எயார்பஸ் எ340

கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிபீடியாவில் இருந்து.

எயார்பஸ் எ340 - எயார்பஸ் நிறுவனத்தால் தயாரிக்கப்படும் நான்கு எந்திரங்கள் கொண்ட ஒரு நீண்டதூர அகலவுடல் வர்த்தக பயனிகள் விமானமாகும். வடிவமைப்பில் இது இரண்டு எந்திரங்கள் கொண்ட எயார்பஸ் எ330யை ஒத்ததாகும். தொடக்கத்தில் இது பழைய தலைமுறை பொயிங் 747 விமானங்களுக்கு மாற்றிடான சிறியரக விமானமாக வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டது. ஆனால் தற்பொழுது வெளிவரும் எயார்பஸ் விமானங்கள், பொயிங் 777 ரக விமானங்களுடன் நெடும்தூர மற்றும் மிக நெடும்தூர பாதைகளில் போட்டியிடுகிறது.

Air Jamaica A340-300
Air Jamaica A340-300

பொருளடக்கம்

[தொகு] வரலாறு

Airbus' new aircraft was launched in 1988 as a long-range complement to the short-range A320 and the medium-range A300. At the time, the newest long-range widebody (the twinjet Boeing 767) was at a disadvantage against aircraft such as the 747 because of the ETOPS problem: two-engined aircraft have to stay within close range of emergency airfields in case one of their engines malfunctions. The four-engined A340 design was an attempt to make a new-generation competitor for ETOPS-immune aircraft like the Boeing 747.

Lufthansa A340-600
Lufthansa A340-600

Airbus' engineers designed the A340 in parallel with the twin-engined A330: both aircraft share the same wing and similar fuselage structure, and borrow heavily from the advanced avionics developed for the A320.

The original intention was to use the new superfan engines of IAE (International Aero Engines) in the A340 but IAE decided to stop their development and the CFMI CFM56-5C4 was used instead. When the A340 first flew in 1991 engineers noticed a potentially major design flaw in the first model: the wings were not strong enough to carry the outboard engines at cruising speed without warping and fluttering. To alleviate this, an underwing bulge called the plastron, after an analogous part of the anatomy of tortoises, was developed to correct airflow problems around the engine pylons. The modified A340 began commercial service in 1993 with Lufthansa and Air France.

As of October 2005 a total of 385 A340 had been ordered and 310 delivered.

[தொகு] தொழில்நுட்பம்

எயார்பஸ் எ340 பல உயர்-தொழில்நுட்ப பண்புக்கூறுகளை உள்ளடக்கியது.

  • முழு இரும தந்தி-முலம்-பறக்கும் விமான கட்டுப்பாட்டு முறைமை
  • வழமையான கட்டுப்பாட்டு நேர்நிரல்களுக்கு பதிலாக பக்ககுற்றி கட்டுப்பாட்டாளம்
  • இரண்டு எந்திர எ330களுக்கு பொது விமானி கணிப்புக்கள்
  • CRT-based glass cockpit displays ; LCD-based on -500 & -600
  • சில ஒருங்குசேர் முதன்மை அமைப்புக்கள்
Olympic Airlines A340-300
Olympic Airlines A340-300

[தொகு] இரகங்கள்

Initially Airbus offered two models of A340, the A340-200 and A340-300. The 200 was shorter than the 300 and had a smaller capacity, but could fly farther. In 1997, Airbus launched two stretched variants of the A340 with a new and larger wing, the ultra-long-range -500 and high-capacity -600 series. Both of these models entered airline service in 2002.

[தொகு] A340-200 தொடர்

The A340-200, with 261 passengers in a three-class cabin layout has a range of 7,450 nautical miles (13,000 km) and, in a 239 seats configuration, has a range of up to 8,000 nautical miles (14,800 km). A shortened version of the A340-300, it is powered by four CFMI CFM56-5C engines. The A340-200 was launched in 1987 and first flew April 1, 1992.

This variant sold in small numbers and is no longer offered to customers.

[தொகு] A340-8000

This is an A340-200 based variant with additional fuel capacity giving MTOW of 275 tonnes. Its range with 232 three-class passengers is 8,100 nautical miles (15,000 km). It is powered by the 34,000 lbf (151 kN) thrust CFMI CFM56-5C4s similar to the -300E. One example was ordered by the Sultan of Brunei and built but not delivered.

