Islam di Rusia

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Templat:Islam mengikut negara Menurut United States Department of State, ada kira-kiranya 21-28 juta jumlah penduduk Muslim di Rusia, constituting sekurang-kurangnya 15-20 peratus jumlah penduduk negara ini dan membentukkan agama minoriti yang terbesar. Masyarakat besar Islam dikonsentrasikan di antara warga negara minoriti tinggal di antara Laut Hitam dan Laut Caspian: Adyghe, Balkar, Nogai, Chechen, Circassian, Ingush, Kabardin, Karachay, dan banyak bilangan warga negara Dagestan. Di Volga Basin tengah ada penduduk besar Tatar dan Bashkir, kebanyakan mereka Muslim. Banyak Muslim juga tinggal di Perm Krai dan Ulyanovsk, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Tyumen, dan Leningrad Oblast (kebanyakannya kaum Tatar).

Jadual isi kandungan

[Sunting] Sejarah Islam di Russia

Muslim pertama di wilayah Rusia terkini adalah masyarakat Daghestani di (kawasan Derbent) selepas pentaklukan Arab (abad ke-8). Negeri Muslim yang pertama adalah Volga Bulgaria (922. Kaum Tatar mewarisi agama Islam dari negeri itu. Kemudian kebanyakan Orang Turki Eropah dan Caucasia juga menjadi pengikut Islam. Islam di Russia telah mempunyai kewujudan yang lama, melebarkan ke seawal pentaklukan kawasan Volga Tengah pada abad ke-16th, yang membawa orang Tatar dan berkenaan Orang Turki di Volga Tengah ke dalam negeri Rusia. Pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19, taklukan Rusia di Caucasus Utara membawa orang-orang Muslim dari kawasan ini-- Dagestan, Chechen, Circassia, Ingush, dan lain-lain--ke dalam negara Russia. Further afield, the independent states of Central Asia and Azerbaijan were brought into the Russian state as part of the same imperialist push that incorporated the North Caucasus. The lower Volga Muslim Astrakhan Khanate was conquered by Russian empire in 1556. The Khanate of Kazan was conquered in 1552 and Crimean Khanate was conquered in 1739 by Russian empire. The Siberia Khanate was conquered by Russian empire in 16th century by defeating Siberian Tatars which opened whole Siberia for Russian conquest. Most Muslims living in Russia are the indigenous people of lands long ago seized by the expanding imperialist Russian empire.

Kievan Rus juga telah dapat kesempatan untuk memeluk Islam dari missionary Volga Bulgaria, tetapi orang Slav Timur menerima agama Kristian.

Akhirnya semua orang Muslim di Rusia mengikut ajaran Islam Sunni. Dalam beberapa kawasan, terutamanya Chechnya, ada tradisi Sufisme, sebuah variasi bermistik Islam yang menegaskan pada carian jalan seorang individu bersatu dengan Tuhan. Ritual Sufi, diamalkan untuk memberikan orang Chechen semangat kuat untuk menolak tekanan orang asing, menjadi legend di antara askar-askar Rusia yang melawan orang Chechen pada zaman tsar. Orang Azeri juga pada sejarah dan masih lagi pengikut Shia Islam, apabila republik mereka terpisah dari Soviet Union, banyak bilangan Azeri datang ke Rusia untuk mencari pekerjaan.

The first printed Qur'an was published in Kazan, Rusia in 1801.

Sati lagi fenomena adalah gerakan Wäisi.

[Sunting] Islam masa kini

Masjid utama di Ufa, Bashkortostan
Besarkan
Masjid utama di Ufa, Bashkortostan

Relations between the Russian government and Muslim elements of the population have been marked by mistrust and suspicion. In 1992, for example, Sheikh Rawil Ghaynetdin, the imam of the Moscow mosque, complained that "our country [Russia] still retains the ideology of the tsarist empire, which believed that the Orthodox faith alone should be a privileged religion, that is, the state religion." The Russian government, for its part, fears the rise of political Islam of the sort that Russians witnessed in the 1980s firsthand in Afghanistan and secondhand in Iran. Government fears were fueled by a 1992 conference held in Saratov by the Tajikistan-based Islamic Renaissance Party. Representatives attended from several newly independent Central Asian republics, from Azerbaijan, and from several autonomous jurisdictions of Russia, including the secessionist-minded autonomous republics of Tatarstan and Bashkortostan. The meeting's pan-Islamic complexion created concern in Moscow about the possible spread of resurgent Islam into Russia from the newly independent Muslim states along the periphery of the former Soviet Union. For that reason, the Russian government has provided extensive military and political support to secular dictators of the five Central Asian republics, all of whom are publicly opposed to political Islam. By the mid-1990s, the Islamic revival was a standard justification for radical nationalist insistence that Russia regain control of its "near abroad."

