BBC

From Wikipedia

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Imej:BBC Logo 1997-Present.png
Type Broadcast radio and
television
Country Templat:UK
Availability National; international (via BBC Worldwide, BBC World Service and bbc.co.uk)
Founder John Reith
Slogan "This is what we do" (Used in various promotional trails for the Corporation)
Motto "Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation"
Key people Michael Grade, Chairman
Mark Thompson, Director-General
Launch date 1922 (radio)
1927 (incorporation)
1932 (television)
Past names British Broadcasting Company Ltd. (1922-1927)
Website www.bbc.co.uk

The British Broadcasting Corporation, juga digelar BBC (dan juga dengan tidak rasmi dikenali sebagai the Beeb atau Auntie) adalah korporasi siaran terbesar di dunia, dengan adanya 26,000 pekerja di UK sendiri dan dengan budget £4 billion.[1]

Diasaskan dalam tahun 1922 sebagai British Broadcasting Company Ltd, ianya diikuti dengan dikorporatkan dan telah membuat ssebuah yang dipunyai negeri tetapi badan korporat dalam tahun 1927.



The corporation produces programmes and information services, broadcasting on television, radio, and the Internet. The stated mission of the BBC is "to inform, educate and entertain",[2] and the motto of the BBC is Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation.

The BBC is a quasi-autonomous Public Corporation operating as a public service broadcaster. The Corporation is currently run by a board of governors appointed by The Queen on the advice of government ministers; however, the BBC is, per its charter, to be "free from both political and commercial influence and answers only to its viewers and listeners".[3]

Its domestic programming and broadcasts are primarily funded by levying television licence fees (under the Wireless & Telegraphy Act 1947), although there is also money raised through commercial activities such as sale of merchandise and programming. The BBC World Service, however, is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In order to justify the licence fee the BBC is expected to produce a number of high-rating shows in addition to programmes that commercial broadcasters would not normally broadcast.[3]

Quite often domestic audiences have affectionately referred to the BBC as the Beeb, (coined by Kenny Everett) or as Auntie; the latter said to originate in the somewhat old fashioned Auntie knows best[4] attitude dating back to the early days when John Reith was in charge. Occasionally the terms are used together as Auntie Beeb. The original British Broadcasting Company was founded in 1922 by a group of telecommunications companies (including subsidiaries of General Electric and AT&T) to broadcast experimental radio services. The first transmission was on 14 November of that year, from station 2LO, located at Marconi House, London.[5]

The Company, with John Reith as general manager, became the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1927 when it was granted a Royal Charter of incorporation and ceased to be privately owned. It started experimental television broadcasting in 1932, becoming a regular service (known as the BBC Television Service) in 1936. Television broadcasting was suspended from 1 September, 1939 to 7 June, 1946 during the Second World War. A widely reported urban legend is that, upon resumption of service, announcer Leslie Mitchell started by saying, "As I was saying before we were so rudely interrupted…" In fact, the first person to appear when transmission resumed was Jasmine Bligh, who had also been the last person on air when transmission was interrupted, and the words said were “Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh...?”[6]

Competition to the BBC was introduced in 1955 with the commercially and independently operated ITV. As a result of the Pilkington Committee report of 1962, in which the BBC were lauded and ITV was very heavily criticised for not providing enough quality programming,[7] the BBC were awarded a second TV channel, (BBC 2), in 1964, renaming the existing channel BBC 1. BBC 2 was broadcast in colour from 1 July, 1967, and was joined by BBC 1 and ITV on 15 November, 1969.

In 1974 the BBC's teletext service, CEEFAX, was introduced but was not finally transmitted in-vision as such until as early as in April 1980. In 1978 the BBC went on strike just before the Christmas of that year, thus blocking out the transmission of both channels and amalgamating all four radio stations into one.

Since the deregulation of the UK television and radio market in the 1980s, the BBC has faced increased competition from the commercial sector (and from the advertiser-funded public service broadcaster Channel 4), especially on satellite television, cable television, and digital television services.

The BBC Research Department has played a major part in the development of broadcasting and recording techniques. In the early days it carried out essential research into acoustics and programme level and noise measurement.

The 2004 Hutton Inquiry, and the subsequent report raised questions about the BBC journalistic standards and its impartiality. This lead to resignations of senior management members at the time.

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The BBC itself suggested radical changes in its "Building Public Value" proposals published in June 2004.[8]

Jadual isi kandungan

[Sunting] Green paper

On 2 March 2005 the Culture Secretary Tessa Jowell published a green paper setting out her proposals for the future of the BBC.[9] The main points of this were:

  • Maintenance of the licence fee system until at least 2016
  • Abolition of the BBC Governors, to be replaced by a "BBC Trust"
  • Increasing outsourcing of production (a process already started by Mark Thompson)
  • Reduced emphasis on "ratings for ratings' sake" and copycat programmes (such as reality television).

