Alhambra
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Alhambra (Bahasa Arab: الحمراء = Al Ħamrā'; yang bermaksud "Istana Merah") adalah sebuah masjid, istana dan kompleks kota zilam kerajaan Moor Granada, di selatan Sepanyol (dikenali sebagai Al-Andalus apabila kotanya dibina), menduduki atas bukit teres di tenggara sempadan di bandaraya Granada. Ini adalah tempat tinggal raja-raja Muslim Granada dan mahkamah mereka, tetapi sekarang sebuah museum yang mempamerkan kecantikan gaya seni bina Islam.
Kordinat: 37° 10′37″N, 3° 35′42″W
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[Sunting] Pengulasan
Teres atau penara ini, yang berukuran kira-kiranya 740 m (2430 kaki) panjangnya dengan 205 m (674 kaki) pada lebar terbesarnya, extends dari W.N.W ke E.S.E., dan covers an area of about 142,000 m². It is enclosed by a strongly fortified wall, which is flanked by thirteen towers. Sungai Darro, yang foams through a deep ravine on the north, membahagikan penara dari district Albaicin Granada; lembah Assabica, mengandungi Taman Alhambra, di bahagian barat dan selatan, dan sebaliknya lembah ini the almost parallel ridge of Monte Mauror, mengasingnya dari district Antequeruela.
[Sunting] Sejarah
Nama Alhambra, menandakan dalam Bahasa Arab yang merah (Al Hamra الحمراء), ialah kemungkinannya berasal dari warna kering-matahari tapia, atau batu-bata dibuat daripada batu kelikir dan tanah liat halus, yang mana dindang luar dibina. Sesetengah wibawa, however, hold that it commemorates the obor api merah yang mana lampu the work of construction was dibawa pada nightly for many years; yang lain bersekutukannya dengan nama pengasas, Muhammed Ibn Al Ahmar; dan yang lain mengaku asalya dari Bahasa Arab Dar al Amra, Rumah Tuannya. Istananya dibina chiefly diantara 1248 dan 1354, dibawah pemerintahan Al Ahmar dan penggantinya; tetapi juga nama-nama seniman utama yang diberikan kerja sama ada tidak diketahui atau diragu-ragukan.
Kecantikan arabesk dibahagian dalam dianggap sebagai karya, digalangan raja-raja lain, kepada Yusef I, Mohamed V, Ismail I, dll. Selepas bandaraya itu jatuh kepada taklukan Kristen 1492, penakluknya bermula untuk mengubahkan Alhambra. Kerja terbukanya telah digenangi cat kapur, lukisan dan air emas dipadamkan, perabotnya dikotorkan, dikoyakkan atau dialihkan. Charles V (1516–1556) membina-balik portions in the Renaissance style of the period, dan memusnahkan sebahagian besar istana musim sejuk untuk memberikan ruang ke struktur gaya Renaissance yang tidak pernah diselesaikan. Philip V (1700–1746) meng-Italikan biliknya, dan menyelesaikan istananya ditengah-tengah yang dahulunya bangunan Moor. Dia mendirikan sesekat yang menghadangkan semua pangsapuri. Pada abad-abad berikutnya bawah wibawa-wibawa Sepanyol, kesenian Moor bersambung dengan lebih kerosakannya; dan pada tahun 1812 sesetengah menara-menara telah dihancurkan oleh orang Perancis dibawah Count Sebastiani, sementara keseluruh bangunan-bangunan narrowly escaped nasib yang sama. Napoleon telah mencuba untuk menghancurkan kompleks dengan seluruhnya. Sebelum sahaja rancangannya dijalankan, seorang askar yang dengan rahsianya mahukan rancangan Napoleon — komandernya — untuk digagalkan, menanggalkan fius bahan letupan dan dengan itu menyelamatkan Alhambra untuk generasi akan datang.
Pada tabun 1821 sebuah gempa bumi telah memberikan kerosakan yang lebih teruk. Kerja pembaikian telah mengambil tempat pada tahun 1828 oleh arkitek Jose Contreras telah dibiayai pada tahun 1830 oleh Ferdinand VII; dan selepas kematian Contreras pada tahun 1847, pekerjaan pembaikian ini disambungkan dengan kemajuan yang agak bagus oleh anak lelakinya Rafael (d. 1890), dan cucu lelakinya Mariano.
