Ojibweg
Diwar Wikipedia, an holloueziadur digor
Ar pennad-mañ n'eo ket peurechu c'hoazh ; ma fell deoc'h labourat warnañ deuit da welout ha lakait hoc'h ali e pajenn ar gaozeadenn.
Ojibweg (Ojibwe (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Anishinaabemowin)) |
|
---|---|
Perzhioù | |
Komzet e : | Stadoù-Unanet, Kanada |
Rannved : | Norzh Amerika |
Komzet gant : | ~ 55.000 |
Renkadur : | |
Familh-yezh : | Yezhoù aljek
|
Statud ofisiel | |
Yezh ofisiel e : | |
Akademiezh : | |
Rizhouriezh | |
Urzh ar gerioù | {{{urzh}}} |
Frammadur silabek | {{{frammadur}}} |
Kodoù ar yezh | |
ISO 639-1 | oj |
ISO 639-2 | oji |
Kod SIL | oji |
Deuit da welet ivez Yezh. |
Ur yezh aljek eus is-skourr eus ar yezhoù ojibwek eo an ojibweg (ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ Anishinaabemowin LFE: [ənɪʃɪnaːbeːmoɰɪn]), komzet gant 55.000 den en holl e Manitoba, Ontario ha Kebek e Kanada (45.000 den) hag e Minnesota, [[Wisconsin ha Michigan er Stadoù-Unanet (10.000 den).
third most commonly spoken Native language in Canada (after Cree and Inuktitut), and the fourth most spoken in North America (behind Navajo, Cree, and Inuktitut).
It is spoken by the Ojibwe people (Anishinaabeg). As their fur trading with the French increased the Ojibwes’ power, the language became the trade language of the Great Lakes region, and was for hundreds of years an extremely significant presence in the northern US. In the Ojibwe language, the proper term for itself is Anishinaabemowin or Nishnaabemwin, which includes the Algonquin language and Mississauga language, though they are not considered Ojibwa due to not being part of the Council of Three Fires. Ojibwa forms of Anishinaabemowin are often called Ojibwemowin and Saulteaux form as Nakawêmowin. Many consider the Severn Ojibwe as a separate language functioning as a transitional language between Ojibwe and Cree; Severn Ojibwe call themselves Anishinini and their language as Anishininimowin.
Taolenn |
[kemmañ] Rannyezhoù
- Algonkeg
- Tchipeweg
- Ojibweg ar gwalarn
- Ojibweg ar c'hreiz
- Ojibweg ar reter
- Ojibweg ar c'hornôg
- Ojibweg Severn
- Odawaeg (Ottawa)
Ojibwe has quite a few divergent dialects. The primary ones are Nipissing, Plains Ojibwe (Saulteaux), Eastern Ojibwe (Mississauga), Northern Ojibwe, Odaawaa (Ottawa), Severn Ojibwe (Oji-Cree), and Southwestern Ojibwe (Chippewa). Algonquin is considered by some to be a particularly divergent dialect of Ojibwe, and by others to be a distinct language which is very similar to Ojibwe. This article deals primarily with the dialect spoken in the northern United States, around Minnesota and Wisconsin, Southwestern Ojibwe. Therefore, some of the descriptions given here will not necessarily hold true for other dialects of Ojibwe. A defining characteristic of many of the more northern and eastern dialects is that they exhibit a great deal of vowel syncope, the deletion of vowels in certain positions within a word. In these dialects, generally all unstressed vowels are lost (see the article on Ojibwe phonology for a discussion of Ojibwe stress). For example, the name for the language itself in Odaawaa is Nishnaabemwin, where the unstressed vowels from Anishinaabemowin have been lost. Though Potawatomi was at one time part of the Ojibwe language, due to development of significant enough differences in the language since the contact period, it is now considered a separate language; however, among the Anishinaabeg, many still considers the Potawatomi language (known as Boodewaadamiimowin or Bodéwadmimwin) as a dialect of Anishinaabemowin.