[Sunting] White paper

In March 2006 the Culture Secretary published a white paper on the future of the BBC.[10] This charged the Corporation with:

  • sustaining citizenship and civil society
  • promoting education and learning
  • stimulating creativity and cultural excellence – including film
  • reflecting the UK’s Nations, regions and communities
  • bringing the world to the UK and the UK to the world
  • Building Digital Britain.

The BBC must display at least one of the following characteristics in all content: high quality, originality, innovation, to be challenging and to be engaging.

The White Paper also confirms the intention stated in the Green Paper to maintain the licence fee system and set up a BBC Trust.

[Sunting] Corporate structure

  • Governance Unit
  • Programming Groups
    • News
    • Drama Entertainment & CBBC
    • Factual & Learning
    • Sport
  • Broadcasting Groups
    • World Service
    • TV
    • New Media & Technology
    • Radio & Music
    • Nations & Regions
  • Professional Services
    • Strategy (formerly Strategy and Distribution and merged with Policy and Legal)
    • Marketing, Comms and Audiences
    • Finance Property & Business Affairs
    • BBC People (to 2004, Human Resources & Internal Communications)
    • BBC Training & Development
  • Commercial Groups
    • BBC Resources Ltd
    • BBC Worldwide Ltd

[Sunting] Management

The BBC is a nominally autonomous corporation, independent from direct government intervention. It is currently run by an appointed Board of Governors, with this being replaced by the BBC Trust from January 2007. General management of the organisation is in the hands of a Director-General appointed by the governors.

[Sunting] Governors

The governors as of 19 January 2005 were:

  • Michael Grade (Chairman)
  • Anthony Salz (Vice Chairman)
  • Professor Ranjit Sondhi (National Governor for the English regions)
  • Professor Fabian Monds (National Governor for Northern Ireland)
  • Professor Merfyn Jones (National Governor for Wales)
  • Jeremy Peat (National Governor for Scotland)
  • Deborah Bull
  • Baroness Deech
  • Dermot Gleeson
  • Angela Sarkis
  • Richard Tait, appointed for a four-year term on 1 August 2004.

[Sunting] Trust board

The Trust board will replace the Board of Govemors from 1 January 2007. Tessa Jowell announced the board members in October 2006 as [11]: Michael Grade, Dermot Gleeson, Jeremy Peat and Richard Tait; plus eight new members:

  • Chitra Bharucha
  • Diane Coyle
  • Alison Hastings
  • Patricia Hodgson
  • Rotha Johnston
  • Janet Lewis-Jones
  • David Liddiment
  • Mehmuda Mian Pritchard

[Sunting] Executive board

The current Director-General is Mark Thompson. On 19 July 2006 he announced a new Executive Board of ten directors.

  • Mark Thompson (Director-General)
  • Mark Byford (Deputy Director-General and Director of Journalism Group- including News, Sport.)
  • Caroline Thomson (Operations)
  • Jana Bennett (BBC Vision Group including TV production, commissioning and services)
  • Jenny Abramsky (Audio and Music Group including radio)
  • Ashley Highfield (Future Media and Technology)
  • John Smith (BBC Worldwide and Resources)
  • Zarin Patel (Finance)
  • Steve Kelly (BBC People)
  • Tim Davie (Marketing, Communications & Audiences)

[Sunting] Finance

The BBC has the largest budget of any UK broadcaster with an operating expenditure of £4 billion in 2005[12] compared to £3.2 billion for British Sky Broadcasting,[13] £1.7 billion for ITV[14] and £79 million (in 2006) for GCap Media (the largest commercial radio broadcaster).[15]

[Sunting] Revenue

Maklumat lanjut: Television licence

The principal means of funding the BBC is through the television licence, costing around £11 a month if paid by direct debit (as of July 2006). Such a licence is required to operate a broadcast television receiver within the UK. The cost of a television licence is set by the government and enforced by the criminal law. The revenue is collected privately and is paid into the central government Consolidated fund, a process defined in the Communications Act 2003. Funds are then allocated by the DCMS and Treasury and approved by Parliament via the Appropriation Act(s). Additional revenues are paid by the Department for Work and Pensions to compensate for subsidised licences for over-75's. For this reason the BBC is sometimes referred as a "state" broadcaster as the state controls the BBC's funding.

Income from commercial enterprises and from overseas sales of its catalogue of programmes has substantially increased over recent years.[16] with BBC Worldwide contributing some £145million in cash to the BBC's core public service business.

According to the BBC's 2005 Annual Report,[17] its income can be broken down as follows:

  • £2,940.3m licence fees collected from consumers.
  • £624.3m from BBC Commercial Businesses.
  • £247.2m from the World Service, of which £225.1m is from grants (primarily funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office), £16.7m from subscriptions, and £5.4m from other sources.
  • £23.5m from other income, such as providing content to overseas broadcasters and concert ticket sales.

