Mesin pencuci pinggan

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Sebuah mesin pencuci pinggan
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Sebuah mesin pencuci pinggan
Tab bahan cuci (sabun) pencuci pinggan
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Tab bahan cuci (sabun) pencuci pinggan

Mesin pencuci pinggan ialah sebuah peranti mekanikal untuk membersihkan alat makanan untuk persediaan, simpanan, hidangan dan makan dan minum. Mereka dapat didapti di kedai makan dan juga di banyak dapur rumah.

Jadual isi kandungan

[Sunting] Kegunaan mesin pencuci pinggan

Berlainan dari pinggan cucian tangan, yang mengharapkan banyak kerja fizikal menyental untuk menghilangkan kesan, pencuci pinggan mekanikal menyuci dengan percikan air panas (55-65 darjah Celsius atau 130-150 darjah Fahrenheit) pada pinggan-mangkuk. Pada mulanya, gunakan air tambahan bahan cuci untuk tujuan menyuci, kemudian air bersih (walaupun kadang-kadang dengan tambahan jirusan) untuk menghilangkan kesan bahan pencuci. Air panas boleh dilanjutkan dari bekalan atau membawa atas ke suhu oleh sebuah elemen. Sebagaimana tiada perhubungan manusia semasa proses itu, bahan cuci boleh digunakan yang mana dapat menjadi terlalu beralkali untuk pendedahan biasa ke kulit. Sesetengah pencuci pinggan juga mengandungi elemen kepanasan untuk mencapai keringan cepat pada pinggan-mangkuk.

[Sunting] Sejarah

Laporan pertama sebuah peranti pencuci pinggan mekanikal ialah paten 1850 oleh sebuah peranti kuasa-tengan Joel Houghton.

Pencuci moden berketurunan dari penciptaan 1886 Josephine Cochrane, juga kuasa tangan, yang dia unveiled at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Cochrane agak kaya dan ialah cucu perempuan kepada John Fitch, pencipta bot api. Dia sendiri tidak pernah membasuh pinggan dan hanya mencipta pencuci pinggan kerana pembantu rumahnya menyumbing pinggan-mangkuk tembikar halusnya.

Model dimasukkan dengan sistem paip tiba pada 1920an, dan elemen kekeringan elektrik and electric ditambahkan pada 1940.

Pengambilan adalah yang terhebat pada mulanya pada persekitaran komersil, tetapi pada 1970an pencuci pinggan telah menjadi perkara biasa pada keadaan dalam rumah di negara maju.

[Sunting] Cirinya

[Sunting] Ruangan

Piawai antarabangsa untuk ruangan sebuah pencuci pinggan dijelaskan sebagai seting tempat piawai. Pinggan mangkuk yang berukuran tidak sekata tidak dapat memasuki petak pembersihan pencuci pinggan, jadi anda dinasihatkan untuk memeriksa perbandingan sebelum membeli sebuah pencuci pinggan.

[Sunting] Ukuran

Pencuci yang telah dipasang ke dalam kabinet dapur piawai yang mempunyai lebar dan dalamnya piawai 60 sm (Eropah) atau 24 inci (AS), dan kebanyakan pencuci pinggan harus memasangkannya ke dalam satu lubang yang sekurang-kurangnya 86 sm (Eropah) atau tinggi 34 inci (AS). Pencuci pinggan mudah-alih wujud dalam 45 and 60 sm (Europe) 18 dan lebar 24 inci (US), dengan kastor dan kaunter-atas dicantumkan. Pencuci pinggan boleh didapati dalam karya piawai atau tub tinggi; pencuci pinggan tub piawai ada perkhidmatan kickplate dibawah pintu pencuci pinggan yang membenarkan perbaikian dan pemasangan yang lebih mudah, tetapi pencuci pinggan tinggi tub ada sekira-kiranya 20% lebih ruangan (muatan) dan pelembapan suara yang lebih baik daripada mengadakan sebuah pintu hadapan bersambung.

[Sunting] Rencana

The inside of a dishwasher, called the tub, can be composed of plastic or stainless steel. Stainless steel tubs resist hard water, provide better sound dampening, and preserve heat to dry dishes faster. They also come at a price premium. Older models used a baked enamel on steel and are prone to chipping and erosion; chips in the baked enamel finish must be cleaned of all dirt and corrosion then patched with a special compound or even a good quality two-part epoxy.

Mid-to-higher end North American dishwashers often come with hard food disposal units, which behave like miniature garbage (waste) disposal units that eliminate large pieces of food waste from the wash water. One manufacturer that is known for omitting hard food disposals is Bosch, a German brand; however, Bosch does so in order to reduce noise. If the larger items of food waste is removed before placing in the dishwasher, pre-rinsing is not necessary even without integrated waste disposal units. Pre-rinsing under a running tap beforehand simply wastes water.

