Abjad Ibrani
From Wikipedia
- Nota: Rencana ini mengandungi watak khas.
- Rencana ini adalah utamanya tentang huruf Ibrani. Untuk tanda diakritikal Ibrani, lihat niqqud (untuk mata vokal) dan kantilasi.
Abjad Ibrani adalah set dari 22 huruf yang digunakan untuk menulis bahasa Ibrani. Lima dari huruf ini mempunyai berlainan bentuk apabila kelihatan sebagai huruf akhir dalam perkataan. Abjad Ibrani adalah digunakan dalam halusnya bentuk disesuaikan untuk menulis beberapa bahasa dari diaspora Yahudi, paling terkenalnya Yiddish, Ladino, dan Judaeo-Arab (untuk penuh dan senarai terperinci, lihat bahasa Yahudi). Ibrani ditulis dari kanan ke kiri. Perkataan Ibrani untuk "huruf" adalah אלף-בית (alef-bet), dinamakan selepas dua huruf pertama dari abjad Ibrani. Abjad Ibrani adalah pada asalah adalah abjad; bak kata lain ia mempunyai huruf untuk konsonan sahaja, tetapi makna telah kemudiannya difikirkan untuk menunjukkan vokal, pertama dengan menggunakan huruf konsonan sebagai matres lectionis, kemudian dengan vokal terasing atau nikud. Nombor huruf dalam abjad Ibrani, susunan mereka, nama mereka, dan nilai fonetik mereka adalah dengan sebenarnya sama kepada yakni dari abjad Aramia, laksana kedua-dua Ibrani dan Aramean meminjam abjad Phoenicia untuk kegunaan mereka semasa akhir alaf ke-2 SM. Skrip moden yang digunakan untuk menulis Ibrani (biasanya dipanggil skrip Yahudi oleh ilmiawan, dan juga tradisionalnya dikenali sebagai skrip petak, atau skrip Assyria-tidak dikelirukan dengan pelbagaian Timur dari abjad Syriak), berkembang semasa abad ke-3 SM dari abjad Aramia, diama telah digunakan oleh Yahudi untuk menulis Ibrani sejak abad ke-6 SM dari skrip Phoenicia; orang Samaritan masih menulis Ibrani dalam pelbagaian dari skrip ini untuk kerja keagamaan (lihat abjad Samaritan).
[Sunting] Jadual pendekAbjad Ibrani terdiri dari huruf berikut. Sesetengah huruf mempunyai bentuk berlainan yang digunakan pada akhir kata: ini ditunjukkan pada jadual di bawah bentuk normal.
[Sunting] HuraianKedua-dua skrip Ibrani kuno dan skrip Ibrani baru mempunyai hanya satu kes, tetapi dalam skrip moden setengah huruf mempunyai bentuk akhir khas hanya pada akhir kata. Ini seakan-akan sama kepada abjad Arab, walaupun lebih mudah. Huruf Ibrani adalah abjad: vokal biasanya tidak ditunjukkan. Apabila mereka adalah ia kerana konsonan lemah seperti א alef, ה he, ו vav, atau י yod telah digabungkan dengan vokal lalu dan menjadi senyap atau dengan imitasi dari seperti kes dalam ejaan dari bentuk lain. Apabila digunakan untuk menulis Yiddish, sistem tulisan Ibrani adalah huruf benar (lihat ortografi Yiddish), kecuali dimana kata Ibrani ditulis dalam Yiddish. Untuk memelihara bunyi vokal sempurna, ilmiawan mengembangkan beberapa set berlainan simbol diakritik dipanggil nikud (ניקוד; sasteranya: "memohon mata"). Satu dari ini, sistem Tiberian, akhirnya diperolehi. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, dan keluarganya untuk beberapa generasi, adalah dihargai untuk kemaskini dan pengekalan sistem. Mata ini biasanya digunakan hanya untuk tujuan khas, seperti buku Injil bertujuan untuk pelajaran, dalam sajak, atau apabila mengajar bahasa kepada kanak-kanak. Sistem Tiberian juga termasuk set tanda kantilasi digunakan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana perjalanan skriptural sepatutnya diratib, digunakan dalam pembacaan skriptur synagogue (walaupun tanda ini tidak muncul dalam skrol). Huruf Ibrani mungkin juga dugunakan sebagai nombor; lihat entri pada angka Ibrani. Kegunaan huruf ini sebagai nombor digunakan dalam Kabbalah (mistitisme Yahudi) dalam ikhtisas dikenali sebagai gematria.
