مستخدم:Chaos/طوبولوجيا
من ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرة
- topology glossary
- list of geometric topology topics
- list of algebraic topology topics
[تحرير] Basic concepts
- فضاء طوبولوجي Topological space
- خاصية طوبولوجية Topological property
- مجموعة مفتوحة
- مجموعة مغلقة closed set
- Clopen set
- Closure (topology)
- Boundary (topology), boundary
- Dense (topology)
- G-delta set, F-sigma set
- closeness (mathematics)
- neighbourhood (mathematics)
- Continuity (topology)
- هوميومورفية Homeomorphism
- هوميومورفية محلية Local homeomorphism
- Open and closed maps
- Germ (mathematics)
- Base (topology), subbase
- Open cover
- Atlas (topology)
[تحرير] Limits
- Limit point
- Net (topology)
- Filter (topology)
- Ultrafilter
[تحرير] Topological properties
- Baire category theorem
- Nowhere dense
- Baire space
- لعبة باناخ مازور Banach-Mazur game
- Co-meagre
[تحرير] Compactness and countability
- Compact space
- Relatively compact subspace
- مبرهنة هاينه و بوريل Heine-Borel theorem
- مبرهنة تيخونوفس Tychonoff's theorem
- خاصية التقاطع المحدود Finite intersection property
- Compactification
- Measure of non-compactness
- Paracompact space
- Locally compact space
- Compactly generated space
- حدسية قابلية العد Axiom of countability
- First-countable space
- Second-countable space
- Separable space
- فضاء ليندلوف Lindelöf space
- Sigma-compactness
[تحرير] Connectedness
- Connected space
[تحرير] Separation axioms
- T0 space
- T1 space
- فضاء هاوس دورف Hausdorff space
- Completely Hausdorff space
- Regular space
- Tychonoff space
- Normal space
- Urysohn's lemma
- Tietze extension theorem
- Paracompact
- Separated sets
[تحرير] Topological constructions
- direct sum and the dual construction product
- subspace and the dual construction quotient
[تحرير] Examples
See also: List of examples in general topology.
- Discrete space
- Locally constant function
- Trivial topology
- Cofinite topology
- Finer topology
- Product topology
- Restricted product
- Quotient space
- Unit interval
- Continuum (mathematics)
- Extended real number line
- Long line (topology)
- Sierpinski space
- Cantor set, Cantor space
- Space-filling curve
- Topologist's sine curve
- Uniform norm
- Weak topology
- Strong topology
- Hilbert cube
- Lower limit topology
- Sorgenfrey plane
- Real tree
- Compact-open topology
- Zariski topology
- Kuratowski closure axioms
- Unicoherent
- Solenoid (mathematics)
[تحرير] Uniform spaces
- Uniform continuity
- Lipschitz continuity
- Uniform isomorphism
- Uniform property
- Uniformly connected space
[تحرير] Metric spaces
- Metric topology
- Manhattan distance
- Ultrametric space
- P-adic numbers, p-adic analysis
- Open ball
- Bounded subset
- Pointwise convergence
- Metrization theorems
- Complete space
- Cauchy sequence
- Banach fixed point theorem
- Polish space
- Hausdorff distance
- Intrinsic metric
- Category of metric spaces
[تحرير] Topology and order theory
- Stone duality
- Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras
- Specialization (pre)order
- Sober space
- Spectral space
- Alexandrov topology
- Upper topology
- Scott topology
- Scott continuity
- Lawson topology
[تحرير] Descriptive set theory
[تحرير] Dimension theory
See also main article dimension
- Inductive dimension
- Lebesgue covering dimension
- Lebesgue's number lemma
[تحرير] Topological algebra
- Topological group
- Topological abelian group
- Topological ring
- Topological vector space
- Properly discontinuous
- Sheaf space
[تحرير] Combinatorial topology
- Polytope
- Simplex
- Simplicial complex
- CW complex
- Manifold
- Triangulation
- Barycentric subdivision
- Sperner's lemma
- Simplicial approximation theorem
- Nerve of an open covering
[تحرير] Foundations of algebraic topology
- Simply connected
- Semi-locally simply connected
- Path (topology)