[kemmañ] Phonology
Ojibwe dialects generally have 18 consonants. Obstruents are often said to have a lenis/fortis contrast, where those written as voiceless are pronounced more strongly, significantly longer in duration, and often aspirated or pre-aspirated, while those written as voiced are pronounced less strongly and significantly longer in duration. For many communities, however, the distinction has become a simple voiced/voiceless one.
There are three short vowels, /i a o/, and three corresponding long vowels, /iː aː oː/, as well as a fourth long vowel which lacks a corresponding short vowel, /eː/. The short vowels differ in quality as well as quantity from the long vowels, are phonetically closer to [ɪ], [ə]~[ʌ], and [o]~[ʊ]. /oː/ is pronounced /uː/ for many speakers, and /eː/ is for many /ɛː/. There are also nasal vowels, which are comparatively rare.
With regards to stress, Ojibwe divides words into metrical "feet," each foot containing a strong syllable and (if two-syllables long) a weak syllable. The strong syllables all receive at least secondary stress. In general, the strong syllable in the third foot from the end of a word receives the primary stress. In many dialects, unstressed vowels are frequently lost or change quality.
[kemmañ] Grammar
Like many American Indian languages, Ojibwe is polysynthetic, meaning it exhibits a great deal of synthesis and a very high morpheme-to-word ratio. It is agglutinating, and thus builds up words by stringing morpheme after morpheme together, rather than having several affixes, each of which carry numerous different pieces of information.
There is a distinction between two different types of third person, the proximate (the third person deemed more important or in-focus) and the obviative (the third person deemed less important or out-of-focus). Nouns can be singular or plural, and one of two genders, animate or inanimate. Separate personal pronouns exist, but are usually used for emphasis; they distinguish inclusive and exclusive first person plurals.
Verbs constitute the most complex word class. Verbs are inflected for one of three orders (indicative, the default, conjunct, used for participles and in subordinate clauses, and imperative, used with commands), as negative or affirmative, and for the person, number, animacy, and proximate/obviative status of both its subject and object, as well as for several different modes (including the dubitative and preterit) and tenses.
[kemmañ] Vocabulary
Although it does contain a few loans from English (gaapii, "coffee," maam(aa), "mom") and French (boozhoo, "hello" (from bon jour), ni-tii, "tea" (from le thé, "the tea")), in general, Ojibwe is notable for its relative lack of borrowing from other languages. Instead, speakers far prefer to create words for new concepts from existing vocabulary. For example, "airplane" is bemisemagak, literally "thing that flies" (from bimisemagad, "to fly"), and "battery" is ishkode-makakoons, literally "little fire-box" (from ishkode, "fire," and makak, "box"). Even "coffee" is called makade-mashkikiwaaboo ("black liquid-medicine") by many speakers, rather than gaapii.
[kemmañ] Writing system
Ojibwe is written using a syllabary, which is usually said to have been developed by missionary James Evans around 1840 and based on Pitman's shorthand. In the United States, the language is most often written phonemically with Roman characters. Syllabics are primarily used in Canada. The newest Roman character-based writing system is the Double Vowel System, devised by Charles Fiero. Although there is no standard orthography, the Double Vowel System is quickly gaining popularity among language teachers in the United States and Canada because of its ease of use.
[kemmañ] Gwelet ivez
- Silabenneg Yezhoù Genidik Kanada
- Yezhoù aljek
- Yezhoù algonkek ar c'hreiz
[kemmañ] Liammoù diavaez
- Ojibwe Language Society
- Rand Valentine's introduction to Ojibwe
- Grammar, lessons, and dictionaries
- Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary — Freeware off-line dictionary, updated with additional entries every 6-10 weeks.
- Language Museum report for Ojibwe
- Aboriginal Languages of Canada — With data on speaker populations
- Language Geek Page on Ojibwe — Syllabary fonts and keyboard emulators are also available from this site.
- Ojibwe Toponyms
- Our Languages: Nakawē (Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Centre)
- Ethnologue report for Ojibwe
- Native Languages: A Support Document for the Teaching of Language Patterns, Ojibwe and Cree