[Sunting] Main tableThe following table is a breakdown of each letter in the Hebrew alphabet, describing its written glyph or glyphs, its name or names, its Latin script transliteration values used in academic work, and its pronunciation in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. If two glyphs are shown for a letter, then the left-most glyph is the Final form of the letter (or right-most glyph if your browser doesn't support right-to-left text layout). [Sunting] Name and transliteration
[Sunting] Numerical value and pronunciation
[Sunting] Notes
[Sunting] Vowel formationSome of the letters, as well as their consonantal function, also acted as matres lectionis to represent vowels, as follows:
[Sunting] Vowels and consonants in Ancient HebrewSome of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /p t k b d g/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeDKePHeT (pronounced /beɪgɛd'kɛfɛt/) letters. (The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points.) They were pronounced as stops [p t k b d g] at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives [p̄ ṯ ḵ ḇ ḏ ḡ] — IPA [f θ x v ð ɣ] when preceded by a vowel. The stop and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds [ḏ] and [ḡ] have reverted to [d] and [g] respectively, and [ṯ] has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. ו vav was a semivowel /w/ (as in English, not as in German). ח het and ע ayin were pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi was an emphatic /s/, ט tet was an emphatic /t/, and ק qof was /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants. שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely IPA the fricative /ɬ/ (as in Welsh ll) or the affricate /tɬ/ (as in Náhuatl tl). [Sunting] HistoryArcheological evidence indicates that the original Hebrew script is related to the Phoenician script that was in wide use in the Middle East region at the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. (Eventually, in Europe, this alphabet evolved into the Greek and Roman alphabets). Phoenician script was borrowed by the Hebrews during the 12th or 11th century BCE, and around the 10th century BCE[1], a distinct Hebrew variant, the original "Hebrew script", emerged. This script was widely used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah until they fell in the 8th and 6th centuries BCE, respectively. Following the Babylonian exile, Jews gradually stopped using the Hebrew script, and instead adopted the Babylonian Aramaic script (which was also originally derived from the Phoenician script). This script, used for writing Hebrew, later evolved into the Jewish, or "square" script, that is still used today. "Square"-related scripts were in use all over the Middle East for several hundred years, but following the rise of Christianity (and later, the rise of Islam), they gave way to the Roman and Arabic alphabets, respectively. According to traditional Jewish thought, the Hebrew writing system contained all the current letters at the time of Moses, although Ezra is known for his contribution to the square form. Following the decline of Hebrew and Aramaic as the spoken languages of the Jews, the Hebrew alphabet was adopted in order to write down the languages of the Jewish diaspora (Karaim, Judæo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish, etc.). The Hebrew alphabet was retained as the alphabet used for writing down the Hebrew language during its rebirth in the end of the 19th century, despite several unsuccessful attempts to replace it with the Latin alphabet. [Sunting] Possible Linguistic OriginsTemplat:Off-topic-other The Hebrew alphabet is thought to have developed in the same way as the Phoenician alphabet; each letter representing a picture. This is noted in the Mathers table, appearing in a Kabbalistic book, The Kabbalah Unveiled (an English translation of Christian Knorr von Rosenroth's Latin translation of The Kabbalah Denudata -- a version of the Zohar, a primary Kabbalistic text.). Over time, historical scholars believe, the letters evolved into the modern rectangular alphabet:
*Meaning: strength, leader, first
*Meaning: G-d's House, household, in, into
*Meaning: pride, to lift up, derived from gemul meaning giving reward or punishment, also, "the rich man chasing after dalet which is the poor man"
*Meaning: pathway, to enter, the door of beit - the house, "the poor man"
*Meaning: "the", to reveal
*Meaning: "and", add, secure, hook, the idea of a ray of straight light or the "or yashar" as if G-d is reaching down to man or the world
*Meaning: cut, to cut off, the returning light or the "or chozer" which is the reflected light off the crown topping vav which is zayin
*Meaning: private, to separate, letter of life (chaim, from the root chayah, whose most important letter is chet
*Meaning: to surround, upside-down tov symbolizing hidden and inverted good as in the Zohar: "its good is hidden within it."
*Meaning: deed, work, to make, G-d's thought - the origin of the Jewish soul
*Meaning: to cover, allow, strength, subdue, coerce
*Meaning: prod, go toward, tongue, lamed-mem-dalet (lev meiven da'at) meaning a heart that understands knowledge [Letters of Rabbi Akiva]
*Meaning: massive, overpower, chaos, water (mayim), fountain of the Divine Wisdom of Torah, open mem (things revealed), closed final mem (things concealed)
*Meaning: activity, life
*Meaning: support, turn, circular form symbolizes the fundamental truth reflected at all levels of Torah and reality
*Meaning: see, know, experience, Divine Providence, The Oral Torah
*Meaning: speak, open, word
*Meaning: harvest, desire
*Meaning: behind, the last, least, Omnipresence, kedushah meaning holiness
*Meaning: person, head, highest, poor man, state of poverty of this world, the upper limit of poverty
*Meaning: consume, destroy, The Eternal Flame, the fire of Torah or sharpness in learning
*Meaning: covenant, to seal, the sign on the forehead of Cain, Teshuvah or prayer or Torah, the last letter of the first word of Creation: the ultimate origin Remember: There is technically no "f" or "j" in Hebrew. The "f" proximity is a soft "p" like "ph" and "j" is a derivative of the "y" or "Yuh" sound. The following sources were used in creating the previous compilation additions: [Sunting] Unicode tableThe Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB40. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation.
Note: The ligature characters װ ױ ײ are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew. [Sunting] HTML Code TableThese are the Hebrew Numeric Character References. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers. Alef-Bet
Vowels and Unique Characters
[Sunting] See also
[Sunting] References(using new citation method)Roots of the Hebrew Alphabet
[Sunting] External links
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