.org.il/ENGLISH-NATIV/05-issue/shapiro-5.htm |date=20110807062521 }}
*[http://www.jiis.org/ Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies]

===Mapendekezo ya amani===
* [http://www.mideastweb.org/peaceplans.htm An historical summary of Middle East Peace Plans and Proposals]

===Ramani===
*[http://www.mideastweb.org/maps.htm MideastWeb Middle East Map Collection]
*[http://factsofisrael.com/blog/index.php FactsOfIsrael.com] Maps, history, statistics, victims
*[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east.html University of Texas Map Collection]

===Vyanzo vya jumla===
*[http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict from the Council on Foreign Relations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/13850/ |date=20100605162725 }}
*[http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm The State of Israel] {{Wayback|url=http://jewishhistory.huji.ac.il/Internetresources/modern/israelindex.htm |date=20140801065943 }} The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
*[http://www.FocusOnMideast.com/ Daily digest of commentary about the Arab-Israeli conflict from around the world]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm Israel and the Palestinians] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm |date=20090226184942 }}
*[http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html Encarta Encyclopedia on the Arab-Israeli Conflict]( {{Wayback|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588322/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.html |date=20091028022144 }} 2009-10-31)
* [http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict] {{Wayback|url=http://historyteacher.net/Arab-Israeli_Conflict.htm |date=20100611211654 }}, includes links to historical sources, as well as sources representing the Arab and Israeli sides of the conflict.
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/flash/0,5860,720353,00.html The Guardian (UK) A Brief History of Arab-Israeli Conflict] (flash)
*{{dmoz|Society/Issues/Warfare_and_Conflict/Specific_Conflicts/Middle_East/Israel-Palestine|Israel-Palestine Conflict}}
* [http://www.israel-palaestina.de/ Information (articles, reports, maps, books, links, ...) on the israeli palestinian conflict (middle east conflict)]
* [http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp Holy Land, Unholy War] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/new_focus/israel_palestina/index.asp |date=20070109191230 }} Independent coverage of the Middle East conflicts by the news agency [[Inter Press Service]]
* [http://web.uconn.edu/polisci/people/faculty/doc/history_pressman.pdf &quot;A Brief History of the Arab-Israeli Conflict&quot;] by Jeremy Pressman

[[jamii:Historia ya Israeli]]
[[jamii:Historia ya Palestina]]</text>
      <sha1>4pke70pu1w9l5ed5rj6mwafnl01avfg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mbwana Samatta</title>
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      <text bytes="20656" sha1="r5orhb3rixfsd580qknw7f23p939qum" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| jinalamchezaji      = Mbwana Samatta
| picha               = [[File:FC Salzburg gegen KRC Genk (UEFA Championsleague 17. September 2019) 11 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px]]
| jinakamili          = Mbwana Aly Samatta
| tareheyakuzaliwa    = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1992|12|23|df=yes}}
| mjialiozaliwa       = [[Dar es Salaam]]
| nchialiozaliwa      = [[Tanzania]]
| urefu               = {{height|m=1.79}}
| nafasi              = [[Mshambuliaji]]
| klabuyasasa         = [[Paok F.C|PAOK]]
| nambayaklabu        = 70
|miakayaujana        = 2008–2010
|Timuzaujana         = [[African Lyon F.C.|African Lyon]]
|years1              = 2010–2011
|clubs1              = [[Simba S.C.|Simba]]
|caps1               = 25
|goals1              = 13
|years2              = 2011–2016
|clubs2              = [[TP Mazembe]]
|caps2               = 103
|goals2              = 60
|years3              = 2016–2020
|clubs3              = [[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]]
|caps3               = 144
|goals3              = 56
|years4              = 2020– 2020
|clubs4              = [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|caps4               = 14
|goals4              = 1
|years5              = 2020 - 2023
|clubs5              = [[Fernabahce]]
|caps5               = 30
|goals5              = 5
|years6              = 2021 - 2022
|clubs6              = → [[Antwerp]] (mkopo)
|caps6               = 32
|goals6              = 5
|years7              = 2021 - 2022
|clubs7              = → [[K.R.C. Genk|Genk]] (mkopo)
|caps7               = 33
|goals7              = 6
|years8              = 2023 -
|clubs8              = → [[PAOK]]
|caps8               = 30
|goals8              = 2
|nationalteam1       = [[Taifa Stars|Tanzania]]
|nationalcaps1       = 81
|nationalgoals1      = 22
|medaltemplates      = 
|club-update         = 
|nationalteam-update = 15 September 2024
}}
'''Mbwana Ally Samatta,''' (alizaliwa [[23 Disemba]] [[1992]]), ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[mpira wa miguu]] wa [[Tanzania]] katika [[klabu]] ya Feberbahce  nchini [[Uturuki]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=25 September 2020|title=Mbwana Samatta Fenerbahçemizde|url=https://www.fenerbahce.org/haberler/futbol/2020/9/samatta|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=25 September 2020|website=Fenerbahce Official Site}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Mbwana ni [[nahodha]] wa [[timu ya taifa]] ya Tanzania [[Taifa Stars]] na kabla ya kuhamia  klabu ya Feberbahce  (Uturuki) alikuwa akucheze timu ya Aston Villa nchini [[Uingereza]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Sports/Mbwana-Samatta-joins-Fenerbahce-on-loan/1840572-5627064-au6qg8/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;.

Samatta alianza kucheza soka la kulipwa katika klabu ya [[African Lyon F.C.]] mwaka [[2008]]  nchini [[Tanzania]]. Alisajiliwa na klabu ya [[Simba S.C.|Simba]] mwaka [[2010]], ambapo alicheza katika nusu msimu tu kabla ya kujiunga na klabu ya [[TP Mazembe]] ya [[Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Congo]]. Alicheza kwa miaka mitano ndani ya TP Mazembe na kujijengea nafasi katika kikosi cha kwanza cha klabu hiyo. 

Mwaka 2015, alishinda taji la mchezaji bora wa mwaka wa [[Afrika]], na kumaliza msimu akiwa mfungaji bora wa mashindano ya klabu bingwa Afrika ([[Ligi ya Mabingwa Afrika]]) na kuisaidia klabu yake kushinda taji hilo.

Samatta alijiunga na klabu ya KRC Genk ya nchini Ubelgiji mnamo januari [[2016]], aliisaidia kufuzu michuano ya [[Ulaya]] maarufu kama Europa Ligi na kushinda taji la ligi ya Ubelgiji ([[Belgian First Division A|Belgian Jupiler Ligi]] mwaka [[2019]]. Alimaliza msimu akiwa mfungaji bora wa ligi hiyo akashinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa ligi ya Ubelgiji ([[Ebony Shoe|Ebony Shoe award]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebony Show&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48190382|title=Tanzania's Mbwana Samatta wins Belgium's Ebony Shoe award|date=7 May 2019|website=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 August 2019|first=Mohamed Fajah|last=Barrie}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Manamo Januari mwaka 2020, Samatta alisajiliwa na klabu ya [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] ya nchini Uingereza na kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kutoka nchini Tanzania kucheza na kufunga goli ligi kuu ya nchini Uingereza.

==Kazi==
Samatta alikua mchezaji muhimu wa [[TP Mazembe]] waliposhinda taji la klabu bingwa Afrika mwaka 2015 ([[2015 CAF Champions Ligi]]), akifunga jumla ya magoli saba na kumaliza akiwa mfungaji bora.&lt;ref name=&quot;top scorer&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=TP Mazembe beat USM Alger to win African Champions Ligi|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34761440|accessdate=25 August 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mnamo Januari 2016, aliposhinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa Afrika, aliweka rekodi ya kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kutokea [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] kutwaa tuzo hiyo. Katika ugawaji wa tuzo hizo uliofanyika jijini [[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]], tarehe 7 Januari 2016, Samatta alikusanya jumla ya alama 127, akimzidi mchezaji mwenzake [[Robert Kidiaba]] mlinda lango wa TP Mazembe na timu ya taifa ya DR Congo aliyepata alama 88. [[Baghdad Bounedjah]] raia wa [[Algeria]] alishika nafasi ya tatu akiwa na alama 63.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title = Tanzania's Samatta is African Player of the Year Based in Africa|url = http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/24738-tanzania-s-samatta-is-african-player-of-the-year-based-in-africa.html|website = www.kawowo.com|accessdate = 8 January 2016|archivedate = 2016-01-27|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160127202603/http://www.kawowo.com/index.php/football/item/24738-tanzania-s-samatta-is-african-player-of-the-year-based-in-africa.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katika mchezo dhidi ya [[Moghreb Tétouan]] ya [[Moroko]], Samatta alifunga magoli matatu kwa mpigo (hat-trick) yaliyowafanya wasonge hatua ya [[nusu fainali]] ya klabu bingwa Afrika. Magoli hayo yanakumbukwa sana katika [[historia]] ya klabu ya TP Mazembe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Gondwe|first1=Kennedy|title=Mazembe's Tanzania star Samatta harbours European hopes|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/34302854|accessdate=7 January 2018|work=BBC Sport|date=20 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Genk===
Muda mfupi baada ya kushinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa Afrika, alijiunga na klabu ya K.R.C. Genk kwa mkataba wa miaka minne na nusu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mbwana Samatta signs for Belgian side Genk|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35441018|accessdate=25 August 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=29 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tarehe 23 Agosti 2018 Samatta alifunga goli tatu kwa mpigo(hat-trick) dhidi ya Brøndby IFkwenye mashindano ya Ulaya maarufu kwa jina la Europa Ligi walfanikiwa kupata ushindi wa goli  5–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mbwana Samatta’s hat-trick fires Genk past Broendby IF|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/mbwana-samattas-hat-trick-fires-genk-past-broendby-if/1t2gr6cue9tkv11g5mek2bscf8|date=23 August 2018|accessdate=4 September 2018|work=Goal.com|author=Tosin Morakinyo}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Mei 2019 aliishinda tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa ligi ya Ubelgiji (Ebony Shoe).

===Aston Villa===
Mnamo Januari 20, 2020, Samatta alijiunga na klabu ya [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] inayoshiriki ligi Kuu ya Uingereza kwa mkataba wa miaka minne na nusu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Styles|first1=Greg|date=20 January 2020|title=Samatta signs for Aston Villa|url=https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/01/20/samatta-signs-for-villa|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128143856/https://www.avfc.co.uk/News/2020/01/20/samatta-signs-for-villa|archive-date=28 January 2020|access-date=21 January 2020|website=Aston Villa Football Club}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uhamisho huu ulimfanya Samatta kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza wa kitanzania kucheza ligi kuu ya Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kwenda |first1=Stanley |title=Mbawana Samatta thrilled to be Tanzanian trailblazer |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51355837 |access-date=11 January 2024 |work=BBC Sport |date=3 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ada ya uhamisho inakadiriwa kuwa £8.5 milioni.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mbwana Samatta: Aston Villa sign Genk's Tanzania striker for £8.5m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51183381 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=21 January 2020 |date=20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.expressandstar.com/sport/football/aston-villa/2020/01/20/aston-villa-confirm-signing-of-mbwana-samatta/|title=Aston Villa confirm signing of Mbwana Samatta|date=20 January 2020|access-date=31 January 2020|publisher=Express and Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mchezo wa kwanza alicheza siku nane baada ya kusajiliwa dhidi ya Leceister City kwenye mzunguku wa pili wa mashindano ya Carabao hatua ya nusu fainali, waliibuka na ushindi wa magoli 2 – 1, kwa matoke ohayo, Villa walifika hatua ya fainali.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/a-villa-vs-leicester/report/421887|title=Aston Villa 2-1 Leicester (3-2 agg): Wembley for Villa after Trezeguet goal in stoppage-time|website=Sky Sports|date=28 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Samatta alifunga goli lake la kwanza manamo 1 Februari 2020, walipocheza na [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]], mchezo ulimalizika kwa Villa kushinda magoli 2 - 1. Goli hilo lilimfanya Samatta kuwa mchezaji wa kwanza kutoka Tanzania kucheza na kufunga kwenye mashindano ya Ligi ya Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/aston-villas-samatta-sets-four-records-on-premier-league/14dryk3ijsym51uxgmn3cpnrhe|title=Aston Villa's Samatta sets four records on Premier League debut|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=1 February 2020|website=Goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Fenerbahçe===
Samatta alijiunga na Klabu ya Fernabahce ya nchini Uturuki tarehe 25 Septemba 2020, kwa mkopo hadi mwisho wa msimu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Villa's Samatta joins Fenerbahce on loan |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/54273096 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ulipofika mwisho wa mkopo mnamo Julai 2021, Samatta alisaini mkataba wa miaka minne, hii ilikua ni sehemu ya makubaliano ya uhamisho wake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Chuma|first=Festus|date=3 July 2021|title=Mbwana Samatta Becomes Permanent Fenerbahce Player|work=Ducor Sports|url=https://www.ducorsports.com/frunt/post_details/mbwana-samatta-becomes-permanent-fenerbahce-player-24912.html#:~:text=Aston%20Villa%20striker%20Mbwana,on%20a%20four%2Dyear%20deal.|access-date=3 September 2021|accessdate=2024-10-16|archivedate=2021-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703215818/https://www.ducorsports.com/frunt/post_details/mbwana-samatta-becomes-permanent-fenerbahce-player-24912.html#:~:text=Aston%20Villa%20striker%20Mbwana,on%20a%20four%2Dyear%20deal.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Tarehe 1 Septemba 2021, Samatta alijiunga na [[Royal Antwerp F.C.|Royal Antwerp]] ya nchini Ubelgiji kwa mkopo wa msimu mzima.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oludare|first=Shina|date=1 September 2021|title=Mbwana Samatta: Royal Antwerp sign Fenerbahce striker {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/mbwana-samatta-royal-antwerp-sign-fenerbahce-striker/1gnc61hmrxjad1ugzs6dn0hwyg|access-date=3 September 2021|website=www.goal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ilipofika 16 Agosti 2022, Samatta alirudi tena Genk kwa mkopo, uhamisho huo ulikua na chaguo la Genk kumnunua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 August 2022 |title=Welkom terug Ally Samatta |url=https://www.krcgenk.be/nl/nieuws/4784/welkom-terug-ally-samatta |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=KRC Genk |language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== PAOK ===
Mnamo tarehe 17 Julai 2023, timu ya nchini Ugiriki [[PAOK FC|PAOK]] ilitangaza kumsajili Samatta kwa mkataba wa miaka miwili, mkataba huo ulikua na nafasi ya kuongeza mwaka mmoja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.paokfc.gr/nea/20230717-paiktis-tou-paok-o-ally-samatta/ |title=Παίκτης του ΠΑΟΚ ο Άλι Σαμάτα |date=17 July 2023 |publisher=PAOK FC |access-date=17 July 2023 |language=el}}&lt;/ref&gt;


==Maisha binafsi==
Mbwana Samatta ni [[Wandengereko|Mndengereko]] kutoka [[Kibiti]] kwa [[kabila]]. Katika maisha ya [[imani]] ni [[Islam|Muislamu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kaorata |first1=Salum |title=Picha: Mbwana Samatta atua Mecca kufanya Umrah |url=http://bongo5.com/picha-mbwana-samatta-atua-mecca-kufanya-umrah-05-2018/ |website=Bongo5.com |accessdate=28 September 2019 |language=Swahili |date=30 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Takwimu za michezo==
===Klabu===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|+Michezo na magoli ya klabu, Msimu na mashindano
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Klabu!!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Msimu!!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Ligi!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Kombe la ligi!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Ya Bara!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mengineyo!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Jumla!!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!Ushindani!!Michezo!!Magoli!!Michezo!!Magoli!!Michezo!!Magoli!!Michezo!!Magoli!!Michezo!!Magoli!!Michezo!!Magoli
|-
|[[Simba S.C.]]||2010–11||[[Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara]]
|25||13||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||{{efn|name=&quot;nm&quot;|Inakosa idadi ya michezo}}||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||25||15
|&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mbwana Aly Samata |url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41900/Mbwana_Aly_Samata.html |website=National Football Teams |accessdate=5 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;&gt;{{Soccerway |id=175962 |accessdate=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[TP Mazembe]]||[[2011 Linafoot|2011]]||rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|[[Linafoot]]
|8||2||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||8||2
|&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2012 Linafoot|2012]]
|29||23||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||9||6||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||37||29
|&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2013 Linafoot|2013]]
|37||20||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||5{{efn|jina=&quot;jn&quot;}}||5||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||42||25
|&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2013–14 Linafoot|2013–14]]
|29||15||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||8||4||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||37||19
|&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2014–15 Linafoot|2014–15]]
|||||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6||4||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6||4
|&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2015–16 Linafoot|2015–16]]
|||||||||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6||4||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||6||4
|&lt;ref name=&quot;sw&quot;/&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Jumla
!103!!60!!!!!!0!!0!!33!!23!!0!!0!!136!!83
!–
|-
|rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[K.R.C. Genk]]||Ligi kuu ya Ubelgiji
|6||2||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12{{efn|name=&quot;BP&quot;|Includes [[Belgian First Division A]] playoffs}}||3||18||5
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mbwana Samatta » Club matches |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/mbwana-samatta/2/ |website=worldfootball.net |accessdate=20 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[2016–17 Ligi Kuu Ya Ubelgiji|2016–17]]||rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|
|27||10||4||2||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||18||5||10{{efn|name=&quot;BP&quot;}}||3||59||20
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2017–18 Ligi kuu ya Ubelgiji|2017–18]]
|20||4||4||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||11{{efn|name=&quot;BP&quot;}}||4||35||8
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[2018–19 Ligi Kuu ya Ubelgiji|2018–19]]
|28||20||1||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|—||12||9||10{{efn|name=&quot;BP&quot;}}||3||51||32
|&lt;ref name=&quot;wf&quot;/&gt;
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Jumla
!81!!36!!9!!2!!0!!0!!30!!14!!43!!13!!163!!65
!–
|-
!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Jumla maisha ya soka
!209!!109!!9!!2!!0!!0!!63!!39!!43!!13!!324!!163
!–
|}

===Kimataifa===
&lt;ref name=&quot;nft&quot;/&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Taifa Stars]]
|-
!Mwaka!!Michezo!!Magoli
|-
|2011||9||2
|-
|2012||4||0
|-
|2013||10||6
|-
|2014||3||1
|-
|2015||7||2
|-
|2016||4||1
|-
|2017||3||3
|-
|2018||5||2
|-
|2019||6||1
|-
!Total||51||18
|}

===Magoli Kimataifa===
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders sortable&quot;
|-
!Goli!!Tarehe!!Uwanja!!Mpinzani!!Alama!!Matokeo!!Mashindano
|-
| 1. || 26 Machi 2011 || rowspan=2 | Uwanja wa Taifa, [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania ||{{fb|Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''2'''–1 || align=center | 2–1 || rowspan=2 | kufuzu AFCON 2012
|-
| 2. || 3 Septemba 2011 || {{fb|Algeria}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–1
|-
| 3. || 11 Januari 2013 || Uwanja wa Adis ababa, [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia || {{fb|ETH}} || align=center | '''1'''–1 || align=center | 1–2 || rowspan=2 | Mchezo wa Kirafiki
|-
| 4. || 6 Februari 2013 || rowspan=3 | Uwanja wa Taifa Dar es Salaam || {{fb|CMR}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–0
|-
| 5. || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 24 Machi 2013 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{fb|MAR}} || align=center | '''2'''–0 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 3–1 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | kufuzu fainali za kombe la dunia 2014
|-
| 6. || align=center | '''3'''–0
|-
| 7. || 4 Disemba 2013 || Uwanja wa Afraha, [[Nakuru]], Kenya || {{fb|BDI}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–0 || hatua ya makundi mashindano ya CECAFA 2013
|-
| 8. || 12 Disemba 2013 || uwanja wa Nyayo, [[Nairobi]], Kenya || {{fb|ZAM}} || align=center | '''1'''–1 || align=center | 1–1 || mashindano ya CECAFA hatua ya mtoano 2013 
|-
| 9. || 3 Agosti 2014 || uwanja wa Estádio do Zimpeto, [[Maputo]], Msumbiji || {{fb|MOZ}} || align=center | '''1'''–1 || align=center | 1–2 || Kufuzu AFCON 2015
|-
| 10. || 7 Oktoba 2015 || rowspan=2 | Uwanja wa Benjamin Mkapa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ||{{fb|Malawi}}|| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''1'''–0 || align=center | 2–0 || kufuzu fainali za kombe la dunia 2018 hatua ya kwanza
|-
| 11. || 14 Novemba 2015 || {{fb|ALG}} || align=center | '''2'''–0 || align=center | 2–2 || kufuzu fainali za kombe la dunia 2018 – hatua ya pili
|-
| 12. || 23 Machi 2016 || uwanja wa Stade Omnisports Idriss Mahamat Ouya, [[N'Djamena]], Chad || {{fb|Chad}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–0 ||  kufuzu AFCON 2017 hatua ya makundi
|-
| 13. || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 25 Machi 2017 || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Uwanja wa Benjamin Mkapa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{fb|Botswana}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;| 2–0 || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mchezo wa kirafiki
|-
| 14. || align=center | '''2'''–0
|-
| 15. || 10 Juni 2017 || {{fb|Lesotho}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–1 || kufuzu AFCON 2019 Kundi L
|-
| 16. || 27 Machi 2018 || {{fb|COD}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 2–0 || Mchezo wa kirafiki
|-
|17.
|16 Oktoba 2018
|| {{fb|CPV}} || align=center | '''2'''–0 || align=center |2–0 || kufuzu AFCON 2019
|-
| 18. || 27 Juni 2019 || uwanja wa 30 June Stadium, [[Cairo]], Misri || {{fb|KEN}} || align=center | '''2'''–1 || align=center | 2–3 || AFCON 2019 Kundi  C
|-
| 19. || 8 Septemba 2019 || Uwanja wa Benjamin Mkapa, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania || {{fb|BDI}} || align=center | '''1'''–0 || align=center | 1–1 (3–0 mikwaju ya penalti) || kufuzu michano ya kombe la dunia 2022 hatua ya kwanza
|-
|}

==Heshima==
'''TP Mazembe'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firsttouchaf.com/news/2019/1/22/mbwana-samatta-is-carrying-tanzanias-torch-in-europe|title=Mbwana Samatta is carrying Tanzania's torch in Europe|publisher=First Touch|date=3 March 2019|accessdate=12 July 2019|archivedate=2019-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712163750/https://www.firsttouchaf.com/news/2019/1/22/mbwana-samatta-is-carrying-tanzanias-torch-in-europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Linafoot]]: [[2011 Linafoot|2011]], 2012, [[2013 Linafoot|2013]], [[2013–14 Linafoot|2013–14]]
* DR Congo Super Cup: 2013, 2014
* Klabu bingwa Afrika: Klabu bingwa Afrka 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=XgJAHSL7aITNGj4Xww3trw%3d%3d|title=Advantage Mazembe in CAF final after away win|publisher=CAF|date=1 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=KdiFyqHBs3Qt9n%2fsvYOKSA%3d%3d|title=Mazembe beat USMA to reach fifth heaven|publisher=CAF|date=8 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Genk'''
* Ligi kuu ya Ubelgiji: msimu wa 2018–19&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/tanzania-captain-mbwana-samatta-linked-with-move-to/16mtpzxfcyqg61tjk12uorz89h|title=Tanzania captain Mbwana Samatta linked with move to Middlesbrough|publisher=Goal|date=3 July 2019|accessdate=12 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Belgian Super Cup: michuano ya pili ya Ubelgiji 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;Genk awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sporza.be/nl/matches/voetbal/belgische-super-cup/2019/finale/01/krc-genk-kv-mechelen|title=Landskampioen Genk opent seizoen met Supercup-winst tegen KV Mechelen|publisher=Sporza|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=21 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Binafsi'''
* Mshindi wa tuzo ya mchezaji bora wa Afrika: 2015
* Timu yam waka ya CAF: 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aubameyang, Samatta Rule Africa |url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=rIVF4WCnlfavi%2FKHOwXX6w%3D%3D |publisher=CAF |date=January 7, 2016 |accessdate=January 7, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mfungaji bora ligi ya mabingwa Afrika: [[2015 CAF Champions League|2015]]&lt;ref name=&quot;top scorer&quot; /&gt;
* Mchezaji bora ligi ya Ubelgiji: 2019&lt;ref name=&quot;Ebony Show&quot; /&gt;
* Mfungaji bora ligi ya Ubelgiji: msimu wa 2018-19&lt;ref name=&quot;Genk awards&quot; /&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1992]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Tanzania]]
[[Jamii:Watu kutoka Dar es Salaam]]</text>
      <sha1>r5orhb3rixfsd580qknw7f23p939qum</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ksi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362239</id>
      <parentid>988706</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:44:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="762" sha1="lkpeqik6dm1c1cnr34ze5sybbo3l7q4" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Xi uc lc}}
'''Ksi''' (Ξ ξ) ni [[herufi]] ya 14 katika [[Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Inaandikwa kama '''ξ''' (alama ya kawaida) au '''Ξ''' (alama kubwa). Zamani za [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ilikuwa pia [[tarakimu]] ikiwa alama ya [[namba]] 60.

Asili ya ksi ni herufi ya [[Kifinisia]] &quot;samekh&quot; [[Image:Phoenician samekh.svg|20px]]. Herufi zilizotokana nayo katika [[alfabeti]] zilizofuata [[Kigiriki]] ni [[X]] katika [[alfabeti]] ya baadhi ya [[lugha za Kirumi]] na Ksi (Ѯ, ѯ) katika [[alfabeti ya Kikirili]]. 

Matamshi yake ilikuwa &quot;ks&quot;. 

Jinsi ilivyo kawaida kwa herufi mbalimbali za Kigiriki, ξ inatumiwa kama kifupisho kwa ajili ya [[dhana]] mbalimbali katika [[hisabati]] na [[fizikia]].

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>lkpeqik6dm1c1cnr34ze5sybbo3l7q4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Omikron</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362240</id>
      <parentid>988707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:44:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="763" sha1="7h2x8zupgpwq14k1pjkqe88y2btfn1m" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Omicron uc lc}}
'''Omikron''', yaani &quot;o ndogo&quot; (Ο ο) ni [[herufi]] ya 15 katika [[Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Inaandikwa kama '''ο''' (alama ya kawaida) au '''Ο''' (alama kubwa). Zamani za [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ilikuwa pia [[tarakimu]] ikiwa alama ya [[namba]] 70.

Asili ya omikron ni herufi ya [[Kifinisia]] &quot;ayin&quot; [[Image:Phoenician ayin.svg|20px]]. Herufi zilizotokana nayo katika [[alfabeti]] zilizofuata [[Kigiriki]] ni [[O]] katika [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]] na katika [[alfabeti ya Kikirili]] vilevile. 

Matamshi yake yalikuwa &quot;o&quot;. 

Jinsi ilivyo kawaida kwa herufi mbalimbali za Kigiriki, ο inatumiwa kama kifupisho kwa ajili ya [[dhana]] mbalimbali katika [[hisabati]] na [[fizikia]].

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>7h2x8zupgpwq14k1pjkqe88y2btfn1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Khi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362241</id>
      <parentid>988745</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>jina lisilo sahihi</comment>
      <origin>1362241</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="789" sha1="gk054k4a130ofqv4dy4qkrdfkiobxlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Chi uc lc}}
'''Khi''' ('''Χ χ''') ni [[herufi]] ya [[ishirini na mbili]] katika [[Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Inaandikwa kama '''χ''' (alama ya kawaida) au '''Χ''' (alama kubwa). 

Zamani za [[Kigiriki cha Kale]] ilikuwa pia [[tarakimu]], ikiwa alama ya [[namba]] 600.

[[Matamshi]] yake yalikuwa &quot;kh&quot;.

Katika [[alfabeti]] zinazofuata mfano wa [[Kigiriki]] ilipokelewa katika [[alfabeti ya Kilatini]] kama &quot;[[X]]&quot; na katika [[alfabeti ya Kikirili]] kama &quot;X&quot;.

Herufi hiyo inatumiwa na [[Wakristo]] kuwakilisha [[Kristo]], jina ambalo kwa [[Kigiriki]] linaanza na khi.

Kama herufi nyingine za [[lugha]] hiyo, khi inatumika katika [[hisabati]] na [[sayansi]] kama kifupisho cha [[dhana]] na [[kipimo|vipimo]] mbalimbali.

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>gk054k4a130ofqv4dy4qkrdfkiobxlk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>89987</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362133</id>
      <parentid>1331517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:40:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362133</origin>
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      <text bytes="15637" sha1="gdskj58clx3wwz1dmmepxlcbqdwq9du" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:UNFCCmap.svg|300px|thumb|Nchi wanachama ya Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi.]]
'''Mapatano ya msingi ya UM kuhusu Mabadiliko ya Tabianchi''' (''[[:en:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]'', kifupi:  '''UNFCCC''') ni [[mapatano ya kimataifa]] yaliyoanzishwa [[mwaka]] [[1993]]. Yanalenga kupunguza [[kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]]. Njia kuu ni kuzuia ongezeko la [[gesi]] ya [[dioksidi kabonia]]

Nchi 194 zilipatana kuchukua hatua za kupunguza hatari za [[mabadiliko ya tabianchi]]. Nchi wanachama hukutana kila [[mwaka]] kujadiliana na kupatana kuhusu hatua maalumu za kufikia shabaha hizo.

Matokeo ya mikutano hii ni [[Miniti za Kyoto]] na [[Mapatano ya Paris kuhusu Tabianchi]] ambako nchi ziliahidiana kuchukua hatua maalum ya kupakana [[kupanda kwa halijoto duniani]] kwa kiwango chini ya [[sentigredi]] [[mbili]] kulingana na wakati kabla ya [[mapinduzi ya viwandani]] ([[karne ya 19]]).

==Tanbihi==
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 | title=Meetings: Copenhagen Climate Change Conference - December 2009
 | url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/copenhagen_dec_2009/meeting/6295.php
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}}.
* {{citation
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 | date=21 May 2012b
 | title=Information provided by non-Annex I Parties relating to Appendix II of the Copenhagen Accord (nationally appropriate mitigation actions of developing country Parties)
 | url=http://unfccc.int/meetings/cop_15/copenhagen_accord/items/5265.php
 | publisher=UNFCCC
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* {{citation
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 | date=23 August 2012c
 
 | title=FCCC/TP/2012/5: Quantified economy-wide emission reduction targets by developed country Parties to the Convention: assumptions, conditions, commonalities and differences in approaches and comparison of the level of emission reduction efforts. Technical paper
 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2012/tp/05.pdf
 | publisher=UN Office
 | location=Geneva, Switzerland
}}. [http://unfccc.int/essential_background/library/items/3599.php?such=j&amp;symbol=FCCC/TP/2012/5#beg Library record.]
* {{citation
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 | title=FOCUS: Mitigation - Nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by developed country Parties
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* {{citation
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}}. [http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_search/items/6911.php?priref=600007348 Library record.]
* {{citation
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* {{citation
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 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20050404103328/http://unfccc.int/not_assigned/b/items/1417.php
 |archivedate = 4 April 2005
}}

*{{citation
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*{{citation
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 |archivedate     = 2 November 2013
}}. Archived  (archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20140821023807/http://www.pbl.nl/node/46765 21 August 2014]).