Other A340-200s were later given performance improvement packages (PIPs) which helped them achieve similar gains in capability. Those aircraft are labeled A340-213X.

[தொகு] A340-300 தொடர்

The A340-300 flies 295 passengers in a typical three-class cabin layout over 6,700 nautical miles (12,400 km). This is the initial version, having flown on October 25, 1991 and entered service with Lufthansa and Air France in March, 1993. It is powered by four CFMI CFM56-5C engines, similar to the -200.

The direct Boeing equivalent is the 777-200ER.

[தொகு] A340-313X, -313E

The A340-313X is a heavyweight version of the A340, and was first delivered to Singapore Airlines in April, 1996. The A340-313E was first delivered to Swiss International in 2003. They have a MTOW between 271 and 275 tonnes with typical range with 295 passengers of between 7,100 and 7,300 nautical miles (13,100 km and 13,500 km). It is powered by the more powerful 34,000 lbf (151 kN) thrust CFMI CFM56-5C4s.

[தொகு] A340-500 தொடர்

The A340-500 was the world's longest-range commercial airliner (the KC-10 Extender is the longest-ranged production aircraft), until the introduction of the Boeing 777-200LR "Worldliner" in early 2006. It can fly 313 passengers in a three-class cabin layout over 8,650 nautical miles (16,000 km). Singapore Airlines, for example, currently uses this model for its Newark, New Jersey-Singapore nonstop route, an 18-hour journey that is the longest non-stop commercial flight in the world [1]; the airline is able to do this with a reduced cargo load. It is said that the A340-500 can go from London to Perth, Australia.[2] It made its first flight on February 11, 2002, and was certified on December 3, 2002 with early deliveries to Emirates.

Compared with the A340-300, the -500 features a 3.3-m fuselage stretch, an enlarged wing area, massive increase in fuel capacity (around 50% over -300), slightly higher cruising speed, larger horizontal stabilizer and smaller vertical tailplane. Like the 777-300, the -500/-600 has taxi cameras to help the pilots during ground maneuvers. The A340-500 is powered by four 53,000 lbf (236 kN) thrust Rolls-Royce Trent 553 turbofans.

The A340-500HGW (High Gross Weight) version with a range of 9,000nm (16,700km) and an MTOW of 380t is being offered which would use the strengthened structure and enlarged fuel capacity of the A340-600HGW.

The direct Boeing equivalent is the 777-200LR, which entered service in February 2006.

[தொகு] A340-600 தொடர்

Designed as an early-generation Boeing 747 replacement, the A340-600 flies 380 passengers in a three-class cabin layout (419 in 2 class) over 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km). It provides similar passenger capacity to a 747 but with twice the cargo volume, and at lower trip and seat costs. First flight of the A340-600 was made on April 23 2001. Virgin Atlantic began commercial services in August 2002. Cathay Pacific uses the plane on its nonstop service between Hong Kong and New York City (JFK).

The A340-600 is more than 10 m longer than a basic -300, making it the longest airliner in the world, more than four meters longer than a Boeing 747-400. It is powered by four 56,000 lbf (249 kN) thrust Rolls-Royce Trent 556 turbofans. It also has an additional four-wheel undercarriage on the fuselage center-line to cope with the increase of MTOW.

The initial seven A340-600 aircraft were delivered with overweight wings. After the A340-600 launch customer (Virgin Atlantic) elected to receive replacement aircraft, these airframes were delivered at a reduced price to Iberia Airlines and Cathay Pacific.

Airbus is introducing a "High Gross Weight" version of the A340-600 (dubbed A340-600HGW). It will have an MTOW of 380t and a range of up to 14,600km (7,900nm), made possible by strengthened structure, increased fuel and new manufacturing techniques like laser beam welding. Emirates became the launch customer when it ordered 18 at the 2003 Paris Air Show [3]. Qatar Airways will take the first delivery however, in summer 2006. The first flight of this model was on 18 November, 2005. [4]

The direct Boeing equivalent is the 777-300ER.

