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- Abbasid-dynastiet: "Ummayyad house collapsed and power passed to the Abbasid dynasty ruling from Baghdad" (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Abdulla bin Nasibu: "Anlong the more famous ArabjSwahili traders", "in Nyamwezi" (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- Abubakar Madhubuti: "the incumbent who was defeated in 1974. He was the other candidate in the bye-election of Lamu East Constituency of 1975" (Amidu NJAS 2 (1) 1993:36), "was the leader of the NDEGE sub-party of KANU in the Lamu East constituency of Kenya", "He was for some time the MP of the Lamu East constituency of Kenya. He was defeated in the 1974 general elections by Mr. Mzamil 0. Mzamil" (Amidu 2003:244), "Mheshimiwa Abubakar Madhubuti" (Amidu 1990:50), "In the 197911980 Parliamentary elections, Bwana Madhubuti swept past Mzamil ... to clinch victory" (77)
- Abu Bakr: "the faithful, was naturally the first Caliph. He was succeeded by Omar" (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Africa Inland Mission: "Principal Protestant Mission Societies", "A.I.M" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Afro-Shirazi Party: formed in 1957 "(ASP). Sh. Abeid Karume was its leader" (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
- Ahmad Nassir Juma: "Kenya also has some very prolific prose, poetry and play writers of Kiswahili such as Ahmad Nassir Juma" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:65-66), "Harries (1966) has published poems by the popular verse, song and lyric writer Ahmed Nassir bin Juma Bhalo" (Amidu 1990:49)
- Al-Hejira: "in 622 A.D., those against his new message sought to destroy him and he was force to flee to near by Medina. This event is known as", "it marks the beginning of the Muslim calender."
- Ali Bin al-Hassan: "Ali Bin al-Hassan, a ruler which Neville Chittick linked to the foundation of the Shirazi dynasty at Kilwa" (Amidu 2005|3|s. 6)
- Ali Hassan Mwinyi: "Julius Nyerere ... Ali Hassan ... the succeeding president ... a native speaker of Kiswahili" (Mazrui 1995:117)
- Ali Mazrui: "Oman assassinated the Mazrui governor, also called Liwali, of Fort Jesus in 1741. It took over the Fort briefly. During this brief takeover, the brother of the late governor, Ali Mazrui, was imprisoned in Fort Jesus ... Ali Mazrui escaped from prison. He was declared ruler of Mombasa by the Waswahili and the Arab settlers and traders who stormed Fort Jesus and made it a Kiswahili fort again. He ... ruled wisely." (Amidu 2005, l6:s2-3)
- Ali bin Abu Talib: "such people turned to Ali bin Abu Talib, the son in-law and cousin of the Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and treated him as their leader. They called themselves SHIA, meaning 'partisans'", "After Uthman's death, Ali bin Abu Talib worked his way and succeeded Uthman as Caliph. Other historians believe he was elected by popular consent as the next Caliph.", "Mu'awiya invited Ali bin Abu Talib for a settlement of their differences in 657 A.D. The settlement made Mu'awiya the actual Caliph in control of the Muslim world, while Ali bin Abu Talib became the nominal Caliph.", "Ali was murdered" (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Alice Werner: "Alice Werner, a bantuist who collected many manuscripts some of which she published such as the 'Utendi wa Ayubu' (1932)" (Amidu 1990:5)
- Al Idris: "or Edrisi and he recorded his adventures in his book of 1154." traveller (Amidu 2004, l3:s7)
- Al Mas'udi: "a well-known Arab traveller came to East Africa in the 10th century" (Amidu 2004, l3:s7)
- Ambi: "Skin lightening by chemical creams such as Ambi" (Mazrui 1994:28)
- Amir ibn al-'As:
- Angelina Chogo Wapakabulo: "Kenya also has some very prolific prose, poetry and play writers of Kiswahili such as ... Angelina Chogo Wapakabulo" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:65-66)
- Araber: "Arab identity traverses all "barriers" except the linguistic one. So inasmuch as " Arabness" cuts across "nationall racial" lines, it also transcends boundaries of a religious nature. In religious affiliation Arabs include Muslims, Jews, and Christians as well as people who belong to other religions" (Mazrui 1994:10-11)
- Arabia:
- Assibi Apatewon Amidu: "The present writer ... were sent out to Dar es Salaam the following year." (following year: 1971/1973, 6/12mnd., truleg 6) (Amidu NJAS 5 (1) 1996:88), "As head of section in 1984-86 and 1988-9 1,I encouraged" (probably university if Ghana) (89), "A masters programme was initiated by the present writer in 1982183 and was approved in 1983184, but it never got off the ground" (Ghana), "In 1974, the prisqnt writer became the first beneficiary of a University of Ghana scholarship in Kiswahili tenable at the SOAS, where he took the M.A. in 1976 and the PhD. degree in Kiswahili in 1980 and returned home to teach until September 1992." (90), "The present writer was also external examiner in Kiswahili to the University of Port Harcout between 1987 and 1989." (92)
- Association of African Universities: A.A.U.
- Aust-Afrika:
- Azania:
- Bagamoyo:
- BAKITA: "1967, the Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa —BAKITA for short, known in English as 'The National Kiswahili Council', was created to supervise the nationalization of Kiswahili at all levels of the national life" (Amidu 2005|9|s. 3)
- BAKWATA: "Until recently the only Islamic body that was legally empowered to represent Muslim interests was BAKWATA (Baraza Kuu la Waislamu wa Tanzania - i.e. the Supreme Council of Tanzania Muslims) which, in the eyes of many Muslims was a sheer imposition, formed by the government of Julius Nyerere in 1968 as an instrument of the state to control rather than to provide for them. (Mizani, May 7,1993, p. 2)" (Mazrui 1994:160)
- BALUKTA: "Until recently the only Islamic body that was legally empowered to represent Muslim interests was BAKWATA (Baraza Kuu la Waislamu wa Tanzania ... in the eyes of many Muslims was a sheer imposition ... This ultimately led to a confrontation between the government and sections of the Muslim population when, in 1993, the latter sought to register "their own" religious-cum-welfare organization, BALUKTA (Baraza la Uendelezaji wa Kurani Tanzania -Council for the Advancement of Koranic Education in Tanzania), all in consonance with the spirit of pluralism that has been developing in the country" (Mazrui 1994:160-161)
- Basismat i Afrika: "The oldest cereal crops of sub-Saharan Africa were millets, but in West Africa west of the great bend of the Niger there was also rice Oryza glaberrima", "millets consist of sorghum, e.g. guinea corn, great millet, and bullrush or pearl millet, and also eleusine", "The indigenous crops like small yams, oil palm, shea butter trees, so-called kaffir potato, beans and peas were not enough as food sources", "people from South-East Asia called Polynesians came to Africa by the end of the last century B.C. and brought with them bananas, Asian yam (Dioscorea) and Cocoyam (Colocasia)", "In the 16th and 17th centuries A.D., maize, cassava or manioc were introduced into Africa from South and Central America" (Amidu 2004 l1, Sjå og Amidu 2004 l2:s2) sjå også Odhiambo 1977:9
- Berlin Mission: "Principal Protestant Mission Societies" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Brava: "towns of the northern coast, namely ... Brava or Barawa" (Amidu 2005|5|s.3)
- buibui:
- Bulsa: people "of Northern Ghana." (Amidu 2005, l10:s3)
- Bunyoro: "kingdoms of Buganda, Bunyoro and Karagwe in the Lake Victoria region." (Amidu 2005, l6:s12)
- Cape Delgado:
- Carl Peters:
- Carl Velten: "Following closely on the heels of Taylor was Car1 Velten who made a collection of Swahili culture and civilisation 1893-1896 published in 1903 in German" (Amidu 1990:4-5)
- Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa: "Kenya has also formed a body called Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa —CHAKITA-Kenya which translates into English as 'The National Kiswahili Society Kenya' to manage the nationalization of Kiswahili in the country." (Amidu 2005, l8:s4), "The Chama cha usanifu wa Kiswahili na Ushairi (Society for t.he Enhancement of the Swcrhili Language and Verse), under the leadership of the leading poet, Mr M. E. Mnyampsb, had five main objectives:" (Whiteley 1969:111), "charged a memhersllip fee of 6s. per pear and was said ta have several hundred members, tnainly in Dar es Salaam ... Like the Jumuiya, it contributed a series of weekly articles, from time to time, in Uhuru, entitled Taatumcr ya Kimahdi, which were mainly concerned with examining words commonly confused" (Whiteley 1969:111-112)
- Charles Gordon: "Egypt ... Governor General of the Equatoria province in the Sudan ... Baker was succeeded by General Charles Gordon ... with an even greater determination to stamp out the slave trade" (Odhiambo 1977:109, 111), "In 1876 Gordon left Khartoum" (111)
- Charles Sacleux: "Rev. Charles Sacleux is the first Catholic missionary to write about Kiswahili. He belonged to the Holy Ghost Mission and was based in Zanzibar. In 1891, he produced the first Dictionnaire Français—Swahili in Zanzibar. It was not published until 1941 in Paris. Then in 1909, he published his grammar book, with the title: Grammaire des dialectes Swahilis. In 1939, he published his dictionary with the title: Dictionnaire Swahili—Français. Sacleux's significant contribution lies in the fact that of all the grammarians of Kiswahili, he was the first to devote considerable time to Kiswahili language as a whole." (Amidu 2005, l7:s11)
- Church Missionary Society: "(C.M.S.) of Great Britain." (Amidu 2005, l7:s6), "In 1875 the C.M.S. started a similar centre at Freretown on the outskirts of Mombasa." (Odhiambo 1977:102), "the first C.M.S. party including Alexander Mackay arrived in Buganda in 1877 (103, avskrive), "Principal Protestant Mission Societies" (100, avskrive), "The C.M.S. started at Mpwapwa in 1876" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- Chwezi-imperiet: "There is also the possibility that the legendary Chwezi Empire in Uganda may derive in some way from the Cushites." (Odhiambo 1977:12)