- Homotopy
- Homotopy lifting property
- Pointed space
- Wedge sum
- smash product
- Cone (topology)
- Adjunction space
[تحرير] Differential geometry of curves
- List of curve topics
- Frenet-Serret formulas
- Curves in differential geometry
- Line element
- Curvature
- Radius of curvature
- Osculating circle
- Curve
[تحرير] Differential geometry of surfaces
- Ruled surface
- Conical surface
- Mean curvature
- Theorema egregium
- Gauss-Bonnet theorem
[تحرير] Calculus on manifolds
See also multivariable calculus, list of multivariable calculus topics
- Manifold
- Tangent vector
- Tangent space
- Tangent bundle
- Cotangent space
- Cotangent bundle
- Vector bundle
- Vector field
- Tensor field
- Differential form
- Exterior derivative
- مبرهنة بيرون فروبانيوس Frobenius theorem
- Contact (mathematics)
[تحرير] Differential topology
- Diffeomorphism
- Large diffeomorphism
- Orientability
- Whitney embedding theorem
- Critical value
- Saddle point
- Morse theory
- Lie derivative
- Hairy ball theorem
- Poincaré-Hopf theorem
- Stokes' theorem
- De Rham cohomology
- Smale's paradox
[تحرير] Fiber bundles
- Fiber bundle
- Principal bundle
- Frame bundle
- Hopf bundle
- Associated bundle
- Vector bundle
- Tangent bundle
- Cotangent bundle
- Line bundle
- Jet bundle
[تحرير] Riemannian geometry
- List of coordinate charts
- Metric tensor
- Riemannian manifold
- Non-Euclidean geometry
- Angle excess
- Sphere-world
- Hodge star operator
- Killing vector field
- Geodesic
- Prime geodesic
- Geodesic flow
- Exponential map
- Injectivity radius
- Jacobi field
- Uniformization theorem
- Myers theorem
- Symmetric space
- Hypersurface
- Nash embedding theorem
- Gromov's compactness theorem
- Hsiang-Lawson's conjecture
- Riemannian submanifold
[تحرير] Variant structures
- Intrinsic metric
- Pseudo-Riemannian manifold
- Sub-Riemannian manifold
- General relativity
- Holonomy, local holonomy
- G-structure
- Complex manifold,
- Almost complex manifold
- Kähler manifold
- Calabi-Yau spaces
- Hyperkähler manifold
- Symplectic topology
- Contact geometry
- G2 manifold
- Foliation
- Integrability conditions for differential systems
- Finsler geometry
- Information geometry
[تحرير] Curvature
Main article curvature of Riemannian manifolds
- Theorema Egregium
- Gauss-Bonnet theorem
- Gauss map
- Second fundamental form
- Curvature vector
- Curvature form
- Curvature tensor
- Geodesic curvature
- Scalar curvature
- Sectional curvature
- Ricci curvature, Ricci flat
- Weyl curvature
- Ricci flow
- Minimal surface
- Connection
- Connection form
- Chern-Gauss-Bonnet theorem
- Chern-Weil homomorphism
- Cartan connection
- Cartan connection applications
- Vierbein
- Einstein-Cartan theory
- Covariant derivative
- Levi-Civita connection
- Moving frame
- Parallel transport
- Torsion (differential geometry)
- Connection form
[تحرير] Other
- Envelope (mathematics)
- Bäcklund transform
[تحرير] Classical topics in projective geometry
- Affine space
- Projective space
- Projective line, cross-ratio
- Projective plane
- Line at infinity
- Complex projective plane
- Complex projective space
- Plane at infinity, hyperplane at infinity
- Projective frame
- Projective transformation
- Fundamental theorem of projective geometry
- Duality (projective geometry)
- Real projective plane
- Real projective space
- Segre embedding, multi-way projective space
- Rational normal curve
[تحرير] Algebraic curves
- Conics, Pascal's theorem, Brianchon's theorem
- Twisted cubic
- Elliptic curve, cubic curve
- Elliptic function, Jacobi's elliptic functions, Weierstrass's elliptic functions
- Elliptic integral
- Complex multiplication
- Weil pairing
- Hyperelliptic curve
- Klein quartic
- modular curve
- modular equation
- modular function
- modular group
- supersingular prime
- Fermat curve
- Bézout's theorem