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{commons category|United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change}}
* [http://newsroom.unfccc.int/ UNFCCC Newsroom]
* [http://unfccc.int/ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140909005123/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetailsIII.aspx?&amp;src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=XXVII%7E7&amp;chapter=27&amp;Temp=mtdsg3&amp;lang=en Ratifications]
* [http://www.iisd.ca/process/climate_atm.htm Earth Negotiations Bulletin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iisd.ca/process/climate_atm.htm |date=20170109084323 }}: detailed summaries of all COPs and SBs
* [http://www.carboun.com/carboun-projects/road-to-doha/ Road to Doha], a project following COP18 in Qatar by [http://www.carboun.com/ Carboun]
* [http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/conference-parties Conference of Parties (COP)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.environmentportal.in/category/thesaurus/conference-parties |date=20111012041152 }}
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ccc/ccc.html Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material] {{Wayback|url=http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/ccc/ccc.html |date=20131017032831 }} on the ''United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/background_publications_htmlpdf/application/pdf/conveng.pdf Text of the UNFCCC]

[[Category:Ekolojia]]
[[Category:Umoja wa Mataifa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mto Madeira</title>
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      <text bytes="3894" sha1="cwdgc3zxtemdybq3cbx41kzpb8fclng" xml:space="preserve">{{mto
| jina                =  Mto Madeira (Rio Madeira)
| picha               = Madeirarivermap.png
| maelezo_ya_picha    = Beseni ya Amazonas pamoja na Mto Madeira
| chanzo              = kuungana kwa mito Madre de Dios na Mamoré 
| mdomo               =  Mto Amazonas
| nchi                = Bolivia, Brazil 
| urefu               = km 3,380  
| kimo                = m 180 
| tawimito            =  
| tawimito kulia      = Mito ya Mamoré, Ji-Paraná, Dos Marmelos, Manicoré, Mataurá, Mariepauá, Aripuanã  
| tawimito kushoto    = Mto Madre de Dios 
| mkondo              = wastani m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;/s 31,200, ⁃ wa chini m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;/s 2,346, wa juu m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;/s 52,804 
| eneo                = km&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 850,000 
| watu                = 
| miji                =  
}}
[[Picha: Rio_Madeira_09072007.jpg|thumb|Mto Madeira]]

'''Mto Madeira''' (kwa [[Kireno]]: Rio Madeira; kabla ya [[ukoloni]] uliitwa na wenyeji kwa [[jina]] asilia '''Cuyari''': &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/detail?id=1-1-2602-280018&amp;name=Peru++Amazones|title=Peru, Amazones. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection|author=|date=|work=www.davidrumsey.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) ni [[mto]] mkubwa katika [[Amerika ya Kusini|Amerika Kusini]]. Una [[urefu]] wa [[km]] 3,250.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023864.html &quot;Madeira (river)&quot;]. [http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/ Talktalk.co.uk] {{Wayback|url=http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/ |date=20140116142832 }} (encyclopedia). Accessed May 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Madeira ni sehemu ya mfumo wa [[Mto Amazonas]] ukichangia [[asilimia]] 15 ya [[maji]] yote ya mto huO.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://amazonwaters.org/waters/flows-and-floods/|title=Waters|publisher=Amazon Waters|accessdate=22 January 2017|archivedate=2018-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629130803/http://amazonwaters.org/waters/flows-and-floods/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tabianchi ya beseni lake ==
[[Picha:Madeirarivermap.jpg|300px|thumb|Beseni la Mto Madeira.]]
[[Usimbishaji]] katika [[beseni]] la Madeira unacheza baina ya cm/m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 75 na cm/m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 300. Karibu na [[Chanzo (mto)|chanzo]] chake, Madeira ni mmoja kati ya mito mikubwa [[duniani]] ukibeba mkondo wa maji wa m&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;/s 18,000, takriban [[nusu]] ya kiasi cha [[Kongo (mto)|Mto Kongo]]. [[Robo]] ya maji hayo inatiririka kwenye mitelemko ya [[Andes|milima ya Andes]] ya [[Bolivia]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries|author=Seyler|first=Patrick|publisher=Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM)|url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/pgagem/Manuscripts/seylerp.htm|accessdate=16 July 2013|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721224824/http://www.cprm.gov.br/pgagem/Manuscripts/seylerp.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Njia ya usafiri==
Maji ndani ya mto Madeira hucheza sana; wakati wa [[mvua]] usawa wake unapanda juu [[mita]] 15, na [[meli]] kutoka [[Bahari|baharini]] zinaweza kuingia hadi [[Porto Velho]], [[Brazil]], ambayo ni [[umbali]] wa [[kilomita]] 1800 kutoka [[Bahari Atlantiki]]. Lakini katika miezi ya [[ukame]] maji hupungua na mto unapitika kwa vyombo vidogo tu visivyoingia chini ya maji zaidi ya mita 2.

Leo hii ni kati ya njia za maji zinazotumiwa zaidi ndani ya nchi ya Brazil na takriban [[tani]] [[milioni]] 4 za [[nafaka]] zinapelekwa nje ya nchi kupitia Mto Madeira.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Madeira River}}
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/211 The Amazon and Madeira Rivers: Sketches and Descriptions from the Note-Book of an Explorer] from 1875
{{mbegu-jio-AmerikaKusini}}
[[jamii:Mito ya Bolivia]]
[[jamii:Mito ya Brazil]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mariama Mamane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4015" sha1="12l9adu4qwedt2gle9kec5s9pz4xfgp" xml:space="preserve">'''Mariama Mamane''' ni [[mwanamazingira]] na [[mhandisi]] kutoka [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Moyouzame|first=Aisha|date=7 March 2020|title=Au Niger, Mariama Mamane transforme les plantes nuisibles en électricité et en biogaz|url=http://news.aniamey.com/h/96538.html|access-date=2022-02-20|website=aniamey.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-23|title=Persistence pays: powering a green economy|url=http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/persistence-pays-powering-green-economy|access-date=2022-02-20|website=UNEP|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-05-01|title=Jacigreen : la dépollueuse du fleuve Niger|url=https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-39772719|access-date=2022-02-20|website=BBC News Afrique|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mamane alianzisha kampuni ya Jacigreen na akashinda zawadi kadhaa za uvumbuzi kwa kazi yake ya kuboresha ikolojia ya mito.

== Maisha ya awali na elimu ==
Mamane alizaliwa na mama ambaye ana [[shahada ya uzamili]] katika sayansi ya maisha na dunia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-11-29|title=A Ouagadougou, une élève ingénieure veut produire de l'électricité avec la jacinthe d'eau|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/11/29/a-ouagadougou-une-eleve-ingenieure-veut-produire-de-l-electricite-avec-la-jacinthe-d-eau_5040185_3212.html|access-date=2022-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mamane alikulia kando ya [[Mto Niger]] katika jiji la nyumbani kwao [[Niamey]], na kufikia 2020 alikuwa akiishi [[Burkina Faso]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UN Environment Young Champion of the Earth for Africa: Mariama Mamane|url=https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/un-environment-young-champion-earth-africa-mariama-mamane|access-date=2022-02-20|website=UNICEF Global Development Commons|language=en|accessdate=2023-05-27|archivedate=2023-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304094655/https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/un-environment-young-champion-earth-africa-mariama-mamane}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ana shahada ya bioanuwai na usimamizi wa mazingira kutoka [[Chuo Kikuu cha Abdou Moumouni|Chuo Kikuu cha Niamey]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Kazi ==
Mnamo 2016, Mamane alishinda tuzo ya ''Safari ya Ujasiriamali'' kutoka kwa ''Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Maji na Uhandisi wa Mazingira'' (pia inajulikana kama 2iE)&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=|last2=|date=2017-12-11|title=Produire de l'énergie à partir de la jacinthe, le projet &quot;Jacigreen&quot; de Mariama Mamane|url=http://www.commodafrica.com/11-12-2017-produire-de-lenergie-partir-de-la-jacinthe-le-projet-jacigreen-de-mariama-mamane|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Commodafrica}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; na kuanzisha kampuni ya Jacigreen&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; na kuisajili ndani ya [[Ouagadougou]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=When invasive plants produce some great ideas!|url=https://www.livingcircular.veolia.com/en/inspirations/when-invasive-plants-produce-some-great-ideas|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Living Circular|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-30|title=Magugu maji ni kula yangu, ni mtaji wangu - Mariama Mamane|url=https://news.un.org/sw/story/2019/07/1063451|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Habari za UN|language=sw}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jacigreen hufanya kazi kugeuza [[gugu (mmea)|gugu]] kuwa mbolea ya kilimo na mboji na gesi ya mimea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Biogesi hutumika katika jenereta kuunda umeme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mnamo 2016, Mamane pia alishinda tuzo pendwa ya jury katika African Rethink Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Mnamo 2017, Mamane alitunukiwa [[Programu ya Mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa]] ''Vijana wa Mabingwa wa Dunia Tuzo''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Zawadi hiyo ilikuwa na thamani ya $15,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet UN's 'Young Champions Of The Earth'|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/meet-uns-young-champions-of-the-earth-1784375|access-date=2022-02-20|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wahandisi wa Niger]]
[[jamii:swahili climate voices]]</text>
      <sha1>12l9adu4qwedt2gle9kec5s9pz4xfgp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hassan Akesbi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1643" sha1="6kdqt2c8e5w8p3szgp28xdn5xwjvs37" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hassan Akesbi.jpg|Hassan_Akesbi|thumb|'''Hassan Akesbi''']]
'''Hassan Akesbi''' ({{lang-ar|حسن أقصبي}}; alizaliwa 5 Desemba 1934 na alikufa mnamo Novemba 9, 2024) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa soka kutoka Moroko ambaye alikuwa anacheza kama mshambuliaji.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka 2006, Akesbi aliteuliwa na Shirikisho la Soka la Afrika (CAF) kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora 200 wa Afrika katika kipindi cha miaka 50 iliyopita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Le Matin|title=Meilleur joueur des 50 dernières années 14 Marocains en lice|url=http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173|language=French|date=13 Oktoba 2006|accessdate=18 Agosti 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055322/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173|archivedate=16 Julai 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Heshima==
'''Nîmes'''
* [[Coupe Charles Drago]]: [[:fr:Coupe Charles Drago 1956|1956]]
* Makamu wa pili katika [[Coupe de France]]: [[1958 Coupe de France Final|1958]], [[1961 Coupe de France Final|1961]]

'''Reims'''
* [[Ligue 1|Division 1]]: [[1961–62 French Division 1|1961–62]]
* [[Mohammed V Cup]]: [[:es:Copa Mohamed V 1962|1962]]

'''FUS de Rabat'''
* [[Moroccan Throne Cup]]: [[1966–67 Moroccan Throne Cup|1966–67]]

'''Binafsi'''
* Mfungaji wa 11 bora katika [[Ligue 1]]: mabao 173 katika mechi 293 (mabao 119 katika mechi 204 kwa Nîmes Olympique; mabao 48 katika mechi 78 kwa Stade de Reims; mabao sita katika mechi 11 klabuni AS Monaco)

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1934]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:21:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
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      <text bytes="1655" sha1="1anw6a7y2ibhkgn2wvfjh0nx9g6d53k" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hassan Akesbi.jpg|Hassan_Akesbi|thumb|'''Hassan Akesbi''']]
'''Hassan Akesbi''' ({{lang-ar|حسن أقصبي}}; alizaliwa ([[5 Desemba]] [[1934]] - [[9 Novemba|Novemba 9]], [[2024]]) ni mchezaji wa zamani wa [[Mpira wa miguu|soka]] kutoka [[Moroko]] ambaye alikuwa anacheza kama mshambuliaji.

== Kazi ==
Mwaka [[2006]], Akesbi aliteuliwa na [[Shirikisho la Soka la Afrika]] (CAF) kama mmoja wa wachezaji bora 200 wa [[Afrika]] katika kipindi cha miaka 50 iliyopita.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Le Matin|title=Meilleur joueur des 50 dernières années 14 Marocains en lice|url=http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173|language=French|date=13 Oktoba 2006|accessdate=18 Agosti 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055322/http://www.lematin.ma/Actualite/Journal/Article.asp?origine=jrn&amp;idr=114&amp;id=70173|archivedate=16 Julai 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Heshima==
'''Nîmes'''
* [[Coupe Charles Drago]]: [[:fr:Coupe Charles Drago 1956|1956]]
* Makamu wa pili katika [[Coupe de France]]: [[1958 Coupe de France Final|1958]], [[1961 Coupe de France Final|1961]]

'''Reims'''
* [[Ligue 1|Division 1]]: [[1961–62 French Division 1|1961–62]]
* [[Mohammed V Cup]]: [[:es:Copa Mohamed V 1962|1962]]

'''FUS de Rabat'''
* [[Moroccan Throne Cup]]: [[1966–67 Moroccan Throne Cup|1966–67]]

'''Binafsi'''
* Mfungaji wa 11 bora katika [[Ligue 1]]: mabao 173 katika mechi 293 (mabao 119 katika mechi 204 kwa Nîmes Olympique; mabao 48 katika mechi 78 kwa Stade de Reims; mabao sita katika mechi 11 klabuni AS Monaco)

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
{{BD|1934|2024}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Moroko]]</text>
      <sha1>1anw6a7y2ibhkgn2wvfjh0nx9g6d53k</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emile Smith Rowe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>176545</id>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>E Smith Rowe current team is Fulham</comment>
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      <text bytes="1223" sha1="c24f6z775o0byh7m9nu5cwt4ta538c4" xml:space="preserve">'''Emile Smith Rowe''' (alizaliwa Croydon, [[London]], [[28 Julai]] [[2000]]) ni [[mchezaji]] wa [[soka]] wa [[Uingereza]] ambaye anacheza kama [[Kiungo (michezo)|kiungo]] wa klabu ya Ligi Kuu ya Uingereza Fulham Fc na [[timu ya taifa]] ya Uingereza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Emile Smith Rowe signs professional contract|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/emile-smith-rowe-signs-professional-contract|work=Emile Smith Rowe signs professional contract|date=2023-11-25|accessdate=2023-11-14|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Smith Rowe alianza safari yake ya [[soka]] katika mfumo wa vijana wa Arsenal. Alicheza kwa [[Mkopo (fedha)|mkopo]] kwa [[timu]] kadhaa, pamoja na [[RB]] [[Leipzig]] nchini [[Ujerumani]], kabla ya kurudi Arsenal.

Alicheza kama kiungo muhimu katika kikosi cha kwanza cha Arsenal chini ya uongozi wa [[kocha]] [[Mikel Arteta]]. Alikuwa na msimu mzuri wa 2020-2021 ambapo alicheza jukumu muhimu katika kikosi cha kwanza na kutoa mchango mkubwa kwa timu. Mafanikio yake yalimfanya apewe jina la utani la &quot;The Croydon De Bruyne,&quot; akiashiria ubora wake wa kucheza na kusaidia timu.

== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Wachezaji mpira wa Uingereza]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2000]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manning Marable</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1827" sha1="smk3909cvwf0e0hf08agftjgf3ndapd" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Manning Marable by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Taswira ya Manning Marable mnamo 2007.]]
'''William Manning Marable''' (May 13, 1950 - April 1, 2011&lt;ref&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/02/arts/manning-marable-60-historian-and-social-critic.html&lt;/ref&gt;) alikuwa profesa wa [[historia]] na [[sayansi ya siasa]] kutoka nchini [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa maarufu zaidi kwa mchango wake katika masuala ya haki za kiraia, historia ya [[Wamarekani Weusi]], na ukosoaji wa kijamii. Alifundisha katika vyuo mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia]], ambapo alishika wadhifa wa Mkurugenzi wa Taasisi ya Mafunzo ya Wamarekani Weusi.

Umaarufu wa Manning Marable ulitokana zaidi na utafiti wake wa kina kuhusu [[Malcolm X]] na historia ya ukombozi wa watu wa [[Afrika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://iraas.columbia.edu/about/founding-director |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2024-09-27 |archive-date=2017-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502233136/http://iraas.columbia.edu/about/founding-director |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Alifanya kazi kwa zaidi ya miaka ishirini kuandika wasifu wa Malcolm X uliopewa jina [[Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention]]. Kitabu hiki kilichapishwa mwaka 2011, muda mfupi baada ya kifo chake, na kilimpatia sifa kubwa kutokana na mtazamo mpya na wa kina kuhusu maisha ya mwanaharakati huyo. Pia, Marable aliangazia masuala ya haki za kijamii, ubaguzi wa rangi, na ukosoaji wa siasa za Marekani kupitia maandiko yake na mihadhara.

Mbali na utafiti wake, Marable alikuwa mwanaharakati mwenye msimamo mkali katika kutetea haki za watu wa Afrika na alihusisha kazi yake ya kitaaluma na harakati za kisiasa, akiamini kuwa sayansi ya jamii inapaswa kutumika kubadilisha jamii kwa ajili ya usawa zaidi.
==Marejeo==
{{marejeo}}

{{BD|1950|2011}}

[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Moussa Camara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2945" sha1="joy5kbxehqnt3koh0nm1xhzdo6r8rx9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| jinalamchezaji      = Moussa Camara
| picha               = [[Faili:B24AMSM0077 (53464614050).jpg|thumb]]
| jinakamili          = Moussa Pinpin Camara
| tareheyakuzaliwa    = {{umri na tarehe ya kuzaliwa|1998|07|27|df=yes}}
| mjialiozaliwa       =
| nchialiozaliwa      = [[Siguiri]], [[Guinea]]
| urefu               = {{height|m=1.85}}
| nafasi              = 
| klabuyasasa         = [[Simba S.C.]]
| nambayaklabu        = 
|youthyears1         = 
|youthclubs1         = 
|years1              = 2014 - 2015
|clubs1              = Milo FC
|caps1               = 
|goals1              = 
|years2              = 2015 - 2024
|clubs2              = [[Haroya]]
|caps2               = 
|goals2              = 
|years3              = 2024 -
|clubs3              = [[Simba S.C.]]
|caps1               = 
|goals1              = 
|years4              = 
|clubs4              = 
|caps1               = 
|goals1              = 
|clubs4              = 
|nationalteam1       = [[Syli National|Guinea]]
|nationalcaps1       = 27
|nationalgoals1      = 
|medaltemplates      = 
|club-update         = 
|nationalteam-update = 2
}}
'''Moussa Camara''' (amezaliwa 27 Novemba 1998) ni mchezaji wa mpira wa miguu wa Guinea, anayecheza nafasi ya [[Golikipa]]. Anaitumikia timu ya taifa ya Guinea na kuanzia msimu wa 2024/25 alisajiliwa na klabu ya [[Simba S.C.]].

==Hatua ya Klabu==
Kabla ya kujiunga na Klabu ya Milo FC, Camara aliitumikia klabu ya FC Kolombada inayoshiriki ligi daraja la kwanza.&lt;ref name=&quot;promis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.horoyaac.com/2019/10/04/moussa-camara-promis-a-bel-avenir/|title=MOUSSA CAMARA, PROMIS À UN BEL AVENIR|publisher=[[Horoya AC]]|date=4 October 2019|accessdate=2 November 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka 2015, alijiunga ba [[Horoya AC]] akiwa kama Golikipa namba mbili, wakati huo [[Khadim N'Diaye]] alikua ndiye Golikipa namba moja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.foot224.co/2015/12/05/super-coupe-decouvrez-les-compos/|title=Super Coupe : découvrez les compos|work=foot224.co|date=5 December 2015|accessdate=3 November 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wakati huo alikua chini ya [[Kémoko Camara]] ambaye ni [[Kocha]] wa magolikipa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pret&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://guineeactusport.net/index.php/moussa-camara-pret-a-bousculer-la-hierarchie/|title=Moussa Camara prêt a bousculer la hiérarchie|work=Guinée Actu Sport|date=14 March 2019|accessdate=3 November 2020|language=fr}}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa mara ya kwanza, Camara alicheza mchezo wa kimashindano dhidi ya Klabu ya Esperense de Tunis kwenye msimu wa Klabu Bingwa Afrika wa 2018-19, hii ni baada ya magolikipa wakongwe N'Diaye na [[Germain Berthé]] kuumia. Ijapokua aliruhusu kufungwa magoli mawili, alionyesha kiwango cha hali ya juu sana.&lt;ref name=pret/&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-cheza-mpira}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]]
[[Jamii:wachezaji mpira wa Guinea]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>May7ven</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1362151</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1169" sha1="t911nxepxrro95ko598pb7q31xp5b27" xml:space="preserve">'''May Odegbami''' (anajulikana pia kama '''May7ven''') ni mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, mcheza densi, mtayarishaji, mwigizaji, mwanamitindo na mjasiriamali mzaliwa wa [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sheinspiredher.com/2016/07/interview-africa-film-award-winning.html/|title=She inspired Her|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.flavourmag.co.uk/exandra-burke-ooh-la-la-remix-featuring-may7ven/|title=Alexandra Burke OOH LA LA (remix) feat. MAY7VEN|last=|first=|date=6 September 2013|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wearebang.com/index.php/queen-of-afrobeats-joins-the-afrohits-show/#sthash.FXzDA0cv.dpbs |title=Queen of Afrobeats joins the Afrohits Show |accessdate=2024-10-11 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220092738/http://www.wearebang.com/index.php/queen-of-afrobeats-joins-the-afrohits-show/#sthash.FXzDA0cv.dpbs |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]]
[[jamii:watu walio hai]]
[[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]]</text>
      <sha1>t911nxepxrro95ko598pb7q31xp5b27</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Munyoro Nyamau</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362228</id>
      <parentid>1358416</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362228</origin>
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      <text bytes="2489" sha1="lk81m5bxpgsgzk4ktg99mfih9f60ps3" xml:space="preserve">'''Munyoro Nyamau''' (''Hezekiah Munyoro Nyamau''; alizaliwa [[5 Desemba]] [[1942]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Munyoro Nyamau  |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14352342}} &lt;/ref&gt; n  au [[6 Desemba]] [[1938]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Trailblazers+who+put+Kenya+on+world+map/-/1107872/1244380/-/view/printVersion/-/hx1vwv/-/index.html |title=Trailblazers who put Kenya on world map |accessdate=2024-10-15 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330102624/http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Trailblazers%20who%20put%20Kenya%20on%20world%20map/-/1107872/1244380/-/view/printVersion/-/hx1vwv/-/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; ni [[mwanariadha]] wa zamani nchini [[Kenya]] na mshindi wa [[medali]] ya dhahabu katika mbio za 4 × 400 m katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1972]].

Alishinda michuano baina ya shule huko Kisii alipokuwa na umri wa miaka 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;trailblazers&quot;&gt;Daily Nation, September 8, 2011: [http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Trailblazers+who+put+Kenya+on+world+map/-/1107872/1244380/-/view/printVersion/-/hx1vwv/-/index.html Trailblazers who put Kenya on world map] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/Counties/Trailblazers+who+put+Kenya+on+world+map/-/1107872/1244380/-/view/printVersion/-/hx1vwv/-/index.html |date=20160330102624 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alifika nusu fainali ya mbio za mita 400 na akashinda medali ya fedha ya kushtukiza akiwa mshiriki wa timu ya Kenya ya mbio za mita 4 × 400 katika MMichezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya joto ya mwaka [[1968]]. Wenzake walikuwa [[Daniel Rudisha]], [[Naftali Bon]] na [[Charles Asati]].

Nyamau alishinda medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za 4 × 400 m katika Michezo ya Jumuiya ya Madola ya [[Uingereza]] mwaka [[1970]]. Mnamo [[Septemba]] [[1970]], Nyamau - akiwa na wachezaji wenzake Naftali Bon, Thomas Saisi na Robert Ouko - waliweka rekodi ya dunia ya mita 4x880 kwa wanaume saa 7:11.6.
Katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya [[Munich]], Nyamau alitolewa katika robo fainali ya mbio za mita 400, lakini alishinda medali ya dhahabu kwa kukosekana kwa Merika kama mshiriki wa timu ya Kenya ya mbio za 4 × 400 m. Washiriki wengine wa timu hiyo walikuwa Charles Asati, [[Robert Ouko]] na [[Julius Sang]].

Munyoro Nyamau Alijiunga na Jeshi la Kenya mwaka [[1963]] na akaajiriwa nao hadi alipostaafu mwaka [[1997]].
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>lk81m5bxpgsgzk4ktg99mfih9f60ps3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Tonto Dikeh</title>
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      <text bytes="695" sha1="gx5oanogv5dcygyzucnzd9prlt4bgcf" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Tonto_Dikeh_cropped.png|thumb|Tonto Dikeh - 2019]]
'''Tonto Charity Dikeh''' (amezaliwa [[9 Juni]] [[1985]]) ni mwigizaji, mwimbaji, mtunzi wa nyimbo, na mfadhili wa kibinadamu wa [[Nigeria]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trin |first=Mercy |date=2022-02-26 |title=Kayanmata: Amidst criticisms, actress Tonto Dikeh issues out a public statement |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/tonto-dikeh-reacts-to-backlash-for-promoting-kayanmata |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]]
[[jamii:waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[jamii:watu walio hai]]
[[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]]</text>
      <sha1>gx5oanogv5dcygyzucnzd9prlt4bgcf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1362200</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:23:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
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      <text bytes="717" sha1="npmukwoage8ncs7p52e1wbzshsczpnh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Tonto_Dikeh_cropped.png|thumb|Tonto Dikeh - 2019]]
'''Tonto Charity Dikeh''' (amezaliwa [[9 Juni]] [[1985]]) ni [[mwigizaji]], [[mwimbaji]], [[mtunzi]] wa [[Wimbo|nyimbo]], na mfadhili wa kibinadamu wa [[Nigeria]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Trin |first=Mercy |date=2022-02-26 |title=Kayanmata: Amidst criticisms, actress Tonto Dikeh issues out a public statement |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/entertainment/tonto-dikeh-reacts-to-backlash-for-promoting-kayanmata |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Wanamuziki wa Nigeria]]
[[jamii:waliozaliwa 1985]]
[[jamii:watu walio hai]]
[[jamii:WikiMonthly Edit-a-thon Kilimanjaro]]</text>
      <sha1>npmukwoage8ncs7p52e1wbzshsczpnh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Margaret Gardiner</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188458</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362138</id>
      <parentid>1357794</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T15:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1660" sha1="6ctv8lht0ol5sgiv73xdh884z7gk6zs" xml:space="preserve">[[Faili:Margaret Gardiner, Miss Universe 1978, TV Magazine.jpg|thumb|Gardiner kwenye jalada la ''TV Magazine'' mwaka 1979]]
'''Margaret Gardiner''' (amezaliwa tarehe [[21 Agosti]] [[1959]]) ni [[mwandishi wa habari]] na malkia wa urembo kutoka [[Afrika Kusini]] ambaye alishinda taji la [[Miss Universe]] mwaka [[1978]], akiwa mwanamke wa kwanza kutoka Afrika Kusini kushinda taji hilo. Alikuwa na umri wa miaka 18 alipopata ushindi huo.&lt;ref name=&quot;win1&quot;&gt;(25 July 1978).  [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BEojAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=cc4FAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2855,6109885&amp;dq=margaret-gardiner+universe&amp;hl=en Judges Name Capetown Woman Country's First Miss Universe] {{Wayback|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BEojAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=cc4FAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=2855,6109885&amp;dq=margaret-gardiner+universe&amp;hl=en |date=20200427181646 }}, ''Palm Beach Post'' ([[Associated Press]])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;win2&quot;&gt;(25 July 1978). [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1ghdAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=NFoNAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=3365,1872071&amp;dq=margaret-gardiner+universe&amp;hl=en Miss Universe Title Goes to Tall South African], ''St. Joseph Gazette'' (UPI)&lt;/ref&gt; Baada ya mashindano matatu ya nusu fainali, aliingia kwenye orodha ya washindi watano akiwa katika nafasi ya nne, lakini alishinda shindano hilo baada ya kujibu swali la mwisho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cnsi.ucla.edu/andre-nel-bio/|title=Andre Nel &amp;#124; California NanoSystems Institute}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/nel|title = André Nel &amp;#124; Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}
{{BD|1959|}} 
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanamitindo wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Afrika Kusini]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mattia Bevilacqua</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1362149</id>
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        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1216" sha1="0ooy3sonw1kly0mhf09x5jek1kpefib" xml:space="preserve">'''Mattia Bevilacqua''' (alizaliwa [[17 Juni]] [[1998]]) ni mpanda baiskeli wa zamani kutoka [[Italia]], ambaye alifanya [[kazi]] kitaaluma kwa [[timu]] ya UCI ProTeam Vini Zabù kuanzia mwaka [[2020]] hadi [[2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://ciclismouniversale.it/2019/12/30/un-team-siciliano-si-presenta-in-sicilia-vini-zabu-ktm/|first=Claudio|last=Visci|title=Un Team siciliano si presenta in Sicilia Vini Zabu'-KTM|language=Italian|trans-title=A Sicilian team is presented in Sicily: Vini Zabu'-KTM|work=Ciclismo Universale|publisher=Claudio Visci|date=30 December 2019|accessdate=12 January 2020|archivedate=2020-01-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112230733/https://ciclismouniversale.it/2019/12/30/un-team-siciliano-si-presenta-in-sicilia-vini-zabu-ktm/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15265/1001231/280|title=Vini Zabu' Brado KTM|work=UCI.org|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|accessdate=8 January 2021|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210108190357/https://www.uci.org/road/teams/TeamDetail/15265/1001231/280|archivedate=8 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1998]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Italia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matteo Bianchi</title>
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      <id>1362148</id>
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      <timestamp>2024-11-09T18:29:29Z</timestamp>
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        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="892" sha1="bkvkc8hx85ndln8qf0xs4f79kayt59p" xml:space="preserve">'''Matteo Bianchi''' (alizaliwa [[21 Oktoba]] [[2001]]) ni mwendesha&lt;ref name=BIO&gt;{{cite web|url=https://magliaazzurra.federciclismo.it/it/person/matteo-bianchi/f9180b95-4cd0-4bf9-8870-de1441290039/|title=Matteo Bianchi profile|website=federciclismo.it|access-date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishinda [[medali]] ya fedha katika Mashindano ya Ulaya ya mwaka [[2022]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/cycling-track/daily-schedule.htm|title=CYCLING TRACK - SCHEDULE AND RESULTS|website=munich2022.com|access-date=15 August 2022|archive-date=2022-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824152953/https://results.mun.mev.atos.net/ECM2022/en/results/cycling-track/daily-schedule.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 2001]]
[[Jamii:Wanamichezo wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>bkvkc8hx85ndln8qf0xs4f79kayt59p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manfred Ommer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362123</id>
      <parentid>1357563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <text bytes="1165" sha1="0k6o8k7hpdlnmog5se01wni7yabj9vq" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Manfred Ommer (cropped).tif|thumbnail|right|200px|Manfred Ommer]]
'''Manfred Ommer''' ( [[13 Septemba]] [[1950]] - [[21 Mei]] [[2021]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://galopponline.de/news/galopp-news/manfred-ommer-stirbt-70-jahren Manfred Ommer stirbt mit 70 Jahren] auf galopponline.de; retrieved 27 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bild.de/sport/fussball/fussball/sprint-star-und-fussball-boss-manfred-ommer-mit-70-jahren-verstorben-76537286.bild.html Manfred Ommer mit 70 Jahren verstorben] auf bild.de; retrieved 27 May 2021.&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za [[Ujerumani]] . Alishiriki katika mbio za mita 200 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1972]] akiwakilisha [[Ujerumani ya Magharibi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Manfred Ommer  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/om/manfred-ommer-1.html  |accessdate=2024-10-18  |archive-date=2020-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418070327/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/om/manfred-ommer-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1950|2021}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>0k6o8k7hpdlnmog5se01wni7yabj9vq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marc Foucan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188605</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362134</id>
      <parentid>1357648</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T15:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="749" sha1="3xm5yegm8mjngpbzdxd7iulk85sg8ki" xml:space="preserve">'''Marc Foucan''' (alizaliwa [[Ermont]], Ufaransa, [[14 Oktoba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Ufaransa]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 400. Foucan alishindana katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 x 400 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] mwaka [[2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Marc Foucan  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/marc-foucan-1.html  |accessdate=2024-10-18  |archive-date=2020-04-17  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417201646/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/fo/marc-foucan-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Ufaransa]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
      <sha1>3xm5yegm8mjngpbzdxd7iulk85sg8ki</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marlene Lewis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>188806</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362143</id>
      <parentid>1358253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T16:36:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="667" sha1="i7uxa41wpc3hat6yt3bo7yd7nsyg1xz" xml:space="preserve">'''Marlene Lewis''' (alizaliwa [[4 Oktoba]] [[1962]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Jamaika]] ambaye alishiriki katika kurusha kisahani kwa wanawake katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] mwaka [[1984]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Marlene Lewis |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/marlene-lewis-1.html |accessdate=2024-10-20 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050316/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/marlene-lewis-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>i7uxa41wpc3hat6yt3bo7yd7nsyg1xz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mustafa Musa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362232</id>
      <parentid>1359016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="669" sha1="96dz8xahk2sg76uj3m51fvhpq7brsmg" xml:space="preserve">'''Mustafa Musa''' (alizaliwa [[25 Julai]] [[1947]]) ni mkimbiaji wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Uganda]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za [[marathoni]] katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1968]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Mustafa Musa  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mustafa-musa-1.html  |accessdate=2024-10-23  |archive-date=2020-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064017/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mustafa-musa-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]</text>
      <sha1>96dz8xahk2sg76uj3m51fvhpq7brsmg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Lopeyok</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362164</id>
      <parentid>1359023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T22:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="688" sha1="2nmhehzehv2povot8qtfsf7q8kw7ylk" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Lopeyok''' (alizaliwa [[16 Februari]] [[1962]]) ni mkimbiaji wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Uganda]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za [[marathoni]] za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Michael Lopeyok |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/michael-lopeyok-1.html |accessdate=2024-10-23 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061159/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/michael-lopeyok-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1962]]</text>
      <sha1>2nmhehzehv2povot8qtfsf7q8kw7ylk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moses Musonge</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189103</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362169</id>
      <parentid>1359067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:13:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="709" sha1="kqzg3xz8jl9og54xchgvrcgqona032e" xml:space="preserve">'''Moses Musonge''' (alizaliwa [[10 Aprili]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Uganda]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kupokezana za mita 4 × 100 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Moses Musonge Olympic Results  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/moses-musonge-1.html  |accessdate=2024-10-23  |archive-date=2020-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418063932/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/moses-musonge-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]]</text>
      <sha1>kqzg3xz8jl9og54xchgvrcgqona032e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mary Musani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189110</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362145</id>
      <parentid>1359079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T17:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362145</origin>
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      <text bytes="693" sha1="cjznr1kycj26k3unjicpa8szq3edkzo" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Musani''' (alizaliwa [[4 Septemba]] [[1944]]) ni mchezaji wa [[Uganda]] wa kuruka viunzi. Alishindana katika mbio za mita 80 za kuruka viunzi katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1964]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Mary Musani Olympic Results  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mary-musani-1.html  |accessdate=2024-10-23  |archive-date=2020-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418063814/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mary-musani-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Uganda]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>cjznr1kycj26k3unjicpa8szq3edkzo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Musyoki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189210</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362165</id>
      <parentid>1359385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T22:10:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362165</origin>
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      <text bytes="663" sha1="bbku5bjwbgkjzvdgpi3dowvxf8alfk3" xml:space="preserve">'''Michael Musyoki''' (alizaliwa [[28 Mei]] [[1956]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] mstaafu wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]]. Alishinda [[medali]] ya [[shaba]] katika mita 10,000 katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1984]].&lt;ref name=&quot;All-Athletics&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.all-athletics.com/node/281900|author=All-Athletics|title=Profile of Michael Musyoki|accessdate=2024-10-24|archive-date=2016-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313121822/http://www.all-athletics.com/node/281900|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>bbku5bjwbgkjzvdgpi3dowvxf8alfk3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mario Lega</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189227</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362141</id>
      <parentid>1359501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T16:21:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1362141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="669" sha1="mejkvpi2wj7nxrbs4k2v24bj4ylgazo" xml:space="preserve">'''Mario Lega''' (alizaliwa [[Lugo]], [[20 Februari]] [[1949]]) ni Mwitalia ambaye alikuwa mwanamichezo wa kitaalamu wa [[mbio]] za pikipiki za Grand Prix. Alishinda ubingwa wa dunia wa FIM wa 250cc mwaka 1977 akiwa mwanachama wa timu ya mashindano ya kiwanda cha Morbidelli.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.motogp.com/en/riders/profiles/Mario+Lega |title=Mario Lega career statistics at MotoGP.com |accessdate=2024-10-24 |archive-date=2020-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403230048/https://www.motogp.com/en/riders/Mario+Lega |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1949]]
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>mejkvpi2wj7nxrbs4k2v24bj4ylgazo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Martin Mathathi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362144</id>
      <parentid>1359700</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T16:58:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>41439</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="4554" sha1="f7m27an4yuzxb236asv384r6j85curv" xml:space="preserve">'''Martin Irungu Mathathi''' (alizaliwa [[25 Desemba]] [[1985]] huko [[Nyahururu]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]], ambaye hushindana katika mashindano ya mbio za mbio, mbio za nyika na barabara. Mathathi alishinda [[medali]] ya shaba katika mbio za mita 10,000 kwenye Mashindano ya Dunia mwaka [[2007]] huko [[Osaka]]. Aliwakilisha nchi yake katika hafla hiyo hiyo katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[2008]]. Anashikilia rekodi ya chini ya dunia ya maili 10 ya 44:51.