The struggle to delineate the respective powers of the federal and local governments in Russia also has influenced Russian relations with the Islamic community. The Russian Federation inherited two of the four spiritual boards, or muftiates, created during the Stalinist era to supervise the religious activities of Islamic groups in various parts of the Soviet Union; the other two are located in Tashkent and Baku. One of the two Russian boards has jurisdiction in European Russia and Siberia, and the other is responsible for the Muslim aread of the North Caucasus and Transcaspian regions. In 1992 several Muslim associations withdrew from the latter muftiate and attempted to establish their own spiritual boards. Later that year, Tatarstan and Bashkortostan withdrew recognition from the muftiate for European Russia and Siberia and created their own muftiate.

There is much evidence of official conciliation toward Islam in Russia in the 1990s. The number of Muslims allowed to make pilgrimages to Mecca increased sharply after the virtual embargo of the Soviet era ended in 1990. Copies of the Qur'an are readily available, and many mosques are being built in regions with large Muslim populations. In 1995 the newly established Union of Muslims of Russia, led by Imam Khatyb Mukaddas of Tatarstan, began organizing a movement aimed at improving interethnic understanding and ending Russians' lingering misconception of Islam. The Union of Muslims of Russia is the direct successor to the pre-World War I Union of Muslims, which had its own faction in the Russian Duma. The postcommunist union has formed a political party, the Nur All-Russia Muslim Public Movement, which acts in close coordination with Muslim clergy to defend the political, economic, and cultural rights of Muslims and other minorities. The Islamic Cultural Center of Russia, which includes a madrassa (religious school), opened in Moscow in 1991. In the 1990s, the number of Islamic publications has increased. Among them are two magazines in Russian, "Эхо Кавказа" (transliteration: Ekho Kavkaza) and "Исламский вестник" (Islamsky Vestnik), and the Russian-language newspaper "Исламские новости" (Islamskiye Novosti), which is published in Makhachkala, Dagestan.

The Sobornaya is one of four mosques in the Moscow to serve a Muslim population of over 2.5 million -- the largest of any European city. Today, its pale blue walls cannot contain the hundreds who come to pray. On Fridays and holy days, it overflows with worshipers, leaving many forced to kneel on newspapers outside, their foreheads pressing against the concrete. Muslim leaders say attempts to build more have been blocked by local officials, who fear angering Moscow's ethnic Russian majority. Attacks on mosques have been increasing. In September 2006, an Imam in the southern city of Kislovodsk was shot dead outside his home. During days of rioting in August, mobs chased Muslim Chechens and other migrants from the Caucasus region out of the northwestern town of Kondopoga[1].

Across Russia, Islam is thriving. Experts say the country is undergoing a change and that if current trends continue, nearly one third of Russia's population will be Muslim by the midcentury. The ethnic Russians have lower birth rate and higher mortality rate due to alcoholism while Muslims have higher birth rate and alcohal is considered taboo. There are also millions of Muslims from Caucasus and Central Asia that have settled in Russia. Since 1989, Russia's Muslim population has increased to about 25 million.

There is Russian Islam University in Kazan, Tatarstan. Education is in Russian and Tatar.

[Sunting] Lihat pula

  • Islam mengikut negara
  • Jadidisme
  • Masjid Terkenal atau Utama Russia
  • Agama di Russia
  • Agama di Soviet Union
  • Islam di Ukraine
  • Islam di Belarus
  • Islam di Estonia
  • Islam di Poland
  • Islam di Latvia
  • Islam di Lithuania

[Sunting] Rujukan

  • Templat:Loc

[Sunting] Pautan luar

Templat:Europe in topic

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