- Brill-Noether theory
- Genus (mathematics)
- Riemann surface
- Riemann-Hurwitz formula
- Riemann-Roch theorem
- Abelian integral
- Differential of the first kind
- Jacobian variety
- Generalized Jacobian
- Hurwitz's automorphisms theorem
- Clifford's theorem
- Gonality of an algebraic curve
- Weil's reciprocity law
- Goppa code
[تحرير] Algebraic surfaces
- Enriques-Kodaira classification
- List of algebraic surfaces
- Ruled surface
- Cubic surface
- Veronese surface
- Del Pezzo surface
- Rational surface
- Enriques surface
- K3 surface
- Hodge index theorem
- Elliptic surface
- Surface of general type
- Zariski surface
[تحرير] Algebraic geometry: classical approach
- Algebraic variety
- Hypersurface
- Quadric
- Dimension of an algebraic variety
- Hilbert's Nullstellensatz
- Complete variety
- Elimination theory
- Quasiprojective variety
- Gröbner basis
- Canonical bundle
- Complete intersection
- Serre duality
- Arithmetic genus, geometric genus, irregularity
- Tangent space, Zariski tangent space
- Function field
- Ample vector bundle
- Linear system of divisors
- Birational geometry
- Blowing up
- Rational variety
- Unirational variety
- Intersection number
- Intersection theory
- Serre's multiplicity conjectures
- Albanese variety
- Picard group
- Pluricanonical ring
- Modular form
- Moduli space
- Modular equation
- J-invariant
- Algebraic function
- Algebraic form
- Addition theorem
- Invariant theory
- Symbolic method of invariant theory
- Geometric invariant theory
- Toric geometry
- Deformation theory
- Singular point, non-singular
- Singularity theory
- Newton polygon
- Weil conjectures
[تحرير] Complex manifolds
- Kähler manifold
- Calabi-Yau manifold
- Stein manifold
- Hodge theory
- Hodge cycle
- Hodge conjecture
- Algebraic geometry and analytic geometry
- Mirror symmetry
[تحرير] Algebraic groups
- Identity component
- Linear algebraic group
- Additive group
- Multiplicative group
- Borel subgroup
- Parabolic subgroup
- Radical of an algebraic group
- Unipotent radical
- Lie-Kolchin theorem
- Mumford conjecture
- Abelian variety
- Theta function
- Grassmannian
- Flag manifold
- Algebraic torus
- Weil restriction
- Differential Galois theory
[تحرير] Contemporary foundations
Main article glossary of scheme theory
[تحرير] Commutative algebra
- Prime ideal
- Valuation (mathematics)
- Regular local ring
- Regular sequence (algebra)
- Cohen-Macaulay ring
- Gorenstein ring
- Koszul complex
- Spectrum of a ring
- Zariski topology
- Kähler differential
[تحرير] Sheaf theory
- Locally ringed space
- Coherent sheaf
- Invertible sheaf
- Sheaf cohomology
- Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch theorem
- Grothendieck-Riemann-Roch theorem
- Coherent duality
[تحرير] Schemes
- Affine scheme
- Scheme
- Glossary of scheme theory
- Éléments de géométrie algébrique
- Grothendieck's Séminaire de géométrie algébrique
- Flat morphism
- Finite morphism
- Quasi-finite morphism
- Group scheme
- Semistable elliptic curve
- Grothendieck's relative point of view
[تحرير] Category theory
- Grothendieck topology
- Topos
- Descent (category theory)
- Grothendieck's Galois theory
- Algebraic stack
- Gerbe
- Etale cohomology
- Motive (mathematics)
- Motivic cohomology
- Homotopical algebra
[تحرير] The geometers
- Niels Henrik Abel
- Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi
- Jakob Steiner
- Julius Plücker
- Bernhard Riemann
- William Kingdon Clifford
- Italian school of algebraic geometry
- Guido Castelnuovo
- Francesco Severi
- Solomon Lefschetz
- Oscar Zariski
- Erich Kähler
- W. V. D. Hodge
- Kunihiko Kodaira
- André Weil
- Jean-Pierre Serre
- Alexander Grothendieck
- David Mumford
- Igor Shafarevich
- Heisuke Hironaka
- Shigefumi Mori
- Vladimir Voevodsky
[تحرير] Algebraic surfaces
- abelian surfaces (κ = 0) Two dimensional abelian varieties.