[Sunting] Expenditure

The BBC gives two forms of expenditure statement for the financial year 2005-2006.

The amount of each licence fee spent monthly[18] breaks down as follows:

Department Monthly cost (GBP)
BBC ONE £3.52
BBC TWO £1.52
Transmission and collection costs £1.08
Nations and English Regions television £1.04
BBC Radio 1, 2, 3, 4 and Five Live £1.02
Digital television channels £1.00
Local and Nations' radio 68p
bbc.co.uk 36p
BBC jam 14p
Digital radio stations 10p
Interactive TV (BBCi) 8p
Total £10.54

The total broadcasting spend for 2005-2006[19] is given as:

Department Total cost (£million)
Television 1443
Radio 218
bbc.co.uk 72
BBC jam 36
Interactive TV (BBCi) 18
Local radio and regional television 370
Programme related spend 338
Overheads and Digital UK 315
Restructuring 107
Transmission and collection costs 320
Total 3237

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[Sunting] See also

  • List of BBC related topics
  • BBC Network
  • British Television
  • Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom
  • Early television stations

[Sunting] References

  1. Pharr, Susan; Krauss, Ellis (eds.) (1996). Media and Politics in Japan, p.5, University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 824817613.
  2. BBC website: About the BBC - Purpose and values. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  3. 3.0 3.1 BBC Royal Charter and Agreement. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  4. BBC Press Release 10 October 2004. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  5. BBC Press Office: Key BBC Dates. Dicapai pada 2006-10-28.
  6. Baird: The edit that rewrote history. Dicapai pada 2006-08-11.
  7. BBC website: Committees of Enquiry (page 4). Dicapai pada 2006-09-30.
  8. Chairman's prologue to Building public value BBC statement. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  9. Department of Culture, Media and Sport: A strong BBC, independent of government Green Paper. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  10. Department of Culture, Media and Sport: A public service for all: the BBC in the digital age" White Paper. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  11. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/10_october/12/trustees.shtml
  12. BBC Annual Accounts 2004-05, p96. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  13. BSkyB Annual Report and Accounts 2005, p40. Dicapai pada 2006-07-07.
  14. ITV Plc Annual Report 2005, p39. Dicapai pada 2006-07-07.
  15. GCap Media Annual Report 2005/6, p63. Dicapai pada 2006-07-07.
  16. BBC Annual Accounts 2004-05, p94. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  17. BBC Annual Report 2005, section 6. Dicapai pada 2006-07-06.
  18. BBC Annual Report 2005-2006, p61. Dicapai pada 2006-07-07.
  19. BBC Annual Report 2005-2006, p16. Dicapai pada 2006-07-07.

[Sunting] Bibliography

  • Briggs, Asa. - The BBC - The First Fifty Years - Condensed version of the five-volume history by the same author. - Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-19-212971-6
  • Coulton, Barbara. - Louis MacNeice in the BBC - Writer and producer from 1941 to 1961 in the Features Department of BBC radio. - Faber & Faber, 1980. ISBN 0-571-11537-3
  • Gilder PhD., Eric. - Mass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA. - Historical background relating to the British Broadcasting Company, Ltd., its founding companies; their transatlantic connections; General Post Office licensing system; commercial competitors from Europe prior to World War II and offshore during the 1960s. - "Lucian Blaga" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003. ISBN 973-651-596-6
  • Milne, Alasdair. - The memoirs of a British broadcaster - History of the Zircon spy satellite affair, written by a former Director General of the BBC. A series of BBC radio programmes called "The Secret Society" led to a raid by police in both England and Scotland to seize documents as part of a government censorship campaign. - Coronet, 1989. - ISBN 0-34-049750-5
  • Moran, Lord. - Churchill at War 1940 to 1945 - The Memoirs of Churchill's Doctor, with an introduction by Lord Moran's son, John, the present Lord Moran. - This diary paints an intimate portrait of Churchill by Sir Charles Watson, his personal physician (Lord Moran), who spent the war years with the Prime Minister. In his diary, Moran recorded insights into Churchill's character, and moments when he let his guard down, including his views about the BBC being riddled with communists. - Carroll & Graf, 2002. Reissue ISBN 0-78-671041-1
  • Parker, Derek. - David & Charles - Radio: The Great Years - History of BBC radio programmes from the beginning until the date of publication. 1977. ISBN 0-7153-7430-3
  • Spangenberg, Jochen. - The BBC in Transition. Reasons, Results and Consequences - Encompassing account of the BBC and influencing external factors until 1996. - Deutscher Universitaetsverlag. 1997. ISBN 3-8244-4227-2
  • Wilson, H.H. - Pressure Group - History of the political fight to introduce commercial television into the United Kingdom. - Rutgers University Press, 1961.
  • West, W.J. - Truth Betrayed a critical assessment of the BBC, London, 1987, ISBN 0-7156-2182-3

[Sunting] External links

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