Anafanya mazoezi na Usimamizi wa Michezo wa PACE. Alisoma katika shule ya sekondari ya Sipili.

Mathathi alikuwa mshindi mwa [[2010]] wa mbio fupi za wanaume katika Chiba Cross Country nchini [[Japani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=14 February 2010|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/karoki-mathathi-and-katsumata-prevail-at-chib|title=Karoki, Mathathi, and Katsumata prevail at Chiba Cross Country|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=30 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishinda Sendai Half Marathon katika muda wake bora zaidi wa dakika 59:48, akimshinda kwa urahisi Mekubo Mogusu aliyeshika nafasi ya pili.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Results of Male Runners |url=http://www.sendaihalf.com/eng/history/20-2010results-m/ |accessdate=2024-10-26 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716040152/http://www.sendaihalf.com/eng/history/20-2010results-m/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alipata uteuzi wa Mashindano ya Dunia ya Riadha mwaka [[2011]] na akashika nafasi ya tano kwa Kenya katika mbio za mita 10,000 za wanaume. Mwaka huo, Mathathi aliweka rekodi ya mbio za nusu marathon za Great North Run, akimaliza kwa muda wa dakika 58 sekunde 56. Wiki mbili baadaye pia alishinda Great Edinburgh Run 10K katika muda wa rekodi ya kozi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Martin |url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid%3D62654.html |accessdate=2024-10-26 |archive-date=2011-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004140158/http://www.iaaf.org/news/newsid%3D62654.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mwanzoni mwa mwaka [[2012]] alimaliza wa pili katika mkutano wa Chiba Cross Country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=12 February 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kenyan-high-schoolers-dominate-at-chiba-cross|title=Kenyan high schoolers dominate at Chiba Cross Country|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=30 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishinda mbio za m 10,000 katika mbio za kupokezana za Hyogo kwa muda wa kuongoza ulimwenguni wa dakika 27:35.16, lakini akasema kwamba alinuia kukosa Olimpiki na kuangazia mara ya kwanza mbio za marathon kwenye Fukuoka Marathoni badala yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Larner|first =Brett|date=22 April 2012|url=http://japanrunningnews.blogspot.co.uk/2012/04/mathathi-runs-world-leader-at-hyogo.html|title=Mathathi and Niiya Run 10000 m World Leaders at Hyogo Relay Carnival|agency=Japan Running News|accessdate=28 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishinda Gifu Half Marathoni kwa mara ya pili mwezi wa Mei na akashinda&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Larner|first=Brett|date=20 May 2012|url=http://japanrunningnews.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/mathathi-wins-second-straight-gifu.html|title=Mathathi Wins Second-Straight Gifu Seiryu Half Marathon, Kalmer Sets Women's Course Record|agency=Japan Running News|accessdate=20 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sapporo Half Marathon mwezi wa [[Julai]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=1 July 2012|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/mathathi-and-ito-win-sapporo-half|title=Mathathi and Ito win Sapporo Half|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=30 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mathathi alijaribu kukimbia mbio za marathon zenye kasi zaidi katika Fukuoka Marathon lakini alijiondoa katika mbio hizo baada ya kilomita 38.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=2 December 2012|accessdate=14 February 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/20658-win-for-gitau-in-fukuoka|title=2:06:58 win for Gitau in Fukuoka|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alijaribu kuendeleza mfululizo wake wa kutoshindwa katika Gifu Half Marathon na ingawa alimaliza kwa saa 1:00:54 alikuwa mshindi wa pili kwa bingwa wa dunia Zersenay Tadese.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=Ken|date=19 May 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/course-records-for-tadese-and-tufa-at-gifu-se|title=Course records for Tadese and Tufa at Gifu Seiryu Half Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=20 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1985]]</text>
      <sha1>f7m27an4yuzxb236asv384r6j85curv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maudeto</title>
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      <text bytes="2187" sha1="s470l622sbzhd9gsmc8hlso0m3z9qeu" xml:space="preserve">[[Picha:Église Sainte-Croix (La Croix-Helléan) 5037.JPG|thumb|Mt. Maudeto katika [[dirisha]] la [[kioo cha rangi]].]]
'''Maudeto''' (pia: '''Maudez, Maudé, Maudet, Maodez, Modez, Maudetus, Mandé na Mawes'''; [[Visiwa vya Britania]], [[karne ya 5]] &amp;ndash; [[Bretagne]], leo [[kaskazini]] mwa [[Ufaransa]], [[karne ya 6]] hivi) alikuwa [[mmonaki]] ambaye [[Uinjilishaji|aliinjilisha]] kwanza [[Cornwall]] halafu [[visiwa]] vya Bretagne &lt;ref name=Quimper&gt;[https://www.diocese-quimper.fr/les-saints/saint-maudez/ &quot;Saint Maudez&quot;, Le Diocése de Quimper et Léon]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mwanzilishi|alipoanzisha]] [[monasteri]] akawa [[abati]] wake na [[malezi|mlezi]] wa watakatifu kadhaa &lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/78175&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]].

[[Sikukuu]] yake huadhimishwa kila [[mwaka]] [[tarehe]] [[18 Novemba]] &lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
 |last=Butler|first=Alban|title=The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and Other Principal Saints
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elw3AAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA226|accessdate=10 August 2021|year=1866|publisher=James Duffy}}
*{{citation |last=Doble |first=G. H. |year=1964 |title=The Saints of Cornwall: part 3. Truro: Dean and Chapter}}
{{refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://pecia.gandi-site.net/#/saintmaudezsaintmande/3337249 Maurice Carbonnell, ''Saint Maudez-- Saint Mandé: un maître du monachisme breton'', 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://pecia.gandi-site.net/#/saintmaudezsaintmande/3337249 |date=20130225031552 }} An exhaustive study which surveys the whole range of aspects of this saint: history, legend, veneration, and etymology. Also available as an illustrated volume of 172 p.&amp;nbsp;{{ISBN|2-914996-06-3}}.
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Category:Waliozaliwa karne ya 5]]
[[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 5]]
[[Category:Wamonaki]]
[[Jamii:wamisionari]]
[[Jamii:Watawa waanzilishi]]
[[Category:Watakatifu wa Ireland]]
[[Jamii:watakatifu wa Ufaransa]]</text>
      <sha1>s470l622sbzhd9gsmc8hlso0m3z9qeu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Michelle Burgher</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189433</id>
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      <text bytes="648" sha1="r7ql9xnxmva6uo7mqagrai2pya9wcz4" xml:space="preserve">'''Michelle Burgher''' (alizaliwa [[Kingston]], [[Jamaika]], [[12 Machi]] [[1977]]) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Michelle Burgher Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/michelle-burgher-1.html |accessdate=2024-10-27 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418030840/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bu/michelle-burgher-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;  ni [[mwanariadha]] ambaye alishiriki  kimataifa kwa ajili ya [[Jamaika]].
== Marejeo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Jamaika]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>r7ql9xnxmva6uo7mqagrai2pya9wcz4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Marcos Mion</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>189870</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1236" sha1="6iyz9wcnr0ecogcheel7q8i01diuv3w" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Marcos Mion em julho de 2019.jpg|thumb|Marcos Mion ([[2019]]).]]
'''Marcos Chaib Mion''' (alizaliwa [[São Paulo]], [[20 Juni]] [[1979]]) ni mtamgazaji wa runinga, [[mwigizaji]], mwigizaji wa sauti, [[mwandishi]], na mfanyabiashara (mshirika wa V.Rom) kutoka [[Brazil]]. 

Mion alisoma Falsafa katika Chuo Kikuu cha São Paulo, na baadaye akahitimu katika Mawasiliano na Sanaa za Mwili katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kikatoliki cha São Paulo. 

Hivi sasa, Mion anawasilisha kipindi cha &quot;Caldeirão com Mion,&quot; ambacho kinapatikana Jumamosi alasiri kwenye [[TV Globo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://diversao.terra.com.br/tv/noticias/0,,OI4138207-EI12993,00-Joao+Gordo+vai+entrevistar+politicos+em+novo+programa+da+Record.html|title=João Gordo vai entrevistar políticos em novo programa da Record|publisher=Terra.com.br|access-date=December 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://entretenimento.r7.com/blogs/|title=Blogs|access-date=June 12, 2010|publisher=R7|archive-date=2009-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930083841/http://entretenimento.r7.com/blogs/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1979]]
[[Jamii:Waigizaji filamu wa Brazil]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6iyz9wcnr0ecogcheel7q8i01diuv3w</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="22097" sha1="nh5ijplmcco2f24a00rlzcqvlhwaeb8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: center; gap: 5px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[File:Donald Trump August 19, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|alt= alternative text|Donald Trump]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|180px|alt= alternative text|Kamala Harris]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;  
{{Infobox
| &lt;!-- infobox content here --&gt;
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name    = Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani 2024
| country          = United States
| type             = presidential
| opinion_polls    = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted    = no
| reporting        = 87
| last_update      = 1:59 pm, 6 November 2024
| time_zone        = EST
| previous_election= 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year    = 2020
| next_election    = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year        = 2028
| election_date    = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the Electoral College
| needed_votes     = 270 electoral
| map_image        = Map of USA MA.svg
| image1           = [[File: Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg]]
| image_size       = 200x200px
| nominee1         = Donald Trump
| home_state1      = Florida
| running_mate1    = JD Vance
| electoral_vote1  = 291
| states_carried1  = 27 + ME-02
| popular_vote1    = 71,880,307
| percentage1      = 51.0%
| image2           = [[File: Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg]]
| nominee2         = Kamala Harris
| home_state2      = California
| running_mate2    = Tim Walz
| electoral_vote2  = 224
| states_carried2  = 18 + DC + NE-02
| popular_vote2    = 67,030,608
| percentage2      = 47.5%
| map_caption      = USA Map 
}}

'''Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024''' ulimfanya [[Donald Trump]] ashinde kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha vuta nikuvute dhidi ya mpinzani wake ambaye ni [[makamu wa rais]] aliye madarakani wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, [[Kamala Harris]]. 

[[Uchaguzi]] huo ni wa 60 katika [[historia]] ya chaguzi za nchi hiyo za mihula ya miaka minne-minne, uliofanyika Jumanne, Novemba 5, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is Election Day a federal holiday? What to know before decision day 2024.|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tens-millions-early-votes-cast-election-day/story?id=115272249|website=USA Today|date=November 1, 2024|accessdate=November 3, 2024|author=Munson, Olivia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karibu vyombo vyote vikubwa vya habari vilimtabiria ushindi rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, Trump, wa chama cha Ripabliki na mgombea mwenza wake, seneta wa Ohio, [[Makamu wa rais|JD Vance]] dhidi ya [[Kamala Harris]] na [[Minnesota|Gavana wa Minnesota ]] Tim Walz.&lt;ref name=&quot;APWin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trump wins the US Presidency |publisher=AP News |date=2024-11-06 |url= https://apnews.com/live/trump-harris-election-updates-11-5-2024 |accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Rejea ya kushangaza===
[[rais|Donald Trump]] anakuwa [[Donald Trump|rais wa 47 wa Marekani]], Mmarekani wa pili kurejea kuwa rais baada ya kuupoteza hapo katikati na kisha kupata [[muhula|muhula wa pili]] usio mtawalia. Kwa maana hiyo, Trump anashika namba mbili kwenye awamu za marais wa taifa hilo: 45 na 47&lt;ref&gt;https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Miaka minne baada ya kuondoka [[Washington]] kama mtu aliyesuswa kufuatia jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua [[uchaguzi|matokeo ya uchaguzi]] wa 2020 ili asalie madarakani, ushindi wake umeyashinda majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua: likiwamo [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump|jaribio alilonusurika na risasi la Julai 13, 2024]], majaribio mawili ya kumng'oa madarakani na msururu wa mashitaka ya jinai juu yake&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/06/politics/trump-wins-election/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc&lt;/ref&gt;. 

===Maswali mazito===
[[Ushindi|Ushindi wa kishindo]] wa Trump umezua maswali mengi yasiyo na majibu ya uhakika, ikiwemo, kama Kamala ameshindwa kwa kuwa yeye ni mwanamke ([[Uchaguzi mkuu|wagombea urais]] wa kike wa Marekani hawajawahi kushinda kiti hicho hata wakiwa bora vipi na kutengeneza imani kuwa wamarekani hawataki kuongozwa na mwanamke), au licha ya Wamarekani kuhubiriwa kwa vigezo na sababu kadhaa mbona bado walimchagua Trump au ni kwa kuwa Trump ni tajiri sana kulinganisha na Harris au ni ''ofa'' za tajiri mkubwa duniani [[Elon Musk]] zilibadili mwelekeo wa kura.&lt;ref&gt; https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moja ya majibu yanayokubalika lilitoka kwa mpiga kura mkongwe wa [[Chama cha siasa|chama cha Ripabliki]], Frank Luntz aliyesema kuwa Kamala Harris ameshindwa uchaguzi kwa kuwa alikazania zaidi kwenye kumshambulia Trump kuliko kwenye kutangaza sera zake.
&quot;[[Kura|Wapiga kura]] walikuwa wanayajua yote kumhusu Trump – lakini bado walitaka kujua zaidi kuhusu nini Haris angefanya kwenye siku yake ya kwanza, mwezi wake wa kwanza na mwaka wake wa kwanza katika [[utawala]] wake kama rais.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Ilivyokuwa===
Mwanzoni, rais anayeondoka madarakani, [[Joe Biden]] wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, alikuwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha urais akiwa na Harris,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html |title=Biden launches 2024 reelection campaign, promising to fulfill economic policy vision |author=Kinery, Emma |date=April 25, 2023 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425102004/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wakawa wagombea wateule wa chama chao waliopita hata kabla ya mkutano maalum wa kuwapitisha wakikutana na kaupinzani kadogo sana;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Donald Trump and Joe Biden Clinch Their Party Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313034919/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hata hivyo, kile kilichoonekana kuwa ni kufanya vibaya kwenye mdahalo wa urais wa June 2024 dhidi ya Trump, kiliongeza shinikizo kutoka kwa chama chake la kumtaka ajitoe kutokana na utu uzima alionao pamoja na mdororo wa afya yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |last2=Kim |first2=Ellis |title=More Democrats join wave of lawmakers calling on Biden to drop out of 2024 race |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/ |publisher=CBS News|access-date=August 7, 2024 |date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726234941/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa mwanzoni aliushikilia msimamo wake wa kubaki akigombea, baadae ikatangazwa kuwa [[Kujitoa kwa Joe Biden kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani|Biden ajitoa kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani 2024]] mnamo Julai 21, na kuwa rais wa kwanza aliye madarakani na kupitishwa kugombea tena kisha kujitoa, tangia kujitoa kwa  [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] kwenye uchaguzi wa 1968. Biden akairithisha tiketi yake kwa [[Makamu wa rais|makamu wake wa rais]] [[Kamala Harris]], ambaye alishapitishwa hapo kabla kuwa mgombea mwenza wa Biden kwenye uchaguzi huohuo mnamo Agosti 5, 2024. Harris akamteua Walz kuwa mgombea mwenza wake. 

Trump, ambaye alishindwa kwenye [[Uchaguzi|uchaguzi wa 2020]] dhidi ya Biden, akagombea tena kwa muhula wa pili usio mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Former President Donald Trump announces a White House bid for 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|access-date=July 24, 2024|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115195034/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipipitishwa kuwa mgombea kwenye mkutano mkuu wa chama chao wa 2024, kwa pamoja na mgombea mwenza wake, Vance, ikiwa ni baada ya kushinda kwenye chaguzi tangulizi za kichama za mwaka huo. za kuwapata wagombea.  Mikutano ya kampeni ya Trump imekuwa ikitoa hoja nyingi za uongo na za kuupotosha umma, ukiwemo &quot;uzushi mkuu&quot; kuwa [[Uchaguzi|kura zake kwenye uchaguzi wa 2020 ziliibiwa]] ndipo akashindwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Los Angeles Times-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-2&quot; /&gt; na kujihusisha kwenye kampeni za kupinga uhamiaji na kuwatisha waliohamia bila kufuata utaratibu, kadhalika kueneza [[nadharia|nadharia za uwepo wa njama mbalimbali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; Staili na tabia za Trump, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Siasa|misimamo mikali ya mrengo wa kulia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; zilielezwa na wasomi wabobezi kuwa zinavunja ustaarabu wa tangia enzi na enzi wa siasa za Marekani katika namna ambayo haijapata kutokea.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYMag Never Sounded Like This&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lerer 10152024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Applebaum 10182024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold 08282024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Trump Reposts Crude Sexual Remark About Harris on Truth Social |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828230508/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Though he has a history of making crass insults about his opponents, the reposts signal Mr. Trump's willingness to continue to shatter longstanding norms of political speech.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotuba zake ziliashiria udikteta na zilijaa kauli nyingi za kudhalilisha na kutweza dhidi ya wapinzani wake wa kisiasa. Mikutano yake ya kampeni na ile ya kujijengea umaarufu ilikuwa na kawaida ya kuwashirikisha wanahistoria na maafisa waliokuwa kwenye utawala wake na kumjengea picha ya kifashisti. 


Mnamo Mei 2024, Trump akawa rais mstaafu wa kwanza wa Marekani kuhukumiwa kwa kosa la kijinai baada ya kukutwa na makosa mengi ya uhalifu wa kughushi taarifa za kibiashara zilizohusiana na malipo kwa mwanamke mcheza sinema za watu wazima, Stormy Daniels.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News-2024-2&quot; /&gt; Hapo kabla alihusika kwenye kashfa ya uzalilishaji kingono dhidi ya E. Jean Carroll na mashitaka ya kukwepa kodi za kibiashara huko [[New York]]. Pia alipigiwa kura mara mbili za kutaka kumng'oa madarakani, mara ya kwanza ilikuwa mwaka 2019 na mara nyingine ilikuwa   2021. Pia ana mashitaka mengine mengi yanayoendelea kumkabili kuhusiana na jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais 2020, kuhusika kwake kwenye shambulio dhidi ya bunge la Januari 6, [[Washington]], kujaribu kuvuruga uchaguzi kwenye jimbo la [[Georgia]]. Trump alinusurika kwenye majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua miezi minne kabla ya uchaguzi: [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump]] la kwenye mkutano wa Pennsylvania, na la pili ni lile lililotokea kwenye klabu yake ya golf huko [[Florida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania Assassination&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida Assassination&quot;/&gt;

Majimbo yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi 2024 yalikuwa ni [[Arizona]], [[Georgia]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], na [[Wisconsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2024 |title=Seven swing states set to decide the 2024 US election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724045607/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa mujibu wa ''Pew Research'',&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Issues and the 2024 election |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/09/09/issues-and-the-2024-election/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; masuala yaliyopewa umuhimu mkubwa na wapiga kura yalikuwa ni (mpangilio: umuhimu wa juu-kushuka chini) [[uchumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Charlie |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Will 2024 Be About the Economy, or the Candidates? |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325201533/https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |work=[[Cook Political Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huduma za afya za Marekani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Colvin |first1=Jill |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Trump says he will renew efforts to replace 'Obamacare' if he wins a second term |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043350/https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[demokrasia]] (hususan kwenye uteuzi wa majaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fields |first1=Gary |last2=Sanders |first2=Linley |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Americans agree that the 2024 election will be pivotal for democracy, but for different reasons |url=https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216014504/https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Saving democracy is central to Biden's campaign messaging. Will it resonate with swing state voters? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313092523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya nje (hususan kuhusu misaada ya Marekani kwa Israeli na uhusika wa Marekani huko [[Ukraine]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Berg |first2=Matt |date=October 20, 2023 |title=2024: The foreign policy election? |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235105/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2023 |work=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt; uhalifu wa kutumia silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[uhamiaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Sahil, Kapur |date=April 17, 2024 |title=7 big issues at stake in the 2024 election |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012241/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Trump brags about efforts to stymie border talks: 'Please blame it on me' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128152344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya kumiliki silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[utoaji mimba]],&lt;ref&gt;For sources on this, see:
* {{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |author-link=Thomas B. Edsall |date=April 12, 2023 |title=How The Right Came To Embrace Intrusive Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100935/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Republicans in states across the country are defiantly pushing for the criminalization of abortion—of the procedure, of abortifacient drugs and of those who travel out of state to terminate pregnancy... According to research provided to The Times by the Kaiser Family Foundation, states that have abortion bans at various early stages of pregnancy with no exception for rape or incest include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia and Wisconsin.}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=April 11, 2023 |title=Pressured by Their Base on Abortion, Republicans Strain to Find a Way Forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092928/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The GOP's Strange Turn Against Rape Exceptions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504102020/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Abortion rights win big in 2023 elections, again |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090744/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Saperstone |first1=Jeff |last2=Killilea |first2=TJ |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Here's why abortion will be such a big issue for the ballot come November |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311222821/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2024 |publisher=NBC Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na wa asili za watu,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; na [[mabadiliko ya tabia nchi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Portland Press Herald-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gongloff |first=Mark |date=January 30, 2024 |title=The 2024 election just might turn on ... climate change? |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032748/https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=Portland Press Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate is on the Ballot Around the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |access-date=January 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |last=Andreoni |first=Manuela |date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116191827/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[elimu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Republicans see education as winning issue in 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129170545/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |work=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; na haki za ''LGBTQ'' wa Marekani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here's where the 2024 presidential candidates stand on LGBTQ+ issues |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183159/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; pia zilikuwa miongoni mwa masuala ya kampeni. Waliopiga kura karibu wote walilitaja suala la uchumi kuwa ndio kubwa kuliko yote linalowaelekeza wapigeje kura.&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;/&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:2024]]
[[Jamii:chaguzi za  Rais wa Marekani]] 
[[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <username>Dee Soulza</username>
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      <comment>/* Ilivyokuwa */Kuongeza taarifa</comment>
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&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[File:Donald Trump August 19, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|alt= alternative text|Donald Trump]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|180px|alt= alternative text|Kamala Harris]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;  
{{Infobox
| &lt;!-- infobox content here --&gt;
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name    = Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani 2024
| country          = United States
| type             = presidential
| opinion_polls    = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted    = no
| reporting        = 87
| last_update      = 1:59 pm, 6 November 2024
| time_zone        = EST
| previous_election= 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year    = 2020
| next_election    = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year        = 2028
| election_date    = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the Electoral College
| needed_votes     = 270 electoral
| map_image        = Map of USA MA.svg
| image1           = [[File: Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg]]
| image_size       = 200x200px
| nominee1         = Donald Trump
| home_state1      = Florida
| running_mate1    = JD Vance
| electoral_vote1  = 291
| states_carried1  = 27 + ME-02
| popular_vote1    = 71,880,307
| percentage1      = 51.0%
| image2           = [[File: Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg]]
| nominee2         = Kamala Harris
| home_state2      = California
| running_mate2    = Tim Walz
| electoral_vote2  = 224
| states_carried2  = 18 + DC + NE-02
| popular_vote2    = 67,030,608
| percentage2      = 47.5%
| map_caption      = USA Map 
}}

'''Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024''' ulimfanya [[Donald Trump]] ashinde kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha vuta nikuvute dhidi ya mpinzani wake ambaye ni [[makamu wa rais]] aliye madarakani wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, [[Kamala Harris]]. 

[[Uchaguzi]] huo ni wa 60 katika [[historia]] ya chaguzi za nchi hiyo za mihula ya miaka minne-minne, uliofanyika Jumanne, Novemba 5, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is Election Day a federal holiday? What to know before decision day 2024.|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tens-millions-early-votes-cast-election-day/story?id=115272249|website=USA Today|date=November 1, 2024|accessdate=November 3, 2024|author=Munson, Olivia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karibu vyombo vyote vikubwa vya habari vilimtabiria ushindi rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, Trump, wa chama cha Ripabliki na mgombea mwenza wake, seneta wa Ohio, [[Makamu wa rais|JD Vance]] dhidi ya [[Kamala Harris]] na [[Minnesota|Gavana wa Minnesota ]] Tim Walz.&lt;ref name=&quot;APWin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trump wins the US Presidency |publisher=AP News |date=2024-11-06 |url= https://apnews.com/live/trump-harris-election-updates-11-5-2024 |accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Rejea ya kushangaza===
[[rais|Donald Trump]] anakuwa [[Donald Trump|rais wa 47 wa Marekani]], Mmarekani wa pili kurejea kuwa rais baada ya kuupoteza hapo katikati na kisha kupata [[muhula|muhula wa pili]] usio mtawalia. Kwa maana hiyo, Trump anashika namba mbili kwenye awamu za marais wa taifa hilo: 45 na 47&lt;ref&gt;https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Miaka minne baada ya kuondoka [[Washington]] kama mtu aliyesuswa kufuatia jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua [[uchaguzi|matokeo ya uchaguzi]] wa 2020 ili asalie madarakani, ushindi wake umeyashinda majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua: likiwamo [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump|jaribio alilonusurika na risasi la Julai 13, 2024]], majaribio mawili ya kumng'oa madarakani na msururu wa mashitaka ya jinai juu yake&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/06/politics/trump-wins-election/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc&lt;/ref&gt;. 

===Maswali mazito===
[[Ushindi|Ushindi wa kishindo]] wa Trump umezua maswali mengi yasiyo na majibu ya uhakika, ikiwemo, kama Kamala ameshindwa kwa kuwa yeye ni mwanamke ([[Uchaguzi mkuu|wagombea urais]] wa kike wa Marekani hawajawahi kushinda kiti hicho hata wakiwa bora vipi na kutengeneza imani kuwa wamarekani hawataki kuongozwa na mwanamke), au licha ya Wamarekani kuhubiriwa kwa vigezo na sababu kadhaa mbona bado walimchagua Trump au ni kwa kuwa Trump ni tajiri sana kulinganisha na Harris au ni ''ofa'' za tajiri mkubwa duniani [[Elon Musk]] zilibadili mwelekeo wa kura.&lt;ref&gt; https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moja ya majibu yanayokubalika lilitoka kwa mpiga kura mkongwe wa [[Chama cha siasa|chama cha Ripabliki]], Frank Luntz aliyesema kuwa Kamala Harris ameshindwa uchaguzi kwa kuwa alikazania zaidi kwenye kumshambulia Trump kuliko kwenye kutangaza sera zake.
&quot;[[Kura|Wapiga kura]] walikuwa wanayajua yote kumhusu Trump – lakini bado walitaka kujua zaidi kuhusu nini Haris angefanya kwenye siku yake ya kwanza, mwezi wake wa kwanza na mwaka wake wa kwanza katika [[utawala]] wake kama rais.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Ilivyokuwa===
Mwanzoni, rais anayeondoka madarakani, [[Joe Biden]] wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, alikuwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha urais akiwa na Harris,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html |title=Biden launches 2024 reelection campaign, promising to fulfill economic policy vision |author=Kinery, Emma |date=April 25, 2023 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425102004/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wakawa wagombea wateule wa chama chao waliopita hata kabla ya mkutano maalum wa kuwapitisha wakikutana na kaupinzani kadogo sana;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Donald Trump and Joe Biden Clinch Their Party Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313034919/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hata hivyo, kile kilichoonekana kuwa ni kufanya vibaya kwenye mdahalo wa urais wa June 2024 dhidi ya Trump, kiliongeza shinikizo kutoka kwa chama chake la kumtaka ajitoe kutokana na utu uzima alionao pamoja na mdororo wa afya yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |last2=Kim |first2=Ellis |title=More Democrats join wave of lawmakers calling on Biden to drop out of 2024 race |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/ |publisher=CBS News|access-date=August 7, 2024 |date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726234941/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa mwanzoni aliushikilia msimamo wake wa kubaki akigombea, baadae ikatangazwa kuwa [[Kujitoa kwa Joe Biden kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani|Biden ajitoa kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani 2024]] mnamo Julai 21, na kuwa rais wa kwanza aliye madarakani na kupitishwa kugombea tena kisha kujitoa, tangia kujitoa kwa  [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] kwenye uchaguzi wa 1968. Biden akairithisha tiketi yake kwa [[Makamu wa rais|makamu wake wa rais]] [[Kamala Harris]], ambaye alishapitishwa hapo kabla kuwa mgombea mwenza wa Biden kwenye uchaguzi huohuo mnamo Agosti 5, 2024. Harris akamteua Walz kuwa mgombea mwenza wake. 

