ᎪᏛᏅ

From Wikipedia

?Crayfish
Image:Crayfish.jpeg
Scientific classification
Kingdom: gantlaiia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Infraorder: Astacidea
Superfamily: Astacoidea
Latreille, 1802
Parastacoidea
Huxley, 1879
ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ

Astacoidea
  Astacidae
  Cambaridae
Parastacoidea
  Parastacidae

ᎪᏛᏅ, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎠᎴ crawdad, ᎠᎴ freshwater crustaceanᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏂᏰᎸ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᏄᎾᏰᎯᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ predators. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏝᏰᎵ tohi adedi polluted ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ invasive Procambarus clarkii ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 3 m (10 ᏧᎾᎳᏏᏕᎾ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ astacology [1].

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ "decapod ᎤᏍᏗ".

Contents

[edit] ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏛᏅ

ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ "ᎪᏛᏅ" ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᏣᏗ", ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ ᎧᏁᏨ escrevisse (ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᎠᎦᎸᏥ écrevisse) ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ Frankish *krebitja (cf. ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ), ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᎾᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ "ᎪᏛᏅ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ "ᎠᏣᏗ" (ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ). ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᏯ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ variant "ᏥᏍᏛᎾ" ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ derived.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎪᏛᏅ (ᎠᎴ cray) ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ freshwater crays ᎠᎴ koura, ᎯᎠ Māori ᏚᏙᎥ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ gantlai.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ, crawdads [2], mudbugs [2] ᎠᎴ yabbies.

[edit] Geographical ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ

Image:Krafta pa brygga.jpg
Swedish ᎥᏓᎵ ᎪᏛᏅ

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎪᏛᏅ, ᏔᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏌᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ (Gondwana-ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏴ) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Parastacidae ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎠ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Madagascar ᎠᎴ Australasia, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ pleopod[3]. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ Astacidae ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Eurasia ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cambaridae ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Asia ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ.

ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ-ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 250 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᏁᎳ genera, ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Cambaridae. ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ astacid ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ headwaters ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎧᎸᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏯᏔᏍᏗ.

Australasia ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎴ centre ᎪᏛᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 100 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎳᏚ genera. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ Australian ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Cherax, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ marron (Cherax tenuimanus), ᎩᎦᎨ-ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ (Cherax quadricarinatus), yabby (Cherax destructor) ᎠᎴ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ yabby (Cherax preissii). ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ, Astacopsis gouldi, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ 3 ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏗᏢ Tasmania.

Madagascar ᎤᎭ ᏏᏴᏫ (ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ) ᎪᏛᏅ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Astacopsis madagascarensis.

Astacus astacus
Enlarge
Astacus astacus

Europe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ genera Astacus ᎠᎴ Austropotamobius.

Cambaroides ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ Asia.

[edit] Moulting ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᏛᏅ

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ moult ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ exoskeletonᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎧᏅᏑᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏰᎵᏇ moult ᎾᎿ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᎠᎴᏅᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ moults ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎾᏙᏓᏆᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎢᏯᏅᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ moult, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏐᎢ ᎡᎿᎢ ᎡᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏛᏅ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᏪᎵᎠ moulting ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᎦᏃᎳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ. ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏛᏓᏓᏂᎸᎬ calcium ᎾᎾᎯ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᎩᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ exoskeleton.

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ moult, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏓᎸ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ onto Ꮝ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ Ꮝ pincer, ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ swimmerets (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏓᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎪᎵ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎦᏂᏓᏛᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏔᎴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ; ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏔᏬᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏏᏙᎠ ᏫᎵ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ [4].

ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤᎢ moulted ᎪᏛᏅ ᏫᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ. ᎢᎬᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predators, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᏐᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ calcium ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

[edit] ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ

Image:BoiledCrawdads.jpeg
Boiled ᎪᏛᏅ

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Europe ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Louisiana, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, 98% ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ harvested ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎦᎷᎦ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Louisiana. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ boiled ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᎳᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᎨᏛ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, paprika, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ.) ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏄᎾes, ᎭᏫᏯ ᎠᏍᏙᎥᎢ, ᏎᎷ, ᏒᎩ, ᎬᎾ neckbones ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏟᏏᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ tuyasdi.

ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᎢᎯ ᎬᏂᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ blackened. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎪᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ cajun ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ étouffée, ᏥᏍᏛᎾ po' ᎠᏧᏣ, ᏥᏍᏛᎾ ᎨᎵᏍᏙᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏛᎾ beignets [5].

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sweden ᎠᎴ Finland, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᎯ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ consumed ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᏑᎲᏍᎬ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᎶᏂ. ᎯᎠ tuyasdi ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎧᎵᏎᏥ, ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ dill ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏪᏅᏒ freshwater ᎪᏛᏅ, Astacus astacus, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ transplanted ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, Pacifastacus leniusculus, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᏋ imported. ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏅᏗ depended ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎬᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ, ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯ ᎢᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏙᏧᏓᎴᏅ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ.

ᎯᎠ Mexican ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᎪᎥᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Acocil ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎯᎸᎯᏳᎢ Mexican Aztec ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ; ᎾᏊ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ consumed (ᎠᎬᏫᏳᏛ boiled) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ Mexican ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Mexico.

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎾᏞᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ swept ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1990s, featuring Ꮝ ᎡᏥ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ (ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ Sichuan ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ chilli) ᎠᏑᏴᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beijing, ᎯᎠ ᎡᏥ ᏂᏚᏍᏛᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ nicknamed "ᎡᏥ Xiao" ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᎮᎵᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎫᎩᏍᏗ iced ᎠᏬᎩᎸᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ-ᎪᎨᏱ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ.

[edit] ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ

ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏔᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ freshwater aquaria. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏘ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ leftover ᎠᏣᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎡᏆ ᎣᏲᎢᏏᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ digakohidi ᎠᎴ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ digakohidi. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎯᏯ ᏰᎵ ᎣᏏ ᎤᏕᎰᏌᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏗᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏓᏰᏏ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ, ᎠᏅᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᏒᏃᏱ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ. ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏐᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ. ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏁᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᎬ atsinuqowisgv ᎯᎠ ᎠᏟᏍᏙᏗ ᏒᏙᏂ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎫᏢᎥᏍᎬ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎫᏝᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏚᎾᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ imported ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ ᎤᏪᏴ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ England, ᎠᏓᎯᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ — ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ flung ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏪᏴ.

[edit] ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ

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ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏛᏅ agilyoasdi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎤᏢᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ Aphanomyces astaci. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Astacus ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᎠᏞᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎥᏳᎩ, ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎪᏛᏅ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ Europe.

[edit] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

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  • Gilbertson, ᎠᏓᏰᎳᏍᏗ; ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ Lab ᏦᏬᏰᏂ ᎬᏗ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ; McGraw ᎦᏚᏏ ᏚᎾᏓᏡᎬᎢ, ᎢᏤ York; ISBN 0-07-237716-X (ᏅᎩᏁ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ, 1999)
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ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏐᎢ ᏗᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