Ojibweg

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Ojibweg
(Ojibwe (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Anishinaabemowin))
Perzhioù
Komzet e : Stadoù-Unanet, Kanada
Rannved : Norzh Amerika
Komzet gant : ~ 55.000
Renkadur :
Familh-yezh : Yezhoù aljek
Statud ofisiel
Yezh ofisiel e :
Akademiezh :
Rizhouriezh
Urzh ar gerioù {{{urzh}}}
Frammadur silabek {{{frammadur}}}
Kodoù ar yezh
ISO 639-1 oj
ISO 639-2 oji
Kod SIL oji
Deuit da welet ivez Yezh.


Takad istorel an Ojibweg
Takad istorel an Ojibweg

Ur yezh aljek eus is-skourr eus ar yezhoù ojibwek eo an ojibweg (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Anishinaabemowin LFE: [ənɪʃɪnaːbeːmoɰɪn]), komzet gant 55.000 den en holl e Manitoba, Ontario ha Kebek e Kanada (45.000 den) hag e Minnesota, [[Wisconsin ha Michigan er Stadoù-Unanet (10.000 den).

third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut).

It is spoken by the Ojibwe people (Anishinaabeg). As their fur trading with the French increased the Ojibwes’ power, the language became the trade language of the Great Lakes region, and was for hundreds of years an extremely significant presence in the northern US. In the Ojibwe language, the proper term for itself is Anishinaabemowin or Nishnaabemwin, which includes the Algonquin language and Mississauga language, though they are not considered Ojibwa due to not being part of the Council of Three Fires. Ojibwa forms of Anishinaabemowin are often called Ojibwemowin and Saulteaux form as Nakawêmowin. Many consider the Severn Ojibwe as a separate language functioning as a transitional language between Ojibwe and Cree; Severn Ojibwe call themselves Anishinini and their language as Anishininimowin.


Taolenn

[kemmañ] Rannyezhoù

Ojibwe has quite a few divergent dialects. The primary ones are Nipissing, Plains Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Eastern Ojibwe (Mississauga), Northern Ojibwe, Odaawaa (Ottawa), Severn Ojibwe (Oji-Cree), and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa). Algonquin is considered by some to be a particularly divergent dialect of Ojibwe, and by others to be a distinct language which is very similar to Ojibwe. This article deals primarily with the dialect spoken in the northern United States, around Minnesota and Wisconsin, Southwestern Ojibwe. Therefore, some of the descriptions given here will not necessarily hold true for other dialects of Ojibwe. A defining characteristic of many of the more northern and eastern dialects is that they exhibit a great deal of vowel syncope, the deletion of vowels in certain positions within a word. In these dialects, generally all unstressed vowels are lost (see the article on Ojibwe phonology for a discussion of Ojibwe stress). For example, the name for the language itself in Odaawaa is Nishnaabemwin, where the unstressed vowels from Anishinaabemowin have been lost. Though Potawatomi was at one time part of the Ojibwe language, due to development of significant enough differences in the language since the contact period, it is now considered a separate language; however, among the Anishinaabeg, many still considers the Potawatomi language (known as Boodewaadamiimowin or Bodéwadmimwin) as a dialect of Anishinaabemowin.


[kemmañ] Phonology

Ojibwe dialects generally have 18 consonants. Obstruents are often said to have a lenis/fortis contrast, where those written as voiceless are pronounced more strongly, significantly longer in duration, and often aspirated or pre-aspirated, while those written as voiced are pronounced less strongly and significantly longer in duration. For many communities, however, the distinction has become a simple voiced/voiceless one.

There are three short vowels, /i a o/, and three corresponding long vowels, /iː aː oː/, as well as a fourth long vowel which lacks a corresponding short vowel, /eː/. The short vowels differ in quality as well as quantity from the long vowels, are phonetically closer to [ɪ], [ə]~[ʌ], and [o]~[ʊ]. /oː/ is pronounced /uː/ for many speakers, and /eː/ is for many /ɛː/. There are also nasal vowels, which are comparatively rare.

With regards to stress, Ojibwe divides words into metrical "feet," each foot containing a strong syllable and (if two-syllables long) a weak syllable. The strong syllables all receive at least secondary stress. In general, the strong syllable in the third foot from the end of a word receives the primary stress. In many dialects, unstressed vowels are frequently lost or change quality.

[kemmañ] Grammar

Like many American Indian languages, Ojibwe is polysynthetic, meaning it exhibits a great deal of synthesis and a very high morpheme-to-word ratio. It is agglutinating, and thus builds up words by stringing morpheme after morpheme together, rather than having several affixes, each of which carry numerous different pieces of information.

There is a distinction between two different types of third person, the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in-focus) and the obviative (the third person deemed less important or out-of-focus). Nouns can be singular or plural, and one of two genders, animate or inanimate. Separate personal pronouns exist, but are usually used for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person plurals.

Verbs constitute the most complex word class. Verbs are inflected for one of three orders (indicative, the default, conjunct, used for participles and in subordinate clauses, and imperative, used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both its subject and object, as well as for several different modes (including the dubitative and preterit) and tenses.

[kemmañ] Vocabulary

Although it does contain a few loans from English (gaapii, "coffee," maam(aa), "mom") and French (boozhoo, "hello" (from bon jour), ni-tii, "tea" (from le thé, "the tea")), in general, Ojibwe is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example, "airplane" is bemisemagak, literally "thing that flies" (from bimisemagad, "to fly"), and "battery" is ishkode-makakoons, literally "little fire-box" (from ishkode, "fire," and makak, "box"). Even "coffee" is called makade-mashkikiwaaboo ("black liquid-medicine") by many speakers, rather than gaapii.

[kemmañ] Writing system

Ojibwe is written using a syllabary, which is usually said to have been developed by missionary James Evans around 1840 and based on Pitman's shorthand. In the United States, the language is most often written phonemically with Roman characters. Syllabics are primarily used in Canada. The newest Roman character-based writing system is the Double Vowel System, devised by Charles Fiero. Although there is no standard orthography, the Double Vowel System is quickly gaining popularity among language teachers in the United States and Canada because of its ease of use.


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