Trump, ambaye alishindwa kwenye [[Uchaguzi|uchaguzi wa 2020]] dhidi ya Biden, akagombea tena kwa muhula wa pili usio mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Former President Donald Trump announces a White House bid for 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|access-date=July 24, 2024|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115195034/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipipitishwa kuwa mgombea kwenye mkutano mkuu wa chama chao wa 2024, kwa pamoja na mgombea mwenza wake, Vance, ikiwa ni baada ya kushinda kwenye chaguzi tangulizi za kichama za mwaka huo. za kuwapata wagombea.  Mikutano ya kampeni ya Trump imekuwa ikitoa hoja nyingi za uongo na za kuupotosha umma, ukiwemo &quot;uzushi mkuu&quot; kuwa [[Uchaguzi|kura zake kwenye uchaguzi wa 2020 ziliibiwa]] ndipo akashindwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Los Angeles Times-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-2&quot; /&gt; na kujihusisha kwenye kampeni za kupinga uhamiaji na kuwatisha waliohamia bila kufuata utaratibu, kadhalika kueneza [[nadharia|nadharia za uwepo wa njama mbalimbali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; Staili na tabia za Trump, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Siasa|misimamo mikali ya mrengo wa kulia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; zilielezwa na wasomi wabobezi kuwa zinavunja ustaarabu wa tangia enzi na enzi wa siasa za Marekani katika namna ambayo haijapata kutokea.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYMag Never Sounded Like This&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lerer 10152024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Applebaum 10182024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold 08282024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Trump Reposts Crude Sexual Remark About Harris on Truth Social |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828230508/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Though he has a history of making crass insults about his opponents, the reposts signal Mr. Trump's willingness to continue to shatter longstanding norms of political speech.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotuba zake ziliashiria udikteta na zilijaa kauli nyingi za kudhalilisha na kutweza dhidi ya wapinzani wake wa kisiasa. Mikutano yake ya kampeni na ile ya kujijengea umaarufu ilikuwa na kawaida ya kuwashirikisha wanahistoria na maafisa waliokuwa kwenye utawala wake na kumjengea picha ya kifashisti. 


Mnamo Mei 2024, Trump akawa rais mstaafu wa kwanza wa Marekani kuhukumiwa kwa kosa la kijinai baada ya kukutwa na makosa mengi ya uhalifu wa kughushi taarifa za kibiashara zilizohusiana na malipo kwa mwanamke mcheza sinema za watu wazima, Stormy Daniels.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News-2024-2&quot; /&gt; Hapo kabla alihusika kwenye kashfa ya uzalilishaji kingono dhidi ya E. Jean Carroll na mashitaka ya kukwepa kodi za kibiashara huko [[New York]]. Pia alipigiwa kura mara mbili za kutaka kumng'oa madarakani, mara ya kwanza ilikuwa mwaka 2019 na mara nyingine ilikuwa   2021. Pia ana mashitaka mengine mengi yanayoendelea kumkabili kuhusiana na jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais 2020, kuhusika kwake kwenye shambulio dhidi ya bunge la Januari 6, [[Washington]], kujaribu kuvuruga uchaguzi kwenye jimbo la [[Georgia]]. Trump alinusurika kwenye majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua miezi minne kabla ya uchaguzi: [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump]] la kwenye mkutano wa Pennsylvania, na la pili ni lile lililotokea kwenye klabu yake ya golf huko [[Florida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania Assassination&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida Assassination&quot;/&gt;

Majimbo yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi 2024 yalikuwa ni [[Arizona]], [[Georgia]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], na [[Wisconsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2024 |title=Seven swing states set to decide the 2024 US election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724045607/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa mujibu wa ''Pew Research'',&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Issues and the 2024 election |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/09/09/issues-and-the-2024-election/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; masuala yaliyopewa umuhimu mkubwa na wapiga kura yalikuwa ni (mpangilio: umuhimu wa juu-kushuka chini) [[uchumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Charlie |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Will 2024 Be About the Economy, or the Candidates? |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325201533/https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |work=[[Cook Political Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huduma za afya za Marekani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Colvin |first1=Jill |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Trump says he will renew efforts to replace 'Obamacare' if he wins a second term |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043350/https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[demokrasia]] (hususan kwenye uteuzi wa majaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fields |first1=Gary |last2=Sanders |first2=Linley |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Americans agree that the 2024 election will be pivotal for democracy, but for different reasons |url=https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216014504/https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Saving democracy is central to Biden's campaign messaging. Will it resonate with swing state voters? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313092523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya nje (hususan kuhusu misaada ya Marekani kwa Israeli na uhusika wa Marekani huko [[Ukraine]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Berg |first2=Matt |date=October 20, 2023 |title=2024: The foreign policy election? |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235105/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2023 |work=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt; uhalifu wa kutumia silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[uhamiaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Sahil, Kapur |date=April 17, 2024 |title=7 big issues at stake in the 2024 election |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012241/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Trump brags about efforts to stymie border talks: 'Please blame it on me' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128152344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya kumiliki silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[utoaji mimba]],&lt;ref&gt;For sources on this, see:
* {{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |author-link=Thomas B. Edsall |date=April 12, 2023 |title=How The Right Came To Embrace Intrusive Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100935/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Republicans in states across the country are defiantly pushing for the criminalization of abortion—of the procedure, of abortifacient drugs and of those who travel out of state to terminate pregnancy... According to research provided to The Times by the Kaiser Family Foundation, states that have abortion bans at various early stages of pregnancy with no exception for rape or incest include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia and Wisconsin.}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=April 11, 2023 |title=Pressured by Their Base on Abortion, Republicans Strain to Find a Way Forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092928/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The GOP's Strange Turn Against Rape Exceptions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504102020/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Abortion rights win big in 2023 elections, again |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090744/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Saperstone |first1=Jeff |last2=Killilea |first2=TJ |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Here's why abortion will be such a big issue for the ballot come November |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311222821/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2024 |publisher=NBC Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na wa asili za watu,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; na [[mabadiliko ya tabia nchi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Portland Press Herald-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gongloff |first=Mark |date=January 30, 2024 |title=The 2024 election just might turn on ... climate change? |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032748/https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=Portland Press Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate is on the Ballot Around the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |access-date=January 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |last=Andreoni |first=Manuela |date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116191827/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[elimu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Republicans see education as winning issue in 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129170545/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |work=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; na haki za ''LGBTQ'' wa Marekani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here's where the 2024 presidential candidates stand on LGBTQ+ issues |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183159/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; pia zilikuwa miongoni mwa masuala ya kampeni. Waliopiga kura karibu wote walilitaja suala la uchumi kuwa ndio kubwa kuliko yote linalowaelekeza wapigeje kura.&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;/&gt; 

Trump na Vance walitangazwa na vyombo vikuu vya habari mapema kabisa asubuhi ya Novemba 6, kuwa wameibuka washindi:&lt;ref name=&quot;apnov5&quot;/&gt; wakishinda kwenye kura za baraza la uchaguzi na kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jachim |first=Nick |date=November 6, 2024 |title=When was the last time the Republican Party won the popular vote? |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4976301-when-was-the-last-time-the-republican-party-won-the-popular-vote/ |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris akakubali kushindwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro hicho kupitia simu aliyompigia Trump,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harris-called-trump-concede-us-presidential-election-aides-say-2024-11-06/|title=Harris called Trump to concede US presidential election, aides say|work=Reuters|date=November 6, 2024|access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na baadae siku hiyo hiyo akatoa hotuba ya kukubali kushindwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harris to concede to Trump after election loss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyg856px7eo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Chris |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Sedghi |first3=Amy |last4=Lawther |first4=Fran |last5=Lawther|first5=Fran |date= November 6, 2024 |title=US election 2024 live: Kamala Harris to concede after Donald Trump wins second term as president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/nov/06/us-presidential-election-2024-donald-trump-kamala-harris-latest-news-updates |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump ameonekana kupata matokeo bora zaidi karibu katika kila jamii za nchi hiyo kulinganisha na alivyofanya katika chaguzi mbili zilizopita, huku jamii za Kihispania zikionesha kuongoza katika uungaji mkono huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='It's simple, really' – why Latinos flocked to Trump's working-class coalition|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze3yr77j9wo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Karma |first1=Rogé |date= November 8, 2024 |title=The Strategist Who Predicted Trump’s Multiracial Coalition|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5182886/trump-economy-latino-women-right-election-results |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Samson |first1=Carl |date= November 8, 2024 |title=Diverse groups propelled Trump back to the White House: exit polls|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/diverse-groups-propelled-trump-back-203311113.html |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Yahoo News!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa kikampeni wa Trump ulielezwa kuwa na mwonekano jumuishi zaidi wa jamii za wapiga kura kwa mgombea wa Ripabliki kupata kutokea, kwa miongo mingi.b&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=6 takeaways from Trump's stunning win over Harris|last1=Stokols |first1=Eli |last2=Wren |first2=Adam |last3=Shepard |first3=Steven |last4=Haberkorn|first4=Jennifer |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/06/trump-win-takeaways-00187796 |publisher=[[Politico]]|date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Basu |first1=Zachary |date= November 6, 2024 |title=Big red shock: Takeaways from Trump's election night romp |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/06/trump-surprise-election-takeaways |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Axios]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaka kufikia Novemba 9, Trump ameripotiwa kushinda majimbo sita kati ya saba yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi, matokeo ya Arizona yakiwa bado kutangazwa. Trump anakuwa rais wa pili kuchaguliwa kwa kipindi cha pili kisicho mtawalia, miaka 132 baada ya [[Grover Cleveland]] kumshinda defeated [[Benjamin Harrison]] mnamo 1892; Trump, akiwa na umri wa miaka 78, anaweka pia rekodi ya kuwa mtu mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi kupata kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hajela |first1=Deepti |title=Trump isn't first to be second: Grover Cleveland set precedent of non-consecutive presidential terms |url=https://apnews.com/article/grover-cleveland-president-nonconsecutive-terms-7ea2c92c72911462ccb1bc2e7352fa23 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=November 6, 2024 |date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris naye anaweka rekodi ya kuwa mgombea wa kwanza wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha nchi hiyo kukosa kuongoza kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi, tangia apoteze [[John Kerry]] mnamo 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;/&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:2024]]
[[Jamii:chaguzi za  Rais wa Marekani]] 
[[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <username>Dee Soulza</username>
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&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[File:Donald Trump August 19, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|alt= alternative text|Donald Trump]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|180px|alt= alternative text|Kamala Harris]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;  
{{Infobox
| &lt;!-- infobox content here --&gt;
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name    = Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani 2024
| country          = United States
| type             = presidential
| opinion_polls    = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted    = no
| reporting        = 87
| last_update      = 1:59 pm, 6 November 2024
| time_zone        = EST
| previous_election= 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year    = 2020
| next_election    = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year        = 2028
| election_date    = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the Electoral College
| needed_votes     = 270 electoral
| map_image        = Map of USA MA.svg
| image1           = [[File: Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg]]
| image_size       = 200x200px
| nominee1         = Donald Trump
| home_state1      = Florida
| running_mate1    = JD Vance
| electoral_vote1  = 291
| states_carried1  = 27 + ME-02
| popular_vote1    = 71,880,307
| percentage1      = 51.0%
| image2           = [[File: Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg]]
| nominee2         = Kamala Harris
| home_state2      = California
| running_mate2    = Tim Walz
| electoral_vote2  = 224
| states_carried2  = 18 + DC + NE-02
| popular_vote2    = 67,030,608
| percentage2      = 47.5%
| map_caption      = USA Map 
}}

'''Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024''' ulimfanya [[Donald Trump]] ashinde kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha vuta nikuvute dhidi ya mpinzani wake ambaye ni [[makamu wa rais]] aliye madarakani wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, [[Kamala Harris]]. 

[[Uchaguzi]] huo ni wa 60 katika [[historia]] ya chaguzi za nchi hiyo za mihula ya miaka minne-minne, uliofanyika Jumanne, Novemba 5, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is Election Day a federal holiday? What to know before decision day 2024.|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tens-millions-early-votes-cast-election-day/story?id=115272249|website=USA Today|date=November 1, 2024|accessdate=November 3, 2024|author=Munson, Olivia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karibu vyombo vyote vikubwa vya habari vilimtabiria ushindi rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, Trump, wa chama cha Ripabliki na mgombea mwenza wake, seneta wa Ohio, [[Makamu wa rais|JD Vance]] dhidi ya [[Kamala Harris]] na [[Minnesota|Gavana wa Minnesota ]] Tim Walz.&lt;ref name=&quot;APWin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trump wins the US Presidency |publisher=AP News |date=2024-11-06 |url= https://apnews.com/live/trump-harris-election-updates-11-5-2024 |accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Rejea ya kushangaza===
[[rais|Donald Trump]] anakuwa [[Donald Trump|rais wa 47 wa Marekani]], Mmarekani wa pili kurejea kuwa rais baada ya kuupoteza hapo katikati na kisha kupata [[muhula|muhula wa pili]] usio mtawalia. Kwa maana hiyo, Trump anashika namba mbili kwenye awamu za marais wa taifa hilo: 45 na 47&lt;ref&gt;https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Miaka minne baada ya kuondoka [[Washington]] kama mtu aliyesuswa kufuatia jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua [[uchaguzi|matokeo ya uchaguzi]] wa 2020 ili asalie madarakani, ushindi wake umeyashinda majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua: likiwamo [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump|jaribio alilonusurika na risasi la Julai 13, 2024]], majaribio mawili ya kumng'oa madarakani na msururu wa mashitaka ya jinai juu yake&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/06/politics/trump-wins-election/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc&lt;/ref&gt;. 

===Maswali mazito===
[[Ushindi|Ushindi wa kishindo]] wa Trump umezua maswali mengi yasiyo na majibu ya uhakika, ikiwemo, kama Kamala ameshindwa kwa kuwa yeye ni mwanamke ([[Uchaguzi mkuu|wagombea urais]] wa kike wa Marekani hawajawahi kushinda kiti hicho hata wakiwa bora vipi na kutengeneza imani kuwa wamarekani hawataki kuongozwa na mwanamke), au licha ya Wamarekani kuhubiriwa kwa vigezo na sababu kadhaa mbona bado walimchagua Trump au ni kwa kuwa Trump ni tajiri sana kulinganisha na Harris au ni ''ofa'' za tajiri mkubwa duniani [[Elon Musk]] zilibadili mwelekeo wa kura.&lt;ref&gt; https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moja ya majibu yanayokubalika lilitoka kwa mpiga kura mkongwe wa [[Chama cha siasa|chama cha Ripabliki]], Frank Luntz aliyesema kuwa Kamala Harris ameshindwa uchaguzi kwa kuwa alikazania zaidi kwenye kumshambulia Trump kuliko kwenye kutangaza sera zake.
&quot;[[Kura|Wapiga kura]] walikuwa wanayajua yote kumhusu Trump – lakini bado walitaka kujua zaidi kuhusu nini Haris angefanya kwenye siku yake ya kwanza, mwezi wake wa kwanza na mwaka wake wa kwanza katika [[utawala]] wake kama rais.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Ilivyokuwa===
Mwanzoni, rais anayeondoka madarakani, [[Joe Biden]] wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, alikuwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha urais akiwa na Harris,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html |title=Biden launches 2024 reelection campaign, promising to fulfill economic policy vision |author=Kinery, Emma |date=April 25, 2023 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425102004/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wakawa wagombea wateule wa chama chao waliopita hata kabla ya mkutano maalum wa kuwapitisha wakikutana na kaupinzani kadogo sana;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Donald Trump and Joe Biden Clinch Their Party Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313034919/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hata hivyo, kile kilichoonekana kuwa ni kufanya vibaya kwenye mdahalo wa urais wa June 2024 dhidi ya Trump, kiliongeza shinikizo kutoka kwa chama chake la kumtaka ajitoe kutokana na utu uzima alionao pamoja na mdororo wa afya yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |last2=Kim |first2=Ellis |title=More Democrats join wave of lawmakers calling on Biden to drop out of 2024 race |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/ |publisher=CBS News|access-date=August 7, 2024 |date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726234941/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa mwanzoni aliushikilia msimamo wake wa kubaki akigombea, baadae ikatangazwa kuwa [[Kujitoa kwa Joe Biden kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani|Biden ajitoa kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani 2024]] mnamo Julai 21, na kuwa rais wa kwanza aliye madarakani na kupitishwa kugombea tena kisha kujitoa, tangia kujitoa kwa  [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] kwenye uchaguzi wa 1968. Biden akairithisha tiketi yake kwa [[Makamu wa rais|makamu wake wa rais]] [[Kamala Harris]], ambaye alishapitishwa hapo kabla kuwa mgombea mwenza wa Biden kwenye uchaguzi huohuo mnamo Agosti 5, 2024. Harris akamteua Walz kuwa mgombea mwenza wake. 

Trump, ambaye alishindwa kwenye [[Uchaguzi|uchaguzi wa 2020]] dhidi ya Biden, akagombea tena kwa muhula wa pili usio mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Former President Donald Trump announces a White House bid for 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|access-date=July 24, 2024|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115195034/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipipitishwa kuwa mgombea kwenye mkutano mkuu wa chama chao wa 2024, kwa pamoja na mgombea mwenza wake, Vance, ikiwa ni baada ya kushinda kwenye chaguzi tangulizi za kichama za mwaka huo. za kuwapata wagombea.  Mikutano ya kampeni ya Trump imekuwa ikitoa hoja nyingi za uongo na za kuupotosha umma, ukiwemo &quot;uzushi mkuu&quot; kuwa [[Uchaguzi|kura zake kwenye uchaguzi wa 2020 ziliibiwa]] ndipo akashindwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Los Angeles Times-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-2&quot; /&gt; na kujihusisha kwenye kampeni za kupinga uhamiaji na kuwatisha waliohamia bila kufuata utaratibu, kadhalika kueneza [[nadharia|nadharia za uwepo wa njama mbalimbali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; Staili na tabia za Trump, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Siasa|misimamo mikali ya mrengo wa kulia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; zilielezwa na wasomi wabobezi kuwa zinavunja ustaarabu wa tangia enzi na enzi wa siasa za Marekani katika namna ambayo haijapata kutokea.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYMag Never Sounded Like This&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lerer 10152024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Applebaum 10182024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold 08282024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Trump Reposts Crude Sexual Remark About Harris on Truth Social |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828230508/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Though he has a history of making crass insults about his opponents, the reposts signal Mr. Trump's willingness to continue to shatter longstanding norms of political speech.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotuba zake ziliashiria udikteta na zilijaa kauli nyingi za kudhalilisha na kutweza dhidi ya wapinzani wake wa kisiasa. Mikutano yake ya kampeni na ile ya kujijengea umaarufu ilikuwa na kawaida ya kuwashirikisha wanahistoria na maafisa waliokuwa kwenye utawala wake na kumjengea picha ya kifashisti. 


Mnamo Mei 2024, Trump akawa rais mstaafu wa kwanza wa Marekani kuhukumiwa kwa kosa la kijinai baada ya kukutwa na makosa mengi ya uhalifu wa kughushi taarifa za kibiashara zilizohusiana na malipo kwa mwanamke mcheza sinema za watu wazima, Stormy Daniels.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News-2024-2&quot; /&gt; Hapo kabla alihusika kwenye kashfa ya uzalilishaji kingono dhidi ya E. Jean Carroll na mashitaka ya kukwepa kodi za kibiashara huko [[New York]]. Pia alipigiwa kura mara mbili za kutaka kumng'oa madarakani, mara ya kwanza ilikuwa mwaka 2019 na mara nyingine ilikuwa   2021. Pia ana mashitaka mengine mengi yanayoendelea kumkabili kuhusiana na jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais 2020, kuhusika kwake kwenye shambulio dhidi ya bunge la Januari 6, [[Washington]], kujaribu kuvuruga uchaguzi kwenye jimbo la [[Georgia]]. Trump alinusurika kwenye majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua miezi minne kabla ya uchaguzi: [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump]] la kwenye mkutano wa Pennsylvania, na la pili ni lile lililotokea kwenye klabu yake ya golf huko [[Florida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania Assassination&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida Assassination&quot;/&gt;

Majimbo yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi 2024 yalikuwa ni [[Arizona]], [[Georgia]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], na [[Wisconsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2024 |title=Seven swing states set to decide the 2024 US election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724045607/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa mujibu wa ''Pew Research'',&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Issues and the 2024 election |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/09/09/issues-and-the-2024-election/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; masuala yaliyopewa umuhimu mkubwa na wapiga kura yalikuwa ni (mpangilio: umuhimu wa juu-kushuka chini) [[uchumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Charlie |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Will 2024 Be About the Economy, or the Candidates? |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325201533/https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |work=[[Cook Political Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huduma za afya za Marekani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Colvin |first1=Jill |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Trump says he will renew efforts to replace 'Obamacare' if he wins a second term |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043350/https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[demokrasia]] (hususan kwenye uteuzi wa majaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fields |first1=Gary |last2=Sanders |first2=Linley |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Americans agree that the 2024 election will be pivotal for democracy, but for different reasons |url=https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216014504/https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Saving democracy is central to Biden's campaign messaging. Will it resonate with swing state voters? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313092523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya nje (hususan kuhusu misaada ya Marekani kwa Israeli na uhusika wa Marekani huko [[Ukraine]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Berg |first2=Matt |date=October 20, 2023 |title=2024: The foreign policy election? |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235105/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2023 |work=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt; uhalifu wa kutumia silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[uhamiaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Sahil, Kapur |date=April 17, 2024 |title=7 big issues at stake in the 2024 election |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012241/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Trump brags about efforts to stymie border talks: 'Please blame it on me' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128152344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya kumiliki silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[utoaji mimba]],&lt;ref&gt;For sources on this, see:
* {{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |author-link=Thomas B. Edsall |date=April 12, 2023 |title=How The Right Came To Embrace Intrusive Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100935/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Republicans in states across the country are defiantly pushing for the criminalization of abortion—of the procedure, of abortifacient drugs and of those who travel out of state to terminate pregnancy... According to research provided to The Times by the Kaiser Family Foundation, states that have abortion bans at various early stages of pregnancy with no exception for rape or incest include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia and Wisconsin.}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=April 11, 2023 |title=Pressured by Their Base on Abortion, Republicans Strain to Find a Way Forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092928/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The GOP's Strange Turn Against Rape Exceptions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504102020/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Abortion rights win big in 2023 elections, again |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090744/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Saperstone |first1=Jeff |last2=Killilea |first2=TJ |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Here's why abortion will be such a big issue for the ballot come November |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311222821/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2024 |publisher=NBC Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na wa asili za watu,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; na [[mabadiliko ya tabia nchi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Portland Press Herald-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gongloff |first=Mark |date=January 30, 2024 |title=The 2024 election just might turn on ... climate change? |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032748/https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=Portland Press Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate is on the Ballot Around the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |access-date=January 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |last=Andreoni |first=Manuela |date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116191827/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[elimu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Republicans see education as winning issue in 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129170545/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |work=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; na haki za ''LGBTQ'' wa Marekani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here's where the 2024 presidential candidates stand on LGBTQ+ issues |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183159/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; pia zilikuwa miongoni mwa masuala ya kampeni. Waliopiga kura karibu wote walilitaja suala la uchumi kuwa ndio kubwa kuliko yote linalowaelekeza wapigeje kura.&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;/&gt; 

Trump na Vance walitangazwa na vyombo vikuu vya habari mapema kabisa asubuhi ya Novemba 6, kuwa wameibuka washindi:&lt;ref name=&quot;apnov5&quot;/&gt; wakishinda kwenye kura za baraza la uchaguzi na kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jachim |first=Nick |date=November 6, 2024 |title=When was the last time the Republican Party won the popular vote? |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4976301-when-was-the-last-time-the-republican-party-won-the-popular-vote/ |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris akakubali kushindwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro hicho kupitia simu aliyompigia Trump,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harris-called-trump-concede-us-presidential-election-aides-say-2024-11-06/|title=Harris called Trump to concede US presidential election, aides say|work=Reuters|date=November 6, 2024|access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na baadae, siku hiyo hiyo, akatoa hotuba ya kukubali kushindwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harris to concede to Trump after election loss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyg856px7eo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Chris |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Sedghi |first3=Amy |last4=Lawther |first4=Fran |last5=Lawther|first5=Fran |date= November 6, 2024 |title=US election 2024 live: Kamala Harris to concede after Donald Trump wins second term as president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/nov/06/us-presidential-election-2024-donald-trump-kamala-harris-latest-news-updates |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump alionekana kupata matokeo bora zaidi karibu katika kila jamii za nchi hiyo kulinganisha na alivyofanya katika chaguzi mbili zilizopita, huku jamii za Kihispania zikionesha kuongoza katika uungaji mkono huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='It's simple, really' – why Latinos flocked to Trump's working-class coalition|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze3yr77j9wo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Karma |first1=Rogé |date= November 8, 2024 |title=The Strategist Who Predicted Trump’s Multiracial Coalition|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5182886/trump-economy-latino-women-right-election-results |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Samson |first1=Carl |date= November 8, 2024 |title=Diverse groups propelled Trump back to the White House: exit polls|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/diverse-groups-propelled-trump-back-203311113.html |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Yahoo News!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa kikampeni wa Trump ulielezwa kuwa na mwonekano jumuishi zaidi wa jamii za wapiga kura kwa mgombea wa Ripabliki kuliko ilivyopata kutokea katika kipindi cha miongo mingi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=6 takeaways from Trump's stunning win over Harris|last1=Stokols |first1=Eli |last2=Wren |first2=Adam |last3=Shepard |first3=Steven |last4=Haberkorn|first4=Jennifer |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/06/trump-win-takeaways-00187796 |publisher=[[Politico]]|date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Basu |first1=Zachary |date= November 6, 2024 |title=Big red shock: Takeaways from Trump's election night romp |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/06/trump-surprise-election-takeaways |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Axios]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaka kufikia Novemba 9, Trump ameripotiwa kushinda majimbo sita kati ya saba yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi, kukiwa kumebakia kutangazwa matokeo ya Arizona tu. Trump anakuwa rais wa pili kuchaguliwa kwa kipindi cha pili kisicho mtawalia, miaka 132 baada ya [[Grover Cleveland]] kumshinda [[Benjamin Harrison]] mnamo 1892; Trump, akiwa na umri wa miaka 78, anaweka pia rekodi ya kuwa mtu mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi kupata kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hajela |first1=Deepti |title=Trump isn't first to be second: Grover Cleveland set precedent of non-consecutive presidential terms |url=https://apnews.com/article/grover-cleveland-president-nonconsecutive-terms-7ea2c92c72911462ccb1bc2e7352fa23 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=November 6, 2024 |date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris naye anaweka rekodi ya kuwa mgombea wa kwanza wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha nchi hiyo kukosa kuongoza kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi, tangia apoteze [[John Kerry]] mnamo 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;/&gt;

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}
[[Jamii:2024]]
[[Jamii:chaguzi za  Rais wa Marekani]] 
[[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]]</text>
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        <username>Dee Soulza</username>
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&lt;div style=&quot;float: left;&quot;&gt;[[File:Donald Trump August 19, 2015 (cropped).jpg|thumb|170px|alt= alternative text|Donald Trump]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right;&quot;&gt;[[File:Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg|thumb|180px|alt= alternative text|Kamala Harris]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;  
{{Infobox
| &lt;!-- infobox content here --&gt;
}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name    = Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani 2024
| country          = United States
| type             = presidential
| opinion_polls    = Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election
| college_voted    = no
| reporting        = 87
| last_update      = 1:59 pm, 6 November 2024
| time_zone        = EST
| previous_election= 2020 United States presidential election
| previous_year    = 2020
| next_election    = 2028 United States presidential election
| next_year        = 2028
| election_date    = November 5, 2024
| votes_for_election = 538 members of the Electoral College
| needed_votes     = 270 electoral
| map_image        = Map of USA MA.svg
| image1           = [[File: Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg]]
| image_size       = 200x200px
| nominee1         = Donald Trump
| home_state1      = Florida
| running_mate1    = JD Vance
| electoral_vote1  = 291
| states_carried1  = 27 + ME-02
| popular_vote1    = 71,880,307
| percentage1      = 51.0%
| image2           = [[File: Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg]]
| nominee2         = Kamala Harris
| home_state2      = California
| running_mate2    = Tim Walz
| electoral_vote2  = 224
| states_carried2  = 18 + DC + NE-02
| popular_vote2    = 67,030,608
| percentage2      = 47.5%
| map_caption      = USA Map 
}}

'''Uchaguzi wa Rais wa Marekani, 2024''' ulimfanya [[Donald Trump]] ashinde kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha vuta nikuvute dhidi ya mpinzani wake ambaye ni [[makamu wa rais]] aliye madarakani wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, [[Kamala Harris]]. 

[[Uchaguzi]] huo ni wa 60 katika [[historia]] ya chaguzi za nchi hiyo za mihula ya miaka minne-minne, uliofanyika Jumanne, Novemba 5, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Is Election Day a federal holiday? What to know before decision day 2024.|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/tens-millions-early-votes-cast-election-day/story?id=115272249|website=USA Today|date=November 1, 2024|accessdate=November 3, 2024|author=Munson, Olivia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karibu vyombo vyote vikubwa vya habari vilimtabiria ushindi rais wa zamani wa nchi hiyo, Trump, wa chama cha Ripabliki na mgombea mwenza wake, seneta wa Ohio, [[Makamu wa rais|JD Vance]] dhidi ya [[Kamala Harris]] na [[Minnesota|Gavana wa Minnesota ]] Tim Walz.&lt;ref name=&quot;APWin&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Trump wins the US Presidency |publisher=AP News |date=2024-11-06 |url= https://apnews.com/live/trump-harris-election-updates-11-5-2024 |accessdate=2024-11-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Rejea ya kushangaza===
[[rais|Donald Trump]] anakuwa [[Donald Trump|rais wa 47 wa Marekani]], Mmarekani wa pili kurejea kuwa rais baada ya kuupoteza hapo katikati na kisha kupata [[muhula|muhula wa pili]] usio mtawalia. Kwa maana hiyo, Trump anashika namba mbili kwenye awamu za marais wa taifa hilo: 45 na 47&lt;ref&gt;https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Miaka minne baada ya kuondoka [[Washington]] kama mtu aliyesuswa kufuatia jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua [[uchaguzi|matokeo ya uchaguzi]] wa 2020 ili asalie madarakani, ushindi wake umeyashinda majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua: likiwamo [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump|jaribio alilonusurika na risasi la Julai 13, 2024]], majaribio mawili ya kumng'oa madarakani na msururu wa mashitaka ya jinai juu yake&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2024/11/06/politics/trump-wins-election/index.html?iid=cnn_buildContentRecirc_end_recirc&lt;/ref&gt;. 