Many newer dishwashers feature microprocessor-controlled, sensor-assisted wash cycles that adjust the wash duration to the quantity of dirty dishes (sensed by changes in water temperature) or the amount of dirt in the rinse water (sensed chemically/optically). This can save water and energy if the user runs a partial load. In such dishwashers the electromechanical rotary switch often used to control the washing cycle is replaced by a microprocessor but most sensors and valves are still required to be present. However, pressure switches (some dishwashers use a pressure switch and flow meter) are not required in most microprocessor controlled dishwashers as they use the motor and sometimes a rotational position sensor to sense the resistance of water, when it senses there is no cavitation it knows it has the optimal amount of water.

[Sunting] Pelembapan Suara

Using blankets, panels, and sound-absorbing materials in various configurations, dishwashers can achieve sound damping levels down to 44 decibels or so. Undampened, low-end dishwashers generally output noise levels of anywhere from 65-70 decibels. Manufacturers generally use their own nomenclature with sound damping, i.e. QuietGuard (Kenmore), QuietPartner (Whirlpool), Whisper Package (Maytag), followed by a number. Higher numbers usually indicate higher sound damping and thus less noise output. Thus, a QuietPartner 1 or QuietGuard 2 dishwasher, despite the "Quiet" designation, may not actually be quiet at all.

Sound damping is the primary factor that determines the cost of a standard built-in dishwasher.

[Sunting] Bahan cuci

Hand-washing dish detergent must never be used in a dishwasher, as it will create a large foam of bubbles which will leak from the dishwasher. If hand-washing detergent is accidentally used, the foam may be removed by spraying with salt, and the dishwasher should be forced into a drain cycle to remove the soap and water.

Bahan cuci Pencuci pinggan mengandungi:

  • Fosfat
    • Solublises kalsium dan magnesium ions untuk mencegahkan jenis 'air-keras' lapisan limescale.
  • Oxygen-based bleaching agents
    • Breaks up and bleaches organic deposits.
  • Non-ionic surfactants
    • Lowers the surface tension of the water, emulsifies oil, lipid and fat food deposits, prevents droplet spotting on drying.
  • Enzymes
    • Breaks up and solublises protein-based food deposits, and possibly oil, lipid and fat deposits. They do this by emulsifying them.
  • Anti-corrosion agents
    • Often sodium silicate, prevents corrosion of dishwasher components.

ia juga mengandungi:

  • Anti-foaming agents
    • Used as foam decreases the effectiveness of the washing action.
  • Additives to slow down the removal of glaze & patterns from glazed ceramics
  • Perfumes
  • Anti-caking agents (in granular detergent)
  • Starches (in tablet based detergents)
  • Gelling agents (in liquid/gel based detergents)
  • Sand (inexpensive powdered detergents)

Bahan cuci pencuci pinggan mempunyai alkalin kuat (asas).

Gerak hati bercadangkan bahawa bedak akan memberikan kelakuan gosokan yang lebih bagus provide due to a soft media sandblasting effect, though liquid detergents have marketed themselves as premium products. Inexpensive powders sometimes actually contain sand, which can be verified by dissolving the powder in boiling water and then passing the solution through a coffee filter; these detergents should be avoided to prevent wear of the dishes and the dishwasher.

[Sunting] Bantuan renjis

Bantuan renjis dingunakan untuk mencengah 'spotting' pada barang kaca disebabkan oleh lapisan tidak larut ditinggal belakang pada tapak oleh titisan air yang dikeringkan oleh penyejatan. Bantuan renjis mengandungi surfactants yang that mencengah bentukan titisan dengan mengurangkan tegangan tapak air, supaya ia drain dari tapak dalam simbahan nipis, daripada mengadakan bentuk titisan.

[Sunting] Garam pencuci pinggan

Garam pencuci pinggan digunakan untuk recharge dalam-bina pelembut air ion-exchange dalam pencuci pinggan. Berlainan dari garam yang digunakan untuk tujuan masakan, ia tidak ada tambahan garam iodide. Walaubagaimanapun, ia harus ada kandungan besi dan manganese minimal, kerana mineral ion ini bertujuan untuk membentuk kerpasan yang menyumbat resin tukaran-ion.

Sesetengah bahan cuci dipasarkan sebagai tidak diperlukan untuk kegunaan garam pencuci pinggan. Kegunaan ini menaikkan taraf fosfat untuk menambahkan larutan ion air keras. Pada kawasan air keras, jumlah fosfat kemungkinan tidak bercukupan.

[Sunting] Kaburan barang-barang kaca, larangan pada menyuci kristal timbal

Barang-barang kaca yang dibasuh oleh mesin menyuci sering membinakan kabur putih di mukanya dengan belaluannya masa. This may be caused by any or all of the below processes, only one of which is reversible:

  • Lapisan limescale
    - If the dishwasher has run out of the salt that recharges the ion exchange resin that softens the water, and the water supply is 'hard', limescale deposits can appear on all items, but are especially visible on glassware. It can be removed by cleaning with vinegar or lemon juice, or a proprietary limescale removal agent. The dishwasher should either be recharged with salt, adjusted appropriately for the hardness of the supply water - or possibly this is a symptom of failure of the ion exchange resin in the water softener (which is one of the more expensive components). The resin may have stopped working because it has been poisoned by iron or manganese salts in the supply water.
  • Silicate filming/etching/accelerated crack corrosion
    - This film starts as an iridescence or 'oil-film' effect on glassware, and progresses into a 'milky' or 'cloudy' appearance (which is not a deposit) that cannot be polished off or removed like limescale. It is formed because the detergent is strongly alkaline (basic) and glass dissolves slowly in alkaline aqueous solution. It becomes more soluble in the presence of silicates in the water (added as anti-metal-corrosion agents in the dishwasher detergent). In certain cases, the etching will primarily be seen in areas that have microscopic surface cracks as a result of the items' manufacturing (see Science blog article in references). Limitation of this undesirable reaction is possible by controlling water hardness, detergent load and temperature (see Maytag Web site). The type of glass is an important factor in determining if this effect is a problem.
  • Pelelasan fizikal
    - Glassware placed such that it is physically touching can abrade and produce a milky surface.