- Consolata Mission: "Principal Roman Catholic Missions" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Dahalo: Folk i Aust-Afrika som har "managed to retain their distinctive language" og er "remnants of these early immigrants": "Southern Cushites" (Odhiambo 1977:11-12)
- den aust-afrikanske slavehandelen: (Amidu 2005|6)
- Det nasjonale swahilirådet (Tanzania): "The National Kiswahili Council (Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa) was the main body charged by Parliament in 1967 with the task of spearheading the development, expansion and integration of Kiswahili into all areas of Tanzanian life." (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:57)
- East African Community:
- East African High Commission: "On 1 January 1948 the East African High Commission came into being, taking over the functions of the East African Governore" (Whiteley 1969:88)
- East African Literature Bureau: "C. G. Richards, Director of the East African Literature Bureau", "had been set up to deal with all publishing matters" (Whiteley 1969:88), "the now defunct East African Literature Bureau" (Amidu 1990:5)
- East African Publishing House: "from Kenya, the East African Publishing House, that the strongest flow has stemmed" (Whiteley 1969:125)
- East African Swahili Committee: "comprising two representatives from each of the fours Governments", "committee became increasingly less important for standardization than previously and so turned its attention from 1952 to research on Kiswahili dialects, and publicaion of newspapers, and the collection of language and literary materials. It also produced a Bulletin that was "renamed Journal in 1953 and Swahili in 1959" (Whiteley, 1969: 92), but it is known today as Kiswahili." (Amidu 2005, l8:s4)
- Ebrahim Hussein: "the famous Tanzanian playwright" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:56)
- Edward Steere: "Rev. Edward Steere, Bishop of Zanzibar, belonged to the Universities Mission to Central Africa and so was a rival of the Rev. Dr. Krapf and the Rev. Mr. Rebmann. Bishop Steere arrived in Zanzibar in 1864 and began to compile a grammar book of Kiswahili in 1865. The book was published in 1870 with the title: A Handbook of Kiswahili as spoken at Zanzibar." (Amidu 2005, l7:s10)
- El-Hasa: ""the capital of a state in southern Mesopotamia" (Marsh and Kingsnorth 1965: 5). El Hasa is also written as Al Ahsa in Odhiambo, et al. (1977: 19), and is said to be near Bahrain" (Amidu 2004, l3:s5)
- Engaruka: "For the Iron Age a place of particular significance is Engaruka in Northern Tanzania, an agricultural settlement dating back to some tinie between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries A.D. It was probably built and occupied by a group of Southern Cushites, and consists of dry-stone walled homcs and animal pens together with a system of fields and irrigation channels" (Odhiambo 1977:10)
- Farouk Topan: "a well-know academic scholar of literature and creative, writer" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:56)
- Fatiha:
- Faza: "towns of the northern coast, namely ... Faza" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 3)
- Ferdinand de Lesseps: "The Suez canal had been built by a Frenchman, Ferdinand de Lesseps, in 1869" (Odhiambo 1977:108)
- Frederick Johnson: "Sir Frederick Johnson, Secretary of the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee of the East African Dependencies ... died in 1937" (Amidu 1005|7|s. 12)
- Fukuchani:
- Fumo Liyongo: "Pate. It is the town of the legendary Kiswahili hero Fumo Liyongo", "Swald legendary hero Fumo . Liyongo to taunt his half brother, Daudi bLilpari, a factor wlrich probal~ly hastened Liyongo's assassirlatiotl (Harries 1962: 48-7 1)." (Amidu 2004:157), "also called Liyongo Fumo" (Amidu 1990:3)
- Galla: "a group of the Eastern Cushites who moved into Kenya about the fourteenth century A.D. Known today as the Galla they have played an active, some would say disruptive part in the later history of that area" (Odhiambo 1977:12)
- Giacinto Brusciotto: "the first Bantu grammar book was written by the Capuchin priest Giacinto Brusciotto in Latin in 1659", "According to Doke (1954/1967: 11), "Brusciotto was the discoverer of the Bantu noun-class and concord system; he termed the classes 'principiations'; he was the first recorder of Bantu verbal derivatives", "Brusciotto's linguistic aptitudes are seen to be of no mean order." (Amidu 2005, l5:s7), "an Italian priest of the Capuchin Order (see Doke, 1954/1967)." (l7:s5)
- Gurma: "of Togo who speak Temne of the Kotokoli" (Amidu 2004, l3:s9)
- Habib Swaleh: "Habib Swaleh (properly Seyyid Saleh ibn Alwy ibn Abdullah Jamal al-Layl), the founder of the famous Riyadh n~osque.'~ He came from Comoro to Lamu about 1880 and acquired fame as a physician. He lived first in the patrician moiety of Mkomani, but as an mSharifu he mixed with all levels of society. His main aim was not to reform Islamic beliefs as, such but to establish new institutions to teach those beliefs to those who were largely deprived of them, the slaves and ex-slaves, the palm-wine tappers, fishermen, and Iaborers. He built a madrasa in Langoni, and in 1901 built the mosque of Riyadh.", "Habib Swaleh died in 1935 and is venerated as a saint, his tomb in Langoni cemetery being a place of wide pilgrimage" (Middleton 1992:168)
- Hadimu: "of Zanzibar" (Amidu 2005|12|s. 5)
- Hadramaut: "Yemen, also known as the Hadramaut" (Amidu 2004, l4:s5)
- Hamerton-avtalen 1845: "Morcsb Treaty and the 1845 Hamerton Treaty Sej.yid Said had reluctantly agreed to severe restrictions on the extent of the slave trade, in return for Britain'> recognition of his position in East Africa and encouragement of what they rcfcrrcd to as 'lcgitimatc. trade." (Odhiambo 1977:105, les meir s. 106-107)
- Hamziya: "Written Kiswahili literature begins with the Hamziya, translated from an Arabic original around 1652" (l14:1), "Swahili written literature can firmly be dated from the year 1652 with the discovery of the 'Hamziya' in Pate. Even though the 'Hamziya' is a translation of an Arabic original into Swahili, it is remarkable in that the prosody of composition is Bantu and the language of composition belongs to the Bantu language family", "is a Hymn to the Prophet of Islam originally composed in Egypt in the 13th century" (Amidu 1990:3)
- Handbook of the Swahili Language: "the Universities Mission centre at Zanzibar, where the redoubtable Edward Steere produced in 1870 the first edition of the Handbook of the Swahili Lungwe, which was to remain in successive editions the standard grammar for students until well into the twentieth century" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- harusi imejibu:
- Hassan bin Ali: "important group to come to East Africa was Hassan bin Ali and his six sons in seven ships. It is said that they came from southern Persia, from Shiraz to be precise, around 975 A.D. and "each shipload founded a settlement" (see Marsh and Kingsnorth 1965: 5). Marsh and Kingsnorth (1965: 5) go on to claim that Hassan bin Ali and his son founded the settlements of "Mombasa, Pemba, Johanna in the Comoro Isles, and Kilwa. It was at Kilwa that Hasan bin Ali himself settled."", "Marsh and Kingsnorth (1965: 6) go on to claim that Hassan bin Ali bought Kilwa from the Africans" (Amidu 2004, l3:s5), "Hasan dug a channel between the town and the mainland, thus making Kilwa an island not only at high tide, but at all times. When he had also added fortifications, Kilwa became a strong point from which Hasan went on to control the coast from Sofala to Pemba." (Amidu 2004, l3:s6)
- H. E. Lambert: "like Taylor is well known not just for collecting and publishing Swahili literary works but he wrote his own verses, which were edited by M.E. Mnyampara and published by the now defunct East African Literature Bureau" (Amidu 1990:5), "Sheikh H.E. Lambert, who converted to Islam" (Amidu 1990:6)
- herekali: "Kiswahili written tradition ... consists principally of a) religious literature" (Amidu 2005|14|s. 1)
- hirizi:
- Holy Ghost Mission: "Principal Roman Catholic Missions" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive), "blans for the resettlement of freed saves. One such centre was set up by the Holy Ghost Fathers at Bagartioyo in 1868 at which former slaves were taught basic skills such as agriculture and carpentry .as well as how to read and write" (102), "The French Holy Ghost Fathers arrived in Zanzibar in 1863, and set up a miasion on the mainland opposite at Bagamoyo in 1868" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- Hormuz: "in Arabia" (Amidu 2004, l4:s3)
- Husuni Kubwa: "By the end of the 13th century, Kilwa had a beautiful mosque Husuni Kubwa described as the "largest building in Africa south of the Sahara at that time" (cf. Odhiambo, et al. 1977: 21). This was made possible by revenues from the gold trade." (Amidu 2004, l4:s5)
- Ibn Batuta: "around 1330 another traveller ... he visited "Kilwa" (Amidu 2004, l3:s8)
- Ilmu:
- Imam Seif bin Sultan av Oman: "In 1698 the Imam Seif bin Sultan of Oman took Fort Jesus from the Portuguese after a seige of nearly three years; next year he took Kilwa and Pemba.", "The Imam Seif bin Sultan belonged to the Yarubi dynasty in Oman" (Amidu 2005, l5:s5)
- Imperial British East African Company: "In 1888, a royal charter was given to the company. In 1889 the company started work and sent a group under the charge of Mr. F. J. Jackson to Lake Victoria. He was instructed to sign treaties with as many chiefs as possible within the British protectorate. He was also told to get as much ivory as possible." (Amidu 2005, l7:s4)