===Maswali mazito===
[[Ushindi|Ushindi wa kishindo]] wa Trump umezua maswali mengi yasiyo na majibu ya uhakika, ikiwemo, kama Kamala ameshindwa kwa kuwa yeye ni mwanamke ([[Uchaguzi mkuu|wagombea urais]] wa kike wa Marekani hawajawahi kushinda kiti hicho hata wakiwa bora vipi na kutengeneza imani kuwa wamarekani hawataki kuongozwa na mwanamke), au licha ya Wamarekani kuhubiriwa kwa vigezo na sababu kadhaa mbona bado walimchagua Trump au ni kwa kuwa Trump ni tajiri sana kulinganisha na Harris au ni ''ofa'' za tajiri mkubwa duniani [[Elon Musk]] zilibadili mwelekeo wa kura.&lt;ref&gt; https://time.com/6234562/nonconsecutive-terms-president-grover-cleveland-donald-trump/&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moja ya majibu yanayokubalika lilitoka kwa mpiga kura mkongwe wa [[Chama cha siasa|chama cha Ripabliki]], Frank Luntz aliyesema kuwa Kamala Harris ameshindwa uchaguzi kwa kuwa alikazania zaidi kwenye kumshambulia Trump kuliko kwenye kutangaza sera zake.
&quot;[[Kura|Wapiga kura]] walikuwa wanayajua yote kumhusu Trump – lakini bado walitaka kujua zaidi kuhusu nini Haris angefanya kwenye siku yake ya kwanza, mwezi wake wa kwanza na mwaka wake wa kwanza katika [[utawala]] wake kama rais.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do&lt;/ref&gt; 

===Ilivyokuwa===
Mwanzoni, rais anayeondoka madarakani, [[Joe Biden]] wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia, alikuwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro cha urais akiwa na Harris,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html |title=Biden launches 2024 reelection campaign, promising to fulfill economic policy vision |author=Kinery, Emma |date=April 25, 2023 |publisher=CNBC|access-date=April 25, 2023|archive-date=April 25, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425102004/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/04/25/joe-biden-announces-2024-reelection-campaign.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; na wakawa wagombea wateule wa chama chao waliopita hata kabla ya mkutano maalum wa kuwapitisha wakikutana na kaupinzani kadogo sana;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Gold |first1=Michael |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |date=March 13, 2024 |title=Donald Trump and Joe Biden Clinch Their Party Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=The New York Times |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313034919/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/12/us/politics/trump-republican-nomination.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; hata hivyo, kile kilichoonekana kuwa ni kufanya vibaya kwenye mdahalo wa urais wa June 2024 dhidi ya Trump, kiliongeza shinikizo kutoka kwa chama chake la kumtaka ajitoe kutokana na utu uzima alionao pamoja na mdororo wa afya yake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Melissa |last2=Kim |first2=Ellis |title=More Democrats join wave of lawmakers calling on Biden to drop out of 2024 race |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/ |publisher=CBS News|access-date=August 7, 2024 |date=July 19, 2024|archive-date=July 26, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726234941/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/democrats-biden-drop-out-2024/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa mwanzoni aliushikilia msimamo wake wa kubaki akigombea, baadae ikatangazwa kuwa [[Kujitoa kwa Joe Biden kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani|Biden ajitoa kwenye uchaguzi mkuu wa Marekani 2024]] mnamo Julai 21, na kuwa rais wa kwanza aliye madarakani na kupitishwa kugombea tena kisha kujitoa, tangia kujitoa kwa  [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] kwenye uchaguzi wa 1968. Biden akairithisha tiketi yake kwa [[Makamu wa rais|makamu wake wa rais]] [[Kamala Harris]], ambaye alishapitishwa hapo kabla kuwa mgombea mwenza wa Biden kwenye uchaguzi huohuo mnamo Agosti 5, 2024. Harris akamteua Walz kuwa mgombea mwenza wake. 

Trump, ambaye alishindwa kwenye [[Uchaguzi|uchaguzi wa 2020]] dhidi ya Biden, akagombea tena kwa muhula wa pili usio mtawalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Former President Donald Trump announces a White House bid for 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|access-date=July 24, 2024|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115195034/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/15/politics/trump-2024-presidential-bid/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alipipitishwa kuwa mgombea kwenye mkutano mkuu wa chama chao wa 2024, kwa pamoja na mgombea mwenza wake, Vance, ikiwa ni baada ya kushinda kwenye chaguzi tangulizi za kichama za mwaka huo. za kuwapata wagombea.  Mikutano ya kampeni ya Trump imekuwa ikitoa hoja nyingi za uongo na za kuupotosha umma, ukiwemo &quot;uzushi mkuu&quot; kuwa [[Uchaguzi|kura zake kwenye uchaguzi wa 2020 ziliibiwa]] ndipo akashindwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;Los Angeles Times-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024-2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Washington Post-2024&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-2&quot; /&gt; na kujihusisha kwenye kampeni za kupinga uhamiaji na kuwatisha waliohamia bila kufuata utaratibu, kadhalika kueneza [[nadharia|nadharia za uwepo wa njama mbalimbali]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; Staili na tabia za Trump, ikiwa ni pamoja na [[Siasa|misimamo mikali ya mrengo wa kulia]],&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Associated Press-2023&quot; /&gt; zilielezwa na wasomi wabobezi kuwa zinavunja ustaarabu wa tangia enzi na enzi wa siasa za Marekani katika namna ambayo haijapata kutokea.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYMag Never Sounded Like This&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lerer 10152024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Applebaum 10182024&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gold 08282024&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gold |first=Michael |date=August 28, 2024 |title=Trump Reposts Crude Sexual Remark About Harris on Truth Social |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828230508/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/08/28/us/politics/trump-truth-social-posts.html |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=August 28, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Though he has a history of making crass insults about his opponents, the reposts signal Mr. Trump's willingness to continue to shatter longstanding norms of political speech.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hotuba zake ziliashiria udikteta na zilijaa kauli nyingi za kuwadhalilisha na kuwatweza wapinzani wake wa kisiasa. Mikutano yake ya kampeni na ile ya kujijengea umaarufu ilikuwa na kawaida ya kuwashirikisha wanahistoria na maafisa waliokuwa kwenye utawala wake na kumjengea picha ya kifashisti. 


Mnamo Mei 2024, Trump akawa rais mstaafu wa kwanza wa Marekani kuhukumiwa kwa kosa la kijinai baada ya kukutwa na makosa mengi ya uhalifu wa kughushi taarifa za kibiashara zilizohusiana na malipo kwa mwanamke mcheza sinema za watu wazima, Stormy Daniels.&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC News-2024-2&quot; /&gt; Hapo kabla alihusika kwenye kashfa ya uzalilishaji kingono dhidi ya E. Jean Carroll na mashitaka ya kukwepa kodi za kibiashara huko [[New York]]. Pia alipigiwa kura mara mbili za kutaka kumng'oa madarakani, mara ya kwanza ilikuwa mwaka 2019 na mara nyingine ilikuwa   2021. Pia ana mashitaka mengine mengi yanayoendelea kumkabili kuhusiana na jaribio lake la kutaka kupindua matokeo ya uchaguzi wa rais 2020, kuhusika kwake kwenye shambulio dhidi ya bunge la Januari 6, [[Washington]], kujaribu kuvuruga uchaguzi kwenye jimbo la [[Georgia]]. Trump alinusurika kwenye majaribio mawili ya kutaka kumuua miezi minne kabla ya uchaguzi: [[Jaribio la kumuua Donald Trump]] la kwenye mkutano wa Pennsylvania, na la pili ni lile lililotokea kwenye klabu yake ya golf huko [[Florida]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pennsylvania Assassination&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida Assassination&quot;/&gt;

Majimbo yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi 2024 yalikuwa ni [[Arizona]], [[Georgia]], [[Michigan]], [[Nevada]], [[North Carolina]], [[Pennsylvania]], na [[Wisconsin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 23, 2024 |title=Seven swing states set to decide the 2024 US election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |access-date=August 24, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=July 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724045607/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c511pyn3xw3o |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwa mujibu wa ''Pew Research'',&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=September 9, 2024 |title=Issues and the 2024 election |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2024/09/09/issues-and-the-2024-election/ |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; masuala yaliyopewa umuhimu mkubwa na wapiga kura yalikuwa ni (mpangilio: umuhimu wa juu-kushuka chini) [[uchumi]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Cook |first=Charlie |date=March 2, 2023 |title=Will 2024 Be About the Economy, or the Candidates? |url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325201533/https://www.cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/national-politics/will-2024-be-about-economy-or-candidates |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |access-date=March 25, 2023 |work=[[Cook Political Report]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Huduma za afya za Marekani,&lt;ref name=&quot;Associated Press-2023-3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Colvin |first1=Jill |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |date=November 27, 2023 |title=Trump says he will renew efforts to replace 'Obamacare' if he wins a second term |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204043350/https://apnews.com/article/trump-obamacare-health-care-biden-c2b1f5776310870deed2fb997b07fc2c |archive-date=December 4, 2023 |access-date=December 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[demokrasia]] (hususan kwenye uteuzi wa majaji wa Mahakama Kuu ya Marekani),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fields |first1=Gary |last2=Sanders |first2=Linley |date=December 15, 2023 |title=Americans agree that the 2024 election will be pivotal for democracy, but for different reasons |url=https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216014504/https://apnews.com/article/democracy-2024-election-trump-biden-poll-39309519c8473175c25ab5a305e629ba |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=February 18, 2024 |title=Saving democracy is central to Biden's campaign messaging. Will it resonate with swing state voters? |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313092523/https://www.cbsnews.com/pittsburgh/news/saving-democracy-is-central-to-bidens-campaign-messaging-will-it-resonate-with-swing-state-voters-2/ |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |access-date=March 13, 2024 |publisher=CBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya nje (hususan kuhusu misaada ya Marekani kwa Israeli na uhusika wa Marekani huko [[Ukraine]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Ward |first1=Alexander |last2=Berg |first2=Matt |date=October 20, 2023 |title=2024: The foreign policy election? |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120235105/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2023/10/20/2024-the-foreign-policy-election-00122691 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2023 |work=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt; uhalifu wa kutumia silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[uhamiaji]],&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Sahil, Kapur |date=April 17, 2024 |title=7 big issues at stake in the 2024 election |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703012241/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/issues-trump-biden-2024-election-health-care-abortion-tax-immigration-rcna147637 |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Arnsdorf |first1=Isaac |date=January 7, 2024 |title=Trump brags about efforts to stymie border talks: 'Please blame it on me' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128152344/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/01/27/trump-border-biden/ |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |access-date=January 29, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; sera ya kumiliki silaha,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; [[utoaji mimba]],&lt;ref&gt;For sources on this, see:
* {{Cite news |last=Edsall |first=Thomas B. |author-link=Thomas B. Edsall |date=April 12, 2023 |title=How The Right Came To Embrace Intrusive Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412100935/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/12/opinion/republican-party-intrusive-government.html |archive-date=April 12, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Republicans in states across the country are defiantly pushing for the criminalization of abortion—of the procedure, of abortifacient drugs and of those who travel out of state to terminate pregnancy... According to research provided to The Times by the Kaiser Family Foundation, states that have abortion bans at various early stages of pregnancy with no exception for rape or incest include Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia and Wisconsin.}}
* {{Cite news |last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |date=April 11, 2023 |title=Pressured by Their Base on Abortion, Republicans Strain to Find a Way Forward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411092928/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/11/us/politics/abortion-republicans-elections.html |archive-date=April 11, 2023 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{Cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Elaine |date=May 4, 2022 |title=The GOP's Strange Turn Against Rape Exceptions |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504102020/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2022/05/supreme-court-overturn-roe-v-wade-no-rape-incest-exceptions/629747/ |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |work=The Atlantic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |date=November 8, 2023 |title=Abortion rights win big in 2023 elections, again |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215090744/https://www.npr.org/2023/11/08/1211429268/abortion-rights-2023-election-ohio-virginia-kentucky |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=December 16, 2023 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Saperstone |first1=Jeff |last2=Killilea |first2=TJ |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Here's why abortion will be such a big issue for the ballot come November |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311222821/https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/heres-why-abortion-will-be-such-a-big-issue-for-the-ballot-come-november/3305057/ |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |access-date=March 11, 2024 |publisher=NBC Boston}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na wa asili za watu,&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt; na [[mabadiliko ya tabia nchi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pew&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Portland Press Herald-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gongloff |first=Mark |date=January 30, 2024 |title=The 2024 election just might turn on ... climate change? |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213032748/https://www.pressherald.com/2024/01/30/opinion-the-2024-election-just-might-turn-on-climate-change/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |access-date=February 12, 2024 |work=Portland Press Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The New York Times-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Climate is on the Ballot Around the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |access-date=January 16, 2024 |work=The New York Times |last=Andreoni |first=Manuela |date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116191827/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/16/climate/climate-is-on-the-ballot-around-the-world.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[elimu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Julia |date=January 29, 2023 |title=Republicans see education as winning issue in 2024 |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129170545/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/3833724-republicans-see-education-as-winning-issue-in-2024/ |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=July 9, 2023 |work=The Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; na haki za ''LGBTQ'' wa Marekani &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Here's where the 2024 presidential candidates stand on LGBTQ+ issues |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206183159/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/2024-presidential-candidates-stand-lgbtq-issues/story?id=103313107 |archive-date=December 6, 2023 |access-date=December 6, 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; pia zilikuwa miongoni mwa masuala ya kampeni. Waliopiga kura karibu wote walilitaja suala la uchumi kuwa ndio kubwa kuliko yote linalowaelekeza wapigeje kura.&lt;ref name=&quot;cprmarch2&quot;/&gt; 

Trump na Vance walitangazwa na vyombo vikuu vya habari mapema kabisa asubuhi ya Novemba 6, kuwa wameibuka washindi:&lt;ref name=&quot;apnov5&quot;/&gt; wakishinda kwenye kura za baraza la uchaguzi na kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jachim |first=Nick |date=November 6, 2024 |title=When was the last time the Republican Party won the popular vote? |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/nexstar_media_wire/4976301-when-was-the-last-time-the-republican-party-won-the-popular-vote/ |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris akakubali kushindwa kwenye kinyang'anyiro hicho kupitia simu aliyompigia Trump,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/harris-called-trump-concede-us-presidential-election-aides-say-2024-11-06/|title=Harris called Trump to concede US presidential election, aides say|work=Reuters|date=November 6, 2024|access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; na baadae, siku hiyo hiyo, akatoa hotuba ya kukubali kushindwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Harris to concede to Trump after election loss |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyg856px7eo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Chris |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Sedghi |first3=Amy |last4=Lawther |first4=Fran |last5=Lawther|first5=Fran |date= November 6, 2024 |title=US election 2024 live: Kamala Harris to concede after Donald Trump wins second term as president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2024/nov/06/us-presidential-election-2024-donald-trump-kamala-harris-latest-news-updates |access-date=November 6, 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump alionekana kupata matokeo bora zaidi karibu katika kila jamii za nchi hiyo kulinganisha na alivyofanya katika chaguzi mbili zilizopita, huku jamii za Kihispania zikionesha kuongoza katika uungaji mkono huo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='It's simple, really' – why Latinos flocked to Trump's working-class coalition|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze3yr77j9wo |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Karma |first1=Rogé |date= November 8, 2024 |title=The Strategist Who Predicted Trump’s Multiracial Coalition|url=https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5182886/trump-economy-latino-women-right-election-results |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Samson |first1=Carl |date= November 8, 2024 |title=Diverse groups propelled Trump back to the White House: exit polls|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/diverse-groups-propelled-trump-back-203311113.html |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Yahoo News!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muungano wa kikampeni wa Trump ulielezwa kuwa na mwonekano jumuishi zaidi wa jamii za wapiga kura kwa mgombea wa Ripabliki kuliko ilivyopata kutokea katika kipindi cha miongo mingi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=6 takeaways from Trump's stunning win over Harris|last1=Stokols |first1=Eli |last2=Wren |first2=Adam |last3=Shepard |first3=Steven |last4=Haberkorn|first4=Jennifer |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/11/06/trump-win-takeaways-00187796 |publisher=[[Politico]]|date=November 6, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Basu |first1=Zachary |date= November 6, 2024 |title=Big red shock: Takeaways from Trump's election night romp |url=https://www.axios.com/2024/11/06/trump-surprise-election-takeaways |access-date=November 9, 2024 |website=[[Axios]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mpaka kufikia Novemba 9, Trump ameripotiwa kushinda majimbo sita kati ya saba yenye ushindani mkali kiuchaguzi, kukiwa kumebakia kutangazwa matokeo ya Arizona tu. Trump anakuwa rais wa pili kuchaguliwa kwa kipindi cha pili kisicho mtawalia, miaka 132 baada ya [[Grover Cleveland]] kumshinda [[Benjamin Harrison]] mnamo 1892; Trump, akiwa na umri wa miaka 78, anaweka pia rekodi ya kuwa mtu mwenye umri mkubwa zaidi kupata kuchaguliwa kuwa rais wa Marekani.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Hajela |first1=Deepti |title=Trump isn't first to be second: Grover Cleveland set precedent of non-consecutive presidential terms |url=https://apnews.com/article/grover-cleveland-president-nonconsecutive-terms-7ea2c92c72911462ccb1bc2e7352fa23 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=November 6, 2024 |date=November 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harris naye anaweka rekodi ya kuwa mgombea wa kwanza wa Chama cha Kidemokrasia cha nchi hiyo kukosa kuongoza kwenye kura za umashuhuri kwa wananchi, tangia apoteze [[John Kerry]] mnamo 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;hillnov6&quot;/&gt;

==Tanbihi==
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[[Jamii:2024]]
[[Jamii:chaguzi za  Rais wa Marekani]] 
[[Jamii:Marais wa Marekani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mary Wagaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190031</id>
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      <text bytes="824" sha1="oifbv5ie1c68p4p3yodrq27dmlsqwjg" xml:space="preserve">'''Mary Wagaki''' (alizaliwa [[20 Juni]] [[1954]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]]. Alishiriki katika mbio za [[marathon]] za wanawake katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1984]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web  |title=Mary Wagaki Olympic Results  |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wa/mary-wagaki-1.html  |accessdate=2024-11-07  |archive-date=2020-04-18  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050244/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/wa/mary-wagaki-1.html  |url-status=bot: unknown  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wagaki alishinda [[medali]] ya [[fedha]] katika mbio za mita 1500 kwenye [[Michezo ya Afrika Nzima]] mwaka [[1973]].

== Marejeo ==
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[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
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  <page>
    <title>Mike Murei</title>
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      <text bytes="683" sha1="gi1fihwi7qj3ydiemwwd3nf5qx5pvy0" xml:space="preserve">'''Mike Murei''' (alizaliwa [[15 Machi]] [[1950]]) ni mruka viunzi wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 400 za kuruka viunzi katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1972]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mike Murei Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mike-murei-1.html |accessdate=2024-11-08 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418063835/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/mike-murei-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
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  <page>
    <title>Meshak Munyoro</title>
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      <text bytes="742" sha1="8413dqbna96hx2upi5jxz2yz3wvxjbz" xml:space="preserve">'''Meshak Munyoro''' (alizaliwa [[24 Agosti]] [[1958]]) ni mruka viunzi wa zamani wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 400 kuruka viunzi katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1984]] huko [[Los Angeles]], [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Meshak Munyoro Olympic Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/meshak-munyoro-1.html |accessdate=2024-11-08 |archive-date=2020-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050254/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/meshak-munyoro-1.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
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  <page>
    <title>Wamandé</title>
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      <text bytes="3474" sha1="rhu6b2kf3ozyw8n6zyrgw0t75um6x90" xml:space="preserve">'''Wamandé''' ni kundi la mataifa ya [[Afrika]] yanayozungumza [[lugha za Kimandé]]. Hawana kikundi kimoja cha kabila au kitamaduni. Mataifa mbalimbali yanayozungumza lugha za Mandé yanapatikana katika maeneo ya magharibi ya [[Afrika Magharibi]].

Mandinka au Malinke, taifa la Mandé la magharibi, wanahusishwa na kuanzisha mojawapo ya milki kubwa zaidi za Afrika Magharibi. Mataifa mengine makubwa yanayozungumza lugha za Mandé ni pamoja na [[Wasoninke]] na [[Wasusu]], pamoja na makabila madogo kama [[Waligbi]], [[Wavai]], na [[Wabissa]]. Watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé wanaishi katika mazingira mbalimbali, kutoka misitu ya mvua ya pwani hadi jangwa la [[Sahel]], na wana aina nyingi za vyakula, tamaduni, na imani.

Baada ya kuhama kutoka [[Sahara ya Kati]], watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé walianzisha utamaduni wa Tichitt katika eneo la Sahara ya Magharibi ya [[Mauritania]], ambao walitumia mji wa Dhar Tichitt kama kituo chake kikuu cha kanda na labda eneo la Maziwa ya Mali kama kituo chake cha kanda cha pili. Baadaye, kuelekea mwisho wa utamaduni wa Tichitt ya Mauritania, watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé walianza kuenea na kuanzisha makazi huko [[Méma]], [[Macina]], [[Dia Shoma]], na [[Jenne Jeno]] katika eneo la [[Niger ya Kati]] pamoja na [[Ufalme wa Ghana]].

Leo hii, sehemu kubwa ya watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé ni [[Uislamu|Waislamu]] na wanafuata mfumo wa kitabaka. Uislamu umekuwa na jukumu kuu katika kutambulisha watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé wanaoishi katika maeneo ya Sahel. Athari kutoka kwa watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé zimeenea kihistoria mbali zaidi ya maeneo ya karibu kwa makundi mengine ya Waislamu wa Afrika Magharibi wanaoishi Sahel na Savanna. Watu wa Mandé walifanya biashara iliyoongezeka kando ya Mto Niger au kwa njia ya ardhi, na walifanikiwa kutekeleza ushindi wa kijeshi kwa upanuzi wa Ufalme wa Ghana, [[Ufalme wa Mali]], [[Kaabu]] na nchi za [[Wassoulou]].

Watu wasiozungumza lugha za Mandé kama Fula, Songhai, Wolof, Hausa, na watu wa Voltaic kama Ufalme wa Dagbon, watu wa Guang, watu wa Maghan, na watu wa Gonja wana tamaduni sawa na watu wanaozungumza lugha za Mandé.

==Tanbihi==
* Gillow, John. (2003), African Textiles. 29 p.
* {{cite book |last1=McIntosh |first1=Roderick J. |last2=McIntosh |first2=Susan Keech |year=2003 |chapter=Early urban configurations on the Middle Niger: Clustered cities and landscapes of power |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Monica L. |editor-link1=Monica L. Smith |title=The Social Construction of Ancient Cities |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Books |isbn=9781588340986 |pages=103–120}}
* Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas.
* UNESCO General History of Africa, Volume IV, pp.&amp;nbsp;197–200.
* Mauny, R. (1971), “The Western Sudan” in Shinnie: 66-87.
* Monteil, Charles (1953), “La Légende du Ouagadou et l’Origine des Soninke” in Mélanges Ethnologiques (Dakar: Bulletin del’Institut Francais del’Afrique Noir).
* Fage, John D. (2001), History of Africa. Routledge; 4th edition.
* Boone, Sylvia Ardyn.  (1986), Radiance from the Waters.
* Kouyaté, Dani (Director). (1995). Keïta: Heritage of a Griot [Motion picture]. Burkina Faso.
* Kevin C. MacDonald, Robert Vernet, Marcos Martinón-Torres &amp; Dorian Q. Fuller. &quot;Dhar Néma: from early agriculture to metallurgy in southeastern Mauritania&quot;

{{Wamandé}}
{{MUM}}
[[Jamii:Historia ya Afrika]]
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'''Armando Latini''' (20 Mei 1913 – 20 Mei 1966) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Armando Latini|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/251666|agency=ProCyclingStats|access-date=23 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanamichezo wa baiskeli wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishinda medali ya fedha katika mbio za timu za kilomita 4 wakati wa Olimpiki za mwaka 1936.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite sports-reference |title=Armando Latini |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/armando-latini-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003750/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/armando-latini-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1913|1966}}
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'''Armando Latini''' (20 Mei 1913 – 20 Mei 1966) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Armando Latini|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/251666|agency=ProCyclingStats|access-date=23 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mwanamichezo wa baiskeli wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishinda medali ya fedha katika mbio za timu za kilomita 4 wakati wa Olimpiki za mwaka 1936.

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1913|1966}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>j13ww78cpn634g8nmtqqkpkms5h1znh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362187</id>
      <parentid>1362110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:02:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="500" sha1="9nr6zffg89f8xmha0i0r8kzqc35tmma" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Armando Latini''' ([[20 Mei]] [[1913]] – [[20 Mei]] [[1966]]) alikuwa mwanamichezo wa [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishinda [[medali]] ya [[fedha]] katika mbio za timu za kilomita 4 wakati wa Olimpiki za mwaka [[1936]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Armando Latini|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/251666|agency=ProCyclingStats|access-date=23 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1913|1966}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>9nr6zffg89f8xmha0i0r8kzqc35tmma</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362188</id>
      <parentid>1362187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362188</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="490" sha1="je84icoq9o88rqktkzlahdieizgo1mf" xml:space="preserve">
'''Armando Latini''' ([[20 Mei]] [[1913]] – [[20 Mei]] [[1966]]) alikuwa mwanamichezo wa [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]] ambaye alishinda [[medali]] ya [[fedha]] katika mbio za timu za kilomita 4 wakati wa Olimpiki za mwaka [[1936]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Armando Latini|url=https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/251666|agency=ProCyclingStats|access-date=23 March 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1913|1966}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>je84icoq9o88rqktkzlahdieizgo1mf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carlo Legutti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190134</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362106</id>
      <parentid>1362074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362106</origin>
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      <text bytes="717" sha1="pzedq7fp4kdj5ix2fxs1m9u82n8et8m" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''[[Carlo Legutti]]''' (29 Novemba 1912 – 1 Machi 1985) alikuwa muendesha baiskeli kutoka [[Italia]].

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/carlo-legutti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003715/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/le/carlo-legutti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Carlo Legutti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1985]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1912]]</text>
      <sha1>pzedq7fp4kdj5ix2fxs1m9u82n8et8m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bruno Loatti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190135</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362101</id>
      <parentid>1362075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:20:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362101</origin>
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      <text bytes="679" sha1="eilanax87lhz2ff6g3qti0x0f9witkb" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Bruno Loatti''' (26 Februari 1915 – 25 Septemba 1962) alikuwa muende shda wa baiskeli kutoka Italia.

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936.

&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bruno Loatti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1915|1962}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>eilanax87lhz2ff6g3qti0x0f9witkb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362102</id>
      <parentid>1362101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:20:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="678" sha1="heo5ipwgkgyagfiqk2m1snb573twfn0" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Bruno Loatti''' (26 Februari 1915 – 25 Septemba 1962) alikuwa muende shda wa baiskeli kutoka Italia.

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bruno Loatti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1915|1962}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>heo5ipwgkgyagfiqk2m1snb573twfn0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362103</id>
      <parentid>1362102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:22:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="673" sha1="hjdo39usbqja88elheda1p4wtrtfyr9" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Bruno Loatti''' (26 Februari 1915 – 25 Septemba 1962) alikuwa muendesha baiskeli kutoka Italia.

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bruno Loatti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1915|1962}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>hjdo39usbqja88elheda1p4wtrtfyr9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362104</id>
      <parentid>1362103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:29:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="2tmwzk5r180sih5oq5gsb0awytw4r26" xml:space="preserve">'''Bruno Loatti''' (26 Februari [[1915]] – 25 Septemba [[1962]]) alikuwa muendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] kutoka [[Italia]].

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya 1936. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bruno Loatti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1915|1962}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>2tmwzk5r180sih5oq5gsb0awytw4r26</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362184</id>
      <parentid>1362104</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:55:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="691" sha1="2um1tuv8tus6mfqvv03bmef8fa9amdl" xml:space="preserve">'''Bruno Loatti''' (26 Februari [[1915]] – 25 Septemba [[1962]]) alikuwa muendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] kutoka [[Italia]].

Alishiriki katika tukio la tandem kwenye Michezo ya Majira ya Joto ya [[1936]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418003757/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/bruno-loatti-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Bruno Loatti Olympic Results |accessdate=14 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1915|1962}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>2um1tuv8tus6mfqvv03bmef8fa9amdl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gino Lori</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362098</id>
      <parentid>1362076</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:10:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="684" sha1="iwzm7kzevs3aung66o81roxtd3q8qzu" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Gino Lori''' (alizaliwa 3 Januari 1956) ni mchezaji wa baiskeli wa zamani kutoka [[Italia]]. 

Alishiriki katika tukio la mbio za wakati wa timu katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |title=Gino Lori Olympic Results |accessdate=25 April 2015 |work=Sports Reference |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713212237/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |archivedate=13 July 2015 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>iwzm7kzevs3aung66o81roxtd3q8qzu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362105</id>
      <parentid>1362098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:30:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="684" sha1="6fy5xkbfwckrie83zk16xbqkqfz0u0b" xml:space="preserve">'''Gino Lori''' (alizaliwa 3 Januari [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[baiskeli]] wa zamani kutoka [[Italia]]. 

Alishiriki katika tukio la mbio za wakati wa timu katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |title=Gino Lori Olympic Results |accessdate=25 April 2015 |work=Sports Reference |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713212237/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |archivedate=13 July 2015 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>6fy5xkbfwckrie83zk16xbqkqfz0u0b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362185</id>
      <parentid>1362105</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362185</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="688" sha1="ozxdg6yn1et85lbunoid2umvigr1ghq" xml:space="preserve">'''Gino Lori''' (alizaliwa 3 Januari [[1956]]) ni mchezaji wa [[baiskeli]] wa zamani kutoka [[Italia]]. 

Alishiriki katika tukio la mbio za wakati wa timu katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya Joto ya mwaka [[1976]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;SportsRef&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |title=Gino Lori Olympic Results |accessdate=25 April 2015 |work=Sports Reference |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713212237/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/gino-lori-1.html |archivedate=13 July 2015 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1956|}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>ozxdg6yn1et85lbunoid2umvigr1ghq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mario Lusiani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190137</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362094</id>
      <parentid>1362077</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yymiami</username>
        <id>69435</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1241" sha1="lphhut30mxebj4y6np8hd8d2ks9laha" xml:space="preserve">{{vyanzo}}
'''Mario Lusiani''' (4 Mei 1903 – 3 Septemba 1964) alikuwa mpanda baiskeli wa [[Italia]]. 

Aliweza kushinda medali ya dhahabu katika mbio za timu za wanaume katika Olimpiki za suku ya 1928 pamoja na Giacomo Gaioni, Cesare Facciani na Luigi Tasselli. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5986|title=   Mario Lusiani |publisher=cycling archives|access-date=24 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lu/mario-lusiani-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418013542/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lu/mario-lusiani-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Mario Lusiani |publisher=www.sports-reference.com|access-date=24 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.databaseolympics.com/sport/sportevent.htm?sp=CYC&amp;enum=170 |title=Medal Winners |publisher=www.databaseolympics.com |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190536/http://databaseolympics.com/sport/sportevent.htm?sp=CYC&amp;enum=170 |archive-date=13 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}

{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1903|1964}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>lphhut30mxebj4y6np8hd8d2ks9laha</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362186</id>
      <parentid>1362094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362186</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1289" sha1="9syulf7wc9e5has8qssfcx22yieir1l" xml:space="preserve">
'''Mario Lusiani''' ([[4 Mei]] [[1903]] – [[3 Septemba]] [[1964]]) alikuwa mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]]. 