- algebraic surfaces
- Barlow surfaces General type, simply connected.
- Barth sextic A degree-6 surface in P3 with 65 nodes.
- Barth decic A degree-10 surface in P3 with 345 nodes.
- Beauville surfaces General type
- bielliptic surfaces (κ = 0) Same as hyperelliptic surfaces.
- Bordiga surfaces A degree-6 embedding of the projective plane into P4 defined by the quartics through 10 points in general position.
- Burniat surfaces General type
- Campedelli surfaces General type
- Castelnuovo surfaces General type
- Catanese surfaces General type
- class VII surfaces κ = −∞, non-algebraic.
- Cayley surface Rational. A cubic surface with 4 nodes.
- Clebsch surface Rational. The surface Σxi = Σxi3 = 0 in P4.
- cubic surfaces Rational.
- Del Pezzo surfaces Rational. Anticanonical divisor is ample, for example P2 blown up in at most 8 points.
- Dolgachev surfaces Elliptic.
- elliptic surfaces Surfaces with an elliptic fibration.
- Enriques surfaces (κ = 0)
- exceptional surfaces: Picard number has the maximal possible value h1,1.
- fake projective plane general type, found by Mumford, same betti numbers as projective plane.
- Fano surfaces Rational. Same as del Pezzo surfaces.
- Fermat surface of degree d: Solutions of wd + xd + yd + zd = 0 in P3.
- general type κ = 2
- Godeaux surfaces (general type)
- Hilbert modular surfaces
- Hirzebruch surfaces Rational ruled surfaces.
- Hopf surfaces κ = −∞, non-algebraic, class VII
- Horikawa surfaces general type
- Horrocks-Mumford surfaces. These are certain abelian surfaces of degree 10 in P4, given as zero sets of sections of the rank 2 Horrocks-Mumford bundle.
- Humbert surfaces These are certain surfaces in quotients of the Siegel upper half plane of genus 2.
- hyperelliptic surfaces κ = 0, same as bielliptic surfaces.
- Inoue surfaces κ = −∞, class VII,b2 = 0. (Several quite different families were also found by Inoue, and are also sometimes called Inoue surfaces.)
- Inoue-Hirzebruch surfaces κ = −∞, non-algebraic, type VII, b2>0.
- K3 surfaces κ = 0,
- Kähler surfaces complex surfaces with a Kähler metric, which exists if and only if the first betti number b1 is even.
- Kodaira surfaces κ = 0, non-algebraic
- Kummer surfaces κ = 0, special sorts of K3 surfaces.
- minimal surfaces Surfaces with no rational −1 curves. (They have no connection with minimal surfaces in differential geometry.)
- Mumford surface A "fake projective plane"
- non-classical Enriques surface Only in characteristic 2.
- numerical Campedelli surfaces surfaces of general type with the same Hodge numbers as a Campedelli surface.
- numerical Godeaux surfaces surfaces of general type with the same Hodge numbers as a Godeaux surface.
- projective plane Rational
- properly elliptic surfaces κ = 1, elliptic surfaces of genus ≥2.
- quadric surfaces Rational, isomorphic to P1×P1.
- quartic surfaces Nonsingular ones are K3s.