- Institute of Kiswahili Research "(Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili). It was founded in 1930 and has changed its name several times, 1954, 1964 and 1972. Since 1964, its main activity has been in research and research oriented activities which relate directly to Kiswahili. One of its major achievements has been in lexicography or dictionary making and the publication of journals" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:58), "The Institute of Swahili Research was established as a Research Unit of the University College, Dares Salaam, in 196426 with the initial help of a three year grant from the Ministry of Overseas Development in London and the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, together with annual subventions from the Governments of Kenya and the United Republic (£800 from each plus E175 from Zanzibar). Uganda decided, however, to withdraw its support." It thereby absorbed and transformed the East African Swahili Committee which preceded it" (Whiteley 1969:109)
- Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee for the East African Dependencies: "was first based in Dar es Salaam, 1930-1941, then it moved to Nairobi, 1942-1952; and then to Makerere, 1952-1962. The name of the committee was changed in 1952 while at Makerere to East African Institute of Social Research.", "1962, the committee moved to Mombasa and then to Dar es Salaam in 1963. It was finally incorporated into the University College of Dar es Salaam, now the University of Dar es Salaam, in 1964. It is still there to this day, known as the Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili (Institute of Kiswahili Research), or TUKI for short." (Amidu 2005, l8:s3), "Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee, later known simply as the East African Swahili Committee. Though the Committee did not come into existence until l January 1930, its existence was presaged by sn Education Conference of 1925, convened by the Governor of Tanganyika and held in Dar es Salaam. The objective of the Conference was the election of a language which would serve as a lingua franca for use in as large a number of echools as possible right across the Territory" (Whiteley 1969:79), "the Inter-Territorial Language Committee came into being on 1 Jannsry 1930. Initially the Committee consisted of seventeen members, the Director of Education and one official, and two nonofficials from each muntry, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, and * Zanzibar, together with the Organizing Secretary. African membership of the Committee dates from 1939, when one member from each county was appointed, but no full meetings were held during the war years, and it was not until 1946 that Africans participated in the meetings. At the outset the Committee was based in Dar es Salaam, but moved to Nairobi in 1942; in 1952 it moved to Bkkerere, but it moved back to the coast ten years later, to Mombasa, before finally returning to Dar Salaam in 1963. There, in 1964, it wss finally incorporated into the Institute of Swahili Research, one of the Research Institutes of the Univereity College, Dar es Salaam. In those thirty-four years it can at least be claimed that standardization waa achieved, but more than that, foundations were laid for the development of Swahili as a modern African lanpge" (Whiteley 1969:82, sjå og s. 88), "which is now known as the Institute of Kiswahili Research (Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili) based in Tanzania" (Amidu 1990:5)
- Iraqw: Folk i Aust-Afrika som har "managed to retain their distinctive language" og er "remnants of these early immigrants": "Southern Cushites" (Odhiambo 1977:11-12)
- Islamic Party of Kenya: "when some Kenyans decided to form the Islamic Party of Kenya, the organization was refused registration with the explicit intervention of the president" (Mazrui 1994:157)
- Jakob Erhardt: "Krapf opened a mission at Rabai ... In 1849, came Jakob Erhardt" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 6)
- jaliko:
- Jay Kitsao: "Kenya also has some very prolific prose, poetry and play writers of Kiswahili such as ... Jay Kitsao" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:65-66)
- jazua:
- Jesusfortet i Mombasa --> fort Jesus: "Portuguese ... build forts ... chose Mombasa ... Fort Jesus. Work began in 1592. It was completed in 1598" (Amidu 2005, l5:s4), "In 1728, the Portuguese took back Fort Jesus from the Arab-Waswahili forces. Unfortunately, they were again driven out the following year, 1729, by the Omani forces." (s6)
- Jihad: "The Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) instituted the JIHAD or Holy War, the first of them being the battle of 631 in Medina" (Amidu 2004, l3:s2)
- Johann Rebmann: "Krapf opened a mission at Rabai. The Rev. Johann Rebmann joined him in 1846" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 6)
- John Hanning Speke: "1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile." (Odhiambo 1977:104)
- John Kirk: "British consul" (Odhiambo 1977:106, avskrive)
- John Okello: "Janurary 12, 1964. The insurrection was led by a Lango Ugandan called John Okello. It violently overthrew what was left of the Arab sultanate in East Africa" Zanzibar (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
- John Prior: "One of the earliest nineteenth century European visitors to the east coast of Africa was James Prior, who published an account of his voyages, Voyage of the Nisus Frigate, in 1819" (Mazrui 1994:25)
- Jomo Kenyatta: "Bwana Peter Kenyatta, son of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta the President of Kenya until his death in 1978" (Amidu 1990:50), "spoke ... Kikuyu" (Mazrui 1995:117)
- Joseph Thomson: "Another traveller of some note was the geologist, Joseph Thonison. His second journey took him, between 1883-84, through Maasailand, across the Rift Valley and into western Kenya where he saw Mt Elgon" (Odhiambo 1977:105)
- Julius Nyerere: "the language of the Wazanaki", "Ali Hassan Mwinyi, the succeeding president" (Mazrui 1995:117), "translating Shakespeare's Julius Caesar ... writing his piece of political theory entitled Democracy and the Party System" (123)
- Jumuiya ya kustawisha Kiswahili: "The Jumuiya ya kustawisha Kiswahili (Association for the Advancement of Swahili) was founded in 1963 and-set out its main objectives at the end of 1964" (Whiteley 1969:110)
- Kalenjin: "Highland Nilotes", "group of tribes" i Aust-Afrika (Odhiambo 1977:12, OCR tekst retta)
- Kamba: (Odhiambo 1977:95), "were very good at organizing such caravans, and so too the Kamba of Kenya" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 1)
- Kapp Delgado:
- K. Amri Abedi: "former Tanzanian Justice Minister ... a poet of note" (Mazrui 1995:122)
- Karagwe: "kingdoms of Buganda, Bunyoro and Karagwe in the Lake Victoria region." (Amidu 2005, l6:s12)
- Kerbala:
- Kenya African National Union: "Kenya ... The ruling party was, until December 2002, the Kenya African National Union (KANU)" (l14:3), "KANU was in power from 1963-2002" (l15:5), "every I<eny;iu of voting age was auton~ntically a nletnber" (Amidu 2004:158)
- K. H. A. Akilimali Snowwhite: "Of a slightly younger generation ... K. H. A. Akilirnali Snowwhite, the poet" (Whiteley 1969:126)
- kigwe:
- Kilifi: "towns of the northern coast, namely ... Kilifi" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 3)
- Kilwa: "Marsh and Kingsnorth (1965: 6) go on to claim that Hassan bin Ali bought Kilwa from the Africans" (Amidu 2005|3|s. 5), "Hasan dug a channel between the town and the mainland, thus making Kilwa an island not only at high tide, but at all times. When he had also added fortifications, Kilwa became a strong point from which Hasan went on to control the coast from Sofala to Pemba.", "Ali Bin al-Hassan, a ruler which Neville Chittick linked to the foundation of the Shirazi dynasty at Kilwa" (Amidu 2005|3|s. 6), "It is half way between the Rufiji and Rovuma rivers. It existed as a fishing village between the 9th and 13 centuries. When the Shirazi people (Hasan bin Ali and his successors), as rulers, took control of the gold trade from Sofala, Kilwa became a prosperous town by the middle of the 13th century.", "began to decline by end of the 15th century, a) because of quarrels among the ruling class, and b) because the Portuguese appeared", "Linguistically, the name Kilwa means a "small island" in Bantu." (l4:s5), "Zimba ... had conquered Kilwa in 1587 killing about 3000 people, and destroying the town" (Amidu 2005, l5:s3)
- Kimondo: "Kimwondo or Kimondo is principally a written literature. On the one hand, it is a type of satire, written not just for the eye but for the ear using a tape recorder", "Kimondo is also a verse contest. In this respect, it follows in the long tradition of mashindano poetry" (l14:1), "describes events of modern times, namely a bye-election in Kenya. The Kimondo is, therefore, a revelation of the feelings, beliefs, expectations, passions, and problems facing the Lamu electorate and candidates in the days leading up to the election itself. The Kimondo is a summary of Kiswahili society in Lamu in modern times" (l14:1-2), "The term kimwondo or kimondo was the name given to verses written by Mr. Mahmud Ahmed Abdulqadir ... selected the term, in part, to satirize the conduct of one of the candidates in the Lamu East bye-election of 1975" (l14:2), "The political contestants in the Kimondo of 1975 were Mr. Abubakar ... Mr. Mzamil Omar Mzamil whose sub-party was symbolized by SAA (clock). The shadow contestants were the supporters of both sides led by Lamu's leading poets. These were 1) Mr. Mahmud Ahmed Abdulqadir ... Mr. Abdulqadir wrote the verses called Kimondo Nr. 2 for the SAA sub-party of KANU ... title Kimondo Nr. 2 suggests that there was a Kimondo Nr. 1 prior to this, and this was used in the general elections of 1974. But it is Kimondo Nr. 2 which forms the basis of Mr. Abdulqadir's ground breaking innovation in the use of Kiswahili verse as a form of political electioneering, and this takes place in the bye-election of 1975" (l14:3), "Among the Waswahili of Lamu, the Kimondo is also an expression of support by supporters for their preferred candidates in an election" (l14:3), "As literature and