Aliweza kushinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katika mbio za timu za wanaume katika [[michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya  mwaka [[1928]] pamoja na Giacomo Gaioni, Cesare Facciani na Luigi Tasselli. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=5986|title=   Mario Lusiani |publisher=cycling archives|access-date=24 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lu/mario-lusiani-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418013542/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lu/mario-lusiani-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Mario Lusiani |publisher=www.sports-reference.com|access-date=24 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.databaseolympics.com/sport/sportevent.htm?sp=CYC&amp;enum=170 |title=Medal Winners |publisher=www.databaseolympics.com |access-date=24 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113190536/http://databaseolympics.com/sport/sportevent.htm?sp=CYC&amp;enum=170 |archive-date=13 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1903|1964}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>9syulf7wc9e5has8qssfcx22yieir1l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gino Guerra</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190139</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362183</id>
      <parentid>1362092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:54:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="910" sha1="ct2ad08cz5alybl7ct5sfdphwaywz3x" xml:space="preserve">
'''Gino Guerra''' ([[16 Oktoba]] [[1924]] – [[28 Desemba]] [[1978]]) alikuwa mwendesha [[Baisikeli|baiskeli]] wa [[Italia]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Olympics Site Closed {{!}} Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics.html|work=www.sports-reference.com|accessdate=2024-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Alishiriki katika tukio la jaribio la muda katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya Majira ya joto ya [[1948]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/gino-guerra-1.html |title=Gino Guerra Olympic Results |access-date=18 July 2014 |work=sports-reference.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923075056/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/gu/gino-guerra-1.html |archive-date=23 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Marejeo==
{{Marejeo}}
{{mbegu-mtu}}
{{BD|1924|1978}}
[[Jamii:Waendeshabaiskeli wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>ct2ad08cz5alybl7ct5sfdphwaywz3x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Morénike Giwa Onaiwu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362126</id>
      <parentid>1362090</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:18:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="898" sha1="mr6p9h8wxsje7roziqopauygitcw8s1" xml:space="preserve">'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' ni mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Marekani]], mwandishi, na mtetezi wa masuala ya usonji na VVU (Virusi vya Ukimwi). Pamoja na '''E. Ashkenazy''' na '''Lydia Brown,''' Onaiwu ni mhariri wa kitabu kiitwacho &quot; All the Weight of Our Dreams&quot;, ambacho ni mkusanyiko wa sanaa na maandiko yote kutoka kwa watu wa ngozi ya rangi wenye usonji (Waafrika, Wahindi, Wahispania, Waasia), kilichochapishwa na &quot;Autism Women's Network&quot; mnamo [[Juni]] [[2017]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|last=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|access-date=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>mr6p9h8wxsje7roziqopauygitcw8s1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362193</id>
      <parentid>1362126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="928" sha1="k46phk7gt7t579ej9bv3b3w7dl87756" xml:space="preserve">'''Morénike Giwa Onaiwu''' ni mtaalamu wa elimu kutoka [[Marekani]], [[mwandishi]], na mtetezi wa masuala ya [[usonji]] na [[Virusi vya UKIMWI|VVU]] (Virusi vya Ukimwi). Pamoja na '''E. Ashkenazy''' na '''Lydia Brown,''' Onaiwu ni mhariri wa kitabu kiitwacho &quot; All the Weight of Our Dreams&quot;, ambacho ni mkusanyiko wa sanaa na maandiko yote kutoka kwa watu wa ngozi ya rangi wenye usonji (Waafrika, Wahindi, Wahispania, Waasia), kilichochapishwa na &quot;Autism Women's Network&quot; mnamo [[Juni]] [[2017]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/804204/asd-in-girls-gender-stereotypes-have-made-us-horrible-at-recognizing-autism-in-women-and-girls/|title=Gender stereotypes have made us horrible at recognizing autism in women and girls|last=Rosza|first=Matthew|date=2018-10-12|work=Quartz|access-date=2018-08-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>k46phk7gt7t579ej9bv3b3w7dl87756</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theodora wa Rossano</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190144</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362095</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:03:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Theodora wa Rossano''' ([[wilaya ya Cosenza]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Calabria]], [[Italia]], [[910]] hivi – [[Corigliano-Rossano|Rossano Calabro]], [[28 Novemba]] [[980]]&lt;ref name=HEROINAS&gt;{{cita web |url=http://heroinasdacristandade.blogspot.com.es/2015/11/santa-teodora-de-rossano-abadessa-28-de.html |título=''Santa Teodora de Rossano, Abadessa'' Blog de ''Heroínas da Cristiandade'' |fechaacceso=8 de diciembre de 2015 |apellido= |nombre= |f...'</comment>
      <origin>1362095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1906" sha1="ohc3i3nmcdlaasay3kynwbnwrxrtndg" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodora wa Rossano''' ([[wilaya ya Cosenza]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Calabria]], [[Italia]], [[910]] hivi – [[Corigliano-Rossano|Rossano Calabro]], [[28 Novemba]] [[980]]&lt;ref name=HEROINAS&gt;{{cita web |url=http://heroinasdacristandade.blogspot.com.es/2015/11/santa-teodora-de-rossano-abadessa-28-de.html |título=''Santa Teodora de Rossano, Abadessa'' Blog de ''Heroínas da Cristiandade'' |fechaacceso=8 de diciembre de 2015 |apellido= |nombre= |fecha= |sitioweb=heroinasdacristandade.blogspot.com.es |idioma=Portugués |cita= }}&lt;/ref&gt;) alikuwa [[abesi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] huko [[Italia Kusini]]&lt;ref&gt;Pietro Pompilio Rodota, Dell'Origine del Rito Greco in Italia osservato dai Monaci Greci, Basiliani e Albanesi, 1760, [[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZyKDFCIkHVoC&amp;pg=PA269&amp;lpg=PA269&amp;dq=%22Teodora+di+Rossano%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PfxYRl2B1d&amp;sig=b40Mx-eRKwhj9Mv_D6Vv6dETkF0&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi4qbeA8srJAhXHWhoKHfToBVIQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Teodora%20di%20Rossano%22&amp;f=false]]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[Mwanafunzi]] wa [[Nilo Kijana]], akawa [[mwalimu]] wa [[maisha]] ya [[umonaki]] kwa wengine &lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93222&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. 

[[Tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake ndiyo [[sikukuu]] yake&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.culturaitalia.it/opencms/it/contenuti/percorsi/percorso55/capitolo_0002.html?language=it&amp;tematica=&amp;selected= ''Rossano la greca: un gioiello di cultura bizantina in Calabria'']
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 910]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 980]]
[[Jamii:mabikira]]
[[Jamii:Wamonaki]]
[[Jamii:Wabazili]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>ohc3i3nmcdlaasay3kynwbnwrxrtndg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362097</id>
      <parentid>1362095</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:04:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1643" sha1="4z41b7lojkiequvqjyrr6fx1nkvy6rr" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodora wa Rossano''' ([[wilaya ya Cosenza]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Calabria]], [[Italia]], [[910]] hivi – [[Corigliano-Rossano|Rossano Calabro]], [[28 Novemba]] [[980]]&lt;ref&gt;http://heroinasdacristandade.blogspot.com.es/2015/11/santa-teodora-de-rossano-abadessa-28-de.html) alikuwa [[abesi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] huko [[Italia Kusini]]&lt;ref&gt;Pietro Pompilio Rodota, Dell'Origine del Rito Greco in Italia osservato dai Monaci Greci, Basiliani e Albanesi, 1760, [[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZyKDFCIkHVoC&amp;pg=PA269&amp;lpg=PA269&amp;dq=%22Teodora+di+Rossano%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PfxYRl2B1d&amp;sig=b40Mx-eRKwhj9Mv_D6Vv6dETkF0&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi4qbeA8srJAhXHWhoKHfToBVIQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Teodora%20di%20Rossano%22&amp;f=false]]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[Mwanafunzi]] wa [[Nilo Kijana]], akawa [[mwalimu]] wa [[maisha]] ya [[umonaki]] kwa wengine &lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93222&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. 

[[Tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake ndiyo [[sikukuu]] yake&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.culturaitalia.it/opencms/it/contenuti/percorsi/percorso55/capitolo_0002.html?language=it&amp;tematica=&amp;selected= ''Rossano la greca: un gioiello di cultura bizantina in Calabria'']
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 910]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 980]]
[[Jamii:mabikira]]
[[Jamii:Wamonaki]]
[[Jamii:Wabazili]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>4z41b7lojkiequvqjyrr6fx1nkvy6rr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362099</id>
      <parentid>1362097</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1652" sha1="iu4gscdqrot4kbhc9dxhx5nbhfqnuji" xml:space="preserve">'''Theodora wa Rossano''' ([[wilaya ya Cosenza]], [[Mikoa ya Italia|mkoa]] wa [[Calabria]], [[Italia]], [[910]] hivi – [[Corigliano-Rossano|Rossano Calabro]], [[28 Novemba]] [[980]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://heroinasdacristandade.blogspot.com.es/2015/11/santa-teodora-de-rossano-abadessa-28-de.html]&lt;/ref&gt;) alikuwa [[abesi]] wa [[monasteri]] ya [[Ukristo wa Mashariki]] huko [[Italia Kusini]]&lt;ref&gt;Pietro Pompilio Rodota, Dell'Origine del Rito Greco in Italia osservato dai Monaci Greci, Basiliani e Albanesi, 1760, [[https://books.google.es/books?id=ZyKDFCIkHVoC&amp;pg=PA269&amp;lpg=PA269&amp;dq=%22Teodora+di+Rossano%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=PfxYRl2B1d&amp;sig=b40Mx-eRKwhj9Mv_D6Vv6dETkF0&amp;hl=es&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi4qbeA8srJAhXHWhoKHfToBVIQ6AEIWjAJ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Teodora%20di%20Rossano%22&amp;f=false]]&lt;/ref&gt;. 

[[Mwanafunzi]] wa [[Nilo Kijana]], akawa [[mwalimu]] wa [[maisha]] ya [[umonaki]] kwa wengine &lt;ref&gt;http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/93222&lt;/ref&gt;.
 
Tangu kale anaheshimiwa na [[Kanisa Katoliki]] na [[Waorthodoksi]] kama [[mtakatifu]]. 

[[Tarehe]] ya [[kifo]] chake ndiyo [[sikukuu]] yake&lt;ref&gt;[[Martyrologium Romanum]]&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.culturaitalia.it/opencms/it/contenuti/percorsi/percorso55/capitolo_0002.html?language=it&amp;tematica=&amp;selected= ''Rossano la greca: un gioiello di cultura bizantina in Calabria'']
{{mbegu-Mkristo}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 910]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 980]]
[[Jamii:mabikira]]
[[Jamii:Wamonaki]]
[[Jamii:Wabazili]]
[[Jamii:Watakatifu wa Italia]]</text>
      <sha1>iu4gscdqrot4kbhc9dxhx5nbhfqnuji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Temple Grandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190145</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362096</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:03:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ester Gasper Kimario</username>
        <id>70787</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|Mary Temple Grandin]] '''Mary Temple Grandin''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti|Agosti 29]], [[1947]]) ni mtaalamu wa elimu na etholojia kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtetezi maarufu wa matibabu ya kinyama ya mifugo katika mchakato wa kuchinjwa, na ameandika zaidi ya karatasi 60 za kisayansi kuhusu tabia za wanyama. Grandin pia ni mshauri kwa sekta ya mifugo, ambapo hutoa ushauri kuhusu tabia za wanyama, na pia ni msemaji kuhusu usonj...'</comment>
      <origin>1362096</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1049" sha1="qmc8u1dmyi16dpgwrj2urgviym7wlvv" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|Mary Temple Grandin]]
'''Mary Temple Grandin''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti|Agosti 29]], [[1947]]) ni mtaalamu wa elimu na etholojia kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtetezi maarufu wa matibabu ya kinyama ya mifugo katika mchakato wa kuchinjwa, na ameandika zaidi ya karatasi 60 za kisayansi kuhusu tabia za wanyama. Grandin pia ni mshauri kwa sekta ya mifugo, ambapo hutoa ushauri kuhusu tabia za wanyama, na pia ni msemaji kuhusu usonji.

Temple Grandin ni mmoja wa watu maarufu wenye usonji, ambaye amekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu masuala yausonji, akionyesha jinsi watu wenye hali hii wanavyoweza kufanikiwa na kuchangia katika jamii kwa njia mbalimbali. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allen|first1=Jennifer|title=A Day with the great Eustacia Cutler!|url=https://www.aspergers101.com/day-great-eustacia-cutler/|website=Aspergers101|access-date=25 May 2024|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>qmc8u1dmyi16dpgwrj2urgviym7wlvv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362181</id>
      <parentid>1362096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1052" sha1="i0wdkclpe8rx9kmaqfr8fjtql4lw0e5" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:TempleGrandin.jpg|thumb|Mary Temple Grandin]]
'''Mary Temple Grandin''' (alizaliwa [[29 Agosti|Agosti 29]], [[1947]]) ni [[mtaalamu]] wa elimu na etholojia kutoka [[Marekani]]. Yeye ni mtetezi maarufu wa matibabu ya kinyama ya mifugo katika mchakato wa kuchinjwa, na ameandika zaidi ya [[makala]] 60 za kisayansi kuhusu tabia za wanyama. Grandin pia ni mshauri kwa sekta ya mifugo, ambapo hutoa ushauri kuhusu tabia za wanyama, na pia ni msemaji kuhusu usonji.

Temple Grandin ni mmoja wa watu maarufu wenye usonji, ambaye amekuwa na mchango mkubwa katika kuhamasisha jamii kuhusu masuala yausonji, akionyesha jinsi watu wenye hali hii wanavyoweza kufanikiwa na kuchangia katika jamii kwa njia mbalimbali. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Allen|first1=Jennifer|title=A Day with the great Eustacia Cutler!|url=https://www.aspergers101.com/day-great-eustacia-cutler/|website=Aspergers101|access-date=25 May 2024|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1947]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>i0wdkclpe8rx9kmaqfr8fjtql4lw0e5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Waliofariki 980</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>190146</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362100</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:11:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Riccardo Riccioni</username>
        <id>452</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 10]] [[Jamii:980]]'</comment>
      <origin>1362100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" sha1="fgj7k03bu81i3rpc6f5qinxwu8723jz" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:waliofariki karne ya 10]]
[[Jamii:980]]</text>
      <sha1>fgj7k03bu81i3rpc6f5qinxwu8723jz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Esther Kiplagat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190147</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362109</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T12:55:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Esther Kiplagat''' (alizaliwa [[8 Desemba]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 3000 za wanawake katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Esther Kiplagat Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121834/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/esther-kiplagat-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwa...'</comment>
      <origin>1362109</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="558" sha1="p3ataw5ek93fgee82hz4o8gm301tmvf" xml:space="preserve">'''Esther Kiplagat''' (alizaliwa [[8 Desemba]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 3000 za wanawake katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Esther Kiplagat Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121834/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/esther-kiplagat-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>p3ataw5ek93fgee82hz4o8gm301tmvf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362182</id>
      <parentid>1362109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:51:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="569" sha1="r25behlq662pbuhduwulsh9pz1w6rzv" xml:space="preserve">'''Esther Kiplagat''' (alizaliwa [[8 Desemba]] [[1966]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za masafa marefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za mita 3000 za wanawake katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Esther Kiplagat Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121834/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/esther-kiplagat-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]</text>
      <sha1>r25behlq662pbuhduwulsh9pz1w6rzv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Harmony Hammond</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190148</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362112</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:05:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Harmony Hammond''' (alizaliwa [[8 Februari|Februari 8]], [[1944]]) ni [[msanii]], [[mwanaharakati]], mtunza maonyesho, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa harakati za sanaa ya kike (feminist art movement) katika miaka ya 1970 huko [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Harmony Hammond: Material Witness, Five Decades of Art|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/harmony-hammond|access-date=2020-12-15|website=The Al...'</comment>
      <origin>1362112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="642" sha1="57hj5iyrk13bxmx9w74nue4hnf50nhc" xml:space="preserve">'''Harmony Hammond''' (alizaliwa [[8 Februari|Februari 8]], [[1944]]) ni [[msanii]], [[mwanaharakati]], mtunza maonyesho, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa harakati za sanaa ya kike (feminist art movement) katika miaka ya 1970 huko [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Harmony Hammond: Material Witness, Five Decades of Art|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/harmony-hammond|access-date=2020-12-15|website=The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>57hj5iyrk13bxmx9w74nue4hnf50nhc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362189</id>
      <parentid>1362112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:03:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362189</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="651" sha1="d35ljn0titbqukcnduvrhbez90bd0b3" xml:space="preserve">'''Harmony Hammond''' (alizaliwa [[8 Februari|Februari 8]], [[1944]]) ni [[msanii]], [[mwanaharakati]], mtunza maonyesho, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alikuwa mmoja wa waanzilishi wa harakati za [[sanaa]] ya kike (feminist art movement) katika [[miaka ya 1970]] huko [[New York]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Harmony Hammond: Material Witness, Five Decades of Art|url=https://thealdrich.org/exhibitions/harmony-hammond|access-date=2020-12-15|website=The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1944]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>d35ljn0titbqukcnduvrhbez90bd0b3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Barbara Hammer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362113</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:10:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:ArtAndFeminismNYC-Barbara Hammer.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hammer]] '''Barbara Jean Hammer''' (alizaliwa [[15 Mei|Mei 15]], [[1939]] – [[16 Machi|Machi 16]], [[2019]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]], mtayarishaji, [[mwandishi]], na mpiga [[picha]] wa sinema wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa filamu za kike, akiwa mstari wa mbele katika kuangazia masuala ya wanawake kupitia kazi z...'</comment>
      <origin>1362113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1144" sha1="tez60xfqhkwa1lklsg08j253mpffdx2" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:ArtAndFeminismNYC-Barbara Hammer.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hammer]]
'''Barbara Jean Hammer''' (alizaliwa [[15 Mei|Mei 15]], [[1939]] – [[16 Machi|Machi 16]], [[2019]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]], mtayarishaji, [[mwandishi]], na mpiga [[picha]] wa sinema wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa filamu za kike, akiwa mstari wa mbele katika kuangazia masuala ya wanawake kupitia kazi zake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Youmans|first=Greg|year=2012|title=Performing Essentialism: Reassessing Barbara Hammer's Films of the 1970s|url=http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|journal=Camera Obscura|volume=27|issue=3|pages=100–135|doi=10.1215/02705346-1727473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042743/http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]</text>
      <sha1>tez60xfqhkwa1lklsg08j253mpffdx2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362190</id>
      <parentid>1362113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:05:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362190</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1176" sha1="cfo765q8h0o7u4ni32sv2osqb1428ya" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:ArtAndFeminismNYC-Barbara Hammer.jpg|thumb|Barbara Hammer]]
'''Barbara Jean Hammer''' (alizaliwa [[15 Mei|Mei 15]], [[1939]] – [[16 Machi|Machi 16]], [[2019]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]], [[mtayarishaji]], [[mwandishi]], na mpiga [[picha]] wa sinema wa [[Marekani]] aliyekuwa [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Anajulikana kama mmoja wa waanzilishi wa filamu za kike, akiwa mstari wa mbele katika kuangazia masuala ya wanawake kupitia kazi zake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Youmans|first=Greg|year=2012|title=Performing Essentialism: Reassessing Barbara Hammer's Films of the 1970s|url=http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|journal=Camera Obscura|volume=27|issue=3|pages=100–135|doi=10.1215/02705346-1727473|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220042743/http://www.headlands.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Youmans_Performing-Essentialism_Camera-Obscura.pdf|archive-date=December 20, 2016|access-date=December 4, 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1939]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2019]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>cfo765q8h0o7u4ni32sv2osqb1428ya</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kathy Grove</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362115</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:15:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Kathy Grove''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni mpiga [[picha]] wa [[Kimarekani]] wa dhana ya kisasa na [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Kama mtaalamu wa kurekebisha picha kwa majarida ya mitindo, Grove alifahamika na mbinu za kuboresha na kuhariri picha kwa kutumia mbinu za kisasa kama airbrushing na uchezaji wa picha katika sekta hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isaak&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismcontempo00isaa|title=Feminism and Contemporary A...'</comment>
      <origin>1362115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="783" sha1="i56al5so6mwkr0aoicx4crylo2hmuuh" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathy Grove''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni mpiga [[picha]] wa [[Kimarekani]] wa dhana ya kisasa na [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Kama mtaalamu wa kurekebisha picha kwa majarida ya mitindo, Grove alifahamika na mbinu za kuboresha na kuhariri picha kwa kutumia mbinu za kisasa kama airbrushing na uchezaji wa picha katika sekta hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isaak&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismcontempo00isaa|title=Feminism and Contemporary Art|last1=Isaak|first1=Jo Anna|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-08014-2|location=London and New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/feminismcontempo00isaa/page/n65 51]|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>i56al5so6mwkr0aoicx4crylo2hmuuh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362191</id>
      <parentid>1362115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:06:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="784" sha1="a3cwwkexeq2xep843bk36ff55ex6do9" xml:space="preserve">'''Kathy Grove''' (alizaliwa [[1948]]) ni mpiga [[picha]] wa [[Kimarekani]] wa dhana ya kisasa na [[mwanaharakati]] wa masuala ya kijinsia. Kama mtaalamu wa kurekebisha picha kwa majarida ya mitindo, Grove alifahamika na mbinu za kuboresha na kuhariri picha kwa kutumia mbinu za kisasa kama airbrushing na uchezaji wa picha katika sekta hiyo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isaak&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismcontempo00isaa|title=Feminism and Contemporary Art|last1=Isaak|first1=Jo Anna|date=1996|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-08014-2|location=London and New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/feminismcontempo00isaa/page/n65 51]|url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>a3cwwkexeq2xep843bk36ff55ex6do9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lauren Greenfield</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190151</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362116</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:29:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:Lauren Greenfield (cropped).jpg|thumb| Lauren Greenfield]] '''Lauren Greenfield''' (alizaliwa [[28 Ju&lt;small&gt;Maandishi madogo&lt;/small&gt;ni|Juni 28]], [[1966]]) ni msanii, mpiga [[picha]] wa maandiko ya [[filamu]], na mtayarishaji wa filamu za maandiko kutoka [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha monografia za picha, kuongoza filamu na mfululizo wa maandiko, kuandaa maonesho yanayosafiri, na kuchapisha kazi zake kwenye majarida kote ulimwenguni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phaidon E...'</comment>
      <origin>1362116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="693" sha1="b7xnzywvp898lxmqt4iwdf6jz46y5td" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Lauren Greenfield (cropped).jpg|thumb| Lauren Greenfield]]
'''Lauren Greenfield''' (alizaliwa [[28 Ju&lt;small&gt;Maandishi madogo&lt;/small&gt;ni|Juni 28]], [[1966]]) ni msanii, mpiga [[picha]] wa maandiko ya [[filamu]], na mtayarishaji wa filamu za maandiko kutoka [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha monografia za picha, kuongoza filamu na mfululizo wa maandiko, kuandaa maonesho yanayosafiri, na kuchapisha kazi zake kwenye majarida kote ulimwenguni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phaidon Editors&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Great women artists|last1=Phaidon Eds.|date=2019|publisher=Phaidon Press|isbn=978-0714878775|page=163}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>b7xnzywvp898lxmqt4iwdf6jz46y5td</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362192</id>
      <parentid>1362116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:09:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="661" sha1="msr5hvgwjmkvo6l2qw0f02xmgrrvj3a" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Lauren Greenfield (cropped).jpg|thumb| Lauren Greenfield]]
'''Lauren Greenfield''' (alizaliwa [[Juni 28]], [[1966]]) ni msanii, mpiga [[picha]] wa [[mtunzi]] wa [[filamu]], na [[mtayarishaji]] wa filamu za maandiko kutoka [[Marekani]]. Amechapisha monografia za picha, kuongoza filamu na mfululizo wa maandiko, kuandaa maonesho yanayosafiri, na kuchapisha kazi zake kwenye majarida kote ulimwenguni.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phaidon Editors&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Great women artists|last1=Phaidon Eds.|date=2019|publisher=Phaidon Press|isbn=978-0714878775|page=163}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1966]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>msr5hvgwjmkvo6l2qw0f02xmgrrvj3a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Manuchindire</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>190152</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362117</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:36:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Karibu}} ~~~~'</comment>
      <origin>1362117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="klzfzjuluvn9s722b7opti2ea4pab6u" xml:space="preserve">{{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 13:36, 9 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>klzfzjuluvn9s722b7opti2ea4pab6u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kristin Prim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190153</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362118</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T13:36:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:KP-NicoleMillerPressKit.png|thumb|Kristin Prim]] '''Kristin Prim''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba|Desemba 24]], [[1993]]) ni mbunifu wa [[mitindo]], msanii wa kuona, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mnamo 2008, aliweka [[historia]] kwa kuwa mhariri mkuu mdogo zaidi wa jarida la kuchapishwa lililosambazwa kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shatzman|first=Celia|title=Lenoir Founder Kristin Prim On Buying Lingerie For Yourself -- And Someone Else|url=https:/...'</comment>
      <origin>1362118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="765" sha1="6ohyel2q2y91h7sula898gwf8epdlxd" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:KP-NicoleMillerPressKit.png|thumb|Kristin Prim]]
'''Kristin Prim''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba|Desemba 24]], [[1993]]) ni mbunifu wa [[mitindo]], msanii wa kuona, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mnamo 2008, aliweka [[historia]] kwa kuwa mhariri mkuu mdogo zaidi wa jarida la kuchapishwa lililosambazwa kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shatzman|first=Celia|title=Lenoir Founder Kristin Prim On Buying Lingerie For Yourself -- And Someone Else|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/celiashatzman/2019/01/30/lenoir-founder-kristin-prim-on-buying-lingerie-for-yourself-and-someone-else/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>6ohyel2q2y91h7sula898gwf8epdlxd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362130</id>
      <parentid>1362118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:27:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="770" sha1="3u5idkyen4s6behakvwyeruwbo4uhr5" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:KP-NicoleMillerPressKit.png|thumb|Kristin Prim]]
'''Kristin Prim''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba|Desemba 24]], [[1993]]) ni mbunifu wa [[mitindo|mitindo,]] mchoraji, na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mnamo 2008, aliweka [[historia]] kwa kuwa mhariri mkuu mdogo zaidi wa [[jarida]] la kuchapishwa lililosambazwa kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shatzman|first=Celia|title=Lenoir Founder Kristin Prim On Buying Lingerie For Yourself -- And Someone Else|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/celiashatzman/2019/01/30/lenoir-founder-kristin-prim-on-buying-lingerie-for-yourself-and-someone-else/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>3u5idkyen4s6behakvwyeruwbo4uhr5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362195</id>
      <parentid>1362130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:14:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362195</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="788" sha1="c7416o98y9g08cnx02yyi653liloe7d" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:KP-NicoleMillerPressKit.png|thumb|Kristin Prim]]
'''Kristin Prim''' (alizaliwa [[24 Desemba|Desemba 24]], [[1993]]) ni mbunifu wa [[mitindo|mitindo,]] [[Uchoraji|mchoraji]], na mchapishaji kutoka [[Marekani]]. Mnamo [[2008]], aliweka [[historia]] kwa kuwa mhariri mkuu mdogo zaidi wa [[jarida]] la kuchapishwa lililosambazwa kimataifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shatzman|first=Celia|title=Lenoir Founder Kristin Prim On Buying Lingerie For Yourself -- And Someone Else|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/celiashatzman/2019/01/30/lenoir-founder-kristin-prim-on-buying-lingerie-for-yourself-and-someone-else/|access-date=2021-05-14|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1993]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>c7416o98y9g08cnx02yyi653liloe7d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Torkwase Dyson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190154</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362127</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T14:19:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Torkwase Dyson''' (alizawa [[1973]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]) ni [[msanii]] wa taaluma mbalimbali anayefanya kazi Beacon, [[New York]], [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2022-11-10|title=An Artist’s Gateway to Freedom and Possibility|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/10/arts/design/13torkwase-dyson-pace-artist-architecture.html|access-date=2023-05-29|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Ma...'</comment>
      <origin>1362127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="575" sha1="ai3e2x5z5dbagbqkjc7g9l12hzbl8m3" xml:space="preserve">'''Torkwase Dyson''' (alizawa [[1973]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]) ni [[msanii]] wa taaluma mbalimbali anayefanya kazi Beacon, [[New York]], [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2022-11-10|title=An Artist’s Gateway to Freedom and Possibility|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/10/arts/design/13torkwase-dyson-pace-artist-architecture.html|access-date=2023-05-29|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>ai3e2x5z5dbagbqkjc7g9l12hzbl8m3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362194</id>
      <parentid>1362127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:13:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="gbio99bbyljjqy3fsuzc3r5norb7jw5" xml:space="preserve">'''Torkwase Dyson''' (alizawa [[1973]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]) ni [[msanii]] wa taaluma mbalimbali anayefanya kazi Beacon, [[New York]], [[Marekani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mitter|first=Siddhartha|date=2022-11-10|title=An Artist’s Gateway to Freedom and Possibility|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/10/arts/design/13torkwase-dyson-pace-artist-architecture.html|access-date=2023-05-29|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1973]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Wasanii wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>gbio99bbyljjqy3fsuzc3r5norb7jw5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Acid Betty</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190155</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362135</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T15:09:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Jamin Ruhren''' (alizaliwa [[10 Desemba|Desemba 10]], [[1977]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii Acid Betty, ni [[mfalme]] wa kuvaa mavazi ya kike, [[mwigizaji]], na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya kushiriki katika msimu wa nane wa ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' mwaka 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/03/07/rupaul-still-reigns-supreme-as-drag-race-hits-100-episodes/|title=RuPaul still reigns supreme...'</comment>
      <origin>1362135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="882" sha1="bvsni0lxiqnav1sx7ypo83xvq5peyu8" xml:space="preserve">'''Jamin Ruhren''' (alizaliwa [[10 Desemba|Desemba 10]], [[1977]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii Acid Betty, ni [[mfalme]] wa kuvaa mavazi ya kike, [[mwigizaji]], na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya kushiriki katika msimu wa nane wa ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' mwaka 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/03/07/rupaul-still-reigns-supreme-as-drag-race-hits-100-episodes/|title=RuPaul still reigns supreme as 'Drag Race' hits 100 episodes|last=Hegedus|first=Eric|date=2016-03-07|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318213425/http://nypost.com/2016/03/07/rupaul-still-reigns-supreme-as-drag-race-hits-100-episodes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>bvsni0lxiqnav1sx7ypo83xvq5peyu8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362196</id>
      <parentid>1362135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362196</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="916" sha1="iky9lh7bop05lfoxrve9q5cswm3epbn" xml:space="preserve">'''Jamin Ruhren''' (alizaliwa [[10 Desemba|Desemba 10]], [[1977]]), anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina la kisanii '''Acid Betty''', ni [[mfalme]] wa kuvaa mavazi ya kike, [[mwigizaji]], na [[mwimbaji]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alipata umaarufu wa kitaifa baada ya kushiriki katika msimu wa nane wa ''RuPaul's Drag Race'' mwaka 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2016/03/07/rupaul-still-reigns-supreme-as-drag-race-hits-100-episodes/|title=RuPaul still reigns supreme as 'Drag Race' hits 100 episodes|last=Hegedus|first=Eric|date=2016-03-07|website=New York Post|language=en|access-date=2019-06-07|archive-date=2017-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318213425/http://nypost.com/2016/03/07/rupaul-still-reigns-supreme-as-drag-race-hits-100-episodes/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>iky9lh7bop05lfoxrve9q5cswm3epbn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Golnar Adili</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190156</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362137</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T15:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Golnar Adili''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1976]], [[Virginia]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Iran]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye anafanya kazi mbalimbali za sanaa, akiwa na makazi yake Brooklyn, [[New York]]. Kazi nyingi za Adili zinategemea uzoefu wake wa kukua baada ya Mapinduzi ya [[Kiislamu]] nchini [[Iran]], na masuala yanayohusiana na uhamaji na kutoweka kwa utambulisho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bio|url=https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adil...'</comment>
      <origin>1362137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="1qwzu68d5f9b2rj9qtrx5igyq3fztnw" xml:space="preserve">'''Golnar Adili''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1976]], [[Virginia]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Iran]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye anafanya kazi mbalimbali za sanaa, akiwa na makazi yake Brooklyn, [[New York]]. Kazi nyingi za Adili zinategemea uzoefu wake wa kukua baada ya Mapinduzi ya [[Kiislamu]] nchini [[Iran]], na masuala yanayohusiana na uhamaji na kutoweka kwa utambulisho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bio|url=https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|website=Uprise Art|accessdate=7 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094529/https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marekeni ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]</text>
      <sha1>1qwzu68d5f9b2rj9qtrx5igyq3fztnw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362197</id>
      <parentid>1362137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:16:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362197</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="789" sha1="igftfpg3wbrypxebwqi5hlp9piocvac" xml:space="preserve">'''Golnar Adili''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1976]], [[Virginia]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Iran]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye anafanya kazi mbalimbali za sanaa, akiwa na makazi yake [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]. Kazi nyingi za Adili zinategemea uzoefu wake wa kukua baada ya Mapinduzi ya [[Kiislamu]] nchini [[Iran]], na masuala yanayohusiana na uhamaji na kutoweka kwa utambulisho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bio|url=https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|website=Uprise Art|accessdate=7 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094529/https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marekeni ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa iran]]</text>
      <sha1>igftfpg3wbrypxebwqi5hlp9piocvac</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362198</id>
      <parentid>1362197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:18:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="791" sha1="qq1ifn2j5z0j7a5aqdgp36omad26kmn" xml:space="preserve">'''Golnar Adili''' (alizaliwa mwaka [[1976]], [[Virginia]]) ni [[msanii]] wa kimataifa kutoka [[Iran]] na [[Marekani]] ambaye anafanya kazi mbalimbali za sanaa, akiwa na makazi yake [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]]. Kazi nyingi za Adili zinategemea uzoefu wake wa kukua baada ya Mapinduzi ya [[Kiislamu]] nchini [[Iran]], na masuala yanayohusiana na uhamaji na kutoweka kwa utambulisho.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bio|url=https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|website=Uprise Art|accessdate=7 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094529/https://www.upriseart.com/discover/artists/golnar-adili|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marekeni ==
{{reflist}}
{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1976]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uajemi]]</text>
      <sha1>qq1ifn2j5z0j7a5aqdgp36omad26kmn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:James kakima</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>190157</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362142</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T16:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Karibu}} ~~~~'</comment>
      <origin>1362142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="144" sha1="7d7tutwznbhrxnujbgdxlhp4v1fs7ih" xml:space="preserve">{{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 16:32, 9 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>7d7tutwznbhrxnujbgdxlhp4v1fs7ih</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pius Munyasia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362152</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T19:23:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Pius Munyasia''' (alizaliwa [[6 Julai]] [[1960]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1984]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pius Munyasia Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050304/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/pius-munyasia-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}...'</comment>
      <origin>1362152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="541" sha1="sloocbrwjhe0irdyudddoyuxn33tz3l" xml:space="preserve">'''Pius Munyasia''' (alizaliwa [[6 Julai]] [[1960]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1984]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Pius Munyasia Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050304/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/mu/pius-munyasia-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1960]]</text>
      <sha1>sloocbrwjhe0irdyudddoyuxn33tz3l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Justus Kavulanya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190159</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362155</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T20:58:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Justus Kavulanya''' (alizaliwa [[19 Septemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za [[Kenya]]  ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Justus Kavulanya Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418095042/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/justus-kavulanya-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanari...'</comment>
      <origin>1362155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="554" sha1="253vo6o5ya0qpfsmsp1swufae434thi" xml:space="preserve">'''Justus Kavulanya''' (alizaliwa [[19 Septemba]] [[1968]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za [[Kenya]]  ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1996]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Justus Kavulanya Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418095042/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ka/justus-kavulanya-1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1968]]</text>
      <sha1>253vo6o5ya0qpfsmsp1swufae434thi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Julius Sawe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190160</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362156</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:05:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Julius Sawe Kipkoech''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1996]] na [[2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Julius Sawe Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418025251/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/julius-sawe-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariad...'</comment>
      <origin>1362156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="552" sha1="l67s9t6srmbiauqoponivk5saiufvgk" xml:space="preserve">'''Julius Sawe Kipkoech''' (alizaliwa [[21 Novemba]] [[1971]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 20 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1996]] na [[2000]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Julius Sawe Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418025251/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/julius-sawe-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1971]]</text>
      <sha1>l67s9t6srmbiauqoponivk5saiufvgk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>William Sawe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190161</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362157</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''William Sawe''' (alizaliwa [[5 Septemba]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 50 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=William Sawe Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/william-sawe-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} Jamii...'</comment>
      <origin>1362157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="534" sha1="s4cl4416x9ksyi1drcm6z61tbx9g88o" xml:space="preserve">'''William Sawe''' (alizaliwa [[5 Septemba]] [[1955]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za kilomita 50 za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=William Sawe Olympic Results |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085256/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/william-sawe-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>s4cl4416x9ksyi1drcm6z61tbx9g88o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>David Lamai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190162</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362159</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:25:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''David Lamai''' (alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio ndefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David Lamai Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/david-lamai-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt; == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} Jamii:Wanariadha wa...'</comment>
      <origin>1362159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="520" sha1="mdj6t58ubj36tat82kxrci80d5dl8iq" xml:space="preserve">'''David Lamai''' (alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio ndefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David Lamai Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/david-lamai-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;
== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]]</text>
      <sha1>mdj6t58ubj36tat82kxrci80d5dl8iq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362201</id>
      <parentid>1362159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:24:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362201</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="532" sha1="pirbucicc5f8hspvpvuevtlon8x0gz6" xml:space="preserve">'''David Lamai''' (alizaliwa [[22 Aprili]] [[1964]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za masafa marefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1988]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=David Lamai Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050725/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/la/david-lamai-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1964]]</text>
      <sha1>pirbucicc5f8hspvpvuevtlon8x0gz6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Benjamin Koech</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190163</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362160</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:30:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Benjamin Koech''' (alizaliwa [[25 Juni]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio ndefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benjamin Koech Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418071649/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/benjamin-koech-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} Jamii:Wanar...'</comment>
      <origin>1362160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="528" sha1="e6p6psq0nzkzb1kplu42rfrdvkka09d" xml:space="preserve">'''Benjamin Koech''' (alizaliwa [[25 Juni]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio ndefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benjamin Koech Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418071649/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/benjamin-koech-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>e6p6psq0nzkzb1kplu42rfrdvkka09d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362202</id>
      <parentid>1362160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:25:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="539" sha1="5kb1avp9s7k0pn2dtvuj54kq6s1z7b0" xml:space="preserve">'''Benjamin Koech''' (alizaliwa [[25 Juni]] [[1969]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki katika mbio za masafa marefu za wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1992]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Benjamin Koech Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418071649/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ko/benjamin-koech-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1969]]</text>
      <sha1>5kb1avp9s7k0pn2dtvuj54kq6s1z7b0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koech Kiprop</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190164</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362161</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:39:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Koech Kiprop''' (alizaliwa [[1938]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72789 |title=Koech Kiprop |work=Olympedia |access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishiriki katika decathlon ya wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1964]] iliyofanyika [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Koech Kiprop Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121938/http...'</comment>
      <origin>1362161</origin>
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      <text bytes="860" sha1="moqwmea061wzncgamkj3q4i1pic2t7o" xml:space="preserve">'''Koech Kiprop''' (alizaliwa [[1938]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72789 |title=Koech Kiprop |work=Olympedia |access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishiriki katika decathlon ya wanaume katika [[Michezo ya Olimpiki]] ya [[Majira ya joto]] ya mwaka [[1964]] iliyofanyika [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Koech Kiprop Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121938/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/koech-kiprop-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[1966]] ambaye alishiriki katika decathlon ya wanaume kwenye Michezo ya [[Milki ya Uingereza]] na [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya mwaka [[1966]] iliyofanyika [[Kingston]], [[Jamaika]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]</text>
      <sha1>moqwmea061wzncgamkj3q4i1pic2t7o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362203</id>
      <parentid>1362161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="887" sha1="r0cr8x420379ha3h0baq3p1k1vpf6vc" xml:space="preserve">'''Koech Kiprop''' (alizaliwa [[1938]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] kutoka [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72789 |title=Koech Kiprop |work=Olympedia |access-date=1 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alishiriki katika warsha ya wanariadha wanaume walioshiriki kwenye michezo ya Olimpiki ya mwaka [[1964]] inayojulikana kwa jina la (decathlon)  iliyofanyika [[Tokyo]], [[Japani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Koech Kiprop Olympic Results  |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418121938/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ki/koech-kiprop-1.html}} &lt;/ref&gt; Mwaka [[1966]] alishiriki katika decathlon ya wanaume kwenye Michezo ya [[Milki ya Uingereza]] na [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya mwaka [[1966]] iliyofanyika [[Kingston]], [[Jamaika]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1938]]</text>
      <sha1>r0cr8x420379ha3h0baq3p1k1vpf6vc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wyclife Kinyamal</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190165</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362162</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wyclife Kinyamal''' (alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa kiume kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki mbio za mita 800. Alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katka Michezo ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya mwaka [[2018]] na ana dakika 1:42.08 bora zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wyclife Kinyamal |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14746603}} &lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{reflist}} {{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}} [[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]] Jamii:Wat...'</comment>
      <origin>1362162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="500" sha1="sw2k0x0hl43ec5s1mnipjtekbzk6ojo" xml:space="preserve">'''Wyclife Kinyamal''' (alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa kiume kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki mbio za mita 800. Alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katka Michezo ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya mwaka [[2018]] na ana dakika 1:42.08 bora zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wyclife Kinyamal |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14746603}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>sw2k0x0hl43ec5s1mnipjtekbzk6ojo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362204</id>
      <parentid>1362162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:32:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="507" sha1="4yvqkpl4ls0zd3mokdmd0zpihsb5gh4" xml:space="preserve">'''Wyclife Kinyamal''' (alizaliwa [[2 Julai]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa kiume kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alishiriki mbio za mita 800. Alishinda [[medali]] ya [[dhahabu]] katka Michezo ya [[Jumuiya ya Madola]] ya mwaka [[2018]] na ana rekodi ya saa 1:42.08 bora zaidi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Wyclife Kinyamal |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14746603}} &lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>4yvqkpl4ls0zd3mokdmd0zpihsb5gh4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rodgers Kwemoi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190166</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362163</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-09T21:52:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kimwali mmbaga</username>
        <id>69489</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Rodgers Kwemoi Chumo''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 5000 na 10,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rodgers Kwemoi |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14657365}} &lt;/ref&gt;  Kwa sasa Kwemoi anatumikia marufuku ya mashindano ya miaka sita kutokana na ukiukaji wa sheria za kupinga matumizi ya dawa za kusisimua misuli na tarehe ya mwisho ya tarehe [[7 Agosti]] [[2029]].  ==...'</comment>
      <origin>1362163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="593" sha1="bc6ghcbgkdk3qchuq5ooeyvax7jc9uv" xml:space="preserve">'''Rodgers Kwemoi Chumo''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio ndefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 5000 na 10,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rodgers Kwemoi |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14657365}} &lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa Kwemoi anatumikia marufuku ya mashindano ya miaka sita kutokana na ukiukaji wa sheria za kupinga matumizi ya dawa za kusisimua misuli na tarehe ya mwisho ya tarehe [[7 Agosti]] [[2029]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>bc6ghcbgkdk3qchuq5ooeyvax7jc9uv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362205</id>
      <parentid>1362163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:33:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="604" sha1="b6y7cdj5um6idb8hrqqlksr8evsp1hz" xml:space="preserve">'''Rodgers Kwemoi Chumo''' (alizaliwa [[3 Machi]] [[1997]]) ni [[mwanariadha]] wa mbio za masafa marefu kutoka [[Kenya]] ambaye alibobea katika mbio za mita 5000 na 10,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Rodgers Kwemoi |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14657365}} &lt;/ref&gt;