- quasi Enriques surface These only exist in characteristic 2.
- quasi elliptic surface Only in characteristic p>0.
- quotient surfaces: Quotients of surfaces by finite groups. Examples: Kummer, Godeaux, Hopf, Inoue surfaces.
- rational surfaces κ = −∞, birational to projective plane
- ruled surfaces κ = −∞
- Sarti surface A degree-12 surface in P3 with 600 nodes.
- Steiner surface A surface in P4 with singularities which is birational to the projective plane.
- surface of general type κ = 2.
- Togliatti surfaces Degree-5 surfaces in P3 with 31 nodes.
- unirational surfaces Castelnuovo proved these are all rational in characteristic 0.
- Veronese surface An embedding of the projective plane into P5.
- Weddle surface κ = 0, birational to Kummer surface.
- Zariski surfaces (only in characteristic p > 0): There is a purely inseparable dominant rational map of degree p from the projective plane to the surface.
[تحرير] See also
- Enriques-Kodaira classification
- Algebraic surface
- List of surfaces
[تحرير] Homology (mathematics)
Main article:Homology theory
- Simplex
- Simplicial complex
- Polytope
- Triangulation
- Barycentric subdivision
- Simplicial approximation theorem
- Abstract simplicial complex
- Simplicial set
- Simplicial category
- Chain (mathematics)
- Betti number
- Euler characteristic
- Genus
- Riemann-Hurwitz formula
- Singular homology
- Cellular homology
- Relative homology
- Mayer-Vietoris sequence
- Excision theorem
- Universal coefficient theorem
- Cohomology
- List of cohomology theories
- Cocycle class
- Cup product
- Cohomology ring
- De Rham cohomology
- Cech cohomology
- Alexander-Spanier cohomology
- Intersection cohomology
- Lyusternik-Schnirelmann category
- Poincaré duality
- Fundamental class
- Applications
- Jordan curve theorem
- Brouwer fixed point theorem
- Invariance of domain
- Lefschetz fixed-point theorem
- Hairy ball theorem
- Degree (mathematics)
- Borsuk-Ulam Theorem
- Ham sandwich theorem
- Homology sphere
[تحرير] Homotopy theory
- Homotopy
- Path (topology)
- Fundamental group
- Homotopy group
- Seifert-van Kampen theorem
- Pointed space
- Winding number
- Simply connected
- Universal cover
- Monodromy
- Homotopy lifting property
- Mapping cylinder
- Mapping cone
- Wedge sum
- Smash product
- Adjunction space
- Cohomotopy
- Cohomotopy group
- Brown's representability theorem
- Eilenberg-MacLane space
- Fibre bundle
- Möbius strip
- Line bundle
- Canonical line bundle
- Vector bundle
- Associated bundle
- Fibration
- Hopf bundle
- Classifying space
- Cofibration
- Homotopy groups of spheres
- Plus construction
- Whitehead theorem
- Weak equivalence
- Hurewicz theorem
- H-space
[تحرير] Further developments
- Künneth theorem
- De Rham cohomology
- Obstruction theory
- Characteristic class
- Chern class
- Chern-Simons form
- Pontryagin class
- Pontryagin number
- Stiefel-Whitney class
- Poincaré conjecture
- Cohomology operation
- Steenrod algebra
- Bott periodicity theorem
- K-theory
- Topological K-theory
- Adams operation
- Algebraic K-theory
- Whitehead torsion
- Cobordism
- Thom space
- Suspension functor
- Stable homotopy theory
- Spectrum (homotopy theory)
- Morava K-theory
- Hodge conjecture
- Weil conjectures
[تحرير] Homological algebra
- Chain complex
- Commutative diagram
- Exact sequence
- Five lemma
- Short five lemma
- Snake lemma
- Splitting lemma
- Extension problem
- Spectral sequence
- Abelian category
- Group cohomology
- Sheaf
- Sheaf cohomology
- Grothendieck topology
- Derived category
[تحرير] History
- Combinatorial topology