an aspect Kiswahili culture, the verses escape the sanctions of the electoral authorities regarding unauthorized or inappropriate electioneering" (l14:3), "The Kimondo, therefore, contrasts a political bye-election with a poetic bye-election in Lamu" (l14:4), "the poets ... did not accept payment for their services" (l14:4), "kimondo means a 'shooting star'. The Waswahili call it kinga cha shetani (Devil's torch) or kinga cha moto (torch of fire)" (l14:5), "The effect of the kimondo is that it blinds the opponent or person trying to steal information or posing as a good angel" (l14:5), "Another meaning for the kimondo is that of 'falling star'" (l14:5), "a verse technique for bringing Kiswahili personalities into disrepute by exposing the hidden but negative sides of their character, life and nature to public view and analysis" (l14:5), "The term Kimondo itself means a shooting star, or devil's torch, or bIinding flash (Amidu 1990: 43-46). It also means a clash, confusion or uproar or trouble (Amidu 1990: 44-45, 1993: 34-35, Issak 1999: 111). In a phrase such as ton kitnatzdo 'utter a kimondo'), it means to speak with profound meaning or in parabies or in riddles (collected from Mohamed Saleh of France)" (Amidu 2003:245), "a literature on recorded cassette tape transferred from the written medium to an 'oral' one" (Amidu 1990:3, sjå og 7-8), "This literary electoral contest between two Lamu politicians is unequalled any wbere in the world" (Amidu 1990:8), "neither of the contestants themselves compose verses in praise of themselves or against each other. Had this happened, the candidates would face the wrath of the electoral laws" (9), "The Standard dictionaries of Swahili write the word as Kimwondo but the people of Lamu and its islands as well as some people in Mombasa and Pate pronouce and write this as Kimondo without the bilabial glide [W]", "The kimwondo verses which we have collected ... have never to our knowledge been publisbed ekewhere" (43), "From now onwards we can assert here that the term Rimwondo or Kimondo covers any body of Swahili literature that is satirical in content" (47), "earlier satires were written normally in the Shairi metre" (55), "kimwondo verses in the shairi metre ... in this book contain fifty-two stanzas in the first shairi poem alone! ... without any shadow of doubt longer than most shairi verses ... these shairi verses are in fact the shairi in the utenzi vein" (56)
- kimvita: "Kiswahili ... Krapf ... opted for ... dialects of the North, particularly Kimvita of Mombasa" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 10)
- Kimwondo Nr. 2: "begins with the traditional imploratory use of the name of Allah and his Prophet" (Amidu 1990:11), "singer of the poems of the Kimwondo Nr.2 is called Muhammed Kadara" ( ), "Mahmoud writes in the Kiamu dialect which is tbe main dialect of Lamu town" (75)
- kinyago:
- Kisimayu: "towns of the northern coast, namely ... Kisimayu" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 3)
- Kiswahili --> swahili språk: "The first conference to discuss modalities for establishing a Standard Kiswahili language took place in 1925 in Dar es Salaam, and the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee was set, in 1930 to implement the programme of standardization of Kiswahili orthography, grammar, and lexicography, and to produce textbooks (Whiteley, 1969: 79)." (Amidu 2005, l7:s9-10), "In June 1928 an inter-territorial Conference was held in Mombasa, attended by the distinguished linguist Prof. Meinhof, at which the decision was confirmed to adopt the dialect of Zanzibar, sponsored by the Universities Mission to Central Africa, in preference to that of Mombasa", "the choice of Kiunguja, dialect of Zanzibar, was wise, because it was and is more widely used in East Africa than the dialect of Mombasa or any of the other northern dialects." (s10), "Rev. Charles Sacleux is the first Catholic missionary to write about Kiswahili. ... In 1891, he produced the first Dictionnaire Français—Swahili in Zanzibar. It was not published until 1941 in Paris. Then in 1909, he published his grammar book, with the title: Grammaire des dialectes Swahilis. In 1939, he published his dictionary with the title: Dictionnaire Swahili—Français. Sacleux's significant contribution lies in the fact that of all the grammarians of Kiswahili, he was the first to devote considerable time to Kiswahili language as a whole." (Amidu 2005, l7:s11), "Kiswahili was not introduced into university education until 1964, and got its own department only in 1971." Tanzania (l8:s3), "The well-known dialects of Kiswahili are, Kiunguja (Zanzibar), Kirnvita (Mombasa), Kiamu (Larnu), Kisiu (Siu), Kipate (Pate), and Kingazija (Comoro Is" (Amidu NJAS 1995:117, sjå og s. 120), "1967 the National Swahili Council, known as Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa (BAKITA) was estabIished, and in 1977 a Universal Primary Education (UPE) was adopted for the nation centered on Kis~vahili." (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:54), "Ki-Swahili ... tie with 44% each of protoBantu roots" (Amidu 2005|1|s. 13), "Madan compiled a Swahili—English dictionary in 1903 based on the Zanzibar dialect. The dictionary was later revised and expanded from 1933 under the direction of Sir Frederick Johnson, Secretary of the Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee of the East African Dependencies and published in (1939). Sir Johnson died in 1937 while the work was with the publishers. It was published as A Standard English—Swahili Dictionary and A Standard Swahili—English Dictionary" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 12), "According to Whiteley (1969: 80), following the 1925 conference, a "Publishing Committee was set up". Then in 1927 Kenya tried to establish a uniform standard of Kiswahili for its subjects. This led Tanganyika to ask for a meeting to map out common policies and guidelines. The meeting was held in 1928 in Mombasa. At this meeting the Kiswahili of Zanzibar, i.e. Kiunguja, was selected as the Standard form of Kiswahili to be used for the written language. It was also decided to set up a committee with responsibility for standardization of Kiswahili based on Kiunguja. The committee was called the 'Inter-Territorial Language (Swahili) Committee for the East African Dependencies'" (Amidu 2005|8|s. 2)
- Kiunguja: "Kiswahili ... Standard language for Kiswahili. But the choice of Kiunguja, dialect of Zanzibar, was wise, because it was and is more widely used in East Africa than the dialect of Mombasa or any of the other northern dialects" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 10)
- Kizimkazi-moskeen: "The Kizimkazi mosque of Zanzibar was rebuilt at this time" 1785-1806 (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
- kombe la harusi:
- kombe la kahawa:
- kufu: "a man who is her kufuu is one who is equal to her, that is, one who is like her in terms of lineage (birth), rank and in terms of good character and deeds", "slave and master are not kufu. Patrician and nonpatrician are not kufu. One sub-clan may not be kufu to another sub-clan even though both are patricians" (Amidu 2005|12|s. 6), "Kufu means "rank" or social level" as in Fulani si kufu wetu ("So-and-so is not of our level" or "So-and-so is not our social equal"). A proper or lawful wedding (arusi ya rasmi) should take place only between those of the same kufu" (Middleton 1992:122)
- kungwi:
- Kutia hijabuni: "When a woman realizes that she is pregnant, the rite of separation is performed (kutia hijabuni, "to place [her] behind a veil or curtain," that is, to shelter her from envious glances and the evil spirits known as shaitani). She is covered by a khanga and sits facing Mecca while prayers are said over her by an Islamic teacher. In some areas she and her close female kin then share a meal called tangalazi, made of rice and other grains and coconut; in other areas the grains are thrown over her and her face, wrists, and feet are washed in coconut milk. The foodstuffs represent the controlled fertility of these crops when tended by their growers and so her own controlled fertility as a married woman. She is then taken to the bed where she will sleep and later give birth; an elder sister lies on the bed and simulates childbirth to "teach" the pregnant woman. She now moves into the period of seclusion and liminality; during the pregnancy she may not leave the house and is looked after by a woman known as kungwi, who will also act as her midwife" (Middleton 1992:156)
- Kwame Nkrumah: "Nzima language" (Mazrui 1995:117)
- Lamu: "or Amu is one of the important literary towns that flourished after Pate, and is currently a thriving historical and tourist destination and the birthplace of the Kimondo verse tradition." (Amidu 2005, l4:s6), "Traditionally, Lamu has been a very important centre of Kiswahili literary development and expansion" (l14:2)
- Lingala: språk
- Liwali Hamed bin Muhammad al-Mazrui: "ruler of Mombasa (c. 1782-18 14)" (Amidu 2003:254)
- Liyongo Fumo: "the legendary hero of the Waswahili was one of its practitioners" (satire) (l14:1)
- London Missionary Society: "Principal Protestant Mission Societies", "L.M.S" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive), "started ... London Missionary Society at Ujiji in 1877" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- Lwo: "River-Lake ... Nilotes" (Odhiambo 1977:12, OCR tekst retta)
- Maasai: "Plains ... Nilotes" (Odhiambo 1977:12, OCR tekst retta)
- madarasa: "The higher school is called MADARASA (classes). Middleton (1992: 164) has glossed this as 'academies'. One class or academy is DARASA and more than one is MADARASA. Sometimes, the darasa is a room or hall attached to the mosque. The same location may be used both for basic schooling (chuo) and for adult schooling (madarasa) where ILIMU is also taught. Not all mosques have madarasa" (Amidu 2005|11|s. 12), "If a Shehe or Sheikh wishes to start a sect, brotherhood, or new school of Islam, or raise his profile in the community, he can get converts and followers through his madarasa" (s. 13)
