Dagga
vanuit Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie.
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Cannabis sativa
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Cannabis sativa Linnaeus |
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C. sativa L subsp. sativa C. sativa L subsp. indica |
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Dagga of sy wetenskaplike naam Cannabis sativa, ook bekend (in Engels) as hemp, is 'n spesie van Cannabis. Dit is 'n dioecious, annual herb. Die plant is al deur geskiedenis deur die mens gebruik, veral vir sy psigologiese en sielkundige potensiaal, asook die nourishment en olie van die sade. Verskillende dele van die plant het verskillende gebruike en verskillende variasies is gekultiveerd in verskillende maniere, harvested tydens verskillende tye, afhangend van die doel van die deel van die plant.
Inhoud |
[wysig] Dwelmmiddel
Dit is die mees algemeeste dwelmmiddel. Dit is die eerste dwelm waaraan die meeste dwelmverslaaftes aan verslaaf word.
[wysig] Simtome
- Bloedbeloopte oë
[wysig] Gebruike
The tough fiber of the plant, cultivated as hemp, has numerous textile uses. Its seed, chiefly used as caged-bird feed, is a valuable source of protein. The flowers (and to a much lesser extent the leaves, stems, and seeds) contain psychoactive and physiologically active chemical compounds known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. When so used, preparations of flowers (marijuana) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (hashish) are consumed by smoking, vaporizing and oral ingestion. Historically, tinctures, teas, and ointments have also been common preparations. Contrary to popular perception the psychoactive Cannabinoids do not cause hallucinations or shifts of consciousness. They merely cause a powerful relaxation and slight confusion. However, Cannabis can be used to amplify the effects of hallucinogens.
[wysig] Plant physiology
Cannabis reproduces sexually. The flowers of the female plant, in cannabis usually called buds, are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. Males reach sexual maturity several weeks prior to females. Although genetics disposes a plant to become male, environmental factors, including the diurnal light cycle, can alter the sex. Natural hermaphrodites, with both male and female parts, are either sterile or fertile but artificially induced hermaphrodites can have fully functional reproductive organs. 'Feminized' seed sold by many commercial seed suppliers are derived from artificially hermaphrodytic females that lack the male gene or by treating the seeds with hormones or silver thiosulfate.
A cannabis plant in the vegetative growth phase of its life cycle can thrive under twenty-four hour daylight conditions, although some growers advocate a small rest period to avoid over-stressing the plant. Flowering usually occurs when darkness exceeds eleven hours per day. The flowering cycle can last anywhere between four to twelve weeks, depending on the strain and environmental conditions.
In soil, the optimum pH for the plant is 6.5 to 7.2. In hydroponic growing, the nutrient solution is best at 5.2 to 5.8, making cannabis well-suited to hydroponics because this pH range is hostile to most bacteria and fungi.
- Cultivars primarily cultivated for their fiber, characterized by long stems and little branching.
- Cultivars grown for seed from which hemp oil is extracted.
- Cultivars grown for medicinal or recreational purposes. A nominal if not legal distinction is often made between hemp, with concentrations of psychoactive compounds far too low to be useful for that purpose, and marijuana.
[wysig] Pharmacology
Though the main psychoactive chemical compound in cannabis is Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant is known to contain about sixty cannabinoids. One other cannabinoid of particularly high concentration in some plants is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive but modifies the effect of THC. Differences in the chemical composition of cannabis varieties may produce different effects in humans. Synthetic THC, called dronabinol, does not contain CBD, CBN, or other cannabinoids, which is one reason why its pharmacological effects may differ significantly from those of cannabis preparations.
Most commonly available cannabis contains below 8% THC.[1] Selective breeding and modern cultivation techniques like hydroponics have produced varieties with more than 15% THC Sjabloon:Fact. With varieties containing below 2% THC, such as those specifically cultivated for use as hemp, smoking may produce lightheadedness or mild headache but not inebriation. The THC content is also affected by the sex of the plant, with female plants generating substantially more resin than their male counterparts. Seedless varieties derived from unpollinated female plants have high THC content and are traditionally known as sinsemilla (Spanish: "without seed").
[wysig] References
- ↑ P. B. Baker, T. A. Gough, S. I. M. Johncock, B. J. Taylor, , L. T. Wyles (1982). "Variation in the THC content in illicitly imported Cannabis products - Part II." UNODOC.