Kwa sasa Kwemoi anatumikia marufuku ya mashindano ya miaka sita kutokana na ukiukaji wa sheria za kupinga matumizi ya dawa za kusisimua misuli na tarehe ya mwisho ya tarehe [[7 Agosti]] [[2029]].

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}
{{mbegu-mwanariadha-kenya}}
[[Jamii:Wanariadha wa Kenya]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1997]]</text>
      <sha1>b6y7cdj5um6idb8hrqqlksr8evsp1hz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zavegepant</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190167</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362170</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:16:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1382938|Zavegepant]] to:sw #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>1362170</origin>
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      <text bytes="6093" sha1="phvytz3jmdodo09jcr2kjo7rzs9ly24" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox|drug_name=|INN=|image=Zavegepant.svg|width=|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Zavzpret|synonyms=BHV-3500|IUPAC_name=N-[(2R)-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist]]&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Nasal administration|Kwa pua]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|zavegepant}}|MedlinePlus=&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-peke yake|legal_US_comment=&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;|DailyMedID=Zavegepant|licence_US=&lt;!-- FDA may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=36|H=46|N=8|O=3|SMILES=CC1=CC(=CC2=C1NN=C2)CC(C(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4CCN(CC4)C)NC(=O)N5CCC(CC5)C6=CC7=CC=CC=C7NC6=O|StdInChI=1S/C36H46N8O3/c1-24-19-25(20-28-23-37-40-33(24)28)21-32(35(46)43-17-15-42(16-18-43)29-9-11-41(2)12-10-29)39-36(47)44-13-7-26(8-14-44)30-22-27-5-3-4-6-31(27)38-34(30)45/h3-6,19-20,22-23,26,29,32H,7-18,21H2,1-2H3,(H,37,40)(H,38,45)(H,39,47)/t32-/m1/s1|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=JJVAPHYEOZSKJZ-JGCGQSQUSA-N|StdInChIKey2=VQDUWCSSPSOSNA-RYWNGCACSA-N|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=|index2_label=as HCl}}

'''Zavegepant''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zavzpret''', ni dawa inayotumika kutibu [[Kipandauso|maumivu ya kichwa ya kipandauso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Inatumika kwa maumivu ya kichwa yenyewe, badala ya kuzuia.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Dawa hiiinanyunyizwa ndani ya pua.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya ladha, kichefuchefu, maumivu ya pua na kutapika.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Madhara yake mengine ni pamoja na [[Mzio|athari za mzio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Haipendekezi kuitumia kwa watu walio na shida kubwa ya ini au figo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Usalama wa matumizi yake katika ujauzito hauko wazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii ni kipinzani cha kipokezi cha peptidi kinachohusiana na jeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt;

Zavegepant iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na ilitarajiwa kupatikana kibiashara mnamo Julai mwaka wa 2023 na kuuzwa bei sawa na dawa zingine katika kundi lake.D&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=MSc|first=Nadia Stec|title=Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Migraine Nasal Spray from Pfizer Gets FDA Nod|url=https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.|work=Xtalks|accessdate=25 May 2023|date=14 March 2023|archivedate=15 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315160326/https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>phvytz3jmdodo09jcr2kjo7rzs9ly24</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362171</id>
      <parentid>1362170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:18:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6093" sha1="6208j9elys2zb4jm4dta4c45rhsyq8l" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox|drug_name=|INN=|image=Zavegepant.svg|width=|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Zavzpret|synonyms=BHV-3500|IUPAC_name=N-[(2R)-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist]]&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Nasal administration|Kwa pua]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|zavegepant}}|MedlinePlus=&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-peke yake|legal_US_comment=&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;|DailyMedID=Zavegepant|licence_US=&lt;!-- FDA may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=36|H=46|N=8|O=3|SMILES=CC1=CC(=CC2=C1NN=C2)CC(C(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4CCN(CC4)C)NC(=O)N5CCC(CC5)C6=CC7=CC=CC=C7NC6=O|StdInChI=1S/C36H46N8O3/c1-24-19-25(20-28-23-37-40-33(24)28)21-32(35(46)43-17-15-42(16-18-43)29-9-11-41(2)12-10-29)39-36(47)44-13-7-26(8-14-44)30-22-27-5-3-4-6-31(27)38-34(30)45/h3-6,19-20,22-23,26,29,32H,7-18,21H2,1-2H3,(H,37,40)(H,38,45)(H,39,47)/t32-/m1/s1|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=JJVAPHYEOZSKJZ-JGCGQSQUSA-N|StdInChIKey2=VQDUWCSSPSOSNA-RYWNGCACSA-N|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=|index2_label=as HCl}}

'''Zavegepant''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zavzpret''', ni dawa inayotumika kutibu [[Kipandauso|maumivu ya kichwa ya kipandauso]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Inatumika kwa maumivu ya kichwa yenyewe, badala ya kuzuia.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii inanyunyizwa ndani ya pua.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya ladha, kichefuchefu, maumivu ya pua na kutapika.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Madhara yake mengine ni pamoja na [[Mzio|athari za mzio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Haipendekezi kuitumia kwa watu walio na shida kubwa ya ini au figo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Usalama wa matumizi yake katika ujauzito hauko wazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii ni kipinzani cha kipokezi cha peptidi kinachohusiana na jeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt;

Zavegepant iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na ilitarajiwa kupatikana kibiashara mnamo Julai mwaka wa 2023 na kuuzwa bei sawa na dawa zingine katika kundi lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=MSc|first=Nadia Stec|title=Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Migraine Nasal Spray from Pfizer Gets FDA Nod|url=https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.|work=Xtalks|accessdate=25 May 2023|date=14 March 2023|archivedate=15 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315160326/https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>1362206</id>
      <parentid>1362171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:37:45Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="6023" sha1="s2x1y88q3gorbh2tfdzevhid2cg6u44" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox|drug_name=|INN=|image=Zavegepant.svg|width=|alt=|caption=|type=&lt;!-- empty --&gt;

&lt;!-- Names --&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Zavzpret|synonyms=BHV-3500|IUPAC_name=N-[(2R)-3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-[4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide

&lt;!-- Clinical data --&gt;|class=[[Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist]]&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_AU_comment=|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=[[Nasal administration|Kwa pua]]|onset=|duration_of_action=|Drugs.com={{Drugs.com|monograph|zavegepant}}|MedlinePlus=&lt;!-- Legal data --&gt;|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_AU_comment=|legal_BR=&lt;!-- OTC, A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, D1, D2, E, F --&gt;|legal_BR_comment=|legal_CA=&lt;!-- OTC, Rx-only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_CA_comment=|legal_DE=&lt;!-- Anlage I, II, III or Unscheduled --&gt;|legal_DE_comment=|legal_EU=|legal_EU_comment=|legal_NZ=&lt;!-- Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_NZ_comment=|legal_UN=&lt;!-- N I, II, III, IV / P I, II, III, IV --&gt;|legal_UN_comment=|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD (Benz) POM, CD (Anab) POM or CD Inv POM / Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_UK_comment=|legal_US=Rx-peke yake|legal_US_comment=&lt;ref name=PI2023/&gt;|legal_status=&lt;!-- For countries not listed above --&gt;|DailyMedID=Zavegepant|licence_US=&lt;!-- FDA may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_CA=&lt;!-- Health Canada may use generic or brand name (generic name preferred) --&gt;|licence_EU=&lt;!-- EMA uses INN (or special INN_EMA) --&gt;

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=|protein_bound=|metabolism=|metabolites=|elimination_half-life=|excretion=&lt;!-- Chemical and physical data --&gt;|C=36|H=46|N=8|O=3|SMILES=CC1=CC(=CC2=C1NN=C2)CC(C(=O)N3CCN(CC3)C4CCN(CC4)C)NC(=O)N5CCC(CC5)C6=CC7=CC=CC=C7NC6=O|StdInChI=1S/C36H46N8O3/c1-24-19-25(20-28-23-37-40-33(24)28)21-32(35(46)43-17-15-42(16-18-43)29-9-11-41(2)12-10-29)39-36(47)44-13-7-26(8-14-44)30-22-27-5-3-4-6-31(27)38-34(30)45/h3-6,19-20,22-23,26,29,32H,7-18,21H2,1-2H3,(H,37,40)(H,38,45)(H,39,47)/t32-/m1/s1|StdInChI_comment=|StdInChIKey=JJVAPHYEOZSKJZ-JGCGQSQUSA-N|StdInChIKey2=VQDUWCSSPSOSNA-RYWNGCACSA-N|density=|density_notes=|melting_point=|melting_high=|melting_notes=|boiling_point=|boiling_notes=|solubility=|sol_units=|specific_rotation=|index2_label=as HCl}}

'''Zavegepant''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zavzpret''', ni dawa inayotumika kutibu [[Kipandauso|maumivu ya kichwa ya kipandauso]]. Inatumika kwa maumivu ya kichwa yenyewe, badala ya kuzuia. Dawa hii inanyunyizwa ndani ya pua.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na mabadiliko ya ladha, kichefuchefu, maumivu ya pua na kutapika.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Madhara yake mengine ni pamoja na [[Mzio|athari za mzio]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Haipendekezi kuitumia kwa watu walio na shida kubwa ya ini au figo.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Usalama wa matumizi yake katika ujauzito hauko wazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii ni kipinzani cha kipokezi cha peptidi kinachohusiana na jeni.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot; /&gt;

Zavegepant iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2023&lt;ref name=&quot;PI2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf|title=ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray|accessdate=2023-03-13|archivedate=2023-03-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf &quot;ZAVZPRET™ (zavegepant) nasal spray&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230311071545/https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/216386s000lbl.pdf Archived] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt; from the original on 2023-03-11&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-03-13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; na ilitarajiwa kupatikana kibiashara mnamo Julai mwaka wa 2023 na kuuzwa bei sawa na dawa zingine katika kundi lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=MSc|first=Nadia Stec|title=Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Migraine Nasal Spray from Pfizer Gets FDA Nod|url=https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.|work=Xtalks|accessdate=25 May 2023|date=14 March 2023|archivedate=15 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315160326/https://xtalks.com/zavzpret-zavegepant-migraine-nasal-spray-from-pfizer-gets-fda-nod-3402/#:~:text=Zavzpret%20will%20be%20available%20in,year%20or%20%24575%20per%20month.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vorapaxar</title>
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        <id>39839</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1406926|Vorapaxar]] to:sw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="6499" sha1="id4uj0z8eo0brpwokwye6k2dbr99qbd" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=changed|Watchedfields=changed|verifiedrevid=407843385|image=Vorapaxar structure.svg|width=230|image2=Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png|width2=250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;|pronounce=|tradename=Zontivity|synonyms=SCH-530348|IUPAC_name=Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;|class=|pregnancy_AU=&lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;|pregnancy_US=B|pregnancy_category=|routes_of_administration=By mouth|onset=|duration_of_action=|legal_AU=&lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;|legal_CA=&lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;|legal_UK=&lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;|legal_US=Rx-only|legal_status=|licence_EU=yes|melting_point=278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;|bioavailability=~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|protein_bound=≥99%|metabolism=Liver ([[CYP3A4]] and [[CYP2J2]])|elimination_half-life=5–13 days|excretion=Feces (58%), urine (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;|C=29|H=33|F=1|N=2|O=4|SMILES=Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C|StdInChI_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChI=1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1|StdInChIKey_Ref={{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}|StdInChIKey=ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>id4uj0z8eo0brpwokwye6k2dbr99qbd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362174</id>
      <parentid>1362172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:31:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Joeangatia</username>
        <id>39839</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362174</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7006" sha1="2a0ygfmy2fdorfpehcughwd3t6lisgi" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 407843385
| image              = Vorapaxar structure.svg
| width              = 230
| image2             = Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png
| width2             = 250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;| pronounce          = 
| tradename          = Zontivity
| synonyms           = SCH-530348
| IUPAC_name         = Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;| class              = 
| pregnancy_AU       = &lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
| pregnancy_US       = B
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = Kwa mdomo
| onset              = 
| duration_of_action = 
| legal_AU           = &lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;
| legal_CA           = &lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
| legal_UK           = &lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;
| legal_US           = Rx-peke yake
| legal_status       = 
| licence_EU         = yes
| melting_point      = 278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| bioavailability    = ~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| protein_bound      = ≥99%
| metabolism         = Ini ([[CYP3A4]] na [[CYP2J2]])
| elimination_half-life = Siku 5–13
| excretion          = Kinyesi (58%), mkojo (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;| C                  = 29
| H                  = 33
| F                  = 1
| N                  = 2
| O                  = 4
| SMILES             = Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C
| StdInChI_Ref       = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI           = 1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N
}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>2a0ygfmy2fdorfpehcughwd3t6lisgi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362207</id>
      <parentid>1362174</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:38:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6990" sha1="oy52m6yvvdkf8441eerpnnc3dmohr9v" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 407843385
| image              = Vorapaxar structure.svg
| width              = 230
| image2             = Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png
| width2             = 250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;| pronounce          = 
| tradename          = Zontivity
| synonyms           = SCH-530348
| IUPAC_name         = Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;| class              = 
| pregnancy_AU       = &lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
| pregnancy_US       = B
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = Kwa mdomo
| onset              = 
| duration_of_action = 
| legal_AU           = &lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;
| legal_CA           = &lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
| legal_UK           = &lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;
| legal_US           = Rx-peke yake
| legal_status       = 
| licence_EU         = yes
| melting_point      = 278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| bioavailability    = ~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| protein_bound      = ≥99%
| metabolism         = Ini ([[CYP3A4]] na [[CYP2J2]])
| elimination_half-life = Siku 5–13
| excretion          = Kinyesi (58%), mkojo (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;| C                  = 29
| H                  = 33
| F                  = 1
| N                  = 2
| O                  = 4
| SMILES             = Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C
| StdInChI_Ref       = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI           = 1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N
}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt; Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>oy52m6yvvdkf8441eerpnnc3dmohr9v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362208</id>
      <parentid>1362207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:39:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6940" sha1="bo07pzohv9ik9ybmhjvuhifdh832ekx" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 407843385
| image              = Vorapaxar structure.svg
| width              = 230
| image2             = Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png
| width2             = 250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;| pronounce          = 
| tradename          = Zontivity
| synonyms           = SCH-530348
| IUPAC_name         = Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;| class              = 
| pregnancy_AU       = &lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
| pregnancy_US       = B
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = Kwa mdomo
| onset              = 
| duration_of_action = 
| legal_AU           = &lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;
| legal_CA           = &lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
| legal_UK           = &lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;
| legal_US           = Rx-peke yake
| legal_status       = 
| licence_EU         = yes
| melting_point      = 278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| bioavailability    = ~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| protein_bound      = ≥99%
| metabolism         = Ini ([[CYP3A4]] na [[CYP2J2]])
| elimination_half-life = Siku 5–13
| excretion          = Kinyesi (58%), mkojo (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;| C                  = 29
| H                  = 33
| F                  = 1
| N                  = 2
| O                  = 4
| SMILES             = Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C
| StdInChI_Ref       = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI           = 1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N
}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt; Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2021&quot; /&gt;

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>bo07pzohv9ik9ybmhjvuhifdh832ekx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362209</id>
      <parentid>1362208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:40:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6894" sha1="mnh2fn02td4batsms55fzccz4emxaks" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 407843385
| image              = Vorapaxar structure.svg
| width              = 230
| image2             = Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png
| width2             = 250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;| pronounce          = 
| tradename          = Zontivity
| synonyms           = SCH-530348
| IUPAC_name         = Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;| class              = 
| pregnancy_AU       = &lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
| pregnancy_US       = B
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = Kwa mdomo
| onset              = 
| duration_of_action = 
| legal_AU           = &lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;
| legal_CA           = &lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
| legal_UK           = &lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;
| legal_US           = Rx-peke yake
| legal_status       = 
| licence_EU         = yes
| melting_point      = 278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| bioavailability    = ~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| protein_bound      = ≥99%
| metabolism         = Ini ([[CYP3A4]] na [[CYP2J2]])
| elimination_half-life = Siku 5–13
| excretion          = Kinyesi (58%), mkojo (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;| C                  = 29
| H                  = 33
| F                  = 1
| N                  = 2
| O                  = 4
| SMILES             = Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C
| StdInChI_Ref       = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI           = 1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N
}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt; Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>mnh2fn02td4batsms55fzccz4emxaks</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362210</id>
      <parentid>1362209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T05:41:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6889" sha1="427tvtlq2qf2uoahakqiye1sjfz0q45" xml:space="preserve">{{Drugbox
| Verifiedfields     = changed
| Watchedfields      = changed
| verifiedrevid      = 407843385
| image              = Vorapaxar structure.svg
| width              = 230
| image2             = Vorapaxar ball-and-stick model.png
| width2             = 250

&lt;!--Names--&gt;| pronounce          = 
| tradename          = Zontivity
| synonyms           = SCH-530348
| IUPAC_name         = Ethyl ''N''-[(3''R'',3a''S'',4''S'',4a''R'',7''R'',8a''R'',9a''R'')-4-[(''E'')-2-[5-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-pyridyl]vinyl]-3-methyl-1-oxo-3a,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9,9a-decahydro-3''H''-benzo[f]isobenzofuran-7-yl]carbamate

&lt;!--Clinical data--&gt;| class              = 
| pregnancy_AU       = &lt;!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X --&gt;
| pregnancy_US       = B
| pregnancy_category = 
| routes_of_administration = Kwa mdomo
| onset              = 
| duration_of_action = 
| legal_AU           = &lt;!-- S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled--&gt;
| legal_CA           = &lt;!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII --&gt;
| legal_UK           = &lt;!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C --&gt;
| legal_US           = Rx-peke yake
| legal_status       = 
| licence_EU         = yes
| melting_point      = 278

&lt;!-- Pharmacokinetic data --&gt;| bioavailability    = ~100%&lt;ref name=&quot;zontivity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=ZONTIVITY™ (vorapaxar) Tablets 2.08 mg, for oral use. Full Prescribing Information|url=http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|publisher=Merck &amp; Co., Inc. Initial U.S. Approval: 05/2014.|access-date=17 June 2014|archive-date=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617084653/http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zontivity/zontivity_pi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| protein_bound      = ≥99%
| metabolism         = Ini ([[CYP3A4]] na [[CYP2J2]])
| elimination_half-life = Siku 5–13
| excretion          = Kinyesi (58%), mkojo (25%)

&lt;!--Chemical data--&gt;| C                  = 29
| H                  = 33
| F                  = 1
| N                  = 2
| O                  = 4
| SMILES             = Fc1cccc(c1)c2ccc(nc2)\C=C\[C@H]4[C@H]3[C@@H](C[C@H](NC(=O)OCC)CC3)C[C@H]5C(=O)O[C@@H]([C@@H]45)C
| StdInChI_Ref       = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChI           = 1S/C29H33FN2O4/c1-3-35-29(34)32-23-10-11-24-20(14-23)15-26-27(17(2)36-28(26)33)25(24)12-9-22-8-7-19(16-31-22)18-5-4-6-21(30)13-18/h4-9,12-13,16-17,20,23-27H,3,10-11,14-15H2,1-2H3,(H,32,34)/b12-9+/t17-,20+,23-,24-,25+,26-,27+/m1/s1
| StdInChIKey_Ref    = {{stdinchicite|changed|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey        = ZBGXUVOIWDMMJE-QHNZEKIYSA-N
}}

'''Vorapaxar''', inayouzwa chini ya jina la chapa '''Zontivity''', ni dawa inayotumika kupunguza hatari ya [[Shtuko la moyo|mshtuko wa moyo]] na [[kiharusi]] kwa wale walio na ugumu wa mishipa ya damu (atherosclerosis).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Faida zake za jumla; hata hivyo, bado hazikuwa zikijulikana wazi kufikia mwaka wa 2021. Dawa hii inachukuliwa kwa mdomo.

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na kutokwa na damu, ambayo inaweza kujumuisha kutokwa na damu ndani ya kichwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ni kipokezi cha thrombin (kipokezi kilichoamilishwa na protease, PAR-1) kulingana na bidhaa asilia ya himbacine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chackalamannil|first=S|last2=Wang|first2=Y|last3=Greenlee|first3=WJ|last4=Hu|first4=Z|last5=Xia|first5=Y|last6=Ahn|first6=HS|last7=Boykow|first7=G|last8=Hsieh|first8=Y|last9=Palamanda|first9=J|title=Discovery of a novel, orally active himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist (SCH 530348) with potent antiplatelet activity.|journal=Journal of medicinal chemistry|date=12 June 2008|volume=51|issue=11|pages=3061-4|doi=10.1021/jm800180e|pmid=18447380}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dawa hii inafanya kazi kwa kuzuia [[Pleteleti za damu|mkusanyiko wa chembe ya damu ya pletleti]].