- Mafia: "an island some miles from the mouth of the Rufiji owes its fame to the fame of Kilwa which controlled it." (Amidu 2005|4|s. 5)
- Madhubuti Kimwondo: "Madhubuti Kimwondo verses in the utenzi metre5 has one Umar Bakar as singer ... He is also the composer of the utenzi verses", "The first shairi kimwondo verses were written by Said al-Haj from Pate and contains fifty-two stanzas", "The second shairi piece of kirnwondo verses for Madhubuti are actually prayers for the success of Madhubuti on polling day interlaced with adverse remarks about the opposing candidate There are fourteen verses in all and are written in the shairi metre. These fourteen stanzas were written by Muhamrnad Nabahani. The singer of the verses is not mentioned at the end of the poems, but the voice is without doubt that of Umar Bakar" (Amidu 1990:54)
- mahari:
- Mahmud Ahmed Abdulqadir: "term kimwondo ... was the name given to verses written by Mr. Mahmud Ahmed Abdulqadir, also written as Mahmoud Ahmed Abdul-Kadir in Amidu (1990), whose nickname is MAU. He selected the term, in part, to satirize the conduct of one of the candidates in the Lamu East bye-election of 1975. Mr. Abdulqadir is a baker by profession and lives in Lamu on the Kenya coast, specifically in the Lamu East Constituency" (l14:2), "The political contestants in the Kimondo of 1975 were Mr. Abubakar ... Mr. Mzamil Omar Mzamil whose sub-party was symbolized by SAA (clock). The shadow contestants were the supporters of both sides led by Lamu's leading poets. These were 1) Mr. Mahmud Ahmed Abdulqadir ... Mr. Abdulqadir wrote the verses called Kimondo Nr. 2 for the SAA sub-party of KANU" (l14:3), "44 year old", "Mau is a nickname he received from his father during the emergency in Kenya, 1949-1956, under British colonial rule. Bwana Mau is a baker by profession" (Amidu 1990:73), "came to prominence in 1973 during the Jamhuri celebrations" (74), "Huie says of Mahmoud Abdul-Kadir that he often preaches in some of the many mosques on the Island" (75), les meir: "Wade Huie of the Daily Nation, Friday, February 8, (1980:ll)" (73)
- major Hamerton: "Seyyid Said ... His close friend Major Hamerton died the following year in 1857" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8)
- Malindi:
- Manda: "is an island on the Lamu archipelago. It is a short distance from the main Lamu town. You can see it from Shela beach on Lamu. Today, Manda is still not heavily inhabited, and it looks deserted." (Amidu 2005, l5:s4), "Oliver and Fage (1988: 81), notes that the earliest Islamic settlement discovered in East Africa is found on Manda Island in Lamu on the northern coast between modern Somalia and modern Kenya" (Amidu 1005|3|s. 7)
- Manyago:
- mashindano: "the long tradition of mashindano poetry, i.e. the competitive verse, of the Waswahili. Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy was one of its greatest practitioners" (l14:1)
- Masoud bin Nasir: "Ali Mazrui ... He, and later his brother Masoud bin Nasir, ruled wisely" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 3)
- Maulid: "there are nvo kinds of mazriid: there is the nzaulid of Barzanji, Arabs especial1p recite it, and there is the maulid of Sharif el-Anami, recited by the Smahilis." (Harries 1965:155) El. "Maulidi" (Middleton 1992:166-167), "Kiswahili written tradition ... consists principally of a) religious literature" (Amidu 2005|14|s. 1)
- maulidi-seremonien:
- Mau Mau: "the Mau Mau emergency (1952-1960) ... was primarily by the Kikuyu to some extent aided by the sister communities of the Embu and the Meru" (Mazrui 1995:15)
- Mazrui: "The Mazrui were part of the Sultan of Oman's forces and distinguished themselves in the East African campaigns. After taking Fort Jesus in 1698, they settled in Mombasa and took Waswahili wives. By 1727, they had become powerful and wealthy through trade, and soon, they were ruling as governors over small settlements. The Sultan of Oman of the Yarubi House was pleased with their ascendancy and decided that it was time for one of them to help in the administration of Mombasa ... he appointed a Mazrui as Deputy Governor of Fort Jesus and Mombasa in 1727" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 2-3), "1785, a Busaidi Seif bin Ahmed claimed that he had the right to be ruler of the coast, and so, the Sultan of Oman sent troops to handle the matter ... the Mazrui wisely decided to accept the overlordship of the Sultan of Oman and in return were allowed to continue to rule the East Coast. During the period of their rule, architecture and the arts flourished ... all learned to speak Kiswahili and their children spoke Kiswahili. The Kizimkazi mosque of Zanzibar was rebuilt at this time", "Mazrui power began to decline in 1806" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 3), "Their reputation suffered a serious setback at the battle of Shela in 1812, when they were defeated by a combined Lamu-Pate force. By 1822 they had lost control of Pate and Pemba to the new Imam of Oman, Seyyid Said, and in 1828 an Omani force landed at Mombasa, occupied the town and allowed the Mazrui to retain Fort Jesus provided they acknowledged Seyyid Said. Finally in 1837 the Mazrui were expelled from Mombasa, their leaders arrested and deported" (Odhiambo 1977:88)
- Mbugu: Folk i Aust-Afrika som har "managed to retain their distinctive language" og er "remnants of these early immigrants": "Southern Cushites" (Odhiambo 1977:11-12)
- Medina:
- Mekka:
- M. E. Mnyampala: "Of a slightly younger generation are M. E. Mnyampala, a distinguiehed poet and writer of prose" (Whiteley 1969:126)
- Mesopotamia:
- miiraji: "Kiswahili written tradition ... consists principally of a) religious literature" (Amidu 2005|14|s. 1)
- mijikenda: "De Vere Allen (1993: 39) lists principal groups of Mijikenda (lit.: nine towns) as "the Kauma, Chonyi, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai, Jibana, Duruma, and Digo." (Amidu 2005|1|s. 12)
- Mill Hill Mission: "Principal Roman Catholic Missions" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- miraa: "miraa or marungi leaves (defined as "ungt skudd eller blad fra "mmiraa" som tygges som stimulans" in Issak 1999: 167)", "The miraa leaves are stimulants, and are popular on the coast, but are classified as narcotics by the authorities in Kenya. Note that Issak (1999: 167) is the only dictionary to record 'miraa', but he does not record the synonym 'marungi'. Issak (1999) rightly points out that the leaves are most popular in Northern Kenya and in Somalia" (Amidu 2005|10|s. 5)
- miti-shamba:
- Mkomani: "is a section in Lamu town" (Amidu 2005|12|s. 6)
- Mogadishu: "The first town founded on the east coast was probably", "It is said that it dates to about the 11th century A.D. It probably reached its height of glory about the end of the 12th century and beginning of the 13th century. In the 14th century, it was visited by Ibn Batutta. He describes it as a big and wealthy town "with a sheikh who lived in luxury" (see Odhiambo, et al. 1977: 21). It declined with the decline in the gold trade from Sofala and the ascendency of Kilwa as an important city." (Amidu 2004, l4:s5)
- Mohammed Said Abdullah: "Of a slightly younger generation ... Mohammed Said Abddlah, the Zanzibar writer of detective stories, perhaps the most gifted prose writer in the language" (Whiteley 1969:126)
- Mohara: "Anlong the more famous ArabjSwahili traders", "of Nyangwe" (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- Moise Tshombe: "the Katangan leader who attempted to pull out the mineral-rich province from the Congo and form a separate state" (Mazrui 1995:11)
- Mombasa: "was a complete town by the 12th century", "became important and powerful at the end of the 15th century, but especially from the 16th century onwards." (Amidu 2005|4|s. 6), "Mombasa is also known as mji wa ndweo (City of Pride or Arrogance)" (l5:s3)
- Moravian Mission: "Principal Protestant Mission Societies" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Moresby-avtalen 1822: "Morcsb Treaty and the 1845 Hamerton Treaty Sej.yid Said had reluctantly agreed to severe restrictions on the extent of the slave trade, in return for Britain'> recognition of his position in East Africa and encouragement of what they rcfcrrcd to as 'lcgitimatc. trade." (Odhiambo 1977:105, sjå og s. 106)
- mshenga:
- Mu'awiya: "Ali bin Abu Talib worked his way and succeeded Uthman as Caliph ... almost immediately, his caliphate was challenged by Mu'awiya of the Ummayyad house. Mu'awiya was the powerful governor of Syria.", "Mu'awiya invited Ali bin Abu Talib for a settlement of their differences in 657 A.D. The settlement made Mu'awiya the actual Caliph in control of the Muslim world, while Ali bin Abu Talib became the nominal Caliph." (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Muhammad bin Abdallah: "the Al-Akida or Comnlatlclatlt of Fort Jesus at Afoml,asa (see I-Ii~lay- 1970 for details)" (Amidu 2004:157), "Muhammed Kadara ... son of a very competent scholar of the Swahili language as a native speaker, and an able and seasoned poet on the Lamu Island, the owner of a lodging house, who is popularly called Sheikh Muhamrnad Kadara His real name is Sheikh Muhammed Abdullah" (Amidu 1990:54)
- Muhammad bin Khalfan: "Anlong the more famous ArabjSwahili traders", "also known as Rumuliza" (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- Muhammad bin Uthman al-Mazrui: "was appointed as the substantive Governor of the city" Mombasa 1741 (Amidu 2005, l5:s2)
- Muhammed bin Abu Talib: "was born in the city of Mecca in Arabia in 570 A.D. His parents died while he was young and so he was raised by his uncle Abu Talib, whence his surname", "he was recognized as a Prophet of Allah or God, the All Gracious and All Merciful." (Amidu 2004, l3:s1)
- Muhammed Kadara: "singer of the poems of the Kimwondo Nr.2 is called Muhammed Kadara ... a well known singer on the Island ... son of ... Sheikh Muhammed Abdullah" (Amidu 1990:54)