[Sunting] Kedudukan
Situasi Alhambra adalah kecantikan semulajadi yang jarang dilihat; plateau tersebut mengadap pandangan luas bandar dan dataran Granada, kearah barat dan utara, dan ketinggian Sierra Nevada, kearah timur dan selatan. Penyair Moor menggambarkannya sebagai "mutiara pada zamrud," kiasan kepada warna terang bangunannya, dan kemewahan hutan sekelilingnya. The park (Alameda de la Alhambra), which in spring is overgrown with wild-flowers and grass, was planted by the Moors with roses, oranges and myrtles; its most characteristic feature, however, is the dense wood of English elms brought thither in 1812 by the Duke of Wellington. The park is celebrated for the multitude of its nightingales, and is usually filled with the sound of running water from several fountains and cascades. These are supplied through a conduit 8 km (5 miles) long, which is connected with the Darro at the monastery of Jesus del Valle, above Granada.
In spite of the long neglect, wilful vandalism and sometimes ill-judged restoration which the Alhambra has endured, it remains the most perfect example of Moorish art in its final European development, freed from the direct Byzantine influences which can be traced in the Mezquita cathedral of Córdoba, more elaborate and fantastic than the Giralda at Seville. The majority of the palace buildings are, in ground-plan, quadrangular, with all the rooms opening on to a central court; and the whole reached its present size simply by the gradual addition of new quadrangles, designed on the same principle, though varying in dimensions, and connected with each other by smaller rooms and passages. In every case the exterior is left plain and austere, as if the architect intended thus to heighten by contrast the splendour of the interior. Within, the palace is unsurpassed for the exquisite detail of its marble pillars and arches, its fretted ceilings and the veil-like transparency of its filigree work in stucco. Sun and wind are freely admitted, and the whole effect is one of the most airy lightness and grace. Blue, red, and a golden yellow, all somewhat faded through lapse of time and exposure, are the colours chiefly employed.
The decoration consists, as a rule, of stiff, conventional foliage, Arabic inscriptions, and geometrical patterns wrought into arabesques of almost incredible intricacy and ingenuity. Painted tiles are largely used as panelling for the walls.
[Sunting] Sebuah Lancongan Alhambra
Sebahagian Moorish Alhambra menrupai banyak kubu Zaman Pertengahan Kristen dengan arrangement tiga-lipat sebagai sebuah istana kota, istana dan annexe residential untuk subordinates. Alcazaba or citadel, its oldest part, dibina di tanjung terpencil and terjal yang terminates penara di barat laut. Hanya dinding luar, menara dan baluarti agam yang tinggal. Di menara pengawal, Torre de la Vela, 25 m (tingginya 85 kaki), bendera Ferdinand dan Isabella telah diangkatkan, untuk memperingati penaklukan Sepanyol Granada, pada 2 Januari, 1492. Sebuah turret mengandungi loceng besar ditambah pada abada ke-18, dan diperbaiki selepas kerosakkannya oleh petir pada tahun 1881. Disebalik Alcazaba ialah istana raja-raja Moorish, atau Alhambra dengan betulnya kononnya; dan sebalik ini, sekali lagi, ialah Alhambra Alta (Alhambra Atas), asalnya tenanted oleh para pegawai dan orang istana.