Vorapaxar iliidhinishwa kwa ajili ya matumizi ya kimatibabu nchini Marekani mwaka wa 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html|work=Drugs.com|accessdate=16 September 2021|language=en|archivedate=24 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html &quot;Vorapaxar Monograph for Professionals&quot;]. ''Drugs.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054206/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vorapaxar.html Archived] from the original on 24 January 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 September&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ingawa iliidhinishwa kutumika Ulaya mwaka wa 2015, idhini hii iliondolewa mwaka wa 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=28 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128175047/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zontivity#product-information-section}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European Union|url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=3 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603115645/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/public-statement/public-statement-zontivity-cessation-validity-marketing-authorisation-european-union_en.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchini Marekani iligharimu takriban dola 370 kwa mwezi kufikia mwaka wa 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zontivity Prices, Coupons &amp; Savings Tips - GoodRx|url=https://www.goodrx.com/zontivity|work=GoodRx|accessdate=16 September 2021|archivedate=9 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809130810/http://www.goodrx.com/zontivity}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeleo ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Madawa]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>427tvtlq2qf2uoahakqiye1sjfz0q45</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Junligs</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>190169</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362179</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:47:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Karibu}} ~~~~'</comment>
      <origin>1362179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="145" sha1="61zo41irda3v1lg7zbpuwzx23kqyjhu" xml:space="preserve">{{Karibu}} '''[[Mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|Justine Msechu]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Justine Msechu|majadiliano]])''' 04:47, 10 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>61zo41irda3v1lg7zbpuwzx23kqyjhu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jamii:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>190170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362180</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T04:48:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Justine Msechu</username>
        <id>45962</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[Jamii:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]]'</comment>
      <origin>1362180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="igtvnlzyr705oodqhvnoz4ps0nszkaf" xml:space="preserve">[[Jamii:Vigezo vya makabila ya Afrika]]</text>
      <sha1>igtvnlzyr705oodqhvnoz4ps0nszkaf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Walter M. Aikman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190171</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362213</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Walter Montieth Aikman''' (alizaliwa [[1857]]–[[1939]]) alikuwa mchora [[michoro]], mtaalamu wa uchongaji, mbunifu wa alama za [[vitabu]]. Alizaliwa [[New York|New York City]], [[Marekani]], na alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Green-Wood huko Brooklyn.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeBGAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22walter+m.+aikman%22+1857&amp;pg=PA3 Walter M. Aikman.]&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]...'</comment>
      <origin>1362213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="pge57us6g779q3qdwntwa8xywmcfpap" xml:space="preserve">'''Walter Montieth Aikman''' (alizaliwa [[1857]]–[[1939]]) alikuwa mchora [[michoro]], mtaalamu wa uchongaji, mbunifu wa alama za [[vitabu]]. Alizaliwa [[New York|New York City]], [[Marekani]], na alizikwa katika Makaburi ya Green-Wood huko Brooklyn.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=yeBGAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=%22walter+m.+aikman%22+1857&amp;pg=PA3 Walter M. Aikman.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1957]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1939]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>pge57us6g779q3qdwntwa8xywmcfpap</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Alexis Aminoff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190172</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362214</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:30:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPARK</comment>
      <origin>1362214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="670" sha1="0f50i6wbld0s769oxy8kcbsplnzwibx" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Gregor_Aminoff_SPA3_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Alexis Aminoff]]
'''Gregor Iwan Alexis Feodor Aminoff''' (alizaliwa [[4 Aprili|Aprili 4]], [[1897]] – [[26 Aprili|Aprili 26]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwanadiplomasia]] na chamberlain kutoka [[Uswidi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Vem är det (1976), p. 28&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://runeberg.org/vemardet/1977/0048.html|title=Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1977|date=1976|publisher=Norstedt|isbn=91-1-766022-X|location=Stockholm|page=28|language=sv|trans-title=Who is it: Swedish biographical handbook. 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1877]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uswidi]]</text>
      <sha1>0f50i6wbld0s769oxy8kcbsplnzwibx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Toivo Aalto-Setälä</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190173</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362215</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:35:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Toivo Armas Aalto-Setälä''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1896]] – [[3 Aprili|Aprili 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Finlandi]]. Alizaliwa Köyliö na alikuwa [[mbunge]] katika [[Bunge]] la Finlandi kutoka [[1927]] hadi [[1929]] na tena kutoka 1930 hadi 1933, akiuwakilisha Chama cha Muungano wa Kitaifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910227.aspx|work=www.eduskunta.fi|a...'</comment>
      <origin>1362215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="589" sha1="3raji19vw08axrplhvagzikxwcloerl" xml:space="preserve">'''Toivo Armas Aalto-Setälä''' (alizaliwa [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1896]] – [[3 Aprili|Aprili 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na [[mwanasiasa]] kutoka [[Finlandi]]. Alizaliwa Köyliö na alikuwa [[mbunge]] katika [[Bunge]] la Finlandi kutoka [[1927]] hadi [[1929]] na tena kutoka 1930 hadi 1933, akiuwakilisha Chama cha Muungano wa Kitaifa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/kansanedustajat/Sivut/910227.aspx|work=www.eduskunta.fi|accessdate=2024-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1896]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>3raji19vw08axrplhvagzikxwcloerl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Atnafu Abate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190174</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362217</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:39:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ' Lieutenant Colonel '''Atnafu Abate''' (alizaliwa  [[31 Januari|Januari 31]], [[1931]] – [[12 Novemba|Novemba 12]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[Ofisa|afisa]] wa [[jeshi]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa Derg, baraza la kijeshi lililomwondoa madarakani Mfalme Haile Selassie na kutawala nchi kwa miaka kadhaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsxPAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=atnafu+abate+death+date&amp;pg=PA147|title=Wore Negari|last=Yimam|first=Moham...'</comment>
      <origin>1362217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="913" sha1="oxcxfnivulqwcwovz83nf34uqxs9apv" xml:space="preserve">
Lieutenant Colonel '''Atnafu Abate''' (alizaliwa  [[31 Januari|Januari 31]], [[1931]] – [[12 Novemba|Novemba 12]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[Ofisa|afisa]] wa [[jeshi]] wa [[Ethiopia]] na mmoja wa viongozi wakuu wa Derg, baraza la kijeshi lililomwondoa madarakani Mfalme Haile Selassie na kutawala nchi kwa miaka kadhaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsxPAwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=atnafu+abate+death+date&amp;pg=PA147|title=Wore Negari|last=Yimam|first=Mohamed|date=2013|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4836-9896-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Yodfat|first=Aryeh Y.|date=1980|title=The Soviet Union and the Horn of Africa|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660042|journal=Northeast African Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=65–81|issn=0740-9133|jstor=43660042}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1931]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ethiopia]]</text>
      <sha1>oxcxfnivulqwcwovz83nf34uqxs9apv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>George Abbott (GC)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190175</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362218</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''George Faucett Pitts Abbot'''t, [[GC]] (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba|Septemba 18]], [[1897]] – [[10 Juni|Juni 10]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[baharia]] wa [[Uingereza]] na mpokeaji wa [[Medali]] ya Albert, ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa kuwa George Cross, mojawapo ya [[tuzo]] za juu za ujasiri zinazotolewa kwa raia na wanajeshi wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacrossonline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/george-f-p-abbott-am/4588961175|title...'</comment>
      <origin>1362218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="941" sha1="lr6l7qihqfb1244vuo72vz3apy1ylfb" xml:space="preserve">'''George Faucett Pitts Abbot'''t, [[GC]] (alizaliwa [[18 Septemba|Septemba 18]], [[1897]] – [[10 Juni|Juni 10]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[baharia]] wa [[Uingereza]] na mpokeaji wa [[Medali]] ya Albert, ambayo baadaye ilibadilishwa kuwa George Cross, mojawapo ya [[tuzo]] za juu za ujasiri zinazotolewa kwa raia na wanajeshi wa [[Uingereza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;victoriacrossonline&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.victoriacrossonline.co.uk/george-f-p-abbott-am/4588961175|title=George Fawcett Pitts Abbott AM (exchanged for GC)|website=Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria &amp; George Cross|accessdate=7 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;burnleygallantry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.burnleygallantry.co.uk/gallantry/abbottam.html|title=14433/DA Deck Hand George Fawcett Pitts Abbott|website=Burnley Gallantry|accessdate=7 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1897]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Uingereza]]</text>
      <sha1>lr6l7qihqfb1244vuo72vz3apy1ylfb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Abdul Malek Yusuf</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190176</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362219</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:46:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Tun Abdul Malek bin Yusuf''' (alizaliwa [[1899]] – [[6 Julai|Julai 6]], [[1977]]) alikuwa Yang di-Pertua Negeri wa Melaka kuanzia 1959 hadi 1971. Siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya miaka 66 ilisherehekewa mnamo [[9 Agosti|Agosti 9]], [[1965]], na kutangazwa kama sikukuu ya umma katika jimbo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;){{cite web|url=http://www.tytmelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2012-09-24-01-09-13/the-second-speaker-of-malacca|title=The Second Speaker of Malacca|date=24 Septe...'</comment>
      <origin>1362219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="777" sha1="gywz5dthp4tlas1vg53zta19aqhgx0e" xml:space="preserve">'''Tun Abdul Malek bin Yusuf''' (alizaliwa [[1899]] – [[6 Julai|Julai 6]], [[1977]]) alikuwa Yang di-Pertua Negeri wa Melaka kuanzia 1959 hadi 1971. Siku yake ya kuzaliwa ya miaka 66 ilisherehekewa mnamo [[9 Agosti|Agosti 9]], [[1965]], na kutangazwa kama sikukuu ya umma katika jimbo hilo.&lt;ref&gt;){{cite web|url=http://www.tytmelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2012-09-24-01-09-13/the-second-speaker-of-malacca|title=The Second Speaker of Malacca|date=24 September 2012|access-date=17 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812092341/http://www.tytmelaka.gov.my/versionBI/index.php/2012-09-24-01-09-13/the-second-speaker-of-Malacca|archive-date=12 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1899]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>gywz5dthp4tlas1vg53zta19aqhgx0e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yutaka Abe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362220</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:51:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Yutaka Abe''' (阿部 豊, Abe Yutaka,alizaliwa  [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1895]] - [[3 Januari|Januari 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]] na mwigizaji kutoka [[Japani]]. Alizaliwa katika Yamoto, Miyagi, na alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] pamoja na mdogo wake kumtembelea mjomba wao aliyekuwa akiishi Los Angeles. Huko, alijiunga na shule ya uigizaji, na aliposikia kuwa Thomas H. Ince alikuwa akitafuta waigizaji wa Kijapani kufanya kazi kati...'</comment>
      <origin>1362220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="858" sha1="3tmosz14rterdqpzlt8dptcday4tx5t" xml:space="preserve">'''Yutaka Abe''' (阿部 豊, Abe Yutaka,alizaliwa  [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1895]] - [[3 Januari|Januari 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]] na mwigizaji kutoka [[Japani]]. Alizaliwa katika Yamoto, Miyagi, na alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] pamoja na mdogo wake kumtembelea mjomba wao aliyekuwa akiishi Los Angeles. Huko, alijiunga na shule ya uigizaji, na aliposikia kuwa Thomas H. Ince alikuwa akitafuta waigizaji wa Kijapani kufanya kazi katika studio zake, aliomba na akakubaliwa mwaka 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;kotobank&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%98%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A|title=Abe Yutaka|work=Nihon jinmei daijiten|publisher=Kōdansha|language=ja|access-date=26 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;notes&quot; /&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]]</text>
      <sha1>3tmosz14rterdqpzlt8dptcday4tx5t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362221</id>
      <parentid>1362220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:51:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>1362221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="838" sha1="cfrvfas0as2hhorwn6vi54ftmwzmks9" xml:space="preserve">'''Yutaka Abe''' (阿部 豊, Abe Yutaka,alizaliwa  [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1895]] - [[3 Januari|Januari 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]] na mwigizaji kutoka [[Japani]]. Alizaliwa katika Yamoto, Miyagi, na alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] pamoja na mdogo wake kumtembelea mjomba wao aliyekuwa akiishi Los Angeles. Huko, alijiunga na shule ya uigizaji, na aliposikia kuwa Thomas H. Ince alikuwa akitafuta waigizaji wa Kijapani kufanya kazi katika studio zake, aliomba na akakubaliwa mwaka 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;kotobank&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%98%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A|title=Abe Yutaka|work=Nihon jinmei daijiten|publisher=Kōdansha|language=ja|access-date=26 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]]</text>
      <sha1>cfrvfas0as2hhorwn6vi54ftmwzmks9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>1362222</id>
      <parentid>1362221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T06:53:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPARK</comment>
      <origin>1362222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="882" sha1="qmem5fzpu5q8drfdtxxdqmhk6ea7uy8" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:Yutaka Abe.jpg|thumb| Yutaka Abe]]

'''Yutaka Abe''' (阿部 豊, Abe Yutaka,alizaliwa  [[2 Februari|Februari 2]], [[1895]] - [[3 Januari|Januari 3]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mwongozaji wa [[filamu]] na mwigizaji kutoka [[Japani]]. Alizaliwa katika Yamoto, Miyagi, na alisafiri kwenda [[Marekani]] pamoja na mdogo wake kumtembelea mjomba wao aliyekuwa akiishi Los Angeles. Huko, alijiunga na shule ya uigizaji, na aliposikia kuwa Thomas H. Ince alikuwa akitafuta waigizaji wa Kijapani kufanya kazi katika studio zake, aliomba na akakubaliwa mwaka 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;kotobank&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%98%BF%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A|title=Abe Yutaka|work=Nihon jinmei daijiten|publisher=Kōdansha|language=ja|access-date=26 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-igiza-filamu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1895]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Japani]]</text>
      <sha1>qmem5fzpu5q8drfdtxxdqmhk6ea7uy8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Martin Abendroth</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190178</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362223</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T08:39:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Martin Abendroth''' (alizaliwa [[4 Oktoba]] [[1883]] – [[14 Desemba]] [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa [[Kijerumani]] (bass-baritone) na mwalimu wa [[sauti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DNB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;reset=true&amp;cqlMode=true&amp;query=betRef%3D13331636X&amp;selectedCategory=any|title=Recordings by Martin Abendroth|publisher=[[German National Library]]|language=de|accessdate=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo =...'</comment>
      <origin>1362223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="7wtb9uikxorc00f2uwdqs0cpd506q4n" xml:space="preserve">'''Martin Abendroth''' (alizaliwa [[4 Oktoba]] [[1883]] – [[14 Desemba]] [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwimbaji]] wa opera wa [[Kijerumani]] (bass-baritone) na mwalimu wa [[sauti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DNB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&amp;reset=true&amp;cqlMode=true&amp;query=betRef%3D13331636X&amp;selectedCategory=any|title=Recordings by Martin Abendroth|publisher=[[German National Library]]|language=de|accessdate=8 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanamuziki}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1883]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>7wtb9uikxorc00f2uwdqs0cpd506q4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gertrude Abercrombie</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190179</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362224</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T08:49:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPARK</comment>
      <origin>1362224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1242" sha1="ie8dcsaz0k1uxzdr4ayuvq2ko1i8z7x" xml:space="preserve">[[picha: Gertrude Abercrombie.jpg|thumb|Gertrude Abercrombie]]&lt;small&gt;Maandishi madogo&lt;/small&gt;
'''Gertrude Abercrombie''' (alizaliwa [[17 Februari]], [[1909]] – [[3 Julai]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mchora [[picha]] maarufu kutoka [[Marekani]], anayejulikana kwa mtindo wake wa kisurrealisti na picha za ndoto. Alikuwa akiishi Chicago na kuwa miongoni mwa wasanii maarufu wa eneo la bohemian na pia alihusiana sana na scene ya jazz ya [[Chicago]]. Abercrombie alifahamiana na [[wanamuziki]] maarufu wa [[jazz]] kama [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Charlie Parker]], na Sarah Vaughan, ambao muziki wao ulikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika kazi zake za sanaa. Picha zake mara nyingi zilijumuisha vipengele vya uchoraji wa kiabstrakti na uandishi wa alama, zikionyesha hali ya fumbo na hisia za kina. Mchanganyiko wake wa kipekee wa sanaa ya picha na rhythm ya jazz ulimfanya kuwa mshiriki muhimu katika nyanja za sanaa na muziki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Warren&quot;&gt;Warren, Lynn, ''Art in Chicago 1945-1995'', Thames &amp; Hudson, 1996 {{ISBN|978-0-500-23728-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:The Stroll SAAM-1978.146.2.jpg|thumb|Gertrude Abercrombie, The Stroll (1943)]]

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1909]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Wanawake wa Marekani]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>ie8dcsaz0k1uxzdr4ayuvq2ko1i8z7x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Roy Abernethy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362225</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T08:57:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#WPWP #WPWPARK</comment>
      <origin>1362225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="923" sha1="dm32w0x37gsk2prz2ahudrh0be1gj76" xml:space="preserve">
'''Roy Abernethy''' (alizaliwa [[29 Septemba|Septemba 29]], [[1906]], [[Pennsylvania]] – [[28 Februari|Februari 28]], [[1977]], [[Jupiter]], [[Florida]]) alikuwa mtendaji katika sekta ya magari ya [[Marekani]], akihudumu kama Mkurugenzi Mtendaji (CEO) wa American Motors Corporation (AMC) kutoka Februari 1962 hadi Januari 1967. Kabla ya kazi yake katika AMC, Abernethy alifanya kazi na Packard Motors na Willys-Overland. Abernethy alichukua nafasi ya George W. Romney, ambaye alijiuzulu kutoka AMC ili kuwa Gavana wa Michigan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTobituary&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Roy Abernethy, 70, Former American Motors Chief|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/01/archives/roy-abernethy-70-former-american-motors-chief.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1 March 1977|accessdate=11 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1906]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]

&lt;references /&gt;{{Mbegu-mtu}}</text>
      <sha1>dm32w0x37gsk2prz2ahudrh0be1gj76</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Augurio Abeto</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190181</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362226</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:02:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Augurio Marañon Abeto''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari|Januari 21]], [[1904]] – [[27 Januari|Januari 27]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[insha]] katika lugha ya Hiligaynon wakati wa Enzi ya Dhahabu ya Fasihi ya Hiligaynon. Alikuwa pia wakili na mchezaji wa [[siasa]], akihudumu kama [[Rais]] wa Manispaa (sawa na [[Meya]] wa kisasa) katika miaka ya 1940, na kama mwakilishi wa wilaya ya 3 ya Negros Occidental kutoka 1949 hadi 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=h...'</comment>
      <origin>1362226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="750" sha1="fu24ixg2d2awzxg9md5xkajhtiryei7" xml:space="preserve">'''Augurio Marañon Abeto''' (alizaliwa [[21 Januari|Januari 21]], [[1904]] – [[27 Januari|Januari 27]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mwandishi]] wa [[insha]] katika lugha ya Hiligaynon wakati wa Enzi ya Dhahabu ya Fasihi ya Hiligaynon. Alikuwa pia wakili na mchezaji wa [[siasa]], akihudumu kama [[Rais]] wa Manispaa (sawa na [[Meya]] wa kisasa) katika miaka ya 1940, na kama mwakilishi wa wilaya ya 3 ya Negros Occidental kutoka 1949 hadi 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.yatedo.com/p/Augurio+Abeto/famous/c0adbc5bf920ebef08c7543066240cc7|accessdate=August 23, 2014|title=Augurio Abeto}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abeto ni mtunzi wa wimbo maarufu wa Visayan, &quot;Dalawidaw.&quot;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1904]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>fu24ixg2d2awzxg9md5xkajhtiryei7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wanda Achsel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362227</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:07:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Wanda Margarethe Gertrud Achsel''', (alizaliwa [[12 Oktoba]] [[1886]] – [[3 Agosti]] [[1977]]), alikuwa soprano maarufu wa opera kutoka [[Ujerumani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_A/Achsel-Clemens_Wanda.xml|title=Achsel-Clemens, Wanda|publisher=musiklexikon.ac.at|accessdate=4 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  == Marejeo == {{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}} [[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1886]] [[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]] [[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]'</comment>
      <origin>1362227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="454" sha1="1eppu99oy1acxidi5kp30i8ehywp6b4" xml:space="preserve">'''Wanda Margarethe Gertrud Achsel''', (alizaliwa [[12 Oktoba]] [[1886]] – [[3 Agosti]] [[1977]]), alikuwa soprano maarufu wa opera kutoka [[Ujerumani]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_A/Achsel-Clemens_Wanda.xml|title=Achsel-Clemens, Wanda|publisher=musiklexikon.ac.at|accessdate=4 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1886]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Ujerumani]]</text>
      <sha1>1eppu99oy1acxidi5kp30i8ehywp6b4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paul Ackerman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190183</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362229</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:11:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Paul Ackerman''' (alizaliwa [[18 Februari|Februari 18]], [[1908]] – [[31 Desemba|Desemba 31]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mhariri na mchambuzi maarufu wa [[muziki]]. Alizaliwa [[New York]], na alifanya kazi kama mhariri wa muziki wa [[gazeti]] la Billboard kutoka 1943 hadi 1973. Ackerman aliandika [[maandishi]] ya kifasihi kwa albamu ya Harry Belafonte ya 1958 ya nyimbo za kiasili, ''Love Is a Gentle Thing''.&lt;ref name=&quot;rackhall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paul Ackerman...'</comment>
      <origin>1362229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="717" sha1="rtf54le496de468v7zdqhn1cbqmnw95" xml:space="preserve">'''Paul Ackerman''' (alizaliwa [[18 Februari|Februari 18]], [[1908]] – [[31 Desemba|Desemba 31]], [[1977]]) alikuwa mhariri na mchambuzi maarufu wa [[muziki]]. Alizaliwa [[New York]], na alifanya kazi kama mhariri wa muziki wa [[gazeti]] la Billboard kutoka 1943 hadi 1973. Ackerman aliandika [[maandishi]] ya kifasihi kwa albamu ya Harry Belafonte ya 1958 ya nyimbo za kiasili, ''Love Is a Gentle Thing''.&lt;ref name=&quot;rackhall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Paul Ackerman Biography|url=https://www.rockhall.com/inductees/paul-ackerman|publisher=Rock and Roll Hall of Fame|accessdate=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1908]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>rtf54le496de468v7zdqhn1cbqmnw95</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Phyllis Ackerman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362230</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:16:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Phyllis Ackerman''' (alizaliwa [[1893]]–[[1977]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1977-02-01|title=Phyllis Pope Dies at 83, an Expert on Asian Art|language=en-US|page=27|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/01/archives/phyllis-pope-dies-at-83-an-expert-on-asian-art.html|access-date=2021-09-10|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[historia]] ya [[sanaa]], mbunifu wa ndani, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa utafiti...'</comment>
      <origin>1362230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1116" sha1="892buh0w6k9fcodbgt2r6tgi4uc4pfe" xml:space="preserve">'''Phyllis Ackerman''' (alizaliwa [[1893]]–[[1977]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1977-02-01|title=Phyllis Pope Dies at 83, an Expert on Asian Art|language=en-US|page=27|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/02/01/archives/phyllis-pope-dies-at-83-an-expert-on-asian-art.html|access-date=2021-09-10|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; alikuwa mtaalamu wa [[historia]] ya [[sanaa]], mbunifu wa ndani, na [[mwandishi]] kutoka [[Marekani]]. Alijulikana kwa utafiti wake kuhusu sanaa na usanifu wa Kipersia na alifanya kazi kwa karibu na mumewe, Arthur Upham Pope. Urithi wake mkubwa ni kama mhariri wa machapisho ya vitabu sita vya ''A Survey of Persian Art'' (1939), ambavyo ni mchango muhimu katika utafiti wa sanaa ya Kipersia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/255110809|title=A Survey of Persian art : from prehistoric times to the present.|last=MitwirkendeR.|first=Pope, Arthur Upham, HerausgeberIn. Ackerman, Phyllis|date=1939|publisher=Oxford Univ. Pr|oclc=255110809}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1893]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>892buh0w6k9fcodbgt2r6tgi4uc4pfe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henriette Ackermann</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190185</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362234</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:34:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Henriette Ackermann''' (alizaliwa [[8 Septemba]] [[1887]] – [[31 Agosti]] [[1977]]) alikuwa mhamasishaji na mcheshi wa [[siasa]]  kutoka [[Ujerumani]], na [[mwanasiasa]] aliyekuwa mwanachama wa vyama vya KPD na USPD. &lt;ref name=&quot;HAlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ackermann, Henriette * 8.9.1887, † 31.8.1977|url=http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=3986|work=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten|author1=Herman...'</comment>
      <origin>1362234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="754" sha1="t774iqsqv16tg2d99n7r3a4x6v6101v" xml:space="preserve">'''Henriette Ackermann''' (alizaliwa [[8 Septemba]] [[1887]] – [[31 Agosti]] [[1977]]) alikuwa mhamasishaji na mcheshi wa [[siasa]]  kutoka [[Ujerumani]], na [[mwanasiasa]] aliyekuwa mwanachama wa vyama vya KPD na USPD. &lt;ref name=&quot;HAlautHDK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Ackermann, Henriette * 8.9.1887, † 31.8.1977|url=http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=3986|work=Handbuch der Deutschen Kommunisten|author1=[[Hermann Weber]]|author2=[[Andreas Herbst]]|publisher=Karl Dietz Verlag, Berlin &amp; Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin|accessdate=21 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwanasiasa}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1887]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]
[[Jamii:Watu wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>t774iqsqv16tg2d99n7r3a4x6v6101v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:Magreth Joseph</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>190186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362235</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T09:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '{{Karibu}}  ~~~~'</comment>
      <origin>1362235</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="146" sha1="cn7qa6nkv4s0v7qo9tu07y05r2yqonl" xml:space="preserve">{{Karibu}}

'''[[Mtumiaji:EdwardJacobo42|EdwardJacobo42]] ([[Majadiliano ya mtumiaji:EdwardJacobo42|majadiliano]])''' 09:47, 10 Novemba 2024 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>cn7qa6nkv4s0v7qo9tu07y05r2yqonl</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>José Acosta (baseball)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190187</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362236</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T10:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EdwardJacobo42</username>
        <id>48620</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:José Acosta (baseball).jpg|thumb|José Acosta (baseball) ]] '''José Acosta''' (alizaliwa [[4 Machi|Machi 4]], [[1891]] – [[16 Novemba|Novemba 16]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[baseball]] kutoka [[Kuba|Cuba]], ambaye alicheza kama mchezaji  (starting pitcher) katika Ligi Kuu ya Baseball ya [[Marekani]] (Major League Baseball). Aliichezea timu za [[Chicago]] White Sox na [[Washington]] Senators kwa misimu mitatu. Kabla ya kujiunga na ligi...'</comment>
      <origin>1362236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="815" sha1="bas94zfk1w0mwdjbcbo41ii50av8g7i" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:José Acosta (baseball).jpg|thumb|José Acosta (baseball) ]]
'''José Acosta''' (alizaliwa [[4 Machi|Machi 4]], [[1891]] – [[16 Novemba|Novemba 16]], [[1977]]) alikuwa [[mchezaji]] wa [[baseball]] kutoka [[Kuba|Cuba]], ambaye alicheza kama mchezaji  (starting pitcher) katika Ligi Kuu ya Baseball ya [[Marekani]] (Major League Baseball). Aliichezea timu za [[Chicago]] White Sox na [[Washington]] Senators kwa misimu mitatu. Kabla ya kujiunga na ligi za madaraja ya chini za weupe, alicheza msimu wa 1915 katika &quot;Negro baseball&quot; kama mshiriki wa timu ya Long Branch Cubans, ambayo ilikuwa ni timu iliyojumuisha wachezaji wa rangi mbalimbali.&lt;ref&gt;Figueredo 2003, pp. 113, 118, 123, 127, 138, 158, 484, 509.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1891]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1977]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stigma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190188</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362244</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:04:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="464" sha1="6k7cb7hmv0mjslhn7w76i7i5qc6b49i" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Stigma uc lc}}
'''Stigma''' ([[kigiriki]] '''στίγμα''' ikaandikwa kama Ϛ au ϛ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama ST.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo. Alama ilitumiwa kwa namba 6 pekee.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/other_ligatures.html#stigma Stigma] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>6k7cb7hmv0mjslhn7w76i7i5qc6b49i</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Heta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362245</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:13:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="417" sha1="jqqqggbt1dxvfdbuse68l3six9clcqg" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Heta uc lc}}
'''Heta''' ([[kigiriki]] '''ἡτα''' ikaandikwa kama Ͱ au ͱ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama H.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/unicode_aitch.html#tackheta heta] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>jqqqggbt1dxvfdbuse68l3six9clcqg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Josh Greenfeld</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190190</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362246</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:17:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ester Gasper Kimario</username>
        <id>70787</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Josh Greenfeld''' ([[27 Februari]] [[1928]] – [[11 Mei]] [[2018]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Marekani]] na mwandishi wa maandishi ya filamu, maarufu kwa kuandika maandishi ya filamu ya Harry and Tonto ya mwaka [[1974]] pamoja na '''Paul Mazursky''', ambayo yaliwapa uteuzi wa tuzo ya [[Tuzo za Akademi|Akademi]] na mchezaji mkuu wa filamu hiyo  '''Art Carney,''' alishinda tuzo ya [[Oscar]] kama muigizaji bora. Greenfeld pia aliandika &quot;Oh, God! Book II&quot; na...'</comment>
      <origin>1362246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="998" sha1="3qyo37vdmxfupjsj4eyvfroj2mdker6" xml:space="preserve">'''Josh Greenfeld''' ([[27 Februari]] [[1928]] – [[11 Mei]] [[2018]]) alikuwa mwandishi wa [[Marekani]] na mwandishi wa maandishi ya filamu, maarufu kwa kuandika maandishi ya filamu ya Harry and Tonto ya mwaka [[1974]] pamoja na '''Paul Mazursky''', ambayo yaliwapa uteuzi wa tuzo ya [[Tuzo za Akademi|Akademi]] na mchezaji mkuu wa filamu hiyo  '''Art Carney,''' alishinda tuzo ya [[Oscar]] kama muigizaji bora. Greenfeld pia aliandika &quot;Oh, God! Book II&quot; na &quot;the TV special lovely&quot; na ni mwandishi wa vitabu kadhaa kuhusu mwanawe mwenye usonji, '''Noah Greenfeld'''. &lt;ref name=&quot;genzlinger&quot;&gt;{{citation|last=Genzlinger|first=Neil|title=Josh Greenfeld, Who Chronicled His Son's Autism, Dies at 90|date=May 30, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/30/obituaries/josh-greenfeld-who-chronicled-his-sons-autism-dies-at-90.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist}}{{Mbegu-mwandishi}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1928]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2018]]
[[Jamii:Waandishi wa Marekani]]</text>
      <sha1>3qyo37vdmxfupjsj4eyvfroj2mdker6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Yot</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362247</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:21:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="381" sha1="ngtkena3ob3agvz83t770mawnfq19d5" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Yot uc lc}}
'''Yot''' ([[kigiriki]] ikaandikwa kama Ϳ au ϳ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama Y.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/yot.html yot] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>ngtkena3ob3agvz83t770mawnfq19d5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>San</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362248</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="403" sha1="0jnw5mbgnclqyzdoaqu5h9sx18tzpct" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=San uc lc}}
'''San''' ([[kigiriki]] '''σάν''' ikaandikwa kama Ϻ au ϻ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama S.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/nonattic.html#san san] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>0jnw5mbgnclqyzdoaqu5h9sx18tzpct</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Marty Gross</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190193</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362249</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:33:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ester Gasper Kimario</username>
        <id>70787</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika '[[picha:MartyGrossPhotoByGrantDelin.tif|thumb|Marty Gross]] '''Marty Gross''' (alizaliwa [[28 Mei|Mei 28]], [[1948]]) ni mzalishaji mshauri kutoka [[Kanada]] kwa kampuni zinazozalisha filamu na miradi katika maeneo ya Kaskazini mwa [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], na [[Asia]], akiwa na mkazo katika sanaa ya [[Kijapani]], [[filamu]], teatro, na [[ufundi]]. Kampuni yake, &quot;Marty Gross Film Productions, Inc&quot; (iliyoanzishwa mwaka [[1975]]), inasimamia mojawapo ya tovuti...'</comment>
      <origin>1362249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="847" sha1="n1p9x287x6ptj2go4c4mt73q7xwwe6a" xml:space="preserve">[[picha:MartyGrossPhotoByGrantDelin.tif|thumb|Marty Gross]]
'''Marty Gross''' (alizaliwa [[28 Mei|Mei 28]], [[1948]]) ni mzalishaji mshauri kutoka [[Kanada]] kwa kampuni zinazozalisha filamu na miradi katika maeneo ya Kaskazini mwa [[Amerika]], [[Ulaya]], na [[Asia]], akiwa na mkazo katika sanaa ya [[Kijapani]], [[filamu]], teatro, na [[ufundi]]. Kampuni yake, &quot;Marty Gross Film Productions, Inc&quot; (iliyoanzishwa mwaka [[1975]]), inasimamia mojawapo ya tovuti kubwa zaidi inayojitolea kwa filamu zinazohusiana na masuala ya utamaduni na historia ya Kijapani. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=As We Are|url=https://www.cfmdc.org/film/84|website=CFMDC|publisher=Canadian Filmmakers Distribution Centre|accessdate=4 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Marejeo ==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Mbegu-mtu}}
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1948]]
[[Jamii:Watu walio hai]]
[[Jamii:Waandaaji wa Filamu]]</text>
      <sha1>n1p9x287x6ptj2go4c4mt73q7xwwe6a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Koppa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190194</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362250</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:34:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="453" sha1="r0sctrx32yua2t0q4b9934dmx901i71" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Qoppa uc lc 2}}
'''Koppa''' ([[kigiriki]] '''κόππα''' ikaandikwa kama Ϟ au ϟ) ilikuwa kiasili herufi ya sita ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama Q.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo. Alama ilitumiwa kwa namba 90 pekee.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/nonattic.html#koppa Koppa] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0sctrx32yua2t0q4b9934dmx901i71</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sho</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190195</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1362251</id>
      <timestamp>2024-11-10T11:41:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kanjyi</username>
        <id>70882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>.</comment>
      <origin>1362251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="424" sha1="apw2j523xdunblniaz72detx0thysx3" xml:space="preserve">{{Alfabeti ya Kigiriki kamili|herufi=Sho uc lc}}
'''Sho''' ([[kigiriki]] ikaandikwa kama Ϸ au ϸ) ilikuwa herufi katika matumizi ya [[alfabeti ya Kigiriki]] ya kale kabla ya haikusanifishwa. Sauti yake ilikuwa kama SH.

Baadaye ilifutwa katika alfabeti ya Kigiriki kwa sababu lugha ilipoteza sauti hiyo.

== Viungo vya Nje ==
* [https://www.opoudjis.net/unicode/nonattic.html#sho Sho] {{en}}

[[Jamii:Alfabeti ya Kigiriki]]</text>
      <sha1>apw2j523xdunblniaz72detx0thysx3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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