- Muyaka Bin Haji al-Ghassaniy: "famous and greatest secular poet of the Waswahili" (Amidu 2005, l6:s3), "of Mombasa was a skilful user of satire" (l14:1), "Williams E. Taylor who arrived in East Afiica especially Mombasa fiom 1880 and with resident Swahili notables wrote down or got the Swahili poets Mwalimu Sikujua al-Batatawy and Mwalimu Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Mambasi to write down from memory the poems of the early 19th century literary giant of Mombasa and Swahili land Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy" (Amidu 1990:4)
- Muyaka bin Mwinyi Haji: "leading spirit behind the popularization of the more secular poetic tradition ... the inimitable ... lived and composed in Mombasa between 1776 and 1840 ... the quatrain was restored to its rightful place as an important genre ... wrote on love and infidelity, prosperity and drought, the sex-exploits of key figures ... and the calamities of the Mombasans" (Mazrui 1995:120-121)
- Mwana Kupona: "classic piece of work entitled 'Utendi wa Mwanakupona' which was written by the poetess Mwana Kupona for her daughter. The utendi counsels the young lady on how to live with a husband and have a happy life, on the choice of friends and confidantes, on religious conduct and so on ... For more on the life of Mwana Kupona and the poem she wrote for her daughter Mwana Hashirna binti Sheikh, refer to Harries (1962:70-86). Incidentally Mwana Kupona was married to Bwana Mataka (or Mwataka), the Sultan of Siu ... Mwana Kupona herself died around 1860" (Amidu 1990:73)
- Mwinyi Mabruki: "1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile. With the aid of two cspcrienccci Yuo gi~idcs.S idi Ho111bi1ya rid Mwinyi M;~hruki" (Odhiambo 1977:104)
- Mwitu-keramikk: "Mwitu Tradition. According to Horton (1994: 16), the Mwitu pottery tradition is said to represent the work of early Bantu arrivals to the coast in or around the 2nd century A.D. Sites have been found in Kwale, Pare, Usambara Hills and elsewhere" (Amidu 2004, l3:s8)
- Mzamil Omar Mzamil: "Mzarnil Omar Mzamil. Bwana Mzamil was a candidate in the Lamu East bye-election of 1975. He was the opponent of tbe incumbent Member of Parliament in 1974 and succeeded in defeating him at the general elections of Kenya in the same year" (Amidu NJAS 2 (1) 1993:35-36), "is a pugilist of no mean standing ... seasoned unionist" (Amidu 1990:11), "Mzamilu by the Swahili people of Lamu in conformity with Bantu phonology" (50), "had been a trade unionist before he decided to contest the Lamu East seat had fellow M.P.'s from Mombasa and other Swahili coastal constituencies on his side" (Amidu 1990:54), "In the 197911980 Parliamentary elections, Bwana Madhubuti swept past Mzamil ... to clinch victory" (77)
- Nandi: "were a proud warlike people, determined to preserve their society from all external influence", "In 1894 the first clash took place, resulting in the defeat of the Nandi ... continued to resist British control until 1906", British East Africa (Odhiambo 1977:118, avskrive)
- National Swahili Council: "In August 1967 a National Swahili Council wrae eet up" (Whiteley 1969:112)
- ngariba:
- Ngonjera za Ukuta: "I'octns of direct engagement in politics :Ire, for example, the A'gonjera yrr Uk~tro~f hlnyampala (1970, 1071) which even formed part of the schcml curriculum in Tanzani:~ ;IIIC~ were intended to hrtbcr t11e idcolom of IJnmau of the n1l111~ 'I'ANU (later CChl) ill the country" (Amidu 2004:158)
- Njoroelv-hola: "A notable site relating to the Southern Cushites is the Njoro River cave, where excavations by Dr and Mrs Leakey revealed an important burial site." (Odhiambo 1977:12)
- Nuno de Cunha:
- Nyamwezi: (Odhiambo 1977:94), "in Tanzania" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 12), "were very good at organizing such caravans" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 1)
- Nyayoisme: "In the words of President Daniel arap Moi himself, Nyayoism "singularly embeds the kernel of the principles of Christian life into the national philosophy" (1986: 36). The Christian element in the Nyayoist approach to public affairs is, in fact, intended to pervade the entire spectrum of Kenya's national life" (Mazrui 1994:157)
- Nyikafolket:
- Oman:
- Omar: Kalif etter Abu Bakr.
- Organization of Islamic Countries: "(OIC)" (Mazrui 1994:161)
- Pate: "town of the legendary Kiswahili hero Fumo Liyongo and the birthplace of Kiswahili literature. It was destroyed in the 19 century by internal feuds among the ruling family" (Amidu 2005|4|s. 6)
- Pemba: "like Zanzibar, was also under Kilwa and became independent in the 15th century." (Amidu 2005|4|s. 6), "Pcmba has historically bccn known as the bread basket of thc Kiswahili coast. So important were the supplies from Pemba to other islands and the Arabian Peninsula that Mombasa and Oman fought rcpcatcd battles for control over it betwecn 1741 and 1822. Thc Omani mlcr Sayyid Said wrestcd it from Mombasa in 1822. Not long after that, he movcd his headquarters to Zanzibar. The Island has since remained under the wings of Zanzibar and is now part of the United Republic of Ta-nzania" (Amidu 2003:268)
- Periplus Maris Erythraei: "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, written by a Greek merchant and sailor at the end of the first century or early second century A.D. (see also Oliver and Fage, 1988: 80). Others say he was Roman. He seems to have come from Alexandria in Egypt. Egypt was ruled by the Greeks. He wrote the book as a guide to sailors and merchants going to Azania, namely East Africa" (Amidu 1005|2|s. 3)
- Persia:
- Port Harcourt:
- Peter Kenyatta: "Bwana Peter Kenyatta, son of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta the President of Kenya until his death in 1978" (Amidu 1990:50)
- Quadiriya: "On brotherhoods or sects, the best known in East and Central Africa are the Quadiriya and Shadhiliyya (see Knappert, 1973: 197-207, Middleton, 1992: 170)." (Amidu 2005, l11:s13)
- Quais: "in Persia" (Amidu 2004, l4:s3)
- Rabai:
- Ras Mkumbuu: "Mosques have been discovered dating from 8th or 9th century. The sites are ... 10th century at Ras Mkumbuu in Pemba" (Amidu 2005|4|s. 2)
- Rasini: "town of Faza on the Rasini Island" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 4)
- Rev. Dr J. L. Krapf: "a German ... belonged to the Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) of Great Britain. The C.M.S sent Dr. Krapf to Eastern Africa to open some mission posts. His destination was Abyssinia ... by 1843, missionary work there was not making progress ... the Galla in Aden ... intended to go among them to minister to them ... he had to go to Zanzibar ... arrived in 1844 and was granted permission to start a mission in Mombasa ... within one year, he had completed the first ever grammar book on the language ... book was sent to England and was published in 1850 in Tübingen in Germany, though it was written in English ... Outline of the Elements of the Kisuaheli Language with special reference to the Kinika Dialect. Krapf also wrote another book entitled, Vocabulary of Six East African Languages, also published in 1850 at Tübingen. ... Krapf opened a mission at Rabai. The Rev. Johann Rebmann joined him in 1846 ... Krapf set to work to produce a dictionary in "four columns, viz: English, Kisuahili, Kinika, and Kikamba" (see Krapf, 1882). He found the work too big and left out the Kikamba section." (Amidu 2005, l7:s6), "leave the dictionary in the care of the Rev. Rebmann", "left East Africa in 1853", "The dictionary was later eaten up by African white ants or termites ... in Europe, Krapf wrote the first Kiswahili dictionary of the world ... published in 1882 in England", "The work of evangelism did not prove a success" (s7), "sent by the Church Missionary Society in Erisland to work among the Galla of southcrn Ethiopia in 1837." (Odhiambo 1977:101)
- Ribat ar-Riyadh: "two particularly famous religious academies on the coast. One is the Muslim Academy in Zanzibar City ... The other is in Lamu, the Ribat ar-Riyadh, "The Hospice of the Sacred Meadows," built in 1901. It has a more liberal tradition (for example, in using Swahili for instruction and originally teaching slaves) and has had a great influence throughout the coast" (Middleton 1992:164), "Habib Swaleh (properly Seyyid Saleh ibn Alwy ibn Abdullah Jamal al-Layl), the founder of the famous Riyadh n~osque" (168)
- Richard Burton: "1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile." (Odhiambo 1977:104)
- Royal Geographic Society sin ekspedisjon for finna kjelda til Nilen i 1856: "1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile." (Odhiambo 1977:104, les meir på same side)
- Royal Geographic Society sin ekspedisjon for finna kjelda til Nilen i 1860: "with Speke in command accompanied by Grant" (Odhiambo 1977:104, avskrive)
- Sabaki bantu: "We discuss here the branch of North East Bantu to which Kiswahili belongs. Kiswahili belongs to the Sabaki group of Bantu languages. According to Hinnebusch (1999: 179-180), the Sabaki group consists of the following sub-groups: "Lamu Archipelago Swahili (Tikuu, Siu, Pate, Amu), Mombasa area Swahili dialects (Mvita, Chifundi, Vumba), Zanzibar Island Swahili dialects (Pemba, Tumbatu, Makunduchi and Unguja), Northern Mijikenda (Chonyi, Giryama, Duruma),10 Mijikenda (Giriama, Chonyi, Duruma, Digo), and Comorian (Ngazija, Mwali, Nzwani, Maore)."" (Amidu 2005|1|s.11)
- Said bin Abibu: "Anlong the more famous ArabjSwahili traders", "of Nyangwe" (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- Salim Ahmed Salim: "In 1981 African delegates were united in supporting Salim Ahmed Salim's bid for the United Nations Secretary General's position. Salim is a Tanzanian Swahili from Pemba island. His spectacular performance at the international diplomatic arena was considered a collective achievement of all African peoples" (Mazrui 1994:145)
- Sayyid Abdalla bin Nasir: "In poetry ... one of the most prominent ... descendant of a long line of Swahili scholars, he composed the epic Al-Inkishafi (A Soul's awakening) around 1800" (Mazrui 1995:120)