Kristal timbal tidak patutnya dibersihkan dalam pencuci pinggan sebagaimana effect corrosive bahan cuci pencuci pinggan is high on such types of glass - yakni, ia akan cepat menjadi 'kabus'. Tambahnya lagi, timbal di gelas kristal boleh bertukar menjadi bentuk soluble, yang tidak bagus untuk kesihatan pengguna berikutnya.

[Sunting] Taraf sterilisasi

Dishwashers do not sterilise the utensils, as proper sterilisation requires autoclaving at 121 °C with pressurised wet steam for at least 15 minutes. Commercial dishwashers can use one of two types of sanitisation methods: hot water sanitising (using final rinse water at a temperature of at least 83 °C (180 °F)), or chemical sanitising (by injecting chlorine in the final rinse water). Not all dishwashers are capable of reaching the high temperature required for hot water sanitising.

Most consumer dishwashers use a 75°C thermostat in the sanitizng process. During the final rinse cycle, the heating element and wash pump are turned on, and the cycle timer (electronic or electromechanical) is stopped until the thermostat is tripped. At this point, the cycle timer resumes and will generally trigger a drain cycle within a few timer increments.

It is likely that most consumer dishwashers use 75°C rather than 83°C for reasons of burn risk, energy consumption, total cycle time, and possible damage to plastic items placed inside the dishwasher.

[Sunting] Mesin pencuci pinggan komersil

Large heavy-duty dishwashers are available for use in commercial establishments (e.g. hotels, restaurants) where a large number of dishes must be cleaned. Commercial machines can wash a rack of dishes in just a few minutes. In the UK, the British Standards Institute set standards for dishwashers. In the US, the National Sanitation Foundation (an independent not-for-profit organization, otherwise known as NSF International) [1] sets the standards for wash and rinse time along with minimum water temperature for chemical or hot water sanitizing methods. There are many types of commercial dishwashers including undercounter, single tank, conveyor, flight type, and carousel machines. One of the best known brands of commercial dishwasher is Hobart [2].

[Sunting] Mesin pencuci pinggan dan alam sekitar

[Sunting] Mesin pencuci pinggan lwn. pinggan cucian tangan

Membandingkan efficiency mesin pencuci pinggan dan cucian tangan susah kerana cara-cara cucian tangan sangat berlainan pada individu. Sekurang-kurangnya satu privately funded, non-peer-reviewed study concludes that automatic dishwashers use less water than even the most efficient hand-washers, while relative energy use depends on hand-washing technique. [3] The study does not address costs associated with the manufacture and disposal of dishwashers.

[Sunting] Konsep pencuci pinggan tiada-air

Sekumpulan para pelajar dari Universiti New South Wales di Sydney memenangi tinggi anugerah pada pertandingan Electrolux Design Laboratory 2004 untuk reka bentuk mesin pencuci pinggan Rockpool mereka. Ciri asasnya adalah kegunaa supercritical carbon dioxide di tempat water di operasi closed-loop. Pressurized carbon dioxide melagak seperti sebuah bahan pelarut bukan-polar, yang boleh effectively menghilangkan minyak. Ia juga menunjukkan bahawa sifat-sifat fizikal cecair, hence effectiveness bahan pelarut, dan gas, yang memenuhi bekasnya dan demikian tidak memerlukan sebanyak agitasi mekanikal. Minyaknya difilterkan dari carbon dioxide dan dialihkan dari sistem. Supercritical carbon dioxide telah sebelumnya digunakan pada dry cleaning. Primary benefit konsep ini adalah fakta yang ia tidak menggunakan air secara berterusan.

[Sunting] Bahan cuci dan bantuan bilas mesin pencuci pinggan

Kebanyakan bahan cuci mesin pencuci pinggan mengandungi fosfat kompleks, sebagaimana ia mempunyai berbagai properties that aid in effective cleaning. Walaubagaimanapun, kimia yang sama telah dialihkan dari bahan cuci dobi dalam banyak negara oleh kerana kebimbangan mengenai tambahan pada algal bloom di waterway disebabkan oleh tambahan taraf fosfat (lihat eutrophikasi).

Tambahannya, bantuan bilas telah mengandungi nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates. These have been banned in the European Union by EU Directive 76/769/EEC.

[Sunting] Rujukan

[Sunting] Lihat pula

  • Home appliances
  • Dishwasher salt
  • Dishwashing

[Sunting] Pautan luar