Access from the city to the Alhambra Park is afforded by the Puerta de las Granadas (Pintu Pagar Pomegranates), a massive triumphal arch dating from the Abad ke-15. A steep ascent leads past the Pillar of Charles V, a fountain erected in 1554, to the main entrance of the Alhambra. This is the Puerta Judiciaria (Gate of Judgment), a massive horseshoe archway, surmounted by a square tower, and used by the Moors as an informal court of justice. A hand, with fingers outstretched as a talisman against the evil eye, is carved above this gate on the exterior; a key, the symbol of authority, occupies the corresponding place on the interior. A narrow passage leads inward to the Plaza de los Aljibes (Place of the Cisterns), a broad open space which divides the Alcazaba from the Moorish palace. To the left of the passage rises the Torre del Vino (Wine Tower), built in 1345, and used in the 16th century as a cellar. On the right is the palace of Charles V, a cold-looking but majestic Renaissance building, out of harmony with its surroundings, which it tends somewhat to dwarf by its superior size. The extremely intricate and detailed designs of the Moors' Alhambra stand in stark contrast to Charles' palace, which consists primarily of white walls with no particularly striking features. Many modern architectural scholars are thus disgusted by Charles V's preference for simplistic Renaissance styling, which they believe detracts from the Alhambra's architectural magnificence. Construction of Charles' palace, begun in 1526, was abandoned about 1650.
The present entrance to the Palacio Arabe, or Casa Real (istana Moorish), is by a small door from which a corridor conducts to the Patio de los Arrayanes (Court of the Myrtles), also called the Patio de la Alberca (Court of the Blessing or Court of the Pond), from the Arabicbirka, "pool." This court is 42 m (140 ft) long by 22 m (74 ft) broad; and in the centre there is a large pond set in the marble pavement, full of goldfish, and with myrtles growing along its sides. There are galleries on the north and south sides; that on the south 7 m (27 ft) high, and supported by a marble colonnade. Underneath it, to the right, was the principal entrance, and over it are three elegant windows with arches and miniature pillars. From this court the walls of the Torre de Comares are seen rising over the roof to the north, and reflected in the pond.
Salón de los Embajadores (Dewan Kedutaan) adalah yang terbesar di Alhambra, dan occupies semua Torre de Comares. Ia adalah sebuah bilik segi empat, the sides being 12 m (37 kaki) in length, sementara pusat kubah ialah 23 m (75 kaki) tinggi. This was the grand reception room, and the throne of the sultan was placed opposite the entrance. It was in this setting that Cristopher Columbus received Isabel and Ferdinand's support to sail to the New World. The tiles are nearly 4 kaki (1.2 m) high all round, and the colours vary at intervals. Over them is a series of oval medallions with inscriptions, interwoven with flowers and leaves. There are nine windows, three on each facade, and the ceiling is admirably diversified with inlaid-work of white, blue and gold, in the shape of circles, crowns and stars—a kind of imitation of the vault of heaven. The walls are covered with varied stucco-work of most delicate pattern, surrounding many ancient escutcheons.
The celebrated Patio de los Leones (Laman-dalam Singa) is an oblong court, 116 ft (35 m) in length by 66 ft (20 m) in breadth, surrounded by a low gallery supported on 124 white marble columns. A pavilion projects into the court at each extremity, with filigree walls and light domed roof, elaborately ornamented. The square is paved with coloured tiles, and the colonnade with white marble; while the walls are covered 5 ft (1.5 m) up from the ground with blue and yellow tiles, with a border above and below enamelled blue and gold. The columns supporting the roof and gallery are irregularly placed, with a view to artistic effect; and the general form of the piers, arches and pillars is most graceful. They are adorned by varieties of foliage, etc.; about each arch there is a large square of arabesques; and over the pillars is another square of exquisite filigree work. In the centre of the court is the celebrated Fountain of Lions, a magnificent alabaster basin supported by the figures of twelve lions in white marble, not designed with sculptural accuracy, but as emblems of strength and courage. It has been said that the lions were most likely sculpted by members of the Caliphate's Christian community, as making such representational sculpture was not considered allowed by the followers of Islam. The twelve lions functioned as a clock with water flowing from a different lion each hour. The Christians of the Reconquest took apart the clock to see how it worked and it hasn't worked since.
Sala de los Abencerrajes (Dewan Abencerrages) berasal dari nama from a legend according to which Boabdil, the last king of Granada, having invited the chiefs of that illustrious line to a banquet, massacred them here. This room is a perfect square, with a lofty dome and trellised windows at its base. The roof is exquisitely decorated in blue, brown, red and gold, and the columns supporting it spring out into the arch form in a remarkably beautiful manner. Opposite to this hall is the Sala de las dos Hermanas (Hall of the two Sisters), so-called from two very beautiful white marble slabs laid as part of the pavement. These slabs measure 50 by 22 sm (15 by 7½ kaki), and are without flaw or stain. There is a fountain in the middle of this hall, and the roof—sebuah kubah indung madu dengan sel kecil, kesemuanya lain, dan disebut mengandungi 5000—ialah contoh magnificent pada kononnya "kekubah stalactite" Moors.