- Seyyid Bargash: "Seyyid Said's death ... The youngest son was Seyyid Barghash. He was the most ambitious and implacable of all the sons. He did not like the treaties signed by his father. He, therefore, tried to seize the throne in Zanzibar from his brother Seyyid Majid ... fighting broke out between the brothers and their followers. Barghash's followers were crushed and some had to flee to the mainland as far as Tabora ... in 1861, Lord Canning, Governor General of India ... invited the brothers to sign a treaty ... Seyyed Barghash ... was exiled to India. In 1870, Seyyid Majid died and Barghash was allowed to return and rule Zanzibar" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8-9), "Said Barghash" (Amidu 2005|7|s. 1)
- Seyyid Majid: "Seyyid Said's death ... Seyyid Majid ruled Zanzibar ... Seyyid Barghash ... tried to seize the throne in Zanzibar from his brother Seyyid Majid who had been accepted by the people of Zanzibar. Seyyid Thuwain also felt that as Sultan of Oman, Seyyid Majid was under his authority and should pay revenues to him. Naturally, fighting broke out between the brothers and their followers ... in 1861, Lord Canning ... invited the brothers to sign a treaty ... Oman became independent of Zanzibar ... since Zanzibar was richer than Oman, it was agreed that Seyyid Majid would pay Oman and hence Seyyid Thuwain 9,000 British pounds a year ... In 1870, Seyyid Majid died and Barghash was allowed to return and rule Zanzibar" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8-9)
- Seyyid Said --> Seyyid Said bin Sultan bin al-Imam Ahmed: "ruler of Oman, in the 19th century" (Amidu 2005, l4:s6), "in 1806 ... 15 years old, came to power as the new Sultan. His name was Seyyid Said bin Sultan bin al-Imam Ahmed. According to Ward (1960: 218), "Seyyid Said was a much stronger ruler than most of the Sultans in the hundred years before him. He came to power by killing with his own hands another man who claimed to succeed the previous Sultan." The British accepted and protected Seyyid Said." (l6:s5), "Seyyid Said passed away in 1856 in an accident at sea.", "His third son Seyyid Thuwaini became ruler of Oman, while the fourth son Seyyid Majid ruled Zanzibar. The youngest son was Seyyid Barghash." (s8)
- Seyyid Thuwaini: "Seyyid Said's death ... third son Seyyid Thuwaini became ruler of Oman, while the fourth son Seyyid Majid ruled Zanzibar ... Seyyid Thuwain also felt that as Sultan of Oman, Seyyid Majid was under his authority and should pay revenues to him. Naturally, fighting broke out between the brothers and their followers ... in 1861, Lord Canning, Governor General of India ... invited the brothers to sign a treaty ... Oman became independent of Zanzibar ... it was agreed that Seyyid Majid would pay Oman and hence Seyyid Thuwain 9,000 British pounds a year" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 8-9)
- Segeju:
- Seif bin Ahmed: "1785, a Busaidi Seif bin Ahmed claimed that he had the right to be ruler of the coast, and so, the Sultan of Oman sent troops to handle the matter" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 3)
- Shaaban Robert: "until his tragic death in 1962 Shaaban Robert was undoubtedly Swahili's leading writer, with mmy prose and verse works to his credit" (Whiteley 1969:125), "Shaaban bin Robert" (Amidu 1990:6)
- Shadhiliyya: "On brotherhoods or sects, the best known in East and Central Africa are the Quadiriya and Shadhiliyya (see Knappert, 1973: 197-207, Middleton, 1992: 170)." (Amidu 2005, l11:s13)
- Shanga: "Mosques have been discovered dating from 8th or 9th century. The sites are Shanga 8th/9th century" (Amidu 2005|4|s. 2)
- swahili shairi: "SHAIRI metre is normally used for topical matters, i.e. topics that are of immediate concern to Waswahili people, e.g. love, death, friendship, corruption, etc. It is usually secular in character, is shorter in terms of number of stanzas and usually contains a didactic lesson or poverbial saying. It is also the vein for debates and argumentations, e.g. about right or wrong actions in the community" (l14:7), "The general term for poetry in Kiswahili is shairi, singular, and mashniri, plural. The term originated from Arabic. But it also describes a specific Kiswahili metrical form of 16 syllables to the line divided into 8+8, and 4 lines to the stanza" (Amidu 2003:243)
- Sharif Ahmed Badaawi: "Habib Swaleh ... another of his sons, Sharif Ahmed Badaawi, who broke away to develop a rival mosque and school: its mosque, the Mskiti Safaa, has recently been completed" (Middleton 1992:168-169)
- Shehe bin Misham: "of Shiraz origin led the rebellion." in Mombasa 1589, "Shehe bin Misham was killed in a fierce battle" (1589-1592) (Amidu 2005, l5:s3)
- Sheikh Ahmad: "the sultan of Malindi, Sheikh Ahmad or Ahmed, an ally of the Portuguese" (Amidu 2005, l5:s3), "1593, the Portuguese made the Malindi sultan or king, Sheikh Ahmad, ruler of Mombasa in recognition of his loyalty to them as an ally." (s4)
- Shirazi-dynastiet: "Ali Bin al-Hassan, a ruler which Neville Chittick linked to the foundation of the Shirazi dynasty at Kilwa", "Shiraz dynasty dates to the late 10th century" (Amidu 2004, l3:s6)
- Shungwaya: "known as the Eastern Bantu who claim that their ancestral homeland is a place called Shungwaya which was located on the northern coast of East Africa", "on the borders of present day Kenya and Somalia" (Amidu 2005|2|s. 2-3)
- Sidi Bombay: "1856 Tlic Royal Gcographicul Society picked two army ofticcrs. Richard Burton arid John Hall-. liing Spckc. to lcad an expcditio~iI' ro111 Zanzibar to truce thc sourcc of the Nile. With the aid of two cspcrienccci Yuo gi~idcs.S idi Ho111bi1ya rid Mwinyi M;~hruki" (Odhiambo 1977:104)
- Siraf: "in Persia" (Amidu 2004, l4:s3)
- Siti Binti Saad: "One of tbe earliest Swahili singers to benefit from advances in musical technology and techniques ... was Siti Binti Saad, the popular female singer from Zanzibar who has now been immortalised in prose by Shaaban bin Robert, M.B.E., in his book W-%( wa Siti Binh' Saad (1958; 1960 and 1967 editions respectively). Siti was born around 1880 and died in June 1950. Siti started singing around the turn of the century. Her songs were usually of the tarabu type and were performed before live audiences in the traditional style ... in order to make it as a singer of some repute, Siti had to break the social norms regarding the role of women in Swahili society ... she met with strong opposition and criticism at the early stages ... As her public performances became popular, the opposition gradually died down ... in 1927 ... Columbia Records selected Siti Binti Saad for a recording session and soon had her discs of songs cut" (Amidu 1990:58)
- Siu: "well known for its Sultan Sheikh Mataka or Mwataka whose resistance to Seyyid Said, ruler of Oman, in the 19th century was to cost him his life" (Amidu 2005|4|s. 6)
- Slaget ved Kerbala:
- Slaget ved Shela: "the battle of Shela in 1812, when they were defeated by a combined Lamu-Pate force" they = Oman herskarane i Aust-Afrika. (Amidu 2005, l6:s3)
- smal bantu: (Amidu 2005|1|s.11)
- somo:
- Sultan Sheikh Mataka: "or Mwataka whose resistance to Seyyid Said, ruler of Oman, in the 19th century was to cost him his life" (Amidu 2005, l4:s6)
- Suria: "The SURIA could also be a divorcee or widow, or upcountry non-muslim woman. Since the abolition of slavery, the suria is now a paramour kept on the side. She would normally be a divorcee or a widow, for example, entering into a second 'marriage' of sorts or a non-Muslim woman" (Amidu 2005|12|s. 3)
- Suud bin Said al-Maamiry: "user of satire ... Another practitioner after Muyaka was Suud bin Said al-Maamiry, also of Mombasa" (l14:1)
- Swahili: "Swahili Islam is Sunni, most of the population being Shafi'i" (Middleton 1992:161), "They live along the coasts of Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania and on the off-shore islands of Lamu, Pate, Siu, Pernba, Zanzibar, Mafia, the Comoros, and a small part of Northern Madagascar" (Amidu 2003:242), "This area, which cuts acrossEve African countries (Somalia, Kenya, Ta-nia, Mozambique, and Comoro Isla-nds)" (Mazrui 1994:3), "In the Swahili people's own definition of the term Swahili, the faith of Islam still seems to feature as an important criterion" (10), "Islam thus becomes an attribute that usually accompanies the Waswahili, but it is not part of their definition ... the definition of the Waswahili requires that we include an Islamic influence upon their culture" (Mazrui 1995:21)
- swahili kultur: "Swahili as a culture or sub-culture is the way of life of those groups along the Coast of Kenya and Tanzania who speak Kiswahili as a mother-tongue" (Mazrui 1995:118)
- swahili litteratur: "Kiswahili has ... four centuries of written literary traditions. ... evidence of this written literature dates only as far as the 17th century. The oldest surviving manuscript has been dated to 1652 and is called the Hamziya, according to Knappert (1979). It is a religious work. ... the original written manuscript of the Epic of Liyongo (Utenzi wa Liyongo) which is older than the Harnziya cannot be traced." (Amidu NJAS 1995:115-116), "Nearly all the early written literature of the Waswahili was in poetry.", "Until the last years of the 19th century, the Waswahili discouraged prose writings as forms of serious literature.", "Ietters to Kiswahili newspaper editors, and magazin& are written in poetry and not prose to this day" (116), "In Kenya, Swahili ethnicity is non-existent, because no one is considered Swahili; in Tanzania, because everyone is considered Swahili" (Mazrui 1994:45), ""the result has been neither African nor Arab but distinctly Swahili" (1985:viii). Thus, the Swahili are, yet again, denied their Africanity. So even the most liberal Northern scholars seem to be unable to break away from the shackles of the Eurocentric conception of people in terns of "purities," "impurities," and "mixtures." The terminology of the lifeless science of chemistry keeps on being misapplied to the living crucible of humankind!" (48), "it should not be misunderstood that the Arab element had no input or was of marginal influence in Swahili identity. On the contrary, we believe that the Arab factor was fundamentally a part of the peopling of Swahililand. It can even be claimed that the Swahili started as a plural community on an Arab base" (52)