[தொகு] விபத்து சராம்சம்

டிசெம்பர் 11, 2005 உள்ளபடி:

[தொகு] உடல் இழப்பு விபத்துகள்

இதுவரைக்கும் எயார்பஸ் எ340க்கு எந்த பாரிய உயிரிழப்பு ஏற்படக்கூடிய விபத்துகளுக்கும் உள்ளாகவில்லை, ஆனால் இரண்டு உடல் இழப்பு விபத்துகள் நிகழ்ந்துள்ளன.

  • Air France A340-211 (F-GNIA): On January 20, 1994, an Air France A340-211 (F-GNIA) was lost to fire during servicing at CDG.
  • Air France Flight 358: On August 3, 2005, all 297 passengers and 12 crew survived a crash and fire after their A340-300 (F-GLZQ) overshot runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport in a thunderstorm. The aircraft slid into Etobicoke Creek and broke up. Forty three were injured, some seriously.

[தொகு] வேறு விபத்துகள்

  • An A340-311 of Virgin Atlantic Airways was forced to land with the right main gear unretracted on the November 5, 1997 at London Heathrow Airport. When landing, the other main gear collapsed. All 100 passengers were unharmed and the aircraft was repaired in 28 days.
  • The landing gear of an A340-211 of Sabena collapsed during landing at Brussels Airport on August 29, 1998. The right horizontal stabilizer was destroyed.
  • An A340-312 of Sri Lankan Airlines was destroyed on the ground by Tamil Tiger guerrillas on July 24 2001 at Colombo-Bandaranayake IAP, Sri Lanka, along with 2 A330s and a squadron of military aircraft.
  • An A340-313X of Emirates ran off the runway when trying to take off from Johannesburg International Airport on April 9, 2004. Both pilots were unfamiliar with the heavier variant of the Airbus. The Captain selected a stick position against the Attitude indicator, which was not an approved technique. As the nose moved up the pitch indication followed, the Captain pushed the stick forward to follow his initial selection. So the nose once again faithfully followed, this lead to a late rotation and impact with runway light stanchions. The Captain had received incorrect rotation instructions during a simulator session. Emirates Training establishment was censured by Airbus after an investigation.

[தொகு] குறித்துக்கூறல்கள்

எயார்பஸ் எ340-200

  • செட்டை பாவு: 60.3 m
  • செட்டை கோணம்: 30 பாகை
  • அகலம்: 59.39 m
  • உயரம்: 16.7 m
  • சில்லடி: 23.24 m
  • சாதாரண செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.82 Mach
  • அதிகூடிய செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.86 Mach
  • செயட்படும் வீச்சு: 14,800 km
  • பயணிகள் கொள்ளளவு: 239 மூன்று வகுப்புகளிளும்

[5]

எயார்பஸ் எ340-300

  • செட்டை பாவு: 60.31 m
  • செட்டை கோணம்: 30 பாகை
  • அகலம்: 63.60 m
  • உயரம்: 16.85 m
  • சில்லடி: 25.60 m
  • சாதாரண செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.82 Mach
  • அதிகூடிய செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.86 Mach
  • செயட்படும் வீச்சு: 13,350 - 13,700 km
  • பயணிகள் கொள்ளளவு: 295 மூன்று வகுப்புகளிளும்

[6]

எயார்பஸ் எ340-500

  • செட்டை பாவு: 63.45 m
  • செட்டை கோணம்: 31.1 பாகை
  • அகலம்: 67.90 m
  • உயரம்: 17.10 m
  • சில்லடி: 27.59 m
  • சாதாரண செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.83 Mach
  • அதிகூடிய செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.86 Mach
  • செயட்படும் வீச்சு: 16,100 - 16,700 km
  • பயணிகள் கொள்ளளவு: 313 மூன்று வகுப்புகளிளும்

[7]

எயார்பஸ் எ340-600

  • செட்டை பாவு: 63.45 m
  • செட்டை கோணம்: 31.1 பாகை
  • அகலம்: 75.30 m
  • உயரம்: 17.30 m
  • சில்லடி: 32.89 m
  • சாதாரண செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.83 Mach
  • அதிகூடிய செலுத்தல் கதி: 0.86 Mach
  • செயட்படும் வீச்சு: 13,900 - 14,600 km
  • பயணிகள் கொள்ளளவு: 380 மூன்று வகுப்புகளிளும்

[8]

இவற்றையும் பார்க்க: விமானங்களின் பட்டியல்

[தொகு] தொடர்புள்ள தகவல்கள்

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