Among the other wonders of the Alhambra are the Sala de la Justicia (Dewan Keadilan), Patio del Mexuar (Laman dalam Bilik Konsel), Patio de Daraxa (Court of the Vestibule), dan Peinador de la Reina (Bilik Jubah Ratu), yang mana telah be seen the same delicate and beautiful architecture, the same costly and elegant decorations. Istana dan Alhambra Atas juga mengandungi bilik mandi, beraneka bilik tidur dan bilik musim panas, galeri berbisik dan jalan berselirat, dan makam berkubah.
The original furniture of the palace is represented by the celebrated vase of the Alhambra, a splendid specimen of Moorish ceramic art, dating from 1320, and belonging to the first period of Moorish porcelain. It is 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high; the ground is white, and the enamelling is blue, white and gold.
Of the outlying buildings in connection with the Alhambra, the foremost in interest is the Palacio de Generalife or Gineralife (the Muslim Jennat al Arif, "Kebun Arif," or "Kebun Arkitek"). This villa probably dates from the end of the 13th century, but has been several times restored. Its gardens, however, with their clipped hedges, grottos, fountains, and cypress avenues, are said to retain their original Moorish character. The Villa de los Martires (Martyrs' Villa), on the summit of Monte Mauror, commemorates by its name the Christian slaves who were employed to build the Alhambra, and confined here in subterranean cells. The Torres Bermejas (Vermilion Towers), also on Monte Mauror, are a well-preserved Moorish fortification, with underground cisterns, stables, and accommodation for a garrison of 200 men. Several Roman tombs were discovered in 1829 and 1857 at the base of Monte Mauror.
Dalam pembinaan Alhambra, orang Moor tidak menpunyai penggambaran manusia langsung kecuali tangan manusia. Sudah tentu, ada banyak penggambaran manusia di bangunan Zaman Pembaharuan.
[Sunting] Beraneka
Alhambra, Generalife dan Albayzin Granada didaftarkan sebagai Tempat Pusaka Dunia oleh UNESCO. Ia juga tempat buku novel klasik Washington Irving's Tales of the Alhambra. Irving tinggal di istana ini ketika menulis bukunya, dan was instrumental in reintroducing the site to Western audiences.
Tambahannya lagi, ini subjek muzik lagu Ghymes dengan nama yang sama.
Separuh dari novel Salman Rushdie, The Moor's Last Sigh, ditempatkan di Alhambra
[Sunting] Lihat juga
- seni bina Islam
- dekri Alhambra
[Sunting] Pautan luar
- (Inggeris) (Sepanyol) (Perancis) Alhambra
- (Sepanyol) (Perancis) (Inggeris) www.alhambra.org
- (Sepanyol) (Perancis) (Inggeris) www.AlhambraGranada.info
- (Sepanyol) (Perancis) (Inggeris) www.alhambra.info
- (Sepanyol) (Perancis) (Inggeris) www.AlhambraGranadaTours.com Guide
- (Sepanyol) (Perancis) (Inggeris) (Jerman) (Itali) Alhambra in turgranada.es Official Site for tourism of the province of Granada
- Alhambra Official Guides
- Photos of Alhambra
- Alhambra Architectural Review
- Alhambra - information on garden history and design
- Detailed study with photos of the Alhambra Granada
- Google maps satellite image
- Article with English translations of the poems on the walls of Alhambra
Alhambra
[Sunting] Rujukan
- Rencana ini menggabungkan teks daripada Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11, sebuah terbitan yang kini di domain awam.
- Steves, Rick (2004). Spain and Portugal 2004, pp. 204-205. Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 1-56691-529-5
Templat:Tempat-tempat Pusaka Dunia di Sepanyol