- swahili overgangsseremonitradisjon: (Amidu 2005|11|s. 3-)
- swahili skilsmisse: (Amidu 2005|13)
- swahili svangerskaps- og fødselstradisjon:
- swahili ånder: (Middleton 1992:170-178)
- Syria:
- Tabora: "chief Arab centres inland were Tabora and Ujiji. which became not o111y depots for storage and supplies but bases from which they could organise attacks" centres of trade in 19th century (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- Tana-keramikk: ""Tana Tradition pottery". Horton's (1994: 16) evidence shows Tana Tradition pottery as been dated to 5th-6th centuries A.D." (Amidu l3:s8)
- Tanga: "town" (Amidu 2005|5|s. 5)
- Tangalazi: Swahili: "When a woman realizes that she is pregnant, the rite of separation is performed (kutia hijabuni ... In some areas she and her close female kin then share a meal called tangalazi, made of rice and other grains and coconut ... The foodstuffs represent the controlled fertility of these crops when tended by their growers and so her own controlled fertility as a married woman." (Middleton 1992:156)
- TANU: "(later CCM)" (Amidu 2004:158)
- Tanzania: "The new country declared under the banner of T.A.N.U. (Tanganyika (later Tanzania) African National Union)" (Amidu NJAS 4 (2) 1995:54)
- Tibu: "rst a piece of wood callcrt sandal-wood is groilnil ro a soft po;vCIc:; i t is n:ised wit!] roscbuds nnci clovcs, then it is put in a cup and put o1;~ir , t!ie sun. Thew arc pcrfutrlcrs fcr ri~assaginga t night." (Harries 1965:189)
- Tippu Tib: "Anlong the more famous ArabjSwahili traders", "(Hamcd bit1 blohu~nmed) of Manyema, In east Zaire" (Odhiambo 1977:93, les meir der)
- Tom Mboya: "trade union leader who rose to become Kenya's most eloquent political spokesman in the last decade of British rule ... was an orator in both English and in Kiswahili" (Mazrui 1995:15)
- Uganda: "Luganda and Lunyoro are spoken by the greatest number of people" (Mazrui 1995:109)
- Ujamaa: "Nyerere's socialism ... Swahili label ... old Swahili word" (Mazrui 1995:123)
- Ujiji: "chief Arab centres inland were Tabora and Ujiji. which became not o111y depots for storage and supplies but bases from which they could organise attacks" centres of trade in 19th century (Odhiambo 1977:93)
- ukawafi: "metre or verse form ... Hamziya ... is ... written in the ukawafi metre" (Amidu 1990:56)
- UMA: "formation of the United Muslim of Africa (UMA), in July 1993. This body, which is generally regarded as a front for KANU has the declared objective of fighting against IPK which, in its opinion, is dominated by Swahili people of Arab ancestry (Africa Confidential, 34.21, 19937). Unlike the experience of all other unregistered organizations in Kenya, UMA has several times been licensed, by the government, to hold public meetings at which inflammatory racist speeches are delivered" (Mazrui 1994:162)
- Ummayyad-dynastiet: "Mu'awiya became undisputed ruler of the Arab and Muslim world and established the Ummayyad dynasty which ruled from Syria until 750 A.D." (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Umma Zaid: "i.e. the people of Zaid, and the seven brothers of El-Hasa. According to Marsh and Kingsnorth (1965: 5), the Umma Zaid "left the Yemen because they hated the Caliph". The Seven brothers who were probably leaders of a fleet of ships came from El-Hasa" (Amidu 2004, l3:s5)
- Unguja Ukuu:
- United Methodist Mission: "Principal Protestant Mission Societies" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Universities Mission to Central Africa: "U.M.C.A.", "Principal Protestant Mission Societies" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive), "In 1864 Bishop Tozer and the U.M.C.A. came to Zanzibar after an unsuccessful attempt to establish a station in the Shire area on the mainland", "Livingstone ... famous speech at Cambridge university in 1857 ... One of the immediate consequences ... the foundation of the Universities Mission to Central Africa" (102, avskrive), "1877 ... Meanwhile the U.M.C.A. had started operating at Magila and Masasi in Tanzania" (103), "The U.M.C.A. atablished a Mission on Zanzibar in 1864; at Magila, in the foothills of the Usambaras not far from Tanga, in 1875; at Masasi, in the south in 1876, and, three hundred miles west, on Lake Nyasa, in 1881 ... Masasi, for example, was sacked and burned by raiding Ngoni only six years after its foundation ... By far the most important centre for the study and propagation of Swahili was the Universities Mission centre at Zanzibar, where the redoubtable Edward Steere produced in 1870 the first edition of the Handbook of the Swahili Lungwe" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- University of Port Harcourt:
- Unyago:
- utendi: "'utendi' or heroic poems recounting the deeds of famous men from the past" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 3)
- utenzi: "UTENZI metre is used for narrative or historical or heroic themes usually with a didactic content and generally contains several stanzas of verse" (l14:7), "Utenzi literally means 'deed' and so it is called the narrative or heroic metre. It has 8 syllables to the line, and four lines to a stanza" (Amidu 2003:243)
- Utenzi wa Ngamia na Paa: "Kiswahili written tradition ... consists principally of a) religious literature" (Amidu 2005|14|s. 1)
- Uthman: Kalif etter Omar. "he was murdered in 656 A.D." (Amidu 2004, l3:s4)
- Verona Mission: "Principal Roman Catholic Missions" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive)
- Vumba:
- Washungwaya: "Among the first Bantu group to come to East Africa was the Washungwaya, a North-East Bantu group. The Waswahili are probably one of the better known members of this group. ... Unguja is the modern derivation of Shungwaya." (Amidu NJAS 1995:105)
- White Fathers: "Principal Roman Catholic Missions" (Odhiambo 1977:100, avskrive), "Buganda ... 1877 ... the following year the first two White Fathers arrived there, while others of their party went to Ujiji. This important mission derived from the efforts of Cardinal Lavigerie in Algeria, and had been founded in 1868 as The Society of Our Lady in Africa" (103), "started ... White Fathers at Tabora in 1878" (Whiteley 1969:53)
- William Hitchens: "William Hichens who together with Werner published the 'Utendi wa Mwana Kupona' (1934). Hichens also published a collection of Muyaka's works in Swahili aided by Sikujua and Hinawy (1940)" (Amidu 1990:5)
- Williams E. Taylor: "Williams E. Taylor who arrived in East Afiica especially Mombasa fiom 1880 and with resident Swahili notables wrote down or got the Swahili poets Mwalimu Sikujua al-Batatawy and Mwalimu Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Mambasi to write down from memory the poems of the early 19th century literary giant of Mombasa and Swahili land Muyaka bin Haji al-Ghassaniy. Taylor himself learnt Swahili thoroughly and wrote poetry and hymns in the language for his Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.)" (Amidu 1990:4)
- Witu:
- Yao: (Odhiambo 1977:94)
- Yemen:
- 'Yusuf bin Hasan bin Ahmad: son til Sheikh Ahmad "was taken to Goa, trained and converted to Christianity and baptised as Jeronimo Chingoulia in 1627 (see Sacleux 1939: 632). Soon afterwards, he returned to rule at Mombasa "as puppet king" (Odhiambo, et al. 1977: 85)." (Amidu 2005, l5:s4), "Yusuf bin Hasan bin Ahmad, had re-converted to Islam. In 1630, (1631, according to Odhiambo, et al.), he infiltrated the fort with a group of men while the Governor and his family were attending mass conducted by the Augustines. He attacked and murdered the Governor, his wife, his daughter and the Augustin priest. Then he went to the Convent of the Augustines and murdered all the Portuguese who had taken refuge there and burnt down the Convent. He then took Fort Jesus", "Yusuf escaped and took to a life of piracy, dying in Jeddah in 1637." (s5)
- Zanj: "Black people, later called Zanj, mostly small groups of Bantu people, came to the East African coast before Polynesians arrived in Africa, and these Blacks were also the first trading partners of the South East Asians" (Amidu 2005, l4:s1)
- Zanzibar: "comes next as a historic town. Its native Kiswahili name is Unguja. It was later to overshadow all other Kiswahili cities on the coast in the 19th century. It was under the control of Kilwa up to the 15th century" (Amidu 2005, l4:s6), "Zanzibar to join the nlembership of the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC) - an act which in the eyes of the CCM government almost amounted to a unilateral declaration of independence ... generated so much political tension between the two federal states, that Zanzibar was ultimately pressured to withdraw from OIC (Mzalendo, August 15, 1993, p. 1)" (Mazrui 1994:161), "Seyyed Said decided in 1840 to move the administrative headquarters of his kingdom to ... Zanzibar was the friendliest of all the Kiswahili states, and so, it was selected as the seat of Seyyid Said's government and seat of administration for East Africa and Oman" (Amidu 2005|6|s. 7)
- Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party: "A group broke away from the ASP in 1960 and formed the Zanzibar and Pemba People's Party (ZPPP). Their leader was Sh. Mohammed Shamte." (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
- Zanzibar Nationalist Party: "(ZNP) led by Ali Muhsin." formed 1957 (Amidu 2005, l6:s10)
- Zeila:
- Zimba: "A Zulu warrior group, allegedly man-eaters, they had conquered Kilwa in 1587 killing about 3000 people, and destroying the town. They continued their march northwards till they were outside Mombasa by 1589." (Amidu 2005, l5:s3)